IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE PACIRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. and PACIRA CRYOTECH, INC., Plaintiffs,

v. FORTIS ADVISORS LLC, SOLELY IN ITS CAPACITY AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE FORMER SECURITYHOLDERS OF MYOSCIEINCE, INC., TIMOTHY STILL, GUMBALLA KRIS KUMAR, JESSICA PRECIADO, and THE FORMER SECURITYHOLDERS OF MYOSCIENCE, INC. , Defendant s
. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) C.A. No. 20 20

- 0 694

- PAF

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Date Submitted: June 2 , 2021 Date Decided: October 25 , 2021 Lisa A. Schmidt , Raymond J. DiCamillo , Megan E. O’Connor , RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER, P.A. , Wilmington, Delaware ; Randy M. Mastro , Declan T. Conroy , GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP , New York, N ew York; Attorneys for Plaintiffs

. R. Judson Scaggs, Jr., Lauren K. Neal, Sarah P. Kaboly, MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNELL LLP , Wilmington, Delaware ; Christopher J. Marino, DAVIS MALM & D’AGOSTINE, P.C., Boston, Massachusetts; Attorneys for Defendant For tis Advisors LLC

.Henry E. Gallagher, Jr. , Shaun Michael Kelly , Jarrett W. Horowitz , CONNOLLY GALLAGHER LLP , Wilmington, Delaware ; Attorneys for Defendants Timothy Still, Gumballa Kris Kumar, and Jessica Preciado

.

FIORAVANTI, Vice ChancellorPacira Bio S ciences, Inc. (“Pacira”) acquired MyoScience, Inc. (“ MyoScience ”) in a 2019 merger (the “Merger”). The merger agreement provided for an up

- front cash payment to MyoScience’s former securityholde rs along with contingent consideration if certain post

- closing milestones have been achieved. Pacira has made certain milestone payments but seeks a declaration that it is not required to make further milestone payments. That claim is not the subject of this opinion. This opinion addresses a motion to dismiss the other six counts of the complaint. Pacira contends that the securityholders’ representative and three former employees and securityholders of MyoScience owed and breached contractual obligations, either direct or implied, not to interfere with Pacira’s operation of the acquired company, now Pacira CryoTech, Inc. (“ Pacira CryoTech ” and together with Pacira, the “Plaintiffs”). The defendants have moved to dismiss those claims, and this opinion conc ludes that no such contractual obligation exists under the plain language of the merger agreement. Nor does the complaint state a claim under the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing that the defendants made bad faith demands for milestone paym ents , interfered with Plaintiffs’ relationships with their employees , or impermissibly retained MyoScience’s former outside legal counsel. Plaintiffs have also asserted breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty claims against two of the individual defendants based on post

- merger conduct, and a claim2 against the other individual defendant for aiding and abetting those breaches of fiduciary duty. This opinion dismisses those claims for lack of personal jurisdiction over the individual defendants.
I. BACKGROUND Unless otherwise specified, t he facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion are drawn from the Verified Complaint (the “Complaint” or “Compl.”) and documents integral thereto

. 1
A. The Parties Pacira is a “provider of non

- opioid pain management solutions.” 2 Pacira is a Delaware corporation based in Parsippany, New Jersey

. 3 Pacira CryoTech is a Delaware c orporation based in Fremont, California and a wholly owned subsidiary of Pacira

. 4 Pacira CryoTech is a successor to MyoScience, a Delaware corporation that Pacira acquired pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 4,
2019 , by and among Pacira Pharmaceuticals Inc., 5 PS Merger, Inc., MyoScience,

1 Dkt. 1. E xhibits attached to the Complaint will be cited as “Ex.”
2 Compl. ¶ 3

. 3 Id

. ¶ 26

. 4 Id

. ¶¶ 2 7, 191.
5 Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc. changed its name upon completion of the Merger to Pacira Biosciences, Inc. (i.e., Pacira). See Pacira BioSciences, Inc. Annual Report (Form 10

- K) at 7 (filed March 1, 2021). Under Rule 201 of the Delaware Uniform Rules of Ev idence, the court can take judicial notice of this fact for purposes of the pending motions. See Wal

Mart Stores, Inc. v. AIG Life Ins. Co. , 860 A.2d 312, 320 n.28 (Del. 2004) (holding that3 Inc., and Fortis Advisors LLC (“Fortis”) , as the Securityholders’ Representative (the “Merger Agreement”). 6 MyoScience, and now Pacira CryoTech, manufactures iovera® (“iovera”) , a medical device that “ applies controlled doses of extreme cold to targeted nerves to relieve pain .” 7
Fortis (or the “Securityholders’ Representative”) serves as the representative of the MyoScience Securityholders (as defined below) pursuant to the Merger Agreement. 8 Defendants Timothy Still (“Still”) , Gumballa Kris Kumar (“Kumar”), and Jessica Preciado (“Preciado”) were MyoScience employees prior to the Merger. Kumar, Preciado, and Still all reside in California, and they are collectively referred to as the “Individual Defendants.” None of the Individual Defendants is a party to the Merger Agreement. Still was the CEO of MyoScience

. 9 Following the Merger, Still became a member of a three

- person “Advisory Committee” to Fortis

. 10

the court may take judicial notice of public documents such as SE C filings required by law to be filed).
6 Ex. A. (“Merger Ag’t .”). The Merger Agreement refers to Pacira as the “Parent”, MyoScience as the “Company” or the “Surviving Corporation”, and Fortis as the

“ Securityholders’ Representative .” Id.
7 Compl. ¶ 3

. 8 Id. ¶ 28.
9 Id. ¶ 29.
10 Id. ¶ 122.4 Kumar is a former head of Marketing & Product Management at MyoScience. 11 “Following Pacira’s acquisition of MyoScience, Kumar worked for six months as a consultant for Pacira [CryoTech] .” 12
Preciado is the former Principal Scientist at MyoScience. 13 Following Pacira’s acquisition of MyoScience, Pacira retained Preciado as Senior Director, Health Outcomes Value Assessment. 14
B. Pacira Acquires MyoScience
P acira acquired MyoScience in the Merger for $120 million in cash , subject to certain adjustments, and contingent payments (“Milestone Payments”) of up to $100 million to former MyoScience stockholders or option holders

. 15 The Merger closed on April 9, 2019. 16 The former MyoScience stockholders or option holders entitled to Milestone Payments executed either a Letter of Transmittal for Securities of MyoScience or an Option Holder Letter of Transmittal for Company Options of MyoScience (the “Option Holder Letter ”)

. 17 The foregoing signatories are referred

11 Id. ¶ 30.
12 Id

. ¶¶ 30 , 124.
13 Id

. ¶ 31.
14 Id

. 15 Id

. ¶ 4; Merger Ag’t. § 1.1 1

. 16 Pacira Biosciences, Inc., Current Report (Form 8

- K) (Apr. 9, 2019).
17 Compl. ¶ ¶ 32, 95; Merger Ag’t. §§ 1.15(a)

– (c).5 to as the “Escrow Participants” or “Myo Science Securityholders.” 18 Among other milestones triggering Milestone Payments , the Merger Agreement required Pacira to pay up to $50 million to the Escrow Participants if treatments involving iovera in certain specified medical settings could be reimbu rsed at certain specified levels within a certain period of time

. 19
C. The iovera Product and CPT Codes i overa is a patented Class II FDA

- cleared handheld medical device that administers “ cryoanalgesia ” or “cryoneurolysis”

— the application of “ controlled doses of extreme cold temperature to targeted nerves to relieve pain .” 20 i overa goes under several technical names that the Merger Agreement refers to as “Smart Tip Products.” 21 Pacira alleges that [a]ccording to the [FDA’s] Indication Statement for the product, iovera can be used to (i) “destroy tissue during surgical procedures,” (ii) “produce lesions in peripheral nervous tissue by the application of cold to the selected site for the blocking of pain,” and (iii) “relie[ve] [] pain and symptoms associated with osteoarthritis of the knee for up to 90 days.” 22

18 “Escrow Participants” are defined in the Merger Agreement as “the holders of Series G Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock, and Carve

- Out Common Stock, Qualifying Warrant Holders and Qualifying Option Holders.” Merger Ag’t. Ex. A.
19 Compl. ¶¶ 8, 102

– 04 ; see Merger Ag’t. § § 1.15(a)(iv) , (b)(i).
20 Compl. ¶ 36 ; see id . ¶ 59.
21 Id

. ¶ 102 n.2.
22 Id

. ¶ 37.6 The success of iovera “was closely tied” to reimbursement rates and guidance issued by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (“CMS”). 23 In order to be reimbursed by an insurance payer ( e.g. , Medicare or Medicaid) for performing a medical procedure on a patient, a medical provider must be able to describe that procedure using a generalized description known as a Current Procedural Terminology code (“CPT C ode”). 24 The re sponsibility for maintaining and publishing the list of CPT C odes falls to American Medical Association (“AMA”), which also provides guidance on how to apply the codes. 25 CMS sets the reimbursement rates for each CPT C ode pursuant to Section 1848(b) of the Social Security Act

. 26 The reimbursement rates must be updated each year and are published in the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. 27
The CPT C odes have national reimbursement rates as well as locality

- specific reimbursement rates. To det ermine the national reimbursement rate for a given CPT
C ode , CMS quantifies and aggregates the costs of applying the procedures associated with the CPT C ode across several categories

. 28 CMS also develops a

23 Compl. ¶ 39.
24 Id

. ¶¶ 38

– 39.
25 Id

. ¶¶ 5, 41.
26 Social Security Act § 1848(b) , 42 U.S.C. § 1395w

– 4

. 27 Id

. ; Compl. ¶ 39.
28 Compl. ¶ 44.7 geographic practice cost index for each of more t han 110 different localities that is used to determine locality

- adjusted reimbursement rates. 29 According to Plaintiffs, “[w]hen CMS publicizes the reimbursement rates for various CPT Codes, it consistently cites to the standard, nationwide reimbursement rates for those codes, not to the dozens of different locality

- adjusted reimbursement rates.” 30 As part of the annual process for updating the reimbursement rates, CMS solicits “ feedback from practitioners and industry groups regarding the co sts associated with types of procedures performed under the various CPT code s
. ” 31 CMS then publishes draft reimbursement rates in July for a public comment period. 32 After the comment period closes, “ CMS reviews the feedback from industry participants, u pdates reimbursement rates as appropriate, and then publishes the final rules” for the upcoming calendar year in November

. 33
T he usage of a medical procedure depends in part on at least two factors. First, it is important that the CPT C odes reflect the a ctual costs of the medical procedure to ensure that the provider will be fully reimbursed for the costs of the procedure. 34

29 Id

. ¶ ¶ 46 , 47

. 30 Id

. ¶ 4 8

. 31 Id

. ¶ 49.
32 Id

. ¶ ¶ 51, 52.
33 Id

. ¶ 5 2

. 34 Id

. ¶ 53.8 Second, the popularity of a particular procedure depends on the clarity of guidance from the AMA on the reimbursement rate for that procedure ; “[p]ractitioners who assign the wrong CPT C odes to procedures risk costly audits of their reimbursement requests, as well as possible clawback of reimbursement payments.” 35 With inconsistent or ambiguous guidance, medical device manufacturers face the risk that the usage of their device will “plummet.” 36
D. MyoScience Seeks New CPT Codes and Favorable Reimbursement
Rates
P rior to th e M erger , the Individual Defendants, on behalf of MyoScience, mounted a campaign in 2018 and 2019 to clarify which C P T C odes “ should apply to procedures that used the [ iovera ] product to treat knee pain ” and to persuade the AMA to rescind its “confusing” prior guidance. 37 The Individual Defendants worked with Gail Daubert, MyoScience’s “outside reimburse ment counsel” to persuade the AMA to rescind prior 2018 guidance recommending that practitioners
use a vague catch

- all code for cryoneurolysis

. 38 The effort succeeded; in April 2019, the AMA published a document clarif ying that c ryoneurolysis may be repor ted using

35 Id

. ¶ 54.
36 Id

. ¶ 55.
37 Id

. ¶¶ 58

– 59 , 64

– 72.
38 Id

. ¶¶ 7, 15, 64, 69

– 72 , 72 n.1.9 a more specific code, CPT Code 64640 , 39 which covers “[d]estruction by neurolytic [i.e., nerve blocking] agent; other peripheral nerve or branch.” 40
A new opportunity to come under a favorable C P T C ode emerged in May 2018, when “ CMS announced a number of new CPT C odes that would become available to practitioners on January 1, 2020. ” 41 Among the new additions was CPT Code 64xx1, a “placeholder code ” 42 specifically dedicated to a procedure that “destr[oys]” the “genicular nerve bra nches” by a “neurolytic agent.” 43 CMS uses “x”s instead of numbers in the placeholder codes to signify that the code is still in draft form ; CMS then replaces the “x”s with numbers when the code is finalized. 44 Plaintiffs assert that, b ecause CPT Code 64 xx1 applied specifically to knee

related cryoneurolysis , both MyoScience and the Individual Defendants understood the development of the code to be “highly relevant to reimbursement rates for the use of iovera .” 45 MyoScience and the Individual Defendants thus teamed up with

39 Id. ¶ 72.
40 Id

. ¶ 63

. 41 Id

. ¶ 74

. 42 Id

. ¶ 76.
43 Id

. ¶ 75.
44 Id

. ¶ 76.
45 Id

. ¶ 82.10 Daubert again to “ influence CMS as it drafted the reimbursement rates that would apply to CPT Code 64xx1 pre

- merger .” 46
T hese efforts were ongoing while the representatives of MyoScience (including Still) negotiated the ter ms of Pacira’s acquisition of MyoScience

. 47 The Plaintiffs maintain that this backdrop “ led to the inclusion of the CMS Reimbursement Milestones in the Merger Agreement. ” 48
E. The Mechanics of the Milestone Payment Provisions
1 . The Milestone Payments Section 1.15(a) of the Merger Agreement requires that certain Milestone Payments be made to the Escrow Participants “ in the event the corresponding milestones ” are achieved “at any time following the Closing.” 49 The milestones fall into four categories : (i) “ Regulatory Milestones ”; (ii) “Costs of Goods Sold”; (iii)

“ Sales Milestones ” ; and (iv) “ CMS Reimbursement Milestones

. ” Most pertinent here, Section 1.15(a)( iv ) (“ CMS Reimbursement Milestone s ”) requires Pacira to pay the Escrow Participants an amoun t equal to: (1) in the case of reimbursement related to use of the Smart Tip Products to treat a patient in the office setting . . . $20,000,000 , if CMS Reimbursement is effective in fiscal year 2020 in an amount equal to or greater than $600.00 per such procedure using such product pursuant to CPT Code 64xx1 (or a different

46 Id

. ¶ 84 ; see id. ¶ 86.
47 Id

. ¶ 91.
48 Id

. ¶ 92.
49 Merger Ag’t. , § 1.15(a).11 code that is appropriate to describe a procedure in which the Smart Tip P roducts are used)

. . . (2) in the case of reimbursement related to use of the Smart Tip Products to treat a patient in the ambulatory surgery centers setting . . . $20,000,000, if CMS Reimbursement is effective in fiscal year 2020 in an amount equal to o r greater than $800.00 per such procedure using such product pursuant to CPT Code 64xx1 (or a different code that is appropriate to describe a procedure in which the Smart Tip Products are used) . . . [ and ] (3) in the case of reimbursement related to use of the Smart Tip Products to treat a patient in the out

- patient hospital setting, $10,000,000, if CMS Reimbursement is effective at any time during the Milestone Achievement Period in an amount equal to or greater than $1,400.00 per such procedure using s uch product pursuant to CPT Code 64xx1(or a different code that is appropriate to describe a procedure in which the Smart Tip Products are used). Section s 1.15(a) (iv) (i) and (ii) also provide for reductions in payment s if the relevant milestone is met “ after the end of fiscal year 2020 ” but before December 31, 2023. 50 The obligation to make any Milestone Payments terminates after December 31, 2023

. 51 T he Milestone Payments must be paid “[n]o later than 60 days after the end of the fiscal quarter in which the applicable Milestone is achieved.” 52

50 I d. § 1.15(b)(i) (defining the “Milestone Achievement Period” as the period starting on January 1, 2019 and ending on December 31, 2023 )

. The Merger Agreement does not define the phrase “fiscal year 2020.”
51 Id

. 52 Id

. § 1.15(c)(i).12 2. The Parties’ Rights U nder the Milestone Provisions Section 1.15 (d) of the Merger Agreement requires that “[f]ollowing the Closing and for the duration of the Milestone Achievement Period, [Pacira] shall operate [Pacira CryoTech ] in good faith in the context of this Section 1.15 and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to achieve the Milestones.” 53 Further, Section 1.15(e) provides , in pertinent part, that: (i) the sole and exclusive right of the Escrow Participants under this Section 1.15 will be to receive, subject to the other terms of this Agreement, the Milestone Payments payable pursuant to this Section 1.15 if [Pacira CryoTech ] achieves such Milestone Payments within the time periods set forth herein and subject to each of the other conditions and qualifications contemplated herein; (ii) [Pacira] will have the right to operate the business of [Pacira CryoTech ] as it chooses, in its sole discretion, except as expressly set forth in this Section 1.15; [ and ] ( iii) [Pacira] is not under any obligation to provide any specific level of investment or financial assistance to [Pacira CryoTech ] or to undertake any specific actions (or to refrain from taking any specific actions) with respect to the operation of the Surviving Corporation, except as expressly set forth in this Section 1.15. 54
3. The Option Holder Letter As a precondition to receiving its portion of the merger consideration, including the Milestone Payments , each MyoScience S ecurityholder was required to

53 Id

. § 1.15(d).
54 Id

. §§ 1.15(e)(i)

– (iii).13 execute either a Letter of Transmittal for Securities of MyoScience or an Option Holder Letter

. 55 P ursuant to those agreements , the signatory’s “ MyoScience shares or options to purchase MyoScience shares, respectively, were converted into the right to receive payments pursuant to the Merger Agreement .” 56 Each of the Individual Defendants executed a copy of the Option H older Letter. 57 T he Option Holder Letter incorporate s certain sections of the Merger Agreement , to which the Individual Defendants agreed to be bound in their capacities as “Escrow Participants”, “Indemnifying Securityholders”, “Qualifying Option Holders” or “Securityholders

. ” 58 Section (a) of the Option Holder Letter also provides that, by executing the Option Holder Letter , the signatory appoints Fortis as “its true and lawful attorney

in

- fact with full power of substitution . . . and exclusive agent pur suant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Escrow Agreement and related documents

. ” 59 T he signatory of each Option Holder Letter “consents to the taking of any and all actions

55 Compl. ¶ 32; see Merger Ag’t. §§ 1.11, 1.18(b). The Merger Agreement also required the holders of certain “ Qualifying Company Warrant s” for shares in MyoScience to execute a Warrant Cancellation Agreement as a precondition for receiving cash consideration for their warrants. Merger Ag’ t. § 1.10.
56 Compl. ¶ 32.
57 Exs

. B

– D (“ Option Holder Ltrs. ”)

. When referring to the actions of the Individual Defendants in connection with the Option Holder Letter, this Opinion refers to the actions taken by Kumar, Preciado , and Still with respect to t heir respective Option Holder Letters

. 58 Id. § (a).
59 Id. § (a)(i).14 and the making of any decisions required or permitted to be taken by the
S ecurityholders’ Representative under the Merger Agreement, the Escrow Agreement and related documents as if expressly confirmed and ratified in writing by the undersigned.” 60 Section (d) of the Option Holder Letter states that the payment of the merger

co nsideration “is conditioned on multiple items, includin g (i) closing of the Transaction and, if applicable, receipt of the [proceeds] by the [p aying a gent ] and (ii) receipt by the Company, Paying Agent and Parent, as applicable, of an accurately completed [ Option Holder Letter ] and required attachments. ” 61 The Option Holder Letter is governed by Delaware law , and each signatory

“ consents to the exclusive jurisdictio n of the state and federal courts sitting in the State of Delaware and consents to personal jurisdiction of and venue in such courts with respect to any and all matters or disputes arising out of this [agreement] .” 62
F. Post
- Merger Conduct of the Parties Leading to the Present Dispute
1 . The Post
- Merger Roles of the Individual Defendants Following the merger, Kumar worked as a consultant for Pacira CryoTech for six months starting on April 9, 2019

. 63 The terms of that agreement are contained

60 Id

. § (a)(ii).
61 Id

. § (d).
62 Id

. § (g).
63 Compl. ¶ ¶ 30 , 124.15 in a consulting agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”) . Among other terms, the Consulting Agreement requir ed Kumar to “refrain from publishing, distributing, or disclosing ” 64 i nformation defined as “ C onfidential” without the company’s prior written consent for a period of three years. 65 The Consulting Agreement states that Kumar’s “relationship with Company is and shall be that of an independent contractor, and neither party is authorized to nor shall act as the agent of the other.” 66 After the Merger closed, Preciado became a “ Senior Director, Health Outcomes Value Assessment” at Pacira. 67 In that role , Preciado “led the development of research and quality improvement programs” and “research partners hips with key global, national, and regional health care executives across the medical device industry.” 68 She also “ regularly provides updates to senior management at Pacira, for whom she is authorized to fill in during both internal and external meeting s .” 69

64 Id

. ¶ 126.
65 Id

. ¶ 127 ; see Ex. F.
66 Ex. F. ¶ 6. The Consulting Agreement is governed by New Jersey law. Id. ¶ 13.
67 Compl. ¶ 31.
68 Id

. ¶ 132.
69 Id

.16 Still joined what the Complaint describes as a three

- person “Advisory Committee” to Fortis. 70 Still held no formal position at Pacira or Pacira CryoTech after the Merger

. 71 Plaintiffs allege that , notwithstanding this fact, “ Still sent multiple messages to former MyoScience employees who had transitioned to working for Pacira, demanding concrete action to reach various milestone goals .” 72 In particular, Plaintiffs point to a May 1, 2019, email from Kumar to Still and Andrew J ones , a former MyoScience employee who had remained at Pacira CryoTech after the M erger, asking Jones for “the exact language in our final purchase agreement on the reimbursement mile stones.” 73 In the email, Kumar stated that his “primary focus” would be to achieve “just that.” 74 Plaintiffs maintain that this comment shows that the Individual Defendants sought to implement a strategy of achieving “the minimum threshold necessary to trigger the CMS Reimbursement Milestones.” 75

70 Id

. ¶ 122. The Merger Agreement provides for an “Advisory Group” to “provide direction to the Securityholders’ Representative in connection with its services” under the Merger Agreement. Merger Ag’t. § 5.4(b).
71 Compl. ¶ ¶ 123, 141.
72 Id

. ¶ 140.
73 Id

. ¶ 163 ; see id. ¶ 258.
74 Id

. ¶ 164.
75 Id

. ¶ 165.17 2. The Individual Defendant s Coordinate A fter CMS P ublishes D raft R eimbursement R ates and Fortis H ires D aubert On July 29, 2019, CMS released the draft reimbursement rates for CPT Code
64xx1. 76 Plaintiffs allege that “[e]ach of those draft rates failed to meet the threshold for triggering the CMS Reimbursement Milestone.” 77
The release of t he draft reimbursement rates prompted the Individual Defendants to commence what Plaintiffs describe as a coordinated campaign to ensure the final rates, when published, would trigger the CMS Reimbursement Milestones

. 78 On July 29, “Kumar provided Still with internal Pacira correspondence containing a Pacira consultan t’s preliminary assessment of the draft reimbursement rates.” 79 The Individual Defendants then exchanged “numerous emails” and agreed to “get clarity” and “find out” additional information. 80 Also on July 29, 2019, Still emailed Gail Daubert , MyoScience’ s former outside counsel, stating, “I might need to consider engaging your expertise” on the draft reimbursement rates for CPT C ode 64xx1. 81 Daubert wrote to Still that her acting

76 Id

. ¶ 167.
77 Id

. 78 Id

. ¶ 17 4

. 79 Id

. ¶ 173

. 80 Id

. 81 Id

. ¶ 194.18 on behalf of the MyoScience Securityholders “would be adverse to Pacira.” 82 Shortly thereafter, Still formally retained Daubert “on behalf of the Individual Defendants” 83 to persuade CMS and the AMA to “adjust the reimbursement rates applicable to CPT Code 64xx1.” 84 There is no al legation that, at the time of her email exchange with Still, Daubert had been employed or retained by Pacira or Pacira CryoTech in any capacity. At roughly the same time, Pacira began to formulate its own response to the draft reimbursement rates using Pac ira’s pre

- merger reimbursement counsel, Latham & Watkins LLP (“Latham”). 85 Unbeknownst to Pacira, Kumar and Preciado
sent Still a number of updates on Pacira’s internal discussions and shared documents that the Complaint alleges were confidential

. 86

• O n J uly 30, 2019, Kumar “forwarded to Still an email with Pacira’s General Counsel concerning the draft reimbursement rate for CPT c ode 64xx1” that had been intended for Latham. 87

82 Id

. ¶ 195. Still disagreed with this statement, responding “[n]o.” Id.
83 Id

. ¶¶ 197.
84 Id

. ¶¶ 199.
85 See i d

. ¶ 174 (referencing email from Pacira’s General Counsel to Latham concerning the draft reimbursement rate).
86 Id

. ¶¶ 174

– 88.
87 Id

. ¶ 174.19 • On August 1, 2019, Kumar sent Still “an email reflecting information provided t o Pacira by Latham

. ” 88 The message reflected “Latham’s impressions and advice regarding reimbursement procedures under CPT Code 64xx1 and the reimbursement calculations proposed by
CMS.” 89

• On August 5, 2019, Preciado participate d in a call with Pacira’s General Counsel and Latham regarding the draft reimbursement rates that she secretly recorded

. 90 After the call, Preciado sent Kumar a file entitled “Call with Latham Watkins re:646XX1

- 2019

- 8

- 5.m4a” from her personal email account. 91 Kumar then sent Still a “[s]ummary of our discussion today with Latham & Watkins” for “[his] records.” 92

• On August 6, 2019, Preciado forwarded to Still a draft letter Pacira had planned to send to CMS regarding the draft reimbursement rates for
CPT C ode 64xx1. 93 The Complaint does not describe the contents of the letter and neither party has entered the document into the record.

88 Id

. 89 Id

. 90 Id

. ¶ ¶ 181

– 82.
91 Id

. ¶ 182.
92 Id

. ¶ 186.
93 Id

. ¶ 174.20 • On August 10, 2019, Kumar sent Still “an email reflecting competitive intelligence that Pacira had gathered about industry competitors, inc luding potential actions those competitors might take during the CMS comment period.” 94 Still also sought to enlist Pacira’s support. On August 22, 2019, Still sent an “unsolicited” email to Pacira’s CEO Dave Stack, listing “all the steps that he would take, if he were in Stack’s position, to influence the draft reimbursement rates

. ” 95 Still told Stack that MyoScience had worked with Daubert in the past and had “been successful in the past with sendi ng a memo; scheduling a phone call; and getting clarification where AMA and CMS had misread / misinterpreted information regarding iovera.” 96 On August 28, 2019, Pacira’s General Counsel emailed Daubert asking if she would “join the team” that was “formu lating [Pacira’s] response to the iovera CM[S] reimbursement proposed rule.” 97 Daubert declined, telling Pacira that “we have a conflict

. ” 98 Plaintiffs contend that “Still’s retention of Daubert led to significant increased costs, inefficiencies, and dup licative work” because Pacira would not have

94 Id

. 95 Id

. ¶ 170 (emphasis omitted)

. 96 Id

. 97 Id

. ¶ 205.
98 Id

. ¶ 207.21 had to perform certain work that Daubert had already completed for MyoScience before the merger if Pacira had been able to hire Daubert. 99
3. CMS P ublishes F inal R eimbursement R ates and Fortis Makes Demands for Milestone Payments
On November 1, 2019, CMS finalized CPT Code 64xx1 as CPT Code 64624 and published the final reimbursement rates. 100 CMS set the following reimbursement rates:

• $417.56 for procedures that used CPT Code 64624 in the office setting, comp ared to a CMS Milestone threshold of $600;

• $471.33 for procedures that used CPT Code 64624 in an ambulatory surgery center setting , compared to a CMS Milestone threshold of $800; and

• $1,872.01 for procedures that used CPT Code 64624 in an out

patient hospi tal setting, compared to a CMS Milestone threshold of 1,400.00

. 101 On January 3, 2020, Pacira sent Fortis a letter stating that the CMS Milestone set forth in Section 1.15(a)(iv)(3) of the Merger Agreement (tied to “reimbursement . . . in an out

- patient ho spital setting”) had been satisfied and that it would pay the

99 Id

. ¶ 208.
100 Id

. ¶ ¶ 155, 2 10, 214

– 15.
101 Id

. ¶¶ 215

– 16.22 MyoScience Securityholders $10 million on June 1, 2020. 102 Pacira made that payment on May 27, 2020. 103 On May 29, 2020, Fortis sent Pacira a letter demanding $40 million in
M ilestone P ayments under both Section 1.15(a)(iv)(1) (tied to “reimbursement . .

. in the office setting”) and Section 1.15(a)(iv)(2) (tied to “reimbursement . . . in the ambulatory surgery centers setting”)

. 104 The lette r demanded a response within one week. 105 In the letter, Fortis asserted that, with respect to the 1.15(a)(iv)(1) milestone , “where a Smart Tip procedure destroys three nerves (other than the genicular nerve) in a single procedure . . . and is billed under CPT Code 64640, the payment for that procedure will exceed the $600 milestone threshold in many localities.” 106 Fortis also contended that the local reimbursement rates for “CPT code 64625 or 64635,” “CPT code 64640,” “CPT 64635 and 64636,” or “CPT 64633
+ 64634 + 64634” satisfied the Milestone Payment thresholds , justifying its demand for payment. 107

102 Id

. ¶ 217.
103 Id

. ¶ 218.
104 Id

. ¶ 222.
105 Id

. 106 Fortis Opening Br. Ex. 3 ; see also Compl

. ¶ 226.
107 Compl

. ¶ 229.23 A ttorneys for Pacira responded to Fo rtis on June 5, 2020, asserting that “neither of the requested milestone payments is warranted” under Section 1.15(a)(iv)(1) or 1.15(a)(iv)(2) of the Merger Agreement. 108 On June 8, 2020, Fortis responded, stating that its “reimbursement experts” were “put ting together a package of background data” that was “supportive of the many ways we have identified in which the milestones were reached

. ” 109
Plaintiffs allege that Fortis made this and other demands in bad faith

. 110 In support of that position, Plaintiffs cite to a November 4, 2019 email to Still from Chris An s on, the Director of M&A at Fortis , stating: “I agree that it makes sense to use the ambiguous language to pressure them to pay quickly (and I will do so).” 111
Plaintiffs aver the reference to ambiguous language refers to the provisions in the Merger Agreement governing the Milestone Payments

. 112
Since the closing of the M erger, Pacira has made three Milestone Payments to the Escrow Participants

. 113 The first, $7 million for satisfaction of th e R egulatory
M ilestone involving CE Markings in Section l.15(a)( i )( 1 ) , occurred in November

108 Id

. ¶ 233.
109 Id

. ¶ 236.
110 Id

. ¶ ¶ 147, 156

– 57, 261

– 62.
111 Id

. ¶ 148 (emphasis omitted ). In the Complaint, Anson’s name is misspelled as “Anon.”
112 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 32.
113 Compl

. ¶ 152.24 2019 following a back

- and

- forth between Pacira and Fortis ’s legal counsel about whether the milestone had been met in the second or third quarter of that year

. 114 Pacira alleges that this initial disagreement evinced Still and Fortis’s willingness to make bad faith payment demands without any justification. 115 The second Milestone Payment of $5 million occurred in eit her February or March 2020 after Pacira obtained approval to use iovera in Canada , as set forth in Section l.15(a)(i)(2)

. 116
T he third milestone payment , $10 million for the satisfaction of the CMS Reimbursement Milestone in Section l.15(a)( iv )( 3 ) , occurre d in May 2020 as described above. 117
G. Procedural History
O n August 21, 2020, Plaintiffs filed their Complaint

. 118 The Individual Defendants have moved to dismiss the C omplaint in its entirety and Fortis has moved to dismiss Count III

. 119 After briefing on the motion s , the c ourt heard oral argument on June 3 , 2021.

114 Id

. ¶¶ 143

– 46 ; Merger Ag’t. § 1

. 15 ( a ) (i)(1)

. 115 Compl

. ¶¶ 144, 147.
116 Compare i d

. ¶ 150 (stating the payment was made on March 2, 2020) , with i d

. ¶ 152 (stating that Pacira made payments in November 2019, February 2020, and May 2020).
117 Id

. ¶¶ 151, 217, 221.
118 Dkt. 1.
119 Dkt. 13, 14. Fortis filed its Answer and Verified Counterclaim on October 5, 2020 , alleging that Pacira breached the Merger Agreement and owes the Escrow Participants $40 million in Milestone Payments . Dkt. 12.25 II. ANALYSIS The Complaint contains seven counts. Count I seeks a declaratory judgment that the MyoScience Securityholders are not entitled to Milestone Payments under Sections 1.15(a)(iv)(1) or 1.15(a)(iv)(2) of the Merger Agreement. Count II asserts that the Individual Defendants breached the Option Holder Letter. Co unt III is a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing against Fortis and the Individual Defendants. Count IV alleges that Kumar breached the Consulting Agreement. Count V alleges Kumar breached his fiduciary dut ies

. Count VI alleges Preciado breach ed her fiduciary dut ies

. Count VII alleges Still aided and abetted Kumar and Preciado in breach ing their fiduciary dut ies

. A. Standard of Review
On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6): (i) all well

- pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even vague allegations are well

- pleaded if they give the opposing party notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non

- moving p arty; and ([iv]) dismissal is inappropriate unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof. Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp. , 812 A.2d 894, 896

– 97 (Del. 2002) ( cleaned up ). Although the pleading standards are minimal , Central Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Cap

. Hldgs

. LLC , 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011) , “a trial court is required to accept only those ‘reasonable inferences that logically flow from the face of the complaint’26 and ‘ is not required to accept every strained interpretation of the allegations proposed by the plaintiff.’” In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig. , 897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del. 2006) (quoting Malpiede v. Townson , 780 A.2d 1075, 1083 (Del. 2001)). “ [A] claim m ay be dismissed if allegations in the complaint or in the exhibits incorporated into the complaint effectively negate the claim as a matter of law.” Malpiede , 780 A.2d at 1083.
B. Alleged Breach of the Option Holder Letter
C ount II alleges that each of th e Individual Defendants breached the Option Holder Letter by violating Section 1.15 (e) of the Merger Agreement . The parties do not dispute that the Option Holder Letter incorporate s Section 1.15(e). Section 1.15(e)(i) (the “Exclusive Right Provision”) pr ovides that the “sole and exclusive right of the Escrow Participants under this Section 1.15 will be to receive, subject to the other terms of this Agreement, the Milestone Payments payable pursuant to this Section 1.15.” Section 1.15(e)(ii) (the “ Sole Discretion Provision ”) provides that Pacira “will have the right to operate the business of [ Pacira CryoTech ] as it chooses, in its sole discretion, except as expressly set forth in this Section 1.15.” Plaintiffs fuse these provisions to impose contractua l obligations upon the Individual Defendants.
“I n order to survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a breach of contract claim, the plaintiff must demonstrate: first, the existence of the contract, whether27 express or implied; second, the breach of an obligation imposed by that contract; and third, the resultant damage to the plaintiff .” VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett

- Packard
Co. , 840 A.2d 606, 612 (Del. 2003)

. Plaintiffs argue the Merger Agreement ( through the Option Holder Letter ) imposes an obligati on on the Individual Defendants to refrain from interfering in Pacira’s internal affairs or operations. The Merger Agreement does not provide for such an express obligation. Plaintiffs derive that obligation, however, from the Sole Discretion Provision, which they claim gives Pacira “the exclusive right to operate Pacira CryoTech free from interference , ” 120 and the Exclusive Right Provision, which Plaintiffs assert imposes on the Individual Defendants an obligation to “limit their post

- merger role to poten tially receiving milestone payments.” 121 According
to Plaintiffs , the Individual Defendants breached this obligation in two ways. First, they attempted to “influence and instruct” 122 Pacira CryoTech employees to achieve the “ minimum threshold necessary to trigger the CMS Reimbursement Milestones.” 123 Second , the Individual Defendants “prevented Pacira from working with Gail Daubert” by retaining her first. 124 Plaintiffs allege that Pacira suffered

120 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 15

– 16

. 121 Id

. at 49.
122 Compl. ¶ 258.
123 Id

. ¶ 165

. 124 Id

. ¶ 258.28 damages “ including, but not limited to, the deprivation of P acira’s negotiated contractual rights, the loss of valuable, confidential information, and the time and money Pacira has been forced to expend due to the Individual Defendants’ retention of Daubert .” 125 The Individual Defendants respond that Section 1.15(e ) “does not impose any obligations on Individual Defendants or prohibit them from taking any action.” 126 Section 1.15(e), on their reading, serves instead as a “disclaimer of any obligation” by Pacira to “make payments to the former MyoScience securityholders under Section 1.15 other than the Milestone Payments if they are achieved or . . . [to] operate the company in a specific way following the Merger except as otherwise set forth in Section 1.15. ” 127 Where, as here, the meaning of a contract is in dispute, the court must “give priority to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the four corners of the agreement, construing the agreement as a whole and giving effect to all its provisions.” Salamone v . Gorman , 106 A.3d 354, 368 (Del. 2014 ) (internal quotation s omitted). In doing so, the court must read a contract so as not to render any part of the contract “mere surplusage,” Kuhn Const., Inc. v. Diamond State Port Corp. , 990 A.2d 393,

125 Id

. ¶ 2 96

. 126 Indiv. Defs.’ Op ening Br. 3 6

. 127 Id

. at 3 4

– 3 5

.29 396

– 97 (Del. 20 10), or “ illusory or meaningless .” O’Brien v. Progressive Northern
Ins. Co ., 785 A.2d 281, 287 (Del. 2001). The court must also “interpret clear and unambiguous terms according to their ordinary meaning.” Riverbend Cmty., LLC v. Green Stone Eng’g, LLC , 55 A.3d 330, 335 (Del. 2012). “A contract is not rendered ambiguous simply because the parties do not agree upon its proper construction. Rather, a contract is ambiguous only when the provisions in controversy are reasonably or fairly susceptible of diff erent interpretations or may have two or more different meanings.” Rhone

–

Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co. , 616 A.2d 1192, 1196 (Del. 1992). Plaintiffs argue that “[o]n its face, Section 1.15(e) imposes a clear obligation on the Escrow Participants.” 128 As evidence for this proposition, Plaintiffs cite to the Exclusive Right Provision. This argument ignores the plain language of Section 1.15(e). Nowhere does that section use the term “obligation” with respect to the Escrow Participants . The only pertinent reference in Section 1.15(e) to any obligation concerns Pacira : [MyoScience] and the Securityholders’ Representative on behalf of each Escrow Participant acknowledge and agree that, without limiting the provisions and obligations of [MyoScience] in this Section 1.15 . . . [Pacira] is not under any obligation to provide any specific level of investment or financial assistance to the Surviving Corporation or to undertake any specific actions (or to refrain from taking any specific actio ns) with respect to the

128 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 50

.30 operation of the Surviving Corporation, except as expressly set forth in this Section 1.15. 129 Plaintiffs also fail to explain how a reference to the Escrow Participants’ “sole and exclusive ” right to receive the Milestone Payments could reasonably be read as imposing an affirmative obligation on them. Because the agreement does not contain any la nguage demonstrating that the parties intended to impose obligations on the Escrow Holders, I conclude that Section 1.15(e) of the Merger Agreement unambiguously does not impose any obligation on the Individual Defendants. Read within the context of the other provisions of Section 1.15, the Sole Discretion Provision defines the scope of Pacira’s obligations to make Milestone Payments to the Escrow Holders under the Merger Agreement’s Milestone Payment provisions in Section 1 .15(a). Section 1.15(d) provides that Pacira “shall operate [Pacira CryoTech ] in good faith in the context of this Section 1.15 and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to achieve the Milestones.” 130 Further refining Pacira’s specific obligations, Se ction 1.15(e)(iii) states that Pacira need not “provide any specific level of investment or financial assistance ” to Pacira CryoTech to achieve the milestones or to “undertake any specific actions (or to refrain from taking any specific actions) with respe ct to [its] operation.”

129 Merger Ag’t. § 1

. 15 ( e ).
130 For a detailed discussion of efforts clauses, see Akorn, Inc. v. Fresenius Kabi AG , 2018 WL 4719347, at *85

– 86 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1, 2018), aff’d , 198 A.3d 724 (Del. 2018).31 Section 1.15(e) operates as a disclaimer of Pacira’s obligations to engage in any conduct beyond that specified in the Merger Agreement. As this court has noted when interpreting a similar provision giving the purchaser “sole dis cretion with regard to all matters relating to the operation of the Business,” these provisions “set a contractual standard by which to evaluate whether [the buyer’s] failure to achieve and pay [the] Milestones was improper.” Himawan v. Cephalon , 2018 WL 6822708 , at *8 (Del. Ch. Dec

. 28, 2018 ) (“paraphras[ing]” Fortis Advisors LLC v. Dialog Semiconductor PLC , 2015 WL 401371, at *5 (Del. Ch. Jan. 30, 2015) ) ; s ee also , e.g. , Neurvana Med

. , LLC v. Balt USA, LLC , 2020 WL 949917 , at *2, *14 (Del. Ch. Feb. 27, 2 021) (earn

- out provision gave buyer the “ sole discretion and authority post

- closing to make decisions concerning all matters relating to [the acquired product]” provided it used commercially reasonable efforts to achieve a CE marking milestone (internal qu otations omitted) ); Lazard Tech. P ’rs

. , LLC v. Qinetiq N. Am. Operations LLC , 114 A.3d 193 , 196 ( Del. 2015) (earn

- out provision “ left the buyer free to conduct its business post

- closing in any way it chose so long as it did not act with the intent to reduce or limit the earn

- out payment ”); ev3, Inc. v. Lesh , 114 A.3d
527 , 528 (Del. 2014) (earn

- out provision imposed obligation on buyer to fund and
pursue certain regulatory milestones in its “sole discretion, to be exercised in good faith ”).32 The Plaintif fs ask this court to read the Sole Discretion Provision as imposing an obligation on the Escrow Holders to refrain from making any efforts to communicate with Pacira employees or the authorities that determine reimbursement
rates which affect the calculati on of the Milestone Payments. Plaintiffs cite no case where the court read a similar provision as imposing the obligation Plaintiffs seek to impose here. If that is what the parties had intended, they could have easily provided for such an obligation in the Merger Agreement or the Option Holder Letter. Section 1.15(e) demonstrates that the parties knew how to specify whether a party is required “to refrain from taking any specific actions” in the post

- closing operations of the business. 131 Likewise, the parties ’ use of the phrase “shall” in Section 1.15(d) to impose legal obligations on Pacira indicates that, had the parties intended to impose an obligation on the Individual Defendants, they would have used the same construction. 132 “[A] s a matter of con tractual interpretation, [courts] should refrain from writing a provision into a contract when the parties could have done so themselves, but chose not to .” Vintage Rodeo Parent, LLC v. Rent

- a - Center, Inc. , 2019 WL 1223026 , at *21 (Del. Ch. Ma r. 14, 2019 ) . Absent any reference to the

131 Merger Ag’t. § 1

. 15 ( e ) (iii) (“ Parent is not under any obligation to provide any specific level of investment or financial assistance t o the Surviving Corporation or to undertake any specific actions (or to refrain from taking any specific actions) with respect to the operation of the Surviving Corporation, except as expressly set forth in this Section 1.15 .”).
132 Id. § 1

. 15 ( d) (“ Followin g the Closing and for the duration of the Milestone Achievement Period, Parent shall operate the Surviving Corporation in good faith in the context of this Section 1.15 and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to achieve the Milestones .”).33 obligations of the Escrow Holders, the plain meaning of Section 1.15 is not susceptible to the Plaintiffs’ interpretation. Because Section 1.15(e) plainly does not impose any obligation on the Individual Defendants, the Plai ntiffs have failed to specify an obligation that the Individual Defendants breached. Count II is accordingly dismissed for failure to state a claim.
C. Claim for Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
C ount III alleges that Fortis and the “MyoScience stockholders, through Fortis Advisors” violated an implied covenant that Fortis “would only make proper, good

faith demands for payments under the Merger Agreement’s milestone provisions.” 133 The Complaint further alleges that For tis and the Individual Defendants have breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by engaging “in conduct intended to frustrate Pacira’s rights to receive the full benefits of the Merger Agreement by making demands for M ilestone P ayments, that are not, in fact, due .” 134
The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing “attaches to every contract by operation of law , ” Metr o. Life Ins. Co. v. Tremont Grp. Hldgs, Inc. , 2012 WL

133 Compl. ¶ 261.
134 Id

. ¶ 263.34 6632681, at * 15 (Del. Ch. Dec. 12, 2012), and is “best underst ood as a way of implying terms in the agreement

. ” E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Pressman , 679 A.2d 436, 443 (Del. 1996) . The doctrine “ ensures that the parties deal honestly and fairly with each other when addressing gaps in their agreement. ” Glaxo Gr p
. Ltd. v. DRIT LP , 248 A.3d 911 , 919 ( Del. 2021) . It requires “a party in a contractual relationship to refrain from arbitrary or unreasonable conduct which has the effect of preventing the other party to the contract from receiving the fruits of the bargain.” Dunlap v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. , 878 A.2d 434, 442 (Del. 2005) (internal quotation s omitted )

. The doctrine most often “comes into play in two situations”: (1) “ when it is argued that a situation has arisen that was unforeseen by the parties and where the agreement ’ s express terms do not cover what should happen ” or (2) “ when a party to the contract is given discretion to act as to a certain subject and it is argued that the discretion has been used in a way that is impliedly proscribed by the contract ’ s express terms. ” Oxbow Carbon & Minerals Hldgs

. , Inc. v. Crestview

- Oxbow Acquisition, LLC , 202 A.3d 482 , 504 n.93 (Del. 2019)

.

“ In order to plead successfully a breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, the plaintiff must allege a specific implied contractual obligation, a breach of that obligation by the defendant, and resulting damage to the plaintiff .” Fitzgerald v. Cantor , 1998 WL 842316 , at *1 (Del. Ch. Nov. 10, 1998). “ When35 presented with an implied covenant claim, a court first must engage in the process of contract construction t o determine whether there is a gap that needs to be filled. ” Allen v. El Paso Pipeline GP Co. , 113 A.3d 167 , 183 (Del. Ch. 2014). “ During this phase, the court decides whether the language of the contract expressly covers a particular issue, in which cas e the implied covenant will not apply, or whether the contract is silent on the subject, revealing a gap that the implied covenant might fill. ” Id

. “ [O] ne generally cannot base a claim for breach of the implied covenant on conduct authorized by the terms of the agreement.” Glaxo Grp

. Ltd. , 248 A.3d at 920. Put differently, the court may not use the doctrine to recognize any obligations that “ negate an unrestricted contractual right authorized by an agreement ” or prohibit conduct that the contract a uthorizes. Id

. at 921.

“ Even where the contract is silent as to the conduct in question , an interpreting court cannot use an implied covenant to re

- write the agreement between the parties, and should be most chary about implying a contractual protection w hen the contract could easily have been drafted to expressly provide for it .” Oxbow , 202 A.3d at 507 ( cleaned up). Doing so would give the parties “ contractual protections that they failed to secure for themselves at the bargaining table.” El Paso Pipel ine , 113 A.3d
at 183

– 84 (quoting Aspen Advisors LLC v. United Artists Theatre Co. , 843 A.2d 697, 707 (Del. Ch. 2004 ) , aff ’ d , 861 A.2d 1251 (Del. 2004) ). Permissible considerations at this stage include, for example, whether the “ expectations of the parties were so36 fundamental that it is clear that they did not feel a need to negotiate about them ,” Allied Cap

. Corp. v. GC

- Sun Hldgs

. , L.P. , 910 A.2d 1020 , 1033 (Del. Ch. 2006), or whether the gap arises due to reasonably unforeseeable contingencies. El Paso Pipeline , 113 A.3d at 184 (noting that “[e] ven the most skilled and sophisticated parties will necessarily fail to address a future state of the world” ) ( cleaned up ).

“ Assuming a gap exists and the court determines that it should be filled, the

co urt must determine how to fill it. ” Id

. At this stage, the court “ seeks to enforce the parties’ contractual bargain by implying only those terms that the parties would have agreed to during their original negotiations if they had thought to address them. ” Gerber v. Enter. Prods. Hldgs., LLC , 67 A. 3d 400, 418 (Del. 2013 ). Because

“ a court can only imply a contractual obligation when the express terms of the contract indicate that the parties would have agreed to the obligation had they negotiated the iss ue, the plaintiff must advance provisions of the agreement that support this finding in order to allege sufficiently a specific implied contractual obligation.” Fitzgerald , 1998 WL 842316 , at *1 . The court “ must assess the parties ’ reasonable expectations at the time of contracting and not rewrite the contract to appease a party who later wishes to rewrite a contract [s] he now believes to have been a bad deal .” Nemec v. Shrader , 991 A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010). Proving breach of the implied claim “does not depend on the breaching party’s mental state.” ASB Allegiance Real Est. Fund v. Scion Breckenridge Managing37 Member, LLC, 50 A.3d 434, 442 (Del . Ch. 2012), rev’d on other grounds , 68 A.3d 665 (Del. 2013). The implied covenant therefore “does not require that a party [to] have acted in subjective good faith.” El Paso Pipeline , 113 A.3d at 183.
1. Bad Faith Claim Against Fortis for Improper Demands Plaintiffs argue that the Complaint states a claim for breach of the implied

cov enant because : (1) Fortis had an obligation to refrain from making “premature, bad

- faith, and/or baseless demands” for payment under the Merger Agreement; 135 (2) Fortis violated that obligation by making such demands; 136 and (3) Pacira suffered damages becau se it was denied the “full benefits” 137 of the Merger Agreement and because it had to “expend resources” to respond to such demands. 138 Plaintiffs advance two broad points to support this claim . First, they argue the Merger Agreement contains a “gap” regarding payment demands from Fortis as the Securityholders’ Representative insofar as the “parties did not contract for Fortis to submit demands for payment” and “did not appear even to have contemplated that possibility.” 139 Second, Plaintiffs urge the court to fill that gap with an implied

135 Compl. ¶ 262 ; s ee id. ¶ 261.
136 Id. ¶ 262

. 137 Id. ¶ 263 ; s ee id. ¶ 267.
138 Id. ¶ 26 8

. 139 Pls.’ Ans. Br

. 21

– 22

.38 prohibition against the making of “bad

- faith payment demands” because Pacira will otherwise be denied “ numerous post

- merger benefits .” 140 The Plaintiffs’ argument fails at step one of the implied covenant analysis bec ause the Merger Agreement addresses the issue of demands from the Securityholders’ Representative. There is no gap. Plaintiffs did contract for specific circumstances in which Fortis is entitled to make demands of Pacira related to the satisfaction of mi lestones, and to which Pacira has an obligation to respond. Section 1.15(f) of the Merger Agreement expressly provides that, “in the event of a dispute with respect to any audit conducted or report provided under Section 1.15(f)” the Securityholders’ Repr esentative “shall deliver an objection notice” to Pacira. 141 Section 1.15(f) also requires both parties to “work in good faith to resolve” the disagreement and provides that, if the parties fail to reach agreement, they shall submit their dispute to a mutu ally agreed upon accounting firm for resolution. 142 Section 1.15(f) also imposes an express limit ation on Fortis’s ability to lodge objections under Section 1.15

— “in no event shall the Securityholders’

140 Id

. at 29 ; s ee id. at 18

– 19

. 141 Merger Ag’t § 1.15(f)(ii).
142 Id.39 Representative be entitled to submit a Milestone Objec tion Notice more than once in any fiscal year.” 143
Plaintiffs argue that Section 1.15(f) addresses a different subject matter

— not payment demands, but milestone reports

— and is limited to a narrow range of disputes involving “audits” of financial informatio n. 144 But that point only serves to undermine Plaintiffs’ argument. Plaintiffs’ argument thus concedes that the parties contracted for specific circumstances in which Fortis’s ability to make demands of Pacira is circumscribed. And they did so in the nar row context of Fortis demanding financial information from Pacira to confirm whether certain milestones involving

“ calculations ” and “measurements” have been satisfied. What follows from this is not that the contract contains a gap regarding Fortis’s dema nds in all other circumstances. To the contrary, it confirms both that the parties agreed to place no restrictions on the ability of Fortis to make demands for payment from Pacira and, correspondingly, placed no obligation on Pacira to respond to any such demands. 145

143 Id

. In addition, Section 1.15(f)(i) expressly provides that “no more than once per fiscal year” the Securityholders’ Representative s hall have the right to access “the financial books and records of Parent to the extent relating to the achievement or non

- achie vement of the Milestones.” Merger Ag’t § 1.15(f)(i). It also provides that, under certain circumstances, “Parent may restrict the foregoing access” in the exercise of its “good faith, reasonable judgment.” Id.
144 Pls.’ Ans. Br

. 22

– 23

. 145 Plaintiffs off er no authority for their assertion that the absence of any provision addressing unsolicited payment demands “suggests, at a minimum, that they are disfavored, if not outright disallowed.” Pls.’ Ans. Br

. 24

. U sing the implied covenant to40 That is particularly apt here. “W e do not ordinarily speak of one’s entitlement to make a demand of any sort; demands are simply made and, once they are made, the question is not whether one was entitled to make the demand, but whether there is a legal obligation to comply with it.” Schick Inc. v. Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union , 533 A.2d 1235, 1240 (Del. Ch. 1987) . The existence of Section 1.15(f) demonstrates that had the parties wanted to curtail or restrain Fortis’s ability to make the types of demands for payment about which Pacira now complains, the
contract “ could easily have been drafted to expressly provide for it .” Oxbow , 202 A.3d at 507. Plaintiffs respond that the parties failed to provide for a prohibition against bad faith demands not because they intended to leave all demands outside of the narrow context of Section 1.15(f) unregulated, but rather because such a prohibition was “too obvious to need expression.” 146 In support of that proposition, Plaintiffs point to what they extol as “ clear Delaware precedent ” 147

— a bench ruling by then

Vice Chancellor Strine in HCP CH1 Saddle River, LLC v. Sunrise Senior Living

create such a ru le would “create a free

- floating [negative] duty . . . unattached to the underlying legal document.” Dunlap v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. , 878 A.2d 434, 44 1 (Del. 2005)

. 146 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 26 (quoting Dieckman v. Regency GP LP , 155 A.3d 358, 368 (Del. 2017)).
147 Id. at 20

.41 Services, Inc. , C.A. No. 4691

- VCS (Del. Ch. Dec. 9, 2009) (TRANSCRIPT) (“ Saddle River ”). Setting aside Plaintiffs’ assertion that a transcript ruling is “clear Delaware precedent , ” 148 Saddle River does not support the Plaintiffs’ argument. In Saddle
River , the counterclaim

- defendant, “HCP”, acquired a portfolio of senior living facilities operated by counterclaim

- plaintiff, “Sunrise”, pursuant to certain management agreements. 149 HCP tried to renegotiate the agreements but Sunrise resisted. 150 HCP then tried to pressure Sunrise to renegotiate the agreements by exercising certain discretionary contract ual rights in a manner tha t Sunrise alleged

was oppressive

— such as serial demands for audits and other irrelevant information. 151 In denying a motion to dismiss an implied covenant claim alleging that HCP had “repeatedly made demands of Sunrise in bad faith, ” 152 the court held that Sunrise had sufficiently ple a d ed that “ HCP used its contractual discretion in bad faith by engaging in harassing conduct designed to put financial and other kinds of pressure on Sunrise to renegotiate.” Saddle River , C.A. No. 4691

- VCS Hrg. Tr. at

148 Cf

. Day v. Diligence, Inc. , 2020 WL 2214377, at *1 (Del. Ch. May 7, 2020 ) (“ Transcript Rulings generally have no precedential value in this Court and they should ordinarily not be relied on as precedent

— at most they offer pers uasive authority .”).
149 Saddle River , C.A. No. 4691

- VCS ( Dkt. 44 (Ans. & Verified Countercl

. ) ¶¶ 1

– 4 )

. 150 Id. ¶ ¶ 5 , 15.
151 Id . ¶¶ 8

– 9, 18

– 19, 24, 28, 35

– 36

. 152 Id. ¶ 35.42 55:7

– 10 . The court made clear that the violation of the implied covenant claim concerned HCP’s abuse of its “contractual power

. ” Id. at 11:16

– 21; see id

. at 12:2

– 6 (“THE COURT: . . . They point to the provisions of the contract that deal with these things, and, yeah, they have a right to ask for information, they don ’ t have a right to change their mind a million times, basically to do it pretexturally [sic] just to drive us crazy .” (emphasis added) )

. Unlike in Saddle River , where the counterclaim defendant had express, unconditional contractual rights to seek books and records and discretionary rights to refuse to approve the counterclaim plaintiff’s operating budget and capital expenditures, the Merger Agreement here does not require Pacira to respond to any unsolicited communication from Fortis outside the limited context of Section 1.15(f). In Saddle River , the express contractual rights were the necessary factual predicate for the implied obli gation not to exercise those rights in a harassing manner with the aim of depriv ing the counterparty of its contract rights . Here, by contrast, Pacira ha s no obligation to respond to any of Fortis’s demands until after Pacira sends Fortis a written report pursuant to Section 1.15(f). Because Fortis’s demands for milestone payments were not in response to a written report pursuant to Section 1.15(f)(i), Pacira was free to dismiss any request s related to the CMS Milestones out43 of hand. 153 Saddle River is thus consistent with well

- established authority that “[w]hen a contract confers discretion on one party, the implied covenant requires that the discretion be used reasonably and in good faith.” See Airborne Health, Inc. v. Squid Soap, LP , 984 A.2d 126, 146

– 47 (Del. Ch. 2009) ; see id. at 147 n.1 (collecting authorities). 154 In any event, Plaintiffs have failed to plead sufficient facts to show that the communications sent to Pacira by Fortis or by Still on behalf of Fortis constituted harassment or “oppressive or underhanded tactics.” Chamison v. HealthTrust

- Hosp.
Co. , 735 A.2d 912, 920 (Del. Ch. 1999) ; see id. at 920

– 23 (noting that defendant HealthTrust, Inc. acted oppressively by refusing to “pay the reasonable fees and expenses of [defense] counsel selected by [HealthTrust]” pursuant to an indemnification provision by demanding that plaintiff Chamison accept an attorney who “contemplated a group defense strategy that ignored Chamison ’ s unique

153 Merger Ag’t § 1.15(f)(i). Plaintiffs likewise have not alleged or argued that Pacira had a contractual obligation to respond to any of what Pacira characterizes as Fortis’s allegedly “premature, bad

- faith, and/or baseless demands” made between April and August 2019. Compl. ¶¶ 144, 261.
154 Compare Travel Servs. Network, Inc. v. Presidential Fin. Corp. of Mass ., 959 F.Supp. 135, 141 (D. Conn. 1997) (observing that “ Ma ssachusetts courts have left open the possibility that in certain circumstances lenders may violate the implied covenant by the manner in which they exercise express contractual rights” (emphasis in original)), with CSL Behring, LLC v. Bayer Healthcare, LL C , 2019 WL 4451368, at *4 (D. Del. Sept. 17, 2019) (“A defendant does not violate the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing merely by acting in its own self

- interest while also performing its express obligations under the contract.” (applying New York law) (internal quotations omitted)).44 defenses” (emphasis omitted ) ), aff’d , 748 A.2d 407 (Del. 2000)

. Nor have Plaintiffs alleged that Fortis’s demands for Milestone Payments were a pretext for some other
purpose. Cf. Saddle River , C.A. 4691

- VCS Hrg. Tr. at 12:2

– 6 (describing claim that demands were made pretextual ly ). The Complaint describes four separate instances of correspondence directed at Pacira by or on behalf of Fortis. While the Complaint asserts that counsel for the Securityholders’ Representative, Davis Malm, sent Pacira “multiple emails and letters to Pacira between April and August 2019 prematurely demanding payment” 155 related to one of the Regulatory Milestones not at issue here, the Complaint cites just two. The first is an August 26, 2019 email stating that Fortis “expects to receive payment for the Milestone on Friday, August 30, 2019.” 156 The second is an August 2 8, 2019 email stating that “[a] failure to receive a CMS reimbursement in 2020 is by all means unacceptable.” 157 With respect to the CMS Milestone Payments, Plaintiffs point to two letters from Fortis

— a May 29, 2020 letter requesting that Pacira “inform [ the MyoScience Securityholders ] of the plans for the payment of $40 million within one week” 158 and a June 8, 2020 reply to Pacria’s response letter, expressing “confiden[ce] . . .

155 Compl. ¶ 144.
156 Id. ¶ 14 5

. 157 Id. ¶ 154.
158 Id. ¶ 222.45 that all of the codes identified can be used for procedures using i overa, an d that they include codes under which i overa procedures were billed in the past.” 159
These emails are non - threatening business communications. Even when the two emails from 2019 are considered in connection with Fortis’s 2020 demand letters related to the CMS Milestone Payments

— sent ten months later

— these communications fall far short of a “conscious, persistent campaign to put pressure on somebody to renegotiate by making their life hellacious

. ” Saddle River at 10:6

– 8

. “ Despite the appearance in its name of the terms ‘ good faith ’ and ‘ fair dealing, ’ the covenant does not establish a free

- floating requirement that a party act in some morally commendable sense . . . [n] or does satisfying the implied covenant necessarily req uire that a party have acted in subjective good faith .” El Paso Pipeline , 113 A.3d at 182

– 83 (internal citations omitted). Plaintiffs’ other argument, that these emails constitute “bad faith” because Fortis understood them to be baseless, is itself wi thout merit. Plaintiff s ’ only ground for that assertion is an excerpt from a November 4, 2019 email to (not from) Still from Chris Anson, the Director of M&A at Fortis, expressing an intent to use “ambiguous language [in the Merger Agreement] to pressure [Pacira] to pay

159 Id. ¶ 235.46 [milestone payments] quickly

. ” 160 Plaintiffs offer no context for the email. 161 Even if I draw the inference that Anson was referring to the CMS Regulatory Milestone payments in light of CMS’s publication of the finalized reimbursement rate s on November 1, 2019, the statement fails to establish that Anson or Still understood Fortis’s demands to be baseless. At most, it shows that they understood the contract to be susceptible to multiple meanings, some of which were more favorable to its
po sition than others. Fortis was and remains free to leverage perceived ambiguities in the contract to advance its positions

— just as Plaintiffs have sought to do in this action. See ASB Allegiance, 50 A.3d at 442 ( “ P roving a breach of contract claim does not depend on the breaching party’s mental state .”). Plaintiffs have also failed to plead sufficient facts to support their assertion that Pacira was denied “multiple benefits of the bargain.” 162 Plaintiffs assert that Fortis denied Pacira the right to operate Pacira CryoTech “as it chooses, in its sole discretion.” 163 But Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts from which it can be reasonably inferred that any letters from Fortis demanding Milestone Payments

160 Compl. ¶ 148.
161 Aside from the language quoted, neither side to this action has submitted the email into the record on this motion

. 162 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 2 7. 163 Id . at 29.47 under the Merger Agreement deprived Pacira of its ability to operate Pacira CryoTech as it chose or the benefits of the M erger. For these reasons, the motion to dismiss Count III as to Fortis for failure to state a claim is granted in its entirety.
2. Im proper Interference Claims
P laintiffs separately argue that the Individual Defendants “frustrated Pacira’s rights to receive the full benefits of the Merger Agreement ” by “i nterfering in Pacira’s relationships ” and “ denying Pacira the rights and privilege s it acquired pursuant to Section 1.4 of the Merger Agreement.” 164 Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that Individual Defendants have interfered in Pacira’s internal affairs by “attempting to commandeer and misdirect Pacira employees.” 165 Plaintiffs also conte nd that the “rights” and “privileges” Pacira obtained in Section 1.4 of the Merger Agreement includes an implied covenant protecting any “external relationships” that MyoScience had

— specifically, the relationship with Daubert. 166 Plaintiffs then assert tha t this implied covenant extends to the Individual Defendants. The Individual Defendants contend that they are not proper defendants for the implied covenant claims under the Merger Agreement because Fortis is the

164 Compl. ¶ 264.
165 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 1.
166 Id.48 Securityholders’ Representative and the o nly party against whom these claim s can be asserted. 167 Plaintiffs argue, however, that their implied covenant claims can proceed against the Individual Defendants. 168 Plaintiffs rely on S hare holder Rep resentative Serv ice s , LLC v. RSI Holdco, LLC , 2019 WL 2207452, at *6

- 7 (Del. Ch. May 22, 2019), where the court permitted unjust enrichment claims to proceed against a group of former stockholders who also had a designated stockholder representative representing their interests under the merger agre ement. In that case, the court allowed the unjust enrichment claims to proceed against the individuals because the seller alleged that the contract itself was a product of fraud. Thus, the sellers sought to recover monies that the individuals had receive d from the merger in excess of the value of the company at the time the merger closed. Id . at *6. Unlike
in RSI Holdco , Plaintiffs’ implied covenant claim is based upon the terms of the Merger Agreement and assumes its validity. Even if the claims could be asserted directly against the Individual Defendants, Plaintiffs have not identified a gap in the contract or to any “express terms of the contract” indicating that the parties would have agreed to impose

167 Indiv. Defs.’ Op ening Br. 40 (citing Fortis Advisors LLC v. Allergan W.C. Holding Inc. , 2020 WL 2498068, at *3 ( Del. Ch. May 14, 2020 ) (“The contractual appointment of a shareholder representative to bring certain actions makes that representative the real party in interest in those actions.”))

. 168 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 54

– 56.49 obligations on the Individual Defendants to refra in from communicating with or recruiting Pacira’s current or former employees. Fitzgerald , 1998 WL 842316 at *1

. “[A] court should be cautious when implying a contractual obligation and do so only where obligations which can be understood from the text o f the written agreement have nevertheless been omitted from the agreement in the literal sense .” Id. I f the parties had wanted to prohibit the selling stockholders from engaging with or soliciting information from Pacira or Pacira CryoTech employees, “ the contract could easily have been drafted to expressly provide for it.” Oxbow , 202 A.3d at 50 7. 169 Implying such a covenant would grant Plaintiffs contractual protections they

“ failed to secure for themselves at the bargaining table

. ” Aspen Advisors LLC , 843 A.2d at 707

. 170

169 See, e.g. , EBP Lifestyle Brands Hldgs., Inc. v. Boulbain , 2017 WL 3328363, at *2 (Del. Ch. Aug. 4, 2017) (describing non

- compete covenant in Stockholders’ Agreement prohibiting a stockholder and former employee from “directly or indirectly (i) solicit[ing] or induc[ing], or attempt[ing] to solicit or induce or assist any Person in soliciting or inducing any employee or sales representative of [EBP] or any subsidiary to leave the employ or engagement of [EBP] or such subsidiary, or in any way interfere with the relationship between [EBP] or any subsidiary and any such employee or sales representative thereof”)

. 170 See Angela C. Zambrano, Robert Velevis & Frank J. Favia Jr., What Private Equity Sponsors Need to Know About an Implied Permanent Nonsolicitation Covenant Under New York Law , W ESTLAW TODAY , Mar. 16, 2020, Doc. No. 2020 PRINDBRF 0055 (“ Noncompetition and nonsolicitation restrictive covenants are familiar tools often used in mergers and acquisitions to encourage retention of key employees of a sold business and to discourage the seller or key employees from poaching important customers or suppliers post

- sale. ”); Krishna Veeraraghavan & Bradley S. King, Considerations in Carve

- Out Transactions , T HE M & A L AW ., Nov./Dec. 2019, at 7 (noting that a “no

- poach” or “non

-50 Nor can Plaintiffs rely on Section 1.4 to support their claim that Still’s hiring of Daubert on behalf of Fortis violated the implied covenant. Section 1.4 of the Merger Agreement provides that, as a result of the M erger, “ all the property, rights, privileges, powers and franchises of the Company and Merger Sub will ves t in [Pacira CryoTech]” and the debts and liabilities of the Company and Merger Sub will become debts and liabilities of the Pacira CryoTech. 171 Section 1.4 is not among the provisions of the Merger Agreement to which the Individual Defendants became bound under Paragraph “a” of the Option Holder Letter. It does not impose any affirmative obligations on the Individual Defendants

. Even if the Individual Defendants had consented to Section 1.4, Plaintiffs have again failed to identify a gap in the Merger Agreement that would license the application of the implied covenant to prohibit Still’s interactions with Daubert

— whether in his individual capacity or on behalf of Fortis. Section 1.4 mirrors Section 259 of the Delaware General Corporation Law , w hich provides that following a merger, “all property, rights, privileges, powers and franchises, and all and every other interest shall be thereafter as effectually the property of the surviving or resulting corporation . . . .” 172 In interpreting the stat ute, this court has held that

solicitation” covenant is “[a]nother post

- closing commitment commonly sought by buyers ” in carve

- out M&A transactions)

. 171 Merger Ag’t. § 1. 4

. 172 8 Del. C. § 259.51 “a ttorney

- client privilege

— like all other privileges

— passes to the surviving corporation in the merger as a matter of law. ” Great Hill Equity P ’rs

. IV, LP v. SIG Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP , 80 A.3d 155, 159 (Del. Ch. 2013). Plaintiffs seek to transform Pacira’s contracted

- for right to privileged information obtained by Daubert over the course of her representation of MyoScience into an exclusive implied contractual right to prohibit Fortis from hiring Daubert when she was no longer engaged by MyoScience or Pacira . But Section 1.4 shows that the Merger Agreement already addresses that issue; the Merger Agreement provides for Pacira’s right to the privileged information in Daubert’s possession. Plaintiffs’ effort to expand the terms “rights” and “privileges” in Section 1.4

— a provision to which the Individual Defendants are not parties

— to create an implied covenant claim against the Individual Defendants for retaining a former outside counsel to MyoScience is untenable

. T his co urt may not imply a valuable term that Plaintiffs failed to secure for themselves. 173 There is no gap in the contract to be filled. 174 For the foregoing reasons, the motion to dismiss Count III for failure to state a claim against the Individual Defendant s is granted in its entirety.

173 See Lou R. Kling & Eileen T. Nugent, Negotiated Acquisitions of Companies, Subsidiaries and Divisions § 18.07[4], at 18

- 44 (2021 ed.) (“Restrictive covenants such as non - competition and non

- solicitation agreements are often valued elements of a corporate transaction.”).
174 Plaintiffs do not allege that Daubert violated, or that Still sought to induce Daubert to violate, her duty to safeguard Pacira CryoTech’s privileged information.52 D. The Individual Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Claims for Breach of Contract, Breach of Fiduciary Duty , and Aiding and Abetting
T he Individual Defendants have moved to dismiss Counts IV, V, VI , and VII for lack of personal jurisdiction over each of the Individual Defendants. 175 None of the Individual Defendants is a Delaware resident , and the Complaint alleges no facts indicating they have had any contacts with Delaware.
1. Motion to Dismiss for Lack of P ersonal Jurisdiction “On a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(2), the plaintiff has the burden to show a basis for the court’s jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant.” EBG Hldgs. LLC v. Vredezicht’s Gravenhage 109 B.V. , 2008 WL 4057745, at *4 (Del

. Ch. Sept. 2, 2008). “When evaluating whether plaintiffs have met their burden of showing a basis for jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, Delaware courts invoke a two

- prong test.” Eagle Force Hldgs., LLC v. Campbell , 187 A.3d 1209, 1228 (Del. 201 8) (internal quotation s omitted). “In the first step, the court must determine whether the plaintiff has identified a legally cognizable basis for asserting jurisdiction over the defendant. Typically this involves identifying and meeting the requirements of a statute, such as Delaware ’ s long

- arm statute. Terramar Retail

175 In Section II of their Opening Brief, the Individual Defendants argued that they had not been served in compliance with 10 Del. C. § 3104. Indiv. Defs.’ Op ening Br

. 27

– 30

. On December 7, 2020, the Individual Defendants stipulated and agreed to accept service of the Complaint and withdrew all arguments in Section II. Dkt. 28. The stipulation and proposed order related to service of process was granted on the same day . Dkt. 29.53 Ctrs., LLC v. Marion #2

- Seaport Tr. U/A/D/ June 21, 2002 , 2017 WL 3575712, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2017), aff’d , 184 A.3d 1290 (Del. 2018)

. 176 Next , t he Court must engage in a due process inquiry to determine whether the “ nonresident defendant has sufficient minimum contacts with Delaware ” so as to “reasonably anticipate being required to defend itself in Delaware’s courts.” Eagle Force Hldgs. , 187 A.3d at 1228 ( cleaned up ). Yet “ [w]here a party commits to the jurisdiction of a particular court or forum by contract, such as through a forum selection clause, a ‘minimum contacts’ analysis is not required as it should clearly anticipate being required to litigate in that forum.” Id. ( citations omitted). In evaluating a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the “ court may consider the pleadings, affidavits, and any discovery of record.” EBG Hldgs. , 2008 WL 4057745, at *4. If “no evidentiary hearing has been held and di scovery has not been taken, plaintiffs need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction, and the record will be construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Id

.

176 If the Long Arm Statute does not permit the exercise of general jurisdiction over the defendant, then the Court must examine whether there is a “sufficient nexus” between the defendant’s “ forum

- directed conduct and [each] claim being asserted .” Ter ramar Retail Ctrs. , LLC , 2017 WL 3575712, at *8

.54 2. The Scope of the Individual Defendants ’ Consent to Jurisdiction Under the Merger Agreement Plaintiffs argue that this c ourt has jurisdiction over the breach of fiduciary duty claims against Kumar and Preciado because they agreed, by signing the Option Holder Letter, to the exclusive forum provision in Section 9.7 of the Merger Agreement

. 177 The Individual Defendants respond that t hey did not agree to be bound by Section 9. 7 of the Merger Agreement , and even if they did, Counts IV

- VII do not “arise out of the Merger Agreement or the matters contemplated [t]herein. ” 178 Section 9.7 of the Merger Agreement provides, in pertinent part: Each Party irrevocably consents to the exclusive jurisdiction of . . . any state . . . court located in the state of Delaware in connection with any matter based upon or arising out of, or with respect to, this Agreement or the matters cont emplated herein . . . . The exclusive forum provision in Section 9.7 of the Merger Agreement does not, by its terms , apply to the Individual Defendants. That provision expressly applies to each “Party” to the Merger Agreement. None of the Individual De fendants is a Party to the Merger Agreement. The Option Holder Letter bind s the Individual Defendants to certain provisions of the Merger Agreement, but Section 9.7 is not one of them. Paragraph “a” of the Option Holder Letter provides that the Option Holder:

177 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 43

– 44.
178 Indiv. Defs.’ Op ening Br. 22

– 23 (internal quotations omitted )

.55 agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement . . . applicable to “Escrow Participants” . . . in their capacities as such , as applicable to a holder of securities of the type held by the undersigned . . . including the foll owing: Section 1.8 (Company Options, Section 1.11 (Merger Consideration); Section 1.12 (Merger Consideration Payments); Section 1.13 (Working Capital Adjustment Escrow; Indemnity Escrow), Section 1.14 (Post

- Closing Adjustment to Merger Consideration), Sec tion 1.15 (Milestone Consideration) . . . Article VIII (Certain Remedies) (and all defined terms used in any of the foregoing provisions and Article IX to the extent applicable thereto). 179

*** The undersigned consents to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the State of Delaware and consents to personal jurisdiction of and venue in such courts with respect to any and all matters or disputes arising out of this [Option Holder Letter]. 180
Paragraph “a” binds the signatories to specific provisions of the Merger Agreement. Section 9.7 is not among the enumerated provisions. Undeterred, Plaintiffs claim that the Option Holder Letter incorporates all of Article IX, including Section 9.7. 181 That argument is based upon a mischar acteriz ation and partial quotation of the parenthetical in paragraph “a”

. The parenthetical unambiguously includes only the “defined terms” of Article IX. 182

179 Option Holder Ltrs. ¶ (a).
180 Id . ¶ (g).
181 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 46.
182 T he reference to Article IX in the parenthetical is most naturally read as the indirect object in the prepositional phrase “defined terms used in

. ” Thus, the only part of Article56 In signing the Option Holder Letter, the Individual Defendants agreed to be bound to certain terms of the Merger Agreement in their capacities as Escrow Participants, Indemnifying Security Holders, Qualifying Option Holders, and Securityholders. Section 9.7 of the Merg er Agreement makes no reference to any of these groups. It only mentions each “Party” to the Merger Agreement. The breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and aiding and abetting claims in Counts IV through VII are not asserted against the Individu al Defendants in their capacities as stated in the Option Holder Letter. Plaintiffs argue that, even if the Individual Defendants have not consented directly to the jurisdictional provision in the Merger Agreement, they are still bound by proxy . Plaintiff s maintain that the Individual Defendants are subject to personal jurisdiction because the (i) the Individual Defendants consented to have Fortis, as the Securityholders’ Representative, serve as their agent and (ii) Fortis, as a Party to the Merger Agreem ent, consented to be bound by Section 9.7. 183 This argument is unpersuasive for several reasons. First, Plaintiffs’ legal support for this argument is inapposite . In Aveta v. Cavallieri , 23 A.3d 157 (Del. Ch. 2010), the court held that a signatory to a purchase agreement who appoints a

IX that the Option Holder Letter incorporates are the “defined terms used in . . . Article IX.”
183 Pls.’ Ans. Br . 47.57 stockholder representative is bound by the decisions of the stockholder representative as a matter of agency law

. S ee Aveta , 23 A.3d at 163, 168, 170

– 71

. The decision did not involve a party contesting personal jurisdiction , and unlike in
Aveta , the Individual Defendants are not signatories to the Merger Agreement. In
McWane , Inc. v. Lanier , 2015 WL 399582, at *9 (Del. Ch. Jan. 30, 2015), former stockhol ders who had asserted claims in Alabama relating to the merger agreement were held subject to the Delaware forum clause in the merger agreement under an estoppel theory. McWane , 2015 WL 399582, at *6

– 7. Plaintiffs here are not advancing an estoppel theor y for jurisdiction. Neither Aveta nor McWane is applicable here. Second, Pacira’s argument ignores the plain terms of the Option Holder Letter establishing the scope of Fortis’s permissible action. 184 Under Section (a) of the Option Holder Letter, the Ind ividual Defendants agreed to be bound by “any and all actions and the making of any decisions required or permitted to be taken by the Securityholders’ Representative under the Merger Agreement .”

184 See, e.g. , Concors Supply Co., Inc. v. Gieske Int’l , 1990 WL 28567 , at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 5, 1990) (“I n general, a principal is only responsible for the acts of his agent which were done within the course of the agent ’ s employment and withi n the scope of his authority

. ”) ; s ee also Restatement (Second) Agency § 144 (1958) ( “A disclosed or partially disclosed principal is subject to liability upon contracts made by an agent acting within his authority if made in proper form and with the unders tanding that the principal is a party.”); id. § 219 (1) (“A master is subject to liability for the torts of his servants committed while acting in the scope of their employment.”).58 Read together , the Option Holder Letter and the Merger Agr eement give Fortis a role in the distribution of the merger consideration to the Option Holders and authorize Fortis to enforce the Option Holders’ right to receive that consideration. That is consistent with Section (g) of the Option Holder Letter, which grants this c ourt jurisdiction over any claims “arising out of” the Option Holder Letter, including the provisions of the Merger Agreement that the Option Holder Letter incorporate s
. Plaintiffs point to nothing in the Merger Agreement that “require[s] or permits” Fortis to bind the Option Holders to the jurisdiction of Delaware courts for the resolution of disputes beyond what the Individual Defendants agreed. To accept Plaintiffs’ theory, the court would render the provision in the Option Holder Letter granting consent to be bound by the enumerated provisions mere surplusage. 185 And it would flip on its head a structure designed to efficiently enforce the rights of the Option Holders against Pacira. 186
Even if this c ourt were to assume, arguendo , that the Individual Defendants consented to be bound by Section 9.7, the Plaintiffs have failed to establish that the fiduciary duty claims are covered by the exclusive forum provision.

185 See e.g. , NAMA Hldgs, LLC v. World Mkt. Ctr. Venture, LLC , 948 A.2d 411 , 419 (Del. Ch. 2007) (“ Contractual interpretation operates under the assumption that the parties never include superfluous verbiage in their agreement, and that each word should be given meaning and effect by the court .”) , aff’d , 945 A.2d 594 (Del. 200 8)

. 186 See, e.g. , Ballenger v. Applied Digit

. Sol s. , Inc. , 2002 WL 749162 , at *10 (Del. Ch. Apr. 24, 2002) (“ To accomplish such efficiency, the merger agreement empowers plaintiffs

. . . to act as ‘ Stockholders’ Representatives ’ for all the selling

. . . stockholders .”).59 Plaintiffs assert that , because Secti on 9.7 expressly covers both claims “based upon” and matters “contemplated []in” the Merger Agreement, it must be “read broadly” so as to encompass any claim that “touch [es] on” its rights or the performance of its contractual obligations under the Merger Agreement. 187 In support for that proposition, Plaintiffs cite to two cases by this court interpreting forum selection provisions much broader than Section 9.7. In CA, Inc. v. Ingres Corp. , 2009 WL 4575009 (2009), aff’d , 8 A.3d 1143 (Del. 2010) , the forum clause covered “any claim directly arising out of or related to this Agreement

. ” Id . at *46. The court observed that “[t]his is a broad forum selection clause sweeping in all claims that ‘arise out of’ or ‘relate to’ the Legacy Support Agreement

. ” Id

. Similarly, in ASDC Hldgs

. , 2008 WL 4552508 , the relevant provision extended to “any claim or cause of action arising under or relating to this Agreement

. ” Id . at *5. The court explained that “[ b]road forum selection clauses

. . . which expressly co ver, for example, all claims between the contracting parties that ‘ arise out of ’ or ‘ relate
to ’ a contract, apply not only to claims dealing directly with the terms of the contract itself, but also to any issues that touch on contract rights or contract performance. (internal quotations omitted). Id. These cases are inapposite because the provisio ns they interpret, unlike the provision here, cover all claims that “relate to” the contract.

187 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 44

– 4 5

.60 “The phrase “relating to” is broader than the phrase ‘arising out of.’” Fla. Chem. Co. v. Flotek Indus, Inc. , 2021 WL 3630298, at *10 (Del. Ch. Aug. 19, 2021). The Merger Agreement does not extend that far. By contrast, in Ruggiero v. FuturaGene, plc. , 948 A.2d 1124 (Del. Ch. 2008), the court held that a forum selection provision
in a shareholder agreement covering claims made “ in connection with any matter based upon or arising out of this Agreement or the matters contemplated h erei n ” did not reach contractual claims brought against a selling shareholder in his capacity as “an officer or director” of the company. Id. at 1130, 1132

- 33 , 1138. Plaint iffs concede that “the Individual Defendants’ fiduciary obligations did not technically arise from the Merger Agreement.” 188 Other than the MyoScience Securityholders’ right to receive Milestone Payments, n othing in the Merger Agreement contemplates any fi duciary or contractual relationship between or among the Plaintiffs on the one hand and any of the Individual Defendants on the other. The Complaint does not base the fiduciary duty claims against Kumar and Preci a do upon duties arising under the Merger Ag reement. As to Kumar, the claim is based upon alleged duties “[a]s an agent of Pacira CryoTech pursuant to the Consulting Agreement . . . with access to confidential information provided b y that agreement.” 189 Similarly, as to Preci a do, the fiduciary duty claim is based upon

188 Pls.’ Ans. Br. 47

. 189 Compl. ¶ 280.61 alleged duties “[a]s an agent of Pacira CryoTech in her capacity as a key manager at Pacira CryoTech.” 190 Accordingly, the resolution of the dispute about whether Kumar and Preciado breached their fiduciary duties does not require the interpretation of the Merger Agreement. See Ashall Homes Ltd. v. ROK Ent

. Grp.
Inc. , 992 A.2d 1239 , 1252 n.66 (2010) (describing the test for whether a claim is “based on the contract containing the [forum] selection clause” as “w hether the plaintiff ’ s claims depend on rights and duties that must be analyzed by reference to the contractual relationship. ”) ; Flotek , 2021 WL 3630298, at *10 (“For a claim to stem from the contractual relationship, it must be based upon the rights and obligations created by the underlying agreement.” (internal quotations omitted))

. Plaintiffs argue that the ir fiduciary duty claims are “based on” the Merger Agreement because “viabl e causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty would not exist absent the Merger Agr eement

. ” 191 This is the same “but for” theory that Ruggiero rejected , noting that the fiduciary duty claims over decision to approve stock options were

— as here

— “only tangentially related to the Merger Agreement ”). 948 A.2d at 113 0

– 31, 1138. Section 9.7 c annot serve as the jurisdictional hook for Counts IV through VII.

190 Id . ¶ 286.
191 Id. at 45

.62 3. Ancillary Personal Jurisdiction Theory It is well

- established that once a nonresident director or officer of a Delaware corporation or a manager of a Delaware LLC is properly subject to personal jurisdiction for a claim for breach of fiduciary duty pursuant to 10 Del. C. § 3114 or
6 Del. C. § 18

- 109(a) , the court may subject that defendant to personal jurisdiction for claims that are “‘ sufficiently related’ or ‘[no t] distantly related’ to the breach of fiduciary duty claim.” Neurvana Med., LLC v. Balt USA, LLC , 2020 WL 949917, at *9 (Del. Ch. Feb. 27, 2020) (quoting Hazout v. Tsang Mun Ting , 134 A.3d 274, 292 n.63 (Del. 2016) ). The doctrine has also been extended outside this paradigmatic context in a small set of cases where (i) the defendant had consented to the Court’s jurisdiction by signing a contract with a jurisdictional provision; (ii) the pendent claim was found to be “sufficiently related ” 192 to the anchor claim; and (iii) the Court found that the exercise of ancillary jurisdiction would comport with

192 Fitzgerald v. Chandler , 1999 WL 1022065 , at *4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 14, 1999 ); Cap. Grp. Companies, Inc. v. Armour , 2004 WL 2521295, at *2 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2004).63 due process. 193 Plaintiffs seek to invoke this doctrine here , which has been referred to as “ancillary personal jurisdiction” 194 or “pendent perso nal jurisdiction

. ” 195 The doctrine of pendent personal jurisdiction has its roots in the jurisprudence of pendent subject matter jurisdiction. Olin v. Fisons PLC , 47 F.Supp.2d 151, 155 (D. Mass. 1999). It is described as “a federal case law doctrine.” Na m Chuong Huynh v. Aker Biomarine Antarctic AS , 2017 WL 2242299, at *13 (Wash. App. May 22, 2017) (declining to apply the doctrine and noting that “even if due process permits a [state] court to exercise pendant personal jurisdiction . . . the long arm
stat ute must also permit jurisdiction”); see also United S tates v. Botefuhr , 309 F.3d 1263, 1272

– 75 (10th Cir. 2002) (exploring the doctrine and its origin); Laurel Gardens, LLC v. Mckenna , 948 F.3d 105, 123

- 24 (3d Cir. 2020) (discussing the Third Circuit’s recognition of the doctrine in 1973).

193 See Chandler , 1999 WL 1022065 , at *2, *4 (noting that the court’s “discretion emanates from a policy of achieving maximum judicial economy and efficiency of effort whe re substantive due process rights of the parties are not affected ” and finding that the exercise of ancillary jurisdiction over pendent claims would comport with “traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice” ); Armour , 2004 WL 2521295, at *2 (c onsidering whether

“ the exercise of jurisdiction, in the context presented, comport [s] with due process .”). In each of these cases, the court held that it had jurisdiction and declined to dismiss the anchor claims. See Chandler , 1999 WL 1022065 , at *3 (“ No one can dispute that the Partnership Agreement ’ s forum selection clause gives this Court personal jurisdiction over the defendants as a result of claims that the defendants breached the Partnership Agreement .”); Armour , 2004 WL 2521295, at *2 (“[T] his court can exercise jurisdiction over Ritter in her capacity as trustee .”).
194 Ruggerio , 948 A.2d at 1138.
195 N. Am. Cath. Educ. Programming Found., Inc. v. Gheewalla , 2006 WL 2588971, at *7 n.73 (Del. Ch. Sept. 1, 2006), aff ’ d , 930 A.2d 92 (Del. 2007).64 The exercise of personal jurisdiction under this doctrine is “entirely discretionary.” Ruggerio , 948 A.2d at 1139. When deciding whether to exercise its discretion over the pendent claim, the court consider s (i) whether it would have to consider a “ significant number of facts wholly unrelated to those necessary to determine ” the merits of the anchor claim; (ii) whether the claims seek similar or different relief; (iii) whether the claims are governed by Dela ware law; and (iv) whether Delaware courts have a “ strong interest ” in adjudicating the issues raised by the pendent claim. Id. “Of course, if the only jurisdictionally sufficient claim is dropped or dismissed, particularly if that occurs early in the li tigation, the pendent claim should be dismissed as well.” Gheewalla , 2006 WL 2588971, at *7 n.73 (quoting 4A C HARLES A LAN W RIGHT ET
. AL

. , F EDERAL P RACTICE AND P ROCEDURE § 1069.7 (2d ed. 1995)); see id. , 2006 WL 2588971, at *7 (dismissing claims brought

u nder ancillary personal jurisdiction theory after finding c ourt lacked personal jurisdiction over anchor claim); see also Botefuhr , 309 F.3d at 1273 (discussing pendent personal jurisdiction and noting : “ G enerally, when a district court dismisses the [anchor] federal claims, leaving only supplement ed state claims, the most
common response
. . . has been to dismiss the [ancillary] state claim or claims without prejudice.”) (cleaned up); Lisowski v. Henry Thayer Co., Inc. , 501 F. Supp. 3d 316, 326 (W.D . Pa. 2020) (citing Botefuhr , 309 F.3d at 1273 , for the same proposition); Int’l Union, United Mine Workers of Am. v. CONSOL Energy, Inc. ,65 465 F. Supp. 3d 556, 581 (S.D.W. Va. 2020) (declining to exercise pendent personal jurisdiction, reasoning that “ if t he court were to decide to exercise pendent personal jurisdiction in this case despite the obvious deficiencies in the claim serving as the source of jurisdiction, this would serve as an incentive to all plaintiffs who may lack personal jurisdiction to add meritless claims where federal personal jurisdiction is present to try to use them as a jurisdictional loophole .”). Plaintiffs have not established a statutory basis for personal jurisdiction over the Individual Defendants for any of their claims in C oun ts IV through VII. Nor have they demonstrated that subjecting these defendants to personal jurisdiction in Delaware for these claims would satisfy due process. Having granted the motion to dismiss the anchor claims against the Individual Defendants, I de cline to exercise personal jurisdiction over the remaining counts against the Individual Defendants

. For these reasons, the motion to dismiss Counts IV through VII against the Individual Defendants is granted for lack of personal jurisdiction.
III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the motions to dismiss by the Individual Defendants and by Fortis are gran ted in their entirety

. IT IS SO ORDERED.