T h is d is p o s itio n is n o t ap p r o p r ia te f o rp u b lic a tio n a n d m a yn o t b e c ite d to * orby the c ourt s of

thi s c i r c ui te xc e pta s pr ovi de d byN i nth C i r . R ul e 36- 3. T he panel un ani m ou sl y f i nd s thi s c as e s ui t abl e f

or deci si on w i tho utoral ** a r g u m e n t. See F ED . R. A PP . P . 34 (a )( 2). T he H onor abl e T hom a s M . R e a vl e y , S e ni orU ni t e d S t a t e s C i r c ui tJ udge *** f orthe F i f th C i r c ui t , s i tt i ng by de s i gna t i on.

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o rn ia B efo re: R E A V L E Y , M cK E O W N , an d P A E Z , C i rcu i tJu d g es. *** D e f e nda nt - A ppe l l a ntR a y m ond E a r l R a f us appe a l s hi s c onvi c t i on pur s ua nt



# FI LED MA R 28 2011 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

to ac o n d itio n a l p le ao f

g u iltyto p o s s e s s io n o f

ac o n tr o lle d s u b s ta n c e w ith in te n t to d i s tr i b u t e , i n v i o l a t i o n o f 2 1 U . S. C. § 8 4 1 ( a ) ( 1 ) a n d ( b ) ( 1 ) ( C) . W e a f f i rm. R a f u s a r g u e s th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u rt e rr o n e o u s lyd e n ie d h is m o tio n to s u p p r e s s , a n d h e r a is e s tw o is s u e s . W e r e v ie w d e n o v o th e d e n ia l o f am o tio n to s u p p r e s s , w h ile r e v ie w in g f o rc le a re rr o rth e u n d e r ly in g f a c tu a l f in d in g s . U

ni ted S ta te s v . D a v is , 5 3 0 F .3 d 1 0 6 9 , 1 0 7 7 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 8 ) . R af us fi rs tcont ends thathi s s ei zure on A ug ust20 , 20 08 , by the C l ark C o u n ty, N ev ad a G an g T askF o rce w as a fu l l scal e arrest l ack i n g p ro b ab l e cau se ra ther than a m er e i nv es t i gat ory det ent i on . P ol i ce m aycond uctan i nv es t i gat ory s t op unde rthe F ourth A m e ndm e nti f “ the of f i c e r ’ s a c t i on i s s upport e d by re as on abl e s uspi ci on t o b el i eve thatcr i m i nal ac t i vi ty m aybe af oo t . ” U ni ted Stat es v. A rvi zu , 534 U . S . 266, 273, 122 S . C t . 744, 750 ( 2002) ( i nt e rna l quot a t i on m a rks a n d c ita tio n s o m itte d ) ; see a l so T e rr yv . O h io , 392 U . S . 1, 30, 88 S . C t . 1868, 1 8 8 4

– 8 5 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . A f

u ll s c a le a rr e s t, h o w e v e r , m u s t b e s u p p o rte d b yp r o b ab le c au s e . See M

orga n v. W

oess ner , 9 9 7 F . 2 d 1 2 4 4 , 1 2 5 2 (9 th C i r. 1 9 9 3 ). B ecau se of f i c e r s a r e e nt i t l e d t o t a ke r e a s onabl e m e a s ur e s t o pr ot e c tthe i rpe r s ona l s a f e ty , the ci rc um st ance s of e ac h cas e m ustbe consi dere d t o d et erm i ne w hether an in v e s tig a to ry s to p h a s b e e n tr a n s f o rm e d th r o u g h p o lic e a c tio n s in to af u ll a rr e s t. Se e U n ite d S ta te s v . B a u tis ta , 68 4 F . 2d 12 86 , 12 89 (9th C i r. 19 82 ).3

In the i nst antca se , survei l l ance offi ce rs ob se rved R af us engage i n w hatthey bel i eved w as a nar cot i cs transac t i on w i th the t ar getof thei r i nv es t i gat i on , w ho w as pres entt o con du cta pre -arr anged, control l ed drug deal w i th thei r c on fi dent i al i n fo rm an t . T h e d i stri ctco u rtfo u n d th ato n e o f th e o ffi cers, u p o n n o t i ci n g R afu s’ c a r , a l e rt e d the r e s tof

the t a s k f

or c e vi ar a di o t o R a f

us ’ i de nt i ty . A f

t e rr e vi e w i ng th e te s tim o n y , w e c o n c lu d e th a t th is f a c tu a l f in d in g w a s n o t c le a r lye rr o n e o u s . See S E Cv. R u b era , 35 0 F . 3d 10 84 , 10 93 –9 4 (9th C i r. 20 03 ) ( “ S o l on g as the di stri ct c o u rt’s v ie w o f

th e e v id e n c e is p lau s ib le in lig h t o f th e r e c o r d v ie w e d in its e nt i r e ty , i tc a nnotbe c l e a r l y e rr one ous . . . . ” ) . T hi s i s s i gni f i c a ntbe c aus e m a ny of the s a m e of

f i c e r s i n the t a s k f

or c e ha d apr e vi ous vi ol e nte nc ount e rw i th R a f us approx i m at el y one m on th b ef ore w hi l e e xecut i ng a s earc h w arranti n an u nrel at ed i nve s t i ga t i on. D ur i ng tha te nc ount e r , R a f us ha d tr i e d t o gr ab a n of f i c e r ’ s w e apon an d h ad t o b e su b d u ed b y sev eral o ffi cers. I n th e p r e s e n t e n c o u n te r , u p o n w itn e s s in g w h a t th e yb e lie v e d f r o m th e ir tr a in in g to b e ad ru g d e a l, a n d s e e in g R a f u s ap p a r e n tlyd r o p a n d r e tr ie v e ap la s tic ba ggi e be f

or e dr i vi ng of

f , the of f i c e r s ha d r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on t o f ol l ow R a f

us a nd c onduc ta n i nve s t i ga t ory s t op. W e c onc l ude f r om the t ot a l i tyof

the ci rc um st ance s her e thatthe offi ce rs w er e f ul l y j ust i fi ed i n eff

ec t i ng the st op as they di d w i th guns dr a w n, pl a c i ng R a f us i n ha ndc uf

f s , a nd f r i s ki ng hi m f

orw e apons or4

c o n tr ab a n d . Se e U

n ite d S ta te s v . G u z m a n - P a d illa , 57 3 F . 3d 86 5, 88 4 (9th C i r. 2 0 0 9 ) ( in tru s iv e m e a n s a r e p e rm is s ib le w ith o u t c o n v e rtin g as to p in to a n a rr e s t if the pol i c e c onduc t“ i s ar e a s onabl e r e s pons e t o l e gi t i m a t e s a f e tyc onc e rns on the partof the i nv es t i gat i ng offi ce rs ”) (i nt ernal qu ot at i on m arks and ci t at i on om i tt ed); D a v is , 53 0 F . 3d at10 82 –8 3 (“ B ec ause offi ce rs re as on abl y s uspect ed that [ d e f e n d a n t] w a s in v o lv e d in n a r c o tic s a c tiv ity , it w a s a ls o r e a s o n ab le f o rth e m to s u s p e c t th a t h e m ig h t b e a rm e d .” ) ; see a l so A l len v. C i t

y of L os A ng eles , 66 F . 3d 1052, 1056 ( 9th C i r . 1995) . P ol i c e ha d l e gi t i m a t e , r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on tha tR a f us w a s in v o lv e d in d ru g a c tiv ity , a n d th e yk n e w f r o m th e p r io rv io le n t e n c o u n te rw ith hi m tha the c oul d pos s i bl y pos e athr e a tt o the i rs a f e tydur i ng the c our s e of the s to p . T h e ira c tio n s w e r e r e a s o n ab le . See A l len , 66 F . 3d a t1057 ( “ T he r e l e va nt i nqui ry i s a l w a y s one of r e a s onabl e ne s s unde rthe c i r c um s t a nc e s . ” ) ( quot a t i on m arks and ci t at i on om i tt ed). R af us nextar gu es thatthe arre st i ng offi ce r e xcee ded the sc op e of a perm i ss i bl e pat do w n u nd er T errybym a ni pul a t i ng hi s c l othi ng a nd s e i z i ng the pl as t i c baggi e f

rom hi s f rontpo cket . A n o ff

i ce r c on du ct i ng a l aw ful pat do w n m ay s e i z e f r om the de f

e nda nta n i t e m tha tthe of f i c e ri m m e di a t e l yr e c ogni z e s f r om to u c h to b e c o n tr ab a n d . See U ni ted Stat es v. Mi les , 24 7 F . 3d 10 09 , 10 13 (9th C i r. 2001) ( c i t i ng Mi nne s ota v . D i c ke rs on , 508 U . S . 366, 375–76, 113 S . C t . 2130,5

2 1 3 7 ( 1 9 9 3 ) ) . H e r e , th e o f f i c e rl i f t e d Ra f u s ’ h a n d c u f

f s , w h i c h h a d b e c o me ent angl ed w i th h i s s hi rt , t o acc es s R af us’ w ai stband for apat do w n. T he offi ce r te s tif ie d th a t h e f

e lt ah a r d o b

je c t in R a f

u s ’ f r o n t p o c k e t th a t h e im m e d ia te ly be l i e ve d t o be c r a c k c oc a i ne . T he of f i c e rf orm e d thi s be l i e f

f r om the f e e l of the o b j ectan d h i s p ri o r o b serv at i o n o f R afu s i n th e m al l p ark i n g l o t . T h e o ffi cer al so o b s e rv e d th e to p o f

ap la s tic b a g g ie p r o tru d in g f r o m th e to p o f

R a f u s ’ p o c k e t, w hi c h he the n pul l e d out . W e c onc l ude tha tthe of f i c e rdi d note xc e e d the s c ope of ala w f u l T errys to p a n d p a td o w n . Se e, e .g ., U n ite d S ta te s v . M

a tta r o lo , 209 F . 3d 1153, 1158 ( 9th C i r . 2000) ( of f i c e rw a s a l e rt e d t o pr e s e nc e of the drugs “ bythe f a m i l i a rs e ns a t i on of

pl a s t i c s l i di ng a ga i ns tagr a nul a rs ubs t a nc e , ” a nd “ [ o] nc e the pr e s e nc e of

drugs be c a m e know n i n thi s m a nne r , the yc oul d be s e i z e d w i thoutthe defe nd ant ’ s c on se ntpu rs uantt o a t ac t i l e var i at i on on the ‘ pl ai n v i ew ’ rul e” ). AF F I R ME D.