FI RST DI VI SI ON DOYLE, C. J.

, PHI PPS, P. J, and BOGGS, J.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

http://w w w .ga a ppe a l s .us /r ule s

Febr uar y 15, 2016



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A1 5 A2 13 9

. STURGESS v

. OA LOGISTICS SERVICES, INC. et al

. DO-1 0 5

D O Y LE , Ch ief J ud g e.

M ari a St u rg es s ap p eal s fro m t h e g ran t of s u m m ary ju d g m en t to OA Lo g i s ti cs

Serv i ces , In c. (“ OA”), an d St affch ex , In c., i n h er wro n g fu l d eat h cl ai m ag ai n s t t h em

b a sed o n t h e d eat h o f h er s o n , Ni ck i fo r Zep h y ri n e. St u rg es s co n t en ds t h at t h e t r i a l

co u rt erred b y ru l i n g t h at h er cl ai m was b arred b y t h e ex cl u s i v e rem ed i es p ro v i s i o n

o f t h e Geo rg i a W o rk ers ’ Co m p en s at i o n Act (“ W CA”). 1 Becau s e t h e u n d i s p ut ed fact s

s h o w t h at Zep h y ri n e’ s d eat h d i d n o t ari s e o u t o f h is em pl o y m en t

, we rev ers e t h e g ran t

o f s u m m ary ju dg m en t o n t h at g ro un d

.

Su m m ary ju d g m en t i s pro p er wh en t h ere i s n o g en u i n e i s s u e o f

m at eri al fact an d t h e m o van t i s en t i t l ed to ju dg m en t as a m at t er o f l aw.

1 OCGA § 3 4 -9 -1 1

.A d e n o v o s t an d ard o f rev i e w a p p li es t o an ap p eal fro m a g ran t o f

s u m m ary ju d g m en t

, an d we v i ew t h e ev i d en ce , a n d al l reas o n ab l e

co n cl u s i o n s an d i n feren ces d rawn fro m i t

, i n t h e l i g h t m os t fav o rab l e t o

t h e n o n m ov an t

. 2

So v i ewed

, t he reco rd s h o ws t h at OA co nt ract ed wi t h S t a f f ch ex t o p ro v i d e

t em p o rary w o rk ers t o wo rk at a wareh o u s e o wn ed an d o p erat ed b y OA. On Feb ru ary

1 6

, 2 0 1 2

, Ch ri st o ph er Lem a ap p l i ed fo r a p os i t i o n wi t h St affch ex u s i n g Ch ri s t o p h er

Yo u n g -Ev an s as an al i as

. Cert ai n p o rt i o n s o f Lem a’ s ap p l i cat i o n fo rm were

i n co m pl et e, an d h is p u rp o rt ed p h o t o i d en t ifi cat i o n ap peared d i fferen t fro m h i s act u al

ap p earan ce. OA req u i red St affch ex t o p erfo rm cri m i n al b ack g ro u n d ch eck s o n each

wo rk er b efo re t h ey were em p l o y ed

, bu t b efo re Lem a’ s ch eck was ret u rn ed

, h e b eg an

w o r k i n g at an OA wareh o us e. Th e ch eck o n t h e al ias wo ul d ev en tu al l y s h o w n o

cri m i n al h i s t o ry , d es p i t e t h e fact t h at Lem a h ad a fel o n y cri m i n al reco rd

.

On Feb ru ary 24

, 2 01 2

, st i l l b efo re t h e ret u rn o f t h e cri m i n al b ack g ro u n d ch eck

,

Lem a was em

p l o y ed at t h e OA wareh o u s e al o n g wi t h Zep h y ri n e, wh o d ro v e a fo rk li ft

.

Zep hy ri n e’ s fo rk l ift ran o u t o f fu el

, s o h e wen t t o an o ffi ce area t o i n q u i re ab o ut

2 (Ci t at i o n o m it t ed .) Ma t

jo u l i s v. In teg o n Gen

. In s

. Co r p ., 2 2 6 Ga. Ap p

. 4 5 9 (1 ) (4 8 6 SE2 d 6 8 4 ) (1 9 9 7 ).

2refu el i n g. He en co u n tered a fem al e em p l o y ee wh o to ld h i m h e m i g h t fi n d a s up erv i s o r

i f h e wai t ed o u t s i d e t h e o ffi ce. A s Zep h y ri ne wai t ed o u t si d e t he o ffi ce wi t h h i s b ack

t u rn ed

, Lem a en t ered t h e o f f i ce an d at t em

p ted t o k i s s t h e fem al e co -wo rk er, wh o

i m m ed i at el y p u s h ed h i m o ff. In res p o n se, Lem a s m i rk ed

, “ s t o od b a c k [,]

. . . an d

wal k ed ou t .” Lem a t hen p ro d u ced a h an d g u n an d sh o t Z ep h y ri n e i n t he back o f t h e

h ead

, re-en t ered t h e o ffi ce, an d s ex u al l y as sau l t ed t h e fem al e em

p l oy ee. Du ri n g t h e

en s u in g s t ru g g l e, Le m a i n e x p l i cab l y p as sed o u t

, an d th e fem al e em p l o y ee fl ed

,

warn i n g t h e o t h er em

p l o y ees in t h e wareh o us e. Acco rd i ng t o t he fem al e em p l o y ee,

Zep hy ri n e, wh o was a fam i l y fri en d

, h ad no t b een aware o f t h e as sau l t

, h ad n ot

at t em p t ed t o i n t erv en e, an d h ad n o t i n t eract ed wi t h Lem a b efo re t h at o ccas i o n

.

Bas ed o n Zep h y ri n e’ s deat h

, St u rg es s s u ed OA, St affch ex , Lem a, a Jo h n Do e

wh o al leg ed l y s u p p l ied Lem a t h e g u n , an d an ot h er co rp o rat e en t i t y. Am o n g t h e

al l eg at i o n s were cl ai m s t h at OA an d St affch ex n eg l i g en tl y co n d u c t ed t h e h i ri n g

p ro ces s , res u l ti n g i n t h e h i ri n g o f a co n v ict ed fel o n wh o at t ack ed h is co -wo rk ers ,

k i l l i n g Zep h y ri n e.

Fo l l owi n g d i s co v ery , St affch ex an d OA m o v ed fo r su m m ary j u d gm en t, an d t h e

t ri al co urt g ran t ed i t i n fav o r o f b o t h p art i es o n t h e g ro u n d t h at th e ex cl us i v e rem ed y

p ro v is i o n s o f t he W CA b ar St u rg es s ’ s t o rt cl ai m s ag ai n st t h em

. St u rg es s n o w ap p eal s

.

3St u rg es s co n t en ds t h at t h e t ri al co u r t e rred b y co n cl u d in g th at Zep h y ri n e’ s

i n ju ry aro s e o u t o f an d i n t h e co u rs e o f h i s em p l o y m en t . W e ag ree.

Un d er OCGA § 34 -9 -1 1 (a), t h e W CA i s t h e ex cl us i v e rem ed y fo r i nju ri es “ by

acci den t ari s i n g o u t o f an d i n t h e co u rs e o f em p l o y m en t .” 3

A fel o n i o u s as s au l t by a t h i rd p art y u p o n an e m pl o y ee i s t reat ed as an

acci d en t co v ered by t he Act

, s o l o n g as t h e wi lfu l act i s n ot d i rect ed

ag ai ns t t h e em

p l o y ee fo r reas o n s p ers o n al t o th e em p l o y ee. In ord er t o

d et erm i ne i f th e as s au l t o ccu rred fo r reas o n s p ers o nal t o t h e em p l o y ee,

we co n s i d er wh et her t h e i n ju ri es o f wh i ch t he em

p l o y ee co m

pl ai ns (1 )

aro s e o u t o f an d (2 ) i n t h e co u rs e o f [h i s ] em p l oy m en t

. If t h es e t wo

co n d i t i o n s are m et

, t he em p l o y ee’ s t o rt cl a i m s a r e b arred b y th e

ex cl us iv e rem ed y p ro v i s i o n s o f t h e [W CA]

. Acco rd i ng l y , wh et h er th e

at t ack [ i n t h i s cas e] o ccu rred fo r reas o n s p ers on al t o [Zep h y ri n e]

d ep en d s u p on wh et h er [h i s d eat h ] aro s e o u t o f an d i n t h e co urs e o f [h i s ]

em p l o y m en t

. . . . 4

It i s b ey o n d d i s p u t e t hat Zep h y ri n e’ s deat h aro s e i n th e co u rs e o f h i s

em pl o y m en t b ecau se i t o ccu rred wh i le h e was on d u t y p erfo rm i n g h i s jo b fu n ct i on s

3 OCGA § 3 4 -9 -1 (4 ).

4 (Ci t at io ns an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i tt ed .) Bu r n s In t l

. S ecu ri t y S v c s

. Co r p

. v. Jo h ns o n , 2 8 4 Ga. Ap p

. 2 8 9 , 2 9 0 -2 9 1 (1 ) (6 4 3 SE2 d 8 0 0) (2 00 7 ).

4at h i s em

p lo y m en t l ocat i o n. 5 Acco rd i n g l y , ou r an al y s i s fo cu s es o n wh et h er

Zep hy ri n e’ s d eat h “ aro s e o ut o f” h i s em p l o y m en t.

Th e wo rd s “ ari s in g o u t o f” m ean t h at t h ere m u s t b e s om e cau s al

co n n ect i o n b et ween t h e co n d i t i o n s u n d e r wh i ch th e em p lo y ee wo rk ed

an d t h e in

j u ry wh i ch h e r e c ei v ed

. Th e cau s at i v e d an ger m u s t be

i n ci d en t al t o t h e ch aract er o f t h e em p l o y m en t

, an d n o t i nd ep en d en t o f

t h e rel at i o n o f m as t er an d s erv an t

. Th e acci d en t m u s t be o n e res u l t i n g

fro m a ri s k reas o n ab l y i n ci d en t t o th e em p lo y m en t

. An d a ri s k i s i n ci d en t

t o t h e em p l o y m en t wh en i t be l o n g s t o , o r i s co nn ect ed wi t h

, wh at a

wo rk m an h as t o d o i n fu l fi l l i n g hi s co n t ract o f serv i c e

. I t a r i s es o u t o f

t h e em p l oy m en t w h en t h ere i s ap paren t t o t h e rat i o n al m i n d

, u p o n

co n s i d erat i o n of al l t h e ci rcu m s t an ces , a ca u s a l co n n ect i o n b et ween th e

co n d i t i o n s un d

er wh i ch t h e wo r

k i s r eq ui r ed t o b e p er

f o r m ed a n d th e

r e s u l t i n g i n

j u ry. Un d

er t h i s t es t

, i f t h e i nj u r

y ca n b e s een t o h a v e f o l l o wed a s a n a tu r al i n ci den t o f t h e w o r k, a n d t o h a ve b een

co n t emp l a ted b

y a r ea s o n a b l e p er

s o n f a m i l ia r wi t h t h e wh ol e s i t u a t i o n

a s a r es u lt o

f t h e exp os u r e o cca s io n ed b y t h e n a t ur e o

f t h e emp l o

ymen t

,

t h en i t a r is es o u t

o f t h e emp l o

ymen t

.

5 See i d

. at 2 9 2 (1 ) (b ) (“ A n i n ju ry ari ses i n t h e co u rs e o f em p l oy m en t wh en i t

o ccu rs w i th i n t h e p er i o d o f t h e em pl o y m en t

, at a pl ace wh ere t h e em p l o y ee

reas on ab l y m ay be i n t h e p erfo rm an ce o f [h i s ] d ut i es , an d w h i l e [] h e is fu l fi l l i n g t h o s e d u t i es o r en g ag ed i n d oi n g so m et h i n g i n ci d en t al t h eret o

. Th i s s t at u t ory req u i rem en t
rel at es t o t h e t i m e, p l ace an d ci rcu m s t an ces u n de r w h i c h t h e i n j u ry t ak es p l ace.”) (p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed ).

5Co n t rari l y , t h e d efi n i ti o n ex cl u d es an i n ju ry wh i ch can n ot fai rl y

b e t raced t o t h e em

p l o y m en t as a co n tri b u t i n g p ro x i m at e cau s e, an d

wh i ch co m es fro m a hazard t o wh i ch t h e wo rk m en wo u ld hav e b een

eq u al l y ex p o sed ap art fro m

t h e em p l o y m en t. 6

Th i s an al y s is i s h i g h l y fact -s peci fi c an d p art i cu lar t o t h e ci rcu m s t an ces o f each

cas e. Fo r ex am

p l e, i n H el to n v. In t er

s t a te Br a nd

s Co r p o r a t i o n , 7

t h i s Co u rt ad d res s ed a scen ari o i n wh i ch t h e p l ai n t i ff arri v ed fo r h er 5 : 0 0

a.m

. s h i ft an d p ark ed i n t h e e m p l o y ee p ark in g l o t o f t he d efen d an t

co m p an y

. As p l ai nt i ff ex i t ed h er car, s h e was as s au l t ed b y a p ers o n wh o

was u n k n own to h er, b u t wh o was l at er i d en t i fi ed as an o t h er em pl oy ee

o f d efen d an t

. Pl ai n t iff was fo rci b l y t ak en b y t h e as s ai l an t i n hi s car t o an

area away fro m t h e pl an t wh ere s h e was ag ai n as s au l t ed an d t h en rap ed

. Th i s Co u rt affi rm ed t h e fi n d i n g t hat th e in ju ri es fro m

t h e as s au l t aro s e

o u t o f t he p l ai n t i ff’ s em

p l o y m en t b eca u s e t h e earl y m o rn i n g h o u r at

wh i ch p l ai n t i f

f w a s req u i red t o rep o rt t o wo rk an d t h e l o cat i o n o f th e

co m p an y park i n g l o t in t h e v i ci n i t y o f an area o f k n o wn cri m i n al act i vi t y

p ro v i d e t h e cau s al co n n ect i o n wi t h h er em pl o y m en t

. 8

6 (Fo o t n o t e an d p u n ct uat i o n o m i t ted ; em p h as i s s u pp l ied .) Da ws on v. W a l -Ma r t
S t o r es , In c. , 3 2 4 Ga. Ap p. 6 0 4 , 6 0 7 (2 ) (7 51 SE2 d 4 2 6 ) (2 0 1 3 ).

7 1 5 5 Ga. Ap p . 6 0 7 (2 7 1 SE2 d 7 3 9 ) (1 9 8 0 ).

8 (Fo o t no t es an d p u n ct uat i o n o m i t ted .) Da ws o n , 32 4 Ga. Ap p. at 60 7 -6 0 8 (2 ).

6In an o t h er s i m il ar cas e, Ken n ed y v. Pi n el a n d

S ta t e Ba n k

, 9 t h e Co u rt h el d t h at

a s ex ual as s au l t o f a fem al e b an k em p l o y ee b y a m al e b an k d i r e c t o r w h i l e t h e

em pl o y ee was h el p i n g h i m c o n d u c t b u s i n es s i n t he b an k vau lt co u l d n o t b e fai rl y

t raced t o h er em

p l o y m en t

. 1 0 Th e Co u rt ’ s rat i o n al e was t h at t he ri s k o f s uch an at t ack

was n o t i n an y way co n n ect ed wi t h t h e em p l o y ee’ s fu lfi l l m en t o f h er res p on s i b i l i ti es

o f em pl o y m en t. 1 1 T h u s , t h e q u es t i o n i n t h es e cas es t urn s o n wh et h er t h ere a r e f a c t s

s h o wi n g a d i s cern i b l e cau sal co n n ect i o n bet ween t h e i n ju ry an d t h e em

p l o y ee’ s wo rk

o r wo rk p l ace. 1 2

In t h e p res en t cas e, as i n K e n n e d y , t h e reco rd i s d ev o i d o f an y co n n ect i o n

b et ween t h e at t ack an d Zep h y ri n e’ s wo rk o r wo rk p l ace. Co n t rary t o cas es wh ere a

v i o l en t at t ack was co n n ect ed wi t h an em p l oy ee’ s req u i red p res en ce i n a h i g h -cri m e

9 2 1 1 Ga. Ap p . 3 7 5 (4 3 9 SE2 d 1 0 6 ) (1 9 9 3 ).

1 0 See i d . at 3 7 5 -3 7 6

.

1 1 See i d . at 3 7 6

.

1 2 See, e.g

., Da ws o n , 3 2 4 Ga. Ap p. at 6 07 -6 0 9 (co l l ect i n g cas es ).

7area, 1 3 a d ark p ark in g lo t at u n u s u a l h o u rs , 1 4 o r a h i g h-ri s k area l at e at n i g ht

, 1 5

Zep hy ri n e’ s wo rk d i d n o t req u i re h i m t o b e i n a l o cat i o n t hat hei g h ten ed h i s ri s k o f

i n j u r y o r cri m in al at tack

. No r i s t h ere ev i d en ce t h at Zep h y ri n e an d Lem a h ad a n y

wo rk -rel at ed d i s p ut e t hat es cal at ed i n t o v i o l en ce. 1 6

St affch e x arg u es t h at t h e k i l l i n g n ev ert h el es s aro s e o u t o f Zep h y ri n e’ s

em pl o y m en t u n d er t h e p os i ti on al ri s k d o ct ri n e, wh i ch h o l d s t h at

an acci d en t al i n

j u ry ari ses o u t o f t h e e m

p l o ym en t wh en t h e em

pl oy ee

p ro v es t h at h i s w o rk b ro u g ht h i m wi t h in ran ge o f t h e d an g er b y

req u iri n g h i s p res en ce i n t h e l o cal e wh en t h e p eri l s t ru ck , ev en t ho u g h

an y o th er p ers o n p r e s e n t wo ul d h av e al s o b een in ju red i rres p ect i v e o f

h i s em pl o y m en t

. 1 7

1 3 See Bu rn s In t l . S

ecu ri t y S vcs . Co r p

. , 2 8 4 Ga. Ap p . at 2 9 2 -2 93 (1 ).

1 4 See Da ws o n , 3 2 4 Ga. Ap p . at 6 0 9 (2 ).

1 5 See Gen

. Fi r e & Ca s

. Co

. v. Bel l f l o wer , 1 2 3 Ga. Ap p

. 86 4

, 8 6 9 -8 7 0 (4 ) (1 8 2

SE2 d 6 7 8 ) (1 97 1 ) (h o l di ng th at a fel o n i o u s as sau l t o f a bu s d ri v er wh o was eat i n g o ut
l at e o n a req ui red l ay ov er aro s e o u t o f h i s em p l o y m en t).

1 6 Co m p are D eKa l b Co l l i s i o n Cen t er

, In c. v. Fo st er , 25 4 G a. Ap p. 47 7

, 4 8 1 (1 ) ( 5 6 2 SE2 d 7 40 ) (2 0 0 2 ) (h ol d i n g t h at t h e tri al co u rt s h o u l d hav e g ran t ed t h e d efen d an t s ’ m ot i o n s fo r d i rect ed v erd i ct an d j u d gm en t n .o .v

. becau s e t h e p l ai n t i ffs ’

t o rt cl ai m s fo r t h e d eat h o f th ei r fat h er were t h e co n s eq u en ce o f an o n-t h e-jo b fi g ht

an d were t h erefo re b arred b y t h e ex cl u s i v e rem ed y p ro v i si o n o f t h e W CA).

1 7 Ch a p ar r a l Bo a t

s

, In c. v. Hea t h

, 2 6 9 Ga. Ap p

. 3 39

, 3 4 1 (1 ) (6 0 6 SE2 d 5 6 7 ) (2 0 0 4).

8B u t t h i s d o ct ri n e o ri g i n al l y aro s e i n Geo rg i a t o ad d res s “ act s o f Go d,” s u c h a s a

t o rn ad o at t h e wo rk

p l ace, 1 8 an d l at er cas es ap p l y in g t h e d o ct ri n e h av e ex p l ai n ed t h at

“ [t ] h e g e n e ral ru l e st i l l ap p l i es t h at t h e i nju ry d o es no t ari s e o u t of t h e em p l o y m en t

wh ere t h e cau sat iv e d an g er i s n o t ‘ p ecu l i ar t o t h e wo rk ’ i n a w a y t h a t c a u s a l l y

co n nect s t h e em p l o y m en t t o t h e i n

ju ry

. ” 1 9 Th u s , u n d er t h e d o ct ri n e, an i n ju ry i s n ot

co n si d ered co n n ect ed t o t h e wo rk p l ace i f it i s “ a ri s k t o wh i ch t h e em pl o y ee wo u ld

h av e b een eq u al l y ex po s ed ap art fro m t h e em p l o y m en t

, an d t h erefo re t h e i n ju ry was

n o t r el a t ed t o o r ca us ed b y t he p ecu l i a r n a t u r e o

f a co nd i t i o n o

f t h e emp lo

ymen t .” 2 0

Vi ewed i n th is w ay , i n cas es wh ere em p l oy ees are i n

ju red wh i l e trav ers i n g d ark

p ark i n g lo t s or hi gh -cri m e a reas b ecau s e o f th ei r em p l o y m en t

, i t m ak es s en s e t h at

res u l ti n g i n

ju ri es are co n n ect ed t o th ei r em p l o y m en t

– ev en i f cau s ed by t h i rd -p art y

cri m i n a l a ct s

. Here, b y co n t ras t

, th ere was n o h i gh -cri m e el em en t t o t h i s p art i cu l ar

w o r k p l a c e l o cal e, n o r was t h ere an y d i s cern ib le ri s k o f t h eft o r ro b b ery as s o ci at ed

1 8 See Na t. F

i r e In s

. Co

. v. Ed

w a r d s , 1 5 2 Ga. Ap p

. 5 6 6 (1 ) (2 6 3 SE2 d 4 5 5 ) (1 9 7 9).

1 9 (Em p has is s u pp l i ed .) Ch a

p a r r a l Bo a t s

, In c. , 2 6 9 Ga. Ap p . at 3 4 3 (1 )

2 0 (Pu n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed ; em p h as i s s u p p l i ed .) Id

.

9wi t h t hi s wo rk p l a c e

. 2 1 Th e ri s k o f a ran d o m at t ack was n o m o re h ei g ht en ed at

Zep hy ri n e’ s wo rk

p l ace t h an at an y o t her p lace. Th erefo re, b as ed o n t he u n d i s p u t ed

f a c t s b efo re u s , t h e p o s it i o n al ri s k d o ct ri n e d o es n o t dem o n s t rat e t hat Zep h y ri n e’ s

d eat h aro s e o u t o f h i s em p l o y m en t at t he OA wareh ou s e. 2 2

Fo r th e reas o ns o u t l i n ed ab o v e, t h e t ri al co u rt erred by ru li ng t h at t h e ex cl u s i v e

rem ed y fo r Zep h y ri n e’ s d eat h was co m p en s at i o n u n d er t h e W CA.

Ju d g men t r ever sed . Ph i p p s , P. J., a n d

Bo gg s

, J., co n cu r

.

2 1 Co m pare Pet er

so n v. Rt m Mi d

-Amer i ca , 20 9 Ga. Ap p. 6 9 1, 69 3 -6 9 4 (2 ) (4 3 4

SE2 d 5 21 ) (1 9 9 3 ) (h ol di n g t h at

, u n der M ich i gan l aw, t h e d eat h o f a res t au ran t wo rk er wh o w as k i l l ed b y a co -wo rk er as t h e co -wo rk er ro bb ed t h e res tau ran t aro s e o u t o f t h e d eced en t ’ s em

p l o y m en t u nd er t h e p o si t i o n al ri s k d o ct ri n e).

2 2 Th e ap p el l ees u rg e t h at we affi rm t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s ru l i n g un d er t h e “ ri g h t fo r

an y reas o n ” ru l e. Th e t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er was b ri ef an d d id n o t co n s i der an y i s s u es

o t h er t h an t h e ex cl us i ve rem ed y o f th e W CA. Hav i n g ad d res s ed t h at ru li n g , an d b as ed

o n t he reco rd an d b ri efi n g b efo re u s , we d ecl in e t o ex erci s e o u r d i s cret i o n t o ex p l o re

o t h er reas o n s t o affi rm t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s ju d g m en t

. See g en e r al l y Ci t y o f Ga i n es vi l l e

v. Do d d

, 2 7 5 Ga. 8 3 4

, 8 3 8 (5 7 3 SE2 d 3 6 9 ) (2 0 0 2 ) (ex p lai n i n g t hat t h e ap p l i cab i l i t y

o f t h e ri g h t fo r an y ru l e i s d i s cret i o n ary b as ed o n t h e i s su es , fac t s , an d t ri al an d

ap p el l at e b ri efi n g ).

10