2009 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 2-10-2009 

# Ja ckson v . T inicum P r e c e de nt i al or N on-P r e c e de nt i al : N on-P r e c e de nt i al D ocke t N o . 07-1988

F o llow thi s and a dd it ion al work s at : http://d i git alc ommon s .l a w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2009

Thi s de c i sion i s br ou ght t o you for f r e e and ope n a c c e s s b y the O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit at V i ll anova U nive r sity S choo l of L a

w Di git al Reposit ory

. It h as be e n a c c ept e d for inclusion in 2009 D e c i sion s b y an authori z e d a dmini s tr at or of V i ll anova U nive r sity S choo l of L a

w Di git al Reposit ory

. F or mor e inform at ion, p le as e c ont a ct Be n j amin . C arl s on@l a

w . vi ll anova . e du . Re c omme nde d C it at ion " J a ck s on v . Tinic um" (2009). 2009 D e cisio n s . P ape r 1895. http://d i git alc ommon s .l a

w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2009/1895NOT P RE CE DE NT I AL UN I TED STATES CO UR T OF A PP EALS F O R T H E T H IR D C IR C U IT

___________ N os . 07- 1988, 07- 2049, 07- 2108

___________ GUY DO UGL AS J AC KS ON, A p p e lle e , v. T I NI CU M T OWNS HI P ; RA L P H L . S L AT T E N I N HI S OF F I CI AL AND I NDI VI DUAL CA P AC I T I E S ; J OS E P H M AR I NO I N HI S OF F I CI AL AND I NDI VI DUAL CA P AC I T I E S ; WI L L I AM DE AN I N HI S OF F I CI AL AND I NDI VI DUAL CA P AC I T I E S ; R. KE I T H Z UR I NS KY I N HI S OF F I CI AL AND I NDI VI DUAL CA PA CI TI ES; J O H N D O E I N H I S O FFI CI A L A N D I N D I V I D U A L C A PA CI TI ES; JA M E S R O E IN H IS O F F IC IA L A N D IN D IV ID U A L C A P A C IT IE S ; and D E N N IS

D A L Y IN H IS O F F IC IA L A N D IN D IV ID U A L C A P A C IT IE S ; A pp el l ants .

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th e U n ited S tate s D istric t C o u rt forthe East ern D i s tr i ctof Penns y l vani a

( N o. 05- cv- 03854) D i s tr i ctJ udge: H onor abl e R onal d L . B uckw al t er Subm i t t ed U nderT hi r d C i r cui tL . A . R . 34. 1( a)

on J anuary8, 2009 B efore: F U E N T E S , F ISH E R , and A L D ISE R T , C i rcui tJudg es.

( O pi ni on Fi l ed: February10, 2009 ) FU E N T E S, C i r cui tJ udge: G uyD ougl as J acks on br oughtthi s s ui tagai ns tnum er ous offi cer s of s ever al P h ilad e lp h ia- a re a p o lice d e p a rtm e n ts (a s w e ll th e T in icu m T o w n sh ip P o lice D e p a rtm e n t)2

al l egi ng cl ai m s of exc es s i ve for ce, unr eas onabl e s ei zur e and de t ent i on, fai l ur e t o pr ovi de m e d ica l trea tm e n t, an d f a ilu re to tra in , as w e ll as a n c ill a rysta te la w c laim s s o u n d in g in ci vi l cons pi r acy , as s aul tand batt ery , fal s e arr es t , and def amat i on. A tthe cl os e of d isc o v e ry , the A p p e llee s m o v e d f o r su m m a ryju d g m e n t, arg u in g th a t th e yw e re e n tit led to q u a lifie d im m u n ity . T h e D istric t C o u rt g ra n ted th e m o tio n in re g a rd to th e sta te c iv il c o n s p ir a c yc h a rg e , b u t d e n ie d th e m o tio n in re g a rd to a ll o th e r f e d e ra l a n d s ta te c la im s . Th e o f f i c e r s a n d t o wn s h i p n o w a p p e a l . F o rth e r e a s o n s s t a t e d b e l o w, we wi l l a f f i r m. I. B eca us e w e w r i t e exc l us i vel yforthe part i es , w e onl ydi s cus s the fa ct s and p ro c e e d in g s to th e e x te n t n e c e s s a ry f o r t h e re s o lu tio n o f

th is c a s e . O n Ja n u a ry2 5 , 2 0 0 5 , A p p e llan t Ja c k so n c h e c k e d in to th e C o m f o rt In n in E s s i ngt on, Penns y l vani a. A t6: 30 thateveni ng, a gues ti n a nei ghbor i ng r oom r eport ed hear i ng a s us t ai ned moani ng emanat i ng fr om J acks on’ s r oom , and not i fi ed the empl oy ees atthe fr ontdes k. T he C om for tI nn empl oy ees att empt ed t o cont actJ acks on, butthe door w as l ocked a nd thei rknocks w entunheede d. U nabl e t o gai n entr ance , the empl oy ees re p o rt e d th e s itu a tio n to th e T in ic u m T o w n s h ip P o lic e D e p a rt m e n t. T i nci cum T ow ns hi p Pol i ce O ffi cer s Sl att en, Z ur i ns ky , D ean, and M ar i no r es ponded. Shor t l yther eaf t er , offi cer s fr om a var i etyof otherj ur i s di ct i ons arr i ved att he s cene . W hi l e the otheroffi cer s arr i ved, a C om for tI nn m ai nt enanc e man, M r . Z i zza , pr i ed open J acks on’ s doorw i th a cr ow bar , and the Ti ni cum offi cer s ki cked the doori n. A ft er3

the doorw as opened, the off i cer s fr om T i ni cum – al ong w i th O ffi cerD al yand perhaps one otheroffi cer– ent er ed the r oom . T he otheroffi cer s thathad arr i ved atthe s cene re m a in e d o u tsid e th e d o o r. D u rin g th is tim e , M r. Z izz a re c a lled th a t an o f f ice r o p in e d to th e o th e r o f

f ic e rs th a t J a c k s o n p ro b a b ly h a d in g e s te d a n g e l d u s t ( P C P ). T h e initi al w av e o f o ff

icers f o u n d Jac k so n sitti n g cro ss-l eg g ed o n the f loo r, m oani ng, and w ear i ng onl ya t - s hi r t . O ffi cer s D ean a nd Sl att on appr oache d J acks on and t ouched hi m , caus i ng J acks on t o t ens e and “ r earup. ” The T i ni cum O ffi cer s r es ponded by su b d u in g Ja c k so n w ith p e p p e r sp ra y , w re stlin g h im to th e g ro u n d , an d p u n c h in g h im r epea t edl y . T he off

i cer s then t i ed J acks on’ s hands and ankl es behi nd hi s back. D ur i ng th is tim e , O f

f ic e r D a ly w a s p re s e n t a n d a s s is tin g th e T in ic u m o f f ic e rs . O nce i m m obi l i zed, m edi cal per s onnel w er e s um m oned and J acks on w as tr ans por t ed t o t he C r ozerC hes t erM edi cal C ent er . W hi l e the off i cer s s ubdued J acks on, the r es tof the off

i cer s – thati s , thos e otherthan the Ti ni cum offi cer s , O ffi cerD al y , and p e rh a p s o n e o th e r o f

f ic e r – re m a in e d o u ts id e th e d o o r, w ith in e a rs h o t. A t th e h o sp ital, m e d ica l p e rso n n e l d e ter m in e d th a t Ja c k so n h a d b e e n m o a n in g in th e m o tel ro o m d u e to a b ra in a n e u rism , w h ich h a d re n d e re d h im u n a b le to re sp o n d to ext ernal s t i m ul i . A s a r es ul tof the off i cer s ’ eff or t s t o s ubdue hi m , J acks on s uffe r ed rug burns , m ul t i - l ay erw ounds , s ever al br oken r i bs , a col l aps ed l ung, i nj ur i es t o hi s back, neck, w r i s t s , and hands , and the l os s of tw o t eeth.4 II . W e d erive o u r j u ri sd ict ion fro m 2 8 U . S . C . § 1 2 9 1 . T h is ap p ea l i s p rop erlyb ef o re us beca us e the i s s ue i n t he D i s tr i ctC our tw as A ppel l ant s ’ ent i t l ementt o qual i fi ed im m u n ity . Q u a lifie d im m u n ityp ro tec ts o f f icia ls f ro m su it, n o t ju st liab ili ty , an d th u s “ is eff ect i vel yl os t ” w hen a c as e pr ocee ds t o tr i al . M i t chel l v. For s yth, 472 U . S. 511, 526 ( 1985) ; Forbes v. T w p. of Low erM er i on, 313 F. 3d 144, 147 ( 3d C i r . 2002) . T her efor e, “[w ] hen a de fenda ntm oves fors um m aryj udgm entbas ed on qual i fi ed i m m uni ty , the deni al of the mot i on m aybe appe al ed i m m edi at el yunderthe col l at er al - or derdoctr i ne

. . . . ” I d. O urr evi ew of the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s or deri s s om ew hatl i m i t ed. W e do nothave j ur i s di ct i on t o r evi ew a di s tr i ctcourt ’ s s um m aryj udgm entor der“i ns ofaras thator der d e te rm in e s w h e th e r o r n o t th e p re tr ia l r e c o rd s e ts f o rt h a ‘g e n u in e ’ i s s u e o f f a c t f o r t ri a l.” J ohns on v. J ones , 515 U . S. 304, 319- 20 ( 1995) ; B l ay l ock v. C i tyof Phi l adel phi a, 504 F. 3d 405, 409 ( 3d C i r . 2007) ( “[I ] f a di s tr i ctcourtdet erm i nes thatther e i s s uffi ci ent r e c o r d e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r ta s e to f f a c t s u n d e rwh i c h th e r e wo u l d b e n o i mm u n i ty , we m u st acc ep t th at set of

fa cts o n interl o cu toryrev iew . ” (intern al qu o tat ion m ark s o m itted)). W e do have j ur i s di ct i on, how ever , “t o r evi ew w hetherthe s etof fa ct s i dent i fi ed bythe di s tr i ctcourti s s uffi ci entt o es t abl i s h a vi ol at i on of a c l ear l yes t abl i s hed cons t i tut i onal ri g h t. ” Z icca rdi v . C ityo f P h il ad elph ia, 2 8 8 F . 3 d 5 7 , 6 1 (3d C ir . 2 0 0 2 ). W e fi nd thatthe D i s tr i ctC our ts peci fi ed an a dequat e fa ctual bas i s t o w arr antt he5

deni al of s um m aryj udgm entbas ed on qual i fi ed i m m uni ty . T he D i s tr i ctC our tcons i der ed the evi dence pr es ent ed bythe part i es and det erm i ned thatthe fa ct s j us t i fi ed di vi di ng A ppel l ant s i nt o t hr ee di s t i nctgr oups , w i th m ember s hi p i n eac h gr oup dependa nton eac h A ppel l ant ’ s pr oxi m i tyt o t he s cene of the i nci dentand the s peci fi c cons t i tut i onal v io latio n s e a c h a lleg e d lyc o m m itt e d . T h e D istric t C o u rt th e n id e n tifie d w h ich sp e c if ic f a c ts s u p p o rte d a f

in d in g o f u n c o n stitu tio n a l b e h a v io r, n o tin g w h e n its f in d in g s a p p lied to e a c h in d iv id u a l m e m b e r o f e a c h g ro u p . T h e se f

a c ts id e n tifie d b yth e D istric t C o u rt, i f p ro v e n a t tr ia l, a re s u re ly ad e q u a te to s u b s ta n tia te u n re a s o n a b le c o n s titu tio n a l v io la tio n s . A c c o rd in g ly, w e w ill a f f ir m th e D is tr ic t C o u rt ’s d e n ia l o f s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t.