NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RYAN GALAL VANDYCK, 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

 v. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Respondent-Appellee.

No. 23-15198 

D.C. Nos. 4:21-cv-00399-CKJ 

4:15-cr-00742-CKJMSA-1 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Arizona

Cindy K. Jorgenson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted April 1, 2024

Phoenix, Arizona

Before: HAWKINS, BADE, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

Ryan VanDyck appeals the district court’s denial of his motion under 28 

U.S.C. § 2255. VanDyck was convicted on one count of conspiracy to produce 

child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a) and (e), and one count of 

possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) and 

(b)(2). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2255(d). We review de 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

APR 5 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

novo a district court’s denial of a § 2255 motion, and we review factual findings 

for clear error. See United States v. McMullen, 98 F.3d 1155, 1156 (9th Cir. 1996); 

Doganiere v. United States, 914 F.2d 165, 167 (9th Cir. 1990).

In March 2014, America Online, Inc (AOL) identified an email attachment 

as appearing to contain child pornography. AOL sent a report to the National 

Center for Missing and Exploited Children, which traced the email to Tucson, 

Arizona, and forwarded it to local police. The police opened the attachment 

without a warrant, determined that the email’s IP address was associated with

VanDyck’s residence, and then executed a search warrant on that address. 

Hundreds of videos and images of child pornography were discovered on

VanDyck’s electronic devices. After VanDyck was indicted, his trial counsel 

moved to suppress the attachment on multiple grounds, including that the affidavit 

and request for extension contained material misrepresentations. The district court 

denied these motions to suppress, VanDyck was convicted on both counts 

following a bench trial, and this court affirmed on direct appeal. United States v. 

VanDyck, 776 F. App’x 495 (9th Cir. 2019) (unpublished memorandum).

VanDyck moved for relief from his sentence under § 2255, arguing that his 

trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to raise a Fourth Amendment 

challenge to the police opening the jpeg attachment to the AOL email without a 

warrant, and that appellate counsel on direct appeal was ineffective because she 
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failed to challenge the extension of a search warrant deadline that was allegedly 

based on knowingly false statements. The district court denied the motion. We 

affirm the district court’s denial of VanDyck’s claim that trial counsel was 

ineffective, and deny a certificate of appealability on VanDyck’s claim that 

appellate counsel was ineffective.

1. The district court correctly denied VanDyck’s ineffective assistance of 

trial counsel claim because counsel could have reasonably concluded that the 

motion to suppress would fail. To succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel 

claim, the defendant must show (1) that his counsel’s performance “fell below an 

objective standard of reasonableness” and (2) that “the deficient performance 

prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984). 

Trial counsel could have reasonably concluded that VanDyck lacked a reasonable 

expectation of privacy in the email attachment and therefore decided not to move 

to suppress the attachment on the basis VanDyck asserts now, and instead decided 

to assert several other arguments.

Specifically, trial counsel could have reasonably concluded that AOL’s 

Terms of Service (TOS) and Privacy Policy eliminated VanDyck’s reasonable 

expectation of privacy in the attachment because the TOS and Privacy Policy 

included express terms notifying users that AOL monitored their accounts and 

would disclose suspected illegal activity. See United States v. Ganoe, 538 F.3d 
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1117, 1127 (9th Cir. 2008); United States v. Borowy, 595 F.3d 1045, 1048 (9th Cir. 

2010). Trial counsel also could have reasonably concluded that the district court 

would find that opening the attachment was permissible under exceptions to the 

warrant requirement, including the private-search doctrine and the third-party 

doctrine. See United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 123 (1984) (private-search 

doctrine); United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435, 442–43 (1976) (third-party 

doctrine).

Therefore, because trial counsel could have reasonably decided not to move 

to suppress the attachment for any of these reasons, or a combination of these 

reasons, the district court did not err in concluding that VanDyck did not receive 

ineffective assistance of counsel and denying the first claim in VanDyck’s § 2255 

motion. See Sexton v. Cozner, 679 F.3d 1150, 1157 (9th Cir. 2012) (explaining 

that “[c]ounsel is not necessarily ineffective for failing to raise even a nonfrivolous 

claim”); Lowry v. Lewis, 21 F.3d 344, 346 (9th Cir. 1994) (explaining that counsel 

“cannot be required to anticipate” a later judicial decision).

2. We decline to issue a certificate of appealability as to the ineffective

assistance of appellate counsel claim. “A certificate of appealability may issue . . . 

only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a 

constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Reasonable jurists would not find 

debatable the district court’s conclusion that VanDyck’s ineffective assistance of 
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appellate counsel claim was frivolous. The district court correctly denied the 

motion to suppress based on the warrant extension after holding an evidentiary 

hearing in which officers testified they needed an extension because they learned 

VanDyck would not be in town the day they intended to execute the search 

warrant. Therefore, any reasonable jurist would conclude that appellate counsel 

was not ineffective for failing to challenge the extension. See Wildman v. Johnson, 

261 F.3d 832, 840 (9th Cir. 2001) (“[A]ppellate counsel’s failure to raise issues on 

direct appeal does not constitute ineffective assistance when appeal would not have 

provided grounds for reversal.”).

We AFFIRM the district court’s denial of VanDyck’s § 2255 motion as to his 

claim that trial counsel was ineffective, and DENY the certificate of appealability 

on his claim that appellate counsel was ineffective.