IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 11-20289

Summary Calendar

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

$78,882.00 IN U.S. CURRENCY,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas, Houston

USDC No. 4:09-CV-4068

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, DAVIS, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Appellants Francisco and Concepcion Salgado appeal the district court’s

order of forfeiture of $78,882.00 in favor of Appellee United States of America. 

The Salgados argue that the forfeiture of the entire $78,882.00 violates the

Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause because it is grossly

disproportional to the Salgados’ violations of 31 U.S.C. § 5316(a)(1)(A). We

AFFIRM.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

March 15, 2012

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not *

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th Cir.

R. 47.5.4.

Case: 11-20289 Document: 00511789677 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/15/2012
No. 11-20289

 I. BACKGROUND

On November 24, 2009, Francisco and Concepcion Salgado prepared to

board a flight to Mexico from George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston,

Texas. A Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officer asked the Salgados if

they were traveling with more than $10,000.00, and Mrs. Salgado replied “no.” 

The officer then asked how much money the Salgados were carrying. The

Salgados’ answers indicated that they possessed a total of $12,000.00. Mrs.

Salgado completed and signed, under the penalty of perjury, a FINCEN 105 form

attesting to possession of $12,000.00. 

Another CBP officer then asked the Salgados to place their currency on a

table. The contents of the Salgados’ wallets and Mr. Salgado’s pockets totaled

approximately $21,000.00. The CBP officer found an additional $3,000.00 in Mr.

Salgado’s backpack. Further searches of the Salgados and their luggage

produced an additional $48,000.00. Ultimately, the searches revealed that the

Salgados were carrying a total of $78,882.00. 

On December 21, 2009, the United States filed an in rem civil forfeiture

action pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 5317(c)(2) against the $78,882.00 seized from the

Salgados. In response, the Salgados filed a verified claim under 18 U.S.C.

§ 983(a)(4)(A) asserting ownership of the $78,882.00 and requesting its return. 

The Salgados also filed an answer to the forfeiture action, generally denying all

allegations and any wrongdoing that would allow forfeiture of the $78,882.00. 

The United States then moved for summary judgment. Finding that the facts

were not in dispute, and that the United States had shown that the $78,882.00

qualified for forfeiture, the district court granted summary judgment. The 1

district court issued a separate order for forfeiture of the $78,882.00, which was

entered as the final judgment in the case. 

In response to the government’s summary judgment motion, the Salgados stated that 1

they “[did] not allege a dispute of the material facts presented in the United States . . .

motion.” 

2

Case: 11-20289 Document: 00511789677 Page: 2 Date Filed: 03/15/2012
No. 11-20289

The Salgados timely appealed the judgment to this court. Their appeal

states one ground of attack—that the forfeiture of the entire $78,882.00 violates

the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause because it is grossly

disproportional to the Salgados’ failure to report the currency. The Salgados 2

contend that the currency is not connected with any other crime, and that their

only offense was an omission that does not merit forfeiture of all their currency. 

The Salgados seek reversal of the district court’s judgment.

II. DISCUSSION

Because the Salgados raise their Excessive Fines Clause theory for the

first time on appeal, we review the district court’s order of forfeiture for plain

error. See Douglass v. U.S. Auto Ass’n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1424 (5th Cir. 1996) (en

banc). To meet the plain error standard, we must conclude that there was an

error, that the error was obvious, and that the error affected a party’s

substantial rights. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732S34 (1993). If we

find plain error by the district court, we will only correct the error if it “‘seriously

affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id.

at 736 (quoting United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157, 160 (1936)).

Although both parties rely on United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321

(1998), the Salgados and the United States articulate different inquiries for

analyzing the forfeiture’s propriety. We need not decide the proper inquiry in 3

this case. Instead, because under either test the Salgados were required to

The Salgados do not appeal the district court’s determination that they violated 31 2

U.S.C. § 5316(a)(1)(A) by knowingly failing to report that they were carrying more than

$10,000.00. 

The forfeitures in the cases cited by the United States all arose from ongoing unlawful 3

activities in violation of other statutes. See United States v. Li, 615 F.3d 752 (7th Cir. 2010)

(forfeiting a house traced to the crime of harboring aliens for personal financial gain); United

States v. Cheeseman, 600 F.3d 270 (3d Cir. 2010) (forfeiting a large quantity of firearms for the

crime of firearm possession by a felon); United States v. Wallace, 389 F.3d 483 (5th Cir. 2004)

(forfeiting an airplane for violating the requirement to register the aircraft). However, the

parties did not cite any cases precisely on point.

3

Case: 11-20289 Document: 00511789677 Page: 3 Date Filed: 03/15/2012
No. 11-20289

demonstrate that the value of the property seized was disproportional to their

offense, which they failed to do, we need only consider proportionality. See 18

U.S.C. § 983(g)(3) (“The claimant shall have the burden of establishing that the

forfeiture is grossly disproportional by a preponderance of the evidence . . . .”).

The Salgados rest their appeal upon Bajakajian. Though the Salgados’ 4

case arises from the same underlying offense and circumstances as Bajakajian,

it involves less than a quarter of the amount of currency seized in Bajakajian. 

See Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 325. And while the forfeiture of the $357,144 seized

in Bajakajian would have exceeded the maximum $250,000 statutory fine, the

Salgados’ forfeiture clearly does not. Thus, Bajakajian alone constitutes

insufficient authority for the Salgados’ theory that the forfeiture of $78,882.00

was a disproportional punishment for their offense. 

Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the district court plainly

erred in requiring the Salgados to forfeit $78,882.00. See United States v. Olano,

507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993) (For an error to be plain, it must be “clear under

current law”). The district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED. 

The Salgados’ brief cites only two other cases, both of which fail to address the 4

proportionality issue presented in this appeal and, therefore, do not provide any support for

the Salgados’ proportionality theory. 

4

Case: 11-20289 Document: 00511789677 Page: 4 Date Filed: 03/15/2012