FIRST DIVISION

DOYLE, C. J.,

PHIPPS, P. J, and BOGGS, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 18, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A15A1072. ROBINSON v. THE STATE. DO-040 C

DOYLE, Chief Judge.

In June 1998, Jakeith Robinson, the alleged get-away driver in the robbery of

an armored car driver, was indicted and tried for murder,1felony murder,2armed

robbery,

3

two counts of aggravated assault,

4

possession of a firearm by a convicted

felon,

5

and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony.

6 At the

1

 OCGA § 16-5-1 (a)

2

 OCGA § 16-5-1 (c).

3

 OCGA § 16-8-41 (a).

4

 OCGA § 16-5-21 (b) (1) & (b) (2).

5

 OCGA § 16-11-131 (b).

6

 OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) (1).
conclusion of the trial,

7

the jury returned not guilty verdicts as to the murder, felony

murder, and both aggravated assault charges, but could not reach a verdict on the

charges of armed robbery and possession of a firearm during the commission of a

felony. 

Thereafter, in September 1999,Robinson wastried as a co-defendant for armed

robbery and the weapons charge. Robinson unsuccessfully moved for severance of

the trials, arguing that based on the State’s arguments that he was a co-conspirator

and/or party to the armed robbery, the issue was precluded from retrial. During the

trial, co-defendant Xavier Womack was tried for murder, felony murder, armed

robbery, two counts of aggravated assault, possession of a firearm during the

commission of a felony, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, while

Robinson was retried on armed robbery and possession of a firearm during the

commission of a crime.8 The jury found Robinson guilty of armed robbery and

7

In the 1998 trial, pursuant to OCGA § 17-8-4 (a), Robinson was tried

separately from his co-defendants, Leon Tollette and Xavier Womack, because the

State sought the death penalty against those defendants. 

8 For our review of Womack’s appeal, see Womack v. State, 273 Ga. App. 300

(614 SE2d 909) (2005).

2
acquitted him of possession of a firearm during a crime and possession of a firearm

by a convicted felon. Robinson was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Robinson filed a motion for new trial and two amended motions for new trial,

which motions ultimately were denied by the trial court in September 2001. 

Robinson filed his notice of appeal in 2001. After waiting 14 years for his

appeal, Robinson now argues that (1) the State was barred by the doctrines of issue

preclusion, collateral estoppel, and double jeopardy from arguing that he was a party

to the crime

9

; (2) the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion to sever

his trial from the trial of his co-defendant, Womack10; and (3) the trial court abused

its discretion by prohibiting himfrominforming the jury of his acquittal of the murder

and aggravated assault charges for which Womack was being tried during the joint

trial. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.

9 Throughout both trials and in most of the pleadings, the parties refer to

conspirator and party to the crime interchangeably. Although they are treated

differently under Georgia law, Robinson was not actually charged with conspiracy,

therefore, we address these issues as if the terms refer only to party to a crime as

defined in Georgia jurisprudence.

10 Tollette is currently awaiting execution after pleading guilty to the charges

and being sentenced to the death penalty. See Tollette v. State, 280 Ga. 100 (621

SE2d 742) (2005), Tollette v. Warden, Case No. 14-00110 (M. D. Ga. 2014) (denying

Tollette’s motion for habeas corpus).

3
1. As an initial matter, we note that Robinson’s conviction was entered on

September 15, 1999, and his motion for new trial was denied on September 28, 2001.

Robinson’s timely notice of appeal was filed on October 1, 2001, and three years

later, in an August 2004 hearing on Robinson’s motion to amend sentence, the trial

transcripts had been completed, but the appealremained to be docketed.Staggeringly,

ten and a half additional years elapsed before the record was docketed with this

Court, and no explanation for the extreme delay appears in the record.

11 We take yet

another opportunity to remind the bench and bar that

[t]his type of post-conviction, pre-appeal delay puts at risk the rights of

defendants and crime victims and the validity of convictions obtained

after a full trial. It is the duty of all those involved in the criminal justice

system, including trial courts and prosecutors as well as defense counsel

and defendants, to ensure that the appropriate post-conviction motions

are filed, litigated, and decided without unnecessary delay. That duty

unfortunately was not fulfilled in this case.12

11

 We note that Robinson dismissed his appellate attorney and proceeded pro

se at the hearing on the motion to amend his sentence, which perhaps caused some

of the delay, but did not justify ten years’ worth.

12

(Punctuation omitted.) Waye v. State, 326 Ga. App. 202, 202-203 (1) (756

SE2d 287) (2014), quoting Morgan v. State, 290 Ga. 788, 789, n. 2 (725 SE2d 255)

(2012). See also Shank v. State, 290 Ga. 844, 849 (5) (c) (725 SE2d 246) (2012);

Murphy v. State, 290 Ga. 459, n. 2 (722 SE2d 51) (2012); Hill v. State, 290 Ga. 493,

n. * (722 SE2d 708) (2012).

4
We now are faced with an individual who has been in prison for over 15 years

for a conviction that, as we explain in the following division, must be reversed.

2. Robinson argues that the trial court erred by overruling his objection to the

State’s attempt to prove armed robbery via a party to the crime theory because the

issue was barred from re-litigation under collateral estoppel, res judicata, or double

jeopardy based on the acquittal of Robinson under this theory in the first trial. We

agree.13

To conduct an issue-preclusion analysis, courts examine the

verdict and trial record to determine the facts that the jury necessarily

decided in returning its verdict of acquittal and then determine whether

the previously determined facts constituted an essential element of the

second offense. The doctrine of collateral estoppel will not bar a retrial

unlessthe record of the prior proceeding affirmatively demonstratesthat

13

 We note that Robinson did not file a written plea in bar prior to the second

trial, however, he objected at the second trial (i) to the State’s use of the alleged coconspirator’s testimony to establish that Robinson was a party to the crime, and (ii)

to the trial court’s prohibition of him bringing out the fact that he was acquitted of

numerous charges in the first trial. At that time, Robinson argued that the evidence

in question violated collateral estoppel principals because he had been acquitted of

being a party to the crime in the first trial. He also raised this issue at his motion for

new trial. The State does not assert that Robinson waived this argument by failing to

file a written plea in bar prior to the second trial, and we hold that this objection was

sufficient to raise the issue of collateral estoppel of the party to a crime theory at trial.

See Joya v. United States, 53 A.3d 309, 317-320 (III) (D. C. App. 2012); compare

with United States v. Whitfield, 590 F.3d 325, 329 (VIII) (5th Cir. 2009).

5
an issue involved in the second trial was definitely determined in the

former trial; the possibility that it may have been does not prevent the

relitigation of that issue.14

In December 1995, John Hamilton was transferring money from a bank to his

armored car when Tollette shot him in the back of the head, grabbed a bag of money,

and attempted to escape across the street. Hamilton died at the scene. While Tollette

was attempting to flee, the driver of the armored car and a security guard unconnected

with the armored car separately fired at Tollette, who dropped the bag of money, and

another individual returned fire at the armored car driver from the direction in which

Tollette had fled. 

The security guard chased Tollette and while reloading his weapon, saw a dark

blue car speed away fromthe scene. The security guard saw another individual across

the street who ran toward the area the blue car would later leave, and he heard a door

slam before the car sped away. The car did not pick up Tollette, and he was

apprehended near the scene. Tollette told police that he had been staying at a location

on Sims Street, and officers executed a search warrant for the residence, where they

14

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Roesser v. State, 294 Ga. 295, 297 (751

SE2d 297) (2013).

6
found Womack, Womack’s brother Brian, and another individual named Ashley.

Police only arrested Womack and released Brian and Ashley. Robinson was arrested

in January 1996 at a relative’s home in Auburn, Alabama. 

During Robinson’s first trial, the State proceeded against him under theories

that he conspired with Tollette and Womack or was a party to the crimes, asserting

that although no one saw Robinson at the scene of the shooting, he was the getaway

driver and had plotted the robbery with his co-defendants, making him criminally

liable for their actions at the scene of the crime.15 Although Robinson did not testify

during the trial, his defense was that although he was friends with Womack and

Tollette, he was not involved in the incident at all, that only one witness testified that

there may have been three men in a car together prior to the incident but no one else

15 See OCGA § 16-2-20 (a). “Every person concerned in the commission of a

crime is a party thereto and may be charged with and convicted of commission of the

crime. . . . [O]ne is concerned in the commission of a crime if he, among other things,

intentionally aids or abets in the commission of the crime. While an individual’s

presence when a crime is committed will not be sufficient, in and of itself, to convict

that individual as a party to the crime, if the individual is present and assists in the

commission of the crime or shares in the criminal intent of the actual perpetrator of

the crime, the individual may be convicted as a party to the crime. Further, criminal

intent may be inferred from conduct before, during, and after the commission of the

crime.” (Punctuation omitted.) Joyner v. State, 280 Ga. 37, 39 (1) (622 SE2d 319)

(2005) (upholding convictionsfor felony murder, armed robbery, and burglary based

on defendant’s actions as a getaway driver).

7
testified that three individuals were at the scene, and that other individuals were

found with Womack and in the vicinity of multiple weapons at the time officers

arrested Womack.

At the first trial, one witnesssaw three men sitting in a blue Ford Mustang near

the scene before the crime, but did not see the vehicle leave, could not identify the

occupants, and did not see any of the men commit the crimes. Robinson’s girlfriend

at the time testified that on the morning of the incident, Robinson went out to get their

child diapers, came home, left again, and then returned with Womack, and the two

men were acting upset. She testified thatRobinson said that he, Womack, and Tollette

tried to rob an armored car, a man was shot, and Tollette was left at the scene. In her

initial statement to police, however, she stated that after going out to get diapers,

Robinson had given his car keys to someone else, that he later left the apartment and

did not return for the rest of the day, and that he never admitted involvement in the

incident. 

On December 25, a blue Mustang belonging to Robinson was impounded by

officers from Linell Denson’s home in Seale, Alabama. Denson testified that

Robinson called him sometime before Christmas in December 1995 to ask that

Denson fix his car, which would not go into first gear; after Denson and Robinson

8
traveled from Robinson’s home in Phenix City, Alabama, to Seale, Alabama, Denson

transported Robinson back to Phenix City. Officers came to Denson’s home on

Christmas Day and impounded the car, which date Denson testified was

approximately three days to one week after Robinson had brought the car to him, but

Denson could not specifically recall the exact date. 

At the close of evidence, the jury acquitted Robinson of the murder, felony

murder, and both aggravated assault charges, but they failed to reach a verdict on the

charges of armed robbery and possession of a firearm during a felony; the bifurcated

felon in possession of a weapon charge was not presented. 

At the second trial, the State again argued that Robinson was a party to the

crime of armed robbery and conspired to commit the crime by acting as the getaway

driver for Womack and Tollette. Prior to trial, the State moved to rejoin Robinson’s

prosecution with that of Womack because Tollette had been sentenced to death and

the State had waived the death penalty as to Womack and Robinson. During the

hearing on the issue of severing Robinson’s second trial from Womack’s first, the

State argued that “the same evidence would be used against both of them for the most

part. The evidence would show that they were co-conspirators, and both participated

in the murder and armed robbery, not as the actual killers, but as co-conspirators.”

9
During the trial, the State attempted to compel Tollette to testify to Robinson’s

involvement as a conspirator/party to the crime, and it again argued that Robinson

was guilty of armed robbery under those theories. The State also requested charges

on conspiracy and party to a crime, just as it had in Robinson’s first trial. 

When, as here, 

a previous judgment of acquittal was based upon a general verdict, as is

usually the case, a court must ask whether a rational jury could have

grounded its verdict upon an issue other than that which the defendant

seeks to foreclose fromconsideration. When making this determination,

a court must examine the record of a prior proceeding, taking into

account the pleadings, evidence, charge, and other relevant matter. This

inquiry must be set in a practical frame, and a court is not to conduct its

analysis with the hypertechnical and archaic approach of a 19th century

pleading book, but with realism and rationality.

16

“[Moreover, in the context of a mixed-verdict case,] the jury’s failure to reach a

verdict on certain counts [is] a nonevent that ha[s] no bearing on the determination

of what issues had been determined by virtue of the verdicts that were reached.”17

16

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) United States v. Ohayon, 483 F.3d 1281,

1286 (III) (A) (1) (11th Cir. 2007).

17

(Punctuation omitted.) Roesser, 294 Ga. at 297, quoting Yeager v. United

States, 557 U. S. 110 (129 SCt 2360, 174 LE2d 78) (2009). See also Ashe v. Swenson,

397 U. S. 436, 444 (90 SCt 1189, 25 LE2d 469) (1970).

10
In its meager response brief, the State does not engage in any analysis of

whether the jury necessarily decided the issue of whether Robinson was a party to the

crime of armed robbery in the first trial as explained by Roesser or Ashe.

18

Instead,

the State summarily argues that (1) it did not hold back in charges or counts in an

attempt to prosecute at a later date; (2) the armed robbery count was indicted by a

grand jury and not a lesser included count; and (3) the armed robbery was not a reindictment of a previously un-included lesser charge after the first acquittal. None of

those arguments affects our issue-preclusion analysis.

When Robinson raised the issue of issue preclusion and collateral estoppel

during the second trial, the trial court responded that “conspiracy [is not necessary]

to commit armed robbery.” The State, however, did not attempt to prove that

Robinson committed armed robbery in any other way than via the same theory

propounded during the first trial. At the motion for new trial, the court denied

Robinson’s motion as to this issue, finding that the jury could have determined that

Robinson did not conspire to commit aggravated assault or murder, but he did

conspire to commit armed robbery. This was a conflation of the issue of inconsistent

18 Ashe, 397 U. S. at 444.

11
verdicts with issue preclusion and collateral estoppel of the party to a crime theory.

As Judge Pryor explained in Ohayon,

[t]he problem with this argument is that it presumes that the relevant

standard is a subjective one — whether [Robinson’s] jury grounded its

verdict on an irrational understanding of [party to a crime.] Ashe

requires that we apply an objective standard and ask ‘whether a rational

jury’ exposed to the same ‘pleadings, evidence, charge, and other

relevant matter’ ‘could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other

than’the one [Robinson]seeksto foreclose fromconsideration. Because

we ask what a rational jury would have done, the possibility that the

jury’s verdict rested upon error plays no part in our analysis. A rational

jury could not have grounded its verdict on a misunderstanding of

[participation in a conspiracy] or on any other mistake. Because

collateral estoppel is grounded in the Double Jeopardy Clause of the

Fifth Amendment the government is barred fromcorrecting inconsistent

verdicts by a single jury, even those based on mistake, compromise, or

lenity. The possibility of jury nullification also plays no part in collateral

estoppel analysis.

19

Thus, the fact that the first jury could have returned inconsistent verdicts and

convicted Robinson of armed robbery while acquitting him of the charges arising

19

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Ohayon, 483 F.3d at 1287-1288 (III) (A)

(2), citing United States v. Brown, 983 F.2d 201, 203 (11th Cir. 1993) (“While the

possibility of jury nullification may influence the strategy of trial lawyers, it cannot

enter into the analysis of courts making collateral estoppel inquiries.”). 

12
from Hamilton’s death during the robbery because it decided to nullify on the murder

in the face of the clear requirement it convict under the party to a crime instruction

if it found that he participated in the robbery as the getaway driver, we do not accept

such an inconsistency as rational under the lens of issue preclusion.

20 The only

rational conclusion from the first trial is that the jury determined that Robinson was

not a party to the crimes, and therefore, the State could not propound these theories

against him in the second trial for armed robbery. 

3. Based on our conclusion in Division 2, we need not address Robinson’s

remaining enumerations.

Judgment reversed. Phipps, P. J., and Boggs, J., concur.

20

 See Ohayon, 483 F.3d at 1287-1288 (III) (A) (2).

13