UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 18-2335

JOSEPH J. PFOHL, Executor of the Estate of Bernice C. Pfohl; EDWARD 

BARTELS, Executor of the Estate of Jeanne E. Bartels,

Plaintiffs – Appellees,

and

JEANNE E. BARTELS, by and through William H. Bartels, Attorney-in-Fact; 

CLAIRE M. MURPHY, by and through Michele Mullen, Attorney-in-Fact,

Plaintiffs,

v.

SABER HEALTHCARE GROUP, LLC; SABER HEALTHCARE HOLDINGS, 

LLC; FRANKLIN OPERATIONS, LLC, d/b/a Franklin Manor Assisted Living 

Center; SMITHFIELD EAST HEALTH HOLDINGS, LLC, d/b/a Gabriel Manor 

Assisted Living Center; QUEEN CITY AL HOLDINGS, LLC, d/b/a The Crossings 

at Steele Creek,

Defendants – Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at 

Raleigh. Terrence W. Boyle, Chief District Judge. (5:16-cv-00283-BO)

Argued: May 9, 2019 Decided: August 12, 2019

Before DIAZ, FLOYD, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.
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Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ARGUED: Scott Elliott Bayzle, PARKER, POE, ADAMS & BERNSTEIN, LLP, 

Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellants. Stephen Jay Gugenheim, GUGENHEIM LAW 

OFFICES, PC, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Jeremy R. Williams, 

Matthew E. Lee, WHITFIELD, BRYSON & MASON, LLP, Raleigh, North Carolina; 

Andrew D. Hathaway, KROMPECHER LAW FIRM, Raleigh, North Carolina, for 

Appellees.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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PER CURIAM:

This case is before us for a second time. And, once again, the issue is whether the 

case should proceed in state or federal court. In our prior decision, we instructed the district 

court to treat the enforceability of a forum-selection clause signed by one defendant against 

the other non-signatory defendants as an affirmative defense to removal, with the burden 

of proof on the plaintiffs. Bartels ex rel. Bartels v. Saber Healthcare Group, LLC, 880 

F.3d 668 (4th Cir. 2018) (Bartels I). On remand, the district court did not treat the clause

as an affirmative defense subject to proof by a preponderance of the evidence, but instead 

remanded to state court based on a mere prima facie showing of enforceability. Therefore, 

we vacate and remand with instructions for the district court to make factual findings under 

the correct standard. 

I.

The plaintiffs are elderly nursing home patients who allege mistreatment in a class 

action lawsuit against Ohio company Saber Healthcare Holdings, LLC (Saber Holdings) 

and four of its wholly owned subsidiaries, whom the plaintiffs refer to as “Saber” or the 

“Saber defendants.” The plaintiffs allege that the defendants understaffed their facilities 

and provided substandard care in order to profit at the expense of their elderly residents. 

As relevant here, Saber Holdings owns three assisted living facilities in North 

Carolina: Franklin Manor Assisted Living Center (Franklin Manor), which is operated by 

Franklin Operations, LLC (Franklin Operations); Gabriel Manor Assisted Living Center, 

which is operated by Smithfield East Health Holdings, LLC (Smithfield East Health 
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Holdings); and The Crossings at Steele Creek, which is operated by Queen City AL 

Holdings, LLC (Queen City AL Holdings). The plaintiffs are the representatives of thencurrent and former residents of Franklin Manor, who sue on behalf of themselves and other 

similarly situated residents of Saber’s North Carolina assisted living facilities. 

In their amended class action complaint filed in state court, the plaintiffs allege that 

the Saber defendants are alter egos of each other and, specifically, that Saber Holdings and 

its subsidiary Saber Healthcare Group, LLC (Saber Group), another Ohio company, 

“owne[d], operat[ed], manage[d], and/or exercis[ed] control over” the North Carolina 

assisted living facilities. J.A. 63. According to the plaintiffs, the defendants acted as a 

“single enterprise,” J.A. 66, in order to understaff their facilities and provide substandard 

care. 

The defendants removed the case to federal court under the Class Action Fairness 

Act of 2005 (CAFA), Pub. L. No. 109–2, 119 Stat. 4 (codified in scattered sections of Title 

28, United States Code). The plaintiffs moved to remand, arguing that the defendants were 

bound by a forum-selection clause in the Assisted Living Residency Agreement 

(Agreement) that they signed with Franklin Manor. The district court granted the motion 

to remand, concluding that the forum-selection clause required the action to proceed in 

state court. The district court rejected the defendants’ argument that only Franklin Manor 

was bound by the forum-selection clause, noting that the plaintiffs had alleged that all of 

the Saber defendants were alter egos and that Saber Holdings was the sole member in each 

entity. 

On appeal, we vacated and remanded for further proceedings. Bartels I, 880 F.3d 
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at 671. We held that the plain language of Franklin Manor’s forum-selection clause 

operated to waive removal to federal court. Id. at 674–77. Under CAFA, a single defendant 

can remove without the consent of the other defendants, see 28 U.S.C. § 1453(b), making 

removal to federal court proper if any non-signatory defendant was not bound by Franklin 

Manor’s forum-selection clause, Bartels I, 880 F.3d at 674. Therefore, we went on to 

consider whether the other Saber defendants that were not parties to Franklin Manor’s 

Agreement were also bound by the forum-selection clause. Id. 

We concluded that the district court erred in this inquiry by considering only the 

plaintiffs’ allegations regarding the forum-selection clause, rather than making findings of 

fact. Id. at 681–82. We explained that in the removal context, a forum-selection clause 

“essentially operates as an affirmative defense to removal—subject matter jurisdiction 

exists, but the forum-selection clause effects a waiver of the defendant’s right to ask the 

court to exercise that jurisdiction.” Id. at 681. Accordingly, “the plaintiff must bear the 

burden of demonstrating that the defendant waived its right to remove an otherwise 

removable case by agreeing to a forum selection clause.” Id. Because the district court 

simply accepted the plaintiffs’ allegations as true, we remanded with instructions for the 

district court to make factual findings regarding the enforceability of the forum-selection 

clause against the non-signatory defendants. Id. at 681–82.

On remand, and following limited discovery, the district court again granted the 

plaintiffs’ motion to remand. It found that the forum-selection clause in Franklin Manor’s 

Agreement was enforceable against all defendants. However, instead of treating the

enforceability of this clause like an affirmative defense to be proven by a preponderance 
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of the evidence, the district court analogized the required inquiry to “the standard for 

challenging venue” on a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(3). J.A. 1122. 

Applying this standard, the district court required the plaintiffs to make only a prima facie

showing that venue is proper in state court, and it viewed the facts in the light most 

favorable to the plaintiffs. Based on the plaintiffs’ prima facie showing, the district court 

found that the defendants were alter egos of each other under North Carolina law. See 

Glenn v. Wagner, 329 S.E.2d 326, 330 (N.C. 1985). In addition, the district court found 

that the defendants’ conduct “was sufficiently closely related to bind them all to the 

Franklin Manor forum-selection clause.” J.A. 1127. This appeal followed. 

II.

Generally, we review de novo a district court’s decision to remand a case to state 

court. Quicken Loans Inc. v. Alig, 737 F.3d 960, 964 (4th Cir. 2013). In this inquiry, “[w]e 

review the district court’s factual findings with respect to jurisdiction for clear error and 

the legal conclusion that flows therefrom de novo.” Scott v. Cricket Commc’ns, LLC, 865 

F.3d 189, 194 (4th Cir. 2017) (quoting Velasco v. Gov’t of Indonesia, 370 F.3d 392, 398 

(4th Cir. 2004)). Importantly, “if the trial court bases its findings upon a mistaken 

impression of applicable legal principles, the reviewing court is not bound by the clearly 

erroneous standard.” Raleigh Wake Citizens Ass’n v. Wake Cty. Bd. of Elections, 827 F.3d 

333, 340 (4th Cir. 2016) (quoting Inwood Labs., Inc. v. Ives Labs., Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 855 

n. 15 (1982)). Put another way, if the district court makes findings under the wrong legal 
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standard, we are not bound to review those findings for clear error. Id. 

III.

Applying this standard of review, we vacate and remand with instructions for the 

district court to make factual findings using the correct legal standard—preponderance of 

the evidence. This disposition flows logically from our prior decision, where we stated 

that an enforceable forum-selection clause “operates as an affirmative defense to removal.” 

Bartels I, 880 F.3d at 681. Although we did not specify in Bartels I which evidentiary 

standard applies, we noted that a “party asserting an affirmative defense bears the burden 

of proving it.” Id. (citing Stonehenge Eng’g Corp. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 201 F.3d 

296, 302 (4th Cir. 2000)). Further, we analogized the plaintiffs’ burden of proof regarding 

the forum-selection clause to proving an exception to CAFA jurisdiction, which according

to every circuit that has considered the issue, requires a preponderance of the evidence. Id. 

(gathering cases). 

The district court erred by holding the plaintiffs to a mere prima facie standard. The 

prima facie standard, which our court has used to resolve issues of venue and jurisdiction, 

does not involve factual findings. It uses the same “plausibility” analysis that governs Rule 

12(b)(6) motions. That is, the district court examines the plaintiff’s allegations to 

determine whether they plausibly make out the plaintiff’s legal theory. Sneha Media & 

Entm’t, LLC v. Associated Broad. Co. P Ltd., 911 F.3d 192, 196–97 (4th Cir. 2018). The 

record may be broader than is typical under Rule 12(b)(6): both parties may supplement 

the pleadings with affidavits and declarations. Universal Leather, LLC v. Koro AR, S.A., 
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773 F.3d 553, 560 (4th Cir. 2014). Regardless, in applying the prima facie standard, the 

district court necessarily did not make findings of fact, but merely evaluated the issue 

before it as a matter of law. This analysis was inconsistent with our mandate in Bartels I.

Additionally, the prima facie analysis is only ever appropriate at a “preliminary 

stage” of the proceedings to evaluate whether the party with the burden may proceed. 

Sneha, 911 F.3d at 196–97. Even where a prima facie case exists, the court “can later 

revisit the jurisdictional [or venue] issue when a fuller record is presented because the 

plaintiff bears the burden.” Id. at 197 (cleaned up). It would be inappropriate, based on a 

preliminary evaluation of disputed or unproven facts, to relieve a party of its burden of 

proof. And that was the effect of the district court’s ruling: by remanding the case to state 

court, the court relieved the plaintiffs of ever having to prove their theory by a 

preponderance of the evidence. 

On remand, the district court must make findings of fact and determine, based on a 

preponderance of the evidence, whether the non-signatory defendants are bound by the 

Franklin Manor Agreement’s forum-selection clause. The district court must make 

separate factual findings with respect to each non-signatory defendant.1

 

Finally, the defendants urge us to conclude that, as a matter of law, the plaintiffs’ 

evidence failed to meet the alter ego or closely-related tests.2

 We decline the invitation. 

 1 While we need not decide the choice-of-law questions raised by the parties in order 

to resolve this appeal, on remand the district court should consider these questions anew. 

2 The defendants also argue that the plaintiffs waived their right to challenge a 

federal forum because plaintiff Edward Bartels, executor of the Estate of Jeanne E. Bartels, 

(Continued)
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Our “usual rule” is that “when a district court fails to make findings of fact because of an 

erroneous view of the law . . . there should be a remand for further proceedings to permit 

the trial court to make the missing findings.” See Scott, 865 F.3d at 194 (internal quotation 

marks omitted). We see no reason to depart from that rule here, especially given that the 

forum-selection clause issue involves “inherently factual” questions best suited for the 

district court to determine in the first instance. Bartels I, 880 F.3d at 681.

IV.

For these reasons, we vacate the judgment of district court and remand for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

VACATED AND REMANDED

 

filed a separate personal injury lawsuit in Wake County, North Carolina. On remand, the 

district court may consider the defendants’ argument and related evidence.