UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

________________ _________________ RANDY MCCOLLUM; RONNIE MCCOLLUM, Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v. FRANK MCCOLLUM; DONNIE MCCOLLUM, Defendants - Appellees. No. 21-3231 (D.C. No. 2:21-CV -02493-HLT-GEB) (D. Kan.)

________________ _________________ ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

________________ _________________ Before HARTZ , BALDOCK , and McHUGH , Circuit Judges.

________________ _________________ Plaintiffs/Appellants Randy McCollum and Ronnie McCollum, citizens of Kansas proceeding pro se, filed a civil action against Defenda nts/Appellees Frank McCollum and Donnie McCollum, fellow citizens of Kansas. 1 In their complaint,

* After examining the briefs and appella te record, this pa nel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not ma terially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Ci r. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctr ines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedur e 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.

1 Because all of the parties share the same last name, we refer to the parties by their first names. Further, because Randy and Ronnie proceed pro se, “we liberally construe [their] filings, but we will not act as [their] advocate.” James v. Wadas , 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013). FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### April 19, 2022 Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court Appellate Case: 21-3231 Document: 010110672843 Date Filed: 04/19/2022 Page: 12 Randy and Ronnie seemingly asserted claims based on fraud/embezzlement, the failure to repay a loan, and elder abuse/physi cal injury. The distri ct court issued an order to show cause why subject-matter jurisdiction existed over the action. Randy and Ronnie answered the show cause or der, indicating the fraud/embezzlement underlying one of their claims involved crop insurance funds regulated by the United States Department of Agri culture (“USDA”). But Randy and Ronnie did not identify any federal statute creating a private right of action. The district court dismissed the action for lack of subject-m atter jurisdiction, and Ra ndy and Ronnie appeal. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND Randy and Ronnie filed a complaint th at identified themselves, as well as Frank and Donnie, as citizens of Kansas . In their complaint, Randy and Ronnie advanced a claim for “embezzl ement,” alleging in July 19 98, Frank used Ronnie’s social security number to obtain USDA crop insurance funds, but Frank retained all of the crop insurance funds for his persona l use. ROA Vol. I at 7. Randy and Ronnie also advanced a claim sounding in cont ract law based on Frank’s and Donnie’s alleged failure to repay a $5,000 loan for a tractor. Finally, through their complaint, they advanced a claim for “elder[] abuse[ ]” against Frank based on an unspecified incident in November 2008. Id. at 8. Relative to jurisdiction, Randy and Ronnie checked o ff the box on the complaint form for a civil or equal rights action arising under 28 U.S.C. § 1343. The district court issued an Order and Notice to Show Cause, in pa rt directing Randy and Appellate Case: 21-3231 Document: 010110672843 Date Filed: 04/19/2022 Page: 23 Ronnie to identify how the court could take subject-matter jurisdiction over the action where the action did not appear to advance a claim for the deprivation of a civil right. Randy and Ronnie responded to the order by scribbling several notations onto the order and returning it to the distri ct court. In one place, they indicated “USDA & crop insurance[,] [t]h ey are Federal Busines[s].” Id. at 33. In another place, they wrote “Frank McCollum put a hay hook 2  inches in the top of Randy[] McCollum[‘s] head. We are getting x-rays from Eureka, KS hospital. [T]his is attempt[ed] murder.” Id. And Randy and Ronnie submitted to the district court a copy of 7 U.S.C. § 1515, which pertains to a crop insurance fund program. Randy and Ronnie, however, did not identify how thei r action involved the alleged deprivation of a civil right. The district court dismissed the action for want of subject-m atter jurisdiction. In support of this conclusion, the district court observed there was not diversity of citizenship between the pa rties and the claims adva nced by Randy and Ronnie, although partially involving moni es distributed by a federal agency, sounded in state tort and contract law. Randy and Ronnie a ppeal, advancing the same statements they presented in response to the distri ct court’s order to show cause.
II. DISCUSSION Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Pr ocedure 12(b)(1), a district court may dismiss a complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Where, as here, a district court dismisses an action for lack of subject-matter jurisd iction without taking Appellate Case: 21-3231 Document: 010110672843 Date Filed: 04/19/2022 Page: 34 evidence, we review the dismissal de novo. Pueblo of Jemez v. United States , 790 F.3d 1143, 1151 (10th Cir. 2015). “The burden of establishing subject-matte r jurisdiction is on the party asserting jurisdiction.” Montoya v. Chao , 296 F.3d 952, 955 (10th Cir. 2002). Thus, Randy and Ronnie needed to identify a basis upon which the district court c ould take jurisdiction over their case and reach the merits of their claims. “The district courts of the United States . . . are ‘courts of lim ited jurisdiction. They possess only that power authorized by Constitution and statute.’” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc. , 545 U.S. 546, 552 (2005) (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian L ife Ins. Co. of Am. , 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994)). Generally speaking, through 28 U. S.C. §§ 1331 and 1332, “Congress granted federal courts jurisdiction over two general types of cases: cases that ‘arise under’ federal law, § 1331, and cases in which the amou nt in controversy exceeds $ 75,000 and there is diversity of citiz enship among the parties, § 1332(a).” Home Depot U. S. A., Inc. v. Jackson , 139 S. Ct. 1743, 1746 (2019). Where Randy and Ronnie alleged in their complaint that they and Frank and Donnie are all citizens of Kansas, ROA Vol. I at 6, the action coul d not arise in diversity jurisdiction. Accordingly, Randy and Ronnie needed to satisfy § 1331’s federal-question jurisdiction for the district court to po ssess authority to entertain the action. See Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams , 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987) (“Absent diversity of citizenship, federal-question jurisdiction is required.”). “The presence or absence of federal- question jurisdiction is governed by the ‘well-pleaded complaint rule ,’ which provides that fede ral jurisdiction exists only Appellate Case: 21-3231 Document: 010110672843 Date Filed: 04/19/2022 Page: 45 when a federal question is presented on the face of the plaintiff’s properly pleaded complaint.” Id . Additionally, for a plaintiff to i nvoke federal-question jurisdiction, the “cause of action must e ither be (1) created by federa l law, or (2) if it is a state-created cause of action, its resolution must necessarily turn on a substantial question of federal law.” Nicodemus v. Union Pac. Corp. , 318 F.3d 1231, 1235 (10th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The ‘vast majority’ of federal-questi on jurisdiction cases [are those where] a ‘suit arises under the law that creates the cause of action.’” Id. at 1236 (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms. Inc. v. Thompson , 478 U.S. 804, 808 (1986)). Here, while Randy and Ronnie alleged, relative to their embezzlement claim, that the USDA played a role in distributing to Frank the money at issue, they did not identify any federal statute providing for a private fede ral cause of action for the facts they alleged in their complaint. 2 Nor did they identify any federa l statute relative to claims based on a loan, elder abuse, or attempte d murder. Accordingly, Randy and Ronnie, having not identified a federal statute creating a private ri ght of action, needed to demonstrate their claims involved a s ubstantial question of federal law. See Morris v.

2 Randy and Ronnie attempted to rely upon 7 U.S.C. § 1515. To be sure, this provision does provide for an enforcement action where an individual engaged in fraud or provided false information when obtaining funds from the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. 7 U.S.C. § 1515(h); see also 7 U.S.C. § 1502(b)(5) (defining Corporation as used in § 15 15(h)). But the provision gives authority to the Secretary of Agriculture to pursue such an action, not a private individual. See 7 U.S.C. § 1515(h)(3), (4). And Congr ess giving authority to a fe deral agency to enforce violations of a federal program can cut ag ainst the existence of a private right of action. See Middlesex Cnty. Sewerage Au th. v. Nat’l Sea Clammers Ass’n , 453 U.S. 1, 13–14, 22 (1981). Appellate Case: 21-3231 Document: 010110672843 Date Filed: 04/19/2022 Page: 56 City of Hobart , 39 F.3d 1105, 1111 (10th Cir. 1994) (concluding that where plaintiff did not identify federal law creating cause of action for contract claim, “federal jurisdiction will lie only if resolution of th[e] breach of cont ract claim requires resolution of a substantial question of federal law”). “When making the determination of whether a nonfederal claim turns on a substantial question of federal law, courts should exercise ‘prudence and restraint.’” Id. (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms. Inc. , 478 U.S. at 810). “[F] ederal jurisdiction can be found in state-law create d causes of action if the ri ght to relief turns on the construction of a federal law.” Id. “Nevertheless, the ‘mer e presence of a federal issue in a state cause of action does not automatically confer federal-question jurisdiction.’” Id. (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms. Inc. , 478 U.S. at 813). Randy and Ronnie did not identify any question of fe deral law, substantial or otherwise, underlying their claims based on a loan, el der abuse, and attempted murder. Nor can we imagine any such question of federal law exists where these cl aims are inherently and entirely state-law in nature. And, a lthough the “embezzlemen t” claim allegedly involved funds distributed by a federal agency, nothing on the face of Randy’s and Ronnie’s complaint or their response to the show cause or der suggested resolution of the claim would entail interpreting any fede ral law. Rather, the claim appeared to focus on whether Frank had Ronnie’s permi ssion to use Ronnie’s social security number and retain the federal crop insuran ce funds, or if Frank entered into an agreement with Ronnie to perform the administrative tasks necessary to obtain the crop insurance funds on Ronnie’s behalf and then distribute al l or part of the funds to Appellate Case: 21-3231 Document: 010110672843 Date Filed: 04/19/2022 Page: 67 Ronnie. ROA Vol. I at 7–8. Accordingly, if Randy’s and Ronni e’s claims may be heard in any court, they would need to presen t the claims in a stat e court rather than a federal court.
III. CONCLUSION We AFFIRM the district court’s dism issal of Randy’s and Ronnie’s action for want of subject-matter jurisdiction.

Entered for the Court
Carolyn B. McHugh Circuit Judge Appellate Case: 21-3231 Document: 010110672843 Date Filed: 04/19/2022 Page: 7