*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

October 7, 2005

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 04-3508

v. (D. Kansas)

DAVID G. PFLUM,

Defendant - Appellant.

(D.C. No. 04-CR-40008-SAC)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before HENRY, McKAY, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.

Benjamin Franklin famously quipped that “in this world nothing can be said

to be certain, except death and taxes.” Letter from Benjamin Franklin to JeanBaptiste Le Roy (Nov. 13, 1789), in 10 The Writings of Benjamin Franklin 69 (A.

Smyth ed. 1907). While not contesting the inevitability of the former (as far as

we know), David G. Pflum believed he had found a loophole to escape the latter. 

After an extensive study that included reading books such as “The Great Income
1We note that the author of these books, Irwin Schiff, has maintained for

more than 30 years that income taxes are voluntary, but, not surprisingly, “he has

never been successful with that theory in court.” Nov. 13, 1789, United States v.

Schiff, 379 F.3d 621, 623 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing cases in which Schiff’s

arguments have been rejected); Newman v. Schiff, 778 F.2d 460, 467 (8th Cir.

1985) (referring to the “blatant nonsense” promoted by Schiff). 

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Tax Hoax” and “How Anyone Can Stop Paying Income Taxes,” he stopped paying

taxes.1

 

But Franklin was more prescient than Mr. Pflum realized. He was indicted

on eight counts of failure to pay quarterly employment taxes, in violation of 26

U.S.C. § 7202, and three counts of failure to file a federal income tax return, in

violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7203. By his own testimony he conceded that from 1997

to 1999 he failed to file federal income tax returns, and in 1998 and 1999 he

failed to withhold federal employment taxes. The jury found him guilty on all 11

counts. Because the trial was held after Blakely v. Washington, 524 U.S. 296

(2004), but before United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), when the

constitutionality of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines was uncertain, the trial

judge, recognizing that the amount of tax loss to the government would be a

major factor at sentencing, decided to submit the issue to the jury. It found the

tax loss to be $573,900.00, resulting in an offense level of 18 and a sentencing

range of 27-33 months. Mr. Pflum was sentenced to 30 months in prison. On

appeal he asserts that the district court erred in two respects: (1) in refusing to
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give the jury a proposed instruction on “willfulness,” and (2) in denying a motion

to strike the testimony of two IRS agents. We affirm the conviction and sentence. 

I. WILLFULNESS INSTRUCTION

Mr. Pflum argues that the district court erred in refusing to give a proposed

instruction relating to the “willfulness” of his acts. We review the district court’s

refusal to give a requested jury instruction for an abuse of discretion. United

States v. Starnes, 109 F.3d 648, 650-51 (10th Cir. 1997). “A district court does

not abuse its discretion so long as the charge as a whole adequately states the

law.” Id. at 651 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

The crimes with which Mr. Pflum was charged required the jury to find

beyond a reasonable doubt that he acted “willfully.” 26 U.S.C. §§ 7202, 7203. 

The court not only instructed the jury that it must find that Mr. Pflum acted

willfully, but it also gave the following instructions: 

INSTRUCTION NO. 18

As mentioned earlier, the third element for the § 7202 offenses

charged in Counts One through Eight of the Second Superseding

Indictment and the third element for the § 7203 offenses charged in

Counts Nine through Eleven of the Second Superseding Indictment

are the same insofar as the government must prove that the defendant

acted willfully. 

The defendant acted “willfully” if the law imposed a duty on

him, he knew of the duty, and he voluntarily and intentionally

violated the duty. A defendant’s conduct is not “willful” if it

resulted from negligence, inadvertence, accident, mistake or reckless

disregard for the requirements of the law, or resulted from a good
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faith misunderstanding that he was not violating a duty that the law

imposed on him. If you have a reasonable doubt as to whether the

defendant acted willfully, you must acquit the defendant. 

R. at 45.

INSTRUCTION NO. 19 

The defendant asserts he did not act willfully as charged in the

indictment, because he did not believe that the law imposed a duty on

him.

A defendant does not act “willfully” if he believes in good

faith that he is acting within the law or that his actions comply with

the law, even though the belief turns out to be incorrect or wrong. 

Having the burden to prove the defendant acted willfully as charged,

the government must prove the defendant did not believe in good

faith that his actions were lawful. The burden of proving good faith

does not rest with the defendant because a defendant does not have

an obligation to prove anything in this case. Therefore, if you find

that the defendant actually believed what he was doing was in accord

with tax laws, then you must conclude that the defendant did not act

willfully.

In making this determination about the defendant’s good faith,

you must keep the following in mind. A defendant’s good-faith

belief or misunderstanding of the law need not be rational or even

reasonable, as long as he actually held the belief in good faith. A

defendant’s good faith misunderstanding of the law must be

distinguished from a defendant who understands the duty imposed on

him by law but disagrees with that law or views the law as

unconstitutional. There is no defense of good faith belief or

misunderstanding when a defendant knows his duty under the tax

laws but believes, sincerely or not, that the tax laws are

unconstitutional or invalid. A defendant’s belief that the tax laws

violate his constitutional rights does not constitute a good faith

misunderstanding of the requirements of the law. Furthermore, a

defendant’s disagreement with the government’s tax collection

system and policies does not constitute a good faith

misunderstanding of the law. You shall disregard any asserted good
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faith claims that the tax laws are unconstitutional or invalid or that

the tax collection system and policies are wrong.

In determining whether the defendant actually held the belief

or misunderstanding in good faith, you must consider all the evidence

in the case including the defendant’s effort to research and

understand the relevant tax laws and other authoritative judicial

decisions and materials, the reasonableness of the defendant’s

beliefs, and all of his actions taken before and after the events in

question that bear on the sincerity of the defendant’s state beliefs. 

Id. at 46-47.

INSTRUCTION NO. 21

In proving that an act is done willfully, the government must

show that the defendant knew of his legal duty and violated it,

voluntarily and intentionally, and not because of mistake or

inadvertence or other innocent reason. The knowledge that a person

possesses at any given time may not ordinarily be proved directly

because there is no way of directly scrutinizing the workings of the

human mind. Knowledge may be proved by a person’s words, acts or

omissions, along with all the other evidence, in deciding whether a

person acted knowingly, that is voluntarily and intentionally.

In deciding whether a person has knowledge, you also may

consider inferences drawn from proof that a person deliberately

closed his eyes to what would otherwise have been obvious to him. 

If you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that a person was

aware of the high probability of the existence of a fact and that he

deliberately avoided learning the truth, then you may infer knowledge

of the existence of this fact, but you may still find that the personal

actually believed the fact does not exist. It is entirely up to you as to

whether you find a person deliberately closes his eyes to the obvious

and as to what inferences should be drawn from such evidence. You

may not conclude that a person has knowledge, however, from proof

of mistake, negligence, carelessness, or a belief in an inaccurate

proposition. 
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Id. at 50-51.

Not satisfied with the instructions, Mr. Pflum proposed additional

language: “In this case, the Defendant is not presumed to know the law.” Id. at

11 The district court decided that the substance of the proposed instruction was

adequately expressed in other instructions. We agree.

To be sure, to establish willfulness the government had to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that Mr. Pflum had knowledge of the law. United States v.

Ambort, 405 F.3d 1109, 1114 (10th Cir. 2005). But the instructions given

established the government’s burden without the additional language proposed by

Mr. Pflum. The jury was instructed that the government must prove each element

of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, including willfulness. Instruction 18

defined willfulness: “The defendant acted ‘willfully’ if the law imposed a duty

on him, he knew of that duty, and he voluntarily and intentionally violated the

duty.” R. at 45 (emphasis added). Instruction 21 is even more clear: “In proving

that an act is done willfully, the government must show that the defendant knew

of his legal duty and violated it, voluntarily and intentionally, and not because of

mistake or inadvertence or other innocent reason.” Id. at 50. The jury was also

given a lengthy “good faith” instruction, which stated that an act is not done

willfully if the person “believes in good faith that he is acting within the law” and

that the defendant’s “good-faith belief or misunderstanding of the law need not be
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rational or even reasonable . . . .” Id. at 46-47. This instruction also reiterated

that the burden was on the government to prove that the defendant acted willfully

and that the defendant “does not have an obligation to prove anything in this

case.” Id. at 46. 

The jury was more than adequately instructed that the government had to

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Pflum was aware of the duties the law

imposed upon him and that he intentionally violated those duties. Accordingly,

we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to give the

proposed instruction. 

II. MOTION TO STRIKE TESTIMONY

Mr. Pflum’s second issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in

refusing to strike the testimony of two government witnesses. On crossexamination IRS Special Agent Henry Herron testified that the rate of income tax

withholding was 28%, a figure that he said was in the federal Sentencing

Guidelines, but could be found in the United States Code as well. Agent Abbe

Stewart later testified on cross-examination that wage withholding is governed by

IRS publication Circular E. On redirect she testified that the 28% figure could be

found in 26 C.F.R. § 31.3402(g)(1). After the government rested, Mr. Pflum

moved to strike the testimony. His counsel argued that the regulation cited by

Agent Stewart related only to supplemental wages and did not mention a 28%
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figure. He also argued that Circular E had no legal effect because it was not

published in the regulations. The district court denied the motion, but gave

Mr. Pflum leave to raise it again. The motion was renewed at the close of

evidence and denied again without comment by the court.

Before addressing Mr. Pflum’s argument, we make two observations

regarding the procedural context of the issue. First, although Mr. Pflum

originally argued that the challenged testimony affected both his conviction and

sentence, he now concedes that the testimony affected only his sentence

calculation. The jury did not need to find a specific amount of tax loss to convict

Mr. Pflum on any of the counts. The amount of tax loss was submitted to the jury

solely to prevent any potential sentencing problems that might arise in light of

Blakely. 

Second, Mr. Pflum has not objected to the mandatory application of the

Sentencing Guidelines to this case. Had he done so, we would be confronted with

nonconstitutional Booker error because the sentence was calculated solely on facts

found by the jury. See United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 731-32

(10th Cir. 2005). But because Mr. Pflum has not raised this issue, we need not

address it. See United States v. Sandia, 188 F.3d 1215, 1218 n.2 (10th Cir. 1999). 

For purposes of this case we will treat the guidelines in a pre-Booker fashion. 
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“We review the district court’s admission of evidence for an abuse of

discretion, not disturbing the court’s decision unless we have a definite and firm

conviction that the trial court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the

bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” Richardson v. Mo. Pac. R.R.

Co., 186 F.3d 1273, 1276 (10th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks and brackets

omitted). We may affirm on any ground supported by the record. United States v.

Sandoval, 29 F.3d 537, 542 n.6 (10th Cir. 1994). 

We affirm because Mr. Pflum’s objection to the challenged testimony was

not timely. See generally 1 Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein’s

Federal Evidence, § 103.11 (Joseph M. McLaughlin, ed., Matthew Bender 2d ed.

1997) (“An objection to the admission of evidence must be ‘timely’ or else any

error in admission may not be asserted on appeal. An objection is ‘timely’ if it is

made as soon as the opponent knows, or should know, that the objection is

applicable.” (footnotes omitted)). The basis for the objection—that the 28%

figure used to calculate the tax loss is not in the United States Code or the

regulations—was known to Mr. Pflum, or should have been known, long before

the objection was made. Specifically, even before Agent Herron took the stand

Mr. Pflum had stipulated to the admission of Government Exhibits 6 and 7, which

consisted of spreadsheets showing the names of Mr. Pflum’s employees, the

wages they were paid, and the amount of taxes that should have been withheld. 
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The exhibits relied on the 28% figure in calculating the required withholding. 

The cross-examination of Agent Herron also demonstrates that Mr. Pflum’s

counsel was aware of the 28% figure before Agent Herron took the stand. Indeed,

Mr. Pflum’s counsel questioned Agent Herron extensively about the 28% figure,

and even suggested that the figure was from the Sentencing Guidelines, and not

the Tax Code. At one point Mr. Pflum’s counsel asked Agent Herron: “Is it not

true that that 28 percent that you are using is not something that’s dictated or

required by the federal income tax laws, the 28 percent figure comes from another

set of laws. Is that correct?” Aplee. Supp. App. at 161. 

The cross-examination of Agent Stewart also reveals that Mr. Pflum was

aware of the basis for his objection long before the government rested its case. 

Agent Stewart did not testify on direct examination about the tax loss or the 28%

figure. Her testimony was limited to describing a W-4 form and the difference

between employees and independent contractors. On cross-examination

Mr. Pflum’s counsel questioned Agent Stewart about the withholding rate for

federal income taxes and how that rate would be calculated. Agent Stewart

responded: “You would have to look at the payroll tax tables that the Internal

Revenue Service puts out each year . . . .” Id. at 194. 

Q. Now, this table, is that circular E?

A. That would be circular E.
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Q. Okay. Good enough. That’s what I want. So you’re familiar with the

fact that under Section 3402 of—just the section itself says withholding

shall be done according to some table, right?

A. That’s one of the ways, yes.

 . . . . 

Q. And the typical way to withhold would be you’d look at the regulations

and it would say consult circular E, correct?

A. Give or take, yeah.

Q. And so you’d have to dig out circular E . . . to determine how much is

to be withheld?

A. That’s correct.

 . . . . 

Q. And the only way you could determine that would be by looking at

circular E?

A. That’s correct.

Id. at 194-195.

Under Fed. R. Evid. 103 evidentiary objections generally must be made at

the time the evidence is offered. See Sorensen v. City of Aurora, 984 F.2d 349,

355 (10th Cir. 1993); see also Vallejos v. C.E. Glass Co., 583 F.2d 507, 511 (10th

Cir. 1978) (motion to exclude raised as part of motion for directed verdict was not

timely; “the proper time to object to the admission of evidence . . . was at the time

it was offered”). In this case Mr. Pflum did not object until after four additional

witnesses had been called and the government had rested its case. United States

v. Gibbs, 739 F.2d 838, 849 (3d Cir. 1984) (en banc) (objection untimely when

made “not when the evidence was offered, but during a motion to strike made

after the government had rested”); United States v. Kanovsky, 618 F.2d 229, 231
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(2d Cir. 1980) (“[T]he record reveals that appellant’s objection below was not

timely since it was not made until after the witness was excused and the jury

dismissed from the courtroom.”). The belated objection deprived the government

of the opportunity to cure any potential defects in the testimony. Because the

objection was untimely, it was properly overruled. 

We AFFIRM Mr. Pflum’s conviction and sentence. 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Harris L Hartz

Circuit Judge