UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JAMES E. PIETRANGELO, II,

Plaintiff,

v.

REFRESH CLUB, INC., et al.,

Defendants.

No. 18-cv-1943 (DLF/ZMF)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff James E. Pietrangelo, II, proceeding pro se, brings this action against Refresh 

Club, Inc. and The Wing DC, LLC (collectively, The Wing), seeking monetary, injunctive, and 

declaratory relief for alleged violations of the D.C. Human Rights Act of 1977 (DCHRA), D.C. 

Code §§ 2–1401.01, et seq. See Dkt. 1. On January 14, 2020, this Court referred all discoveryrelated matters in this case to a magistrate judge pursuant to Local Rule 72.2. See Min. Order of 

Jan. 14, 2020. Thereafter, both Pietrangelo and The Wing filed motions to compel discovery. 

See Dkt. 44 (renewing Pl.’s Mot. to Compel, Dkt. 28); Defs.’ Mot. to Compel, Dkt. 45. On 

March 31, 2021, Magistrate Judge Zia M. Faruqui granted both motions in part and denied both 

in part in a thorough and well-reasoned 24-page opinion.

1

See Mem. Op. of Mar. 31, 2021 

(“Mag. J.’s Mem. Op.”), Dkt. 64. 

On April 14, 2021, Pietrangelo filed objections to Judge Faruqui’s ruling pursuant to 

Local Rule 72.2(b). See Pl.’s Objs. to Magistrate Judge’s Mem. Op. and Accompanying Order

 

1 The Court need not review the background of this case, which is set forth in detail in Judge 

Faruqui’s Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. 64, and this Court’s Memorandum Opinion of June 4, 

2019, Dkt. 24.
2

(“Pl.’s Objs.”), Dkt. 65. For the reasons that follow, the Court will affirm Judge Faruqui’s ruling 

in its entirety.

I. LEGAL STANDARD

Rule 72(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Local Rule 72.2 permit a party to 

seek reconsideration of a magistrate judge’s rulings in a discovery dispute. See Neuder v. 

Battelle Pac. Nw. Nat’l Lab., 194 F.R.D. 289, 292 (D.D.C. 2000). “When the district court 

reviews a Magistrate Judge’s ruling on a non-dispositive matter like a discovery ruling, the 

Magistrate Judge’s decision is entitled to great deference.” Haughton v. District of Columbia, 

161 F. Supp. 3d 100, 102 (D.D.C. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). The magistrate 

judge’s decision “will be upheld unless found to be clearly erroneous or contrary to law.” 

Neuder, 194 F.R.D. at 292 (internal quotation marks omitted); see LCvR 72.2(c). “Under that 

deferential standard, a magistrate judge’s factual findings or discretionary decisions must be 

affirmed unless, although there is evidence to support them, the reviewing court on the entire 

evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” 

Am. Ctr. for Civ. Just. v. Ambush, 794 F. Supp. 2d 123, 129 (D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotation 

marks and alteration omitted).

II. ANALYSIS

Pietrangelo contends that Judge Faruqui erred in: (1) denying Pietrangelo’s request for a 

second Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6) deposition of The Wing, see Pl.’s Objs. at 3–11;

(2) denying certain requests for production of documents, id. at 11–13; (3) declining to award 

Pietrangelo reasonable costs associated with filing his motion to compel, see id. at 13; and (4) 

granting “The Wing’s interrogatories/requests for production concerning [Pietrangelo’s] 

commitment to The Wing’s mission,” id. at 13–14.
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A. Rule 30(b)(6) Deposition

Pietrangelo’s first objection concerns Judge Faruqui’s denial of a second deposition of 

The Wing pursuant to Rule 30(b)(6). See Pl.’s Objs. at 3–11.

“Rule 30(b)(6) provides that persons designated to represent a corporation ‘shall testify as 

to matters known or reasonably available to the organization.’” In re Vitamins Antitrust Litig., 

216 F.R.D. 168, 172 (D.D.C. 2003) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6)). This rule “ultimately puts 

certain burdens on both parties.” Alexander v. F.B.I., 186 F.R.D. 137, 139 (D.D.C. 1998). The 

noticing party “must describe with reasonable particularity the matters for examination.” Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 30(b)(6). “Once a requesting party describes with reasonable particularity the matters on 

which examination is requested, a series of duties fall on the responding corporation.” Banks v. 

Off. of the Senate Sergeant-At-Arms, 241 F.R.D. 370, 373 (D.D.C. 2007). More specifically, “a 

corporation must: (1) designate a deponent knowledgeable on the topic; (2) designate multiple 

deponents if more than one is necessary to respond to all designated topics; and (3) prepare the 

deponent so that he or she can testify on matters both within his or her personal knowledge as 

well as those reasonably known by the responding entity.” Covad Commc’ns. Co. v. Revonet, 

Inc., 267 F.R.D. 14, 25 (D.D.C. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Deponents under 

Rule 30(b)(6) must be prepared and knowledgeable, but they need not be subjected to a memory 

contest.” Alexander, 186 F.R.D. at 143 (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, their 

lack of knowledge must be “significant, conscious, and material” to a party’s discovery to be 

found inadequate. See In re Vitamins Antitrust Litig., 216 F.R.D. at 173; see also Costa v. Cty. of 

Burlington, 254 F.R.D. 187, 190 (D.N.J. 2008) (“Simply because defendant’s witness could not 

answer every question posed to him does not equate to the fact that defendant did not satisfy its 

obligation to prepare its 30(b)(6) witness.”). 
4

While The Wing’s designated deponent, Deidra Nelson, “lacked knowledge in certain 

areas, she was well informed in most of the areas of inquiry that [Pietrangelo] pursued with her,” 

see Covad Commc’ns., 267 F.R.D. at 25, as evidenced by her robust answers to Pietrangelo’s 

detailed questions on a wide array of topics, see, e.g., Pl.’s Mot. to Compel, Ex. 22 at 6:3–12:8 

(The Wing’s corporate structure), Dkt. 28-22; id. at 14:3–18:21, 20:19–24:12 (The Wing’s 

valuation, investment rounds, and profits); id. at 27:6–30:9, 38:4–42:11, 268:15–21 (The Wing’s 

board and personnel); id. at 57:2–81:2 (amenities offered to members of The Wing); id. at 

174:2–189:9 (The Wing’s application process for membership). 

Pietrangelo stresses, however, that there were roughly 300 questions that Nelson was 

unable to answer over the course of her six-hour deposition. See Pl.’s Objs. at 9; Mag. J. Mem. 

Op. at 6. But that does not necessarily mean that The Wing “did not satisfy its obligation to 

prepare its 30(b)(6) witness,” Costa, 254 F.R.D. at 190, particularly in light of the “thirty 

cavernous” topics Pietrangelo “demanded The Wing address” in the deposition, Mag. J. Mem. 

Op. at 6. 

While Pietrangelo contends that The Wing “waived its objections to any overbreadth of 

the[se] topics” by failing to move for a protective order in advance of the deposition, see Pl.’s

Objs. at 6, The Wing repeatedly warned Pietrangelo that the noticed topics were too broad to be 

covered effectively, see, e.g., Dkt. 28-14 at 2; Pl.’s Mot. to Compel, Ex. 22 at 252:15–18; see 

also Covad Commc’ns Co., 267 F.R.D. at 25 (declining to award sanctions where deposing party 

“pushed forward with the deposition” after being warned that the “noticed topics could [not] be 

covered effectively” and then “feign[ed] surprise when [the deponent] was not knowledgeable on 

all forty-two topics”). As such, Judge Faruqui correctly concluded that Pietrangelo “chose to 

accept the limits of human memory capacity.” Mag. J. Mem. Op. at 7. To be sure, The Wing 
5

has a duty to “designate multiple deponents if more than one is necessary,” Banks, 241 F.R.D. at 

373, and Pietrangelo is therefore entitled to receive responses to some of his unanswered 

questions, see Alexander, 186 F.R.D. at 142. But, like Judge Faruqui, “the Court does not 

believe that the importance or number of these unanswered questions warrants entirely new 

depositions,”

2

id., as “‘interrogatories and requests for production’ have already [answered] or 

will answer” the most critical questions in this case, Mag. J. Mem. Op. at 7–8 (quoting 

Alexander, 186 F.R.D. at 142–43). 

In sum, Nelson’s lack of knowledge was not “significant, conscious, and material” to 

Pietrangelo’s discovery. In re Vitamins Antitrust Litig., 216 F.R.D. at 173. Accordingly, the 

denial of Pietrangelo’s request for a second Rule 30(b)(6) deposition was not clearly erroneous. 

B. Requests for Production

Next, Pietrangelo objects to the denial of various requests for production on the grounds 

that they were irrelevant. See Pl.’s Objs. at 11–13. These requests can be grouped into two 

categories.

The first set of requests relates to The Wing’s scholarships. Although Pietrangelo 

himself did not apply to The Wing as a scholarship applicant, see generally Compl., he

nonetheless asserts that his requests regarding the Wing’s scholarship program are relevant 

 

2 Pietrangelo contends that Judge Faruqui should have specifically addressed each of the 

unanswered questions that he cited in his sixty-nine page motion to compel. See Pl.’s Objs. at 9–

10. He is mistaken. “[A]n analysis of the relevance of each and every unanswered question at 

[the] deposition . . . [wa]s not necessitated by the motions before the Court,” Alexander, 186 

F.R.D. at 142, as a significant number of these questions were clearly immaterial, see, e.g., Pl.’s 

Mot. to Compel, Ex. 22 at 84:20–21 (whether any of The Wing’s cafes serve steak); id. at 

119:11–12 (which shipping carrier The Wing uses to ship retail merchandise purchased online); 

id. at 82:3–4 (whether The Wing’s magazine included cross-word puzzles), and other discovery 

has “already [answered] or will answer the overarching question,” Mag. J. Mem. Op. at 7–8 

(citing Alexander, 186 F.R.D. at 142–43).
6

because scholarship applicants did not have to demonstrate on their application form a 

commitment to The Wing’s mission. Pl.’s Objs. at 12.

Documents relating to The Wing’s scholarship application process are of marginal 

relevance here as that process was different than the one used for regular members. See Pl.'s 

Objs. at 12. Simply because scholarship applicants were not required to show a commitment to 

The Wing’s mission on the scholarship application form does not, by itself, mean that The Wing 

did not use other methods to vet scholarship applicants and to determine their level of 

commitment to its mission. Moreover, The Wing has agreed to disclose, among other things, the 

applications for its regular memberships, lists of regular applicants, and lists of its members, 

which will include both regular and scholarship members. See Mag. J. Mem. Op. at 10; see also 

Pl.’s Reply at 6 (noting “scholarship recipients ultimately became members of the Wing”). 

While Pietrangelo can explore the details of the scholarship application process through 

interrogatories, requiring The Wing to provide all documentation for successful and unsuccessful 

scholarship applicants alike is simply not “proportional to the needs of the case.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

26(b)(1). Judge Faruqui’s decision to deny Pietrangelo’s requests for lists of scholarship 

applicants and awardees as well as all scholarship applications and documents, see Pl.’s Mot. to 

Compel at 57–60, was not clearly erroneous, see Food Lion, Inc. v. United Food & Com.

Workers Int’l Union, 103 F.3d 1007, 1012 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (noting courts retain “considerable 

discretion in handling discovery matters”). 

The second set of requests concerns The Wing’s practices with respect to hiring, 

employment, partnerships, and third-party vendors. Focusing on discrimination against men in 

these areas,

3

see Mag. J. Mem. Op. at 12, Pietrangelo contends that these requests establish

 

3 Separately, Pietrangelo seeks the personnel files of the employees of The Wing who spoke with

him the day after he submitted an application for membership. See Pl.’s Objs., at 11; Pl.’s Mot. 
7

“collateral discrimination” that is relevant to his claims in that “it prove[s] the primary 

discrimination” and “proves the egregiousness of The Wing’s overall ill will towards men in 

maintaining their discriminatory policies/practices[.]” Pl.’s Objs. at 6. But given that The Wing 

does not dispute the “exclusion of men in membership,” Mag. J. Mem. Op. at 12, this collateral 

discrimination is of tenuous relevance, and the denial of these requests also was not clearly 

erroneous. 

C. Motion Costs

Pietrangelo also objects to the denial of his request for the reasonable costs associated 

with filing his motion to compel. See Pl.’s Objs. at 13.

Rule 37(a)(5)(C) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that when a motion to 

compel “is granted in part and denied in part” the Court “may, after giving an opportunity to be 

heard, apportion the reasonable expenses for the motion.” Fed. R. Civ P. 37(a)(5)(C). However, 

“the court must not order this payment if: (i) the movant filed the motion before attempting in 

good faith to obtain the disclosure or discovery without court action; (ii) the opposing party’s 

nondisclosure, response, or objection was substantially justified; or (iii) other circumstances 

make an award of expenses unjust.” Fed. R. Civ P. 37(a)(5)(A); see also Stephenson v. Pfizer 

Inc., No. 13-cv-147, 2014 WL 3385213, at *2 (M.D.N.C. July 9, 2014) (“Rule 37(a)(5)(C) 

effectively incorporates the substantive standards of Rule 37(a)(5)(A), in that expenses of a 

 

to Compel at 67. It was not clear error to deny this request. See Mag. J. Mem. Op. at 12. 

Pietrangelo contends that these files could “show[] whether the two employees were disciplined 

in any way for what they told [Pietrangelo].” Pl.’s Mot. to Compel at 67. But whatever 

relevance these files might have, their production is not “proportional to the needs of the case”,

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1), given that interrogatories provide a less intrusive means of obtaining 

this information, see Prasad v. George Washington Univ., 323 F.R.D. 88, 91 (D.D.C. 2017)

(noting that Rule 26 was amended “to emphasize the need for proportionality in discovery and to 

‘encourage judges to be more aggressive in identifying and discouraging discovery overuse.’”) 

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment).
8

discovery motion may be imposed upon a party ordered to produce discovery where that party’s 

conduct necessitated the motion unless the nondisclosure or objection was substantially justified 

or other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” (internal citation and quotation marks 

omitted)). 

The Court agrees with Judge Faruqui that an award of costs is not appropriate here. 

Pietrangelo failed to offer any substantive argument in relation to this request. See Mag. J.’s 

Mem. Op. at 24; see also Pl.’s Mot. to Compel at 43–44. The Wing was also “substantially 

justified” in its objections to Pietrangelo’s requested disclosures, Fed. R. Civ P. 37(a)(5)(A), as 

evidenced by the fact that some of its requested parameters on the discovery Pietrangelo sought 

were ultimately granted, see Cobell v. Norton, 226 F.R.D. 67, 90–91 (D.D.C. 2005) (“[A] party 

meets the substantially justified standard when there is a genuine dispute or if reasonable people 

could differ as to the appropriateness of the motion”) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

D. Commitment to The Wing’s Mission

That leaves Pietrangelo’s objections regarding the discovery that Judge Faruqui ruled The 

Wing could obtain. More specifically, Pietrangelo asserts that it was clear error to grant “The 

Wing’s interrogatories/requests for production concerning [his] commitment to The Wing’s 

mission.” Pl.’s Objs. at 13. He also objects to the “ruling that [he] must answer the Wing’s RFP 

12” which seeks “[a]ll documents and communications regarding statements Plaintiff has made, 

or positions Plaintiff has taken, regarding the professional, civic, social, and economic 

advancement of nonbinary people or the position of non-binary people in society.” Pl.’s Objs. at 

14. Pietrangelo contends this information is not relevant because “there is evidence showing that 

some memberships to the Wing have been given out to individuals without them first completing 

any application.” Pl.’s Objs. at 13–14 (emphasis added). 
9

When it comes to discovery, “[r]elevance is construed broadly.” Breiterman v. U.S. 

Capitol Police, 324 F.R.D. 24, 30 (D.D.C. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). Whether 

The Wing’s asserted defense “ultimately will be persuasive . . . as a matter of law or fact is a 

separate issue.” Ted Cruz for Senate v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 451 F. Supp. 3d 92, 99 (D.D.C. 

2020); see also Alexander v. F.B.I., 194 F.R.D. 316, 326 (D.D.C. 2000) (“Discovery is not to be 

denied because it relates to a claim or defense that is being challenged as insufficient.”) (internal 

quotation marks and alteration omitted)). 

It is undisputed that Pietrangelo submitted an online application to become a member at 

The Wing’s Washington, D.C. location, see Compl. ¶¶ 18–19, 28, and that this application 

contained multiple questions regarding the applicant’s commitment to The Wing’s mission, id. 

¶ 11(1)(ll). Moreover, one of The Wing’s substantive defenses in this case is that Pietrangelo’s 

application “was denied because he failed to demonstrate a commitment to The Wing’s mission 

and values.” Defs.’ Mot. to Compel at 3. The materials The Wing requests regarding 

Pietrangelo’s commitment to The Wing’s mission “bear[] on . . . [or] reasonably could lead to

other matter that could bear on any party’s claim or defense.” United States ex rel. Shamesh v. 

CA, Inc., 314 F.R.D. 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). This is particularly 

true given that Pietrangelo seeks “injunctions requiring Defendants to grant Plaintiff membership 

in The Wing.” Compl. at 30; see also Mag. J.’s Mem. Op. at 14–15 (explaining that, because 

commitment to The Wing’s mission is now a prerequisite for membership, “[i]f discovery 

reveals that [Pietrangelo] is prejudiced against women and/or non-binary people . . . the Court 

arguably could not in equity place him there”). Judge Faruqui therefore did not err in granting 

these requests.

Accordingly, it is
10

ORDERED that Judge Faruqui’s March 31, 2021 Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. 64, and 

Order, Dkt. 63, are AFFIRMED in their entirety. 

 

________________________

DABNEY L. FRIEDRICH

May 26, 2021 United States District Judge