1 ... S eeT EX . R. A PP . P. 47. 4. 

## COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICTOFTEXAS FORT WORTH NO . 2- 07- 176- CR
NAT HAN DA R R E L LNE I GHB OR S AP P E L L ANT A / K/A N A TH A N N H ERC U LES NEI GH BORS V . TH E STA TE O F TEXA S STA TE

----- ----- -- FR O M CRI M I NA LDI STRI CT CO URT NO . 1 OF TARRA NT CO UN TY

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### M E M ORANDU M OP I NI ON 1

----- ----- -- I . I nt r oduc t i on A p p e l l a n t N a th a n D a rre l l N e i g h b o rsa /k /a N a th a n n H e rc u l e sN e i g h b o rs a p p e a lsh isfe lo n yc o n v ic tio n o f a g g ra v a te d ro b b e ry w ith a d e a d lyw e a p o n . In t h r e e p o in t s , a p p e lla n ta r g u e st h a tt h e e v id e n c e w a s le g a llya n d f a c t u a lly2

i ns uf f i ci entt o s upporthi s con vi ct i on a nd t hat t he t r i alco urter r ed by r ef us i ng to s u b m i t a l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o ffe n s e c h a rg e o f ro b b e ryto th e j u ry . W e a ffir m . I I . B a c k g rou n d F a c ts O n M a r c h 1 5 , 2 0 0 3 , P a r a d is e L iq u o r s ’s o w n e r D e la w a r e W a f a y e e a n d h is em pl o y e e , L o r e n z o C o r r a l , we r e l o c k i n g t h e d o o r sa ft e rc l o s i n g wh e n a man, w ho w as w ea r i ng a sk i m as k, app r oac hed W af aye e f r om be hi nd w i t h a gun and or der ed hi m t o open t he doo r and di sar m t he secur i t y syst em . Th e m an t hen f or c e d W a f a y e e a n d C o r r a l t o t h e b a c ko f f i c e wh e r e t h e s a f e wa sl oca t ed. A fter W a fay e e o p e n e d the sa fe, the m a n p u t do w n the g u n an d b e g a n to s tu ff t he ca sh i n a bag . C or r al sa w t he gun o n t he gr ound, l unge d f ort he w ea pon, a n d b e g a n t o s t r u g g le w i t h t h e m a n . C o r r a l k e p th o ld in g t h e w e a p o n a n d h it t he m an w i t h t he buttoft he gun, w hi ch ca us ed t he m an t o bl ee d pr of us el y. D ur i ng t he st r ugg l e, t he m an’ s m ask al so cam e of f . W hi l e C or r al and t he m an w er e w r es t l i ng f ort he gun, W af aye e gr abb ed a nea r by c ham pag ne bott l e a nd hi tt he m an on t he hea d s eve n orei ghtt i m es . W af aye e t hen ra n outoft he of f i cet o pr es s t he pan i c b u tto n , a n d Cor r alqui ck l y f ol l ow ed st i l l hol di ng t he gun. W hi l e W af aye e c al l ed 9- 1- 1 and C or r alw at che d f ort he pol i c e b y t he ent r anc e, t he m an, w h o w asbl ee di ng f r om hi s hea d a nd f ac e, em er ged f r om t he of f i cean d w al ke d t ow ar dst he door . Al t hough W af aye e c oul d t el l t hatt he
m an w as a bl ack m al e, nei t her he nor C or r al coul d cl ear l y see hi s f aci al f eat ur es2 ... D et ec t i ve N utt t es t i f i ed t hat a buc ca l sw ab i s si m i l ar t o a l ong Q- t i p,

wh i c h h e r u b b e d i n b e t we e n a p p e l l a n t ’ sc h e e ka n d g u ms t o c o l l e c ta DN A s a m p l e . 3 bec aus e h e w as cov er ed i n bl ood. C or r al poi nt ed t he gun a tt he m an, butt he
m a n t o ld C o r r a l t h a th e w a s le a v in g n o m a t t e r w h a t s o h e h a d b e t t e r s h o o th im . C o rra l p u l l e d th e tri g g e r b u t n o th i n g h a p p e n e d , a n d th e m a n l e ft th e s to re . O f f ic e rS y lv e s t e rB r o w n o f t h e A r lin g t o n P o lic e D e p a rt m e n ta r r iv e d s h o rt ly t her ea f t er , butheco ul d notl oca t e t he m an. O f f i ce r Robert Pett y c ol l ec t ed t he suspect ’ s gun, and I nvest i gat or K at hy I sbel l col l ect ed t he suspect ’ s skim ask, a s a m p l e o f h i s b l o o d , a n d s o m e o f h i ss c a l p ti s s u e w i th h a i r. D e te c ti v e R i c h a rd D ani el N utten t e re d t he D N A ev i den ceobt ai ned f r om t he sa m pl esi nt o t he C om bi ned D N A I ndexi n g Sy st em ( C O D I S )

— a D N A dat abase t hatcom par es unk now n DN A s am pl esw i t h k now n s am pl es . Bec aus e o f t he l ac k o fl ea ds , t he c a s eq u ic k lyb e c a m e in a c tiv e , b u t it w a s re o p e n e d in M a rc h 2 0 0 6 w h e n C O D IS f ound a m at ch t o t he D N A s am pl e t hat h a d b e en su bm i t t ed i n 2003. The A r l i ngton Pol i ce D epart m enti denti f i ed appel l antas t he m at ch and ob t ai ned ar r es tan d s ea r ch w ar r ant s t o ge ta buc ca l s w ab. The D N A e v i dence t aken 2 f r om t he cr i m e s ce ne pos i t i vel y m at che d t he D N A ev i d e n c e o bt ai ned f r om a p p e l l a n t’sb u c c a l s w a b .4

A gr an d j ur y i ndi ct ed appel l antf oraggr avat ed r obb ery. A tt r i al i n M ay 20 07 , appel l ant r equest ed a l esseri ncl uded char ge ofr obb ery, w hi ch t he t r i al c o u rtd e n ie d . A ju ryc o n v ic t e d a p p e lla n t o fa g g r a v a t e d ro b b e ryw it h a d e a d ly
w eapon , a f i r ear m , and r ecom m ended pun i shm ent at f i ft y- f i ve y ear s’ confi nem ent , w hi ch t he t r i al courtasses sed accor di ngl y. A ppel l antt i m el y f i l ed t h isa p p e a l. I I I . Su ff i ci ency of t he Evi dence I n hi s f i r stt w o poi nt s, ap pel l ant cl ai m s t hatt he evi den cew asl ega l l y a nd f act ual l y i nsuf f i ci entt o i denti f y hi m a s t he per son w ho r obb ed t he Par adi se L i q u o r s to re . A . S t andar d ofRev i ew 1. LegalSu ff i ci ency I n r evi ew i ng t he l ega l su f f i ci enc y oft he evi den cet o s upporta con vi ct i on, w e vi ew al l t he evi dence i n t he l i ght m ost f avor abl e t o t he pr osecut i on i n or der t o det er m i ne w het her any r at i onal t r i eroff actcoul d have f oun d t he essent i al e l e m e n ts o f th e c ri m e b e y o n d a re a s o n a b l e d o u b t. Ja cks o nv. V ir ginia , 443 U .S . 3 0 7 , 3 1 9 , 9 9 S . C t. 2 7 8 1 , 2 7 8 9 (1 9 7 9 ); Cl a y to nv. S tate , 235 S. W . 3d 7 7 2 , 7 7 8 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 7 ). T h i s s tan d a rd g i v e s fu l l p l a y t o t h eres p o n sibi l i ty o f t h e tr i e r of fac t t o r esol ve conf li c ts i n t he t est i m ony, t o w ei gh t he evi dence, and t o dr aw5

re a s o n a b l e i n fe re n c e s fro m b a s i c fa c ts to u l ti m a te fa c ts . Jacks on , 44 3 U . S . at 3 1 9 , 9 9 S . C t. a t 2 7 8 9 ; Cl ayton , 235 S. W . 3d at 778 . The t r i eroff ac ti s t he s o l e j u d g e o f th e w e i g h t a n d c re d i b i l i ty o f th e e v i d e n c e . S ee T EX . C ODE C R IM . P R OC . A NN . a rt. 3 8 .0 4(V e rn o n 1 9 7 9 ); Ma rgra ves v. S tate , 34 S . W . 3d 912, 919 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 0 ). T h u s , w h e n p e rfo rm i n g a l e g a l s u fficie n c yre v i e w , w e m a yn o t r e -ev a l u a te th e w e i g h t an d cre d i b i l i ty o f t h e ev i d e n c e an d su b sti tu te o u r j u d g m e n t fo r th a t o f t h e f a c t-fi n d e r. D e wb erryv. S tate , 4 S. W . 3d 735, 7 4 0 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 9 ), cert. denied, 5 2 9 U . S . 1 1 3 1 ( 2 0 0 0 ) . I n s t e a d , we “d et er m i ne w het hert he nec es sa ry i n fer enc esar e r ea so nab l e b as ed upon t he co mb i n e d a n d c u mu l a t i v e f o r c e o f a l l t h e e v i d e n c e wh e n v i e we d i n t he l i ght
m ost f avor abl e t o t he ver di ct . ” Ho op er v. S tate , 214 S. W . 3d 9, 16- 17 ( Tex. C r i m . A pp. 2007 ) . W e m us tpr es um e t hatt he f ac t - f i nde rr es ol ved a ny con f l i ct i ng i nf er enc esi n f avo rof t he pr os ec ut i on and def er t o t hatr es ol ut i on. Jacks on , 4 4 3 U .S . a t 3 2 6 , 9 9 S . C t. a t 2 7 9 3 ; Cl ayton , 235 S. W . 3d a t778. The s uf f i ci enc y oft he evi den ce sh oul d bem ea su r ed by t he el em ent s of t he of f ense as def i ned byt he hyp ot het i cal l y cor r ectj ur y ch a rg e f ort he case. Ma l i kv. S tate , 9 5 3 S .W .2 d 2 3 4 , 2 4 0 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 7 ); Bowdenv. S tate , 16 6 S . W . 3d 46 6, 47 0 ( Tex . A pp. — FortW ort h 2 00 5, pet . r ef ’ d) . Such a c h a r g e wo u l d b e o n e t h a t a c c u r a t e l y s e t s o u t t h e l a w, i s a u t h o r i z ed by t he i ndi ct m ent , doe s not unne ce ss ar i l y r es t r i ct t he St at e’ s t heo r i es of l i abi l i t y, an d6

ade qua t el y de sc r i best he part i cul ar of f ens e f orw hi ch t he def end antw ast r i ed. G o ll i h a r v. S tate , 4 6 S .W .3 d 2 4 3 , 2 5 3 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 1 ); Mal i k, 953 S .W .2 d a t 2 4 0 . T h e l a w a sa u th o ri z e d b y th e i n d i c tm e n t m e a n sth e s ta tu to ry e l e m e n ts o f th e c h a rg e d o ffe n s e a s m o d i fi e d b yth e c h a rg i n g i n s tru m e n t. S ee Curryv. S tate , 3 0 S .W .3 d 3 9 4 , 4 0 4(T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 0 ). 2. Fact ualSu ff i ci ency W h e n rev i e w i n g the fac tu a l su ffi c i e n c y o f t h e e v i d e n c e to s u p p o rta con vi ct i on, w e v i ew al l t he evi den cei n a ne ut r all i ght , fav or i ng ne i t herpa rt y. W a tso n v. S tate , 2 0 4S .W .3 d 4 0 4 , 4 1 4(T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 6 ); D r i cha s v. S tate , 17 5 S . W . 3d 79 5, 79 9 ( Tex . C r i m . A pp. 20 05 ) . W e t hen ask w het her t h e e v id e n c e s u p p o rt in g t h e c o n v ic t io n , a lt h o u g h le g a lly s u f f ic ie n t , is nev ert hel es s so w ea k t hat t he f ac t - f i nde r ’ s det er m i nat i on i s cl ea r l y w r ong a nd
m ani f es t l y un j us t o r w h et herco nf l i ct i ng e vi den ces o gr ea t l y ou t w ei ghst he e v i d e n c e s u p p o rt in g t h e c o n v ic t io n t h a tt h e f a c t -f in d e r ’s d e t e r m in a t io n is
m a n i fe s tl yu n j u s t. W atson , 2 0 4 S .W .3 d a t 4 1 4 -1 5 , 4 1 7 ; Jo hn so nv. S tate , 23 S. W . 3d 1, 11 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 2000 ) . To r eve r seunde rt he se con d gr ound,
w e m ustdet er m i ne, w i t h som e obj ect i ve basi s i n t he r ecor d, t hatt he gr eat
w e i g h t an d p rep o n d e r a n c e o f al l the ev i d e n c e , th o u g h l e g a l l ysu ffi c i e n t, c o n tra d i c ts th e v e rd i c t. W atson , 204 S. W . 3d a t417.7

I n d e term i n i n g w h e th e r th e ev i d e n c e i s fa c tu a l l yi n su ffi c i e n t t o su p p o rta con vi ct i on t hati s nev ert hel es s su pport ed by l ega l l y s uf f i ci entev i den ce , i ti s not e n o u g h tha t t h i s c o u rt“h a rbo r a su bj e c ti v e l e v e l o f re a s o n a b l e d o u b t t o overt ur n [ t he] convi ct i on. ” Id . W e c a n n o t c o n c lu d e t h a ta c o n v ic t io n isc le a r ly
w r o n g o r m a n if e s t ly u n ju s t s im p lyb e c a u s e w e w o u ld h a v e d e c id e d d if f e r e n t ly t h a n t h e ju ryo rb e c a u s e w e d is a g r e e w it h t h e ju ry ’s r e s o lu t io n o fa c o n f lic tin th e e v i d e n c e . Id . W e m a y n o t s i m p l ysu b sti tu te o u r j u d g m e n t f o r t h e fac tfi n d e r’s . Jo hn so n , 2 3 S . W .3 d a t 1 2 ; Ca i nv. S tate , 958 S. W . 2d 404, 407 (T e x . C r im . A p p . 1 9 9 7 ). U n le s s t h e re c o r d c le a r lyre v e a lst h a ta d if f e r e n tre s u lt i s a p p r o p r i a t e , we mu s t d e f e r t o t h e j u ry ’ s d e t e r mi n a t i o n o f t h e we i g h tt o be gi ven con t r adi ct or y t estim o n ia l evi dence becau se r esol ut i on of t he confl i ct

“ o fte n tu rn so n a n e v a l u a ti o n o f c re d i b i l i tya n d d e m e a n o r, a n d th o s e j u ro rsw e re i n at t endan ce w hen t he t est i m ony w as del i ver ed. ” Johnson , 23 S . W . 3d a t8. Th us, w e m ustgi ve due d e fer ence t o t he f act - f i nder ’ s det er m i nat i ons, “p art i cul ar l y t hos e det er m i nat i ons con ce r ni ng t he w ei ght and cr edi bi l i t y oft he evi dence. ” Id . a t9. A n opi ni on add r es si ng f ac t ual su f f i ci enc y m us ti ncl udea di sc us si on oft he
m os ti m port ant and r el eva nt evi den ce t hat su pport s t he app el l ant ’ s com pl ai nt o n a p p e a l . Si

m s v. S tate , 9 9 S .W .3 d 6 0 0 , 6 0 3 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 3 ). M or eov er , an opi ni on r eve r si ng and r em and i ng on f ac t uali ns uf f i ci enc y gr ounds8

m u s td e t a il a ll t h e e v id e n c e a n d c le a r l ys t a t e w h yt h e f in d in g in q u e s t io n is fa c tu a l l yi n s u fficie n t a n d u n d e r w h i c h g ro u n d . G o o d m a nv. S tate , 66 S . W . 3d 2 8 3 , 2 8 7 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 1 ); Johnson , 23 S . W . 3d a t7. B . A n a ly s is T o co n v i c t ap p e l l a n t of a g g rav a ted rob b e ry, the S tate w a s re q u i red to p r o v e t h a t a p p e lla n t , in t h e c o u r s e o f c o m m it t in g t h e ft a n d w it h in t e n tt o o b t a in orm ai nt ai n contr ol of pr opert y, i nt ent i onal l y orknow i ngl y t hr eat ened orpl aced ano t heri n f ea rof i m m i nen tbodi l y i nj ury orde at h w hi l e u si ng orex hi bi t i ng a d e a d l yw e a p o n . T EX . P EN AL C ODE A NN . § § 2 9 .0 2 , 2 9 .0 3 (V e rn o n 2 0 0 3 ); Ro b i n s o nv. S ta te, 5 9 6 S .W .2 d 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 8 0 ); Chandler v. S tate , 855 S. W . 2d 38, 41 ( Tex. A pp. — FortW ort h 1993, no p et . ) . Appel l ant ar gues t hatt he evi dence w as l egal l y and f act ual l y i nsuf f i ci entbecause nei t her
w i t ness coul d i denti f y hi m as t he per son w ho r obb ed t he Par adi se Li quo rst or e. H o w e v e r , t h e T e x a sC o u rto fC r im in a l A p p e a lsh a sh e ld t h a tD N A e v id e n c e is a d m i s s i b l e to p ro v e i d e n ti ty . Glo ver v. S ta te, 825 S. W . 2d 127, 128 ( Tex. C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 2 ); K i ng v. S tate , 91 S. W . 3d 375 , 380 ( Tex. A pp. — Texa r ka na 2 0 0 2 , p e t. re f’d ). A tt r i al , W af aye e a nd Cor r alt es t i f i ed t hat t hey w er e una bl e t o i den t i f y t he
r obb erbecause i ni t i al l y he w or e a m ask and because w hen t he m a s k w as3 ... W a fay e e also tes ti fi e d tha t he co u l d n o t i d e n ti fy a p p e l l a n t i n a p h o to

l i n e -u p .

4 ... A ppe l l antal so ar gue s t hatt he St at e d i d n otpr ope r l y i den t i f y t he evi dence col l ect ed att he scene as t he i te m s t est ed f orD N A evi dence. H ow eve r , cr i m e s ce ne i nve st i gat or I sb el l t es t i f i ed t hats he col l ec t ed, pa ck age d, and s ea l ed a b l ood sa m pl e, sc al p t i ss ue, and a bl ac k s kim as k f r om t he l i quor st or e. M edi ca l e x a m i n e rCar ol yn Van W i nkl e t es t i f i ed t hats he r ec ei ved t he evi den cei n se al ed con di t i onsan d t hatt he se al s had notbe en t am per ed w i t h. A d d i ti o n a l l y , I s b e l l ’si n i ti a l sw e re o n th e s e a l so f th e e x h i b i ts .

5 ... V a n W i nkl e t est i f i ed t hatshe di d not t estt he scal p sam pl e because w hen s he r ec ei ved m ul t i pl e s am pl esi n oneca se , s he l i m i t ed t he am ountof s a m p l e s th a t s h e te s te d . 9 r em ove d dur i ng t he st r uggl e, t he r obbe r ’ s f ac e w asco ver ed w i t h bl ood. 3 H ow eve r , aft ert he i nci dent, t he pol i ce col l ect ed evi dence i ncl udi ng t he bl ack s k i m a s k , a b l o o d s w a b , a n d s c a l p ti s s u e w i th h a i r. C ar ol yn V an W i nkl e, w ho 4
w o rk e d i n t he Tar r antCount y M edi ca l Exa m i ner ’ s of f i ce , t es t ed t he bl ood o n t he skim ask and t he bl ood sam pl e and det er m i ned t hatt he p ro file s obt ai ned fro m th e e v i d e n c e w e re fro m th e s a m e m a l e d o n o r. D et ect i ve N ut tsubm i t t ed 5 t h e d a t a i n t o C O D IS , b u tC O D IS d id n o tc o n t a in a m a t c h f o rt h e D N A u n t il M ar ch 2 00 6. O nce C O D I S f oun d a m at ch, D et ect i ve N ut ti denti f i ed t he m at ch as appel l antand obtai ned a buccal sw ab. V an W i nkl e t est ed t he buccal sw ab and deter m i ned t hatt he t w o D N A sam pl es she pr evi ousl y had t est ed m at ched th e D N A e v i d e n c e fro m a p p e l l a n t’s b u c c a l s w a b . In 2 0 0 7 , a tt h e S t a te ’s re q u e s t, V a n W i n k l e te s te d th e s c a l p s a m p l e , w h i c h a l s o m a tc h e d a p p e l l a n t’s10

D N A pr of i l e. V an W i nkl e t es t i f i ed t hatt he l i ke l i hood t hatap pel l antw asnott he d o n o ro ft h e D N A e v id e n c e c o lle c t e d a t t h e P a r a d is e L iq u o rs t o r e w a so n e in 9. 5 quad r i l l i on. A f t err evi ew i ng a l l oft he evi den ce , w e c onc l udet hati t s how s t hatt he D N A sam pl es obt ai ned f r om t he Par adi se Li quo r st or e, w hi ch i ncl uded t he ski
m a s k , t h e b lo o d s w a b , a n d t h e s c a lp t is s u e , m a t c h e d a p p e lla n t ’s D N A p r o f ile c o l l e c te d fro m th e b u c c a l s w a b . T h u s , t h e D N A e v i d e n c e p ro v e d a p p e l l a n t’s i de nt i t y a s t he pe r pe t r a t or of t hePa r a di s e L i qu ors t or e r ob be ry i n M a r c h 2003. S ee Glover, 8 2 5 S .W .2 d a t 1 2 8 ; Ki ng , 91 S. W . 3d at380. Ther ef or e, vi ew i ng a l l o f t h e ev i d e n c e i n the l i g h t m o st fav o rab l e t o t h e v e rdict, w e h o l d tha t a r at i ona l t r i eroff ac tco ul d ha ve f ound bey ond a r ea so nab l e d oubtt hatap pel l ant c o m m i tte d a g g ra v a te d ro b b e ry . See T EX . P EN AL C ODE A NN . § 29 . 03; Ja ckson , 443 U . S. at 319 , 99 S. C t . at2 7 8 9 ; Cl a y to n, 23 5 S . W . 3d at77 8. W hen vi ew i ng al l oft he evi dence i n a n e u tr al l i ght, w e hol d t hatt he evi dence su pport i ng t he con vi ct i on i s nots o w ea k t hata r ea so nab l e j ur or ’ s det er m i nat i on i s cl ea r l y w r ong a nd t hatan y con f l i ct i ng evi den cedoe s notgr ea t l y ou t w ei gh t he e v id e n c e in s u p p o rto ft h e c o n v i c t io n s o t h a ta ju r o r ’s d e t e r m in a t io n is
u n e q u i v o c a l l yu n j u s t. See W atson , 2 0 4 S .W .3 d a t 4 1 4 -1 5 , 4 1 7 ; D ri ch a s, 175 S .W .3 d a t 7 9 9 ; Jo hn s o n, 23 S. W . 3d at 11. W e ove r r ul e app el l ant ’ s f i r stan d s e c o n d p o i n ts .11 IV . L e s s e r I n c l u d e d O ffe n s eo f R o b b e ry I n hi s t hi r d poi n t, a p p e l l antar gue s t hatt he t r i alco urter r ed by n ot su bm i t t i ng t he l es se ri ncl ude d of f ens e o fr obbe ry t o t he j ury. A . S t andar d ofRev i ew W e use a t w o- st ep anal ysi s t o d e te r m i ne w het heran appel l antw as e n ti t l e d to a l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o ffe n s e i n s tru c ti o n . Ha l l v. S tate , 225 S. W . 3d 5 2 4 , 5 2 8 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 7 ); Ro uss e a uv. S tate , 855 S. W . 2d 666, 6 7 2 - 7 3 (T e x . C ri m . A p p .), cert. denied, 51 0 U . S . 91 9 ( 19 93 ) . Fi r st , t he l esser o ffe n s e m u s t c o m e w i th i n a rti c l e 3 7 .0 9 o f th e c o d e o f c ri m i n a l p ro c e d u re . T EX . C ODE C R IM . P R OC . A NN . a rt. 3 7 .0 9 (V e rn o n 2 0 0 6 ); Moore v. State, 969 S. W . 2d 4 , 8 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 8 ). A n of f ens e i s a l es se ri ncl ude d of f ens e i f. . . i t i s es t abl i sh ed by pr oofof t he sa m e o rl es s t han al l t he f ac t s r equ i r ed t o es t abl i sh t he com m i ss i on oft he of f ense char ged. ” T EX . C ODE C R IM . P R OC . A NN . a rt. 3 7 .0 9 (1 ); s e ea ls o Ha ll, 225 S .W .3 d a t 5 3 6 . T h i si n q u i ryi sa q u e s ti o n o f l a w . Ha ll, 225 S. W . 3d at535. I tdoes notdepend on t he evi dence t o be pr odu ced att he t r i al buti s per f or m ed by c om par i ng t he el em ent s oft he of f ens e as t hey ar e a l l ege d i n t he i ndi ct m ent o r i n fo rm a ti o n w i th th e e l e m e n ts o f th e p o te n ti a l l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o ffe n s e . Id. a t525, 535- 36.12

S e c o n d , so m e e v i d e n c e m u s t e x i s t i n th e re c o rd th a t w o u l d p e rm i t a j u ry t o r at i onal l y f i nd t hati ft he appel l an t is g u i l t y, he i s gui l t y onl y oft he l esser o ffe n s e . Id. a t 5 3 6 ; Sa l i n a s v. S tate , 163 S . W . 3d 734, 741 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 2 0 0 5 ); Rousseau , 8 5 5 S .W .2 d a t6 7 2 -7 3 . T h e e v id e n c e m u s tb e e v a lu a t e d in th e c o n te x t o f t h e e n ti re re c o rd . Mo o re , 969 S . W . 2d at8. Ther e m us tbe so m e e vi den cef r om w hi ch a r at i ona l j ury c oul d a cqu i tt h e a p p e l l antoft he g re a te r o ffe n s e w h i l e c o n v i c ti n g h i m o f th e l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o ffe n s e . Id. The c o u rtm a yn o tc o n s id e rw h e t h e rt h e e v id e n c e isc r e d ib le , c o n t r o v e rt e d , o rin c o n fl i c t w i th o th e r e v i d e n c e . Id. An y t h i n g mo r e t h a n a s c i n t i l l a o fe vi dence
m a yb e s u fficie n t to e n ti tl e a d e fe n d a n t to a l e s s e r c h a rg e . Ha ll, 225 S. W . 3d a t536. B . A n a ly s is A ppel l antar gues t hathe w as ent i t l ed t o a char ge on t he l esseri ncl uded of f ense ofr obb er y because t her e w as som e evi dence t hatt he gun he used w as notca pab l e o ff i r i ng, and t hus t he gun cou l d notqua l i f y a s a d ea dl y w ea pon. Th e Texas Pen al C ode defi nes r obb ery as f ol l ow s: ( a) A per so n c om m i t s an of f ens e i f , i n t he cou r seofco m m i t t i ng t heft. . . an d w i t h i nt entt o obt ai n o r m ai nt ai n c ont r ol oft he pr opert y, he: (1 ) in t e n t io n a lly , k n o w in g ly , o r r e c k le s s ly c a u s e sb o d ily i nj ury t o a not her ; or13 ( 2) in te nt i onal l y orknow i ngl y t hr eat ens orpl aces ano t heri n f ea rofi m m i nen tbodi l y i nj ury orde at h. T EX . P EN AL C ODE A NN . § 29. 02( a) . Robbe ry be com es agg r ava t ed r obbe ry i ft he o ffe n d e r u s e so r e x h i b i ts a d e a d l yw e a p o n . Id . § 29 . 03. A ppel l anthas sat i sf i ed t he f i r str equi r em ent because r obb ery i s a l esser i n c l u d e d o ffe n s e o f a g g ra v a te d ro b b e ry . Ex Parte W alton , 626 S. W . 2d 528, 5 3 0 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 8 1 ); Rus s e ll v. S ta te , 804 S . W . 2d 287, 289 ( Tex. A p p .— F o rt W ort h 1991, no p et . ) . W e m us tne xtde t er m i ne i ft her e i s so m e e v i d e n c e th a t i f a p p e l l a n t i sg u i l ty , h e i s g u i l tyo n l yo f th e l e s s e r o ffe n s e . S ee Ha l l , 2 2 5 S .W .3 d a t 5 3 6 ; Sa l i n a s, 1 6 3 S .W .3 d a t 7 4 1 ; Ro uss ea u, 855 S . W . 2d a t672- 73. Th e Texas Pen al C ode defi nes a deadl y w eapon as ( A ) a f i r ea r m oran yt hi ng m ani f es t l y de si gne d, m ade , orad apt ed f or t he pur pos e o fi nf l i ct i ng de at h ors er i ousbodi l y i nj ury; or (B ) a n y t h in g t h a tin t h e m a n n e r o f it s u s e o r in t e n d e d u s e isc a p a b le ofca us i ng de at h ors er i ousbodi l y i nj ury. T EX . P EN AL C ODE A NN . § 1 .0 7 (a)( 1 7 ) (V e rno n S u p p . 2 0 0 7 ). T h u s, i f t h e S tate p ro vesatt r i alt hata f i r ea r m w asus ed i n t he com m i ss i on ofa r obbe ry, t he fi re a rm m e e ts th e s ta tu to ryd e fi n i ti o n o f d e a d l yw e a p o n . T h o m a s v. S tate , 821 S. W . 2d 616, 620 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 1991 ) . Addi t i ona l l y , th e S ta t e i s not r equi r ed t o ver i f y t hatt he f i r ear m w as act ual l y capabl e of causi ng deat h, ei t her14

i n th e m a n n e r o f i ts a c t u a l u s e o r i n th e m a n n e r o f i ts i n te n d e d u s e . Id. ; see a l so W a l ker v. S tate , 543 S . W . 2d 634 , 636

- 37 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 1976 ) ( hol di ng t hata . 45 aut om at i c w as a dea dl y w ea pon e ven t hough m i ss i ng a f i r i ng pi n a nd
w i t houta cl i p be ca us e i tw asm ani f es t l y de si gne d a nd m ade f or t he pur pos e o f i nf l i ct i ng d e a th o r s er i ousbodi l y i nj ury, w hi ch w asev i den tt o t he se ns esan d
u n d e rs ta n d i n g o f th e v i c ti m ). H er e, t he gun C or r al w r est l ed aw ay f r om appel l antdi d not f i r e w hen C o r r a l a t t e m p t e d t o s h o o ta p p e lla n ta sh e w a sle a v in g . In v e s t ig a t o rIs b e ll c o lle c t e d t h e g u n , a n d A r lin g t o n P o lic e D e p a rt m e n tra n g e m a s t e rK e it h S c u llin f i r ed t he gun a nd t es t i f i ed t hati tw asope r abl e . R e g a rd l e s s, ev en i ft he gun w as not f unc t i oni ng at t he t i m e of t he r obbe ry, i tqua l i f i ed asa f i r ea r m an d t hus a d e a d l yw e a p o n . S e eT h o m a s, 8 2 1 S .W .2 d a t 6 2 0 -2 1 ; W a l ker, 543 S . W . 2d at637 . B e c a u seap pel l antus ed and ex hi bi t ed a d ea dl y w ea pon d ur i ng t he cou r seofr obbi ng t he Par adi se Li quor st or e, heca nnotbegui l t y on l y ofr obbe ry; t hus , t he t r i alco urtdi d noter r by r ef us i ng t o s ubm i tt he l es se ri ncl ude d c har ge o f ro b b e ryto th e j u ry . S e eHa l l , 2 2 5 S .W .3 d a t 5 3 6 ; T h o m a s, 82 1 S . W . 2d at 6 2 0 ; W a l ker, 5 4 3 S .W .2 d at 6 3 6 -3 7 . W e o v e rr u l e ap p e l l a n t’ s th i rd p o i n t.15 V . Concl us i on H a v i n g o v e rru l e d a p p e l l a n t’sth re e p o i n ts , w e a ffir m th e tri a l c o u rt’s j u d g m e n t.

P E R CU R I AM PA N EL F: LI V I N G STO N , G A RD N ER, an d W A LKER, JJ. DO NO T P UBLI SH T EX . R. A PP . P. 47. 2( b) DEL I VERE D: J un e 12, 2008