# Patent

## Title
Apparatus and method for resource negotiations among autonomous agents

## Abstract

A distributed data processing system employing negotiation among autonomous agents for allocation of resources is presented herein. The system includes a communications network for passing messages between computers connected thereto, a plurality of computers connected to the network for running programs thereon including at least first and second autonomous agents. Each agent receives a graph associated therewith and wherein the graph represents for the associated agent what resources that agent has and what task or tasks that agent may perform. Each agent employs the associated graph to determine what resource or resources are needed by that agent to carry out the task or tasks to be performed by that agent. The agents negotiate with each other for the resources needed to carry out the task or tasks to be performed by the agents.

## Background
This Application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/172,820 filed Dec. 21, 1999.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to apparatus and method for controlling allocation of resources among autonomous agents that negotiate for the resources.
2. Description of Related Art
The problems of resource negotiation, allocation, and general logistics are applicable to most industries. These include the military, manufacturers, and trading and commerce organizations.
Frequently, real world applications involve the actions of multiple (semi-) autonomous units or teams, engaged in tasks directed toward the achievement of common goals, sharing a limited supply of essential resources, and operating in a dynamic, changing environment. Members of teams include computers, other cooperating agents or people operating computers. Each member of a team has resources that may be required to complete tasks and/or has the ability to execute tasks given the necessary resources. Logistics is a prime example of one such application, but examples also include process control and flexible manufacturing in industry, commerce and quality in economics, and autonomous control and distributed robotics in engineering research. Algorithms from operations research and auction-based negotiation schemes have been developed for automating the solution to resource allocation problems. However, these methods are generally written as centralized procedures. It is necessary to disseminate the results to the actual players, making it difficult to account for unforeseen elements in the operating environment or to respond to changing conditions. Furthermore, centralized solutions to resource allocation problems do not always scale well, they may be impractical due to processing or memory constraints, depending on the size of the problem. Simple distributed negotiation techniques exist for solving resource allocation problems. However, what these techniques make up for in terms of dynamic operation and processing requirements, they lack in terms of the overall quality of the solution. Failure of a central resource may defeat the process. Bidding may be purely competitive rather than attempting to optimize use of resources versus performance demands. Finally, both distributed and centralized methods lack an inherent mechanism for representing task flow or the complex relationships and inter-dependencies between tasks and between tasks and resources. Their architecture does not include task flow, as well as who gets what resource.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An architecture is presented herein for pseudo-centralized planning and resource allocation among distributed units incorporated with complete, formal representations of task flow, constraints, and interdependency. The technique is referred to as pseudo-centralization because it involves the parallelization of centralized solutions so that they may be implemented by discrete, spatially distributed processors. The distributed nature of the solution permits units to respond to unforeseen or changing situations as they occur.
Negotiation among units makes use of auction-based algorithms. One advantage of these methods is that they are highly parallelizable, and may be implemented by semi-independent computations on processors at each supplier and consumer entity. So long as search processor bids according to the same algorithm and the same relative value for price and cost, based on norms and instructions from higher authority, they need only exchange bids for the system to work. Pseudo-centralized planning results, where the use of physically distributed agents employing communications to negotiate according to the rules of the more centralized auction algorithms will provide the coordination and performance benefits of centralization with the speed and robustness of distributed processing.
Each functioning unit of the solution is a resource holder and/or a task executor. These units are described by Petri net discrete event system models. The richness of these models incorporates task flow, physical and logical constraints, resource usage, and the interdependencies among tasks and resources. Petri nets incorporate the conflicts, synchronization, and concurrencies that are essential elements of a sophisticated architecture for distributed resource and mission planning problems.
An architecture is presented for decentralizing resource allocation and negotiation algorithms, allowing them to be implemented by spatially-distributed processors with limited communications. The architecture also supports a flexible, formal representation of task-flow and interdependency that is missing from other methods, centralized or distributed, designed to tackle these problems. A scalable, distributed network of modular team task descriptions and resource dependencies is created and managed in real time. The scalability and distributed nature of the architecture allows the network to be dynamically modified as tasks are accomplished, goals shift, and new environmental conditions are encountered. The architecture has a wide range of applications in the areas of logistics, flexible manufacturing, process control, autonomous distributed robotics, economics, or any area in which resources are produced and consumed in the goal-directed execution of tasks.
As discussed above, resource allocation problems have been automated using techniques from operations research, such as linear programming, and centralized auction-based negotiation schemes. Task flow and resource dependencies have been modeled with Petri nets, among other formalisms. However, these systems are generally not distributed and they are not equipped with the algorithms that negotiate and allocate resources to solve those tasks.
It is therefore a general object of the present invention to provide an architecture and method for decentralizing resource allocation and negotiation algorithms, allowing them to be implemented by spatially-distributed processors with limited communications.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide an architecture and method of the type described that also supports a flexible, formal representation of task-flow and interdependency that is missing from other methods, centralized or distributed, designed to tackle these problems.
It is a more specific object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus of the type described to form a scalable, distributed network of modular team task descriptions and resource dependencies that is created and managed in real time.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide an architecture and method of the type described in which the scalability and distributed nature of the architecture allows the network to be dynamically modified as tasks are accomplished, goals shift, and new environmental conditions are encountered.
It is a further general object of the present invention to provide an architecture and method of the type described in which the architecture has a wide range of applications in the areas of logistics, flexible manufacturing, process control, autonomous distributed robotics, economics, or any area in which resources are produced and consumed in the goal-directed execution of tasks.
One aspect of the invention supports a scalable architecture, permitting centralized negotiation procedures to be handled by distributed units. This decreases the processing and memory requirements for individual systems, and is necessary for a resource allocation solution in which it is impossible or impractical for a central authority to continuously communicate with its acting units.
Another aspect of the invention provides the use of Petri nets that permit an explicit description of task flow and interdependency. Modeling task flow as well as the allocation of resources makes the architecture better suited to handle dynamic changes in the environment or the nature of the problem. Finally, an implementation of completely autonomous units requires an architecture such as that disclosed, i.e., it supports resource negotiation, allocation, constraints, task flow, and interdependency among all of these elements.
In accordance with the present invention, a distributed data processing system is provided which employs negotiation among autonomous agents for allocation of resources. The system includes a communications network for passing messages between computers connected thereto. A plurality of computers are connected to the network for running programs thereon including at least first and second autonomous agents. Each agent receives a graph associated therewith and wherein the graph represents for the associated agent what resources that agent has and what task or tasks that agent may perform. Each agent employs the associated graph to determine what resource or resources are needed by that agent to carry out the tasks to be performed by that agent. The agents negotiate with each other for the resources needed to carry out the tasks to be performed by the agents.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided and wherein the method is operative in a distributed data processing system employing negotiation between autonomous agents for allocation of resources. The method employs a communication network for passing messages between computers connected thereto and wherein the computers are operative to run programs thereon including a central authority and at least first and second autonomous agents. The method includes the steps of each agent receiving a graph associated therewith and representing for that agent what resources that agent has and for what task or tasks that agent may use the resources. Each agent employs the associated graph for determining what resource or resources are needed by that agent to carry out the task or tasks performed by that agent. The agents negotiate with each other for the resources needed to carry out the task or tasks to be performed by the agents.
In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention a computer program product operative in a system as set forth above is provided and wherein the product includes at least first and second autonomous agents.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention as taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are a part hereof, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is an illustration showing high level architecture and algorithm flow involved in the invention herein;
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a portion of the invention herein;
FIG. 3 which is comprised of FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate Petri Net (PN) representing resource-using tasks useful in describing the invention herein;
FIG. 4 which is comprised of FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrates more detailed PN graphs useful in describing the invention herein;
FIG. 5 illustrates a still further PN graph useful in describing the invention herein;
FIG. 6 illustrates a network having central authority and agent machines connected thereto;
FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration indicative of the hardware employed in each of the computers connected to the network of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of the strategic layer-central authority showing various inputs and outputs;
FIG. 9 is a graphical illustration of the tactical layer-autonomous agents showing various inputs and outputs;
FIG. 10 is an overall illustration of the relationship and flow between the central authority and autonomous agents;
FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of Part 1 of the strategic layer-central authority;
FIG. 12. is a flow diagram illustrating Part 2 of the strategic layer-central authority;
FIG. 13 is a flow diagram illustrating Part 1 of the tactical layer-autonomous agents; and
FIG. 14 is a flow diagram illustrating Part 2 of the tactical layer-autonomous agents.



DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
An architecture is presented herein that supports autonomous planning, resource allocation, and task execution for teams of independent entities operating in dynamic, changing environments. A scalable, distributed network of modular team task descriptions and resource dependencies is created and managed in real time. Initially, teams are composed of units possessing resource and/or potential task execution assets. Automatic synthesis techniques are employed to create feasible inter-team links of dependency among tasks and resources. This step provides a framework for goal-directed decision making and task planning by human-managed or cybernetic reasoning systems. New higher level cooperating teams arise as an emergent phenomenon of these processes. The scalability and distributed nature of the architecture allows the network to be dynamically modified as tasks are accomplished, goals shift, and new environmental conditions are encountered. The architecture has a wide range of applications in the areas of logistics, flexible manufacturing, process control, autonomous distributed robotics, economics, or any area in which resources are produced and consumed in the goal-directed execution of tasks.
A great number of real world applications involve the actions of multiple (semi-) autonomous units or teams, engaged in tasks directed toward the achievement of common goals, sharing a limited supply of essential resources, and operating in a dynamic, changing environment. Logistics is a prime example of one such application, but examples also include process control and flexible manufacturing in industry, commerce and quality in economics, and autonomous control and distributed robotics in engineering research. At the highest level, these problems are generally solved by hand based on human intuition and experience. Some algorithms and procedural techniques exist to help solve lower level components of the bigger problems. It is desired to present a technical architecture that, when implemented, would serve as a powerful aid for human decision makers or serve as the central nervous system of a completely autonomous collection of cybernetic decision makers, Autonomous Negotiating Teams (ANT). A complete, practical architecture for autonomous resource negotiations in dynamic environments should have the following properties:

    
    
        Scalable architecture and flexible algorithm set
        Robust coordination through unit-level negotiations
        Real-time reorganization in case of dynamic situation changes
        Insensitivity to loss of communications, local autonomy
    
    


An ANT architecture is presented herein that provides for these characteristics in a practical, achievable manner. The ANT architecture involves a unique set of diverse research areas combined to achieve both robustness to disruption of the command hierarchy and allocation efficiency superior to the current state of the art. It provides a distributed solution to resource allocation and hierarchical task execution problems. The resource allocation problem description, constraints, and objectives are broadcast to ANT processors in the field. Individual teams may perform certain tasks and/or hold resources needed for their own tasks or for the tasks of other teams. Using only limited two-way communications, teams begin negotiating among themselves for the resources needed to complete their tasks. Links of dependency are dynamically created between teams, and supervisory control algorithms insure that these dependencies will not interfere with the completion of the objectives. Teams allocate and share resources, plan and execute tasks in accordance with the problem constraints and objectives. Unexpected changes in the environment or modified global directives will initiate dynamic recalculations and modifications to ANT behavior.
A solution is presented herein that partitions the environment and problem spaces and composes the tasks and processes within a dynamic, modular discrete event system framework. Resource allocation problems are solved using a combination of supervisory control, assignment algorithms, remote autonomous agents and pseudo-centralized planning.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example ANT system architecture 1001. Domain expertise and knowledge regarding the particular problem constraints and objectives are input at the start of the solution. Techniques from computational geometry and hierarchical clustering are used to partition the problem space and assign resource costs and objective rewards. Knowledge representing task flow and resource requirements are composed as Petri net (PN) discrete event systems and relayed to individual, possibly remote, ANT processors. Each ANT processor then accounts for its resource requirements by automatically augmenting its PN task description models using techniques from supervisory control. This step includes an algorithm for deadlock avoidance to insure that the possible paths through the graph will not prohibit the completion of other crucial objectives.
Individual teams may have the knowledge or tools required to complete tasks or satisfy objectives without all of the necessary resources, or they may hold resources for which they have no immediate associated task. Remote autonomous agents assigned to each team will then initiate local two-way communications to negotiate for the resources needed for task completion. This negotiation employs distributed implementations of computationally efficient assignment algorithms using the normalized costs and rewards provided by the environmental partitioner at the start of the algorithm. Requests for resources may be passed along chains of local communication to enable cooperation among isolated teams. Agreements reached through negotiations will result in the dynamic creation of new links of dependency throughout the distributed PN graph structure. Negotiations will employ pseudo-centralized planning making them capable of achieving superior results compared to completely localized negotiation schemes and making them less sensitive to interruptions in communication.
Once agreements have been finalized regarding the interdependency of resources and tasks, each team employs intelligent algorithms to search the PN graph for “good enough, fast enough” paths to the mission objectives. During mission execution, teams may experience setbacks or become aware of changed environmental conditions. This information is used to initiate new resource negotiations and further modifications to the interdependent graph structure. Thus the teams dynamically respond to changing environments and continue to execute their tasks and meet the mission objectives without interference from a centralized planner. The central planner may also make strategic decisions and initiate dynamic changes in the teams' behavior by broadcasting new tasks or simply by modifying the costs and rewards associated with resource consumption and objective completion. The decisions of the central authority are strictly strategic: it is never required to micromanage the activities of the ANTs. All tactical decisions, including the details of negotiation, are left to the teams.
Given a particular mission and objective, there are a number of steps that may be performed before any autonomous negotiation between teammates can occur. An outline of these steps appears in FIG. 2. Obviously, different scenarios require different inputs, constraints, and task descriptions, though the underlying concepts are similar. FIG. 2 provides a general description 2000 of the components that are common to most scenarios.
The first set-up task is to accurately and efficiently evaluate the mission environment 2001. This consists of intelligently partitioning the environment locations in discrete regions representing different mission-dependent features. Different cost values are assigned to these areas, indicating a relative “cost” of traversing an area or a “reward” indicating the importance of accomplishing a partial mission objective. Any time, these features may be dependent on some sort of probabilistic or temporal function (e.g., a threat location may be known with a limited degree of certainty, or the desirability of a particular location may decrease after a specific duration). The architecture supports the constant introduction of new information, so information on the environment must be gathered and stored in such a way to make it easily accessible as well as easily modified in real-time. There are a number of unique data structures that aid in accurately partitioning the environment.
Once the environment has been evaluated, the mission objectives and implied constraints may be explicitly stated 2002. Various success criteria representing quantitative measures are applied to evaluate how close a unit or team is to completing the stated objectives.
Once the success criteria have been determined, the various tasks required to reach these objectives are defined 2003. This is a difficult task; the ANT architecture tackles it with a “divide and conquer” approach. For each mission scenario, a number of specific highlevel tasks for ANT agents are defined as well as the specific resources (or resource combinations) that are required for each task. For these high-level task descriptions, detailed subtasks are defined to perform the higher-level tasks. Required and desired resources are associated with each of these tasks and sub-tasks. A complete dependency list is then generated to link resources, tasks, and sub-tasks together.
Once the task (and subtask) dependencies and resources have been determined, relative penalties and rewards are assigned 2004. This is required because any two tasks may require similar resources but may not be equally desirable when evaluating them against overall goals.
Low-level teams are formed to perform the tasks required to achieve mission goals 2005. Higher-level teams may dynamically emerge as the result of autonomous negotiations. Teams may be dynamically formed based on spatial locality or functionality (agents within the same geographic area, agents with similar duties or capabilities, or a combination of these two). A number of different hierarchical structures may be used to represent the various teammates and associated command structure. After each of these critical tasks are performed, the ANTs are ready to begin dynamic negotiations for resources in the pursuit of mission objectives 2006.
Discrete event systems (DES) are dynamic system models with state changes driven by the occurrence of individual events. DES may be used to provide a logical framework for handling the complex interrelationship between resource allocation, resource consumption, and task-flow, and are thus an integral component of ANT architecture.
It is often necessary to regulate or supervise the behavior of these systems to include the constraints caused by a finite number of shared resources or to meet safety or performance criteria, e.g., insuring that resources are not allocated in such a way that it is impossible for any consumer to complete its given task. DES supervisors are used to insure that the behavior of the system does not violate a set of constraints under a variety of operating conditions. The regulatory actions of the supervisor are based on observations of the system state, resulting in feedback control. The process of preventing certain undesirable behaviors while otherwise allowing the system to evolve freely is known as supervisory control.
It is common to see DES modeled as finite automata. Methods exist for designing controllers based on automation system models, however these methods often involve exhaustive searches or simulations of system behavior, making them impractical for systems with large numbers of states and transition causing events. One way of dealing with these problems is to model DES with Petri Nets.
Petri nets (PN) are a powerful and efficient DES model that incorporate the synchronization, conflict, and concurrency issues associated with the distributed, dynamic resource allocation problem of ANTs. They have a mathematical representation employing linear matrix algebra making them particularly useful for analysis and design. FIG. 3A shows an example of a PN model 3001 used to represent a sequence of states required to complete a task. Note that the final goal can be reached by using either resource 1 and 2 or resource 4, however resource 3 is required in both solutions.
PN's representing simple task flows may be composed to form high-level, hierarchical task descriptions. PN's facilitate a modular approach to the composition of processes. Hierarchical and inter-dependent relationships can easily be established starting with an initial set of simple but modular task descriptions. FIG. 3B shows a sample composition 3002.
Often times the graphical representation of a system as a PN model is enough for an engineer to design a controller for the plant. Many control techniques exist that involve recognizing and then manipulating certain structures and situations that commonly appear in PN models. Other techniques exist for automatically verifying the reliability of these control designs. Representing the controller itself as a PN makes the verification of the combined plant/controller system simpler and reduces the number of computational tools required to model the overall system. Unfortunately, even when the controller is modeled as a PN, this cyclic technique of design and verification can become quite cumbersome when the domain model is large. The ANT architecture employs automated techniques for synthesizing controllers based on the system model and constraint data.
Invariant based controllers augment PN graphs with complex resource sharing constraints using scalable, computationally efficient calculations. FIG. 4(a) shows an example of two, potentially concurrent, tasks 4001. Either task may make use of Resource 1 or 2. Constraints relating to the number of available finite resources are then added to the system. For example, there may be only one of each of Resources 1 and 2 available for the two missions. Using a PN supervisory control technique known as invariant based control, a mathematical representation of the resource constraints is automatically converted into controlling PN structures using an extremely efficient linear matrix calculation. The emboldened places in FIG. 4a represent the supervisor that was synthesized using invariant based control. The tokens in these places represent the availability of a given finite resource. This automatic resource management technique can be used to model expendable resources like fuel and money, and reusable resources like equipment and manpower.
Note that the model 4001 in FIG. 4a incorporates undesirable solutions, for example, Resource 1 may be allocated to Goal 1, while simultaneously Resource 2 is allocated to Goal 2. This situation will result in a local deadlock, i.e., two transitions within the PN become “dead.” This condition is avoided by the implementation of deadlock-avoidance/liveness-enforcement techniques. A solution 4002 to this problem is shown in FIG. 4b, the darkened places represent the new liveness-enforcing control structures. The solution 4002 was automatically synthesized using PN deadlock-avoidance algorithms.
Employing structural techniques for incorporating deadlock avoidance into the PN graph will automatically prune many infeasible solutions from the problem search space. Incorporating resource management and deadlock avoidance into the PN model provides a searchable graph that will not allow paths that lead to infeasible solutions. That is, an algorithm searching through states of the PN, looking for good resource allocation solutions, will not waste any of its time eliminating paths that use too many resources or lead to deadlock. The PN graph structure and set of reachable PN states have already eliminated these infeasible solutions from the search.







TABLE 1







Features of Negotiation Algorithms









Algorithmic




Feature
Advantage
Benefit





Auction-based
Highly parallelizable,
Supports autonomous team



and may be distributed
operations


Dynamic
Auction starts fast,
Rapid response to dynamic


epsilon
then refines assignments
changes


JVC
Combines rapid start
Real-time, high quality


algorithm
auction with modified
resource assignments



Munkries for rapid finish


Lagrangian
Supports multidimensional
Flexibly modifies initial


relaxation
assignment
assignments when needs




change over time









Resource negotiation between teams employs distributed bidding techniques using remote autonomous agents and is robust to communication failures through pseudo-centralization. Remote Autonomous Agents allow each resource consumer to dispatch intelligent agents to take up residence and execute on computers at remote resource supplier and consumer nodes.
These agents bid against others on resources that may be available at those nodes and the (possibly constrained) highest bidder obtains the resource, or the resource is divided in proportion to the bids. The agents perform the communication and negotiations, and inform their owners of resource availability and allocations.
The environmental partitioner/central planner may establish the governing parameters of the bidding. It will create the initial team groupings and task representations, assign costs to resources and awards for task completion, and establish a normalization scheme for the bidding.
The actual bidding and assignment of resources may be carried out using a combination of several auction-based algorithms. The “assignment problem” of associating a stream of observations from multiple sensors to target tracks in real-time has been addressed and largely solved by a variety of algorithms.
An exhaustive solution (e.g., the Munkres algorithm) would require enumeration of all combinations of sets of pairings, which, for a large number of items, would be computationally infeasible. Much work has been done to reduce the computational time for real-time results. The “Hungarian method” is an example of a way to reduce computational complexity. The “JVC algorithm” is an example of a method that is based on a combination of “auction” and “modified Munkres”. “Lagrangian relaxation” has been used to support multidimensional assignment.
The “auction” consists of several rounds of bidding. In the first round, supply items (rows) are offered at different prices to the first choice (highest profit) column on the basis of cost and the lower profit that would be obtained from the second choice. This results in an initial assignment. Successive rounds of bidding may change the initial assignments, but, to prevent endless oscillation and assure that there will not be infinite rounds of bidding, an epsilon factor is added to the bid at each round. Larger values for epsilon yield faster results but reduce overall performance. Some methods dynamically vary the value of epsilon, to achieve initial results rapidly, but then repeat the process to improve the quality of the assignments. It is also possible that the negotiation scheme may change dynamically based on changing environmental conditions such as reduced communication capability. The procedures above have been described as a centralized solution, however an advantage of auction-based methods is that they are highly parallelizable, and may be implemented by semi-independentcomputations on processors at each supplier and consumer entity. So long as each processor bids according to the same algorithm and the same relative value for price and cost, based on norms and instructions from higher authority, they need only exchange bids for the system to work. A kind of pseudo-centralized planning will result, where the use of physically distributed ANT agents employing communications to negotiate according to the rules of the more centralized auction algorithms will provide the coordination and performance benefits of centralization with the speed and robustness of distributed processing.
Successful negotiations will result in logical links between the modular PN graphs of the various teams. The proper links and additional structures for performing deadlock avoidance will be automatically synthesized using techniques from supervisory control. The reliance of one task upon the completion of another is similar to the reliance on a particular resource. Thus completed tasks may also be handled as items for negotiation, and the negotiating teams will dynamically create a hierarchy of inter-dependencies and cooperation. In this way, higher-level teams will result as an emergent phenomenon of the ANT approach. FIG. 5 provides an illustration of an ANT hierarchy 5001.
Once negotiations for resources have been settled and the distributed PN graph is established, intelligent agents will perform an accurate and efficient search of the PN graph to find paths that lead to a solution. “Good enough, fast enough” solutions are required for planning routes through the graph, from the initial conditions to the objectives, that attempt to minimize costs and maximize rewards. A number of novel computational geometry techniques have been developed that involve intelligent partitioning of the search space. This partitioning allocates probabilities of high and low reward, allowing automatic pruning of undesirable (low probable reward) portions of the graph. The search is further accelerated by the supervisory control structures incorporated in the PN graph. These automatic resource management and deadlock avoidance structures will have already pruned infeasible solutions from the reachable search space of the graph.
The cooperation among teams, negotiation for resources, and search for paths to the mission objectives are dynamic, capable of responding to changes in the problem domain and adapting the resultant ANT behavior. Resources may be lost or destroyed, or other forms of attrition may occur that remove subtasks from the distributed PN graph. Alternately, new tasks may be introduced into the mission. Teams may also detect new information about the environment, such as determining the presence of a previously unknown threat. Any of these events will automatically initiate new rounds of negotiation between teams, and new paths to the mission objectives will be developed. The ANT architecture (see FIG. 1) allows these events to be handled autonomously by the individual teams, without requiring communication with a central authority.
The environmental partitioner/central planner may also become involved in dynamically responding to changing situations. If new capabilities become available for the mission, the planner will compose these potential tasks and resources and indicate that a new round of negotiation and search should begin. If sensor and communications capabilities permit, the planner may also reevaluate the current mission situation and introduce strategic changes into ANT behavior. Relaying new resource costs and objective rewards will induce new negotiations that account for the changed priorities.
The ANT architecture is an interdisciplinary solution to the problem of autonomous teams employing scalable resource negotiations. The areas of computational geometry and graph search bring novel routines to partition application-specific problem domains, compose mission objectives from modular subtask descriptions, and intelligently assign resource costs and objective rewards. ANT representations benefit from cutting-edge, scalable, resource-management techniques from the area of discrete event systems. Advances in supervisory control theory bring revolutionary, integrated deadlock avoidance techniques, required to improve the quality of ANT solutions.
There are a number of different ways to handle the engineering specifics of the interaction between agents, including Java Applets, the Task Network Architecture, and the Object Management Group's (OMG) Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). The Modular Semi-Automated Forces (ModSAF) simulation environment provides an excellent tool kit for simulating autonomous teammates in a variety of real-world scenarios.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 6 and 7 that illustrate hardware employed in practicing the invention. FIG. 6 illustrates a distributed data processing system 10 in accordance with the invention for purposes of controlling allocation of resources employed in performing various tasks. In the embodiment illustrated, the system includes a communications network 100 for purposes of passing messages between various computers connected to the network. The computers are sometimes referred to as “machines”. As shown in FIG. 6, several computers 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 112 are shown as being connected to the network 100. These computers house software algorithms, sometimes referred to as programs or routines. One of the computers runs the central authority (strategic layer) and the others run the autonomous agents (tactical layers). For purposes of illustration only, computer 102 may run the central authority and the other computers may run agents. If desired, two agents may be run on the same computer. The network may be any type of network that allows the computers to send and receive messages, however, the preferred network takes the form of a local area network (LAN) or the internet, using the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP). The agents may operate at remote locations, apart from the central authority.
The central authority and the agents may be run on computers having similar capabilities. An example of one of the computers, such as computer 104, is illustrated in FIG. 7. As shown there, the computer 104 conventionally includes a processor 120, a memory in the form of a random access memory (RAM) 122. The RAM 122 contains an operating system 124 and various applications 126 including a user interface 128, a communication interface 130 and logic and algorithms 132. The computer 104 also includes a non-volatile memory 134 and suitable communications hardware 136. It is to be appreciated that the programs for the central authority and the agents may be run on various computers which may be structured similar to or different from computer 104 as illustrated in FIG. 7.
Reference is again made to FIG. 1 which presents a high level description 1001 of the distributed algorithm performed by the central authority and the autonomous agents. The upper half of the figure represents the strategic layer 1100 and this may be performed by a program running on a single machine employed for the central authority. The bottom half of the figure represents the tactical layer 1200 and this is likely to be performed by programs running on multiple machines, the autonomous agents. Communication between the various entities is handled by passing messages over the network 100 (FIG. 6).
Reference is now made to FIG. 8 which illustrates the various types of data supplied as inputs (A, B, C, D, E) to the central authority (CA) and the various types of data provided as outputs (F, G, H, I) from the central authority (CA). The inputs are indicated by the arrows A, B, C, D and E and the outputs are indicated by the arrows F, G, H and I. The data supplied to the inputs A—D may be provided by a suitable data source, such as another machine, or perhaps may be entered at a keyboard of the computer 102 (FIG. 6) that runs the central authority (CA). The data that is supplied at input E is received from the agents in this system. There are different types of data being applied to the inputs and for example the data supplied to input A, as indicated by the box 150, includes modular task representations including Petri Net (PN) task components. This may also be considered as data representing Petri Net models of tasks which are mapped to task types. As shown in box 152, the data supplied to input B represents input conditions including the number and types of resources, the location of resources, the number and types of task capabilities, the location of task implementers and mapping between task components and PN modules. As indicated at box 154, the data supplied to input C includes mission constraints including linear inequalities. As shown in box 156, the data supplied to input D includes mission objectives including completed tasks with relative values assigned. The data being supplied to input E is indicated by box 158. This includes dynamic updates from the agents including local connections and dependencies, the remaining resources, and the task status.
Box 160 in FIG. 8 represents the type of data provided at output F of the central authority CA. This data is directed to agent initial conditions including PN structure, PN initial conditions, task and resource mappings and the number and type of resources. The central authority generates a graph (PN graph) associated with each agent and wherein the graph represents for the associated agent what resources that agent has and what task or tasks that agent may perform.
Box 162 in FIG. 8 indicates the type of data provided at output G of the central authority. This data includes resource usage cost and task completion reward.
Box 164 in FIG. 8 illustrates the type of data provided at output H of the central authority. This includes revised tasks and resource mappings. The data from outputs F, G and H of the central authority CA are supplied to each of the agents AG-1 through AG-n as will be appreciated with reference to FIG. 10 to be described hereinafter.
Box 166 indicates the type of data provided by output I and this includes user feedback. This, for example, may be a video display at the computer that runs the central authority so that the operator may receive a message.
All of the autonomous agents may be essentially the same. Reference is now made to FIG. 9 which illustrates agent AG-1, it being understood that the description is equally applicable to the other agents AG-Z . . . AG-n.
Agent AG1 has inputs J, K, L, M and N and outputs O, P, Q and R. The inputs J, K and L are received from the central authority CA. These inputs include the agent initial conditions shown in block 180 and applied to input J. The agent initial conditions include PN structure, PN initial conditions, task and resource mappings and the number and type of resources. Block 182 shows the data being applied to input K of the agent. This block 182 includes resource usage costs and task completion reward. Block 184 shows the data supplied to the input L and this includes revised task and resource mappings. Block 186 shows the data that is supplied to input M. This block 186 illustrates the incoming negotiating messages received from other agents. The incoming negotiation messages includes bids, offers and acceptances. Block 188 shows the data that is supplied to the input N and this data is received from other agents and includes external agent dependency link messages.
FIG. 9 also illustrates the data supplied at the various outputs O, P, Q and R of agent AG-1. Block 190 shows the negotiation messages provided at output O of agent AG-1 and these messages are forwarded to other agents. These messages include bids, offers and acceptances. Block 192 illustrates data provided at output P of agent AG-1. These messages are forwarded to other agents at their inputs 188. These messages at output P include dependency link messages to external agents. Block 194 shows data provided at output Q of agent AG-1. This includes updates to the central authority CA including local connections and dependencies, remaining resources and task status. This is supplied at input E of the central authority CA (FIG. 8). Block 196 shows the data supplied at the output R of agent AG-1 and this includes user feedback. This could be a message or other data and for example may be supplied to a machine controlled by the agent.
Reference is now made to FIG. 10 which illustrates a flow diagram (not a wiring diagram) showing the manner in which the central authority outputs F, G, H and I are supplied to the inputs J, K and L, of the various agents and the manner in which the outputs O, P and Q of the various agents are supplied to the other agents as well as to the central authority CA.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 11 and 12 which together present a flow diagram of the central authority CA. Part 1 of the central authority is illustrated in FIG. 11 and Part 2 is illustrated in FIG. 12.
The program commences at step 200 and advances to step 202. In step 202, the program constructs a PN model of all resources and tasks based on data that has been entered at its inputs A and B (FIG. 8) and this includes Petri Net models of tasks mapped to task types, number and type of resources and types and number of tasks. The program then advances to step 204.
In step 204, the program constructs supervisory control structure to enforce constraint dependencies based on step 202, as well as data that was supplied to input C (FIG. 8) including mission constraints with linear inequalities in terms of resources and task results representing mission constraints. The program advances to step 206 during which all agents are marked as not initialized. The program then advances to step 208.
In step 208, data is obtained regarding mission objectves described in terms of rewards associated with task results and basic resource costs. During step 208, penalties are assigned for resource consumption and rewards are assigned for all subtask results. Penalties correspond to real world quantities such as price, time, labor or availability of resources. Rewards correspond to the value of completing a task. It is possible that only one task, that representing the completed over all objective, will have a reward. The autonomous agents will deduce new reward values that lead to the completion of the objective through their negotiation process. The program then advances to step 210.
In step 210, all agents are marked as not updated. The program then advances to step 212.
In step 212, a determination is made as to whether any agents are not initialized. If the answer is yes, the program advances to step 214. In step 214, data is received representing the locations of potential agent processors and locations of resources and potential task implementers. In step 214, the program decompresses an overall PN model for distribution among individual agents. The program then advances to step 215 (see FIG. 12).
In step 215, a determination is made as to whether any agents are not initialized. If the determination is yes, the program advances to step 216. In step 216, for a non-initialized agent, the program sends its PN structure and initial conditions, task and resource mappings and the number and type of resources. The program advances to step 218 at which the agent is marked as initialized. Then the program advances to step 215. Since the determination at step 215 will now be negative, the program will advance to step 220. Step 220 may also be reached from step 212 (FIG. 11) if a negative determination was made at step 212. In step 220, a determination is made as to whether there are any non-updated agents. If the answer is yes, the program advances to step 222. In step 222, for a non-updated agent, the program sends resource usage costs and task completion reward data and the program advances to step 223. In step 223, the agent is marked as being updated and the program advances to step 220. Since the determination is now negative at step 220, the program advances to step 224.
In step 224, the program receives any incoming agent messages and then advances to step 226. In step 226, the program provides user feedback such as that discussed hereinbefore with reference to block 166 (FIG. 8) relative to the output I of the central authority CA. The program then advances to step 228.
In step 228, a determination is made as to whether the mission is complete. If not, the procedure returns to step 224 and repeats steps 224, 226 and 228. When the determination at step 228 is yes and the mission has been completed, the program is done as indicated by the “done” step 230.
Attention is now directed to FIGS. 13 and 14 which respectively represent Part 1 and Part 2 of the program 1300 for the autonomous agents. This program 1300 commences at step 300 and advances to step 302. In step 302, data is supplied from the central authority CA relative to the set up conditions. Further in step 302, a determination is made as to whether initialization data has been received. This data includes the set up from the central authority including the PN structure, PN initial conditions, task and resource mappings and number and type of resources. If the data has not been received, then the program repeats. If the data has been received, the program advances to step 304.
In step 304, the program provides setup of internal PN representation based on the decision from step 302 as well as that from step 310 and step 338 (FIG. 14) to be described in detail hereinafter. The program advances to step 306. In step 306, the program calculates deadlock avoidance structures and proceeds to step 308. In step 308, outgoing agent dependency links are forwarded and the program advances to step 310. In step 310, a determination is made as to whether any incoming agent dependency link messages have been received. If yes, then the procedure returns to step 304 and steps 304, 306 and 308 are repeated.
If the determination in step 310 is no, then the program advances to step 312 during which a determination is made as to whether cost data has been received. This is data from the central authority which is an update dealing with resource usage cost and task completion rewards. If the determination in step 310 is negative, the program repeats. If the determination at step 312 is affirmative, the program advances to step 314 (FIG. 14).
In step 314, the agent sends updates to the central authority including local connections and dependencies, remaining resources and task status. The program then advances to step 316. Step 314 is not a blocking step. If the agent cannot communicate with the central authority it will still advance to step 316.
In step 316, the agent calculates the desired output offer costs and the program advances to step 318. In step 318, the agent forwards outgoing offers and the program advances to step 320.
In step 320, a determination is made as to whether the agent needs additional resources to complete the task. If not, the program advances to step 322 at which the agent receives incoming bids. In step 322, the agent will increase the reward value associated with completing a task to match the value of the highest incoming bid for that task completion. If the answer to the determination in step 320 is affirmative, the agent needs to negotiate with other agents to obtain resources. The program advances to step 324 during which the agent calculates the desired resource bid costs and the procedure advances to step 326.
In step 326, the agent forwards outgoing bids to other agents and advances to step 328 in which the agent receives incoming offers from other agents. The program then advances to step 322 in which the agent receives incoming bids and the program advances to step 330.
In step 330, the agent determines whether there have been any acceptable offers or bids. Acceptable offers must be equal to or less than the current reward value for completing the given task. Acceptable bids must equal or exceed the cost to obtain the necessary resources to complete the task. If there are no acceptable offers or bids, the program advances to step 332. In step 332, the agent receives incoming acceptances. If the determination in step 330 is affirmative, the program advances to step 334 during which the agent provides outgoing acceptances.
After step 332, the program advances to step 336. In step 336, feedback is provided to the user in the nature described before with reference to output R of the agent AG-1. The program then advances to step 338.
In step 338, a determination is made as to whether there are any new acceptances. If yes, the program returns to step 304 (FIG. 13) and steps 306-336 are repeated.
If the answer in determination 338 is no, the program advances to step 340. In step 340 the agent determines whether any resources are needed to complete the task. If yes, the program returns to step 324 during which the agent calculates the desired resource bid costs and steps 326-340 are repeated.
If the determination in step 340 is no, the program advances to step 342. In step 342, the agent searches the PN graph for a path to task completion. The program then advances to step 344. In step 344, the agent performs the task and the program advances to step 346.
In step 346, the agent provides the user with feedback such as that with reference to output R of the agent AG-1 described previously. After step 346, the program advances to step 348. During step 348, the agent updates the central authority with the task status and the program advances to step 350.
In step 350, the agent determines whether the task is complete. If so, the program is complete as indicated by step 352 for done. If in step 350 the task was not complete, the program returns to step 344 and steps 344-350 are repeated.
An architecture in accordance with the present invention establishes, from the top down, a framework for different operating agents each capable of performing tasks and/or holding resources, each task requiring the use of resources. Members of teams may include computers, other cooperating agents or people operating computers. Certain resources may be shared with, or allocated to, another agent in order to perform their tasks. The strategic layer assigns costs and rewards for consuming resources and completing tasks, and may compose subtasks into higher level tasks that lead toward the completion of mission goals. At the tactical level, the model that represents the task flow may be augmented to include the dependencies that are associated with resource consumption. The model is augmented to assure that paths from start to finish are achievable, i.e., capable of completion without achieving a state of deadlock. The tactical layer goes on to include negotiation between different agents for resources based on task completion and the cost of resources. After negotiation is complete, a path is searched from starting point to achievement of mission goals.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments, it is to be appreciated that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A distributed data processing system employing negotiation for allocation of resources, said system comprising:
a communications network for passing messages; 
a plurality of computers connected to said communication network for running programs, said plurality of computers including a first autonomous agent computer and a second autonomous agent computer; 
said first agent computer having a first graph representing resources required for tasks performed by said first agent computer, said second agent computer having a second graph representing resources required for tasks performed by said second agent computer, 
said first agent computer negotiating with said second agent computer for resources required to perform tasks by said first agent computer, said second agent computer negotiating with said first agent computer for resources required to perform tasks by said second agent computer, 
said first agent computer calculating deadlock avoidance structures relating to an internal representation of initialization data and said first graph.

2. A system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first agent computer receives initialization data relating to said first graph.

3. A system as set forth in claim 2 wherein said first agent computer determines whether the initialization data has been received.

4. A system as set forth in claim 3 wherein, if the initialization data has been received, said first agent computer provides an internal representation of the initialization data.

5. A system as set forth in claim 4 wherein said first agent computer receives cost data and task completion reward data.

6. A system as set forth in claim 5 wherein said first agent computer determines whether the cost data has been received.

7. A system as set forth in claim 6 wherein said first agent computer forwards update data to a central authority computer, the update data representing local connections and dependencies.

8. A system as set forth in claim 7 wherein said first agent computer forwards additional update data to said central authority computer, the additional update data including data representing remaining resources and task status.

9. A system as set forth in claim 8 wherein said first agent computer calculates desired output offer costs.

10. A system as set forth in claim 9 wherein said first agent computer forwards outgoing offers of resources to said second agent computer.

11. A system as set forth in claim 10 wherein said first agent computer determines whether additional resources are needed for task completion by said first agent computer.

12. A system as set forth in claim 11 wherein said first agent computer calculates desired resource bid cost if additional resources are needed.

13. A system as set forth in claim 12 wherein said first agent computer forwards outgoing bids for resources to said second agent computer.

14. A system as set forth in claim 13 wherein said first agent computer receives incoming offers of resources from said second agent computer.

15. A system as set forth in claim 14 wherein said first agent computer receives data representing incoming bids from said second agent computer, said second agent computer seeking additional resources.

16. A system as set forth in claim 15 wherein said first agent computer determines whether offers from said second agent computer are acceptable.

17. A system as set forth in claim 16 wherein said first agent computer provides an affirmative determination of an offer, said first agent computer forwarding an outgoing acceptance.

18. A system as set forth in claim 16 wherein said first agent computer receives an incoming acceptance from said second agent computer.

19. A system as set forth in claim 18 wherein said first agent computer determines whether additional resources are required for task completion by said first agent computer.

20. A system as set forth in claim 19 wherein said first agent computer no longer needs resources, said first agent computer searching said first graph for a path for task completion, said first agent computer completing the task.

21. A method for allocation of resources, said method comprising the steps of:
employing a communications network for passing messages between a first agent computer and a second agent computer; 
executing programs by a central authority computer, the first agent computer, and the second agent computer; 
receiving a first graph by the first agent computer, the first graph representing a first set of tasks and resources utilized by the first set of tasks; 
receiving a second graph by the second agent computer, the second graph representing a second set of tasks and resources utilized by the second set of tasks; 
utilizing the first graph for determining resources required by the first agent computer to perform the first set of tasks; 
utilizing the second graph for determining resources required by the second agent computer to perform the second set of tasks; 
negotiating between the first agent computer and the second agent computer for resources requires to perform the first and second sets of tasks; and 
calculating deadlock avoidance structures based on an internal representation of initialization data.

22. A method as set forth in claim 21 further including the step of receiving initialization data relating to the first graph.

23. A method as set forth in claim 22 further including the steps of determining whether initialization data has been received and setting up a representation based on the initialization data.

24. A method as set forth in claim 23 wherein the representation is an internal representation.

25. A method as set forth in claim 23 further including the steps of receiving cost data, determining whether the cost data has been received, and forwarding updated data to the central authority computer, the updated data representing local connections and dependencies.

26. A method as set forth in claim 25 wherein the updated data includes data representing remaining resources and task status.

27. A method as set forth in claim 26 further including the steps of calculating desired output offer cost and forwarding outgoing offers to the first and second agent computers.

28. A method as set forth in claim 27 further including the steps of determining whether additional resources are needed to complete a task by the first agent computer and calculating desired resource bid costs.

29. A method as set forth in claim 28 further including the step of forwarding outgoing bids for resources to the second agent computer.

30. A method as set forth in claim 29 further including the steps of receiving incoming offers of resources, receiving bids seeking additional resources from the second agent computer, and determining whether acceptable bids have been received.

31. A method as set forth in claim 30 further including the step of forwarding outgoing acceptances of acceptable bids.

32. A method as set forth in claim 29 further including the step of determining whether more resources are required by the first agent computer.

33. A method as set forth in claim 32 wherein the first agent computer searches the first graph for task completion path, the first agent computer completing the task.

34. A computer program product stored in a computer readable medium, said product being operative in a distributed data processing system employing negotiation for allocation of resources, the system including a communications network, said product including:
a first autonomous agent node receiving a first graph representing a first set of tasks and resources for performing the first set of tasks, the first agent node utilizing the first graph to determine the resources required for performing the first set of tasks; 
a second autonomous agent node receiving a second graph representing a second set of tasks and resources for performing the second set of tasks, the second agent node utilizing the second graph to determine the resources required for performing the second set of tasks; 
the first agent node negotiating with the second agent node for resources required to perform the first set of tasks, 
the first agent node calculating deadlock avoidance structures relating to an internal representation of initialization data and the first graph.

35. A system as set forth in claim 34 wherein the first agent node receives initialization data relating to the first graph.

36. A system as set forth in claim 35 wherein the first agent node determines whether the initialization data has been received by the first agent node.

37. A system as set forth in claim 36 wherein the first agent node sets up an internal representation of the initialization data.

38. A system as set forth in claim 37 wherein the first agent node receives data representing task completion costs and task completion rewards.

39. A system as set forth in claim 38 wherein the first agent node determines whether the task completion costs have received.

40. A system as set forth in claim 39 wherein the first agent node forwards update data to a central authority node for maintaining update data, the update data representing local connections and dependencies.

41. A system as set forth in claim 40 wherein the first agent node forwards additional update data to the central authority node, the additional update data including remaining resources and task status.

42. A system as set forth in claim 41 wherein the first agent node calculates a desired output offer cost.

43. A system as set forth in claim 42 wherein the first agent node forwards outgoing offers of resources to the second agent node.

44. A system as set forth in claim 43 wherein the first agent node determines whether additional resources are required for completion of the first set of tasks.

45. A system as set forth in claim 44 wherein the first agent node calculates a desired resource bid cost.

46. A system as set forth in claim 45 wherein the first agent node forwards outgoing bids for resources to the second agent node.

47. A system as set forth in claim 46 wherein the first agent node receives an incoming offer of resources from the second agent node.

48. A system as set forth in claim 47 wherein the first agent node receives data representing incoming bids from the second agent node.

49. A system as set forth in claim 48 wherein the first agent node determines whether there are any acceptable bids from the second agent node.

50. A system as set forth in claim 49 wherein the first agent node affirmatively determines acceptable bids and forwards an outgoing acceptance.

51. A system as set forth in claim 50 wherein the first agent node determines no acceptable bids and receives incoming acceptances from the second agent node.

52. A system as set forth in claim 51 wherein the first agent node determines whether more resources are required for task completion by the first agent node.

53. A system as set forth in claim 52 wherein the first agent node searches the first graph for a path for task completion.