# Patent

## Title
Gelled hydrocarbon compositions and methods for use thereof

## Abstract

Gelled organic compositions and methods for using same. The gelled compositions may be liquid organic fluids, such as gelled liquid hydrocarbons, formed from a mixture of an organic-base fluid, a carboxylic acid, and one or more metal source compounds, such as a metal salt of carboxylic acid. The gelled compositions may be used in variety of applications including, but not limited to, oil field, pipeline and processing facility applications.

## Background
The present application claims priority on each of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/148,274 filed on Aug. 11, 1999 now abandoned; co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/129,770 filed on Apr. 15, 1999, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/127,298 filed on Mar. 30, 1999 now abandoned. The entire text and all contents of each of the above referenced disclosures is specifically incorporated herein by reference without disclaimer.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to gelled organic compositions and methods for using the same. In particular, this invention relates to gelled liquid organic fluids, such as gelled liquid hydrocarbons formed from a mixture of an organic-based fluid, a carboxylic acid and/or other hydroxyl-containing compound, and a metal source compound.
2. Description of Related Art
Gelled organic fluids, such as gelled hydrocarbon liquids, may be employed for a variety of different purposes including, but not limited to, applications in the petroleum, refining, chemical and pipeline industries. In one common application, liquid hydrocarbon gels are employed as fluids for stimulation treatment of subterranean formations. Such stimulation treatments include, but are not limited to, hydraulic fracturing treatments with or without proppants, such as sand. In any event, it may be desirable to utilize liquid hydrocarbon gels for the stimulation of subterranean formations which are sensitive or adversely affected by introduction of aqueous-based fluids.
In the past, hydrocarbon liquids have been gelled in a number of different ways. For example, phosphate ester-based hydrocarbon gels are commonly employed in the formulation of hydrocarbon-based well treatment fluids. However, concerns have arisen regarding residual phosphates which may remain in refined petroleum products which have been exposed to, or processed using, phosphate-based hydrocarbon gels (such as through the use of phosphate-containing well treatment fluids, anti-foulants, scale inhibitors, etc.).
Non-phosphate-based hydrocarbon liquid gels have been developed. One conventional non-phosphate method of gelling liquid hydrocarbons involves the saponification of tall oil fatty acids (“TOFAs”) with caustic. However, methods employing this and similar chemistries typically suffer from limited temperature stability, losing effectiveness at temperatures above about 130° F. to about 140° F.
Another conventional method of gelling liquid hydrocarbons involves mixing aluminum salts of long chain fatty acids with liquid hydrocarbons. However, gelation rates of such mixtures is typically very slow at temperatures below about 80° F., requiring heating to obtain satisfactory gelation times.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Disclosed are non-phosphate methods and compositions related to gelled organic liquids. These methods and compositions may be used in any application in which, for example, gelled hydrocarbon liquids are employed including, but not limited to, stimulation fluids for subterranean formations, drilling and workover fluids, treatment fluids for oil field production equipment and pipelines, treatment fluids for refinery and chemical processing facilities, etc.
The disclosed compositions may include select mixtures or formulations of linear and/or branched chain fatty acids, fatty acid salts, and other metal salts or metal alkoxides, blended to obtain desired gelled organic fluid properties. Surfactants and other additives may also be employed to further vary fluid properties. Exemplary compositions include, for example, mixtures of fatty acids, metal alkoxides, and fatty acid salts in hydrocarbon-base fluids, such as diesel.
Also disclosed are compositions which are reaction products of fatty acid salts with linear or branched chain fatty acids. Such a reaction product may advantageously be further processed, for example, dried and ground to a desired particle size. In this further processed state, the dried material may be dispersed or blended into an organic fluid, ultimately resulting in viscosity development. Advantageously, such a dried particulate reaction product allows components to be pre-reacted to form a product that may be conveniently stored and then added to an organic-based fluid at a later time to form a gelled organic liquid, without the need for reaction equipment or the performance of reaction procedures at the work site, for example, at a well site or chemical processing facility. Further advantageously, by varying particle size of solid reaction product particulate, amount of shear to which the combined materials exposed, and/or mixing dynamics (e.g., duration and/or amount of shear), viscosity development over time may be controlled to suit individual applications, such as those in which an initial relatively lower viscosity followed by development of later relatively higher viscosity are desired.
Also disclosed are non-phosphate compositions, and methods for using the same, which may include partial monoesters of styrene maleic anhydride copolymers and fatty alcohols (“MSMA's”) for greatly enhanced rheology performance (e.g., viscosity, etc.) fluid compatibility and shelf life. As used herein, “MSMA-based compounds” include MSMA's as well as derivatives of MSMA's (such as sodium salts of sulfonated MSMA's). One or more MSMA-based compounds may be combined with one or more metal source compounds and one or more of other compounds described elsewhere herein, for example in mixtures or formulations comprising linear and/or branched chain fatty acids, fatty acid salts, and other metal salts or metal alkoxides. Alternatively, one or more MSMA-based compounds may be combined with one or more metal sources in the absence of other types of hydroxyl-containing compounds, such as fatty acids.
Many of such MSMA-based compounds are available in solid resin form and may be first dissolved in an organic solvent (e.g., xylene, toluene, or any solvent capable of dissolution of the MSMA-based compound) in any suitable amount (e.g., from about 1% to about 50%) MSMA-based compound by weight of organic solvent solution. The MSMA-based compound/solvent solution may then be combined in any suitable manner with other components. For example, a metal source, such as aluminum isopropoxide may be directly combined with the MSMA-based compound/solvent solution and heated (if necessary) to form a gelled fluid. Alternatively the MSMA-based compound/solvent solution may be combined with at least one fatty acid and at least one metal source, and heated (if necessary) to form a gelled fluid. Additional metal source may be “back added” following initial combination of ingredients, if so desired. This is represented in Table 69 in which additional isopropyl alcohol (“IPA”) and aluminum isopropoxide were added at the end of the synthesis process.
Also disclosed are methods and compositions related to phosphate ester-containing gelled organic liquids. For example, MSMA-based compounds may be advantageously combined in an organic base fluid with phosphate ester compounds (such as EG-1 from Ethox Chemicals, Inc., Greenville S.C.; RHODAFAC LO-11A from Rhone-Poulenc, Cranbury, N.J.; ASP-160 or ASP-162 from Nalco-Exxon, Sugarland, Tex.; or HGA-70 from Clearwater, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.) and gelled with, for example, aluminum or iron metal source compounds such as aluminum isopropoxide, iron sulfate or an iron chelate solution, etc. For example, MSMA-based compound may be dissolved in an organic solvent such as toluene, xylene, etc. Separate liquid process streams containing MSMA/solvent, phosphate ester and metal source compound (e.g., aluminum isopropoxide, iron salt, etc.) may then be combined as part of a continuous mix process to form a gelled fluid. Examples of phosphate ester materials and methods of using the same may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,514,645; 5,417,287; 4,153,649; 3,505,374; 4,003,393; 4,200,540; 4,316,810; 5,271,464; and 4,622,155 which are incorporated herein by reference.
Advantageously, MSMA-based compounds may be used to obtain gelled organic liquids having increased stability, and in a wide variety of organic fluids, including organic fluids described elsewhere herein and containing components (e.g., asphaltenes) that may hamper stability and/or shelf-life of similar gels that lack MSMA-based compounds. Furthermore, such gelled organic liquids may be formulated with MSMA-based compounds to have relatively high viscosity (e.g., from about 2000 cp to about 1000 cp) at relatively low rates of shear (e.g., from about 40 to about 100 sec−1). Thus shear stress of such fluids may advantageously increase with decreasing shear rates, forming a gelled organic fluids capable of carrying relatively large concentrations of proppants, and offering reduced friction characteristics in flow regimes such as present in tubing. In one exemplary embodiment, at 100 C fluid viscosity may be about 1000 at 100 reciprocal seconds, while being about 2000 at 40 reciprocal seconds. Furthermore, viscosity of the disclosed gelled organic fluids may advantageously increase with increasing temperature, e.g., as a well treatment fluid is displaced downhole.
For example, in one embodiment MSMA-based compounds may be combined with asphaltene-containing crude oils and other components to form gelled organic liquids possessing more consistent and/or increased gel stability relative to comparable non-phosphate or phosphate-containing gelled fluids formulated without MSMA-based compound. Such increased stability may include increased shelf life as well as viscosity (e.g., up to about 1000 or 1200 centipoise) consistently in the presence of asphaltenes. Thus, when formulated and used as described herein, MSMA-based compounds allow gelled fluids to be formulated from crude oils containing impurities such as asphaltenes, therefore increasing the versatility of the system. In one embodiment, a gelled liquid may be formulated from a crude oil containing up to about 1%-5% asphaltenes by weight, although greater amounts of asphaltenes may be present as well.
MSMA-based compounds may be employed in any amount suitable for reaction and/or gellation of organic fluids using components and methods described elsewhere herein. In one embodiment, MSMA-based compound is present in a gelled an amount of from about 1% to about 10% alternatively from about 2% to about 6% and further alternatively from about 2.5% to about 4% by volume.
In one exemplary embodiment, gelled organic fluids may be formulated as described elsewhere herein, with the exception that MSMA-based compounds may be combined with (or substituted for) a portion of fatty acid materials. In this regard, virtually any ratio of fatty acid to MSMA-based compound may be employed. In one embodiment, a ratio of fatty acid to MSMA-based compound may be from about 1:1 to about 10:1, alternatively from about 3:1 to about 7:1, further alternatively from about 3:1 to about 5:1. Examples of formulations falling within these ranges may be found in Tables 61-69.
Further viscosity enhancement may advantageously be achieved in any of the embodiments described herein with the incorporation of high rosin fatty acid/s in place of, or in addition to, fatty acids described elsewhere herein. Rosin content of tall oil fatty acids typically range from less than about 1% to about 40% by weight rosin. By “high rosin” it is meant that a fatty acid contains from about 20% to about 80% by weight rosin. Examples include, but are not limited to, “UNITOL-S” and “UNITOL AR40” (the latter containing about 38% rosin), available from Arizona Chemical Company, Panama City, Fla.; and International Paper Company, Chemical Division. Other examples of specific fatty acids and high rosin fatty acids include, but are not limited to “UNITOL” products available from Arizona Chemical and International Paper, such as “PDT” distilled tall oil, “AR-40” specialty tall oil, “DPX”, etc. Solid high rosin fatty acids may be prepared for use by dilution with a solvent, such as an aromatic solvent like toluene, xylene, “AROMATIC 150” from Amoco Chemical, etc.
When present, additional viscosity may be imparted to a gelled organic fluid by high rosin fatty acids, and when introduced to an organic fluid at a temperature of, for example, about 25 C to about 27 C, considerable viscosity development may be achieved. Further increased viscosity may be achieved with increasing temperatures. In such a way, gel time (or vortex closure time as described in the examples) may be shortened (for example, from about 180 seconds to about 30 seconds, alternatively to about 30 seconds) and/or controlled, for example using temperature. In one embodiment, high rosin fatty acid is employed in a gelled organic fluid in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 0.4 alternatively from about 0.1 to about 0.2, although greater and lesser amounts are also possible.
Advantageously then, by utilizing the disclosed method and compositions, non-phosphate gelled organic liquids may be formulated having rheological and viscosity characteristics superior to conventional non-phosphate gelled hydrocarbon compositions. Furthermore, the disclosed organic liquid gels have better high temperature stability than previous non-phosphate systems. Surprisingly, by employing combinations of metal source compounds, such as a carboxylic acid salt in addition to metal saponifier (such as metal hydroxide), improved viscosity performance and stability may be achieved at relatively high temperatures as compared to conventional non-phosphate gelled hydrocarbon systems. In one exemplary embodiment, relatively good viscosity characteristics may be achieved at temperatures up to at least about 300° F. In another possible embodiment, viscosities of up to about 900 centipoise, alternatively up to about 800 centipoise, alternatively from about 300 centipoise to about 900 centipoise, further alternatively from about 300 to about 800 centipoise, further alternatively from about 800 to about 900 centipoise may be achieved at temperatures up to about 250° F. to about 275° F. In still another possible embodiment, a viscosity of at least about 400 centipoise as measured at 100−1 seconds on a Fann 50C rotational viscometer may be realized at a temperature of up to about 275° F.
In one respect, disclosed is a method of forming a gelled organic-based treatment fluid, including combining at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, and at least one first metal source compound to form the gelled organic fluid. The metal source compound may include at least one of carboxylic acid salt, metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide or mixture thereof. The combining further may include combining a second metal source compound with the hydrocarbon base fluid, carboxylic acid and first metal source compound; wherein the first metal source compound may include salt of carboxylic acid; and wherein the second metal source compound may include at least one of metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include tall oil fatty acid; wherein the carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate; and wherein the second metal source compound may include aluminum hydroxide. At least one first metal source compound may be combined in the form of a solid compound suspended in an organic fluid. The method may further include introducing the gelled organic-based treatment fluid into a wellbore, subterranean formation, pipeline interior, or fluid processing facility. The method may further included introducing the gelled organic-based treatment fluid into a pipeline interior.
In another respect, disclosed is a method of forming and using a gelled organic-based fluid, including combining at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound, and at least one second metal source compound to form the gelled organic fluid; and introducing the gelled organic fluid into a wellbore, pipeline interior or fluid processing facility; wherein the first and second metal source compounds are different compounds; and wherein the metal of the first metal source has a valence of +3; and wherein the metal of the second metal source has a valence of +3.
In another respect, disclosed is a method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, including combining the following components to form the gelled organic fluid: at least one organic base fluid; at least one MSMA-based compound; and at least one first metal source compound.
In another respect, disclosed is a method of treating a subterranean formation, including introducing a hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid into at least a portion of the formation, the hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid including a mixture of at least one hydrocarbon base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound including salt of carboxylic acid, and at least one second metal source compound. The salt of carboxylic acid may include at least one of aluminum ethyl hexanoate, aluminum methyl pentoate, iron octoate, aluminum stearate, or mixtures thereof. The carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment specifically may be tall oil fatty acid. The second metal source compound may be at least one of metal salt, metal alkoxide, metal oxide, metal chelate, metal hydroxide, or a mixture thereof. The second metal source compound may be at least one of sodium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, or a mixture thereof. The hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid may be introduced into the formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of the formation.
In another respect, disclosed is a method of treating a subterranean formation, including introducing a hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid into at least a portion of the formation, the hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid including a mixture of at least one hydrocarbon base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound including salt of carboxylic acid, and at least one second metal source compound; wherein the salt of carboxylic acid may include at least one of aluminum ethyl hexoate, aluminum methyl pentoate, iron octoate, aluminum stearate, or mixture thereof; and wherein the hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid may be introduced into the formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of the formation. The salt of carboxylic acid may include aluminum ethyl hexanoate. The carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment may be tall oil fatty acid. The second metal source compound may be at least one of metal salt, metal alkoxide, metal hydroxide, metal oxide, metal chelate, or a mixture thereof. The second metal source compound may be at least one of sodium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, or a mixture thereof. The hydrocarbon base fluid may include at least one of diesel, aromatic compound, or a mixture thereof. The hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid further may include a surfactant.
In another respect, disclosed is a method of treating a subterranean formation, including introducing a hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid into at least a portion of the formation, the hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid including a mixture of at least one hydrocarbon base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound including salt of carboxylic acid, and at least one second metal source compound; wherein the carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; wherein the salt of carboxylic acid may include at least one of aluminum ethyl hexoate, aluminum methyl pentoate, iron octoate, aluminum stearate, or mixture thereof, or a mixture thereof; wherein the second metal source compound may include at least one of metal salt, metal alkoxide, metal hydroxide, metal oxide, metal chelate, or a mixture thereof; and wherein the hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid may be introduced into the formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of the formation. The salt of carboxylic acid may include aluminum ethyl hexanoate; the carboxylic acid may include tall oil fatty acid; and the second metal source compound may be at least one of sodium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include tall oil fatty acid; and the second metal source compound may include aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, or a mixture thereof. The hydrocarbon base fluid may include at least one of diesel, aromatic compound, or a mixture thereof. The hydrocarbon-based treatment fluid further may include a surfactant. The surfactant may include at least one of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, ethoxylated stearate, isopropyl alcohol, or a mixture thereof.
In another respect, disclosed is a gelled organic-based treatment fluid including a mixture of at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound including salt of carboxylic acid, and at least one second metal source compound.
In another respect, disclosed is a reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid, at least one metal source compound, and at least one MSMA-based compound.
In another respect, disclosed is a reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound, and at least one second metal source compound; the first and second metal source compounds being different compounds.
In another respect, disclosed is a solid particulate reaction product of at least one, carboxylic acid and at least one salt of carboxylic acid. The reaction product may be of at least one carboxylic acid, at least one salt of carboxylic acid, and at least one second metal source compound including at least one of metal salt, metal alkoxide, metal hydroxide, metal oxide, metal chelate, or a mixture thereof. The reaction particulate may have a particle size of from about 100 mesh to about 325 mesh.
In another respect, disclosed is a method of forming a gelled organic-based treatment fluid, including combining at least one organic base fluid with the solid particulate reaction product, said reaction product being of the combination of at least one carboxylic acid, at least one salt of carboxylic acid, and at least one second metal source compound including at least one of metal salt, metal alkoxide, metal hydroxide, metal oxide, metal chelate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include tall oil fatty acid; wherein the carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate; and wherein the second metal source compound may include aluminum hydroxide. The second metal source compound may be combined in the form of a solid compound suspended in an organic fluid. The method may further include introducing the gelled organic-based treatment fluid into a wellbore. The method may further include introducing the gelled organic-based treatment fluid into a subterranean formation. The method may further include introducing the gelled organic-based treatment fluid into a pipeline interior. The method may further include introducing the gelled organic-based treatment fluid into a fluid processing facility.
In another respect, disclosed is a method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, including the steps of combining at least one organic base fluid with a solid reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid and at least one first metal source compound to form the gelled organic fluid. The first metal source compound may include at least one of carboxylic acid salt, metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate, or mixture thereof. The metal of the first metal source compound may be aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof. The combining further may include combining a second metal source compound with the organic base fluid and the solid reaction product. The first metal source compound may include salt of carboxylic acid; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or a mixture thereof. The metal of the first and second metal source compounds may be aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof. The solid reaction product may include a reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid, the first metal source compound and a second metal source compound. The first metal source compound may include salt of carboxylic acid; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal halide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or mixture thereof. The metal of the first and second metal source compounds may be aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; and the first metal source compound may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; the carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, or a mixture thereof; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; the carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, or a mixture thereof; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include oleic acid, linoleic acid, or a mixture thereof. The organic base fluid may be at least one of alcohol, aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof. The organic base fluid may be at least one of diesel, kerosene, gasoline, condensate, crude oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil, xylene, toluene, benzene, ethyl benzene, napthalene, or a mixture thereof. The solid reaction product may include a reaction product of at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound and at least one second metal source compound. The solid reaction product may be combined with the organic base fluid in the form of a solid compound suspended in an organic fluid. The method may further include combining a surfactant with the organic base fluid. The method may further include combining with the organic base fluid at least one of a surfactant, organic amine, polyacrylic acid or mixture thereof. The surfactant may include at least one of fatty acid derived amine, alkoxylated fatty amine, linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, nonylphenols, fatty acid-derived amines, alkoxylated fatty amines, or mixtures thereof. The surfactant may include at least one of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, ethoxylated stearate, isopropyl alcohol, or a mixture thereof. The method may further include combining with the organic base fluid a breaker material. The method may further include introducing the gelled organic-based fluid into a wellbore. The gelled organic-based fluid may be introduced into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of the subterranean formation. The method may further include introducing the gelled organic-based fluid into a pipeline interior. The method may further include introducing the gelled organic-based fluid into a fluid processing facility.
In another respect, disclosed is a method of forming and using a gelled organic-based fluid, including: combining at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound, and at least one second metal source compound to form the gelled organic fluid; and introducing the gelled organic fluid into a wellbore, pipeline interior or fluid processing facility; wherein the first and second metal source compounds are different compounds. The first metal source compound may include at least one of carboxylic acid salt, metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or a mixture thereof; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of carboxylic acid salt, metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or a mixture thereof. The first metal source compound may include salt of carboxylic acid; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal halide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or a mixture thereof. The metal of the first and second metal source compounds may be aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, or a mixture thereof; and the metal of the second metal source compound may be aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, or a mixture thereof; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; the carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, or a mixture thereof; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include oleic acid, linoleic acid, or a mixture thereof. The organic base fluid may be at least one of alcohol, aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof. The organic base fluid may be at least one of diesel, kerosene, gasoline, condensate, crude oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil, xylene, toluene, benzene, ethyl benzene, napthalene, or a mixture thereof. At least one of the metal sources may be combined with the organic base fluid in the form of a solid compound suspended in an organic fluid. The method may further include combining a surfactant with the organic base fluid. The method may further include combining with the organic base fluid at least one of a surfactant, organic amine, polyacrylic acid or mixture thereof. The surfactant may include at least one of fatty acid derived amine, alkoxylated fatty amine, linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, nonylphenols, fatty acid-derived amines, alkoxylated fatty amines, or mixtures thereof. The surfactant may include at least one of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, ethoxylated stearate, isopropyl alcohol, or a mixture thereof. The method may further include combining with the organic base fluid a breaker material. The gelled organic-based fluid may be introduced into a wellbore. The gelled organic-based fluid may be introduced into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of the subterranean formation. The gelled organic-based fluid may be introduced into a pipeline interior. The gelled organic-based fluid may be introduced into a fluid processing facility.
In another respect, disclosed is a gelled organic-based fluid including the reaction product of least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound, and at least one second metal source compound; wherein the carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; the carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4pentadione, or a mixture thereof; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include oleic acid, linoleic acid, or a mixture thereof. The organic base fluid may be at least one of alcohol, aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof. The organic base fluid may be at least one of diesel, kerosene, gasoline, condensate, crude oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil, xylene, toluene, benzene, ethyl benzene, napthalene, or a mixture thereof.
In another respect, disclosed is a solid reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid and at least one first metal source compound. The first metal source compound may include at least one of carboxylic acid salt, metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate, or mixture thereof. The metal of the first metal source compound may be aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof. The reaction product may be of at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound, and at least one second metal source compound. The first metal source compound may include salt of carboxylic acid; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or a mixture thereof. The metal of the first and second metal source compounds may be aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; and the first metal source compound may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; the carboxylic acid salt may include aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, or a mixture thereof; and the second metal source compound may include at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may include oleic acid, linoleic acid, or a mixture thereof. The solid reaction product may include a reaction product of at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound and at least one second metal source compound. The solid particulate reaction product may have a particle size of from about 100 mesh to about 325 mesh.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows fluid loss data for a MSMA-containing gelled organic fluid according to one embodiment of the disclosed methods and compositions.



DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
As used herein, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” connote “one or more.”
In the practice of the disclosed method and compositions, non-phosphate gelled organic liquids possessing relatively stable rheological characteristics at relatively high temperatures may advantageously be formulated from solid or liquid components combined with organic base fluid.
In one embodiment, a reaction product or gelling agent component may be first formed from individual reaction components. The reaction product may then be combined with an organic base fluid to form a gelled treatment fluid, for example, for use in a well treatment, pipeline treatment, etc. For example, at least one carboxylic acid may be combined with at least one metal source compound, such as a salt of carboxylic acid, other metal salt, metal oxide or metal hydroxide to form a viscous reaction product. In another example, at least one carboxylic acid may be combined with at least one first metal source compound comprising salt of carboxylic acid and at least one second metal source compound comprising another type of metal source compound, such as a metal alkoxide, metal hydroxide, metal oxide, metal sulfate, etc. to form a reaction product. These are just two examples only, and it will be understood that any combination of reaction components described herein may be used to form a reaction product or gelling agent, that may be subsequently or later added to an organic base fluid to form a gelled treatment fluid. Such reaction products may be solid or liquid, and in that regard may be relatively viscous liquids or relatively non-viscous liquids.
When reaction components are combined to from a reaction product or gelling agent prior to combination with an organic base fluid, the reaction components may be optionally combined in the presence of an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents. As used herein, “organic solvent” includes, for example, any organic fluid medium suitable to facilitate ease of reaction and/or intermixing of the disclosed reactants, ease of handling of the disclosed reactants or resulting reaction products, and/or that may be optionally selected to be removable (e.g. by distillation) from a reaction product, following reaction. An organic solvent may also be selected to substantially non-reactive with the chosen reaction components. Organic solvents may be selected to have desired properties relative to the given reactants employed and may be chosen, for example, from any of the hydrocarbon or other organic fluids listed elsewhere herein as suitable for organic base fluids. Alternatively, no organic solvent may be used where the given individual reactants are capable of intermixing and reaction to form a reaction product or gelling agent in the absence of added organic solvent, or where individual reactin of components are added directly to an organic base fluid as described elsewhere herein.
A viscous reaction product or gelling agent may be used to gel or viscosify an organic base fluid by direct combination with an organic base fluid. Alternatively, a viscous reaction product may be dried, such as by desiccation, then ground to a solid particulate reaction product which may then be added to an organic base fluid to form a gelled organic fluid. In a further embodiment, the components of the above-mentioned embodiments may be individually added to, or combined directly with, an organic base fluid to form a gelled organic fluid. Such individual components may be added as solids or liquids, as appropriate. If desired, any of the solid components described herein may be combined with a suitable solvent prior to combination with an organic base fluid. Alternatively, a slurry of such solid components may be formed prior to combination if so desired.
With benefit of this disclosure, the disclosed non-phosphate gelled organic liquids may be employed in any application known in the art in which, for example, gelled hydrocarbon liquids are suitable for use. As used herein, the terms “gel” and “gelled” refer fluids that exhibit semi-solid elastic behavior. While not wishing to bound by theory, it is believed that the surprising stability of the disclosed temperature stable non-phosphate organic liquid gels results from formation of complexes between carboxyl groups of carboxylic acids and metal groups of carboxylic acid salts and/or other metal source compounds.
Examples of possible applications include, but are not limited to, well treatment fluids (including stimulation fluids such as fracture fluids, matrix stimulation fluids, acidizing fluids, hydrocarbon-based treatment fluids etc.), drilling fluids (such as drilling muds, drill-in fluids, workover fluids, packer fluids, completion fluids, fluids for use with coil tubing, etc.), pipeline treatment fluids (such as gelled pipeline pigs, separation plugs, etc.), as hydrocarbon friction reducer compositions in pipeline and other tubular applications (e.g., for use with crude oil, refined oil or other hydrocarbons, etc.), process facility treatment fluids (such as gelled fluids for cleaning and/or chemical processing equipment used in oil field facilities, refineries, chemical plants, refineries, etc.).
As used herein, an “organic base fluid” is any organic fluid medium suitable for forming an organic fluid gel, including those organic fluids commonly employed in oil field, pipeline and refinery or chemical plant applications. Suitable organic base fluids include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon-based fluids and other organic fluids. Types of suitable organic base fluids include, but are not limited to, aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acids, ketones, aldehydes, ethylene glycols, polyethylene glycols, amines, alcohols, esters, derivatives of these compounds, as well as mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable aliphatic hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to, alkanes such as propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-hexane, n-octane, n-decane, n-tridecane, etc. Other aliphatics include alkenes and alkadienes. Alicyclic compounds include cyclohexane, etc. Specific examples of suitable aromatics include, but are not limited to, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and other alkyl benzenes, napthalene, etc. Other examples include nonylphenols, ethoxylated nonylphenol, etc. Particular examples of commercial aromatic products include, but are not limited to, “FRACSOL”, “FRACSOL-S”, “XYSOL” from Trysol of Calgary, Canada or Amsol of the United States.
Other specific examples of suitable organic base fluids include, but are not limited to at least one of diesel, gasoline, kerosene, reformate, naphthalene, xylene, toluene, mineral oil, light mineral oil, condensate, crude oil, lubricating oils, or mixtures thereof (such as diesel mixed with condensate to lower API gravity, etc.). Other organic base fluids such as alcohols (like methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, 2-methylhexanol, etc.), alkanes (such as hexane), glycols (such as ethylene glycol “EB” available from Dow Chemical), ester materials (such as “RDPE” available from Rhone Poulenc), and derivatized alkanes (such as alkylhexanes), may also be employed. Organic-based solvents known to those of skill in the art as “mutual solvents” may also be used. Other suitable organic fluids (including oily esters), are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,063, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Also suitable are synthetic oils (including, but not limited to, synthetic hydrocarbon-base oils, ester-type oils, alkylene polymers, polysiloxanes, etc.). Also suitable are more environmentally compatible (e.g., biodegradable) natural or synthetic organic base fluids such as Exxon's “ESCAID 90” or “ESCAID 110”, or refined kerosene (such as “LOTOX” available from Exxon), “ALPHA OLEFIN” (from Baker Performance Chemical), “HYDROSOLV P150” or “HYDROSOLV B100” (from Shrieve Chemical Products), “ISOPAR L” or “ISOPAR M” (from Nalco-Exxon Chemical Company), etc. Natural organic based fluids such as animal oils and vegetable oils may also be suitable including, but not limited to, linseed oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, olive oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, etc. Also suitable are one or more organic-based solvents known in the art as “mutual solvents.” Examples of suitable co-solvents include mutual solvents such as glycol-ethers including, but not limited to, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (“EGMBE”).
With benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that the organic base fluids listed herein, as well as other organic base fluids, may be mixed or blended together as desired to provide a non-phosphate liquid organic gel having desired characteristics. In one exemplary embodiment, an organic fluid may be a liquid hydrocarbon that is at least one of diesel, condensate, or mixtures thereof. It will be understood that these organic base fluids are exemplary only, and that any other suitable organic fluids, including those mentioned elsewhere herein, may also be employed.
Further information on suitable organic-based fluids may be found in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/151,169 entitled “Surfactant Compositions and Uses Therefor” by Joseph E. Thompson, Sr., filed Sep. 10, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Examples of carboxylic acids which may be employed in the practice of the disclosed invention include any carboxylic acid suitable for use in forming a gelled organic liquid when combined with salt of carboxylic acid and other source of metal ions. Such suitable carboxylic acids may be branched, linear or unbranched, saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic and/or aromatic, and/or derivatives thereof. Suitable classes of carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, solid, semisolid and liquid, saturated and unsaturated, fatty acids, such as those saturated carboxylic acids having from about 4 to about 22 carbon atoms. Additional information on suitable carboxylic acids may be found may be found elsewhere herein, for example, under the heading “Carboxylic Acids.” Examples of monomers and polymers containing carboxylic acid functionality may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,612,332; 4,673,716; 4,694,046; 4,694,058; 4,709,759; 4,734,205; 4,780,517, 4,960,821; and 5,036,136, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
In one exemplary embodiment, examples of suitable saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids having from about 6 to about 35 carbon atoms, alternatively about 8 to about 28 carbon atoms, and further alternatively about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples of suitable and exemplary saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, at least one of butyric acid, lauric acid or mixtures thereof. It will be understood that these acids are exemplary only, and that any other suitable saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid, including those mentioned elsewhere herein, may also be employed.
Examples of suitable unsaturated carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, unsaturated acids aliphatic carboxylic acids having from about 6 to about 35 carbon atoms, alternatively about 8 to about 28 carbon atoms, and further alternatively about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples of suitable unsaturated carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, oleic, linoleic, tall oil fatty acids (described elsewhere herein, e.g., in one embodiment primarily oleic and linoleic acids), palmitic acid, stearic acid, or mixtures thereof. It will be understood that these acids are exemplary only, and that any other suitable unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acid, including those mentioned elsewhere herein, may also be employed.
In another exemplary embodiment, suitable aromatic carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, aromatic carboxylic acids having from greater than about 6 carbon atoms, alternatively from about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, further alternatively from about 6 to about 20 carbon atoms, although greater number of carbon atoms are possible. Specific examples of suitable aromatic atoms include, but are not limited to benzoic acid, and mixtures of benzoic acid with other aromatic carboxylic acids. It will be understood that these aromatic carboxylic acids are exemplary only, and that any other suitable aromatic carboxylic acid, including those mentioned elsewhere herein, may also be employed. It will also be understood with benefit of the present disclosure that mixtures and blends of branched, unbranched, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic and/or aliphatic carboxylic acids may be employed.
In the practice of the disclosed method and compositions, one or more metal source compounds may be employed, for example, to impart characteristics of stable viscosity at relatively high temperatures. Any relative amounts of one or more metal source compounds and one or more carboxylic acids may be combined that is suitable for at least partially viscosifying or gelling organic fluids disclosed herein. However, with benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that for complete interaction between metal source compounds and carboxylic acid material, sufficient carboxyl groups should be present to satisfy the valence of each metal site. For example, in one embodiment, mono carboxylic acids may be combined with aluminum source compound/s in amounts sufficient to achieve a molar ratio of about 3 moles of monocarboxylic acid to about 1 mole of aluminum, including any carboxylic acid groups supplied by carboxylic acid salt present. In another embodiment employing dicarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid may be combined with aluminum metal source compound/s in an amount sufficient to achieve a molar ratio of about 1.5 moles of dicarboxylic acid to about 1 mole of aluminum, taking into account any carboxylic acid salt present. However, it will also be understood that complete interaction between metal sites and carboxyl groups is not necessary to achieve benefits of the disclosed method, so that other molar ratios (greater and lesser), are possible. Furthermore, by varying the ratio of carboxyl groups to metal sites (from ratios less than stochiometric to ratios greater than stochiometric), viscosity characteristics may be varied. For example, suitable ranges of molar ratios of aluminum to carboxylic acid for monocarboxylic acid formulations may be from about 1 to about 11, alternatively from about 2 to about 10, further alternatively from about 3 to about 7. Table A is a list of 10 example formulations and molar ratios achieved therewith.







TABLE A







Example Formulations and Molar Ratios














Molecu-
Moles

Molar Ratio



Amount,
lar
Carboxy-
Moles
of Carb.


Component
g/250 ml
Weight
lic Acid
Al
Acid to Al















Stearic Acid
15
284.47
.0527




Al Isopropox-
0.91


.0045


ide


Al Octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.0724
.0110
6.570


Linoleic Acid
13.5
280.44
.0481


Al Isopropox-
3.27


.0160


ide


Al Octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.0678
.0226
3.005


Linoleic Acid
13.5
280.44
.0481


Al Isopropox-
.91


.0045


ide


Al Octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.0678
.0110
6.154


2-ethyl-
13.1
144.21
.0908


hexanoate acid


Al Isopropox-
0.91


.0045


ide


Al Octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.1106
.0110
10.027


Oleic Acid
13.65
282.46
.0483


Al Isopropox-
3.3


.0162


ide


Al Octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.0680
.0227
2.994


Oleic Acid
13.65
282.46
.0483


Al Isopropox-
0.91


.0045


ide


Al octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.0680
.0110
6.171


Palmitic Acid
15
256.42
.0585


Al Isopropox-
3.98


.0195


ide


Al Octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.0782
.0261
3.002


Palmitic Acid
15
256.42
.0585


Al Isopropox-
0.91


.0045


ide


Al Octvate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.0782
.0110
7.093


2-ethyl-
13.1
144.21
.0908


hexanoic acid


Al Isopropox-
6.18


.0303


ide


Al Octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.1106
.0368
3.002


Stearic Acid
15
284.47
.0527
.0527


Al Isopropox-
3.6


.0176


ide


Al Octoate
3

.0198
.0066


Totals


.0724
.0242
2.994









Suitable “metal source compounds” include any metal source capable of supplying metal atoms capable of complexing, reacting or otherwise interacting with carboxylic acid to form a gelled organic liquid when combined with organic liquid. Metal source compounds may include compounds having ionically or covalently bonded metal ions. Suitable metal ions include, for example, ions of metals from IUPAC Groups 1-14, alternatively IUPAC Groups 1-13, alternatively IUPAC Groups 1, 2, 8, and 3 of the periodic table. These metal ions are also identified in order number 11, 12, 13, 18 and 20 of the periodic table. Included are metal ions selected from the alkali earth and/or alkaline earth metal groups of the periodic table. In one exemplary embodiment, metal ions may be selected from at least one of iron ions, aluminum ions, sodium ions, calcium ions or mixtures thereof.
In another exemplary embodiment, metal source compounds may include a metal atom that has a +3 valence, for example, aluminum, iron, etc. For example, first and/or second metal sources containing metal atoms that have a +3 valence may be employed, as desired, in the embodiments described herein that include such metal source compounds. It will be understood that these types of compounds are exemplary only, and that any other suitable metal source compounds, including those mentioned elsewhere herein, may also be employed.
Salts of carboxylic acid which may be employed as metal source compounds in the practice of the disclosed method and compositions include any carboxylic acid salt suitable for use in forming a gelled organic liquid when combined with carboxylic acid and/or when optionally combined with other metal source compounds. Suitable types of carboxylic acid salts include, but are not limited to, salts of branched, linear or unbranched, saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic and/or aromatic carboxylic acids, such as any of those types of carboxylic acids described elsewhere herein. Suitable metals for forming carboxylic acid salts include any metal selected from the same groups of the periodic table as mentioned elsewhere herein for metal source compounds. Specific exemplary examples include carboxylic salts of the metals aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, or mixtures thereof. Included are metals suitable for forming so-called heavy metal soaps of carboxylic or fatty acids.
In one more specific exemplary embodiment, a carboxylic acid salt may be at least one of an aluminum salt, iron salt or mixture thereof. Specific examples of such suitable carboxylic acid salts include aluminum salt of 2-ethylhexoic acid (aluminum ethylhexoate or “aluminum octoate”), aluminum salt of 2-methylpentonoic acid (or aluminum methyl pentoate), iron octoate, aluminum stearate, or mixtures thereof. In one particular embodiment, a carboxylic acid salt is aluminum octoate. It will be understood that these compounds are exemplary only, and that any other suitable carboxylic acid salt compound, including those mentioned elsewhere herein, may also be employed. For example, additional information on suitable carboxylic acid salts may be found under the heading “Salts of Carboxylic Acid.”
In the practice of the disclosed method and compositions, other metal source compounds and mixtures of metal source compounds may be employed in addition to, or in place of, salts of carboxylic acid. Some exemplary compounds are listed in the following paragraph, although it will be understood that other suitable metal source compounds may be employed, such as those mentioned elsewhere herein. Examples of suitable metal source compounds include other metal salts (other than salts of carboxylic acids), metal alkoxides, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal halides, metal sulfates, metal ammonium sulfates, metal-containing organics, metal-containing inorganics, or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable other metal salts (other than carboxylic acid salts) include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfate, and aluminum chloride. Examples of suitable metal alkoxides include, but are not limited to, linear or branched metal alkoxides. Specific examples of suitable metal alkoxides include aluminum isopropoxide and aluminum salt of benzoic acid. Examples of suitable metal oxides include, but are not limited to, linear or branched metal oxides. Specific examples of suitable metal oxides include aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable metal hydroxides include aluminum hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, ammonium hydroxides, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable metal sulfates include, but are not limited to, aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate, ferric ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable metal ammonium sulfates include, but are not limited to, ferric ammonium sulfate, ferric ammonium citrate, or mixtures thereof. Other possible salts include aluminum acetate. Other suitable metal sources include metal chelates such as chelates of acetyl acetonate (2,4 pentanedione) and other similar organic compounds (ketones, diketones, etc.). Exemplary compounds include, but are not limited to, aluminum-2,4 pentanedione, aluminum lactate or mixtures thereof. It will be understood that these compounds are exemplary only, and that any other suitable types of metal source compounds or suitable specific metal source compounds, including those mentioned elsewhere herein, may also be employed. Similarly, other possible salts can include iron hydroxide and ferric-2,4 pentanedione.
In the case of water sensitive materials such as aluminum isoproxide, it is usually desirable to combine the water sensitive material with a non-aqueous base fluid prior to combination with organic base fluid, so as to prevent reaction with water.
Combinations of more than one metal source with a carboxylic acid, such as a fatty acid, may be employed to, for example, vary gelling time and/or vary gelled fluid characteristics. Type and combinations of organic base fluids may also be used to vary gelling time. Combinations of multiple metal sources may include combinations of two or more of any of the metal source compounds and/or described elsewhere herein. In one exemplary embodiment, aluminum isopropoxide and aluminum hydroxide may be combined with carboxylic acid in a molar ratio of from about 1 to about 9 moles of aluminum isopropoxide per mole of aluminum hydroxide to achieve the desired effect.
In another embodiment, one or more aromatic organic base fluids may be present with or without other organic base fluids to accelerate gellation rate such as would be desirable, for example, in a continuous mix process. In this regard, one or more aromatic compounds may be added to facilitate dissolution of the components to decrease time for gellation of an organic fluid, or may be employed as an organic base fluid. Just a few suitable aromatic compounds include, but are not limited to, benzene, napthalene, xylene, toluene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. For example, xylene proportioned with diesel at a desired ratio, for example from about 15% to about 95% (alternatively from about 75% to about 95%) diesel by weight of a total organic base fluid mixture, and from about 85% to about 5% (alternatively from about 25% to about 5%) xylene by weight of total a organic base fluid mixture. It will be understood that greater amounts of aromatics, including up to about 100% aromatic (such as xylene) may be employed. It will also be understood that these compounds are exemplary only, and that any other suitable types of aromatic compounds, including those mentioned elsewhere herein, may also be employed.
In addition to the above described components, one or more other additives may be employed to alter the characteristics of a gelled organic fluid. With benefit of the disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that such additives include any additive known in the art that is suitable for altering characteristics of, for example, a liquid hydrocarbon gel, or for assisting with or modifying the combination or reaction of individual ingredients to form such gels. Examples of such additives which may be employed include, but are not limited to, non emulsifiers and/or surfactants.
In one embodiment, optional surfactant/s may be employed to facilitate interaction between two or more of the components in a mixture, such as any surfactants capable of behaving as hydrotopes. Both ionic (anionic and cationic) and non-ionic surfactants may be used. Mixtures of anionic and nonionic or cationic surfactants and nonionic surfactants are also possible. Examples of suitable surfactant types include, but are not limited to, linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, nonylphenols, fatty acid-derived amines, alkoxylated fatty amines, or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (“DDBSA”), isopropyl alcohol, etc.
Additional information on suitable surfactants and surfactant types may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/151,169, entitled “SURFACTANT COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREFOR” by Joseph E. Thompson, Sr., et al. filed Sep. 10, 1998, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
With benefit of this disclosure, specific suitable hydrotopes and/or non-emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, non-emulsifiers compatible with the chosen gelled fluid system and known in the art for use to, for example, ensure water-wetting of a formation during a hydrocarbon-based fracturing treatment. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, a mixture of dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid salt and Pan Acid (known as “NE-110W” and available from Baker Performance Chemicals), and a mixture of isopropyl alcohol (“IPA”) and DDBSA (known as “E-118” and available from Baker Performance Chemicals).
With benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that gelation rate may vary as a function of selected individual components, relative amounts of components, temperature, solid component particle sizes, amount of shear imposed on the fluid, etc. For any given metal source/s, smaller solid component particle size, higher temperatures, presence of surfactant and/or aromatics, greater amounts of metal source compound relative to carboxylic acid, and greater amounts of shear are some of the variables that typically result in faster gel development. Ultimate viscosity of an organic liquid gel may be controlled, for example, by varying relative amounts of carboxylic acid and one or more metal source compounds.
In one embodiment, a carboxylic acid-based soap may first be formed (for example using any of the carboxylic acids mentioned herein) to achieve early viscosification. Such a soap may be formed using any method and/or compounds known in the art for forming such soaps. With benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that viscosity imparted by such a soap may be varied by composition and identity of metal components employed, with formation of heavy metal soaps (using metals such as aluminum, calcium, cobalt, lead, zinc, etc.) achieving greater viscosities than soaps formed with lighter metals such as sodium. If desired, additional metal source compound/s may be employed in conjunction with formation of such a soap to further modify rheological properties of the gelled fluid, in some cases on a delayed basis so as to achieve further viscosification after a desired period of time, such as to allow displacement of a fluid into a wellbore prior to further viscosification.
In one exemplary embodiment, a metal source compound (including, but not limited to, metal hydroxide source compound such as sodium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, potassium hydroxide etc.) may be combined with carboxylic acid (such as tall oil fatty acid from Arizona Chemical or Acme-Hardesty) and optional metal salt of carboxylic acid (such as 325 mesh aluminum octoate carboxylic acid salt from Witco, and/or 100 mesh to 325 mesh aluminum stearate from Acme Hardesty) to achieve early viscosification of an organic fluid followed by delayed viscosification at higher temperatures. In this regard a salt of carboxylic acid may be combined simultaneously, or before or after, the other metal source compound/s. In such an embodiment, it is believed that early viscosification may occur via saponification of the fatty acid by metal hydroxide, followed by later interaction with metal of carboxylic soap upon heating (such as encountered when displaced into a wellbore) to form a more temperature stable gel of aluminum salt of the fatty acid. Furthermore, it will be understood that stoichiometry of the carboxyl groups of the carboxylic acid in relation to the metal groups of the carboxylic acid salt and/or other metal source compounds may be varied to control gelation rate and/or gelled liquid characteristics.
Other optional components which may be employed in the formulation of the disclosed non-phosphate gelled organic fluids include friction reducer components, such as may be formed by incorporation of lengthy high molecular weight neutralized crosslinked anionic polymers into a gelled organic fluid. Such friction reducing compounds may be used to reduce frictional drag in flow through pipes or conduits, for example, in a manner as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,221 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In one embodiment, invert emulsion materials such as “FRO 18” or “FRO 19” from BJ Services may be employed. In another embodiment, an anionic polymer may be a polyacrylic acid including, but not limited to, homopolymers of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or copolymers of these acids or their salts, esters or amides with each other or with one or more other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, like styrene, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, vinylacetate, ethylene, propylene, etc. Also suitable are those anionic polymers described elsewhere herein, such as the CARBOPOL polyacrylics, and those polymers, and polymers containing monomers, having carboxylic acid functionality as described elsewhere herein. One or more such anionic polymers may be added to an organic base fluid along with other components described herein, such as one or more carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid salts, oxides, etc.
When friction reducing characteristics are desired, polyacrylic acid/s may be neutralized with an organic base, for example an organic amine including, but not limited to, ethanolamines such as diisopropanolamine, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethyl diethanolamine, diethylethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, triamylamine, b-dimethlyaminopropionitritite, dodecylamine, morpholine, di-2-(ethyl hexyl)amine, mixtures thereof etc. Examples of commercially available organic amines include, but are not limited to, “ETHOMEEN” from BASF-Wyandette Corp., “JEFFAMINE D-1000” from Huntsman Chemical, “ARMEEN” from Armak Industrial Chemical Division, “ALAMINE 7D” from Henkel Corporation, etc. Further examples of suitable anionic polymers, organic bases, other components and methods of using the same may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,890, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Other examples of polyamines and methods of manufacturing the same may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,615,393; 4,780,221; European Patent Application No. 88305437.1 (Publication No. 0 295 877); European Patent Application No. 86305124.9 (Publication No. 0 207 787); European Patent Application No. 89303738.2 (Publication No. 0 338 738); and European Patent Application No. 87310946.6 (Publication No. 0 271 362); which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Table 1 gives a partial list of exemplary additives that may be employed to vary particular characteristics of organic fluid gels. With benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that the characteristics, as well as listed components, are not exclusive and are exemplary only. Further, it will be understood that two or more individual components and component types may be combined in various ways, both within the same category, and across categories.







TABLE 1







Additives to Vary Organic Fluid Gel Characteristics









Desired
Exemplary Additive
Exemplary Specific


Characteristic
Types
Additives





Decreased Initial
Metal Hydroxides
sodium hydroxide,


Gel Time

aluminum hydroxide



Aromatics and
Tall Oil fatty Acid



Derivatives Thereof
aluminum Ispropoxide




toluene, xylene, benzene




Fracsol S ®




Xysol ®


High Temperature
Carboxylic Acids
aluminum Ispropoxide


Viscosity Stability
Carboxylic Metal Salts
aluminum octoate,



Refined Oils
Tall Oil Fatty Acid




aluminum Oleiate




diesel, kerosene, reformate.


Delayed Viscosity
Carboxylic Acids
aluminum Ispropoxide


Development at
Carboxylic Metal Salts
aluminum octoate,


Higher

Tall Oil Fatty Acid


Temperatures

aluminum Oleiate









Carboxylic Acids
In the practice of the disclosed methods and compositions, carboxylic acid compositions may be selected from a wide variety of naturally occurring and synthetic carboxylic acids, derivatives of these carboxylic acids, and oils and other compositions which include these carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof. It will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that mixtures of specific carboxylic acids, as well as types of carboxylic acids, are possible.
Carboxylic acids include those compounds containing at least one carboxyl group, —CO2H. Some example of carboxylic acids are acetylsalicylic acid, oleic acid, methanoic acid, 2-chlorobutanoic acid, propanedioic acid, carboxylic acid dimer, benzoic acid, hexanedioic acid (adipic acid), 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid, etc. Just one method of manufacture of suitable carboxylic acids is by hydrolysis of an ester to yield a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
For example, in one embodiment, carboxylic acids may be:
For monocarboxylic acid embodiment: 




wherein R=carbon chain of about 14 to about 17 carbon atoms (e.g., —(CH2)13-16CH3), and R may be linear or branched; or wherein R=carbon chain of about 5 to about 16 carbon atoms (e.g., —(CH2)4-15CH3), and R may be linear or branched; with it being understood that in either of these cases, a hydrocarbon chain of R may have optional single or multiple unsaturated subsets. Furthermore, in either case R may have optional hydroxyl, mercato or cyand functional groups.
The invention may be practiced with blends of monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids where: 




Suitable carboxylic acids for use herein include, but are not limited to, liquid compounds such as cis-unsaturated acids through C18 and solid compounds such as saturated aliphatic acids (from decanoic through the higher acids) and trans-unsaturated acids (e.g., elaidic acid). Naturally occurring carboxylic acids may include both odd- and even-numbered alkanoic acids of molecular formula CnH2nO2, for example, up through hexanoic acid. Acids which may be manufactured from petrochemical feedstocks include, but are not limited to, formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids. Tables 1 and 1a list examples of alkanoic or saturated acids.
Fatty acids include a large group of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, which may occur as glycerides (esters of glycerol) in natural fats and oils, other esters in waxes and essential oils, and as free acids in tall oil.
The term “fatty acids” includes saturated acids of the acetic acid series, CnH2n+1COOH, both normal and branched-chain, as well as related unsaturated acids, certain substituted acids (hydroxy and keto), and aliphatic acids containing alicyclic substituents, such as the chaulmoogra-oil acids. Certain other alicyclic acids (naphthenic acids), containing no aliphatic chain, are also referred to as fatty acids and their salts called soaps.
Naturally occurring fatty acids (also called “fat acids”) include higher straight-chain unsubstituted acids containing an even number of carbon atoms. Some branched-chain, hydroxy, and keto acids may be found naturally occurring, and many others may be prepared synthetically. Unsaturated fatty acids include those having differing number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, including monoethenoid, diethenoid, triethenoid, etc. (or monoethylenic, etc.). Also included are acids containing one or more triple-bonded carbon atoms, referred to as acetylenic or ethynoid (ethinoid) acids. Naturally occurring higher fatty acids may be derived from animal fats, vegetable oils, fish oils, etc. Higher saturated fatty acids include pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic acids, etc.







TABLE 2







Examples of Straight-Chain Alkanoic Acids of the Formula CnH2nO2









Systematic Name


Value of n
(Trivial Name)











1
methanoic (formic)


2
ethanoic (acetic)


3
propanoic (propionic)


4
butanoic (butyric)


5
pentanoic (valeric)


6
hexanoic (caproic)


7
heptanoic (enanthic)


8
octanoic (caprylic)


9
nonanoic (pelargonic)


10
decanoic (capric)


11
undecanoic (undecylic)


12
dodecanoic (lauric)


13
tridecanoic (tridecylic)


14
tetradecanoic (myristic)


15
pentadecanoic (pentadecylic)


16
hexadecanoic (palmitic)


17
heptadecanoic (margaric)


18
octadecanoic (stearic)


19
nonadecanoic (nonadecylic)


20
eicosanoic (arachidic)


22
docosanoic (behenic)


24
tetracosanoic (lignoceric)


26
hexacosanoic (cerotic)


28
octacosanoic (montanic)


30
tricontanoic (melissic)


33
tritriacontanoic (psyllic)


35
pentatriacontanoic (ceroplastic)
















TABLE 3







Alternate List of Saturated Carboxylic Acids








Common Name
Synonyms





Formic
Methanoic


Acetic
Ethanoic


Propionic
Propanoic


Butyric
Butanoic


Valeric
Pentanoic


Caproic
Hexanoic


Enanthic
Heptanoic


Caprylic
Octanoic


Pelargonic
Nomanoic


Capric
Decanoic


η-Undecylic
Undecanoic; hendecanoic


Lauric
Dodecanonc


η-Tridecylic
Tridecanoic


Myristic
Tetradecanoic


η-Pentadecylic
Tetradecanoic


Palmitic
Pentadecanoic


Margaric
Heptadecanoic


Stearic
Octadecanoic


η-Nonadecylic
Nonadecanoic


Arachidic
Eicosanoic; arachic


η-Hencicosoic
Hepeiconsanoic


Behenic
Docosanoic


η-Tricosoic
Tricosanoic


Lignoceric
Tetracosanoic


η-Pentacosoic
Pentacosanoic


Cerotic
Hexacosanoic


η-Heptacosoic
Heptacosanoic


Montanic
Octacosanoic


η-Nonsocoso1e
Nonicosanoic


Melissic
Triacontanoic


η-Hentnacontoic
Hentriaconianoic


η-Dotriacontoic
Dotriacontanoic


η-Tetratriacontoic
Tetratriacontanoic


Cerophlastic
Pentatriacontanoic


η-Hexatriscontoic
Hexatriacontanoic


η-Octatriacontoic
Octatriacontanoic


η-Hexatetracontoic
Hexatetracontanoic



Branched-chain acids


Methylbutyric
2-Methylbutanoic; dextravaleric


Isovaleric
3-Methylbutanoic


Pivalic
2,2 Dimethylpropanoic;



trimethyl-acetic


2-Ethylhexoic
2-Ethylbexanoic; octoic









Alkenoic acids of molecular formula CnH2n−2O2 include, but are not limited to, acids such as acrylic, methacrylic, undecylenic, oelic acids, etc. and those listed in Tables 4 and 5. Of these, acrylic and methacrylic acids may have a petrochemical origin, and undecylenic and oleic acids may have natural sources.







TABLE 4







Examples of Straight-Chain Alkenoic Acids of the Formula CnH2−nO2









Systematic Name


Value of n
(Trivial Name)











3
propenoic (acrylic)


4
trans-2-butenoic (crotonic)


4
cis-2-butenoic (isocrotonic)


4
3-butenoic (vinylacetic)


5
2-pentenoic (β-ethylacrylic)


5
3-pentenoic (β-pentenoic)


5
4-pentenoic (allylacetic)


6
2-hexenoic (isohydroascorbic)


6
3-hexenoic (hydrosorbic)


7
trans-2-heptenoic


8
2-octenoic


9
2-nonenoic


10
4-decenoic (obtusilic)


10
9-decenoic (caproleic)


11
10-undecenoic (undecylenic)


12
3-dodecenoic (linderic)


13
tridecenoic


14
9-tetradecenoic (myristoleic)


15
pentadecenoic


16
cis-9-hexadecenoic (cis-9-palmitoleic)


16
trans-9-hexadecenoic (trans-9-palmitoleic)


17
9-heptadecenoic


18
cis-6-octadecenoic (petroselinic)


18
trans-6-octadecenoic (petroselaidic)


18
cis-9-octadecenoic (oleic)


18
trans-9-octadecenoic (elaidic)


18
cis-11-octadecenoic


18
trans-11-octadecenoic (vaccenic)


20
cis-9-eicosenoic (godoleic)


22
cis-11-docosenoic (cetoleic)


22
cis-13-docosenoic (erucic)


22
trans-13-docosenoic (brassidic)


24
cis-15-tetracosenoic (selacholeic)


26
cis-17-hexacosenoic (ximenic)


30
cis-21-triacontenoic (lumequeiec)









Polyunsaturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, acids such as sorbic, linoleic, linolenic, eleostearic, and various polyunsaturated fish acids, such as those listed in Table 6. Sorbic acid may be made synthetically. The other acids, except those from tall oil, may occur naturally as glycerides and may be used in this form.







TABLE 5







Alternate List of Monoethanoid Acids










Common Name
Synonyms







Obtusilic
4-Decenoic



Caproleic
cis-9-Decenoia



10-Undecylenic
10-Undecenoic: 10-hendecenoic



Lauroleic
cis-9-Dodecenoic



Physeteric
5-Tetradecenoic



Myristoleic
cis-9-Tetradecenoic



Palmitoleic
cis-9-Hexadecenoic



Petroselimic
cis-6-Octadecenoic



Petroselaidic
trans-6-Octadecenoic



Oleic
cis-9-Octadecenoic



Elaidic
trans-9-Octadecenoic



Vacoenic
trans-11-Octadecenoic



Gadoleic
cis-9-Eicosenoic



Cetoleic
11-Docosenoic



Erucic
cis-13-Docosenoic



Brassidic
trans-13-Docosenoic



Selscholeic
cis-15-Tetracosenoio; nevonic



Ximenic
17-Hexacosenoic



Lumequeic
21-Triscontenoic

















TABLE 6







Examples of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids








Total Number of
Systematic Name


Carbon Atoms
(Trivial Name)










Dienoic acids (CnH2n−4O2)








5
2,4-pentadienoic (β-vinylacrylic)


6
2,4-hexadienoic (sorbic)


10
2,4-decadienoic


12
2,4-dodecadienoic


18
cis-9,cis-12-octadecadienoic (linoleic)


18
trans-9,trans-12-octadecadienoic (linolelaidic)


22
9,13-docosadienoic







Trienoic acids (CnH2n−6O2)








16
6,10,14-hexadecatrienoic (hiragonic)


18
cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic)


18
cis-9,trans-11,trans-13-octadecatrienoic (α-eleostearic)


18
trans-9,trans-11,trans-13-octadecatrienoic (β-



eleostearic)


18
cis-9,cis-11,trans-13-octadecatricnoic (punicic)


18
trans-9,trans-12,trans-15-octadecatrienoic (lino-



lenelaidic)







Tetraenoic acids (CnH2n−8O2)








18
4,8,12,15-octadecatetraenoic (moroctic)


18
9,11,13,15-octadecatetraenoic (α-parinaric)


18
9,11,13.15-octadecatetraetioic (β-parinaric)


20
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic (arachidonic)







Pentaenoic acids (CnH2n−10O2)








22
4,8,12,15,19-docosapentaenoic (clupanodonic)









Shorter-chain alkynoic (acetylenic) acids include, but are not limited to, those made synthetically and those long-chain acids which occur naturally as listed in Table 7.







TABLE 7







Examples of Acetylenic Fatty Acids








Total Number of
Systematic Name


Carbon Atoms
(Trivial Name)











3
propynoic (propiolic propargylic)


4
2-butynoic (tetrolic)


5
4-pentynoic


6
5-hexynoic


7
6-heptynoic


8
7-octynoic


9
8-nonynoic


10
9-decynoic


11
10-undecynoic ([dehydro-10-undecylenic])


18
6-octadecynoic (tariric)


18
9-octadecynoic (stearolic)


18
17-octadecene-9,11-diynoic (isanic, erythrogenic)


18
trans-11-octadecene-9-ynoic (ximenynic)


22
13-docosynoic (behenolic)









Substituted fatty acids include, bur are not limited to, acids such as methacrylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, ricinoleic acid, etc. and substituted fatty acids which exist naturally such as those listed in Table 8. Included are fatty acids with a methyl group in the penultimate position and referred to as iso acids, and those with a methyl group in the antepenultimate position and referred anteiso acids.







TABLE 8







Examples of Substituted Acids








Total Number of
Systematic Name


Carbon Atoms
(Trivial Name)











4
2-methylpropenoic (methacrylic)


4
2-methylpropanoic (isobutyric)


5
2-methyl-cis-2-butenoic (angelic)


5
2-methyl-trans-2-butenoic (tiglic)


5
3-methyl-2-butenoic (β,β-dimethyl acrylic)


5
2-methylbutanoic


5
3-methylbutanoic (isovaleric)


5
2,2-dimethylpropanoic (pivalic)


8
2-ethylhexanoic


14
3,11-dihydroxytetradecanoic (ipurolic)


16
2,15,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic (ustilic)


16
9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic (aleuritic)


16
16-hydroxy-7-hexadecenoic (ambrettolic)


18
12-hydroxy-cis-9-octadecenoic (ricinoleic)


18
12-hydroxy-trans-9-octadecenoic (ricinelaidic)


18
4-oxo-9,11,13-octadecatrienoic (licanic)


18
9,10-dihydroxy-octadecanoic


18
12-hdroxy-octadecanoic (dl)


18
12-oxooctadecanoic


18
18-hydroxy-9,11,13-octadecatrienoic (kamlolenic)


18
12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic (vernolic)


18
8-hydroxy-trans-11-octadecene-9-ynoic



(ximenynolic)


18
8-hydroxy-17-octadecene-9,11-diynoic (isanolic)









Also included are naturally occurring fatty acids having alicyclic substituents, such as cyclopentenyl-containing chaulmoogra acids, and cyclopropenyl or sterculic acids (see Table 9). Prostaglandins include those formed by in vivo oxidation of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins (e.g., PGE1) may have different degrees of unsaturation and oxidation when compared to the parent compound, prostanoic acid.







TABLE 9







Examples of Fatty Acids with Alicyclic Substituents








Total Number of



Carbon Atoms
Common Name











6
aleprolic


10
aleprestic


12
aleprylic


14
alepric


16
hydnocarpic


18
chaulmoogric


18
malvalic (halphenic)


19
sterculic


19
lactobacillic









Naturally occurring aromatic acids include, but are not limited to acids such as benzoic, salicylic, cinnamic, gallic acids, etc. Such acids may be generally crystalline solids with relatively high melting points. In this regard, any of the solid carboxylic acid and/or solid metal source compounds described herein may be combined with organic fluids by direct dispersion in such fluids, by addition as an organic-based slurry or solution, etc.
Suitable carboxylic acids include branched-chain acids containing at least one branching alkyl group attached to the carbon chain. A few examples are given in Tables 10, 11 and 12.
Among other sources, branched-chain acids may be isolated from wool fat. This includes iso acids (with branching methyl on the carbon second from the end of the chain), even-carbon acids from C10 to C28, dextrorotatory anteiso acids (with branching methyl on the carbon third from the end of chain), odd-carbon acids from C9 to C27, and normal even-carbon acids from C10 to C26. Lower-molecular branched-chain acids (e.g., with seven or less carbons) may be isolated from petroleum.







TABLE 10







Some Branched-Chain Acids


Branched-Chain Acid (Trivial Name)












2-methylpropanoic (isobutyric)



2-methylbutanoic (isopentanoic)



3-methylbutanoic isovaleric



2,2-dimethylpropanoic (neopentanoic)



(isooctanoic)



2-ethyihexanoic



(isononanoic)



2,2-dimethyloctanoic (neodecanoic)



(isopalmitic)



(isostearic)

















TABLE 11







Ethynoid and Substituted Ethenoid Fatty Acids








Common Name
Synonyms






Ethynoid acids


Propiolic
2-Propynoic; propargylic


Tetrolic
2-Butynoic


4-Pentynoic
—


Dehydroundecylenic
10-Undecynoic


Tariric
6-Octadecynoic


Stearolic
9-Octadecynoic


Behenolic
13-Docosynoic


Isanic
Octadec-17-enedi-9,11(°)-ynoic; erythrogenic


Ricinoleic
12-Hydroxy-cis-9-octa-decenoic; ricinolic


Licanic
4-Oxo-9,11,13-octadeca-trienoic; couepic
















TABLE 12







Di-, Tri-, and Other Polyethenoid Fatty Acids










Common Name
Synonyms







Sorbic
2,4-Hexadienoic



Linolelaidic
cis-9,cis-12-Octadecadien-oic; linolic



Linoledlaidic
trans-9,trans-12-Octadeoa-dienoic



Hiragonic
6,10,14-Hexadecatrienoic



α-Eleostearic
cis-9,cis-11,trans-13-Octa-decatrienoic



β-Eleostearic
trans-9,cis-11,cis-13-Octa-decatrienoic



Punicic
9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic



Linolenic
cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-Octa-decatrienoic



Elaidolinolenic
trans-9,trans-12,trans-15-Octadecatrinoic



Pseudoeleostearic
trans-10,trans-12,trans-14-Octadecatrienoic



Moroctic
4,8,12,15-Octadecatetra-enoic



α-Parinaric
9,11,13,15-Octadecatetra-enoic



β-Parinaric
9,11,13,15-Octadecatetra-enoic



Arachidonic
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic



Clupanodonic
4,8,12,15-19-Docosa-pentaenoic



Nisinic
4,8,12,15,18,21-Tetra-cosabexaenoic










Tables 13 and 14 list other examples of suitable carboxylic acids.







TABLE 13





Other Examples of Carboxylic Acids


















acetic
palmitic, 90%



acrylic
(hexadecanoic)



benzoic
pelargonic (nonanoic)



butyric
phthalic anhydride



castor oil acids, dehydrated
propionic



coconut oil acids
ricinoleic



distilled
salicylic



double distilled
soybean oil acids



corn oil acids
single-distilled



cottonseed oil acids
double-distilled



formic
stearic



isobutyric
single-pressed



lauric (dodecanoic)
double-pressed



linseed oil acids/
triple-pressed



distilled
tall oil acids



water-white
2% or more rosin



methacrylic
less than 2%



myristic
tallow fatty acids



(tetradecanoic)
technical



oliec
hydrogenated



single-distilled (red)
terephthalic, dimethyl ester



double-distilled (white)
undecylenic



palm oil acids
(10-undecenoic)



single-distilled



double-distilled

















TABLE 14





Other Examples of Carboxylic Acids

















trimethylacetic



fluoroacetic



chloroacetic



bromoacetic



iodoacetic



dichloroacetic



trichloroacetic



α-chloropropionic



β-chloropropionic



lactic



Dicarboxylic Acids:



oxalic



malonic



succinic



glutaric



adipic



pimelic



o-phthalic










Tall oil fatty acids primarily consist of oleic and linoleic acids and may be obtained by the distillation of crude tall oil. Crude tall oil is a by-product of the kraft pulping process, and is typically a mixture of fatty acids, rosin acids, and unsaponifiables. Table 15 lists typical components of tall oil fatty acid products, the relative composition of which may vary between crude tall oil products and distilled tall oil products. Table 16 lists examples of fatty acids.







TABLE 15





One Embodiment of


Typical Fatty Acid Compositions of Tall Oil Products

















Fatty Acids:



C15H32O2



C17H34O2



C18H36O2



C18H34O2



C18H32O2



C18H32O2 (isomers)



C19H38O2



C20H36O2



Rosin acids



Unsaponifiables

















TABLE 16





Examples of Fatty Acids
















Acetoacetic acid
2-2-Hydroxytetracosanoic acids


Aleprestic acid
Isovaleric acid


Dotriacontanoic acid
Juniperic acid


Heptacosanoic acid
Ketostearic acids


Docosatrienoic acid
Lanoceric acids


Alepric acid
Lauric acid


Aleprolic acid
Lauroleic acid


Aloprylic acid
Lignocerica acid


Aleuritic acid
Linoleic acid


Ambrettolic acid
Linolelaidic acid


Arachidic acid
Linolelaidie acid


Arachidonic acid
Linolenic


Behenic acid
Margaric acid


Bonotonic acid
Melissic acid


Caproic acid
Methylbutyric acid


Brassidic acid
Montanic Acid


Capric acid
Moroctic acid


Caprolei acid
Myristic acid


Caprylic acid
Myristoleic acid


Cerotic acid
Nisinic acid


Cetoleic acid
Octad


Chaulmootric acid
Oleic acid


Clupanodome acid
Oleyl alcohol


11,12-Dihydroxyeicosanoic acid
13-Oxodotriacontanoic acid


Dihydroxystearic acids
Palmitic acid


Diketostearic acids
Palmitoleic acid


Docosadienoic acid
Pelargonic acid


Docosahexaenoic acid
Pentacosanoic acid


Eicosadienoic acid
Petroselinic acid


Eicosapentaenoic acid
Physoteric acid


Eicosatet-raenoic acid (See also
Pivalic acid


Arachidonic acid)
Pseudoeleostearic acid


Eicosatrienoic acid
Punicic acid


Elaidic acid
Tetratriacontanoic acid


Elaidolinolenic acid
Thynnic acid


Eleostearic acid
Tricosanoic acid


Enanthic acid
Tridecanoic acid


Eurcic acid
Tritriascontaonoic acid


2-Ethylhexoic acid
10-undecylenic acid


Gadoleic acid
Undecylio acid


Gorlio acid
Vaccenic acid


Heneicosanoic acid
Valerio acid


Hentriacontanoic acid
Vernolic acid


Hiragonic acid


Hydnocarpic acid


Hydroxydecanoic acids


Hydroxystearic acids









Examples of high rosin fatty acids which may be utilized to accelerate gelling include, but are not limited to, “UNITOL-S” or UNITOL AR40 (available from International Paper, Chemicals Division) etc. Others examples are described elsewhere herein. High rosin fatty acids may be substituted in whole or in part for non-high rosin fatty acids used in embodiments described elsewhere herein. Those of skill in the art will understand with benefit of this disclosure that gel time may be adjusted by varying the amount of high rosin fatty acid, and that gel times may be measured using methods described in the examples herein.
Sources of Fatty Acids
Sources of C6-C24 fatty acids include, but are not limited to, those obtained from natural sources such as animal tallows and greases, vegetable, coconut, palm, marine oils, etc. Such acids may also be produced synthetically from petroleum sources. For example, fatty acids may be produced by oxidation of hydrocarbons.
Methods of synthesizing fatty acids include, but are not limited to, the following methods:
Catalytic Oxidation of Paraffinic Hydrocarbons.
Oxidation of Olefins.
Oxidation or Carboxylation of Ethylene-Growth Compounds—including those compounds obtained from ethylene by the Ziegler process and containing an even number of carbon atoms.
Oxidation of Natural Fats—including dibasic and straight chain monobasic acids produced by oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with ozone or other oxidizing agents, (e.g., oleic acid oxidation produces azelaic, HO2C(CH2)7CO2H, and pelargonic acids, CH3(CH2)7CO2H).
Alkali Fusion of Alcohols—including those acids formed by treatment of fatty alcohols with alkalies at 300° C. and ca 5.6 MPa (800 psig) to produce the corresponding fatty acid plus hydrogen.
Telomerization—including those acids formed by telomerization of ethylene and butadiene with formic and acetic acids, methyl acrylate, or methyl chloride to produce acids of an odd number of carbon atoms.
Saponification of Natural Fats.
Glycerol Recovery—including those acids present in sweet water from a continuous countercurrent fat splitter that may contain, for example, about 12-20% glycerol, emulsified fat, slight amounts of soluble acids and proteinaceous material, and a trace of inorganic salts.
Crystallization—such as, for example, separation of oleic, stearic, and monoleic acids by crystallization (qv), either with or without solvents. Cotton seed, soya bean, corn oil, and other liquid edible oils may be winterized by lengthy treatments at low temperatures to allow more saturated triglycerides to crystallize and drop out of solution; followed by filtering of the resulting slurries. Further, liquid acids may be removed from a mass of crystals by cold pressing. The solid fraction may be hot pressed to remove the remaining liquid acids.
Hydrogenation—including hydrogenation of the solid fractions from crystallization to obtain saturated acids with an IV of less than one, such as hydrogenation by a batch method.
Distillation.
Fatty acids suitable for use in the disclosed method and compositions include, but are not limited to, those produced by processing selected fats and oils such as coconut, soybean, cottonseed, corn, and other vegetable oils, and lard and beef tallow. Such fatty acids may be originally present as triesters of glycerol (triglycerides) with other mixed lipid constituents such as sterols.
Specific examples of suitable fatty acids include, for example, unfractionated fatty acids, each of which typically has the same fatty acid composition as a parent fat or oil. These fatty acids may be referred to as soapstocks, and may be obtained as by-products from alkali treatment during refining of an oil. Other sources include, but are not limited to, from oils such as coconut, and lard and beef tallow. Still other sources of fatty acids, include natural oils and tall oil acids.
Fatty acids may be produced by a combination of crystallization and fractional distillation. Saturated stearic and oleiec fatty acid types may be produced from animal fats such as inedible tallow. As an example, stearic acid may be prepared from them by hydrogenation, crystallization, and distillation. Other examples include types of oleic acid, low poly(unsaturated) oleic, crystallized white oleic, crystallized red oil, and distilled animal acids, are also available.
Other common saturated fatty acids are octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids which are usually obtained from fractional distillation of coconut oil.
Certain longer chain length fatty acids such as the C20 and C22 are available from if hydrogenated fish oils and rapeseed oil, sources that contain relatively large amounts of these chain lengths in unsaturated forms.
Following is information on a few of the many commercially available carboxylic acid products suitable for use as carboxylic acid components in the disclosed method and apparatus. Included are carboxylic acid products and their derivatives (including fatty acid products and fatty acid derivatives), and carboxylic acid polymers such as polyacrylics.
Table 17 lists commercially available carboxylic acid products from KIC CHEMICALS, INC., 451 Main Street, P. O. Box 437, Armonk, N.Y. 10504-0437., 451 Main Street, P. O. Box 437, Armonk, N.Y. 10504-0437.







TABLE 17





Carboxylic Products Available From Kic Chemicals, Inc.


















Fatty Acids




Capric
Myristic



Caprylic/Capric Blend
Oleic



Caproic
Palmitic



Caprylic
Stearic, Triple-Pressed



Lauric
Stearic, NF Powder



Other Products



Ascorbic Acid USP
Sesame Oil NF



Benzoic Acid USP/Technical
Sodium Benzoate USP



Citric Acid USP
Succinic Acid FCC



Fumaric Acid NF/FCC
Sulfamic Acid



Malic Acid FCC
Vitamin E Succinate (natural)










Also available from KIC are Isophthalic Acid, Lactic Acid, and Terephthalic Acid. Particular products available form KIC include Oleic Acid (Food Grade Kosher 100% Natural, Vegetable-Based, Product Form—Liquid), Stearic Acid Rubber Grade (100% Natural, Vegetable-Based Product Form—Flakes/Liquid), Triple-Pressed Stearic Acid 40% Kosher 100% Natural (Vegetable-Based, Product Form—Beads), Triple-Pressed Stearic Acid 50% 100% Natural (Vegetable-Based, Product Form: Flakes).
Tables 18-20 list carboxylic products available from BF GOODRICH CHEMICAL DIVISION, Cleveland, Ohio. These products include CARBOPOL RESINS, such as CARBOPOL 430 Resin, polyacrylic acid in water. CARBOPOL 400 resins are polyacrylic acids of varying molecular weight, available from BF GOODRICH CHEMICAL DIVISION. Other examples are given in Tables 18 and 19.







TABLE 18







CARBOPOL Resins











Dry Chelating



Liquid Chelating Agents
Agents













Carbopol Resin
420
430
475
488
421
431
















Activity, minimum,
65
50
45
25
85-90*
85-90*


%


Molecular weight,
2,100
5,100
104,000
243,000
2,700
6,000


dry basis





*Sodium salt of polyacrylic acid 













TABLE 19







Properties Of CARBOPOL Resins










CARBOPOL RESIN
Molecular Weight














420
2,100



421
2,700



430
5,100



431
6,000



475
104,000



488
243,000










Other resins include CARBOPOL 676, CARBOPOL 940, CARBOPOL 934, CARBOPOL 941, CARBOPOL 970 (see also Table 14).







TABLE 20







Properties of CARBOPOL Resins










Type
Molecular Weight (Approx.)














907
450,000



910
750,000



941
1,250,000



934
3,000,000



  934P
3,000,000



940
4,000,000










Suitable carboxylic products are also available from Arizona Chemical Company, Panama City, Fla. These products include Tall Oil Fatty Acids such as the following fatty acids containing non-conjugated linoleic, conjugated linoleic, oleic and/or saturated components: SYLFAT DFA, SYLFAT FA-1, SYLFAT FA-2, SYLFAT FA-3, SYLFAT EPG, SYLFAT 95C, SYLFAT 94B, SYLFAT 2 and SYLFAT 102. Other products from this supplier include Distilled Tall Oils such as SYLVATAL D30E, SYLVATAL D25LR, SYLVATAL D30LR, SYLVATAL D40LR, SYLVATAL D40T, SYLVATAL D601R, SYLVABLEND RT-29, SYLVATAL RT-30, SYLVATAL S40 and SYLVATAL S40DD. Other products include Disproportionated Rosins/Soaps such as SYLVAROS DR-22, SYLVAROS DRS-40, SYLVAROS DRS-42 and SYLVAROS DRS43. Other products from this supplier include Co-products of the Tall Oil Fractionation Process such as FA90, FA140, Heads, Pitch, HD19, CC2028, SYLVABLEND EB001, S93 Crude. Other products from this supplier include Thermal Dimer Acids—SYLVATAL FA-7001 and SYLVABLEND FA-7002. Other products from this supplier include Asphalt and Concrete Blends such as SYLVABLEND AB-155 and SYLVABLEND CB-170. Other products from this supplier include Lower Acid Number Tall Oil Rosins such as SYLVAROS RB and SYLVAROS 315. Other products from this supplier include Dust Control and Flotation Blends such as SYLVABLEND AB-40, SYLVABLEND AD-60, SYLVABLEND FRAN 002 and SYLVABLEND FR-2234 available from Arizona Chemical. Other products from this supplier include Tall Oil Rosins such as SYLVAROS R Type S, SYLVAROS 80, SYLVAROS 10RX and SYLVAROS ACF. Other products from this supplier include Dimer Acids such as SYLVADYM T-17, SYLVADYM T-18, SYLVADYM T-22, SYLVADYM MX, SYLVADYM M-15 and SYLVADYM M-35. Other products from this supplier include Monomer Acids such as SYLFAT D-1 and SYLFAT RD-1. Other products from this supplier include Fatty Acid Esters such as SYLFAT 2249, SYLFAT 2154, SYLFAT 2173, SYLFAT 2210, SYLFAT 2156 and SYLFAT K. Other products from this supplier include Terpenes such as SYLVAPINE DP, SYLVAPINE ANTEHOLE and SYLVAPINE Pine Oil (Natural) available from Arizona Chemical. Other products from this supplier include Specialty Blends such as SYLVABLEND RB-45, SYLVABLEND RB-85, SYLVABLEND RB-90, SYLVABLEND RB95 and SYLVABLEND RB-120 available from Arizona Chemical.
Carboxylic acid products available from Acme-Hardesty Co., Blue Bell, Pa., include: Oleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Fractionated Fatty Acids (Caproic, Caprylic, Capric, Caprylic/Capric, Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Behenic, Erucic), Distilled Fatty Acids (Coconut, Linseed, Palm Kernal, Tall Oil), Hydrogenated Fatty Acids (Rubber Grade, Marine, Tallow), Hydrogenated Glycerides (Marine, Soya, Tallow), Castor Oil/Derivatives (#1 Castor Oil, Deodorized Castor Oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Pale Pressed Castor Oil, USP Castor Oil, 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid, Methyl 12-Hydroxy Stearate, N N′Ethylene Bis 12-Hydroxystearamide, Ricinoleic Acid, 70/80 deg. Melt Point Castor Wax-Stick Grade), Vegetable Oils (Coconut, Linseed, Tung). Some other specific products available from Acme-Hardesty include ACME 60-R 85, 70% stearic acid, 745 coconut fatty acid.
A specific example of tall oil fatty acid is TALL OIL FATTY ACID #1 from Acme-Hardesty Co. having the following composition: Linoleic, Nonconjugated 34%, Linoleic, Conjugated 9%, Oleic 44%, Saturated 5%, Other Fatty Acids 8%. A specific example of PALMITIC ACID 55% available from Acme-Hardesty is Triple Pressed Stearic Acid having a fatty acid composition of C12 (trace), C14 (1.5% Max), C16 (52-36%), C18 (42-48%), and C18 linear (Trace). TALL OIL FATTY ACID #2 from Acme-Hardesty Co. has the following composition: Linoleic, Nonconjugated 37%, Linoleic, Conjugated 7%, Oleic 50%, Saturated 2%, Other Fatty Acids 4%. 95% PALMITIC ACID from Acme-Hardesty Co. has the following composition: C12 (1.0% MAX), C14 (3.0% MAX), C16 (95% MIN), C18 (3.0% MAX). 90% STEARIC ACID from Acme-Hardesty Co. has the following composition: C16 (10% Max), C18 90% Min), C18 linear (2.0% Max). DOUBLE PRESSED STEARIC ACID, from Acme-Hardesty Co. has the following composition: C14 (1.5%), C16 (55-60%), C18 (33-41%), C18 linear (1.5%).
Table 21 lists carboxylic acid products available from HUMKO.







TABLE 21







Humko Chemical Product Guide








Product
Description (CTFA Adopted Name)





Lauric and Myristic



Acids


Industrene 365
Caprylic/Capric (Mixture Caprylic/Capric Acid)


Industrene 325
Distilled Coconut (Coconut Acid)


Industrene 223
Hydrogenated Coconut (Hydrogenated Coconut



Acid)


Industrene 328
Stripped Coconut (Coconut Acid)


Hystrene 5012
Hydrogenated Stripped Coconut (Hydrogenated



Coconut Acid)


Hystrene 9512
95% Lauric (Lauric Acid)


Hystrene 9912
99% Lauric (Lauric Acid)


Hystrene 9014
90% Myristic Acid (Myristic Acid)


Hystrene 9514
95% Myristic Acid (Myristic Acid)


Stearic and Palmitic


Acids


Hystrene 9016
90% Palmitic (Palmitic Acid)


Industrene 4518
Single Pressed Grade (Stearic Acid)


Industrene 5016
Double Pressed Grade (Stearic Acid)


Hystrene 5016
Triple Pressed Grade (Stearic Acid)


Industrene 4516
45% Palmitic (Palmitic Acid)


Hystrene 4516
45% Palmitic (Palmitic Acid)


Industrene R
Stearic Acid


Industrene B
Stearic Acid


Industrene 7018
70% Stearic Acid (Stearic Acid)


Hystrene 7018
70% Stearic Acid (Stearic Acid)


Industrene 9018
90% Stearic (Stearic Acid)


Hystrene 9718
92% Stearic (Stearic Acid)


Behenic and Arachidic


Acids


Hystrene 3022
30% Behenic and Arachidic (Hydrogenated



Menhaden Acid)


Hystrene 5522
55% Behenic and Arachidic (Hydrogenated



Menhaden Acid)


Hystrene 7022
70% Behenic and Arachidic (Behenic Acid)


Hystrene 9022
90% Behenic and Arachidic (Behenic Acid)


Tallow Type Acids


Hystrene 1835
Soap Acid Blend (Mixture Tallow/Coconut Acid)


Industrene 145
Tallow Acid


Industrene 143
Tallow Acid


Oleic Acids


Industrene M
Oleic-Stearic Acid


Industrene 105
Oleic Acid


Industrene 106
Low-Titer (Oleic Acid)


Industrene 205
Oleic Acid


Industrene 206
Low-Titer (Oleic Acid)


Industrene 206LP
Low-Titer (Oleic Acid)


Linoleic and Linolenic


Acids


Industrene 120
Linseed (Linolenic Acid)


Industrene 130
Linoleic Acid (Linoieic Acid)


Industrene 224
Oleic-Linoleic Acid


Industrene 225
Soya Acid (Linoleic Acid)


Industrene 226
Soya Acid (Linoleic Acid)









MSMA-Based Compounds
Partial monoesters of styrene maleic anhydride copolymers and fatty alcohols (“MSMA's”) include MSMA's as well as derivatives of MSMA's (such as sodium salts of sulfonated MSMA's). Such compounds are typically available in resin form, and may be utilized in the disclosed methods and compositions by direct combination with other components in an organic base fluid, or by prior dissolution in an organic solvent, such as toluene, xylene, or any other solvent or mixture of solvents suitable for dissolution of the selected MSMA-based compound/s.
Among suitable MSMA-based compounds are those compounds formed from styrene maleic anhydride copolymers formed via the following reaction: 




In one embodiment, m=from about 1 to about 3; and n=from about 6 to about 8. It will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that values of m and n may vary outside these ranges as well.
Suitable MSMA compounds include those formed by the esterfication of styrene maleic anhydrides copolymer with one or more fatty alcohols, as in the following reaction: 




wherein m and n are the same as given above for MSMA compounds. In one embodiment, ROH represents a fatty alcohol in which R is a branched or straight carbon chain that may be saturated or unsaturated, and which may have from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms, alternatively from about 6 to about 38 carbon atoms. The degree of esterfication of such MSMA compounds may vary from very little to almost complete esterfication, but in one embodiment ranges from about 35% to about 75%.
Specific examples of fatty alcohols for MSMA esterfication include, but are not limited to those produced by the Ziegler and Oxo processes, reduction of vegetable oils and fatty acids with sodium, catalytic hydrogenation at elevated temperatures and pressures, and hydrolysis of spermacetia and sperm oil by saponification and vacuum fractional distillation. Specific examples of saturated fatty alcohols include, but are not limited to, octyl, decyl, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl and stearyl alcohols, etc. Specific examples of unsaturated fatty alcohols include, but are not limited to oleyl, linoleyl, linolenyl, etc.
Although one embodiment of MSMA compounds formed from monofunctional alcohols are described above, it will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that MSMA compounds formed from multifunctional fatty alcohols (difunctional, trifunctional, etc.) are also possible. Furthermore, it is also possible that partial esters of styrene maleic anhydride and alcohols other than fatty alcohols, are also possible. In addition, partial esters of styrene maleic anhydride may be formed with other organic carbon chains having one or more carboxyl functionalities formed thereon. In those cases where multifunctional alcohols and/or alcohols with one or more carboxyl functionalities are employed, those of skill in the art will understand with benefit of this disclosure that properties of a gelled organic fluid may be varied and/or enhanced by virtue of additional hydroxyl sites available for complexation or reaction with metal groups supplied by metal source compounds.
Derivatives of MSMA compounds may also be employed in the disclosed methods and compositions, in a similar manner or in place of MSMA compounds. Examples of such MSMA derivatives include, but are not limited to, MSMA compounds having aryl groups that are substituted or partially substituted. In one exemplary embodiment, sulfornated MSMA derivatives may be formed having the following structure 




where m, n, and R have those values described above for MSMA compounds.
Further information on specific suitable MSMA-based compounds available under the tradename SMA® from Elf Atochem may be found in the following publications from Elf Atochem: “SMA Multifunctional Resins General Bulletin”; “The Use of SMA Resins as Multivalent Ion Complexation Agents” (Version 3.0, June 1998); “SMA Fatty Alcohol Esters”; and “Technical Information, Developmental Products, Sulfonated SMA Resins S-SMA X 1000 and S-SMA X 3000,” each of the foregoing being incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include MSMA compounds made from base SMA® resins SMA 1000, SMA 2000, SMA 3000, and SMA 4000, with styrene/maleic anhydride ratios of 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. These include ester resins SMA 1440, SMA 17352, SMA 2625 and SMA 3840. These compounds are available in aqueous solution and are designated with a “H” suffix. Additional suitable MSMA-based compounds include SMA X10840, SMA X11825 (C18 fatty alcohol), SMA X11850(C16 to C18 fatty alcohol) and SMA X31890 (C18 fatty alcohol). Still others include, but are not limited to, SMA XGA-10, SMA XGA-30, SMA 1000F, SMA 1440 F, SMA 17352F, SMA 2000F, SMA 2625F, SMA EF-30, SMA 3840F, SMA EF40, SMA 3000F, etc.
Further examples of styrene maleic anhydride and styrene maleic anhydride derivative copolymer starting materials (ie., which may be esterfied), as well as MSMA-based compounds may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,284,414; 4,450,261; 5,076,852; 3,650,970; 3,657,123; 3,528,939; 3,511,820; 5,132,271; 5,330,588 and 3,741,943; which are each incorporated herein by reference. Still other such information may be found in American Chemical Society Symp. Ser., 1983, Vol. 229, Iss. Eff. Hostile Environ. Coat. Plast. pp. 49-64; Japanese Kokai Tokyo Koho, May 16, 1984 (Patent No. 84 84933, Patent Application Number 83-184060); German Offen., May 22, 1969 (Patent No. 1800712); and U.S. Pat. No. 1,482,171; which each incorporated herein by reference.
Optional “activator” materials may be added to a MSMA-containing formulation to achieve, among other things, reduced gellation time and/or smoother gels. In this regard, an activator may be any compound containing carboxylic acid functionalities, typically having a low carbon count. Examples include relatively low carbon count carboxylic acids, including multi-functional carboxylic acids such as citric acid. While not wishing to bound by theory, it is believed that such activator compounds favor aluminum cross linking and in that way affect the gellation reaction. Other suitable activators include, but are not limited to the high rosin fatty acids described elsewhere herein (such as “Unitol S”).
Fat and Fatty Oil-based Organic Fluids
Among the organic fluids suitable for use in the disclosed method and compositions are fats and fatty oils, such as those derived from vegetable, animal, and marine sources and which may be by-products in the production of vegetable proteins or fibers and animal marine proteins. Examples of fat sources include, but are not limited to, oilseeds, fruit pulps, animals, and fish. Advantageously, such organic fluids may serve dual functions as both source of fatty acids as well as base fluids for formulating treatment fluids, and component slurries or suspensions. Suitable organic fluids include, but are not limited to, marine fats and Cruciferae fats, for example, those characterized by fatty acids having carbon chains of up to about C24.
Although fatty acids in fats may be esterified with glycerol to form glycerides, some fats may have greater than about 5% free fatty acid. Table 22 is a partial list of sources of exemplary organic fluids and fatty acids that may be employed in the disclosed method and compositions.







TABLE 22







Some Sources of Organic Fluids and Related Fatty Acids









Fatty Acid
Common Name
Source of Organic Oil/Acid





butanoic
butyric
butter


hexanoic
caproic
butter


octanoic
caprylic
coconut


decanoic
capric
coconut


dodecanoic
lauric
coconut, palm kernel


tetradecanoic
myristic
coconut, palm kernel, butter


hexadecanoic
palmitic
palm, cottonseed, butter,




animal fat, marine fats


cis-9-hexadecenoic
palmitoleic
butter, animal fats


octadecanoic
stearic
butter, animal fats


cis-9-octadecenoic
oleic
olive, tall oil, peanut,




canbra, animal fats, butter,




marine fats


cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic
linoleic
safflower, sunflower, corn,




soy, cottonseed


cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-
linolenic
linseed


octadecatrierioic


cis,cis,cis,cis-6,9,12,15-

marine fat


octadecatetraenoic


cis,trans,trans-9,11,13-
α-eleostearic
tung


octadecatrienoic


12-hydroxy-cis-9-
ricinoleic
castor


octadecenoic


cis-9-eicosenoic
gadoleic
marine fat


cis-11-eicosenoic

rapeseed


all cis-5,8,11,14-
arachidonic
animal, marine fats


eicosatetraenoic


all cis-8,11,14,17-

marine fats


eicosatetraenoic


all cis-5,8,11,14,17-

marine fats


eicosapentaenoic


docosanoic
behenic


cis-11-docosenoic
cetoleic
marine fats


cis-13-docosenoic
erucic
rapeseed


all cis-7,10,13,16,19-

marine fats


docosapentaenoic


all cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-

marine fats


docosahexaenoic









Milk fats are typically characterized by low unsaturation and the presence of a wide variety of saturated fatty acids of short chain length. Lauric acid oils are typically distinguished by relatively low unsaturation and a high content of lauric acid as well as other short-chain acids. Lauric acid oils may be derived from seeds of cultivated or noncultivated palms. Vegetable butters are typically low in unsaturation and contain principally C14, C16, and C18 acids. Vegetable butters may be derived from seeds of tropical trees. Cocoa butter is one example. Land-animal fats are typically relatively low in unsaturation and contain principally C16 and C18 acids, with unsaturated acids consisting primarily of oleic and linoleic acids.
Oleic-linoleic acid oils are of medium, but rather variable unsaturation (iodine), with fatty acids being predominantly C18 acids. These oils are normally liquid in the raw form but may be hydrogenated to produce plastic fats. These fats may be derived from the fruit pulp of perennial plants (palm, olive) and the seeds of cultivated annual plants (e.g., cotton, peanut, corn, safflower, sesame, and sunflower seeds). Erucic acid oils resemble the oleic-linoleic acid oils in composition except that the predominant unsaturated fatty acid is a C22 acid, erucic acid, and there may be a minor proportion (6-10%) of linolenic acid. Exemplary oilseeds include, but are not limited to, ravison, mustard seed, and rapeseed (colza), including zero erucic rapeseed varieties (typically called canbra or canola oil in Canada).
Linolenic acid oils, derived almost wholly from the seeds of cultivated annual plants, are generally similar to the oleic-linoleic acid oils but are distinguished from the latter by containing the more highly unsaturated acid, linolenic acid. Exemplary suitable oils of this type include, but are not limited to, soybean and linseed oils. Conjugated acid oils typically have relatively high content of unsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. These may be derived from the seeds of subtropical trees, and examples include tung and oiticica oils.
Marine oils are characterized by content of fatty acids that varies considerably in chain length both above and below 18 carbons, and by the presence of highly unsaturated acids (4 or more double bonds), together with a considerable content of saturated acids (as much as 25% of the total acids). Examples include those derived from small oily fishes, such as California sardine (pilchard), menhaden and herring. Other examples include fish-liver oils, typically derived from different species of fish. Hydroxy-acid oils include castor oil which consists principally of glycerides of ricinoleic (12-hydroxyoleiec) acid.







TABLE 23







Examples of Fats and Related Acid Types










Fat
Acid Type







Vegetable




babassu
lauric acid



castor
hydroxy acid



coconut
lauric acid



corn
oleic-linoleic acid



cottonseed
oleic-linoleic acid



linseed
linolenic acid



oiticica
conjugated acid



olive
oleic-linoleic acid



palm
oleic-linoleic acid



palm kernel
lauric acid



peanut (groundnut)
oleic-linoleic acid



rapeseed
erucic acid (oleic-linoleic acid)



regular



low erucic



(canbra or canola)



safflower
oleic-linoleic acid



regular



high oleic



sesame
oleic-linoleic acid



soybean
linoleic-linolenic acid



sunflower
oleic-linoleic acid



tung
conjugated acid



Animal



butter
milk



lard
land animal



tallow and grease
land animal



Marine



whale
marine



sperm whale
marine



fish (liver)
marine



herring



sardine (pilchard)



sardine (Peruvian)



menhaden

















TABLE 24







Examples of Vegetable Oils and Related Acid Types










Fat or Oil
Type or group







Almond oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Apricot-kernal oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Babassu oil
Lauric acid



Bornao tallow
Vegetable butter



Candlenut (lumbang) oil
Linolenic acid



Castor oil
Hydroxy acid



Chinese vegetable tallow
Vegetable butter



Cocoa butter
Vegetable butter



Coconut (copra) oil
Lauric acid



Cohune oil
Lauric acid



Corn oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Cottonseed oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Grapefruitseed oil
Lauric acid



Hempseed oil
Lauric acid



Kap oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Linseed oil
Linolenic acid



Mowrab (illip) fat
Vegetable butter



Murumuru oil
Lauric acid



Mustard oil



O
Conjugated acid



Olive oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Orangeseed oil
Linolenic acid




Lauric acid



Palm oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Palm-kernal oil
Lauric acid



Peanut oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Perilla oil
Linolenic acid



Poppyseed oil
Oleio-linoloic acid




Erucic acid




Erucic acid



Rice-bran oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Safflower oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Sesame oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Shea fat
Vegetable butter



Soybean oil
Linolenic acid




Conjugated acid



Sunflowerseed oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Teaseed oil
Oleio-linoloic acid



Tung (China wood oil)
Conjugated acid



Ucuhuba butter
vegetable butter



Walnut (English) oil
Linolenic acid



Wheat germ oil
Linolenic acid










Salts of Carboxylic Acids
In the practice of the disclosed methods and compositions, carboxylic acid salt metal source compounds may be selected from a wide variety of carboxylic salts including, but not limited to, salts of natural and synthetic carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof described elsewhere herein. It will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that mixtures of specific carboxylic acid salts, as well as types of carboxylic acid salts, are possible.
Suitable carboxylic acid salts include, but are not limited to, those salts which occur when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alkaline substance, such as in a reaction of the following type involving carboxylic acid and alkaline hydroxide:

RCOOH+MOH→RCOO−+M++H2O;

wherein:

    
    
        M=Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Al, NH4, or R4N; and
        R=derivatized or underivatized aliphatic or aromatic group (such as R groups of those carboxylic acids described elsewhere herein).
    
    


It will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that an alkaline substance employed in salt formation by such a reaction also may be another type of alkaline substance including, but not limited to, an oxide or carbonate of having M and R substituents selected from those given elsewhere herein.
Carboxylic acid salts and other suitable metal source compounds may be based on carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. A few examples of such derivatives are given in Table 25.







TABLE 25





Examples of Fatty Acid Derivatives

















Fatty Acid Derivatives



adipic acid esters, total



di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate



diisodecyl adipate



diisopropyl adipate



n-octyl n-decyl adipate



complex linear polyesters and polymeric plasticizers



epoxidized esters, total



epoxidized soybean oil



isopropyl myristate



isopropyl palmitate



oleic aid esters, total



butyl oleate



glyceryl trioleate



methyl oleate



propyl oleates



all other oleates



sebacic acid esters



stearic acid esters, total



n-butyl stearate



alcohols, C12 and higher, unmixed



alcohols, mixtures, total



distearyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate



dodecyl mercaptan



erucamide



lauroyl chloride



stearic acid salts:



aluminum stearates, total



barium stearate



calcium stearate



magnesium stearate



zinc stearate



sulfurized lard oil for lubricants










In one embodiment of the disclosed method, metal salt/s (e.g., aluminum salt) of 2-ethylhexanoic acid (often called 2-ethylhexoic in industry) is employed. 2-ethylhexoic acid may be made by the hydrogenation of 2-ethyl-2-nexenal (α-ethyl-β-propylacrolein), CH3(CH2)2CH:C(C2H5)CHO, to 2-ethylhexanal (α-ethyl-caproaldehyde), which may be catalytically oxidized in the liquid phase to the acid. Metallic salts of ethylhexoic acid (known also as octoates) include, but are not limited to those of aluminum, iron, lead, cobalt, copper, nickel, zinc, magnesium and manganese, and may be made, for example, by diffusion or double decomposition. One specific example of an octoate derivative is Oxyaluminum Octoate in an ester carrier available under the product name “OAO” from Chattem Chemicals, Inc. of Chattanooga, Tenn.
Carboxylic acid salts available from Acme-Hardesty Co. include: Zinc Stearate (Polymer Grade, Powder), Calcium Stearate (Polymer Grade, Powder), and aluminum Stearate as listed in Table 26.







TABLE 26







Aluminum Stearate from Acme-Hardesty Co.











TYPE 1
TYPE 2
TYPE 3














APPEARANCE
White Powder
White Powder
White Powder


FREE FATTY ACID
5.8 max
8 max
20 max


%









Carboxylic acid salts available from Chattem Chemicals, Inc, of Chattanooga, Tenn. include aluminum benzoates, octoates, stearates (such as organo aluminum stearate) and chelates. Table 27 lists examples of metal salt compounds commercially available in organic solution from Chattem.







TABLE 27







Commercially Available Carboxylic Acid


Salt Liquid Solutions from Chattem











Product


Product
Product Description
Characteristics





KHD
liquid oxyaluminum
Aluminum Content:



acrylate
8.3 to 8.9%




(typical 8.6%)


OAS/
liquid cyclized aluminum
Aluminum Content:


MSII
mono stearate
5.0% to 5.5%

















Other Metal Source Compounds
In the practice of the disclosed methods and compositions, other metal source compounds (i.e., other than metal salts of carboxylic acid) may be selected from a wide variety of compounds capable of supplying metal ions including, but not limited to, organic and inorganic metal salts and organometallic compounds (including coordination compounds). Such compounds may available be in the solid, liquid or paste form. It will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that mixtures of specific metal source compounds, as well as types of metal source compounds, are possible. Table 28 lists exemplary metal alkoxide compounds, and Tables 29-31 list some commercially available metal source compounds, including some commercially available carboxylic acid salts not previously mentioned.







TABLE 28





Metal Alkoxides

















Aluminum Butoxide



Aluminum Isoproxide



Aluminum Methoxide



Iodine Pentoxide



Lithium Butoxide



Lithium Methoxide



Lithium t-butoxide



Palladium Methoxide



Potassium t-butoxide



Sodium Butylate



Sodium Ethoxide



Sodium Methoxide



Tin Ethoxide



Titanium Isopropoxide



Titanium Methoxide



Zirconium Butoxide

















TABLE 29







Commercially Available Metal Salts from Chattem









Product
Product Description
Product Characteristics





AIP
aluminum isopropoxide
Aluminum Content: about


(white granular powder)
(aluminum isopropylate)
13%


VISCO MASTER 2200
liquid aluminum alkoxide
Aluminum Content: 10.2%


(liquid solution)

to 10.8%


TRI-XL LV
low viscosity cyclic trimer
Aluminum Content: 12.5%


(liquid solution)
of tri-oxy-aluminum
to 13.0%



isopropoxide in a severely



hydrotreated paraffinic



hydrocarbon oil
























TABLE 30





Examples of Compounds Available from Alfa Aesar, A


Johnson Matthey Company, Organies and Organometallics 1999-00
















Metal Alkoxides



Zirconium 1-Dutoxide, 99.99% (metals
[(CH3)3CO]4Zr


basis)


Zirconium Ethoxide
(CH3CH2O)4Zr


Zirconium 2-ethylhexanoate, 96±%


Zirconium 2-ethylhexanoate,


 ̃20% in mineral spirits (6% 2r)


Zirconium isopropoxide, C 43.8%,
[(CH3)2CHO]4Zr


H 8.8%


Zirconium (IV) 2,4-pentanadionate


Zirconium (IV) n-propoxide, 70% w/w
Zr(OCH3CH2CH3)4


in n-propanol


Tin (IV) Isopropoxide, 98% (metal
[(CH3)2COH]4Sn


basis)


Tin (IV) Isopropoxide, 10% w/v in
[(CH3)2COH]4Sn


isopropanol, 98% (metal basis)


Titanium (IV) n-propoxide, 98%
Ti(OCH2CH2CH3)4


Aromatic Bases


a-Xylene, 99% (Isotopic)


m-Xylene, 99%


p-Xylene, 99%


p-Xylene-d10, 99% (Isotopic)


Aluminum Sources


Aluminum acetate, basic
approx. (CH3CO2)2AlOH.H2O


Aluminum n-butoxide, 90-95%
[CH3(CH2)3O]3Al


Aluminum tert-butoxide
[CH3CH2CH(CH3)O]3Al


Aluminum calcium isopropoxide, 10%
[(CH3)2CO]3Al


w/v in IPA, 99.8% (metals basis)
[((CH3)2CHO]4Al)2Ca
















TABLE 31





Examples of Compounds Available from ACROS ORGANICS


(Fisher Scientific) Catalog of Fine Chemicals, 98/99
















Isopropoxide Group



Ferric 2-ethylhexanoate


Metal Alkoxides


Titanium (IV) n-butoxide, 99%
[CH3(CH2)3O]4Ti


Titanium (IV) cresylate
(CH3C6H4O)4Ti


Titanium (IV) Isopropoxide,
[CH3)2CHO]4Ti


99.999%


Aromatic Bases


Toluene, reagent ACS
C6H5CH3


Naphthalene, 99%
C10H8


Aluminum Sources


Aluminum acetylacetonate, 98%
(CH3COCH2COCH2)3Al


Aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate
[CH2(CH2)3CH(C2H5)COO]2AlOH


Aluminum hydroxide, powder
H3AlO3


Aluminum isopropoxide, 98+%
[(CH3)2CHO]3Al


Aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, 97%
[C2H5CH(CH3)O]3Al


Aluminum triethoxide
(C2H5O)3Al


Iron Sources


Ferric acetylacetonate
(CH3COCH2COCH2)3Fe


Ferric benzolacetonate
C30H27FeO6


Ferric oxide
FeO3









Surfactant Materials
In the practice of the disclosed methods and compositions, surfactants may be selected from a wide variety of compounds capable of facilitating interaction of components of gelled organic fluids. Commercially available surfactants include, but are not limited to, the following surfactants from Akzonobel Chemicals Incorporated: “ARMAK 1730” (alkoxylated fatty amine), “ARMEEN C” (fatty acid derived amine), “ARQUAD 2C-75” (quad in isopropanol base), “ETHOMEEN T/12” (alkoxylated fatty amine), “R-MACK 703.” Examples of other suitable surfactants commercially available from Witco, Stepan, Akzo and Ethox are listed in Tables 32, 33, 34 and 35.







TABLE 32





Witco Surfactants

















Ethoxylated Fatty Alcohols





R = fatty alcohol


Propoxylated Fatty Alcohols





R = fatty alcohol


Ethoxylated Fatty Amines





R = fatty radical


Amines Oxides





R = coconut fatty radical


Alkylbenzene Sulfonates





X - sodium, calcium, amine, etc.


Alkyldimethylbenzyl Ammonium Chloride





R = lauryl or stearyl radical


Cocoamidopropyl Betaine





R = coco group


Ethoxylated Fatty Acids





R = fatty radical


Propoxylated Fatty Acids





R = fatty radical


Sulfonated Fatty Acids







Glycerol Ethoxylates





















TABLE 33







Stepan Surfactant Products









Class
Product
Chemical Description





Detergents




Alkylbenzene
BIO-SOFTD-40
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate,


Sulfonates

linear



BIO-SOFTD-53
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate,




linear



BIO-SOFTD-62
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate,




linear



BIO-SOFTN-300
TEA alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear



NACCONOL-
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate,



40G
linear



NACCONOL-
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate,



90G
linear



NINATE 401
Calcium alkylbenzene sulfonate,




branched



NINATE 411
Amine alkylbenzene sulfonate,




branched


Sulfonic Acid
BIO-SOFT S-100
Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid, linear



BIO-SOFT S-130
Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid, linear



STEPANTAN
Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid,



H-100
branched


Hydrotropes
STEPANATE
Sodium xylene sulfonate



SXS



STEPANATE
Ammonium xylene sulfonate



AXS



STEPANATE
Sodium cumene sulfonate



SCS







Emulsion Polymerization









Alkyl Ethoxylate
POLYSTEP B-11
Ammonium lauryl ether sulfate,


Sulfates

4 EO



POLYSTEP B-12
Sodium lauryl ether sulfate, 4 EO



POLYSTEP B-19
Sodium lauryl ether sulfate, 30 EO



POLYSTEP B-20
Ammonium lauryl ether sulfate,




30 EO



POLYSTEP B-22
Ammonium lauryl ether sulfate,




12 EO



POLYSTEP B-23
Sodium lauryl ether sulfate, 12 EO


Alkylphenol
POLYSTEP B-1
Ammonium nonyl phenol ethoxy-


Ethoxylate

late sulfate, 4 EO


Sulfates
POLYSTEP B-27
Sodium nonyl phenol ethoxylate




sulfate, 4 EO



POLYSTEP
Sodium octyl phenol ethoxylate



C-OP3S
sulfate, 3 EO


Textiles


Sulfonates
BIO-SOFT D-40
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate,




linear



BIO-SOFTD-62
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate,




linear



BIO-SOFT AS-40
Sodium olefin sulfonate



BIO-TERGE
Octane sulfonate salt



PAS-8S



NINATE 411
Alkylamine alkylbenzene sulfonate


Sulfonic Acid
BIO-SOFT S-100
Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid


Alkanolamides
NINOL 11-CM
Coconut diethanolamide



NINOL 201
Oleic diethanolamide



NINOL 40-CO
Coconut diethanolamide



NINOL 1301
Fatty alkanolamide, modified



AMIDOX C-2
Ethoxylated cocoamide



AMIDOX C-5
Ethoxylate cocoamide
















TABLE 34







Akzo Industrial Surfactants


(Mixture of RCO2(CH2CH2O)xH and RCO2(CH2CH2O)xOCR


Ethoxylated Fatty Acids)










Registered Tradename
Common Name







Ethofat O/20
Ethoxylated (10) oleic acid



Ethofat 18/14
Ethoxylated (4) stearic acid



Ethofat 242/25
Ethoxylated (15) tall oil acid



Ethofat 433
Ethoxylated (15) tall oil acid

















TABLE 35







Ethox Surfactants








Surfactant
Comments










Ethoxylated Alcohols and Alkyl Phenols








ETHAL OA-23
POE (23) Oleyl Alcohol - Hydrophilic emulsifier



and detergent, useful in stabilizing dispersions



and scouring textile goods


ETHAL OA-23/70%
POE (23) Oleyl Alcohol - 70% Solution of



ETHAL OA-23


ETHAL OA-35
POE (35) Oleyl Alcohol - stabilizer and



emulsifier


ETHAL 368
POE (3) C16-C18 Alcohol - oil soluble emulsifier



and lubricant


ETHAL CSA-20
POE (20) C16-C18 Alcohol - Viscosity modifier



and emulsifier for aqueous systems. Base for



cosmetic creams and lotions.


ETHAL CSA-25
POE (25) C16-C18 Alcohol - Hydrophilic



emulsifier which exhibits good detergency in



mildly acidic of alkaline solutions and hot



aqueous systems


ETHAL SA-20
POE (20) C18 Alcohol - Viscosity modifier and



emulsifier for aqueous systems. Base for cosmetic



creams and lotions.







Ethoxylated Glycerides








ETHOX 1212
Ethoxylated Coconut Glyceride - Excellent



lubricant for textiles and metals


ETHOX 2119
Polyoxyalkylene Coconut Glycerides - Lubricant



for textiles and metals.


ETHOX 2132
Polyoxyalkylene Coconut Glycerides - Lubricant



for textiles and metals.


ETHOX 2976
Polyoxyalkylene Castor Oil - Emulsifier and



lubricant


ETHOX 2992
Polyoxyalkylene Coconut Glycerides - Lubricant



for textiles and metals.









Preparation of Organic Gels
The disclosed liquid organic gels may be prepared in any manner suitable for combining the components described herein in an organic-based fluid to form a liquid organic gel. For example, the disclosed organic liquid gels may be prepared by combining individual components with an organic base fluid, or alternatively by mixing a preformulated gelling compound containing these components with an organic fluid.
In one embodiment, organic liquid gels may be formed using the methods described herein that offer substantially stable viscosities at temperatures up to at least about 250° F., alternatively up to at least about 275° F., alternatively up to at least about 300° F., alternatively up to at least about 325° F., alternatively up to at least about 350° F., further alternatively from about −30° F. to about 250° F., further alternatively from about −30° F. to about 275° F., further alternatively from about −30° F. to about 300° F., further alternatively from about −30° F. to about 350° F. In this regard, colder temperatures may be encountered, for examples, in pipelines. In such cases, rheology may be modified to suit colder conditions, such as by using greater percentages of aromatics such as xylene. As used herein in relation to well fracture treatments, the term “stabilized viscosity” means that viscosity that allows for effective proppant transport in a fracture in a subterranean formation.
Further, where desired one or more optional breaker materials may be added to a formulation to cause a gelled fluid to lose its structure, viscosity, etc. In one embodiment, one or more breaker materials may be added for providing a delayed reduction in viscosity of organic gels prepared herein. Such viscosity reduction may be desirable, for example, when a gelled organic fluid is used as a well treatment fluid such as a hydraulic fracturing fluid. In such a case, a breaker material may be combined with other components of the gelled fluid prior to introduction of the fluid downhole, and may be formulated so that a gelled organic fluid viscosity is substantially maintained or increased during the time the fluid is displaced downhole and into the formation but is decreased, for example, after sufficient time has occurred to allow transport of proppant into the subterranean formation.
Any material/s suitable for imparting viscosity reduction characteristics to the disclosed non-phosphate gelled fluids may be employed as breaker/s. In one embodiment, such materials may function by reacting or interacting with metal atoms or ions therein so as to reduce viscosity or gel characteristics of the fluid by, for example, tying up a portion of the metal ions or atoms therein. Examples of suitable materials include, but are not limited to, materials (sequestering agents, metal chelating agents, etc.) having a higher affinity for metal ions than the carboxylic acid-based materials employed in a given gelled organic fluid. Specific examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, amines, acids, acid salts, acid-producing materials, oxylates, etc. Specific examples of suitable acids include, but are not limited to, aminopolycarboxylic acids (e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (“EDTA”), ethyleneglycolbis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,-tetraacetic acid; nitrilotriacetic acid, etc.), hydroxycaboxylic acids (e.g., gluconic, tartaric, citric acids), salts and mixtures thereof, etc. Specific examples of suitable acid salts include, but are not limited to, salts of oxalic acid, sodium salt of citric acid, etc. Specific examples of suitable oxylates include, but are not limited to, calcium oxylate, etc. Specific examples of suitable amines include, but are not limited to, hexamethylene tetramine, triethylenepentamine (“TEPA”), etc.
Optional gel breaker material/s may be combined with other components of a non-phosphate organic gelled fluid in any manner and amount known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, a gel breaker may be added after an organic fluid has been gelled using components described elsewhere herein, such as added at a point at or near a downhole blender.
In one embodiment, a breaker material may be a solid (such as citric acid-based solid), or in other form that partitions over time into a gelled organic fluid where it may interact with metals in the gelled organic fluid. In an alternative embodiment, a breaker material may be encapsulated or coated with a material (such as vinyl co-polymer, like poly-vinylidine chloride) that breaks down over time to allow partitioning of the breaker material into the gelled organic fluid. In still another alternative embodiment, encapsulated breaker materials may be formed by impregnating particulate carrier material with breaker materials, such as those described elsewhere herein. Examples of suitable particulate carrier materials include those made from individual porous particles of material impregnated with breaker material, and coated with a material (such as vinyl co-polymer, like poly-vinylidine chloride) selected to dissolve or otherwise break down in the selected organic phase, so as to allow diffusion or dispersion of the breaker material into the organic phase. In any case, when particles of breaker material (encapsulated or not) are employed for hydraulic fracturing, it may be desirable to use particle sizes that are equivalent to, or similar to, the size of proppant employed in the fracture job. However, any other size particles suitable for imparting breaker action to a gel may be employed. With benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that breaker concentration may be selected based on amount and type of gelling components employed, and on the specific pump-time and extent and time of breaking action that is desired.
With benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that viscosity reduction rate may depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to, identity and relative amounts of breaker and gelled fluid components employed, temperature, and when encapsulated breakers are employed, particle size and porosity, particle coating thickness, etc. As such, desired break time may be achieved by varying component characteristics and amounts to fit individual applications.
Direct Combination of Individual Components with Organic Fluid
For example, in one exemplary embodiment a gelled organic liquid may be prepared by combining suitable quantities of at least one carboxylic acid, at least one salt of carboxylic acid, and at least one metal source compound directly with an organic-base fluid, and agitating the mixture to achieve gellation. Examples of such suitable components are described elsewhere herein. In such an embodiment, individual components may be combined directly with an organic-based fluid in any relative amount suitable for forming a liquid organic gel. As used herein, the terms “combine” or “combining” include any method suitable for admixing, exposing, contacting or otherwise causing two or more materials, compounds, or components to come together.
In one embodiment of a batch mixed process, carboxylic acid is typically first dispersed in an organic fluid in a mixing vessel (for example in a frac tank containing circulating organic fluid). Next, carboxylic acid salt (such as aluminum octoate) is added (as a solid or as a suspension in organic fluid), and mixed or circulated (such as in a frac tank) with the organic fluid. Then, the mixture is withdrawn from the mixing vessel, and a metal hydroxide (such as aluminum hydroxide and/or aluminum isopropoxide) is added for fast viscosity development as the fluid is displaced to a wellbore, pipeline, process facility, etc.
In one particular example, individual components may be blended or mixed with diesel to achieve a diesel-based hydrocarbon gel. In this embodiment liquid tall oil fatty acid may be combined in an amount of from about 0.5% to about 10% by total weight of mixture, alternatively from about 2% to about 8% by weight of total mixture, and further alternatively from about 4% to about 7% by weight of total mixture. Aluminum octoate carboxylic salt may be combined in an amount of from about 0.25% to about 10% by total weight of mixture, alternatively from about 0.5% to about 8% by weight of total mixture, and further alternatively form about 1.5% to about 6% by weight of total mixture. A 10% by weight aluminum isopropoxide metal source compound solution may be combined in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 1% by weight of total mixture, alternatively from about 0.2% to about 0.8% by weight of total mixture, and further alternatively from about 0.4% to about 0.6% by weight of total mixture. From about 0.1% to about 2% by total weight of mixture, alternatively from about 0.5% to about 1.5% by total weight alternatively from about 0.75% to about 1.25% by total weight of mixture of “NE-110W” (from Baker Performance Chemical) DDBSA (or alternatively “ETHOX MS-8” ethoxylated stearate from Ethox Chemicals) surfactant may optionally be added to facilitate dissolution of solid reactants. Although particular ranges of amounts of components are given for this embodiment, other amounts and/or components are also possible. In one embodiment, a gelled diesel based hydrocarbon liquid may be so formed to have a minimum viscosity of greater than about 300 centipoise at 100 s−1 at up to about 250° F.
Formation of Viscous or Solid Reactant Product for Subsequent Addition to Organic Fluid
In an alternate exemplary embodiment, at least one carboxylic acid and at least one salt of carboxylic acid as described herein may be combined to form a reaction product. The reaction product may be a viscous mass that may be added to an organic fluid, or alternatively may be dried to form a solid and then ground to a desired particle size. In either case at a later time a viscous or particulate reaction product material may be combined with an organic-based fluid (such as by dispersing or blending) to achieve an organic liquid gel.
In this embodiment, individual carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid salt and/or other metal source compound components may be blended or mixed in any amounts suitable for forming a viscous reaction product, or a reaction product which may be dried and ground to form a particulate solid capable of gelling hydrocarbon liquids.
In one exemplary embodiment, a solid particulate reaction product may be formed by blending or mixing aluminum octoate carboxylic acid salt into tall oil fatty acid in, for example, an agitated reaction vessel. In this embodiment, aluminum octoate may be combined with a tall oil fatty acid and optional aluminum isopropoxide in an amount of from about 5% to about 95%, alternatively from about 15% to about 85%, and further alternatively from about 20% to about 80% by total weight of mixture. The tall oil fatty acid may be present in an amount of from about 5% to about 95%, alternatively from about 15% to about 85%, and further alternatively from about 20% to about 80% by total weight of mixture. Aluminum isopropoxide may be combined in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 1.0%, alternatively from about 25% to about 8%, and further alternatively from about 0.35% to about 7% by total weight of mixture. Surfactant may optionally be added to facilitate dissolution of the reactants, typically at a concentration of less than about 0.75% by volume of the mixture. The mixture may be agitated using any suitable agitation method in the art. Although particular ranges of amounts of components are given for this embodiment, other amounts and/or components are also possible.
A reaction product of the above-described embodiment may be converted to a solid using any method known in the art suitable for drying or removing liquid components from the reaction mixture. Such suitable methods include, but are not limited to, exposure to the atmosphere, drum heat, etc. A reaction product that is a paste or a rigid gel can be metered as a paste or extruded into hydrocarbon and subsequently sheared until an elastic gel is formed.
Once a reaction product has been dried, it may be ground or pulverized to form particulate solid using any suitable particulatizing method known in the art, for example including, but not limited to, ball mill grinder, air-classified grinder, etc. The material may then be bagged for further use, etc.
Although the solid reaction product described above may be ground or otherwise processed to any particle size desired, in one embodiment a particle size of the reaction product is from about 100 mesh to about 325 mesh. Smaller particle sizes yield more surface area and speed gelation times.
When added to an organic-base fluid, such solid particulate reaction product may be added in any amount suitable for forming a liquid organic gel. However, in one embodiment, from about 50 pounds per thousand gallons of total mixture (“ppt”) to about 1000 ppt, alternatively from about 200 ppt to about 800 ppt, alternatively from about 300 ppt to 700 ppt of dried particulate reaction product may be added to a diesel base fluid. In one embodiment, about 0.1% by volume of mixture of surfactant as previously described may optionally be added to facilitate dissolution of the solid reaction product particulate. The fluid may be agitated or otherwise sheared to form a gel having desired consistency or rheology.
Well Treatment Fluids
Among many possible uses, the disclosed liquid organic gels may be employed as a component of a well treatment fluid, such as a drilling, stimulation, completion or workover fluid. In this regard, the disclosed organic-based fluids may be introduced into a wellbore and/or subterranean formation to function as viscosifiers or gelled components of circulating, lost circulation, or kill fluids (drilling muds, drill-in fluids, packer fluids, workover fluids, gelled pills, etc.), as well as fulfilling similar purposes as components of stimulation fluids (such as fracture fluids, gelled acids, foamed fluids, diversion fluids, etc.), injection profile modification fluids, etc. With benefit of this disclosure, it will be understood that the disclosed liquid organic gels may be employed in any drilling or well treatment application known in the art in which, for example, gelled liquid hydrocarbons may be employed, just a few examples of which may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,609,207; 5,552,377; 5,492,178; 5,426,137; 5,411,091; 5,382,411; 5,381,864; 5,082,059; 5,057,233; 4,877,894; 4,665,982; 4,404,112; 4,301,868; 4,186,802; 3,757,864; 3,654,992; 3,654,991; and 3,654,990, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
A well treatment fluid may be prepared using the disclosed methods and compositions in any suitable manner including, but not limited to, using those preparation techniques described elsewhere herein. For example, an organic liquid gel may be prepared by combining the separate carboxylic acid, carboxylic salt and metal source components directly with an organic-based fluid as previously described. In such case, these components may be combined in a batch process performed at the wellsite using mixing vessels such as frac tanks.
Alternatively, the components may be batched mixed away from the wellsite and transported to the wellsite using methods known in the art. A liquid organic gel may be similarly prepared at or away from the wellsite by mixing particulate reaction product prepared in a manner previously described herein.
The disclosed organic gelled fluids may also be prepared using continuous mixing methods at the wellsite, such as those employing concomitantly introduced component process streams. In this regard, with benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that any continuous mixing method known in the art which is suitable for combining the disclosed components to form gelled organic fluids may be employed.
For example, when formulating well stimulation fluids individual liquid components may be combined with organic base fluid (such as in a blender tub, or upstream or downstream thereof) to form a well treatment fluid just prior to being introduced into a wellbore.
Similarly, solid components may be combined in a similar manner as liquid components, for example, by combining a first organic-based liquid (such as diesel, a diesel/fatty acid mixture, a diesel/fatty acid salt mixture, or a diesel/fatty acid/fatty acid salt mixture etc.) with a slurry or suspension comprising the solid material (such as aluminum hydroxide) in a second organic liquid (such as one or more vegetable oils described elsewhere herein, e.g., sunflower, coconut oil, etc.) at similar locations. Metal source compounds or mixtures thereof may be combined in a second organic liquid at any concentration suitable for forming a solid/liquid suspension therein, and which may be pumped or is otherwise flowable. In one embodiment, metal source compound/s (such as aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, caustic powder, etc.) may be suspended in a second organic liquid at a concentration of, for example, from about 1 lb/gallon to about 7 lb/gallon, alternatively from about 3 lb/gallon to about 5 lb/gallon, by weight of total solution. However, concentrations outside this range are also possible. Furthermore, optional suspension agents, such as organophilic clays, may be added to help suspend metal source compounds in a suspension.
Metal source compound suspensions may be combined, for example, by delivering a second organic liquid slurry or suspension containing the metal source compound to the first organic liquid already containing the other metal source compounds and carboxylic acid, or by concomitantly delivering to an organic fluid process stream separate organic liquid slurries or suspensions containing each of the solid components. One example of the latter scheme would be concomitant delivery to a first organic fluid process stream (such as diesel) of fatty acid diluted with vegetable oil, fatty acid salt/vegetable oil suspension and/or aluminum hydroxide vegetable oil suspension. A sodium hydroxide fine powder dispersed in vegetable oil may also be added to saponify the fatty acid. Many variations and modifications are possible.
Advantageously, such use of organic fluid base slurries avoids exposing metal source compounds to water or substantial amounts thereof, which may be desirable when handling such materials. In either case, it will be understood that separate components may be combined with organic base fluid at the same location, or in separate locations of a process stream being formulated and introduced, for example, into a well bore.
In formulating a slurry of solid metal source compound, it is usually desirable to choose an organic fluid that will not react with the solid metal source compound under conditions encountered prior to combination with an organic fluid/carboxylic acid mixture. Advantageously, by selecting an organic base fluid for formulating the metal source compound slurry (and/or by selecting a treatment fluid base fluid) that converts to carboxylic or fatty acids upon heating to react with metal components of the treatment fluid, additional enhancement of viscosity may be achieved as a treatment fluid is heated, such as when being displaced downhole as a well treatment fluid.
It will be understood by those of skill in the art with benefit of this disclosure that various components may advantageously be selected based on the anticipated treatment conditions, such as downhole temperature, so that desired viscosities may exist at different points in the mixing process (e.g., at mixing points, in the wellbore, in the formation, etc.) Similar methodology may also be employed when mixing other types of treatment fluids (such as pipeline or process equipment treatment fluids), based on the conditions expected therein. Furthermore, in those applications where temperature and shear may be controlled, these variables may be manipulated to cause desired viscosity changes as well.
For example, carboxylic acid (e.g., fatty acid) and carboxylic acid salt (e.g., aluminum octoate) may be combined with organic fluid (e.g., diesel, Fracsol, xylene) in a blender tub of a continuous mix process, with a metal hydroxide or saponifier (e.g., potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, or alternatively, any other metal source compound capable of saponifying or forming soap with the carboxylic acid at ambient or relatively lower temperatures) being added to the process stream downhole of the blender tub and, if desired, such that shear is induced to the fluid by a centrifugal pump displacing the fluid. In such an embodiment, substantially immediate viscosity development is achieved by soap formation with the metal hydroxide or other suitable saponifier, for example to help transport proppant downhole. Secondary viscosity may then be advantageously realized due to the carboxylic acid salt as the treatment fluid is displaced downhole and heated and/or exposed to shearing. Such secondary viscosity may serve, for example, to impart increased high temperature stability and/or rheology for proppant transport, fluid loss control, etc. Other suitable metal source compound components for developing delayed or secondary viscosity include, but are not limited to metal alkoxides (such as aluminum isopropoxide), etc.
It will also be understood with benefit of this disclosure by those of skill in the art that any batch mixing method known in the art which is suitable for combining the disclosed components to form gelled organic fluids may also be employed. For example, individual liquid and/or solid components described herein may be combined in a mixing vessel (for example, one or more frac tanks), and circulated until suitable mixing or gellation occurs. Slurried or suspended solid components may also be added to a mixing vessel in a similar manner. In one exemplary embodiment, carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid salt components may be combined with organic base fluid in a mixing vessel to form a treatment fluid, then saponifying or relatively rapid soap-forming metal source compound/s (such as previously described) may be combined with the treatment fluid as it is displaced to the wellbore to achieve early viscosification in a manner similar to that previously described for a continuous mixing process. In another embodiment, only carboxylic acid component may be added to organic fluid in a mixing vessel, then all other metal source compounds added to form a treatment fluid as the mixture is displaced to the wellhead. Other variations are also possible. In any case, it is typically desirable in such a batch mixing process to combine components in such a way that the organic fluid does not develop excess viscosity that would impede removal or displacement of the fluid from the mixing vessel.
In either of batch or continuous mixing processes, one or more optional surfactant/s and/or aromatic compounds as previously described may be combined with a treatment fluid, for example, to facilitate speed of dispersion/integration and/or interaction of solid components with the treatment fluid. Such surfactant or aromatic addition may be particularly desirable, for example, when using a continuous mixing process and solid components.
For hydraulic fracturing, a batch or continuous mixed gelled organic-based treatment fluid may be combined with proppant in any manner known in the art and introduced into the wellbore in subterranean formation at a pressure above the fracturing pressure of the subterranean formation. With benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that the disclosed non-phosphate organic liquid gels may be employed to hydraulically fracture a subterranean formation using any method in combination of components known in the art of, for example, oil-based fracturing. In one example, the disclosed non-phosphate gelled organic fluids may be displaced into a subterranean formation above the fracturing pressure of the formation, and with or without proppants like sand (such as Ottawa, Brady or Colorado Sands), synthetic organic particles, glass microspheres, ceramics (including aluminosilicates such as “CARBOLITE,” “NAPLITE” or “ECONOPROP”), resin-coated sand (such as “ACME BORDEN PR 6000” or “SANTROL TEMPERED HS”), sintered bauxite, and mixtures thereof.
It will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that one or more of the above-described methods of combining components of the disclosed non-phosphate gelled organic fluids, as well as variations thereof, may be employed to other types of organic based treatment fluids including, but not limited to, pipeline treatment fluids and fluid processing equipment treatment fluids.
Pipeline Treatment Fluids
With benefit of the present disclosure, the disclosed non-phosphate organic liquid gels may be employed by those of skill in the art in a number of ways including, but not limited to, in any manner and/or for any purpose known in the art that makes use of, for example, gelled hydrocarbon fluids within a pipeline interior. For example, a pipeline treatment fluid may be used to clean and/or convert pipeline transmission lines, isolate a pipeline from invasive materials, displace solid materials and/or fluids through a pipeline, or to separate pipeline products from each other or from other materials within the pipeline. Specific examples of such uses include, but are not limited to, use of a gelled plug or pig to isolate two separate fluids (such as different pipeline products) under static or dynamic conditions of flow within a pipeline interior. The disclosed liquid organic gels may also be used to remove debris or contaminants from the interior of the pipeline, such as by displacing a gelled pig of a treatment fluid containing non-phosphate organic liquid gel through at least a portion of a pipeline. Further information on using gelled materials in pipeline include, but are not limited to, those methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,419,183; 5,197,324; 4,635,727; 4,543,131; 4,416,703; 4,252,465; 4,003,393, and 5,145,590, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In one exemplary embodiment, when used as a gel pig, the pipeline treatment fluid may be employed in conjunction with a mechanical pig as is known in the art. In one exemplary embodiment, a gel pig may be formed from a liquid organic gel and displaced through a pipeline by fluid under pressure. In this regard, displacement fluid may be gas or liquid, depending upon the needs of the user and the availability of fluids. A gel pig may be used alone or as an element of a “pig train” in a pipeline cleaning process. Such a pig train may be formed, for example, by preceding and/or following a pipeline treatment fluid gel plug with mechanical pigs and/or other chemical pig segments. Such chemical pig segments may be of the same or different composition and may include the additives such as corrosion inhibitors, bactericides, passivation agents, etc. Such chemical pig segments may be liquids or gels.
In other exemplary embodiments, a non-phosphate liquid organic gel pipeline treatment fluid may be employed as a separation plug or pig to separate one or more materials, such as pipeline product fluids (e.g., hydrocarbons, paraffins, asphaltenes, fuel oil, condensate, etc.), existing within a pipeline, under static or dynamic conditions, or as a microplug to remove fluids, solids and semi-solids (such as sand, tar, corrosion products and other debris and contaminants, etc.) from the interior of a pipeline.
It will be further understood with benefit of this disclosure that a non-phosphate gelled organic pipeline treatment fluid may be combined with other common pipeline chemicals or additives, such as biocides, oxygens, scavengers, scale inhibitors, dyes, etc.
Process Equipment Treatment Fluids
In other embodiments of the disclosed method and compositions, the disclosed non-phosphate liquid organic gels may be employed in fluid processing applications including, but not limited to, oil field production facility, refinery, and chemical plant applications.
Breaker Materials
In the practice of the disclosed method, any breaker material suitable for reducing viscosity of the disclosed gels may be employed. Examples include calcined magnesium oxide and tetraethylenepentamine.
Calcined magnesium oxide used in an amount of from about 10 to about 50 pounds per thousand gallons of gelled fluid. In one embodiment, calcined magnesium oxide (such as −325 mesh “Mag Chem 10” from Martin Marietta, or RG-35 from BJ Services) may be encapsulated with, for example, an oil soluble resin such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,830, which is incorporated herein by reference. Calcined magnesium oxide may be used in size suitable for imparting gel breaking charactertics, such as from about −40 mesh to about −325 mesh, although smaller and larger sizes are also possible. Reactivity (or degree of calcination) may be varied to meet particular conditions and desired breaking times. In one embodiment, −325 mesh calcined magnesium oxide may be suspended in diesel in an amount of 5 pounds per gallons to form a slurry having about 52% calcined magnesium oxide by weight of the slurry, and also contains about 1.1% organophillic clay (“A140” available from Rheox) by weight of the slurry, 0.7% amidozaline dispersant/surfactant by weight of total slurry. One example of such a suspension is available as “GBL-5L” from BJ Services, and in one embodiment it may be added in an amount sufficient to supply from about 10 to about 50 pounds of active magnesium oxide per thousand gallons of gelled fluid.
Additional information on breakers includes the following: Mag Chem 10 from Martin Marietta, or RG-35 from BJ Services) may be encapsulated with, for example, an hydrocarbon(oil) soluble resin such as “VINSOL Resin” by Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Del., which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,830, which is incorporated by reference herein. Calcined magnesium oxide may be used in size suitable for imparting gel breaking characteristics, such as from about −40 mesh to about −325 mesh, although smaller and larger sizes are also possible. Reactivity (or degree of calcination) may be varied to meet particular conditions and desired breaking times. In one embodiment, −325 mesh calcined magnesium oxide may be suspended in diesel in an amount of 5 pounds per gallons to form a slurry having about 52% calcined magnesium oxide by weight of the slurry, and also contains about 1.1% organophillic clay (“Bentone A140” available from Rheox, Inc., Highstown, N.J.) by weight of the slurry, 0.7% amidozaline dispersant/surfactant by weight of total slurry. One example of such a suspension is available as “GBL-5L” from BJ Services, and in one embodiment it may be added in an amount sufficient to supply from about 10 to about 50 pounds of active magnesium oxide per thousand gallons of gelled fluid. Solid amine breakers such as hexamethylenetetraamine (available, for example from Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corporation, Gardena, Calif.) and tetramethylenepentamine (“En Cap 90706” available from Fritz Industries, Inc. of Dallas, Tex.) may be used alone or in combination in amounts of from about 5 to about 20 pounds per thousand gallons of gelled fluid, although greater and lesser amounts are also possible. Such solid breaker materials may be added at any point in a continuous or batch mix process. Breaker reactivity, size, composition, etc. may be varied by those of skill in the art to achieve control break of the gel at a desired point, such as when a fracturing fluid encounters downhole conditions.
Solid amine breakers such as hexamethylenetetraamine and tetraethylenepentamine (“En Cap 90706”, “En Cap 80715” available from Fritz Industries, Inc. of Dallas, Tex.) may be used alone or in combination in amounts of from about 5 to about 20 pounds per thousand gallons of gelled fluid, although greater and lesser amounts are also possible.
Such solid breaker materials may be added at any point in a continuous or batch mix process. Breaker reactivity, size, composition, etc. may be varied by those of skill in the art to achieve control break of the gel at a desired point, such as when a fracturing fluid encounters downhole conditions.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention or claims thereof.
In Examples 1-15, non-phosphate gelled fluids were mixed using the following procedure: 214 g diesel organic fluid is measured into clean dry jar & mounted on a Servodyne Lightning Mixture Model 444530 made by Cole-Palmer Instruments. A 1′′ diameter 6 blade paddle is immersed half-way into the volume of the fluid in a slightly off-center position. The mixer is set at 2000 RPM (+/−50 RPM) and the components added and mixed.
Examples 1-15 were each carried out at a temperature of 75° C.
Example 1
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid, Aluminum Carboxylic Acid Salt, and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
13.65 grams of tall oil fatty acid (“SLYFAT FA-1” available from Arizona Chemicals, also available as “G20” from BJ Services) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker.
SYLFAT FA-1 contains 92.7% fatty acids, 2.8% unsaponifiables and 4.5% rosin acids, with less than 0.1% moisture and less than 0.01% ash. The fatty acid content of SYLFAT FA-1 includes 34% non-conjugated linoleic, 9% conjugated linoleic, 44% oleic, and 5% saturated. SYLFAT FA-1 has an acid number of 194, a saponification number of 197, and an iodine number of 131. SYLFAT FA-1 Sp has a saponification number of 198.
In this example, 3 grams of aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) was dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid. 1 gram of a 10% aluminum isopropoxide solution was also added. This mixture was then blended with a spatula until a viscous to solid mass reaction product was developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 325 mesh particle size. A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. “Off-road diesel” is a term used herein to describe diesel fuel sold for non-highway use, and selected for use in the examples due to its lower cost. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-325 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 2
Gellation of Diesel from Fatty Acid, Aluminum Carboxylic Acid Salt and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A 214 gram of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. A proportional concentration equaling 40 L/M3 of tall oil fatty acid(SYLFAT FA-1) was then added to the diesel solution and mixing continued at the same speed. Aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) was dispersed at a concentration of 4.8 Kg/M3 into the mixing solution. Aluminum chloride solution was delivered at 0.6 Kg/M3. A 50% by weight sodium hydroxide solution was then delivered at 2 L/M3. Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 3
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid and Aluminum Carboxylic Acid Salt
60 grams of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. 20 grams of aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) was dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid and mixed with spatula until a viscous to solid mass developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 325 mesh particle size. A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. The solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-325 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 4
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid, Aluminum Carboxylic Acid Salt and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
Sixty (60) grams of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. Three (3) grams of aluminum 2,4 pentanedione was dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid and twenty (20) grams of aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) was dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid and mixed with spatula until a viscous to solid mass developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allowed to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 325 mesh particle size distribution. A 214 gram aliquot of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-325 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 5
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid, Iron Carboxylic Acid Salt and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
13.65 grams of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. 3 grams of iron 2-ethylhexanoate (iron octoate) was then dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid. 1 gram of a 10% aluminum isopropoxide solution was also added. This mixture was then blended with a spatula until a viscous to solid mass reaction product was developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 325 mesh particle size distribution. A 214 gram of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This sample solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-325 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 6
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid, Iron Metal Source and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
13.65 grams of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. 4 grams of ferric ammonium sulfate was then dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid. 1 gram of a 10% aluminum isopropoxide solution was also added. This mixture was then blended with a spatula until a viscous to solid mass reaction product was developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 325 mesh particle size. A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-200 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 7
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid, Iron Metal Source and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
13.65 grams of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. 3 grams of ferric hydroxide was then dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid. 1 gram of a 10% aluminum isopropoxide solution was also added. This mixture was then blended with a spatula until a viscous to solid reaction product was developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 325 mesh particle size. A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-200 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 8
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Two Aluminum Second Metal Source Compounds
13.65 grams of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. 3 grams of aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) was dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid. 0.3 grams of aluminum oxide was also dispersed into the mixing fluid. 1 gram of a 10% aluminum isopropoxide solution was also added. This mixture was then blended with a spatula until a viscous to solid mass reaction product was developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 200 mesh particle size distribution. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-325 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 9
Gellation of Diesel Using Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. A proportional concentration equaling 60 L/M3 of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was then added to the diesel solution and mixing continued at the same speed. Aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) at a concentration of 12 Kg/M3 was dispersed into the mixing solution. A 10% Aluminum isopropoxide solution was delivered at 4 L/M3. Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 10
Gellation of Diesel Using Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. A proportional concentration equaling 20 L/M3 of tall oil fatty acid (“SYLFAT FA-1”) was then added to the diesel solution and mixing continued at the same speed. Aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) at a concentration of 2.4 Kg/M3 was dispersed into the mixing solution. A 10% Aluminum isopropoxide solution was delivered at 1.25 L/M3. Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 11
Gellation of Diesel Using Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound in Combination with Surfactant
A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. A proportional concentration equaling 20 L/M3 of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was then added to the diesel solution and mixing continued at the same speed. Aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) at a concentration of 2.4 Kg/M3 was dispersed into the mixing solution. A 10% Aluminum isopropoxide solution was delivered at 1.25 L/M3. A fatty acid derived amine surfactant (“ARMEEN C” from Akzonobel Chemicals Incorporated) solution was then delivered at a concentration of 2 L/M3. Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 12
Gellation of Diesel Using Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound in Combination with Surfactant
A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. A proportional concentration equaling 20 L/M3 of tall oil fatty acid(SYLFAT FA-1) was then added to the diesel solution and mixing continued at the same speed. Aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) at a concentration of 2.4 Kg/M3 was dispersed into the mixing solution. A 10% Aluminum isopropoxide solution was delivered at 1.25 L/M3. A alkoxylated fatty amine surfactant solution (“ARMAK 1730” from Akzonobel Chemicals Incorporated) was then delivered at 2 L/M3. Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 13
Gellation of Diesel Using Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Two Aluminum Second Metal Source Compounds
A 214 gram aliquot of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. A proportional concentration equaling 20 L/M3 of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was then added to the diesel solution and mixing continued at the same speed. Aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) at a concentration of 2.4 Kg/M3 was dispersed into the mixing solution. A 10% Aluminum isopropoxide solution was delivered at 1.25 L/M3. An aluminum hydroxide/vegetable cooking oil suspension solution containing 4 lb/gallon aluminum hydroxide was then delivered at 1-5 L/M3. Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 14
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid and Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid
Sixty (60) grams of tall oil fatty acid (SYLFAT FA-1) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. Twenty (20) grams of aluminum stearate was then dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid and mixed with spatula until a viscous to solid mass developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 325 mesh particle size. A 214 gram aliquot of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-325 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 15
Preparation and Use of Particulate Reaction Product Formed from Fatty Acid and Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid
Sixty (60) grams oleic acid was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. Twenty (20) grams of aluminum stearate was dispersed into the tall oil fatty acid a and mixed with spatula until a viscous to solid mass developed. This reaction product was then placed in a desicator and allow to continue solidify and/or dry for 16 hours. After this period, the material was ground with mortar and pestle to approximately a 100 to 325 mesh particle size. A 214 gram sample of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry 16 ounce graduated wide-mouth jar. This solution was then positioned on a Lightning Mixer apparatus. Solution was blended at 2000 rpm (+/−) 50. The 100-325 mesh reaction product was then dispersed into the diesel solution at a concentration of 17.65 grams per 250 milliliters diesel. Mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Examples 16-18
In examples 16-18, as well as each of the other examples herein where viscosity is measured on a FANN rotational visocometer, the following procedure was employed. First, the described materials were mixed according to the mixing instructions for achieving “vortex closure” as outlined in relation to Example 20. Then, to measure viscosity, a 45 milliliter sample of the individual gelled organic fluid was delivered to a FANN 50C rotational viscometer rotor cup. The sample was then mounted on the viscometer and pressurized to 300 PSI with nitrogen. The viscometer was zeroed, and its viscosity measurement program initiated, and viscosity measurements taken as heating is applied. Results are shown in the tables accompanying each example.
Example 16
Rheological Measurements at 150° F. of Gelled Fluid System Comprising Diesel, Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A non-phosphate gelled fluid system was formed by combining the following components with “off road” No.2 diesel to achieve a viscous gel: tall oil fatty acid (“SYLFAT FA-1” from Arizona Chemical/“G-20” from BJ Services) at a concentration of 60 gallons per thousand gallons of diesel (“GPT”); aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) powder at a concentration of 100 pounds per thousand gallons of diesel (“PPT”); and aluminum isopropoxide (“PETROSURF XL” from Rhone Poulenc) at a concentration of 4 GPT.
Rheological characteristics of the gel were evaluated at 150° F. using a “FANN 50C” rheometer, and are presented in Table 36. Results of this example show that suitable fracturing rheology is obtained at this temperature.







TABLE 36







Example 16 Fann 50c Readings at 150° F.











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
170 s−1
100 s−1
40 s−1
















2
87
.597
.1636
989
1225
1772


18
143
.439
.2526
678
913
1527


35
150
.426
.2748
690
936
1583


51
152
.415
.291
691
942
1610


68
153
.403
.307
685
940
1625


84
153
.398
.3135
682
939
1629


100
153
.389
.3259
677
936
1638


117
153
.389
.3265
678
938
1641


133
153
.384
.3321
672
932
1639


150
153
.379
.3386
668
929
1640


166
153
.372
.3475
661
923
1641


182
153
.372
.3473
661
922
1640


199
153
.372
.3468
660
921
1638


215
153
.364
.3565
651
912
1634


232
153
.366
.3527
651
911
1629


248
153
.359
.3626
645
907
1632


264
153
.362
.3575
646
907
1627


281
153
.361
.3578
643
903
1622


297
153
.356
.3644
639
899
1622


314
153
.354
.3647
633
891
1611


330
153
.35
.3707
630
890
1614


346
153
.352
.3675
631
890
1612


363
153
.348
.3717
625
884
1606


379
153
.345
.3761
623
882
1607


396
153
.346
.3729
621
878
1599


412
153
.347
.3691
618
874
1589


428
153
.349
.3643
616
870
1580


431
153
.339
.3806
611
868
1591


448
153
.341
.376
610
866
1583


464
153
.342
.3738
610
865
1580


480
153
.336
.3816
604
858
1578


497
153
.334
.3835
600
855
1574


513
153
.335
.3804
599
852
1567


530
153
.33
.388
595
849
1569


546
153
.329
.3874
591
844
1561


562
153
.329
.3871
591
843
1560


579
153
.327
.3885
587
839
1554


595
153
.328
.3858
586
837
1549


612
153
.324
.3906
581
832
1545


628
153
.326
.3866
581
831
1541


644
153
.323
.39
577
827
1537


661
153
.321
.3933
576
826
1538


677
153
.321
.3913
573
822
1530


694
153
.322
.3895
573
822
1529


710
153
.318
.3955
570
819
1530


726
153
.316
.397
567
815
1525


743
153
.315
.3987
566
814
1525


759
153
.314
.3985
563
810
1519


776
153
.31
.404
559
806
1517


792
153
.313
.3986
560
807
1514


808
153
.31
.403
558
804
1514


825
153
.311
.4001
557
802
1508


841
153
.311
.4005
557
803
1510


858
153
.309
.4016
553
798
1503


874
153
.309
.4014
553
797
1502


890
153
.306
.4059
550
795
1502


907
153
.302
.4124
548
793
1504


923
153
.307
.4035
550
794
1499


939
153
.303
.4089
546
790
1497


956
153
.303
.4084
545
789
1495


972
153
.305
.4058
547
791
1496


989
153
.298
.417
543
788
1499


1005
153
.305
.4035
544
787
1488


1021
153
.305
.4044
545
789
1491









Example 17
Rheological Measurements at 215° F. of Gelled Fluid System Comprising Diesel, Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A non-phosphate gelled fluid system was formed by combining the following components with “off road” No.2 diesel to achieve a viscous gel: tall oil fatty acid (“SYLFAT FA-1” from Arizona Chemical/“G-20” from BJ Services) at a concentration of 60 gallons per thousand gallons of diesel (“GPT”); aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) powder at a concentration of 100 pounds per thousand gallons of diesel (“PPT”); and aluminum isopropoxide (“PETROSURF XL” from Rhone Poulenc) at a concentration of 4 GPT.
Rheological characteristics of the gel were evaluated at 215° F. using a “FANN 50C” rheometer, and are presented in Table 37. Results of this example show that suitable fracturing rheology is obtained at this temperature.







TABLE 37







Example 17 Fann 50c Readings at 215° F.











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
170
100
40 
















2
90
.577
.1775
968
1212
1786


19
185
.341
.2979
483
686
1254


35
213
.331
.2986
460
656
1212


51
217
.37
.254
478
668
1190


68
217
.369
.2493
467
653
1164


84
217
.376
.2361
459
639
1131


100
218
.372
.2357
449
626
1113


117
218
.376
.225
437
609
1078


133
218
.376
.2201
428
595
1055


150
218
.368
.2238
417
583
1041


166
217
.365
.2224
408
572
1023


182
218
.365
.2195
403
565
1010


199
218
.356
.2255
395
556
1004


215
217
.355
.2229
389
548
989


232
218
.352
.2235
384
541
980


248
218
.352
.2203
378
534
966


264
218
.341
.2286
371
526
963


281
218
.333
.2343
365
520
958


297
218
.326
.2391
359
514
953


314
218
.347
.2158
361
511
929


330
218
.332
.2283
354
504
930


346
218
.336
.2223
352
500
919


363
219
.34
.2151
347
493
903


379
218
.328
.2261
343
490
908


396
218
.337
.215
342
486
892


412
219
.335
.2149
338
481
885


429
218
.33
.2186
335
478
884


445
218
.339
.2082
334
475
870


461
219
.334
.2114
331
471
868


478
218
.343
.2028
332
471
860


494
218
.336
.2068
327
465
855


511
218
.333
.2086
325
463
853


527
218
.327
.2138
323
462
855


543
218
.321
.2171
318
456
849


560
218
.335
.2027
319
454
835


576
218
.329
.2076
317
452
837


593
218
.343
.1942
318
451
824


609
218
.34
.1948
314
446
817


625
219
.324
.2077
309
442
822


642
218
.331
.2012
310
442
817


658
218
.337
.1947
310
440
808


675
219
.335
.195
307
437
803


691
218
.341
.1893
307
436
797


707
218
.343
.1869
307
434
793


724
219
.335
.1918
302
430
790


740
218
.325
.2002
299
428
795


757
218
.349
.18
304
430
781


773
218
.351
.1772
303
427
774


789
218
.335
.1891
298
424
779


806
218
.348
.1784
300
424
771


822
218
.333
.1893
295
420
774


839
218
.332
.1893
293
418
771


855
218
.351
.1741
297
420
761


871
218
.361
.1659
298
419
752


888
218
.348
.1742
293
414
753


904
218
.364
.1625
297
416
745


921
218
.339
.1805
290
412
755


937
218
.354
.1687
293
412
745


953
218
.347
.1738
291
411
749


970
218
.348
.1725
290
410
745


986
217
.35
.1709
291
410
744


1003
217
.342
.1764
288
408
746


1019
217
.335
.1814
286
406
747


1035
217
.334
.182
285
406
747


1052
218
.338
.1777
284
403
740









Example 17A
Rheological Measurements at 275° F. of Gelled Fluid System Comprising Diesel, Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A non-phosphate gelled fluid system was formed by combining the following components with “off road” No.2 diesel to achieve a viscous gel: tall oil fatty acid (“SYLFAT FA-1” from Arizona Chemical/“G-20” from BJ Services) at a concentration of 60 gallons per thousand gallons of diesel (“GPT”); aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) powder at a concentration of 100 pounds per thousand gallons of diesel (“PPT”); and aluminum isopropoxide (“PETROSURF XL” from Rhone Poulenc) at a concentration of 4 GPT.
Rheological characteristics of the gel were evaluated at 275° F. using a “FANN 50C” rheometer, and are presented in Table 38. Results of this example show that suitable fracturing rheology is obtained at this temperature.







TABLE 38







Example 17a Fann 50c Readings at 275° F.











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
170
100
40 
















2
79
.562
.2016
1018
1284
1919


19
247
.503
.1123
419
545
860


35
268
.54
.0815
368
470
716


52
271
.566
.0686
354
445
663


68
272
.554
.0702
340
431
649


85
272
.553
.0692
334
423
638


101
272
.549
.0691
326
415
627


118
272
.543
.0701
321
409
622


134
272
.544
.0681
314
400
607


151
272
.538
.0686
306
392
598


167
272
.535
.0684
301
385
590


183
272
.53
.0686
294
378
581


200
272
.538
.0656
293
374
572


216
272
.529
.0672
287
368
567


233
272
.534
.0652
285
365
560


239
272
.53
.066
283
363
559









Example 18
Rheological Measurements at 300° F. of Gelled Fluid System Comprising Diesel, Fatty Acid, Aluminum Salt of Carboxylic Acid and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A non-phosphate gelled fluid system was formed by combining the following components with “off road” No.2 diesel to achieve a viscous gel: tall oil fatty acid (“SYLFAT FA-1” from Arizona Chemical/“G-20” from BJ Services) at a concentration of 60 gallons per thousand gallons of diesel (“GPT”); aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (aluminum octoate) powder at a concentration of 100 pounds per thousand gallons of diesel (“PPT”); and aluminum isopropoxide (“PETROSURF XL” from Rhone Poulenc) at a concentration of 4 GPT.
Rheological characteristics of the gel were evaluated at 300° F. using a “FANN 50C” rheometer, and are presented in Table 39.







TABLE 39







Example 18 Fann 50c Readings at 300° F.











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
170
100
40 
















2
79
.543
.1994
913
1164
1769


19
273
.575
.0427
231
289
426


38
296
.843
.0078
167
182
210


56
300
1
.0033
159
159
159


75
300
1.063
.0022
148
143
135


93
300
1.136
.0015
145
134
119


109
300
1.164
.0012
135
123
106


121
300
1.04
.0019
115
113
109


138
300
1.232
.0007
121
107
87


156
300
1.187
.0008
110
100
84


173
300
1.31
.0004
106
90
68


189
300
1.24
.0005
88
78
62









Example 19
Gelled Organic Fluid Including Mixture of Diesel and Aromatic Organic Base Fluids
A non-phosphate gelled fluid system was formed by combining the following components with diesel to achieve a viscous gel: xylene at a concentration of 60 GPT of total fluid volume; tall oil fatty acid at a concentration of 60 GPT of total fluid volume; and aluminum hydroxide.
These components were combined allowed to sit overnight. The next morning, the gelled organic fluid had a consistency of jello. When shear was applied to the sample using a Waring Blender, shear was only conveyed to a portion of the sample in the vicinity of the blender impeller, indicating the wide range of fluid rheological properties that may be achieved with the disclosed compositions and methods.
Example 20
Gellation Time for a Various Gelled Hydrocarbon Fluids
In each test of the following example, the indicated components were combined at 75° F. to form a gelled organic fluid. The following proportions were employed for each test: 1000 gpt hydrocarbon base, 20 ppt metal salt, 100 ppt fatty acid salt, 60 gpt fatty acid, and 4 gpt metal alkoxide. In each case, the indicated components were introduced to a Waring blender, and mixed to form a gelled organic fluid as follows. Mixing speed was established and maintained within 50 RPM of 4000 RPM using a Strobotach. For each test, the components were added to the mixer within a 5 second interval, & a stopwatch started. Mixing of the fluid was continued until vortex closure occurred, indicating gellation, and the stopwatch stopped. The elapsed time from addition of components until vortex closure was recorded as the gel time, and is listed for each test in Table 40.







TABLE 40







Non-Phosphate Hydrocarbon Gelling System


Vortex Closure Test at 75° F., (25° C.)














Hydro-




Vortex Closure


Test
carbon

Metal
Fatty Acid

Time


No.
Base
Metal Salt
Alkoxide
Salt
Fatty Acid
(minutes:Sec.)
















1
Xylene
Aluminum
Petrosurf XL
Aluminum 2-
SYLFAT FA-1
2:45




Hydroxide
(aluminum
Ethylhexanoate





isopropoxide)


2
Xylene
Aluminum
Petrosurf XL
Aluminum
SYLFAT FA-1
>15:00




Hydroxide

stearate


3
No. 2
Aluminum
Petrosurf XL
Aluminum 2-
SYLFAT FA-1
9:10



Diesel
Hydroxide

Ethylhexanoate


4
70:30 v/v,
Aluminum
Petrosurf XL
Aluminum 2-
SYLFAT FA-1
3:25



No. 2
Hydroxide

Ethylhexanoate



diesel:xylene


5
50:50 v/v,
Aluminum
Petrosurf XL
Aluminum 2-
SYLFAT FA-1
3:10



No. 2
Hydroxide

Ethylhexanoate



diesel:xylene


6
Fracsol S
Aluminum
Petrosurf XL
Aluminum 2-
SYLFAT FA-1
1:40




Hydroxide

Ethylhexanoate


7
Xysol
Aluminum
Petrosurf XL
Aluminum 2-
SYLFAT FA-1
1:31




Hydroxide

Ethylhexanoate









Example 21
Formulation of Solid Reaction Product and Measurement of Gellation Time Using Same


    I. EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR EXAMPLE 21


Top Load Balance
Stopwatch
Waring® Blender-Tachometer Assembly
(Reference API 39)
Small Wide Mouth Waring® Blender
Thermometer
Strobe-Tachometer
Syringes (3 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml)
Weigh Boats

    II. CHEMICALS NEEDED FOR EXAMPLE 21


Off Road No.2 Diesel
Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic Acid Salt
Metal Salt
Metal Alkoxide
Test Procedure Using Reaction Product System
Six (6) grams aluminum 2-ethyl hexanoate, 27.3 grams (15 milliliters) SYLFAT FA-1, 1.3 grams aluminum hydroxide, 1.82 grams Petrosurf XL, and 12.9 grams (15 milliliters) xylene were measure into an 8 ounce wide mouth glass jar. This mixture was blended with a six blade stirrer for 2 minutes at high speed. The sample was then transferred to a preweighed laboratory petri dish, placed in a laboratory hood, and allowed to react under static conditions at room temperature for 24 hours. At the end of this period the weight of the final composition was weighed. Volatile xylene lost via evaporation was calculated. The final gelatinous sample was cut into small pieces. A small wide mouth Waring® Blender jar was tared on a top load balance. Two hundred fourteen grams (214) grams of off-road diesel was measure into this vessel. The jar was placed on the blend assembly and blended a 400 rpm.
The reaction product was delivered to the mixing fluid to deliver the following concentration of reaction product plus excess xylene remaining in the material:















Component
Concentration per Liter




















Aluminum 2-ethyl hexanoate
12.0
grams



Petrosurf XL
4.0
milliliters



Aluminum hydroxide
4.8
grams



SYLFAT FA-1
7.2
grams











Xylene
Excess










The reaction product was disperse into the off-road diesel while mixing at 4000 rpm. A stop watch was started immediately. The mixing fluid was monitored for vortex closure. The fluid vortex closure was then observed and recorded as 1 minute, 15 seconds. The fluid temperature was also measured as 75° F. (25° C.).
The results of Examples 20 and 21 indicate how the disclosed non-phosphate gelled organic fluids may be tailored to meet suitable gellation time requirements. For example, shorter gellation times may be desirable for use in treating shallow wells and/or where a well treatment fluid will encounter short residence time while being displaced through tubulars. Longer gellation times may be desirable for deeper wells and/or longer tubular residence time.
Example 22
Exemplary Formulations and Potential Uses Therefor
Tables 41-44 give exemplary embodiments of fluids that may be employed in the formulation of the disclosed non-phosphate organic fluids. With benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in the art will understand that these combinations of components, and the applications described, are not exclusive, and are exemplary only. In these tables the following designations are employed:

    Hydrocarbon 1=Crude
    Hydrocarbon 2=Condensate
    Hydrocarbon 3=Off-Road No.2 Diesel
    Hydrocarbon 4=Reformate
    Hydrocarbon 5=Kerosene
    Hydrocarbon 6=Xylene
    Hydrocarbon 7=Fracsol®









TABLE 41







Some Exemplary Embodiments of Gelled Organic Fluids















First
Second
Additional

Exemplary Characteristics



Carb.
Metal
Metal
Metal
Other
and/or Applications for


Organic Fluid
Acid
Source
Source
Source
Materials
this Gelled Fluid










Compound Types/Classes













Hydrocarbon 1
Carboxylic
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal Salt
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 2
Carboxylic
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal Salt
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 3
Carboxylic
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal Salt
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 4
Carboxylic
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal Salt
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 5
Carboxylic
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal Salt
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 6
Carboxylic
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal Salt
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 7
Carboxylic
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal Salt
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process A







Napthalene







Specific Compounds













Hydrocarbon 3
Palmitic
Al 2-ethyl
Al
Al Sulfate
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
hexanoate
ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Palmitic
Al Stearate
Al
Al Sulfate
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Palmitic
Al Oleiate
Al
Al Sulfate
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Palmitic
Al Palmate
Al
Al Sulfate
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Palmitic
Al Mealiate
Al
Al Sulfate
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Palmitic
Al
Al
Al Sulfate
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
Benzoate
ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Palmitic
Al Coco
Al
Al Sulfate
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



acid
Fatty
ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A
















TABLE 42







Further Exemplary Embodiments of Gelled Organic Fluids















First
Second
Additional

Exemplary Characteristics



Carb.
Metal
Metal
Metal
Other
and/or Applications for


Organic Fluid
Acid
Source
Source
Source
Materials
this Gelled Fluid










Compound Types/Classes













Hydrocarbon 1
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide
Hydroxide
Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 2
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide
Hydroxide
Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 3
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide
Hydroxide
Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 4
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide
Hydroxide
Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 5
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide
Hydroxide
Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 6
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide
Hydroxide
Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 7
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
Metal
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide
Hydroxide
Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process A







Napthalene







Specific Compounds













Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al 2-ethyl
Al
Aluminum
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1
hexanoate
ispropoxide
Hydroxide

or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Stearate
Al
Aluminum
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1

ispropoxide
Hydroxide

or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Oleiate
Al
Aluminum
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1

ispropoxide
Hydroxide

or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Palmate
Al
Aluminum
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1

ispropoxide
Hydroxide

or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Mealiate
Al
Aluminum
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1

ispropoxide
Hydroxide

or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Benzoate
Al
Aluminum
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1

ispropoxide
Hydroxide

or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Coco
Al
Aluminum
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1
Fatty
ispropoxide
Hydroxide

or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A
















TABLE 43







Further Exemplary Embodiments of Gelled Organic Fluids















First
Second
Additional

Exemplary Characteristics



Carb.
Metal
Metal
Metal
Other
and/or Applications for


Organic Fluid
Acid
Source
Source
Source
Materials
this Gelled Fluid










Compound Types/Classes













Hydrocarbon 1
Fatty acid
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 2
Fatty acid
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 3
Fatty acid
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 4
Fatty acid
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 5
Fatty acid
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 6
Fatty acid
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 7
Fatty acid
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process A







Napthalene







Specific Compounds













Hydrocarbon 3
Oleic acid
Al 2-ethyl
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




hexanoate
ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Oleic acid
Al Stearate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation





ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Oleic acid
Al Oleiate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation





ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Oleic acid
Al Palmate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation





ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Oleic acid
Al Mealiate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation





ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Oleic acid
Al Benzoate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation





ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
Oleic acid
Al Coco
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation




Fatty
ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A
















TABLE 44







Further Exemplary Embodiments of Gelled Organic Fluids















First
Second
Additional

Exemplary Characteristics



Carb.
Metal
Metal
Metal
Other
and/or Applications for


Organic Fluid
Acid
Source
Source
Source
Materials
this Gelled Fluid










Compound Types/Classes













Hydrocarbon 1
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 2
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 3
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 4
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 5
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 6
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process App.







Napthalene


Hydrocarbon 7
Tall oil
Carboxylic
Metal
None
Benzene,
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



fatty acid
acid metal
Alkoxide

Xylene,
or Completion(s), Pipeline




salt


Toluene,
& Chemical Process A







Napthalene







Specific Compounds













Off-Road No. 2
SYLFAT
Al 2-ethyl
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation


Diesel
FA-1
hexanoate
ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Off-Road No. 2
SYLFAT
Al Stearate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation


Diesel
FA-1

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Off-Road No. 2
SYLFAT
Al Oleiate
Al
None 
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation


Diesel
FA-1

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Off-Road No. 2
SYLFAT
Al Palmate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation


Diesel
FA-1

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Mealiate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Benzoate
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1

ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A


Hydrocarbon 3
SYLFAT
Al Coco
Al
None
Xylene
Oil & Gas Well Stimulation



FA-1
Fatty
ispropoxide


or Completion(s), Pipeline








& Chemical Process A









Examples 23-37
In the following examples, viscosity measurements were made on gelled organic fluids containing the indicated fluids, and at the indicated temperatures, using the same procedure as employed in Examples 16-18.
Example 23







TABLE 45







Temperature 200° F.


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 60 gpt Oleic Acid-Veg.,


10 ppt Aluminum Oxide, 100 ppt Aluminum Octoate,


4 gpt Petrosurf XL


Comments: R1B5HC/Fann #1SC (HC BS)











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
84
0.2976
0.43502
1561
820
565


36.10
190
0.3797
0.14633
711
403
290


70.10
194
0.3712
0.13231
623
350
251


104.10
194
0.3603
0.13229
598
333
237


138.10
194
0.3519
0.13347
585
323
229


172.10
194
0.3456
0.13485
578
317
224


206.10
194
0.3417
0.13560
573
313
221


240.10
194
0.3378
0.13742
572
312
219


274.10
194
0.3395
0.13587
569
311
219









Example 24







TABLE 46







Temperature 150° F.


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 10 ppt Aluminum Oxide, 60


gpt Oleic Acid-Veg., 100 ppt Aluminum Oxide,


4 gpt Petrosurf XL


Comments: R1B5HC/Fann #1 (HC BS)











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
87
0.4006
0.27556
1446
835
607


36.10
144
0.5912
0.08747
927
637
513


70.10
146
0.5456
0.09378
840
554
435


104.10
146
0.5105
0.09929
781
499
385


138.10
145
0.4862
0.10118
728
455
346


172.10
145
0.4716
0.10086
688
424
320


206.10
146
0.4684
0.09707
654
402
303


240.10
146
0.4512
0.10031
634
384
287


274.10
146
0.4415
0.10094
616
369
274









Example 25







TABLE 47







Temperature 200° F.


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 500 ppt, 95% Palmitic Acid-Veg.,


10 ppt Aluminum Oxide, 100 ppt Aluminum Octoate,


4 gpt Petrosurf XL


Comments: R1B5HC/Fann #1SC (HC BS)











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
85
0.3939
0.14086
721
414
300


36.10
190
0.3227
0.21201
835
449
313


70.10
194
0.3318
0.19210
782
424
297


104.10
194
0.3282
0.19200
771
417
292


138.10
194
0.3534
0.17168
757
418
297


172.10
194
0.3729
0.15239
722
406
291


206.10
194
0.3689
0.15136
706
396
283


240.10
194
0.3734
0.14394
683
385
276


274.10
194
0.3709
0.14257
670
377
270


308.10
194
0.3665
0.14249
659
369
264


342.10
194
0.3645
0.14135
649
363
259


376.10
194
0.3635
0.13990
640
357
255


410.10
194
0.3617
0.13924
633
353
251


444.10
194
0.3595
0.13892
626
348
248


478.10
194
0.3846
0.11714
579
330
238


512.10
194
0.3873
0.11348
567
323
234


546.10
194
0.3854
0.11343
563
320
231


580.10
194
0.3855
0.11220
557
317
229


614.10
194
0.3859
0.11129
553
315
227


648.10
194
0.3814
0.11234
549
312
224


682.10
194
0.3823
0.11112
545
309
223


716.10
194
0.3815
0.11088
542
308
222


750.10
194
0.3791
0.11129
539
305
220


784.10
194
0.3790
0.11086
537
304
219


818.10
194
0.3790
0.11007
533
302
217


852.10
194
0.3775
0.11058
533
301
216


886.10
194
0.3770
0.11027
530
300
215


920.10
194
0.3739
0.11131
529
298
214


954.10
194
0.3719
0.11215
529
298
213


988.10
194
0.3726
0.11144
527
297
213


1022.10
194
0.3707
0.11202
526
296
212


1056.10
194
0.3717
0.11115
524
295
211


1090.10
194
0.3685
0.11248
524
294
210


1124.10
194
0.3682
0.11239
523
293
210


1158.10
193
0.3682
0.11229
523
293
210


1192.10
194
0.3660
0.11245
519
290
207


1226.10
194
0.3661
0.11267
520
291
208


1260.10
194
0.3638
0.11376
521
291
208









Example 26







TABLE 48







Temperature 150° F.


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 10 ppt Aluminum Oxide


95% Palmitic Acid-Veg., 100 ppt Aluminum Oxide, 4 gpt Petrosurf XL


Comments: R1B5HC/Fann #1 (HC BS)











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
88
0.4587
0.10127
658
401
301


36.10
145
0.3384
0.21751
907
495
348


70.30
146
0.3370
0.20984
871
474
334


104.10
146
0.3336
0.20497
840
456
320


138.10
145
0.3291
0.20228
815
441
309


172.10
146
0.3249
0.19992
793
427
299


206.10
145
0.3214
0.19833
777
417
291


240.10
145
0.3138
0.20053
764
407
283


274.10
145
0.3120
0.19835
751
400
277


308.10
146
0.3144
0.19303
737
393
273


342.10
145
0.3138
0.19063
726
387
269


376.10
146
0.3072
0.19277
717
380
263


410.10
146
0.3083
0.18941
707
375
260


444.10
145
0.3068
0.18910
702
372
257


478.10
145
0.3092
0.18535
694
369
225


512.10
146
0.3074
0.18433
686
364
252


546.10
145
0.3068
0.18348
681
361
250


580.10
146
0.3066
0.18186
675
357
247


614.10
146
0.3064
0.18121
672
356
246


648.10
146
0.3041
0.18131
666
352
243


682.10
146
0.3086
0.17694
661
351
243


716.10
145
0.3007
0.18222
661
348
240


750.10
146
0.3076
0.17562
654
347
240


784.10
146
0.3045
0.17705
652
345
238


818.10
145
0.3052
0.17593
649
343
238


852.10
146
0.3035
0.17636
647
342
236


886.10
145
0.3029
0.17599
644
340
235


920.10
146
0.3001
0.17718
642
338
233


954.10
145
0.3066
0.17229
639
339
234


988.10
146
0.3008
0.17555
637
336
232


1022.10
145
0.2992
0.17635
637
335
231


1056.10
146
0.3037
0.17248
633
334
231


1090.10
145
0.3009
0.17401
632
333
230


1124.10
145
0.3042
0.17083
628
332
229


1158.10
145
0.3026
0.17163
627
331
229


1192.10
146
0.3065
0.16819
624
330
229


1226.10
146
0.3046
0.16912
623
329
228


1260.10
146
0.3073
0.16690
621
329
228









Example 27







TABLE 49







Temperature 200° F.


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 500 ppt, Stearic Acid-Veg.,


10 ppt Aluminum Oxide, 100 ppt Aluminum Octoate, 4 gpt Petrosurf XL


Comments: R1B5HC/Fann #1SC (HC BS)











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
85
0.3911
0.10591
537
307
222


36.10
195
0.3158
0.16654
639
341
237


70.10
199
0.3364
0.16168
669
364
256


104.10
199
0.3435
0.16151
686
376
265


138.10
199
0.3418
0.16521
698
382
269


172.10
199
0.3417
0.16674
704
385
272


206.10
199
0.3403
0.16770
704
385
271


240.10
199
0.3436
0.16456
700
383
271


274.10
199
0.3418
0.16469
696
381
268


308.10
199
0.3408
0.16420
691
378
266


342.10
199
0.3418
0.16233
686
375
265


376.10
199
0.3406
0.16213
682
373
263


410.10
199
0.3382
0.16294
679
370
261


444.10
199
0.3402
0.16041
674
368
259


478.10
199
0.3405
0.15955
671
366
258


512.10
199
0.3405
0.15882
668
365
257


546.10
199
0.3418
0.15713
664
363
256


580.10
199
0.3396
0.15789
661
361
254


614.10
199
0.3410
0.15629
658
360
254


648.10
199
0.3414
0.15538
655
358
253


682.10
199
0.3409
0.15509
653
357
252


716.10
199
0.3411
0.15416
649
355
250


750.10
199
0.3398
0.15427
647
353
249


784.10
199
0.3418
0.15249
644
352
248


818.10
199
0.3414
0.15218
642
351
247


852.10
199
0.3387
0.15312
639
349
246


886.10
199
0.3399
0.15182
637
348
245


920.10
199
0.3416
0.14993
633
346
244


954.10
199
0.3400
0.15042
631
345
243


988.10
199
0.3430
0.14782
627
343
242


1022.10
199
0.3415
0.14800
624
342
241


1056.10
199
0.3396
0.14849
622
340
239









Example 28







TABLE 50







Temperature 150° F.


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 10 ppt Aluminum Oxide, Stearic


Acid-Veg., 10 ppt Aluminum Oxide, 4 gpt Petrosurf XL


Comments: R1B5HC/Fann #1 (HC BS)











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
88
0.4451
0.07523
465
280
208


36.10
150
0.3172
0.15075
581
311
217


70.10
151
0.3005
0.16801
609
321
221


104.10
151
0.3024
0.17080
624
329
227


138.10
151
0.3091
0.16884
632
336
233


172.10
151
0.3091
0.17029
637
338
235


206.10
151
0.3103
0.17064
642
341
237


240.10
151
0.3086
0.17273
645
343
237


274.10
151
0.3095
0.17241
646
343
238


308.10
151
0.3106
0.17217
648
345
239


342.10
151
0.3095
0.17352
651
346
240


376.10
151
0.3156
0.16940
650
347
241


410.10
151
0.3124
0.17164
650
346
241


444.10
151
0.3137
0.17066
650
346
241


478.10
151
0.3143
0.16972
648
346
240


512.10
151
0.3160
0.16847
647
346
240


546.10
151
0.3134
0.17054
649
346
240


580.10
151
0.3138
0.17030
649
346
240


614.10
151
0.3219
0.16466
646
347
242


648.10
151
0.3177
0.16747
647
346
241


682.10
151
0.3144
0.16972
648
346
240


716.10
151
0.3163
0.16840
647
346
241


750.10
151
0.3186
0.16666
646
346
241


784.10
151
0.3183
0.166511
645
345
240


818.10
151
0.3151
0.16877
646
345
240


852.10
151
0.3158
0.16809
645
345
240


886.10
151
0.3140
0.16952
646
345
239


920.10
151
0.3165
0.16725
643
344
239


954.10
151
0.3127
0.17026
646
344
239


988.10
151
0.3136
0.16917
644
343
239


1022.10
151
0.3163
0.16718
643
344
239


1056.10
151
0.3114
0.17062
644
343
238









Example 29







TABLE 51







Temperature 200° F.


Additives - Xylene, 10 ppt Aluminum Oxide,


100 ppt Aluminum 2-Ethylhexoate, 60 gpt “SYLFAT FA-1 Sp”











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
80
0.1958
0.24115
594
284
186


36.10
176
0.3178
0.24717
955
511
365


70.10
192
0.2591
0.28117
875
444
300


104.10
194
0.2557
0.28448
875
442
298


138.10
194
0.2521
0.28373
861
434
292


172.10
194
0.2501
0.28331
853
429
288


206.10
194
0.2492
0.28464
854
429
288


240.10
194
0.2498
0.28534
858
432
290


274.10
194
0.2511
0.28519
862
434
292


308.10
194
0.2497
0.28846
867
436
293


342.10
194
0.2479
0.29214
873
438
294


376.10
194
0.2483
0.29349
878
441
296


410.10
194
0.2481
0.29597
885
444
298


444.10
194
0.2481
0.29724
889
446
299


478.10
194
0.2482
0.29922
895
449
302


512.10
194
0.2511
0.29684
897
452
304


546.10
194
0.2530
0.29602
901
454
306


580.10
194
0.2537
0.29600
903
456
307


614.10
194
0.2559
0.29434
906
458
309


648.10
194
0.2572
0.29317
906
459
309


682.10
194
0.2592
0.29128
907
460
311


716.10
194
0.2600
0.29079
908
461
311


750.10
194
0.2566
0.29478
909
460
310


784.10
194
0.2373
0.32290
928
461
308


818.10
194
0.2597
0.29804
930
472
319


852.10
194
0.2606
0.29636
928
471
318


886.10
194
0.2602
0.29465
921
468
316









Example 30







TABLE 52







Temperature 150° F.


Additives - Xylene, 10 ppt Aluminum Oxide,


100 ppt 2-Ethylhexoate, 60 gpt SYLFAT FA-1 Sp, 4 gpt Petrosurf XL











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
83
0.2675
0.13145
422
216
146


36.10
131
0.4678
0.15060
1012
622
469


70.10
143
0.4451
0.15348
949
571
425


104.10
145
0.4170
0.17057
951
557
409


138.10
145
0.4035
0.18060
958
554
404


172.10
145
0.4158
0.17407
966
566
415


206.10
145
0.4246
0.16893
968
572
421


240.10
145
0.4270
0.16769
970
574
423


274.10
145
0.4050
0.18235
972
564
411


308.10
145
0.4178
0.17472
977
573
421


342.10
145
0.4249
0.16960
973
575
423


376.10
145
0.4182
0.17341
971
570
418


410.10
145
0.4154
0.17638
977
572
419


444.10
145
0.4197
0.17418
981
576
423


478.10
145
0.4161
0.17805
989
579
425


512.10
145
0.4213
0.17532
993
584
430


546.10
145
0.4191
0.17799
1000
587
431


580.10
145
0.4131
0.18396
1011
590
432


614.10
145
0.4184
0.18185
1019
598
439


648.10
145
0.4227
0.17991
1024
603
444


682.10
145
0.4253
0.17927
1030
609
449


716.10
145
0.4235
0.18118
1034
610
449


750.10
145
0.4178
0.18693
1045
613
450


784.10
145
0.4231
0.18420
1050
619
456


818.10
145
0.4129
0.19316
1060
619
453


852.10
145
0.4168
0.19114
1065
624
458









Example 31







TABLE 53







Temperature 200° F.


Additives - Kerosene, 60 gpt Tall Oil SYLFAT FA-1,


100 ppt Aluminum Octoate, 10 ppt Aluminum Hydroxide,


4 gpt Petrosurf XL


Comments: R1B5HC/Fann #1











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
89
0.3213
0.08951
351
188
131


36.10
197
0.4792
0.07746
543
337
256


70.10
198
0.4849
0.06580
471
294
224


104.10
198
0.4847
0.06215
445
277
211


138.10
199
0.4900
0.05830
425
267
203


172.10
199
0.4850
0.05758
412
257
196


206.10
199
0.4868
0.05557
401
250
191


240.10
199
0.4920
0.05326
391
246
188


274.10
199
0.4281
0.07672
445
264
195


308.10
200
0.4310
0.07430
436
259
191


342.10
200
0.4338
0.07218
428
255
189


376.10
200
0.4316
0.07175
422
251
185


410.10
199
0.4350
0.07025
418
249
185


444.10
199
0.4373
0.06914
415
248
184


478.10
198
0.4376
0.06912
416
248
184


512.10
198
0.4392
0.06873
416
249
185


546.10
198
0.4387
0.06878
415
248
184


580.10
197
0.4419
0.06769
414
248
184


614.10
197
0.4434
0.06678
410
246
183


648.10
198
0.4441
0.06636
409
246
183


682.10
198
0.4476
0.06515
407
245
183


716.10
198
0.4443
0.06581
406
244
182


750.10
198
0.4521
0.06361
404
244
183


784.10
198
0.4538
0.06286
401
243
182


818.10
198
0.4548
0.06237
400
243
182


852.10
198
0.4599
0.06084
397
242
182


886.10
198
0.4648
0.05910
393
241
181


920.10
198
0.4606
0.05990
392
239
180


954.10
198
0.4623
0.05932
391
239
179


988.10
198
0.4659
0.05807
388
238
179


1022.10
198
0.4716
0.05659
386
238
180


1056.10
198
0.4770
0.05507
383
237
180


1090.10
198
0.4752
0.05528
382
236
179


1124.10
198
0.4743
0.05518
380
235
178


1158.10
198
0.4731
0.05522
379
234
177


1192.10
198
0.4801
0.05333
375
233
177


1226.10
199
0.4843
0.05238
374
233
177


1260.10
198
0.4855
0.05194
373
233
177


1294.10
198
0.4882
0.05136
372
233
178









Example 32







TABLE 54







Temperature 150° F. with Surfactant


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 100 ppt Aluminum Octoate,


10 ppt AL203, 20 gpt Xylene, 60 gpt SYLFAT FA-1 Sp,


4 gpt Petrosurf 4XL











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170





2.10
129
0.4419
0.14576
891
534
397









Example 33







TABLE 55







Temperature 200° F. with Surfactant (ETHOX)


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 100 ppt Aluminum Octoate,


10 ppt AL(OH)3, 60 gpt SYLFAT FA-1, 10 ppt


Polyglycerol Stearate, 4 gpt Petrosurf XL











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
74
0.5442
0.04060
362
238
187


36.10
194
1.2120
0.00069
72
88
98


70.10
197
1.3821
0.00025
49
70
85


104.10
197
1.4403
0.00018
44
65
83


138.10
197
1.4689
0.00015
40
62
80


172.10
196
1.5750
0.00009
36
61
83


206.10
196
1.6035
0.00008
35
62
85


240.10
197
1.4734
0.00014
38
59
76


274.10
196
1.3645
0.00023
42
59
72


308.10
197
1.3557
0.00024
43
59
71


342.10
197
1.2545
0.00039
48
60
69


376.10
197
1.3126
0.00030
46
61
72


410.10
197
1.3293
0.00027
44
59
70


444.10
197
2.0167
0.00001
20
52
89


478.10
197
1.4738
0.00013
36
55
71


512.10
197
2.1058
0.00001
28
78
140


546.10
197
1.9656
0.00001
17
41
68


580.10
197
2.3640
0.00000
0
0
0


614.10
197
2.2271
0.00000
0
0
0


648.10
197
2.0052
0.00001
20
49
84


682.10
197
2.7048
0.00000
0
0
0


716.10
197
4.0607
0.00000
0
0
0


750.10
197
5.1050
0.00000
0
0
0













784.10
197
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN


818.10
197
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN


852.10
196
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN


886.10
197
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN


920.10
197
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN


954.10
197
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN


988.10
196
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN









Example 34







TABLE 56







Temperature 200° F.


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 32.4 g of reaction product of


Example 21 per 250 ml, 45 Sec. Gelation at 3000-4000 RPM











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
82
0.7077
0.14811
2412
1846
1580


36.10
194
0.3786
0.28141
1361
770
554


70.10
197
0.3891
0.24406
1227
701
507


104.10
197
0.3908
0.23228
1175
673
487


138.10
197
0.3897
0.22727
1145
655
474


172.10
197
0.3945
0.21741
1115
640
464


206.10
197
0.3908
0.21628
1094
626
453


240.10
197
0.4029
0.20189
1068
618
450


274.10
197
0.4125
0.19078
1046
611
447


308.10
197
0.4123
0.18842
1032
602
441


342.10
197
0.4116
0.18674
1020
595
436


376.10
197
0.4243
0.17525
1003
592
436


410.10
197
0.4230
0.17511
998
588
433


444.10
197
0.4191
0.17703
994
584
429


478.10
197
0.4250
0.17173
986
582
429


512.10
197
0.4194
0.17497
984
578
425


546.10
197
0.4219
0.17317
983
579
426


580.10
197
0.4164
0.17771
988
579
425


614.10
197
0.4124
0.18088
991
579
424


648.10
197
0.4138
0.18034
993
581
425


682.10
197
0.4084
0.18475
998
580
424


716.10
197
0.4125
0.18232
999
583
427


750.10
197
0.4104
0.18465
1004
585
428


784.10
197
0.3999
0.19407
1016
586
426


818.10
197
0.3946
0.19939
1023
588
426


852.10
197
0.3986
0.19661
1024
590
429


886.10
197
0.4005
0.19583
1027
593
431


920.10
197
0.3582
0.23620
1060
589
419


954.10
197
0.4091
0.20239
1096
638
466


988.10
197
0.4081
0.20206
1090
634
463


1022.10
197
0.4089
0.20045
1084
631
461









Example 35







TABLE 57







Temperature 200° F.


Additives - Off Road Diesel, 32.4 g of reaction product of


Example 21 per 250 ml











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
83
0.9036
0.10181
3416
3127
2971


36.10
193
0.5079
0.19393
1512
963
742


70.10
197
0.5819
0.13535
1396
945
757


104.10
197
0.5807
0.13180
1344
915
733


138.10
197
0.5746
0.13293
1325
897
716


172.10
197
0.5729
0.13227
1310
886
706


206.10
197
0.5584
0.13914
1307
872
690


240.10
197
0.5506
0.14293
1304
864
681


274.10
197
0.5422
0.14661
1297
853
669


308.10
197
0.5415
0.13542
1195
785
615


342.10
197
0.3764
0.24289
1166
658
473


376.10
197
0.3340
0.31048
1274
692
486


410.10
197
0.5262
0.15718
1311
849
660


444.10
197
0.4874
0.19614
1417
886
675


478.10
197
0.4726
0.19603
1341
827
625


512.10
197
0.3240
0.33572
1328
715
499


546.10
197
0.5172
0.16431
1325
852
659


580.10
197
0.4668
0.21378
1432
878
662


614.10
197
0.4620
0.21656
1425
870
654


648.10
197
0.3202
0.33555
1309
702
489


682.10
197
0.3209
0.33367
1305
700
488


716.10
197
0.3242
0.32778
1297
698
488


750.10
197
0.5140
0.16142
1287
824
637


784.10
197
0.4553
0.22006
1413
858
642


818.10
197
0.4381
0.23677
1427
852
633


852.10
197
0.4317
0.24349
1433
851
630


886.10
197
0.4470
0.22133
1378
830
619


920.10
197
0.4367
0.23643
1417
846
627


954.10
197
0.4233
0.25075
1430
843
621


988.10
197
0.3203
0.32598
1272
682
476


1022.10
197
0.3232
0.32201
1270
683
477









Example 36







TABLE 58







Temperature 200° F.


Fluid System - Xylene/Al Stearate, Acme-Hardesty Lot 12356-B


Additives - Xylene, 100 ppt Al Stearate III, 60 gpt SYLFAT FA-1 Sp











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
202
0.4724
0.06012
411
253
192


36.10
202
0.4761
0.05843
405
251
190


70.10
202
0.4517
0.06318
400
242
181


104.10
202
0.4434
0.06395
393
236
176


138.10
202
0.4493
0.06088
382
231
172


172.10
202
0.4649
0.05545
369
226
170


206.10
202
0.4362
0.06170
369
220
163


240.10
202
0.4634
0.05384
356
218
164


274.10
202
0.4522
0.05544
352
213
159


308.10
202
0.4451
0.05628
348
209
156


342.10
202
0.4505
0.05410
341
206
154


376.10
202
0.4520
0.05303
336
204
152


410.10
202
0.4492
0.05294
332
201
150


444.10
202
0.4570
0.05058
327
199
149


478.10
202
0.4484
0.05164
323
195
145


512.10
202
0.4634
0.04779
316
193
145


546.10
202
0.4616
0.04766
313
191
144


580.10
202
0.4562
0.04840
312
189
142


614.10
202
0.4768
0.04372
304
188
143


648.10
202
0.4675
0.04521
304
186
140


682.10
202
0.4695
0.04426
299
184
139


716.10
202
0.4620
0.04557
300
183
138


750.10
202
0.4591
0.04568
297
181
136


784.10
202
0.4665
0.04385
293
180
136









Example 37







TABLE 59







Temperature 200° F.


Fluid System - 50% Off Road Diesel:50% Xylene V/V


Additives - 50% Off Road Diesel V/V, 50% Xylene V/V,


100 ppt Al 2-Ethylehexanoate,


60 gpt SYLFAT FA-1, 4 gpt Petrosurf XL











TIME
TEMP


Viscosity (Cp)













(minutes)
(° F.)
n′
K
40
100
170
















2.10
77
0.3066
0.13265
492
261
180


36.10
194
0.3301
0.12813
518
281
197


70.10
197
0.3812
0.08449
413
234
169


104.10
197
0.3829
0.08133
400
227
164


138.10
197
0.3792
0.07963
386
219
157


172.10
196
0.3694
0.08180
383
215
154


206.10
197
0.3794
0.07711
374
212
152


240.10
197
0.3795
0.07493
364
206
148


274.10
196
0.3763
0.07493
359
203
146


308.10
197
0.3868
0.07011
350
199
144


342.10
197
0.3840
0.06977
344
196
141


376.10
197
0.3904
0.06699
338
194
140


410.10
197
0.3894
0.06566
331
189
137


444.10
197
0.3938
0.06409
328
188
136


478.10
197
0.3983
0.06191
322
186
135


512.10
197
0.3963
0.06193
320
184
134


546.10
197
0.4054
0.05847
312
181
132


580.10
197
0.3966
0.06052
313
180
131


614.10
197
0.4044
0.05715
304
176
128


648.10
197
0.3966
0.05942
307
177
128


682.10
197
0.4081
0.05558
300
174
127


716.10
197
0.4096
0.05519
299
174
127


750.10
197
0.4101
0.05453
296
173
126


784.10
197
0.4149
0.05308
294
172
126


818.10
197
0.4179
0.05205
291
171
125









Example 38
MSMA-Containing Gelled Organic Fluid
Fluid loss data was obtained on a MSMA-containing gelled organic fluid based on “JET062455”. In this case, the MSMA used was “SMA 3840” available from Elf Atochem. JET062455 was formulated as shown in Table 60A below and as described in Example 45.







TABLE 60A







JET062455 Formulation
















*LBS.





WT.

COMP./



COMPONENT
FORM
(GMS)
WT. %
GAL
SP. GR.















SYLFAT F-1
LIQUID
156.2
0.2466
1.9112
0.92


2-ETHYL HEXAN-
LIQUID
156.2
0.2466
1.9112
0.95


OIC ACID


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
SOLID
104
0.1642
1.2725
1.035


IPA
LIQUID
50
0.0789
0.6118
0.781


SMA 3840
SOLID
46.8
0.0739
0.5726
1.09


TOLUENE
LIQUID
100
0.1579
1.2236
0.87


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
SOLID
5.2
0.0082
0.0636
1.035


IPA
LIQUID
15
0.0237
0.1835
0.781


TOTALS

633.4
1.0000
7.5420









Gelled diesel was formulated with JET062455 as follows:












Component
Concentration per 1000 gallons

















Off-Road diesel
1000
Gallons


Petrosurf XL
5
Gallons


Water
1
Gallon


JET 062455
30
Gallons


−325 Mesh Calcined Magnesium Oxide
10
pounds per


(“Magchem 10” available from

thousand (“ppt”)


Martin-Marietta)









Fluid loss was determined using Recommend Practice for Evaluation of Fracturing Fluids, API RP-39 (March, 1983). Test temperature was 200° F. and test pressure was 1000 psi. Results are shown in FIG. 1.
Example 39
Crude Oil Analysis
Crude oil analysis was as indicated in Table 60B below.







TABLE 60B







Crude Oil Analysis










Crude Oil Sample 1




(Also denoted herein



Parameter
as TTC #10)
Crude Oil Sample 2












Paraffins (% by wt.)
15.1
14.8


Asphaltenes (% by wt.)
1.0
0.8


Polar Aromatics (% by wt.)
23.7
23.7


Maltenes (% by wt.)
8.4
6.5


API Gravity @ 60 F.
28.4
30.5









Example 40
Synthesis Procedure for Gellant Formulation Known as “JET061334A-E”
280 grams (28.91% by weight of the total composition weight)of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid (liquid)was transferred to a 2000 ml reaction flask. 280 grams (28.91%) of tall oil fatty acid (“SLYFAT FA-1” available from Arizona Chemicals, also available as “G20” from BJ Services) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. SYLFAT FA-1 contains 92.7% fatty acids, 2.8% unsaponifiables and 4.5% rosin acids, with less than 0.1% moisture and less than 0.01% ash. The fatty acid content of SYLFAT FA-1 includes 34% non-conjugated linoleic, 9% conjugated linoleic, 44% oleic, and 5% saturated. SYLFAT FA-1 has an acid number of 194, a saponification number of 197, and an iodine number of 131. SYLFAT FA-l Sp has a saponification number of 198. 50 grams (5.16%)of Isopropyl alcohol was added and this mixture was then blended at moderated speed. 188.6 grams(19.47%) of aluminum isopropoxide was delivered while blending continued. An exothermic reaction follows the delivery of aluminum isopropoxide. The mixture typically heats to about 50° C. The reaction was allowed to proceed at 50° C. for one (1) hour. The temperature was maintained at 50° C. using laboratory heating mantle. After that period, 70 grams (7.23%) of a reaction product of a partial monoester of styrene maleic anhydride and a fatty alcohol polymer (SMA® Fatty-Alcohol Ester X.31890) was added. 100 grams (10.32%) toluene was added and the temperature was increased to 90° C. while blended continued at the speed for 2 hours. During that period the isopropyl component of the mixture was extracted via laboratory distillation techniques while the composition was condensed to the desired density.(0.93-0.96 gms/ml).
Example 41
Gellation of Diesel from Gellant Formulation JET061334A-E (from Example 40) and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A 197 gram of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry, small wide-mouth Waring® Blender jar. Solution blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50 (variac voltage controller setting of 30). A proportional concentration equaling 1 L/M3 of tap water was delivered to the mixing fluid. Immediately following that addition a proportional concentration equaling 30 L/M3 of Gellant Formlaton JET061334A-E, 5 L\M3 of Petrosurf XL (aluminum alkoxide), and 2 L/M3 of a high rosin TOFA solution (“UNITOL S” from International Paper Company in 50:50 w/w in toluene) was then added to the diesel solution at the same time. A proportional concentration equaling 30 L/M3 and mixing continued at the same speed Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed. A similar procedure was repeated for other gelled formulations from JET061334A-E that are described or referred to elsewhere herein.
Example 42
Synthesis Procedure for Gellant Formulation Known as “JET062455A-E”
280 grams (28.91% by weight of the total composition weight)of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid (liquid)was transferred to a 2000 ml reaction flask. 280 grams (28.91%) of tall oil fatty acid (“SLYFAT FA-1” available from Arizona Chemicals, also available as “G20” from BJ Services) was delivered into a clean, dry 250 milliliter beaker. (SYLFAT FA-1 contains 92.7% fatty acids, 2.8% unsaponifiables and 4.5% rosin acids, with less than 0.1% moisture and less than 0.01% ash. The fatty acid content of SYLFAT FA-1 includes 34% non-conjugated linoleic, 9% conjugated linoleic, 44% oleic, and 5% saturated. SYLFAT FA-1 has an acid number of 194, a saponification number of 197, and an iodine number of 131. SYLFAT FA-1 Sp has a saponification number of 198).
50 grams (5.16%)of Isopropyl alcohol was added and this mixture was then blended at moderated speed. 188.6 grams(19.47%) of aluminum isopropoxide was delivered while blending continued. An exothermic reaction follows the delivery of aluminum isopropoxide. The mixture typically heats to about 50° C. The reaction was allowed to proceed at 50° C. for one (1) hour. The temperature was maintained at 50° C. using laboratory heating mantle. After that period, 70 grams (7.23%) of a reaction product of a partial monoester of styrene maleic anhydride and a fatty alcohol polymer (SMA® Fatty-Alcohol Ester SMA 3840) was added. 100 grams (10.32%) toluene was added and the temperature was increased to 90° C. while blended continued at the speed for 2 hours. During that period the isopropyl component of the mixture was extracted via laboratory distillation techniques while the composition was condensed to the desired density.(0.93-0.96 gms/ml).
JET062455A-E is a synthesized material at 6.7/1 by weight ratio of fatty acids to SMA monoester (x.31890).
Example 43
Gellation of Diesel from Gellant Formulation JET062455A-E (from Example 42) and Aluminum Second Metal Source Compound
A 197 gram of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry, small wide-mouth Waring® Blender jar. Solution sample blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50 (variac voltage controller setting of 30). A proportional concentration equaling 1 L/M3 of tap water was delivered to the mixing fluid. Immediately following that addition a proportional concentration equaling 30 L/M3 of Gellant Formlation JET062455A-E, 5 L\M3 of Petrosurf XL (aluminum alkoxide), and 2 L/M3 of a high rosin TOFA (“UNITOL S” from International Paper Company, 50:50 w/w in toluene) solution was then added to the diesel solution at the same time A proportional concentration equaling 30 L/M3 and mixing continued at the same speed Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 44
Alternate “Back Adding” Synthesis Procedure for Gellant Formulation Known as “JET061334A-E”
In the following example, a portion of the amount of the total reactant employed was withheld during the initial combination of ingredients, and added later (after initiation of reaction). This method is defined herein as “back adding”. In this regard, any amount of one or more of the chosen reactants may be withheld. In one embodiment, the withheld amount may be from about 7% to about 15% by weight of the total weight of the reactants withheld.
In this example, 156.2 grams (24.66%) of tall oil fatty acid (“SLYFAT FA-1” available from Arizona Chemicals, also available as “G20” from BJ Services) was delivered into a clean, dry 2000 milliliter reaction flask. SYLFAT FA-1 contains 92.7% fatty acids, 2.8% unsaponifiables and 4.5% rosin acids, with less than 0.1% moisture and less than 0.01% ash. The fatty acid content of SYLFAT FA-1 includes 34% non-conjugated linoleic, 9% conjugated linoleic, 44% oleic, and 5% saturated. SYLFAT FA-1 has an acid number of 194, a saponification number of 197, and an iodine number of 131. SYLFAT FA-1 Sp has a saponification number of 198. 156.2 grams (24.66%) by weight of the total composition weight)of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid (liquid)was transferred to the reaction flask. 50 grams (7.89%)of Isopropyl alcohol was added and this mixture was then blended at moderated speed. 104 grams(16.42%) of aluminum isopropoxide was delivered while blending continued. An exothermic reaction follows the delivery of aluminum isopropoxide. The mixture typically heats to about 50° C. The reaction was allowed to proceed at 50° C. for one (1) hour. The temperature was maintained at 50° C. using laboratory heating mantle. After that period, 46.8 grams (7.39%) of a reaction product of a partial monoester of styrene maleic anhydride and a fatty alcohol polymer (SMA® Fatty-Alcohol Ester “X.31890”) was added. 100 grams (15.79%) toluene was added and the temperature was increased to 90° C. while blended continued at the speed for 2 hours. After that period and using the process called “back adding”, 5.2 grams (0.82%) additional aluminum isopropoxide and 15 grams (2.37%) isopropyl alcohol was added to the mixture. Isopropyl component of the mixture was then extracted via laboratory distillation techniques while the composition was condensed to the desired density.(0.93-0.96 gms/ml).
Gellation of an organic fluid, such as diesel, may be accomplished using the above “back added” product, for example, using the same procedure as given in Example 41.
Example 45
Alternate “Back Adding” Synthesis Procedure for Gellant Formulation Known as “JET062455A-E”
156.2 grams (24.66%) of tall oil fatty acid (“SLYFAT FA-1” available from Arizona Chemicals, also available as “G20” from BJ Services) was delivered into a clean, dry 2000 milliliter reaction flask. SYLFAT FA-1 contains 92.7% fatty acids, 2.8% unsaponifiables and 4.5% rosin acids, with less than 0.1% moisture and less than 0.01% ash. The fatty acid content of SYLFAT FA-1 includes 34% non-conjugated linoleic, 9% conjugated linoleic, 44% oleic, and 5% saturated. SYLFAT FA-1 has an acid number of 194, a saponification number of 197, and an iodine number of 131. SYLFAT FA-1 Sp has a saponification number of 198. 156.2 grams (24.66%) by weight of the total composition weight) of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid (liquid)was transferred to the reaction flask. 50 grams (7.89%)of Isopropyl alcohol was added and this mixture was then blended at moderated speed. 104 grams (16.42%) of aluminum isopropoxide was delivered while blending continued. An exothermic reaction follows the delivery of aluminum isopropoxide. The mixture typically heats to about 50° C. The reaction was allowed to proceed at 50° C. for one (1) hour. The temperature was maintained at 50° C. using laboratory heating mantle. After that period, 46.8 grams (7.39%) of a reaction product of a partial monoester of styrene maleic anhydride and a fatty alcohol polymer (SMA® Fatty-Alcohol Ester “SMA 3840”) was added. 100 grams (15.79%) toluene was added and the temperature was increased to 90° C. while blended continued at the speed for 2 hours. After that period and using the process called “back adding”, 5.2 grams (0.82%) additional aluminum isopropoxide and 15 grams (2.37%) isopropyl alcohol was added to the mixture. Isopropyl component of the mixture was then extracted via laboratory distillation techniques while the composition was condensed to the desired density.(0.93-0.96 gms/ml).
Gellation of an organic fluid, such as diesel, may be accomplished using the above “back added” product, for example, using the same procedure as given in Example 43.
Example 46
Gellation Using Back-Added Formulation of JET061334A-E with Optional Citric Acid Activator
The following example shows the use of an optional activator in the formulation of gellant materials.
A 197 gram of “off road” No.2 diesel was delivered into a clean, dry, small wide-mouth Waring® Blender jar. Solution sample blended at about 2000 rpm (+/−) 50 (variac voltage controller setting of 30). Immediately following that addition a proportional concentration equaling 30 L/M3 of “back added” Gellant Formlation JET061334A-E (of Example 44), 5 L\M3 of Petrosurf XL (aluminum alkoxide), and 2 L/M3 of a citric acid (50:50 w/w in water) solution was then added to the diesel solution at the same time A proportional concentration equaling 30 L/M3 and mixing continued at the same speed Solution mixing continued until a viscous gel developed.
Example 47
Example Synthesis of Gelling Agent
One exemplary embodiment of manufacturing a gelling agent according to the disclosed method is given in this example. In this example, manufacture of gelling agent may occur offsite (e.g., at a manufacturing plant or other facility) and the gelling agent stored in drums or other suitable container, for transportation and later user onsite (e.g., at a well site or pipeline site).
In this exemplary embodiment, one or more carboxylic acids having from about 16 to about 20 carbon atoms (e.g., tall oil fatty acid carboxylic acids, etc.) may be combined with one or more MSMA-based compounds (as defined elsewhere herein), one or more solvents (e.g., aromatic compounds, alcohols, etc.), and one or more metal source compounds (e.g., as defined elsewhere herein). Isopropyl alcohol and toluene are just two examples of organic solvents that may be employed in this embodiment. Such a combination of solvents may be chosen, for example, to reduce overall solvent cost, facilitate distillation or solvent removal, to be non-reactant with other reaction components, and/or to be the same as a by-product of the reaction (to reduce number of components in the reaction product, etc. Examples of other organic solvents that may be employed in this exemplary embodiment include, but are not limited to, other aromatic compounds (such as benzene, xylene, benzyl alcohol, and other aromatic solvents described elsewhere herein) and linear or branched chain alcohols having from about 3 to about 12, alternatively from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms. As described elsewhere herein, any solvent or mixture of solvents suitable, for example, to facilitate ease of reactant mixture handling, intermixing of reactants, etc. may be employed. Furthermore, organic solvents may be selected to have desirable separation or distillation characteristics.
A mixture of carboxylic acids may be employed, for example, to reduce overall cost by combining a more expensive carboxylic acid with a less expensive carboxylic acid, it being understood that a single type of carboxylic acid may also be employed alone. In this example, “SYLFAT FA-1” (ie., mixture of oleic and linoleic acids) and liquid 2-ethylhexanoic acid may be combined with a MSMA-based compound (such as solid “SMA X31890” from Elf Atochem and/or “LUBRIZOL 2002” from Lubrizol Corporation), isopropyl alcohol, toluene, and aluminum isopropoxide (metal source compound). The foregoing ingredients may be combined in a reactor or reaction vessel, for example, in the order mentioned in the preceding sentence. In this regard, it may be desirable to add the metal source compound (e.g., aluminum isopropoxide) last, as its addition initiates an exothermic reaction within the reactor or reaction vessel. Otherwise, if desired, liquid components may be added first, followed by solid components, to facilitate intermixing.
The reactor or reaction vessel may be sealed immediately following addition of the first metal source compound (e.g., aluminum isopropoxide) and the reaction allowed to proceed exothermically to a temperature of, for example, about 60° C., while maintaining a pressure (e.g., from about 150 psi to about 200 psi) on the vessel to keep the contents from boiling. The reaction components may be allowed to sit for a length of time sufficient to allow the components to go into solution, e.g., about 30 minutes. At this point additional heat may be added to bring the temperature within the reactor or reaction vessel to from about 90° C. to about 100° C., alternatively about 95° C. and the pressure maintained within the reactor or reaction vessel at from about 150 psi to about 200 psi. The reaction may then be allowed to proceed in the closed reactor or reaction vessel and under these temperature and pressure conditions for a desired reaction time period (e.g., from about 2 to 4 hours, alternatively for a period of about 2 to 3 hours, alternatively for a period of about 2 hours). If desired at this point, additional metal source compound/s (e.g., about 15% by weight of total metal source compound may be reserved for later addition at this time) may optionally be “back added” to the reactor or reaction vessel, along with additional optional organic solvent/s, and allowed to react, for example, an additional time period of about 1 hour. In either case, after passage of the desired reaction time, pressure may be bled off the reactor or reaction vessel.
The resulting reaction product may be distilled to remove organic solvent/s and obtain a gelling agent product having desired characteristics, e.g., viscosity and/or density. This may be accomplished using any distillation method known in the art, for example, through a condenser connected to the reactor or reaction vessel, using a separate distillation vessel and system, etc. For example, a reaction product obtained using the procedure and components described above may be distilled at a temperature of about 90° C. and at atmospheric pressure to achieve a reaction product having a specific gravity of from about 0.94 to about 0.99, alternatively from about 0.95 to about 0.97. During distillation, lighter components, such as toluene and/or isopropyl alcohol, may be removed from the reaction product to form a more viscous and/or dense liquid, or a majority to all of the liquid components removed to form a solid or paste. In this regard, it will be understood with benefit of this disclosure by those of skill in the art that distillation conditions and/or time may be varied as necessary for a particular reaction product to achieve the desired gelling agent product characteristics, e.g., solid, paste, or liquid of desired viscosity and/or specific gravity. In one example, a liquid reaction product using the above described procedure and components may be allowed to cool and then poured into drums for transportation and later use.
Tables 61-69 list information for exemplary types and amounts of individual components that may be combined using the procedure described in this example. In addition to the specific formulation described below, the last column in Table 61 gives exemplary ranges of each component that may be employed. It will be understood that the procedures, component types, and amounts described in this example are exemplary only, and may be varied as desired by those of skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.







TABLE 61







Exemplary Component Information


















Weight of


Weight of Total






Total
Lbs per

Solution



Specific

Weight
Solution
Gallon
Specific
(Exemplary %


General Type
Example
Form
(Grams)
(%)
(“PPG”)
Gravity
Range)

















Carboxylic Acid
“SYLFAT
Liquid
231.8
23.18
1.7963
0.92
*About 20% to



F-1” Tall





about 30%



Oil Fatty



Acid


Carboxylic Acid
2-ethyl
Liquid
231.8
23.18
1.7963
0.92
*About 20% to



hexanoic





about 30%



acid


Metal Source
Aluminum
Solid
172.2
17.22
1.3344
1.035
Stochiometrically



Iso-





determined relative



propoxide





to carboxylic acid









as described









elsewhere herein


Solvent
Isoproyl
Liquid
165.6
16.56
1.2832
0.781
***



Alcohol



(“IPA”)


MSMA-based
“SMA
Solid
115.9
11.59
0.8981
1.09
**


Compound
X31890”


Solvent
Toluene
Liquid
82.8
8.28
0.6417
0.87
***


Totals
—
—
1000
100.00
8.1351
—
—





*Ranges given are for each of the two given separate carboxylic acids present in this embodiment. Alternatively, total carboxylic acid exemplary weight percent range in one embodiment may be from about 5% to about 60% by total weight, alternatively from about 40% to about 60% by total weight, further alternatively from about 40% to about 50% by total weight. 


** In this embodiment, weight of MSMA-based compound may be present in amount relative to total carboxylic acid weight as follows: MSMA-based compound weight to carboxylic acid of from about 4:1 to about 10:1, alternatively about 4:1 to about 8:1, further alternatively from about 4:1 to about 6:1). However these values are exemplary only, and values greater or less than these ranges may also be employed. 


*** In this embodiment, total amount of solvent may be from about 5% to about 30% by weight, alternatively from about 8% to about 25% by weight. Ratio of toluene to IPA may be about 1:2, alternatively from about 1:2 to about 6:1 or as otherwise desired. However the given values are exemplary only, and values greater or less than these may be employed. 













TABLE 62







4:1 SMA ADDITION










COMPONENT
WT.
WT %
REACTOR 1













SYLFAT F-1
156.2
0.238
21.4


2-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID
156.2
0.238
21.4


IPA
100
0.152
13.7


SMA X.31890
78.1
0.119
10.7


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
116
0.177
15.9


TOLUENE
50
0.076
6.9


TOTALS
656.5
1.00
90
















TABLE 63







4:1 SMA ADDITION










COMPONENT
WT.
WT %
REACTOR 1













SYLFAT F-1
156.2
0.238
21.4


2-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID
156.2
0.238
21.4


IPA
100
0.152
13.7


SMA 3840
78.1
0.119
10.7


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
116
0.177
15.9


TOLUENE
50
0.076
6.9


TOTALS
656.5
1.00
90
















TABLE 64







5:1 SMA ADDITION










COMPONENT
WT.
Wt %
REACTOR 1













SYLFAT F-1
156.2
0.244
21.9


2-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID
156.2
0.244
21.9


IPA
100
0.156
14.0


SMA X.31890
62.5
0.098
8.8


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
116
0.181
16.3


TOLUENE
50
0.078
7.0


TOTALS
640.9
1.00
90
















TABLE 65







5:1 SMA ADDITION










COMPONENT
WT.
WT %
REACTOR 1













SYLFAT F-1
156.2
0.244
21.9


2-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID
156.2
0.244
21.9


IPA
100
0.156
14.0


SMA 3840
62.5
0.098
8.8


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
116
0.181
16.3


TOLUENE
50
0.078
7.0


TOTALS
640.9
1.00
90
















TABLE 66







6.67:1 SMA ADDITION










COMPONENT
WT.
WT %
REACTOR 1













SYLFAT F-1
156.2
0.250
22.5


2-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID
156.2
0.250
22.5


IPA
100
0.160
14.4


SMA X.31890
46.8
0.075
6.7


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
116
0.186
16.7


TOLUENE
50
0.080
7.2


TOTALS
625.2
1.00
90
















TABLE 67







6.67:1 SMA ADDITION










COMPONENT
WT.
WT %
REACTOR 1













SYLFAT F-1
156.2
0.250
22.5


2-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID
156.2
0.250
22.5


IPA
100
0.160
14.4


SMA 3840
46.8
0.075
6.7


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
116
0.186
16.7


TOLUENE
50
0.080
7.2


TOTALS
625.2
1.00
90





















TABLE 68









*LBS.





WT.

COMP./



COMPONENT
FORM
(GMS)
WT. %
GAL
SP. GR.




















SYLFAT F-1
LIQUID
280
0.2891
2.2403
0.92


2-ETHYL HEXAN-
LIQUID
280
0.2891
2.2403
0.95


OIC ACID


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
SOLID
188.6
0.1947
1.5090
1.035


IPA
LIQUID
50
0.0516
0.4001
0.781


SMA X.31890 OR
SOLID
70
0.0723
0.5601
1.09


SMA 3840


TOLUENE
LIQUID
100
0.1032
0.8001
0.87


TOTALS

968.6
0.9277
7.5900


MEASURED FLUID
0.929


DENSITY





















TABLE 69









*LBS.





WT.

COMP./



COMPONENT
FORM
(GMS)
WT. %
GAL
SP. GR.




















SYLFAT F-1
LIQUID
156.2
0.2466
1.9112
0.92


2-ETHYL HEXAN-
LIQUID
156.2
0.2466
1.9112
0.95


OIC ACID


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
SOLID
104
0.1642
1.2725
1.035


IPA
LIQUID
50
0.0789
0.6118
0.781


SMA 3840
SOLID
46.8
0.0739
0.5726
1.09


TOLUENE
LIQUID
100
0.1579
1.2236
0.87


AL ISOPROPOXIDE
SOLID
5.2
0.0082
0.0636
1.035


IPA
LIQUID
15
0.0237
0.1835
0.781


TOTALS

633.4
1.0000
7.5420


MEASURED FLUID
0.929


DENSITY





*CALCULATION IS BASED MEASURE DENSITY OF FINAL PRODUCT 






Example 48
Formulation of Well Treatment Fluid from Gelling Agent
Using the procedure of Example 47, a liquid gelling agent may be formulated, for example, using the components of Table 61. As previously mentioned, such a gelling agent may be stored in drums or other suitable container, and transported to a well or pipeline facility site for formulation of gelled treatment fluid. One exemplary method of performing a well treatment using such a gelling agent is described below.
At a well site, an organic (e.g., hydrocarbon base fluid) may be combined with a gelling agent and other components to form a well treatment fluid in the following manner. In one embodiment, an organic base fluid may be combined in a downhole blender with a metal source, gelling agent, water and other optional components to form a gelled well treatment fluid, for example, to be used as part of a hydraulic fracturing treatment or as part of any other type of gelled well treatment fluid known in the art. Depending on components employed, gellation may occur almost immediately, or may occur over time as a treatment fluid is pumped downhole and/or exposed to downhole temperatures.
In one example, a diesel base fluid (e.g., no. 2 diesel) may be combined at ambient temperature, or at a temperature of from about 4° C. to about 24° C. in a blender with the following components and subjected to shear prior to being introduced into a wellbore: (1) metal source compound in the form of “PETROSURF XL” (aluminum isopropoxide solution containing 10% by weight of aluminum in a naptha/tri secondary butyl alcohol base) in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by volume of total volume of well treatment fluid (alternatively about 0.5% by volume of total volume of well treatment fluid); (2) liquid gelling agent of Example 46 in an amount of from about 5 gallons to about 50 gallons per thousand gallons, alternatively about 20 gallons per thousand gallons of base fluid (or alternatively from about 0.5% to about 4% by volume, alternatively from about 1% to about 4% by volume, alternatively about 2% by volume of total volume of total volume of well treatment fluid); and (3) water in an amount of from about 0.05% to about 0.5% alternatively about 0.1% by volume of total volume of well treatment fluid. Other optional components that may be combined in the blender include, but are not limited to, non-emulsifiers or hydrotopes, and other optional well treatment components described elsewhere herein or known to those of skill in the well treating art. Order of addition of the components to the blender may be as desired.
Following formation of a gelled treatment fluid as described above additional components desired for well treatment (such as proppant, gel breaker material, etc.), may be combined with the gelled treatment fluid before introduction in the wellbore.
In another optional embodiment, where acceleration of crosslinking and gellation may be desirable, from about 2% to about 4% of the gelling agent of Example 46 may be added to organic base fluid (e.g., diesel) in a blender in a manner as described above. Also added may be from about 0.1% to about 0.5% of a hydrotrope-type surfactant (e.g., NE-42 or NE-118 from BJ Services Company), from about 0.1% to about 0.5% water, and from about 0.1% to about 0.5% of a high-resin content tall oil fatty acid (e.g., Unitol AR40 from Arizona Chemical). Using this method gellation may occur in, for example, about 90 seconds.
Further reduction in gellation time may be achieved by the addition of phase transfer catalyst materials (“PTCs”). Examples of suitable PTC materials include, but are not limited to, benzoic acid, napthenic acid, other aromatic organic or carboxylic acids, etc. Use of such materials may be desirable, for example, for treating wells of shallow depths or which have relatively low bottom hole static temperatures. For example, an aluminum isopropoxide metal source compound, available from Chattem Chemical of Chatanooga, Tenn. (as product code “RNB-1-19[XCP-1053]”) that has been modified with an organic acid PTC (Benzoic acid) at a ratio of about 0.5 mole or greater of PTC per mole of metal source compound, may be employed as a metal source compound/PTC reactant additive using methods described elsewhere herein. Further information on PTC's may be found in “Catalysis, Phase Transfer,” Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed., Volume 5, John Wiley & Sons (1979), pp.62-69, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Example 49
Formulation of Well Treatment Fluid from Individual Components at the Wellsite
As an alternative to formulation of a treatment fluid using a pre-formulated gelling agent, a gelled treatment fluid may be synthesized on location from individual ingredients, such as organic base fluid, metal source compound/s, carboxylic acid/s and MSMA-based compound/s. In one embodiment, at a well site an organic (e.g. hydrocarbon base fluid such as diesel) may be combined in a blender with metal source compound/s, MSMA-based compound/s and other optional components to form a well treatment fluid, for example, to be used as part of a hydraulic fracturing treatment or as part of any other type of gelled well treatment fluid known in the art. In one example, the metal source compound may be aluminum octoate and the MSMA-based compound delivered to a blender in a solvent as described elsewhere herein. Once a gelled treatment fluid is formed, it may be employed for a desired application using, for example, any of the methods described elsewhere herein.
Example 50
Breaker Materials for Use with Gelled Treatment Fluids
Breaker materials that may be employed with gelled treatment fluids include, for example, gelled treatment fluids formulated according to the preceding Examples 48 and 49.
In one embodiment, breaker material may include sodium metasilicate and/or sodium metaborate that may be employed in any amount suitable for partially or completely breaking a gelled treatment fluid. In one exemplary embodiment, such materials may be combined with an organic base fluid or a gelled treatment fluid in an amount sufficient to result in from about 1 to about 5 pound of breaker material per thousand gallons of gelled treatment fluid. Suitable materials include, for example, sodium metasilicate or sodium metaborate materials having a minimum particle size of about 20/40 mesh and which have relatively low solubility in water, or that are substantially insoluble in water. Such materials are available from suppliers such as “BASF” and “US BORAX.” It will be understood that these materials are exemplary only, and that similar materials having other particle sizes may also be employed. It will also be understood that such materials may be encapsulated, for example, in a manner and using materials as described elsewhere herein.
It will also be understood that other solid particulate materials suitable for performing the breaker function described herein (including, but not limited to, solid amines such as melamine, etc.) may be encapsulated, for example with paraffin or other suitable encapsulant).
In another embodiment, breaker materials may be formed by impregnating porous particulate carrier material with breaker materials such as those breaker materials described elsewhere herein (e.g., solutions of salts such as sodium metasilicate or sodium metaborate, amines such as TEPA, hexamethylene tetramine, etc.). Impregnations may be accomplished, for example, by submersion of porous material in a liquid breaker material or breaker solution which is exposed to a suitable breaker material-impregnating vacuum (e.g., 30 mm HG, etc.), washed with solvent, and allowed to dry. Impregnated breaker materials may be optionally encapsulated, such as in a manner and using materials described elsewhere herein for breaker encapsulation. Examples of suitable porous materials include any porous particulate material including, but not limited to, particulate material such as ground or crushed nut shells, ground or crushed seed shells, ground or crushed fruit pits, processed wood, porous ceramics, agglomerated particulates of resin and other materials manufactured by, for example, BORDEN CHEMICAL (such as agglomerates of phenolic and/or urethane resins with particles of Silica and/or Feldspar). Additional information on such particles may be found in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/085,416, filed May 27, 1998, and in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/519,238, filed Mar. 6, 2000, entitled “Formation Treatment Method Using Deformable Particles” by Allan R. Rickards, Harold D. Brannon, Philip J. Rae, Gino A. DiLullo and Christopher J. Stephenson, each of which are incorporated herein.
It will be understood that any suitable combination of breaker materials, encapsulants and/or carrier materials may be employed, whether or not the particular combination is specifically described herein.
Some components utilized in the formulations described herein have been denoted with various codes and/or product names. The following legend provides definitions for codes and/or product names, or for products which otherwise may be useful in the practice of the disclosed methods and compositions:

    “ENCA 80715” is shorthand notation for “En Cap 80715”, which is a styrenated acrylic paint encapsulated potassium carbonate available from Fritz Industries of Dallas, Tex.
    “ECA-2” is used shorthand notation for a citric acid solution (50% w/w citric acid in water, with “w/w” used herein to denote percentage on a weight basis of the solution)
    “GBL-5L” is sometimes used to denote “GBO-5L”
    “Viscomaster 2100” is an Aluminum Octoate solution available from Chattem Chemicals.
    “FE-300L” is used to denote a 50% w/w citric acid solution
    “HEXA” is used to denote hexamethylenetetetramine
    “JET0707-1” denotes “JET062455A-E” (having a specific gravity of 0.948).
    “JET0707-2” denotes “JET062455A-E” (having a specific gravity of 0.938)
    “JET -617-7” is sometimes used to denote “Unitol S” High Rosin Tall Oil Fatty Acid
    “EC-1” is also used to denote Citric acid solution (50% w/w in water)
    “ENCAP 90706 [21% COATING]” denotes an encapsulated tetraethylenepentamine in which the tetraethylenepentamine is absorbed in diatomaceous earth. This diatomaceous earth/tetraethylenepentamine material is then coated with a styrenated acrylic paint. The 21% designates the weight percent acrylic paint present on the diatomaceous earth/tetraethylenepentamine material. This product is available from Fritz Industries of Dallas, Tex.
    “TOL:HRTOFA” denotes a toluene/“Unitol S” high rosin tall oil solution (mixed at 50% w/w).
    “ENCAP MGO” denotes encapsulated magnesium oxide dispersed in aliphatic hydrocarbon insoluble resin known as “VINSOL RESIN” (oil soluble resin available from Hercules, Incorporated). Same type material could be made with another oil soluble resin, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,830, incorporated herein by reference. Vinsol resin has the property that it is more soluble in oil containing aromatics than only containing aliphatics.
    “OB-1” is an imidazoline-based emulsifier available from BJ Services.
    “AC12” and “ACM16AM” are examples of reactive calcined alumina (available from Alchem) that may be employed as first or second metal source in the practice of the disclosed method and compositions.
    A composite reaction sample suitable for use in the disclosed methods and compositions may be formulated using 100 ppt aluminum octoate and 60 gpt oleic acid from vegetable oil (available from Acme-Hardesty).


It will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that the procedures of the examples given herein may be employed by those of skill in the art to select appropriate components, for example from those components disclosed elsewhere herein, so as to vary characteristics (e.g., gel time, rheology, temperature stability, etc.) of the disclosed non-phosphate gelled organic fluids. In this regard, fluid characteristics may be tailored to achieve gelled fluids meeting requirements or conditions for individual or specific applications. It will also be understood that, with benefit of this disclosure, other rheological and fluid testing methods known in the art may also be employed for this purpose.
While the invention may be adaptable to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example and described herein. However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the different aspects of the disclosed compositions and methods may be utilized in various combinations and/or independently. Thus the invention is not limited to only those combinations shown herein, but rather may include other combinations. Further, although exemplary embodiments are described herein, it will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that the disclosed compositions and method may be beneficially employed in any other application where gelation of liquid organics and resulting compositions may be suitably employed (such as for gelled fuels, etc.).
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## Claims

1. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the following components to form said gelled organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one MSMA-based compound, and at least one first metal source compound, wherein said first metal source compound comprises a salt of carboxylic acid.

2. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the following components to form said gelled organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one MSMA-based compound, and at least one first metal source compound, wherein said combining comprises combining said organic base fluid and said MSMA-based compound with a solid reaction product of said carboxylic acid and said first metal source compound to form said gelled organic-based fluid.

3. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the following components to form said gelled organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one MSMA-based compound, and at least one first metal source compound, wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one multi-functional carboxylic acid.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said multi-functional carboxylic acid comprises a dicarboxylic acid.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said multi-functional carboxylic acid comprises a tricarboxylic acid.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein said metal of said first metal source has a valence of +3.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein said first metal source compound comprises at least one of carboxylic acid salt, metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate, and wherein said metal of said first metal source compound is aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof.

8. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the following components to form said gelled organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, and at least one first metal source compound; 
wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one multi-functional carboxylic acid; 
wherein said combining comprises combining said organic base fluid with a solid reaction product of said carboxylic acid and said first metal source compound to form said gelled organic-based fluid; 
wherein said combining further comprises combining a second metal source compound with said organic base fluid and said solid reaction product; and 
wherein said metal of said first metal source has a valence of +3; and wherein said metal of said second metal source has a valence of +3.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein said first metal source compound comprises salt of carboxylic acid; wherein said second metal source compound comprises at least one of metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or a mixture thereof; and wherein said metal of said first and second metal source compounds is aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof.

10. A method of forming and using a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising:
combining at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound, and at least one second metal source compound to form said gelled organic-based fluid; and 
introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a wellbore, pipeline interior or fluid processing facility; 
wherein said first and second metal source compounds are different compounds; and 
wherein said metal of said first metal source has a valence of +3; and wherein said metal of said second metal source has a valence of +3; 
wherein said combining further comprises combining at least one MSMA-based compound with said organic base fluid, said first metal source and said second metal source compound to form said gelled organic-based fluid.

11. A method of forming and using a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising:
combining at least one organic base fluid, at least one, carboxylic acid, at least one first metal source compound, and at least one second metal source compound to form said gelled organic-based fluid; and 
introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a wellbore, pipeline interior or fluid processing facility; 
wherein said first and second metal source compounds are different compounds; 
wherein said metal of said first metal source has a valence of +3; and wherein said metal of said second metal source has a valence of +3; and 
wherein said first metal source compound comprises salt of carboxylic acid; wherein said second metal source compound comprises at least one of metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal halide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or a mixture thereof; and wherein said metal of said first and second metal source compounds is aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; wherein said carboxylic acid salt comprises aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, or a mixture thereof; and wherein said second metal source compound comprises at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising combining with said organic base fluid a breaker material.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein said gelled organic-based fluid is introduced into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of said subterranean formation.

15. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the following components to form said gelled organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid; 
at least one MSMA-based compound; and 
at least one first metal source compound, wherein said first metal source compound comprises salt of carboxylic acid; and wherein said metal of said first metal source compound is aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof.

16. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the following components to form said gelled organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid; 
at least one MSMA-based compound; 
at least one first metal source compound; and 
a carboxylic acid; 
wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one multi-functional carboxylic acid.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein said carboxylic acid comprises citric acid.

18. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the following components to form said gelled organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid; 
at least one MSMA-based compound; 
at least one first metal source compound; and 
a carboxylic acid; 
wherein said carboxylic acid comprises benzoic acid.

19. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the followings components to form said gelled or organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid; 
at least one MSMA-based compound; and 
at least one first metal source compound; 
wherein said combining comprises first combining said MSMA-based compound and said first metal source compound to form a reaction product; and then combining said reaction product with said organic base fluid to form said gelled organic-based fluid.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein said metal of said first metal source compound has a valence of +3.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein said reaction product comprises the reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid, said at least one MSMA-based compound, and said at least one first metal source compound.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein said MSMA-based compound has at least one of the following structures, or a mixture thereof: 



wherein m=from about 1 to about 3; n=from about 6 to about 8; and R is a branched or straight carbon chain that may be saturated or unsaturated, and which has from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms; or 




wherein m=from about 1 to about 3; n=from about 6 to about 8; and R is a branched or straight carbon chain that may be saturated or unsaturated, and which has from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein said first metal source compound comprises at least one of carboxylic acid salt, metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate, or mixture thereof; and wherein said metal of said first metal source compound is aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein said combining further comprises combining a second metal source compound with said organic base fluid, said at least one MSMA-based compound, and said at least one first metal source compound.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein said first metal source compound comprises salt of carboxylic acid; and wherein said second metal source compound comprises at least one of metal oxide, metal halide, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal sulfate or a mixture thereof; and wherein said metal of said first and second metal source compounds is aluminum, iron, or a mixture thereof.

26. The method of claim 21, wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; and wherein said first metal source compound comprises aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; wherein said carboxylic acid salt comprises aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, or a mixture thereof; and wherein said second metal source compound comprises at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof.

28. The method of claim 15, wherein said combining further comprises combining at least one phosphate ester with said other components to form said gelled organic-based fluid.

29. The method of claim 15, further comprising combining with said organic base fluid a breaker material.

30. The method of claim 15, further comprising introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a wellbore, a pipeline interior, or a fluid processing facility.

31. The method of claim 15, wherein said gelled organic-based fluid is introduced into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of said subterranean formation.

32. A gelled organic fluid formed by combining an organic base fluid with a reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid, at least one metal source compound, and at least one MSMA-based compound, wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; wherein said at least one metal source compound comprises aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, aluminum 2,4-pentadione, iron 2,4-pentadione, aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof; and wherein said MSMA-based compound has at least one of the following structures, or a mixture thereof: 



wherein m=from about 1 to about 3; n=from about 6 to about 8; and R is a branched or straight carbon chain that may be saturated or unsaturated, and which has from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms; or 




wherein m=from about 1 to about 3; n=from about 6 to about 8; and R is a branched or straight carbon chain that may be saturated or unsaturated, and which has from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms.

33. The gelled organic fluid of claim 32, wherein said reaction product comprises a solid reaction product having a particle size of from about 100 mesh to about 325 mesh.

34. A gelled organic fluid formed by combining an organic base fluid with a reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid, at least one metal source compound, and at least one MSMA-based compound; wherein said at least one metal source compound comprises a first and a second metal source compound, said first and second metal source compounds being different compounds; and wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one fatty acid having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms; wherein said first metal source compound comprises a carboxylic acid salt that is at least one of aluminum octoate, aluminum stearate, iron octoate, or a mixture thereof; and wherein said second metal source compound comprises at least one of aluminum oxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, ferric ammonium sulfate, or a mixture thereof.

35. The gelled organic fluid of claim 34, wherein said reaction product comprises a solid reaction product having a particle size of from about 100 mesh to about 325 mesh.

36. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising combining the following components to form said gelled organic-based fluid:
at least one organic base fluid, at least one carboxylic acid, at least one MSMA-based compound, and at least one first metal source compound; and 
introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of said subterranean formation.

37. A method of forming and using a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising:
first combining an organic base fluid with a solid reaction product of a carboxylic acid and a first metal source compound; 
then combining a second metal source compound with said combination of said organic base fluid and said solid reaction product to form said gelled organic-based fluid; and 
introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a wellbore, pipeline interior or fluid processing facility; 
wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one multi-functional carboxylic acid.

38. A method of forming and using a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising:
first combining an organic base fluid with a solid reaction product of a carboxylic acid and a first metal source compound; 
then combining a second metal source compound with said combination of said organic base fluid and said solid reaction product to form said gelled organic-based fluid; and 
introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of said subterranean formation; 
wherein said carboxylic acid comprises at least one multi-functional carboxylic acid.

39. The method of claim 8, further comprising introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a wellbore, pipeline interior or fluid processing facility.

40. The method of claim 8, further comprising introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of said subterranean formation.

41. A method of forming and using a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising:
combining an organic base fluid with a solid reaction product to form said gelled organic-based fluid; and 
introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a wellbore, pipeline interior or fluid processing facility; 
wherein said solid reaction product comprises a reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid, a first metal source compound, and a second metal source compound.

42. A method of forming a gelled organic-based fluid, comprising:
combining an organic base fluid with a solid reaction product to form said gelled organic-based fluid; and 
introducing said gelled organic-based fluid into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of said subterranean formation; 
wherein said solid reaction product comprises a reaction product of at least one carboxylic acid, a first metal source compound, and a second metal source compound.

43. The method of claim 10, wherein said gelled organic-based fluid is introduced into a subterranean formation at a pressure above a fracturing pressure of said subterranean formation.