COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Kelsey and Huff

Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia

FREDERICK EDWARD MITCHELL

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 2223-10-1 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY

NOVEMBER 15, 2011

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH

Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge

Michael Rosenberg (Richardson and Rosenberg, LLC, on brief), 

for appellant.

Gregory W. Franklin, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. 

Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

A jury convicted Frederick Edward Mitchell of obtaining money by false pretenses and 

attempting to do so. On appeal, Mitchell contends the trial court erred in admitting testimony 

concerning computerized credit union records pursuant to the business records exception to the 

hearsay rule. We disagree and affirm.

I.

Mitchell had a checking account with the Navy Federal Credit Union. On January 15, 

2010, Mitchell and a young woman, later identified as Tanisha Reeves, twice visited the County 

Street branch in Portsmouth. On the first visit, he presented a check for $900 made payable to 

him upon the Wachovia bank account of Reeves. Mitchell received $700 in cash and deposited 

$200 into his credit union checking account.

 * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
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On the second visit, later that day, Mitchell presented a check for $700 payable to him 

upon the Wachovia bank account of Reeves. The teller questioned the validity of the check, 

investigated, and learned Wachovia had closed Reeves’s account. Cynthia Brown, the County 

Street branch supervisor for Navy Federal Credit Union, refused to deposit the check and 

demanded that Mitchell return the $700 from the transaction earlier in the day. 

The branch supervisor also accessed the Navy Federal Credit Union’s “information 

sharing system” that provided common access to computerized databases and facilitated 

transferring of information “between the different branches.” App. at 36. At trial, the supervisor 

explained that the County Street branch “as well as the other branches, regularly rely on the 

information on that system to do their business.” Id. at 37-38. A customer’s records, she 

testified, are accessible only by using the “access number” or “unique identifier” associated with 

each particular customer. Id. at 38. The computer records include notations and the customer’s

transaction history going back thirty to sixty days.

When the supervisor accessed Mitchell’s account, the computer record showed that, on 

January 15, between the two visits to the County Street branch, Mitchell also visited the Janaf 

branch of the Navy Federal Credit Union in Norfolk. The computer record stated Michell 

attempted to cash an invalid check for $750 from a Wachovia account. The Janaf branch refused 

to accept the check. At trial, Mitchell’s counsel objected to the supervisor’s testimony 

concerning the Janaf branch transaction, arguing “there’s no foundation for a business record 

exception here. We don’t have a custodian of records to testify.” Id. at 37. The trial court found 

the foundation adequate and overruled the objection.

II.

On appeal, Mitchell challenges the trial court’s decision to admit, over his objection, the 

supervisor’s testimony reciting the computer record of Mitchell’s transaction at the Janaf branch 
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of the credit union. He argues the supervisor failed to provide an adequate foundation for the 

application of the business records exception to the hearsay rule. We disagree.

As we recently held, “[w]hether an adequate foundation has been laid for a hearsay 

exception involves an exercise of discretion by the trial court.” Joyce v. Commonwealth, 56 

Va. App. 646, 663, 696 S.E.2d 237, 245 (2010) (citing Abney v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 

337, 347, 657 S.E.2d 796, 801 (2008)). “We do not review foundation issues de novo but rather 

under the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard of review.” Id. (citation omitted). “Only 

when reasonable jurists could not differ can we say an abuse of discretion has occurred.” Id.

(quoting Grattan v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 602, 620, 685 S.E.2d 634, 644 (2009) (quoting in 

parenthetical Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 753, 607 S.E.2d 738, 743 (2005))).

With respect to computer records, “when the argument has been advanced that they are 

inadmissible hearsay, we have employed the traditional business records exception to the hearsay 

rule.” Kettler & Scott, Inc. v. Earth Tech. Cos., 248 Va. 450, 457, 449 S.E.2d 782, 785 (1994)

(citation omitted). The exception does not require “proof from the original observers or record 

keepers.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 178, 183, 694 S.E.2d 578, 580 (2010) (citation 

omitted). A sufficient foundation may be established by “the testimony of the custodian or other 

qualified witness, unless the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation 

indicate lack of trustworthiness.” A Guide to Evidence in Virginia § 803(6), at 102 (2011)

(emphasis added). “The final test is whether the documents sought to be introduced are the type 

of records which are relied upon by those who prepare them or for whom they are prepared.” 

Smith, 280 Va. at 184, 694 S.E.2d at 580 (quoting McDowell v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 431, 

435, 641 S.E.2d 507, 509 (2007)).

On several occasions, we have applied these principles to computer records. In Lee v. 

Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 571, 507 S.E.2d 629 (1998), a fraud investigator “testified from the 
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business record generated by the computer and displayed on the terminal which he observed.” 

Id. at 577, 507 S.E.2d at 632. We noted that a computer merely 

decodes electronic records, converts them into a format understood 

by users and either prints them or displays them on a terminal. A 

person who can verify that the business records are authentic can 

present the evidence by testifying about what he saw displayed or 

by presenting a printed copy of the display. Either form is 

admissible as a business records exception to the hearsay rule. 

Id. For foundation purposes, it is enough that the witness “had knowledge of how the records 

were compiled and maintained” and had “access to those records as an integral part of his 

responsibilities.” McDowell v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 104, 108-09, 628 S.E.2d 542, 545

(2006) (quoting Lee, 28 Va. App. at 576, 507 S.E.2d at 629), aff’d, 273 Va. 431, 641 S.E.2d 507 

(2007); see also Cooper v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 558, 568, 680 S.E.2d 361, 366 (2009); 

Midkiff v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 323, 338, 678 S.E.2d 287, 295 (2009).

Governed by these principles, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the 

credit union branch supervisor to be a “qualified witness,” A Guide to Evidence in Virginia

§ 803(6), at 102, for purposes of authenticating the computer record of Mitchell’s account. As 

we held in a similar context, someone with “general supervisory authority over bank personnel 

but no direct supervision over the persons responsible for preparing or maintaining the bank’s 

records, was a person who could authenticate the bank’s records.” Sparks v. Commonwealth, 24 

Va. App. 279, 281, 482 S.E.2d 69, 70 (1997).

The branch supervisor testified that the credit union maintained the information sharing 

system in the regular course of its business. She had access to the computer system, which 

shared information to all branches of Navy Federal Credit Union. The credit union assigned 

each customer, including Mitchell, a unique identifier for the purpose of inputting information 

into the system. These circumstances provided a sufficient foundation for the admission of the 

supervisor’s testimony about Mitchell’s account on the computer system. In short, her testimony 
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passes the “final test” — a simple showing that “the documents sought to be introduced are the 

type of records which are relied upon by those who prepare them or for whom they are 

prepared.” Smith, 280 Va. at 184, 694 S.E.2d at 580 (citation omitted).

III.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the supervisor’s testimony about 

the credit union’s computer records pursuant to the business records exception to the hearsay 

rule.1 We thus affirm Mitchell’s convictions.

Affirmed.

 1 The Commonwealth argues that, even if the trial court erred, it would at best amount to 

harmless error, given the other incriminating evidence presented at trial. Given our holding, 

however, we need not address this issue. See generally Kirby v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 

691, 698-99, 653 S.E.2d 600, 603-04 (2007) (summarizing harmless error standard for 

nonstructural trial error). For the same reason, we limit our recitation of the facts to the 

evidentiary subset of the trial court record relevant to the argument raised on appeal.