Affirmed in Part and Reversed and Remanded in Part and Opinion filed 

August 25, 2016.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-15-00366-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF L.T.H., A CHILD

On Appeal from the 309th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 2012-70308

O P I N I O N

In this appeal from a suit to modify the parent-child relationship, a mother 

challenges the trial court’s rendition of judgment on a mediated settlement 

agreement between mother and father, the purpose of which was to resolve 

disputes between them relating to father’s periods of possession of their child. On 

appeal, mother contends that the trial court’s judgment is inconsistent with the 

mediated settlement agreement. Because we conclude that the disputed provision 

of the mediated settlement agreement is ambiguous and the mediator is the proper 
2

authority to resolve the dispute, we reverse that portion of the judgment concerning 

possession and access and remand the case to the trial court for further 

proceedings.

Factual Background

L.T.H. is a child born in November 2012. In June 2013, the trial court signed 

a “Reformed Agreed Order in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship” based 

on a mediated settlement agreement between mother and father, adjudicating the 

child’s parentage and establishing a parenting plan. The order addressed issues 

including conservatorship, possession and access, and child support.

In June 2014, father filed a petition to modify the parent-child relationship.

Father claimed a material and substantial change in the circumstances of the child 

or the parties and sought to revise and expand his possessory rights under the 

reformed agreed order. Mother answered and later filed a counter-petition.

On August 22, 2014, the trial court signed temporary orders providing that 

father would have possession of and access to the child pursuant to a modified 

standard possession order, which expanded father’s periods of possession until the 

child reached the age of three. After the child reached the age of three, the 

temporary orders provided that father would have possession and access pursuant 

to a standard possession order.

In February 2015, father amended his petition to seek possession and access 

pursuant to a “fully expanded Standard Possession Order.” Father requested that,

until the child begins “actual school,”1the trial court award father “the right to 

possession of his son when his mother is at work and the child would normally be 

 

1

In the temporary orders, “school” is defined as “the daycare, primary or secondary 

school in which the child is enrolled or, if the child is not enrolled in a primary or secondary 

school, the public school district in which the child primarily resides.”
3

at daycare” and “the right of first refusal to have possession of the child if [mother] 

will be out of town overnight and unable to keep the child personally.”

Additionally, father requested that the trial court order mother to surrender the 

child on Thursdays at 3:00 p.m., until the child begins “actual school.” Father also 

requested specified periods of possession of the child during the summer of 2015. 

The trial court referred the parties to mediation with mediator Alice O’Neill. 

On February 6, 2015, mother and father reached a settlement and executed a 

mediated settlement agreement (MSA). The MSA recited in boldfaced, capitalized, 

and underlined letters that it was not subject to revocation, and it was signed by the 

parties and their attorneys. The terms of the parties’ agreement were contained in 

an attached Exhibit A incorporated into the MSA,

2 which provided in relevant part:

The MSA also provided that the parties “shall” submit to binding arbitration with 

O’Neill “regarding all (a) drafting disputes, (b) issues regarding interpretation of 

this [MSA] and (c) issues regarding the intent of the parties as reflected in this 

[MSA].”

On February 27, in a hearing which mother did not attend, the trial court 

 

2

The relevant portion of Exhibit A is reproduced as it appears in the clerk’s record. Ms. 

Levi is father’s attorney.
4

orally granted the relief agreed to in the MSA. Less than a month later, the trial 

court held another hearing to address a dispute that had arisen concerning the 

language of the proposed order on the MSA as drafted by father’s attorney. At the 

hearing, mother took the position that the parties had agreed to an order 

incorporating the August 22, 2014 temporary orders as modified in Exhibit A to 

the MSA, and that—as in the temporary orders—the standard possession order 

would apply once the child reached the age of three. Mother complained that, 

contrary to the parties’ agreement, the proposed order extended father’s periods of 

possession after the child turned three beyond what was contemplated in the 

temporary orders.

3

The trial court disagreed, concluding that “the MSA is clear.” 

On March 20, 2015, the trial court signed an “Agreed Order in Suit to 

Modify Parent-Child Relationship” based on the MSA. This final order made 

several modifications to father’s periods of possession, including granting father 

certain possessory rights after the child reached the age of three that differed from 

that portion of the temporary orders providing for a standard possession order after 

the child reached the age of three. This appeal followed.

ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

In one issue, mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion by 

granting judgment on an order that is inconsistent with the MSA. Father responds 

that mother waived her complaint by inaction in the trial court and in this court. 

 

3

For example, mother’s attorney argued at one point: “we will agree to the temporary 

orders as written with the understanding of knowing that once the child was no longer three that 

this time of keeping the child an extra day on Fridays was going to go away. We made an 

agreement based on what was written in the temporary orders.” Toward the end of the hearing, 

mother’s attorney again argued, “[W]hat we are disputing is what happens after the child turns 

three. In the temporary orders it says, after the child turns three, they go back to a standard 

possession order.”
5

Waiver

We begin with father’s multiple complaints that mother has waived any right 

to appellate relief. Father argues that mother (1) failed to file any post-judgment 

motion apprising the trial court of the complaints she raises in this appeal, (2) 

failed to cite to the record, (3) failed to provide any legal authorities addressing the 

specific issue presented, (4) failed to provide any legal analysis pertaining to the 

specific issue presented, (5) cited and relied on documents in an appendix not 

contained in the record, and (6) requested incorrect relief in her brief. Father also 

argues that, even if mother had preserved her sole issue for appeal, her failure to 

request findings of fact and conclusions of law has “created an insurmountable 

procedural obstacle to appellate relief.”

1. Mother did not waive her right to appeal by inadequate briefing.

As an initial matter, we agree that we may not consider documents contained 

in the appendix to mother’s brief which are not in the record (complaint 5). See 

WorldPeace v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 183 S.W.3d 451, 465 n.23 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (“[W]e cannot consider documents 

attached as appendices to briefs and must consider a case based solely upon the 

record filed.”). But father cites no authority to support his argument that attaching 

such documents to a party’s appellate brief waives their right to appeal, and we 

decline to so hold.

Father also complains that mother has waived her appellate issue by briefing 

waiver. Father alleges that mother failed to provide citations to either the clerk’s or 

reporter’s records, identify controlling legal authorities and analysis, or include the 

subject matter of her issue in the table of contents, in violation of Texas Rules of 

Appellate Procedure 38.1(b), (d), (g), (h), and (i) (complaints 2, 3, and 4). See Tex. 

R. App. P. 38.1. 
6

We acknowledge that mother’s brief is not a model of clarity and that she

has not provided citations to the record. But mother identifies the order that is the 

subject of her appeal and the operative documents, the dates and the substance of 

two hearings in the trial court, and the specific provisions of the order that she 

contends are inconsistent with the MSA. The documents discussed in mother’s 

brief are easily located in the relatively short clerk’s record, and the reporter’s 

records of the two hearings each contain less than ten pages of transcription to 

compare to the assertions in mother’s brief. Mother also cites to Family Code 

section 153.0071 and supporting legal authorities for the general proposition that a 

trial court abuses its discretion in granting a judgment inconsistent with the terms 

of a mediated settlement that satisfies the statutory formalities. See Tex. Fam. Code 

§ 153.0071; In re Lee, 411 S.W.3d 445, 455 (Tex. 2013); In re S.A.D.S., 413 

S.W.3d 434, 438 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.). Further, in response to 

father’s complaints, mother filed a reply brief in which she responded to father’s 

arguments with citations to the record and additional relevant authorities. 

The Supreme Court of Texas has repeatedly made clear that “[d]isposing of 

appeals for harmless procedural defects is disfavored.” Weeks Marine, Inc. v. 

Garza, 371 S.W.3d 157, 162 (Tex. 2012) (citing Perry v. Cohen, 272 S.W.3d 585, 

587 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam)). Instead, appellate briefs are to be construed 

reasonably, yet liberally, so that the right to appellate review is not lost by waiver. 

Id. Appellate courts must treat the statement of an issue “as covering every 

subsidiary question that is fairly included.” Id. (citing Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(f)). “An 

appellant can preserve error ‘in the body of their appellate brief,’ even if it is not 

separately listed in the notice of appeal or presented as an issue in the brief.” Id.

(quoting Perry, 272 S.W.3d at 586). We decline to hold, on this record, that mother 

has waived her appellate issue by inadequate briefing.
7

Finally, father complains that mother waived any right to appellate relief 

because the only relief she requested was a reversal and remand to the trial court 

“to enter a judgment that conforms to the parties’ mediated settlement agreement” 

(complaint 6). According to father, mother failed to comply with the requirement 

of Rule 38.1(j) that an appellant’s brief contain “a short conclusion that clearly 

states the nature of the relief sought,” see Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(j), because mother 

failed to “specif[y] what that judgment should include and exclude.” 

Mother’s brief makes clear that her complaint is that the trial court’s order 

does not accurately reflect the terms of the MSA and she requests that this court 

correct that perceived error. Further, in reply to father’s complaints, mother more 

specifically asserts that she is requesting that this court order the case remanded to 

the trial court with an instruction to refer the parties back to mediation to resolve 

the parties’ disputes as provided in the MSA or, alternatively, to modify the trial 

court’s order and affirm as modified. Father cites no authority that would require 

this court to reject mother’s request for appellate relief because she failed to strictly 

comply with Rule 38.1(j), and we reject father’s argument as inconsistent with the 

Supreme Court’s directive that we construe appellate briefs reasonably, yet 

liberally. See Weeks Marine, 371 S.W.3d at 162. We conclude that mother has 

substantially complied with Rule 38.1 and reject father’s assertion that mother has 

waived her right to appellee review on this basis.

Having rejected father’s complaints of briefing waiver by mother, we next 

turn to his allegation that mother failed to preserve her appellate issue by her 

inaction in the trial court.

2. Mother preserved her complaint in the trial court.

Father contends that mother waived any complaint about the trial court’s 

order because she did not preserve her complaint below, either by filing a motion 
8

for new trial; a motion to modify, correct, or reform the judgment; a motion for 

judgment as a matter of law; or some other means. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); 

Brantley v. Brantley, No. 14-11-00583-CV, 2012 WL 727700, at *3 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 6, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that mother’s postjudgment motion failed to alert trial court to specific appellate complaint). Mother 

responds by citing to the record of the March 20, 2015 hearing and arguing that 

that she made the trial court aware of her objection to the proposed order’s 

inconsistency with the parties’ MSA by disputing its provisions at that hearing.4

As discussed above, mother asserted in her opening brief that she objected to 

the proposed order at the hearing, and the record reflects that mother articulated 

her objections with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the 

complaint. Further, the trial court ruled on mother’s objection by expressing its 

disagreement with mother’s interpretation of the MSA and signing the order 

drafted by father’s attorney. Therefore, mother satisfied the preservation 

requirements of the appellate rules. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Barina v. Barina, 

No. 03-08-00341-CV, 2008 WL 4951224, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Austin Nov. 21, 

2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that counsel’s statements at hearing were 

sufficient to make trial court aware of mother’s complaint that proposed divorce 

decree was inconsistent with the parties’ mediated settlement agreement 

concerning father’s periods of possession). Further, as mother points out, in a 

nonjury case, a motion for new trial is a prerequisite to a complaint on appeal only 

in certain circumstances not applicable here. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 324. We hold that 

mother did not waive her complaint by failing to raise it in the trial court. 

 

4

In a sur-reply brief, father complains that mother “cites to literally the entirety of the 

reporter’s record” without pointing out any specific language where she raises the complaints 

asserted in her brief. The entirety of the reporter’s record is nine pages of text.
9

Analysis of Mother’s Issue

In her sole issue, mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion by 

failing to render a judgment consistent with the parties’ MSA. A trial court abuses

its discretion if it reaches a decision that is arbitrary and unreasonable, or if it fails 

to analyze or apply the law correctly. See Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839–

40 (Tex. 1992).

Under the Texas Family Code, mediated settlement agreements are governed 

by sections 6.602 and 153.0071, respectively. See Tex. Fam. Code §§ 6.602,

153.0071; Milner v. Milner, 361 S.W.3d 615, 618–19 (Tex. 2012); In re Lee, 411 

S.W.3d 445, 451–52 (Tex. 2013). Section 6.602 applies to property division, while 

section 153.0071 applies to suits affecting the parent-child relationship. See

Barina, 2008 WL 4951224, at *4 n.2.

Relevant here, section 153.0071(e) unambiguously provides that a party is 

entitled to judgment on an MSA that meets the statutory formalities

“notwithstanding Rule 11, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, or another rule of law.” 

See Tex. Fam. Code § 153.0071(e); Lee, 411 S.W.3d at 453.

5

It is undisputed that 

the MSA in this case complies with Family Code section 153.0071(d) and that the 

parties are entitled to judgment in the form of a modification order based on the 

MSA.6See Tex. Fam. Code § 153.0071(d); Lee, 411 S.W3d at 458–59.

 

5

Though not relevant here, section 153.0071 provides an exception to the statutory 

mandate in circumstances involving family violence. See Tex. Fam. Code § 153.0071(e-1); Lee, 

411 S.W.3d at 453.

6

Section 153.0071(d) provides:

A mediated settlement agreement is binding on the parties if the 

agreement: 

(1) provides, in a prominently displayed statement that is in boldfaced type 

or capital letters or underlined, that the agreement is not subject to 

revocation;
10

In rendering judgment on an MSA, trial courts may include terms necessary 

to effectuate and implement the parties’ agreement, so long as they do not 

substantively alter it. In re Lee, 411 S.W.3d at 458 n.17. The Family Code does not 

authorize a court to modify an MSA before incorporating it into a decree. Diggs v. 

Diggs, No. 14-11-00854-CV, 2013 WL 3580424, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] July 11, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.).

According to mother, the trial court’s final order substantially differs from 

the parties’ MSA because it awards father additional time with the child that he did 

not have under the temporary orders after the child reached the age of three, and 

changes the child’s pick-up and return times, resulting in father having more 

possession time than that awarded in the parties’ MSA. Among other things, 

mother complains that in the section of the final order providing for a standard 

possession order after the child reached the age of three, father’s periods of 

possession included the following for Thursdays and Fridays:

Thursdays – On Thursday of each week during the regular school 

term, beginning at the time the child’s school is regularly dismissed, 

or at 3:00 pm if the child is enrolled in daycare, and ending at the time 

the child’s school/daycare resumes on Friday. It is further ORDERED 

that [father], at his own election, may keep the child home from 

daycare on Fridays that follow a Thursday period of possession as 

long as [father] notifies [mother] in writing via text message or email 

ahead of time of whether the child will be in daycare on a particular 

Friday or not and, if the child will not be in daycare, provide a general 

itinerary of the child’s whereabouts during the time the child might 

have otherwise been in daycare.

7

 

(2) is signed by each party to the agreement; and 

(3) is signed by the party’s attorney, if any, who is present at the time the 

agreement is signed.

Tex. Fam. Code 153.0071(d).

7

This provision substantially mirrors the corresponding provision in the August 22, 2014 
11

In contrast, the section of the temporary orders applicable after the child reached 

the age of three gave father the right to possession of the child only on Thursdays 

as follows:

Thursdays – On Thursday of each week during the regular school 

term, beginning at the time the child’s school is regularly dismissed 

and ending at the time the child’s school resumes on Friday.

Mother points out that the fourth line of Exhibit A to the MSA reflects the parties’ 

agreement to “Dad’s periods of possession: Per Temporary Orders: Expanded 

SPO” and argues that the language in the trial court’s final order is inconsistent 

with the temporary orders. Mother also argues that nothing in the temporary orders 

entitles father to a full day of possession of the child on Fridays after the child 

reaches three years of age. 

In her reply brief, Mother more specifically argues that the phrase “Per 

Temporary Orders: Expanded SPO” in the MSA “informs us that an expanded 

standard possession order is set forth in the parties’ temporary orders.” But, mother 

argues, the final order provides for possessory rights inconsistent with the terms of 

the temporary orders contained in the section providing for a standard possession 

order applicable after the child turns three. The crux of mother’s argument, as we 

understand from both her opening brief and her reply brief, is that the trial court 

erred by concluding that the terms of the expanded standard possession order were 

to continue after the child turned three, contrary to the temporary orders.

8

 

temporary orders concerning the modified possession order applicable before the child reached 

the age of three, with the exception of the 3:00 p.m. start time. As she does on appeal, Mother 

pointed out this specific provision to the trial court at the March 20 hearing.

8

In a sur-reply, father contends mother’s arguments in her reply brief are new arguments 

that may not be raised for the first time in a reply brief. See Tex. Ear Nose & Throat Consultants, 

PLLC v. Jones, 470 S.W.3d 67, 84 n.15 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet). We 

disagree. As we have explained, the substance of mother’s complaint was discernable from her 

opening brief. To the extent that mother provided additional argument in reply to father’s 
12

Father disputes mother’s interpretation, arguing that mother fails to explain 

why her interpretation “is necessarily the most correct interpretation of that 

language” and asserts that “[a] better interpretation” is that “[father’s] periods of 

possession are per the temporary orders but with rights that are expanded beyond 

the standard possession order.” Father further argues that “there is no evidence in 

the record that [mother’s] interpretation of the language in question is more correct 

than [father’s] interpretation of it, or, more importantly, that the trial court’s 

interpretation of it constitutes a clear abuse of discretion under the circumstances 

presented.” According to father, both mother and the record fail to provide any 

explanation as to what the term “Expanded SPO” was intended to mean. Father 

posits that the term “could very well refer to rights of possession that are more 

generous to [father] than as set forth in the standard possession order.”

We apply the rules of contract interpretation to the MSA. See Milner, 361 

S.W.3d at 619 (concluding that parties’ dispute over interpretation of mediated 

settlement agreement concerning property division was a matter of contract 

interpretation); Diggs, 2013 WL 3580424, at *10–11 (concluding that mother’s 

complaints that the divorce decree did not properly reflect the terms of the property 

division in parties’ mediated settlement agreement was an issue of contract 

interpretation). If the MSA’s language can be given a certain and definite meaning, 

the agreement is not ambiguous, and its construction is a matter for the court. See 

Milner, 361 S.W.3d at 619. If the MSA is susceptible to more than one reasonable 

interpretation, then it is ambiguous, which creates a fact issue on the parties’ intent. 

See id.; Diggs, 2013 WL 3580424, at *10.

Although mother and father provide conflicting interpretations of the 

 

response, Rule 38.3 permits an appellant to file a reply brief “addressing any matter in the 

appellee’s brief,” which is what occurred here. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.3.
13

meaning of “Per Temporary Orders: Expanded SPO,” neither expressly argues that 

the terms of the MSA are ambiguous. The parties’ failure to raise the issue of 

ambiguity is not determinative, however, because whether a contract is ambiguous 

is a question of law. See Milner, 361 S.W.3d at 619. 

Viewing Exhibit A to the MSA in its entirety and in conjunction with the 

temporary orders of August 22, 2014, it is apparent that, under the MSA, father is

entitled him to pick up the child at 3:00 p.m. during his periods of possession, and 

the parties are required to communicate with each other concerning the child’s 

whereabouts during those periods as specified. The MSA also provides that 

father’s periods of possession are those contained in the temporary orders’

“Expanded SPO.” Presumably, the “Expanded SPO” is a reference to the modified 

standard possession order contained in the temporary orders, which are applicable 

until the child reaches the age of three. On this record, however, we are unable to 

discern from the terms of the MSA or any other record evidence whether—as 

father argues—father’s periods of possession under the modified standard 

possession order continue to apply after the child reaches the age of three, or—as 

mother argues—father’s periods of possession return to a standard possession 

order after the child reaches the age of three as provided in the temporary orders. 

Although conflicting interpretations alone do not establish ambiguity, see id.

at 620, we conclude that the meaning of the phrase “Per Temporary Orders: 

Expanded SPO,” is ambiguous because it is susceptible to more than one 

reasonable interpretation, creating a fact issue on the parties’ intent. See id. at 622;

Diggs, 2013 WL 3580424, at *11.

Father agrees that a “factual dispute” exists concerning what the parties 

intended by the term “Expanded SPO,” and argues that, absent findings of fact and 

conclusions of law, this court must presume that the trial court resolved the dispute 
14

in favor of the trial court’s ruling on the final order. See Aduli v. Aduli, 368 S.W.3d 

805, 813 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (stating that when a trial 

court does not issue findings of fact or conclusions of law, the appellate court 

presumes that all factual disputes were resolved in favor of the trial court’s ruling).

But the MSA provides that in the event of in the event of drafting disputes, issues 

regarding the interpretation of the MSA, or issues regarding the parties’ intent as 

reflected in the MSA, the parties must submit to binding arbitration. Because we 

have concluded that a fact issue exists regarding the interpretation of the MSA and 

the parties’ intent concerning father’s periods of possession, the trial court erred by

resolving the dispute and determining the periods of possession to be awarded to 

father. See Milner, 361 S.W.3d at 622; Diggs, 2013 WL 3580424, at *11.

Consistent with the MSA, the parties should be ordered to return to mediator 

O’Neill for binding arbitration to resolve this dispute.

CONCLUSION

We sustain mother’s issue, reverse that portion of the trial court’s agreed 

order of March 20, 2015 concerning Possession and Access, and remand the case 

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We affirm the remainder of 

the trial court’s order.

/s/ Ken Wise

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Busby, Donovan, and Wise.