# Patent

## Title
Method of remote active testing of a device or network

## Abstract

A test device includes a packet input receiver for receiving encapsulated packets from a network; a packet reader for extracting timing information from the encapsulated packets, and for decapsulating encapsulated packets so as to obtain test packets; a FIFO queue for storing the test packets; a packet controller for reading the test packets from the FIFO queue and writing the test packets into a de-jitter buffer in accordance with the timing information, the de-jitter buffer for storing the reordered test packets; and, a packet output generator for providing the test packets to a target device wherein time intervals between the test packets are reproduced using the timing information.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present invention claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/355,040 and 61/355,075, both filed Jun. 15, 2010, incorporated herein by reference.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates generally to networking and communications technology and, more particularly, to methods of testing a network and devices therein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Communication networks are widely used today; the variety of networks includes the Internet, wide-area networks (WANs), local-area networks (LANs), telephony networks, and wireless networks. The importance of network monitoring and testing is growing as well as the requirements for related methods and equipment. One particular aspect of network testing is active testing when a test device, e.g. a packet generator, injects test traffic into a device under test or into a portion of a network being tested.
Conventional test devices support a plurality of protocols in which they can generate traffic. Accordingly, the test devices have to be configured to work with these protocols; the test devices should contain data related to each of the supported protocols. This increases the complexity of the devices, which may undesirably increase their size and processing time. Further, such complexity increases the time and resources required for manufacturing the test devices.
In the ever-changing environment, test devices should be frequently updated to ensure testing of all protocols including the most recent ones. The updates or even replacement of the test devices are inconvenient and associated with cost. It thus becomes desirable to enable a test device to generate a stream of packets in the format of a new protocol for which the test device has not been configured and has no knowledge thereof.
U.S. Patent Applications 20030223376 published Dec. 4, 2003 in the name of Elliott et al. and 20040208129 published Oct. 21, 2004 in the name of Old et al. represent conventional systems for active testing of a network. In such systems, a test data generator generates traffic containing multiple streams associated with different network services. Transmitted over the network, the traffic is then received by another apparatus and the quality of transmission is evaluated based on the knowledge of the generated traffic.
Conventional devices for testing a communication device or a portion of a network are attached directly to a monitor port or passive network tap at a switch or element. In other words, the test traffic load should be generated locally, in proximity to the tested network, otherwise the test results would be affected by network conditions on the link(s) between the device under test (DUT) and the test device. Thus conventional devices used for active testing such as network analyzers, should be constantly moved which is inconvenient and costly, or be attached at multiple locations on a network, which may be cost prohibitive considering the complexity of the devices used for active testing of multiple protocols.
Accordingly, there is a need to mitigate the above disadvantages and to provide a novel method and a system for active testing a communication network or a device therein.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method is provided for remote active testing of a device or network under test. The method includes:
at a remote test system, generating portions of test packets separated by time intervals, encapsulating the portions of test packets thereby forming encapsulated packets, and adding timing information to the encapsulated packets so as to preserve the portions of the test packets and information related to the time intervals;
transmitting the encapsulated packets over a transport network from the remote test system to a local test device;
at the local test device, decapsulating the encapsulated packets so as to obtain replay packets and the timing information, wherein the replay packets include the portions of the test packets; and,
transmitting the replay packets separated by the dine intervals from the local test device to the communication device or network under test, wherein the timing information is used to reproduce the time intervals so as to imitate a stream of the test packets generated at the remote test system.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of testing a communication device or network under test. The method includes:
at a local test device: (i) receiving encapsulated packets from a remote test system via a transport network, (ii) extracting timing information from the encapsulated packets, (iii) decapsulating the encapsulated packets so as to obtain portions of test packets, and (iv) forming replay packets, wherein the replay packets include the portions of the test packets; and,
transmitting the replay packets from the local test device to the communication device or network under test, wherein the replay packets are separated by the time intervals so as to imitate the test packets originated by the remote test system, and wherein the time intervals are reproduced using the timing information.
Yet another aspect of the invention provides a test device including:
a packet input receiver for receiving encapsulated packets from a network;
a packet reader for extracting timing information from the encapsulated packets, for decapsulating encapsulated packets so as to obtain test packets, and for placing the test packets in a FIFO queue;
a packet controller for reading the test packets from the FIFO queue and writing the test packets into a de-jitter buffer in accordance with the timing information,
a memory for the de-jitter buffer for storing the reordered test packets; and,
a packet output generator for providing the test packets to a target device wherein time intervals between the test packets are reproduced using the timing information.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings which represent preferred embodiments thereof, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a test system for remote testing a device or network;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method of remote testing a device or network;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a test replay device;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the architecture of a test replay device;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method of testing a device or network performed at a local test device;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a network test system for monitoring traffic in a network;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method of monitoring packet traffic;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method of monitoring packet traffic; and,
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of context of IPD communication flow and command elements in customer's network.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
With reference to FIG. 1, a test system includes a remote test system 510 and one or more local test devices such as a probe 512 or probes 502 through 504; the remote test system 510 is in communication with the local devices test over a transport network 112 which may be any kind of a packet network. The probes 512 and 502 through 504 may be interchangeable. In the system shown in FIG. 1 the probes differ in their use: the probe 512 is connected to a communication device under test (DUT) 514; the probes 502 through 504 are connected to a network under test 101.
The remote test system 510 generates test packets which are sent over the transport network 112 e.g. to the local test device 512 and replayed therefrom to the device under test 514; the packet are encapsulated and their timing is preserved in the encapsulation. At the local test device 512 the packets are decapsulated; the order of the test packets and inter-packet time intervals are restored based on timestamps retrieved from the encapsulation.
The network under test 101 may be the same network as the transport network 112, or another network.
The remote test system 510 may be regularly updated to incorporate additional test configurations and protocols. Advantageously, the local test devices such as the probe 512 do not need to store test configurations and information related to protocols being tested. In other words, the local test devices are protocol-independent as well as independent of test configuration. Thus, the local test devices do not require updates when a new protocol needs to be tested or new tests are implemented.
Additionally, the encapsulation allows mitigating delays and jitter associated with transmission of the test packets over the network 112. Thus remote testing is conducted in such a way that the network connecting the packet originator and the device under test is transparent and does not affect the test traffic.
The encapsulation preserves headers of the test packets, e.g. a destination address, which have been configured for a particular test by the remote test system 510. The test packets are transported over the network 112 without changes which happen when a packet is conventionally sent over a network without encapsulation.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method of testing the DUT 514 or the network 101.
In a traffic generation step 520, the remote test system 510 generates test packets or portions of test packets separated by time intervals. A test packet may be a complete and fully formed packet including headers and frame check sequences, or may be an incomplete packet portion. Examples of test packet portions include headers only, intentionally truncated packets such as runts, fully formed packets where the address field is not populated, and sliced packets that contain headers and some portion of payload. It may be useful to send portions of test packets to reduce upstream network bandwidth utilization. Hereinafter the terms “test packets” and “portions of test packets” are used interchangeably and encompass any portion having a non-zero length, up to and including an entire packet.
The time intervals between the generated test packets may be either periodic or non-periodic intervals.
During an encapsulation step 521, the portions of the test packets are encapsulated thereby forming encapsulated packets so as to preserve the portions of the test packets. Timing information, such as timestamps, and optionally sequencing information are added to the encapsulated packets so as to preserve information related to the time intervals. The timing information may indicate desired test timing in the generated packet stream: e.g. when to send the packet to the device under test, how many times to send the packet, and what should be time intervals. Optionally, the test packets are fragmented and/or encrypted before encapsulation.
A transmission step 522 includes transmitting the encapsulated packets over the transport network 112 from the remote test system 510 to the local test device 512 or 502;
A decapsulation step 524 is performed at the local test device, either the probe 512 for testing the DUT 514, or at the probe 502 for testing the network 101. The decapsulation step 524 includes decapsulating the encapsulated packets so as to obtain replay packets and the timing information, preferably timestamps, wherein the replay packets include the portions of the test packets. The decapsulation step 524 optionally includes decryption and/or reassembling the test packets if they have been fragmented and/or encrypted in the encapsulation step 521.
A local testing step 526 includes transmitting the replay packets separated by the time intervals from the local test device 512 to the communication device under test 514, or from the local test device 502 into the network under test 101. The timestamps are used to reproduce the time intervals so as to imitate a stream of the test packets generated at the remote test system 510. When an incomplete test packet portion is to be transmitted to a device or network under test, the missing information in the packet may be added by the local test device. Examples include inserting valid source and destination addressing for the segment the test packet is to be transmitted on, adding encapsulation to the packet so it may be routed on a network, adding random or defined payload bytes to make the packet a desired length or calculating and inserting valid packet checksums and frame check sequences to a packet. Additionally it may be useful to send a test packet portion without adding data to the packet. This may be useful for negative testing and error conditions on a network when a packet becomes corrupted.
The remote test system 510 includes a packet generator and an encapsulator. The packet generator allows to build custom packets or select predefined packets to be generated on a communications network. The packet generator and the encapsulator of the system 510 may be implemented separately or in a same device. In the former case, a conventional commercially available packet generator such as JDSU J6800 Network Analyzer, Spirent TestCenter, Ixia IX Load or similar equipment may be used to feed packets to the encapsulator.
The encapsulator may be implemented in a combination of software and hardware such as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field programmable Gate Array (FPGA), network processor, system on a chip such as an FPGA with integrated ARM or micro processor, Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD), Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD), Simple programmable logic device (SPLD), or macrocell array.
The encapsulated packets may have the following general form: Network Encapsulation, which may include a TCP/UDP header, Command and Control Header, Test Packet.
The Network Encapsulation includes one or more headers which correspond to the protocols in use on the network leading up to the TCP (or UDP) layer. An Example would be Ethernet/IP. The network encapsulation may include Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN), Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), or any other routing or tunneling protocol.
TCP/UDP Header. The encapsulated packets transmitted to the local test device are sent over TCP to allow reliable transmission. Optionally transmission can be UDP, which is unreliable transport.
The Command and Control (CC) Header is formed during the encapsulation step 521 (FIG. 2). The CC header includes the timing information, e.g. a timestamp indicating when the test packet originated at the packet generator. The CC header may include sequence numbers, an identification number of the local test device, packet length, etc.
The Test Packet is a packet generated at the generator within the remote test system 510 for the purpose of testing the DUT 514 or the network under test 101. The test packet may be encrypted; it may be fragmented and encapsulated within several encapsulation packets; it is also possible that only a slice (portion) of the original test packet is encapsulated and sent to the local test device; otherwise the test packets are unaltered. By way of example, the Test Packet may include the Ethernet header of the test packet generated at the remote test system 510.
With reference to FIG. 3, the local test devices 512 and 502 through 504 may include a packet input receiver 410 which receives encapsulated packets 405 from the network 112, a packet reader/extractor 420 which extracts the timing information, e.g. timestamps and optionally sequence numbers, and decapsulates the encapsulated packets so as to obtain test packets. The local test devices further include a memory for allocating a FIFO queue 430 where the reader 420 places the test packets. A packet controller 450 reads the test packets from the FIFO queue 430, reorders the packets using a de-jitter buffer 440 allocated in a memory of the test device, and provides the test packets in accordance with the timing information to a packet output generator 460 for sending the replay packets to a target device or network, in this case the DUT 514 or any device directly connected to the output port of the local test device. The above components may be implemented in a combination of software and hardware such as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field programmable Gate Array (FPGA), network processor, system on a chip such as an FPGA with integrated ARM or micro processor, Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD), Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD), Simple programmable logic device (SPLD), or macrocell array. Additionally, the local test devices 512 and 502 through 504 may include a decryption component and a defragmentation component not shown in FIG. 3.
The local test devices act as test replay devices which preserve timing of the original stream of test packets remotely prepared for testing. FIG. 4 illustrates the architecture of a test replay device such as the local test devices 512 and 502 through 504. NIC 1 and NIC 2 are separate network interface cards (NIC) or separate ports on a same NIC so that the Packet Playback never occurs on the same port where the Packet Feeds are being received.
The replay application includes two threads and a shared packet de-jitter buffer. The main application manages the configuration through the user interface (UI). It also creates, configures, runs and stops all other objects in the system. The execution sequence is as follows: initialization of the application and logging; log start time with command line; parse, validate command line parameters; perform command line parameter specific initialization including creating packet FIFO and de-jitter buffer; instantiate/initialize Packet Feed Reader/Extractor & Packet Playback threads, and wait for any status messages to be printed to console OR a signal to shut down.
Because the encapsulated packets are coming across the network it is certain that the packets in the feeds will arrive with some jitter. In other words, the time it takes a packet to traverse the transport network 112 will not be the same for all packets. While it may be close, there will always be some variance in the transit time which is what is referred to here as jitter. Since playback is timing sensitive, to maintain the original packet gap times, it is necessary to have some buffering to allow the jitter to be removed; accordingly, the replay device has a de-jitter buffer.
The Packet Feed Reader/Extractor Thread does the following: Based on configuration, opens socket for UDP or TCP feeds; Waits on socket for incoming packets; If shutdown signal from Main Application, exit thread. The thread extracts original packet payload and queues it into the packet FIFO in time-order according to the timestamp in the header. If a packet is fragmented, reassembly must occur here. The thread inserts original payload plus pertinent information like timestamps and sequence numbers into Packet FIFO; then signals the playback thread and wait for more incoming packets.
The Packet Playback Thread does the following:
Open RAW transmit interface on NIC2 for transmitting packets with their original Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field.
Wait for a signal from Packet Feed Reader or from the Sleep Timer. Arrival of first packet, essentially starts the de jitter buffer time.
If timer expired signal, Take packet from front of queue and transmit it on NIC2; wait for more incoming packets.
If signal from Packet Reader thread, get packet from head of Packet FIFO.
If this is the first packet, queue the packet in de jitter buffer, set the Sleep Timer for the depth of the de-jitter buffer, and wait for more incoming packets.
Look at the timestamp of a new packet.
If the timestamp of the new packet is earlier than current time, then the packet has arrived too late and de jitterbuffer is too small, discard the packet and wait for more incoming packets.
If the timestamp of the new packet is equal to current time, transmit the packet on NIC2; wait for more incoming packets.
If the timestamp of the new packet is greater than current time, the packet needs to be transmitted later. Queue the packet to the head of the de-jitter buffer. Adjust Sleep Tinier to wake up when the packet should be transmitted. Wait for more incoming packets.
If timestamp of the new packet is later than head of queue, queue the packet into the de-jitter buffer in time order; wait for more incoming packets.
If a signal is received from Sleep Timer, de-queue a head packet from de-jitter buffer and transmit it on NIC2; Set Sleep Timer to wake when a next packet in de-jitter buffer should be transmitted; wait for more incoming packets.
The aforedescribed replay algorithms may be implemented in a set of instructions stored on a tangible media to be executed by one or more processors.
Advantages of the above method include reduction of time and resources required to setup the data feed of interest because this can be done efficiently at the user's location w/o the need to directly access the equipment at the remote location; such setup does not require additional element ports or network/element configurations. The solution is network-element agnostic, which means that users do not need to be skilled in multiple element features or operating systems to access the data. The simultaneous access to multiple testing points from a single location allows for a reduced/localized investment of test tools. The data streams are reproduced with accurate timing and sequencing so that the test tools get near real-time reproductions of the data which results in easier analysis and problem solving. Many network tools have limited media connection options whereas points in the network can have various media types.
The method solves the problem of remote access to the data of interest from one or more remote locations with the ability to filter the remote data and replay it locally with absolute timing and sequencing that would correct for any transport timing or sequencing impairments that occurred during transport from the remote location.
The local test devices 512 and 502 through 504 may use various time synchronization protocols such as Network Time Protocol (NIP) or IFEE 1588, or any other time synchronization method such as GPS, to synchronize time across a plurality of local test devices so as to synchronize streams of test packets pumped into the network under test 101 via multiple probes 502 through 504.
The local test devices 512 and 502 through 504 may communicate with the remote test system 510 e.g. by using the technique described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,336,673, which include forming a low bandwidth channel by inserting packets into a high bandwidth packet stream.
FIG. 5 illustrates a method performed at the local test device, such as the local test devices (probes) 502 and 512 through 514.
A receiving step 530 includes receiving encapsulated packets from the remote test system 510 via the transport network 112.
A timestamp step 532 includes extracting timestamps from the encapsulated packets.
In a decapsulation step 534, the encapsulated packets are decapsulated so as to obtain portions of test packets. The decapsulation step 534 may include decryption if the portions of the test packets have been encrypted and reassembling the test packets if they have been fragmented before the encapsulation.
In a replay packets step 536, replay packets are formed so as to include the portions of the test packets. In case only incomplete packets, e.g. headers, have been encapsulated and sent over the network 112, at the local test device 512 or 502, the replay packets may be extended so as to have all the fields and lengths prescribed by the protocol(s). In the case where a packet is extended beyond the encapsulated headers, the command and control header provides the length and optionally pattern of bytes to append to the packet to make it the desired size; valid Frame Check Sequence (FCS) fields may also be added to the packets.
A test traffic transmission step 538 includes transmitting the replay packets from the local test device to the device or network under test. The local test device 512 may transmit the replay packets to the communication device under test 514, and the local test devices 502 through 504—to the network under test 101. The replay packets are separated by the time intervals so as to imitate the test packets originated at the remote test system 510, and wherein the time intervals are reproduced using the timestamps.
In order to minimize the total number of IP addresses required on a network, the local test devices 512 and 502 through 504 may be not assigned a unique IP address. However, the test system may implement a method for communication with such unaddressed devices. Additionally, the remote test system 510 may communicate with the local test device 512 as it had no address notwithstanding whether the local test device has a network address or not, making it effectively an unaddressed device.
The remote test system 510 may send encapsulated test packets over the network 112 to the unaddressed device 512, wherein a destination address of the encapsulated packets is a network address of a downstream device that is downstream from the local test device 512 with respect to the remote test system 510. Preferably all the encapsulated packets have a same destination address so as to minimize differences in the packet routes. However, addresses of several downstream devices may be used.
An unaddressed test device contains an identification code that is used to determine whether packets received by the unaddressed device are intended to or of interest for this particular device. The unaddressed inline test device inspects each received packet with the help of a configurable protocol header parser. Based on the information in the headers and payload, the unaddressed inline network test device identifies information targeted to this device. When a packet is identified as having information targeted or of interest for the test device, the information is extracted and processed and the test device decapsulates the payload intended for transmission on the communication network.
The technique described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,336,673 for forming a low bandwidth channel by inserting packets into a high bandwidth packet stream may be used to insert the decapsulated test packets into the communication network.
With reference to FIG. 6, a network test system for monitoring traffic in a network 101 includes an Intelligent Packet Director (IPD) 100 and a mediator 120, optionally the system may include a routing engine 150. The network 101 may be any kind of a packet network.
The intelligent packet director 100 is connected at a network access point 130 to the network 101 for capturing traffic packets passing therethrough, or at least portions of the packets, e.g. headers. Hereinafter the terms “traffic packets” and “portions of traffic packets” are used interchangeably and encompass any portion having a non-zero length, up to and including an entire packet. Time intervals separating the traffic packets may be non-periodic time intervals. The IPD 100 may capture all packets passing therethrough or may apply a filter so as to get only particular packets e.g. selected by a byte pattern, destination or a protocol.
The IPD 100 performs encapsulating the captured traffic packets so as to form encapsulated packets. The encapsulation is necessary in order to preserve the captured data and transport it over a network 112 to a different location without changes such as changes to the destination address field which happen when a packet is conventionally sent over a network without encapsulation. The network 112 may be the same network 101 where the packets are captured, or another network.
The IPD 100 may be a test device inserted inline between one or more elements capable of communicating information over a communication network. The IPD 100 may use various time synchronization protocols such as Network Time Protocol (NTP) or IEEE 1588, or any other time synchronization method such as GPS, to synchronize time across a plurality of test devices. The IPD 100 contains information needed to communicate packets on an inline sub-channel. The IPD 100 monitors the traffic passing therethrough and may replicate the traffic either selectively or non-selectively. For selective replication the IPD 100 may have metrics stored therein for selecting some of the passing packets. The IPD 100 inspects data contained in network packets passing through it. A configurable protocol header parser may be used in the IPD 100 to identify and inspect known and unknown protocol headers. When the IPD 100 identifies a packet meeting particular criteria, the packet or its portion is replicated, time stamped and stored in an elastic buffer. The IPD 100 constructs an encapsulated packet which contains timing information, such as a timestamp and optionally sequencing information, and responds using addresses stored in memory. The IPD 100 may use techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,336,673 to form a low bandwidth channel by inserting packets into a high bandwidth packet stream.
As discussed above, network nodes may act as probes by copying some traffic packets to an additional output port; the nodes may have the IPD capabilities. Alternatively, the IPD 100 may be a separate device, either having a network address or an unaddressed network test device.
The IPD 100 adds timestamps to the encapsulated packets so as to preserve the information related to the time intervals. Optionally, sequence information such as sequence numbers may be added to the encapsulated packets. The captured data may be encrypted using conventional encryption methods.
The timestamps added to the encapsulating portion of the captured packets are referred to as “capture timestamps” since they represent the time when each packet was captured by the IPD 100. The capture timestamps are different from the timestamps which may already be present in the packet prior to the capture, such as Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) timestamps or MPEG Decode Time Stamp (DTS) and Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) timestamps; these pre-existing timestamps are preserved as part of the captured packet which is encapsulated so as not to change on transmission to a remote device.
The process of capturing the data and encapsulation introduces a delay between the moment when the data was captured and the capture timestamp was added to the encapsulated packet. However, the delays are very small, and are substantially the same from packet to packet. When the inter-packet intervals are restored and the packets are replayed, the systematic delay does not present a problem.
The IPD 100 transmits the encapsulated packets over the network 112 to the mediator 120. FIG. 6 shows the networks 112 and 101 as two separate networks. By way of example one of the two networks may be a wireless network and another—a wireline (optical or electrical) network. The IPD 100 and the mediator 120 may be connected via a wide area network (WAN); the routing engine 150 may be used for routing encapsulated packets form multiple IPD devices to one or more mediator devices such as the mediator 120 shown in FIG. 6.
The mediator 120, also referred to as a Packet Delivery Gateway (PDG) 120, is connected to the same network 112 whereto the IPD 100 is connected, and receives the encapsulated packets over the network 112 from the IPD 100; the network 112 may be the same network 101 where the traffic packets are captured. The PDG may be a standalone element or may be implemented in software such as a virtual Network Interface Controller (NIC) or Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) driver installed on a general purpose or specialized computer.
The mediator 120 extracts the capture timestamps and decapsulates the encapsulated packets and reassembles them, if they have been fragmented across multiple packets, so as to obtain the original packets, or packet portions which have been captured by the IPD 100. The mediator 120 use this decapsulated data to form replay packets which are the same traffic packets captured at the probe 100.
In case only incomplete packets, e.g. headers, have been encapsulated and sent over the network 112 from the IPD 100 to the mediator 120, at the mediator 120, the replay packets may be extended so as to have all the fields and lengths prescribed by the protocol(s); valid Frame Check Sequence (FCS) fields may also be added to the packets.
The mediator 120 transmits the replay packets to a target device 140, e.g. a network analyzer such as Wireshark. The replay packets are separated by the same time intervals as the corresponding traffic packets captured at the probe 100, wherein the timestamps are used to reproduce the time intervals so as to imitate the traffic packets passing through the access point 130.
The sequence numbers may be used to identify lost data and to order received encapsulated packets prior to decapsulation and thus partially compensate for any jitter or missequencing on the path between the IPD 100 and mediator 120.
The captured data may be encrypted at the IPD 100 and decrypted at the mediator 120 for secure transport over a public network; a variety of conventional encryption algorithms may be used.
The mediator 120 may receive encapsulated packets captured at several probes, e.g. probes 103 and 104 shown in FIG. 6. In addition to receiving encapsulated packets from remote sources, the mediator 120 may receive and buffer packets from local sources. The mediator 120 may merge all received streams and replay them with accurate timing that comes from the capture timestamps So that the target device 140 receives time-aligned streams from multiple points in a network. If the probes 100, 103 and 104 are synchronized, the multiple streams may be used to measure a delay between disparate points in the network.
With reference to FIG. 7, a method of monitoring packet traffic includes a capturing step 210 which involves capturing portions of traffic packets passing therethrough separated by time intervals, and an encapsulation step 220 which involves encapsulating the portions of traffic packets thereby forming encapsulated packets and adding timestamps and optionally sequence numbers and/or additional packet metrics to the encapsulated packets so as to preserve the portions of traffic packets and information related to the time intervals, both steps 210 and 220 performed at a first access point. The method also includes a transmission step 230 where the encapsulated packets are transmitted over a network 112, which may be the monitored network 101 or another network.
After the encapsulated packets have been received from the network 112, they are decapsulated in a decapsulation step 240 so as to obtain replay packets and the capture timestamps, wherein the replay packets include the portions of the traffic packets. In a replay step 250, the replay packets separated by the time intervals are transmitted to a packet analyzing device; the timestamps are used to reproduce the inter packet time intervals; and sequence numbers may be used to identify lost packets. Consequently, the stream received at the analyzing device imitates the traffic packets passing through the first access point wherein the inter-packet intervals are preserved. Optionally, if a packet is identified as being lost, the mediator 120 may generate an identification packet in place of the lost packet to identify its loss.
FIG. 8 illustrates a method of monitoring traffic packets passing through a first access point by a remote device; the method is performed at the mediator 120 and includes the following steps:
receiving a request for providing portions of the traffic packets captured at the first access point to the remote device, an information request step 310;
registering the mediator with a PRE or IPD so as to receive the portions of the traffic packets captured at the first access point, a registration step 320;
receiving encapsulated packets over a network from the PRE or IPD, a receiving step 330;
extracting timestamps from the encapsulated packets, an extracting step 340;
decapsulating the encapsulated packets so as to obtain the portions of the traffic packets captured at the first access point, a decapsulating step 350;
forming replay packets, wherein the replay packets include the portions of the traffic packets; a replay packets step 360; and,
transmitting the replay packets from the mediator to the remote device, wherein the replay packets are separated by the time intervals so as to imitate the traffic packets passing through the first access point, and wherein the time intervals are reproduced using the timestamps, the transmitting step 370.
With reference to FIG. 3, the mediator 120 includes a packet input receiver 410 which receives encapsulated packets 405 from the network 112, a packet reader/extractor 420 which extracts the timestamps and optionally sequence numbers and packet metrics, and decapsulates packets. The mediator 120 further includes memory means for allocating a FIFO queue 430 and a de jitter buffer 440, a packet controller 450, and a packet output generator 460 for providing the replay packets to the target device as discussed above with reference to the test devices 512 and 502 through 504. The above components may be implemented in a combination of software and hardware such as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field programmable Gate Array (FPGA), network processor, system on a chip such as an FPGA with integrated ARM or micro processor, Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD), Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD), Simple programmable logic device (SPLD), or macrocell array.
An IPD may be installed inline with edge devices like switches, routers, Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs), Broadband Remote Access Servers (BRASs), Cable Modem Termination System (CMTSs), Optical Line Terminals (OLTs), and Ethernet Node Bs. An IPD may also be installed anywhere a conventional Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) transceiver might be placed. The IPDs may be instructed to look at all frames passing on the link and perform matched filter-logic over each packet. When a match occurs the IPD extracts data from the copy if needed and constructs a results-packet that encapsulates the copy. The encapsulated packets can contain the entire original packet or its portion, e.g. the header or truncated data. The encapsulated packets may be assigned a destination address of the mediator 120 or the routing engine 150.
In one embodiment, the encapsulated packets are assigned a destination address of a Packet Routing Engine (PRE) 150, then inserted into the communication sub-channel to make their way to the Packet Routing Engine (PRE) 150. The Packet Routing Engine 150 is assigned a set of IPD devices to talk to and to receive encapsulated packets from those devices. The Packet Routing Engine 150 processes the encapsulated packets for specific target applications and forwards them to the appropriate end-user application(s) e.g. at the Central Office. End-user applications use PDG software or drivers to decapsulate the original captured packets.
The encapsulated packets may be sent to multiple targets from the PRE 150 if desired. The mediator 120 may be registered with multiple Packet Routing Engines via the System Manager 160 shown in FIG. 9, for receipt of various encapsulated packets network-wide. When receiving routed encapsulated packets, the PRE or System manager conducts its analytics pre-processing and transforms the raw packet data into reports or for other use or analysis. User applications may also dynamically instruct the System manager to refine the IPDs monitoring by enabling/disabling other filters and/or supply an alternative source and destination addresses to the Packet Routing Engine 150 through an open application programming integration interface (API).
The encapsulated packets received at the PDG 120 may have the following general form: Network Encapsulation, TCP/UDP header, Command and Control Header, Original Packet.
The Network Encapsulation is one or more headers which correspond to the protocols in use on the network leading up to the TCP (or UDP) layer. An Example would be Ethernet/IP. The network encapsulation may include e VLAN, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), or any other routing or tunneling protocol.
TCP/UDP Header. The packet payload being transmitted to the PDG is sent over TCP to allow reliable transmission. Optionally transmission can be UDP, which is unreliable transport.
The Command and Control (CC) Header is formed during the encapsulation step 220 (FIG. 7). The CC header includes the capture timestamp indicating when the original packet was captured at the IPD that sent it. The CC header may include sequence numbers, metrics of captured traffic or the particular packet, IPD identification number, packet length, etc.
The Original Packet is the traffic packet as captured by the IPD. The original packet may be fragmented between several encapsulation packets, and/or be only a slice (portion) of the original packet; otherwise the captured packet is unaltered. By way of example the Original Packet portion may include the Ethernet header of the captured packet.
FIG. 9 shows a basic distributed deployment of the traffic monitoring system. The IPDs 100 are usually plugged into routers, DSLAMs and OLTs at the Edge but could be used throughout the service provider's network.
The Packet Routing Engines (PREs) 150 usually sit on the customer network between the Production and Backhaul networks and act as command agents as well as result routers to terminating applications like Wireshark, Snort, PDG, Next Generation Network Analysis System (NGNAS), Triple Play Analyzer (TPA) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,688,754, 3rd party tools, etc., that are used to analyze or measure network packets or data; such tools include protocol analyzers, Quality of Service (QoS) monitors, signaling analyzers, security applications, intrusion detection systems, lawful intercept applications, forensics, performance and response time measures and other network monitoring and troubleshooting tools. They provide a single destination for all command and control communication for an IPD as well as the captured result packets from filtering operations.
The Packet Delivery Gateways (PDGs) 120 may be located within the customer's trusted network and provide an endpoint destination for processing result packet streams from one or more PREs or IPDs. PDGs contain a core driver library of functionality for un-marshalling result packets from PREs or IPDs for use by other applications 140 (FIG. 6).
A Master Clock can provide time synchronization for IPDs through the PREs. The PREs perform all time synchronization with IPDs through its Command and Control protocol stack.
The Master Configuration System and Database server 160 may be located at the customer core management site and is the central point of control.
According to one embodiment of the method, a capture device with time-stamping and optional filtering capability (IPD 100) copies packets with optional filtering from the network; the packets of interest are encapsulated for transmission to a remote destination; the encapsulated packets are time-stamped and optionally provided with sequence numbers and other metrics. A transport network 112 transports encapsulated packets of interest from the Capture device IPD 100 to a packet replay layer. At the packet replay layer, the PDG device 120 receives encapsulated packets of interest from the transport network from one or more devices; it may also receive a local stream on an alternate port which is time-stamped and buffered; the PDG 120 removes transport encapsulations from remote streams, sequences and de-jitters packets to smooth packet replay, may merge multiple streams preserving timing, may also merge remote streams with a buffered local stream, and replays reproduced packet streams on a local network port to a target device 140 with accurate inter-packet timing reproduction; the local network port may be a physical network port or a logical communications port within the test replay device PDG 120.
A user configuration and control interface allows a user to select network access device(s) such as the IPD 100 and may configure filters for network access device(s) so as to identify packets of interest; the user may configure a number of packets to capture or duration of packet capture; and the user starts packet capture. When several PDG devices are available, the user may select test replay device to receive packets therefrom. The user configuration and control interface may be implemented in the System Manager 160; alternatively this functionality may be implemented in the PDG, PRE or alternate device receiving the data stream.
The packet analysis tool 140 connects to a local network port on the test replay device 120 and performs desired packet analysis.
In operation, traffic packets are selected using filters on the IPD 100 and packaged and sent up to the IPD′s owning PRE 150. The original traffic packets can be travelling upstream or downstream at the IPD. Which ones are sent to the PRE 150 as part of the feed is determined by how the filter is programmed on the IPD 100. Preferably, every IPD 100 sends the encapsulated packets to the PRE 150, which forwards the packet feed to any application registered to receive them; in this case the application is the PDG 120. The PDG 120 then un-packages the traffic packets and replays them onto a local network. Packet Analyzers 140 represent consumers of the packets that are being replayed.
FIG. 4 illustrates the architecture of the PDG layer. The replay algorithm described above with reference to FIG. 4 may be implemented in a set of instructions stored on a tangible media to be executed by one or more processors.
The local test devices 512 and 502 through 504 and the mediator 120 act as test replay devices which preserve timing of the original stream of test packets, either remotely prepared for testing as in the case of the local test devices, or remotely obtained during testing as in the case of the mediator 120.
Advantages of the above method include reduction of time and resources required to setup the data feed of interest because this can be done efficiently at the user's location w/o the need to directly access the equipment at the remote location; such setup does not require additional element ports or network/element configurations. The solution is network-element agnostic, which means that users do not need to be skilled in multiple element features or operating systems to access the data. The simultaneous access to multiple points with the data being aggregated to a single location allows for a reduced/localized investment of test tools. The data streams are reproduced with accurate timing and sequencing so that the test tools get near real-time reproductions of the data which results in easier analysis and problem solving. Many network tools have limited media connection options whereas points in the network can have various media types. The methods allows to collect the data of interest from a variety of different media types and deliver them on a single supported media interface simultaneously.
The method solves the problem of remote access to the data of interest from one or more remote locations with the ability to filter the remote data and replay it locally with absolute timing and sequencing that would correct for any transport timing or sequencing impairments that occurred during transport from the remote location.
The method disclosed herein provides for an inline test device to timestamp and sequence packets as they are captured. This is advantageous because a receiving device will be able to accurately reproduce packet timing and sequencing as it occurred at the test device. The system communicates replicated packets to a receiving device that is not locally connected, possibly using the same network being monitored.
The method allows for a receiving device to receive an encapsulated replicated packet and transmit the carrying packets contents on an egress port to a secondary receiving device that is not capable of interpreting carrying packets. It further provides for the packets transmitted over an egress port to be transmitted with accurate inter-packet timing and sequencing based on the timestamps and sequence numbers in the carrying packet.
The mediator allows to use existing packet traffic analysis tools to analyze the packets as if they were originally occurring on the local network.
In the description above, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. That is, those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. In some instances, detailed descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail. All statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure.
Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that block diagrams herein can represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the technology. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flow charts, state transition diagrams, pseudocode, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer readable medium and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.
The functions of the various elements including functional blocks labeled or described as “processors” or “controllers” may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared or distributed. Moreover, explicit use of the term “processor” or “controller” should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, read only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM), and non-volatile storage.

## Claims

1. A method of testing a communication device or network under test, comprising:
at a remote test system, generating portions of test packets separated by time intervals, encapsulating the portions of test packets thereby forming encapsulated packets, and adding timing information to the encapsulated packets so as to preserve the portions of the test packets and information related to the time intervals, wherein the encapsulated packets preserve headers of the portions of test packets;
transmitting the encapsulated packets over a transport network from the remote test system to a local test device;
at the local test device, decapsulating the encapsulated packets so as to obtain replay packets and
the timing information, wherein the replay packets include the portions of the test packets; and, transmitting the replay packets separated by the time intervals from the local test device to the communication device or network under test,
wherein the timing information is used by the local test device to reproduce the time intervals so as to imitate a stream of the test packets generated at the remote test system.

2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the time intervals between the test packets are non-periodic intervals.

3. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the portions of the test packets are encrypted within the encapsulated packets.

4. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein a destination address of the encapsulated packets is a network address of a downstream device that is downstream from the local test device with respect to the remote test system.

5. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the local test device is an unaddressed device.

6. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the local test device is one of a plurality of local test devices synchronized for testing the network under test.

7. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the timing information comprises timestamps.

8. A method of testing a communication device or network under test, comprising:
at a local test device:
(i) receiving encapsulated packets from a remote test system via a transport network, wherein, prior to the receiving, the remote test system generates portions of test packets separated by time intervals, encapsulates the portions of test packets to form the encapsulated packets, and adds timing information to the encapsulated packets so as to preserve the portions of the test packets, information related to the time intervals, and headers of the portions of test packets,
(ii) extracting timing information from the encapsulated packets,
(iii) decapsulating the encapsulated packets so as to obtain the portions of test packets, and
(iv) forming replay packets, wherein the replay packets include the portions of the test packets; and,
transmitting the replay packets from the local test device to the communication device or network under test,
wherein the replay packets are separated by the time intervals so as to imitate the test packets originated by the remote test system, and wherein the time intervals are reproduced at the local test device using the timing information.

9. The method as defined in claim 8 wherein the decapsulating of the encapsulated packets includes decryption.

10. The method as defined in claim 8 wherein reproduction of the time intervals includes de-jittering of the packets using a de-jitter buffer.

11. The method as defined in claim 10 wherein the reproduction of the time intervals includes sequencing of the replay packets based on sequence numbers of the encapsulated packets.

12. The method as defined in claim 8 wherein the network under test and the transport network are a same network.

13. The method as defined in claim 8 wherein the timing information comprises timestamps.

14. A test device comprising:
a packet input receiver for receiving encapsulated packets from a remote test system over a network, wherein, prior to the receiving, the remote test system generates portions of test packets separated by time intervals, encapsulates the portions of test packets to form the encapsulated packets, and adds timing information to the encapsulated packets so as to preserve the portions of the test packets, information related to the time intervals, and headers of the portions of test packets;
a packet reader for extracting the timing information from the encapsulated packets, for decapsulating the encapsulated packets so as to obtain the test packets, and for placing the test packets in a FIFO queue;
a packet controller for reading the test packets from the FIFO queue and writing the test packets into a de-jitter buffer in accordance with the timing information, a memory for the de jitter buffer for storing the reordered test packets; and,
a packet output generator for providing the test packets to a target device wherein the time intervals between the test packets are reproduced using the timing information.