# Patent

## Title
Communications system and method employing forward satellite links using multiple simultaneous data rates

## Abstract

A communication system and method for transmitting data to mobile platforms using multiple simultaneous channels operating at multiple data rates. Each mobile receiver has the capability to receive multiple transmit channels at multiple data rates. Aircraft report their position to a ground based controller which determines which communication channel can be operated without substantial loss of data. Data packets destined for each aircraft are preferably routed to the highest data rate channel that can be received by that aircraft without substantial loss of data. This maximizes the overall system efficiency and throughput. High priority and mission critical data may be transmitted to the aircraft using low data rate channels to increase link availability.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to communication systems and methods employing satellite links, and more particularly to a communication system employing satellite links using multiple simultaneous data rates to optimize the data throughput and coverage to multiple geographically distributed users.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The performance of a communication link between a satellite and a mobile platform (i.e., aircraft, ship, train, truck, etc) is influenced by many factors. Most prominently is the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the satellite antenna, in addition to the slant range, rain loss, and Gain over noise temperature (G/T) of the receive antenna being used to form the link with the satellite. The EIRP of satellite transponders typically varies across a coverage region, as does the slant range and rain loss. In addition, some antennas, such as a planar phased array antennas, exhibit a large G/T reduction with increasing scan angle. The antenna scan angle, and hence the receive G/T, can vary significantly with the location and attitude (pitch, roll and yaw) of the mobile platform. The result is that the performance of a communication link from the satellite to the mobile platform can vary over a large range depending on whether the mobile platform is in a favorable or unfavorable location and attitude (relative to the satellite) in a coverage region. In practice, this performance variation can be as large as 10× (10 dB) over a coverage region. Performance variation can become even larger when the mobile receivers use different size aperture antennas. Larger antennas provide better link performance. Link performance can be defined in many ways. In this context, it is defined as the maximum data rate at which the communication link can operate with a given bit error rate (BER), as described further in the following paragraphs.
The present discussion refers to mobile platforms that are in less favorable locations and operating with smaller aperture antennas as being “disadvantaged”, while mobile users in favorable locations and operating with larger antenna apertures are referred to as “advantaged”. One factor that determines the performance or degree of favor for a particular location in satellite coverage region is illustrated with reference to FIG. 1. The EIRP variation for a typical Ku-band geostationary satellite transponder (e.g. Telstar 6 at 63° west longitude) is shown in FIG. 1. Notice that there is about 2 dB variation across the continental United States (CONUS) coverage area. As mentioned previously, other factors can cause a large change in performance across a coverage region. Table 1 below shows the effect of slant range and antenna scan angle loss across CONUS. The scan angle loss for a planar phased array antenna manufactured by The Boeing Company is approximately equal to cos1.2(θ), where θ is the elevation scan angle to the target satellite, measured with respect to an axis extending perpendicular to the planar aperture.












Location
Free Space Loss (dB)
Antenna Scan Loss (db)

















Seattle, WA
205.8
3.5


Brownsville, TX
205.3
0.7


Delta (dB)
0.5
2.8









An analysis can be performed to determine the highest date rate at which a communication link may be operated with a specified bit error rate (BER). Further to the present discussion, a communication link is considered to be “closed” or “available” when it achieves less than some threshold BER. For this discussion, the threshold BER is assumed to be 1E-9, or one erred bit for every billion received. Any excess received power beyond that required to “close” the link is referred to as “margin”. In the present discussion, the term “data rate” will be used, however, an even more accurate term for “data rate” is “information rate”, which is the available data rate after removing forward error correction (FEC) and other overhead information. Thus, the terms “data rate” and “information rate” will be used interchangeably throughout the following discussion, although “information rate” is, strictly speaking, a more accurate term to describe the available data rate of a communication link. A user that is in a favorable location within a coverage region is one that can close his communication link at a higher data rate. Alternatively, a challenged user, or a user in a less favorable location within a coverage region, will only be able to achieve communication link closure using lower data rates.
Referring to FIG. 2, this figure shows contours of the highest data rates at which links can be “closed” using a Ku-band transponder on Telstar 6 using a Boeing planar phased array receive antenna having an active aperture measuring 17 inch (43.18 cm)×24 inch (60.96 cm) and having 1500 elements mounted flat on the crown of an aircraft flying in level attitude. The analysis used to generate this is highly sophisticated and includes the effect of adjacent satellite interference. Adjacent satellite interference is caused by the use of small aperture mobile antennas and the elongation of the phased array antenna beam that occurs with increasing scan angle. Adjacent satellite interference causes further variations in the link performance across a coverage region. The contours are generated by performing a link analysis at equally spaced geographic grid points and constructing performance contours. At each grid point the aircraft is rotated 360° in heading to find the worst case heading. The maximum data rate at which the link can be closed for the worst case heading is shown in FIG. 2. Within region A, the maximum channel data rate at which the link can be closed is 12 Mbps. Within region B a maximum channel data rate of 10 Mbps can be used. Within region C a maximum of 8 Mbps, within region D, 6 Mbps; within Region E, 4 Mbps; and within region F, a maximum of 2 Mbps can be utilized.
A communication system using a single forward link data rate would have to operate at a data rate commensurate with the most disadvantaged mobile platform in the coverage region. By “forward link” it is meant a signal from a satellite to the mobile platform. Typically, system designers select the highest data rate at which the communication link can be closed to the most disadvantaged mobile platform in a given coverage region. For example, suppose that one wishes to choose a single data rate for communication across CONUS. FIG. 2 shows that the 6 Mbps contour covers nearly all of CONUS except for a tiny slice of land in northern North Dakota. Therefore, 5-6 Mbps would be a good choice for CONUS operation. However, there are regions within CONUS at which the link can be closed at twice this data rate (i.e., 12 Mbps). Therefore, operation with a single data rate is very inefficient because there are typically many advantaged mobile platforms that can operate at much higher data rates. In other words, the advantaged mobile platforms have large excess margins in their forward links which is being wasted when a single, lower, data rate channel is used to service all mobile platforms operating within a given coverage region.
There is also a “coverage vs. capacity” tradeoff associated with the selection of a single forward link data rate. A low data rate (i.e., low capacity) permits the link to be closed over a wider coverage area. In contrast, a high data rate is only available in a small coverage area. FIG. 3 shows the difference in coverage area for 2 Mbps and 8 Mbps. The 2 Mbps region is greater than 3 times the area of the 8 Mbps region. If multiple data rates could be employed, then both wide coverage and high capacity could be achieved. This is not possible when operating with a single data transmission rate.
Another problem that must be considered is that the most disadvantaged mobile platform typically operates with little or no margin, which means that the communication link is not very robust. For example, suppose a disadvantaged mobile platform (e.g., an aircraft) must operate with a forward link data rate chosen so that the communication link with the satellite is barely closed. Now suppose that the aircraft banks away from the satellite during flight. If the aircraft is using a planar phased array antenna mounted flush on the crown of the aircraft, then the scan angle to the satellite will increase and the G/T will decrease. This can cause a loss of the communication link. Similarly, the aircraft could stray outside the designated coverage region and lose its communication link.
In summary, problems with the existing “single data rate” approach include capacity inefficiency and lack of robustness (i.e., lack of margin). The lack of robustness can cause a loss of the communication link if the operational environment is adversely affected such as by adverse weather. Rain loss as well as standing water and/or ice on the aircraft receive antenna radome or aperture also represents situations where the lack of robustness of a single data rate approach can compromise the ability to achieve and maintain link closure with a mobile platform. The lack of margin also makes it more difficult to initially acquire the target satellite if the antenna on the mobile platform is not pointed precisely at the target satellite.
One method for addressing the above-described problem of managing communications links with a number of different mobile platforms capable of operating at varying data rates within a given coverage region could involve the use of a single carrier that is continuously switched between different data rates. Data packets sent to advantaged mobile platforms could be sent at a higher data rate than to disadvantaged mobile platforms. Making such “on-the-fly” data rate changes requires significant time to synchronize the mobile platform RF receiver to each burst of data that is received at different data rates, resulting in a loss of efficiency. Also, burst mode receivers are far more complex, expensive, and provide reduced performances compared with continuous mode receivers, which are used in the invention.
Another approach for solving the above-described problem in addressing multiple mobile platforms capable of communicating at different data rates is the well known “fade mitigation” method. This method is employed with the Advanced Communication Technology Satellite (“ACTS”) operated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This method involves reducing the information transmission rate during a rain fade. More specifically, it works by adding forward error correction (FEC) coding during a fade event and removing it during clear weather conditions. Since the bit rate is constant, the addition of FEC overhead reduces the information rate during a fade event and increases it in clear weather. Such a method could be used to efficiently service advantaged and disadvantaged mobile platforms, except for the fact that this approach has insufficient dynamic range. As previously mentioned, the dynamic range between advantaged and disadvantaged mobile terminals is typically more than 10 dB in a coverage region. FEC will provide at most only about five dB of dynamic range. Thus, this method would be unsuitable for use in connection with mobile platforms operating within a relatively large coverage region such as CONUS.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a system and method for providing a satellite communication link between a base station and a plurality of mobile platforms by using multiple simultaneous communication channels operating at different data transmission rates to increase the link throughput, coverage and reliability. The method and apparatus of the present invention utilizes transmitting data from a satellite to many geographically distributed mobile platforms via multiple carriers, wherein each carrier forms a single, independent communication channel and each of said mobile platforms has the ability to simultaneously receive multiple channels. The channels are operated at multiple transmission rates chosen to optimize the throughput, geographic coverage and reliability of the communication links.
In one preferred embodiment the present invention employs a ground based communication system operable to transmit information on a selected one of a plurality of channels, and therefore at a selected one of a plurality of different information transmission rates. A space based transponder system is employed for transponding the information from the ground based communication system over the selected one of the plurality of communication channels to a mobile platform incorporating a plurality of radio frequency (RF) receivers. The selected information rate/channel is determined in part by the geographic location of the mobile platform at any given time within a coverage region. The ground based communication system selects the maximum information transmission rate that can be utilized by each mobile platform based in part on the mobile platforms position within the coverage region at any given time. This is performed in real time as the mobile platform traverses the coverage region. The ground based communication system routes data destined to a particular mobile platform to the communication channel operating at the highest data rate in which link closure to the mobile platform is possible.
In the preferred embodiment each mobile platform incorporates a plurality of receivers, each of which is tuned to a different satellite transponder channel that is operating at more than one data rate. As the mobile platform traverses a coverage region, it will be able to close the communication link on at least one of the different communication channels. Therefore, at least one of the plurality of operational receivers on each mobile platform will be successfully receiving data at any time. The ground based system knows which communication channels are viable (which ones can achieve link closure) by real time knowledge of the platform's position within the coverage region (as shown in FIG. 2). When the link does not close on a data channel, a high percentage of the received data packets contain errors, and the receiver discards the data. So data must be sent from the ground based system to the mobile platform using only the communication channels that are closed, otherwise data will be lost. The ground based system decides which one, of the plurality of communication channels being received by the mobile platform, to send the data destined for that mobile platform. The ground based system typically selects the highest data rate communication channel on which link closure is achieved. In this manner, the information transmission rate can be tailored for each particular mobile platform as it moves between the various subregions of a given coverage region in a manner which maximizes the overall information transmission rate so that overall communication efficiency is increased but without causing a loss of data to any particular mobile platform.
The method and apparatus of the present invention thus allows multiple information transmission rates to be used with multiple mobile platforms without causing a loss of data to any given aircraft, and further without under-utilizing the link capacity of any given aircraft.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein;
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a map of the continental United States (CONUS) showing the EIRP variation for a typical Ku-band geostationary satellite transponder (i.e., Telstar 6) at 93° W longitude, and showing the variation in dBW across this coverage area;
FIG. 2 illustrates the various subregions of the continental United States and the maximum information transmission rates (in units of Mega bits per second) which can be used in each subregion when the Telstar 6 satellite is used as the space-based component linking ground station with a mobile platform operating within each of the subregions;
FIGS. 3a and 3b are examples of the coverage vs. capacity tradeoff in selecting a forward link information transmission rate, the lower data giving the greater coverage area, and vice versa;
FIG. 4 is a simplified representation of an exemplary communication system which may be used to implement the system and method of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a detailed block diagram of a mobile terminal used on each of the aircraft shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating multiple communications channels used by the present invention for communicating information at different information transmission rates to a pair of mobile terminals;
FIG. 7 is an illustration of the continental United States (CONUS) illustrating the point of a transmission handoff between the two Mbps coverage region and the 8 Mbps coverage region during a flight of an aircraft between Seattle and Miami;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating the routing of non-mission critical data packets to the highest data rate channel;
FIG. 9 illustrates the use of load balancing when considering a selection of channel information transmission rates within a given coverage region.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a system 10 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention for providing data content to and from a plurality of moving platforms 12a-12f in one or more distinct coverage regions 14a and 14b. The system 10 generally comprises a ground segment 16, a plurality of satellites 18a-18f forming a space segment 17, and a mobile system 20 disposed on each moving platform 12. The moving platforms 12 could comprise aircraft, cruise ships or any other moving vehicle. Thus, the illustration of the moving platforms 12 as aircraft in the figures herein, and the reference to the mobile platforms as aircraft throughout the following description should not be construed as limiting the applicability of the system 10 to only aircraft.
The space segment 17 may include any number of satellites 18 in each coverage region 14a and 14b needed to provide coverage for each region. Satellites 18a-18f are preferably Ku or Ka-band satellites, but could be any frequency from 10 MHz to 100 GHz. Each of the satellites 18 are further located in a geostationary orbit (GSO) or a non-geostationary orbit (NGSO). Examples of possible NGSO orbits that could be used with this invention include low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO) and highly elliptical orbit (HEO). Each of the satellites 18 includes at least one radio frequency (RF) transponder, and more preferably a plurality of RF transponders. For example satellite 18a is illustrated having four transponders 18a1-18a6 (four of which are visible in FIG. 4). It will be appreciated that each other satellite 18 illustrated could have a greater or lesser plurality of RF transponders as required to handle the anticipated number of aircraft 12 operating in the coverage area. The transponders provide “bent-pipe” communications between the aircraft 12 and the ground segment 16. The frequency bands used for these communication links could comprise any radio frequency band from approximately 10 MHz to 100 GHz. The transponders preferably comprise Ku-band transponders in the frequency band designated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for fixed satellite services FSS or BSS satellites.
With further reference to FIG. 4, the ground segment 16 includes a ground station 22 in bi-directional communication with a content center 24 and a network operations center (NOC) 26. A second ground station 22a located in the second coverage area 14b may be used if more than one distinct coverage area is required for the service. In this instance, ground station 22a would also be in bidirectional communication with the NOC 26 via a terrestrial ground link or any other suitable means for establishing a communication link with the NOC 26. The ground station 22a would also be in bidirectional communication with a content center 24a. For the purpose of discussion, the system 10 will be described with respect to the operations occurring in coverage region 14a. It will also be appreciated that while the system 10 has been illustrated as having two distinct coverage regions, that for the purpose of the present invention only a single coverage region is required. However, it will be understood that identical operations relative to the satellites 18d-18f occur in coverage region 14b. It will also be understood that the invention may be scaled to any number of coverage regions 14 in the manner just described.
The ground station 22 comprises an antenna and associated antenna control electronics needed for transmitting data content to the satellites 18a and 18b. The antenna of the ground station 22 may also be used to receive data content transponded by the transponders 18a1-18a6 originating from each mobile system 20 of each aircraft 12 within the coverage region 14a. The ground station 22 may be located anywhere within the coverage region 14a. Similarly, ground station 22a, if incorporated, can be located anywhere within the second coverage area 14b. 
The content center 24 is in communication with a variety of external data content providers and controls the transmission of video and data information received by it to the ground station 22. The content center 24 may be in contact with an Internet service provider (ISP) 30, a video content source 32 and/or a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 34. The content center 24 may also communicate with one or more virtual private networks (VPNs) 36. The ISP 30 provides Internet access to each of the occupants of each aircraft 12. The video content source 32 provides live television programming, for example, Cable News Network® (CNN) and ESPN®. The NOC 26 performs traditional network management, user authentication, accounting, customer service and billing tasks. The content center 24a associated with the ground station 22a in the second coverage region 14b may also be in communication with an ISP 38, a video content provider 40, a PSTN 42, and optionally a VPN 44.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the mobile system 20 disposed on each aircraft 12 will be described in greater detail. Each mobile system 20 includes a data content management system in the form of a router/server 50 (hereinafter “server”) which is in communication with a communications subsystem 52, a control unit and display system 54, and a distribution system in the form of a local area network (LAN) 56. Optionally, the server 50 can also be configured for operation in connection with a National Air Telephone System (NATS) 58, a crew information services system 60 and/or an in-flight entertainment system (IFE) 62.
The communications subsystem 52 includes a transmitter subsystem 64 and a receiver subsystem comprising a plurality of receivers 66. While a plurality of six receivers 66a-66f are illustrated, it will be appreciated that a greater or lesser plurality of receivers could be employed. The transmitter subsystem 64 includes an encoder 68, a modulator 70 and an up-converter 72 for encoding, modulating and up-converting information content signals from the server 50 to a transmit antenna 74. The receiver subsystem 66 includes a decoder 76, a demodulator 78 and a down-converter 80 for decoding, demodulating and down-converting signals received by the receive antenna 82 into baseband video and audio signals, as well as data signals.
The signals received by the receiver subsystem 66 are then input to the router/server 50. A system controller 84 is used to control all subsystems of the mobile system 20. The system controller 84, in particular, provides signals to an antenna controller 86 which is used to electronically steer the receive antenna 82 to maintain the receive antenna pointed at a particular one of the satellites 18, which will hereinafter be referred to as the “target” satellite. The transmit antenna 74 is slaved to the receive antenna 82 such that it also tracks the target satellite 18. It will be appreciated that some types of mobile antennas may transmit and receive from the same aperture. In this case the transmit antenna 74 and the receive antenna 82 are combined into a single antenna.
With further reference to FIG. 5, the local area network (LAN) 56 is used to interface the router/server 50 to a plurality of access stations 88 associated with each seat location on board the aircraft 12a. Each access station 88 can be used to interface the server 50 directly with a user's laptop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) or other personal computing device of the user. The access stations 88 could also each comprise a seat back mounted computer/display. The LAN 56 enables bi-directional communication of data between the user's computing device and the server 50 such that each user is able to request a desired channel of television programming, access a desired website, access his/her email, or perform a wide variety of other tasks independently of the other users on board the aircraft 12.
The receive and transmit antennas 82 and 74, respectively, may comprise any form of steerable antenna. In one preferred form, these antennas comprise electronically scanned, phased array antennas. Phased array antennas are especially well suited for aviation applications where aerodynamic drag is important considerations. One particular form of electronically scanned, phased array antenna suitable for use with the present invention is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,671, assigned to The Boeing Co., which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Referring further to FIG. 4, in operation of the system 10, the data content is preferably formatted into packets before being transmitted by either the ground station 22, or from the transmit antenna 74 of each mobile system 20. For the purpose of discussion, a transmission of information (i.e., data) content in the form of packets from the ground station 22 will be referred to as a “forward link” transmission. Packet multiplexing is also preferably employed such that data content can be provided to each of the aircraft 12 operating within the coverage region 14a using unicast, transmissions.
The data content packets received by each of the transponders 18a1-18a4 are then transponded by the transponders to each aircraft 12 operating within the coverage region 14a. While multiple satellites 18 are illustrated over coverage region 14a, it will be appreciated that at the present time, a single satellite (Telstar 6) is capable of providing coverage to an area encompassing the entire continental United States (CONUS). Thus, depending upon the geographic size of the coverage region and the mobile platform traffic anticipated within the region, it is possible that only a single satellite may be required to provide coverage for the entire region. Other distinct coverage regions besides CONUS include Europe, South/Central America, East Asia, Middle East, North Atlantic, etc. It is anticipated that in service regions larger than CONUS, that a plurality of satellites 18 each incorporating one or more transponders may be required to provide complete coverage of the region.
The receive antenna 82 and transmit antenna 74 are each preferably disposed on the top of the fuselage of their associated aircraft 12. The receive antenna 74 of each aircraft receives the entire RF transmission of encoded RF signals representing the data content packets from at least one of the transponders 18a1-18a4. The receive antenna 82 receives horizontally polarized (HP) and vertically polarized (VP) signals which are input to the receivers 66a-66f. Each receiver 66a-66f decodes, demodulates and down-converts the encoded RF signals to produce video and audio signals, as well as data signals, that are input to the router/server 50. Data packets that have uncorrected errors are discarded by the receivers 66a-66f and are not passed to the router/server 50. The router/server 50 filters off and discards any data content not intended for users on the aircraft 12 and then forwards the remaining data content via the LAN 56 to the appropriate access stations 88. In this manner, each user receives only that portion of the programming or other information previously requested by the user.
Referring to FIG. 6, the ground segment 16 can be seen to include a router 100 and a plurality of RF transmitters 102a-102f coupled to outputs 100a-100f of the router 100. The router 100 and the RF transmitters 102a-102f form a router subsystem 103 which preferably is provided as part of the ground station 22. However, it will be appreciated that it could be provided as a stand alone subsystem or in connection with other components of the ground system 16, or possibly even incorporated in the space based component 17 (i.e., on one of the satellites 18).
Preferably, at least one transmitter 102 (102a) operates at the lowest data rate (in this example 2 Mbps), while one transmitter 102 operates at a “medium” data rate (e.g., 6 Mbps), and one transmitter 102f operates at the highest transmission rate (i.e., 12 Mbps). In the example of FIG. 6, transmitter 102a may operate at 2 Mbps, transmitter 102b at 4 Mbps, transmitter 102c at 6 Mbps, transmitter 102d at 8 Mbps, transmitter 102e at 10 Mbps and transmitter 102f at 12 Mbps. It will be appreciated, however, that a greater or lesser number of transmitters may be incorporated to accommodate a greater or lesser dynamic range than the 10 db dynamic range provided for by the preferred embodiment of the present invention. In addition, the operational data rates selected for transmitters 102 are dependent on the particular communication system parameters.
Referring further to FIG. 6, for the purpose of explanation, satellite 18a is provided with six transponders 18a1-18a6. Again, it will be appreciated that a greater or lesser number of transponders may be included to meet the needs (i.e., dynamic range, system capacity, etc.) dictated by the geographic size of a given coverage region. Transponder 18a1 is independently associated with transmitter 102a, transponder 18a2 is independently associated with transmitter 102b and so forth. Each of the transmitters 102a-102f, in connection with their respective transponders 18a1-18a6 thus forms a distinct, independent communication channel over which information is provided at a predetermined information transmission rate.
Referring further to FIG. 6, two mobile platforms 12a and 12b are illustrated in highly simplified form. Each mobile platform 12 includes a plurality of receivers 66, and in this example six receivers 66a-66f, as also explained in connection with FIG. 5. Again, it will be appreciated that a greater or lesser plurality of receivers can be incorporated on each mobile platform 12. However, the greater the number of receivers, the greater the number of different communication channels that the mobile terminal 20 will be able to receive without the need for re-tuning, and hence the greater the flexibility of the mobile terminal 20 in receiving information transmitted at varying information transmission rates. The output data streams from receivers 66a-66f are coupled to the input of mobile router 50. The data streams may contain data packets addressed to other aircraft 12 so the router 50 filters off only those packets addressed to the destination aircraft 12 and discards the remainder.
Each transponder 18a1-18a6 may convey one or more transmit channels on separate RF carriers, but in the preferred embodiment there is one spread spectrum channel handled by each transponder. The ground router 100 directs data packets to the appropriate output 100a-100f so that the data packets are transmitted over the desired communications channel. The ground router 100 may direct data packets to whatever channel 100a-100f is available to a particular aircraft 12 with which the ground segment 26 is attempting to transmit information. Again, a disadvantaged aircraft 12 may only have link availability on the lowest information transmission rate channel (i.e., in this example the 2 Mbps channel), while an advantaged aircraft may have link availability on all channels. The preferred embodiment of the present invention also uses the ground router 100 to direct all critical data (i.e., all data pertaining to aircraft operation and flight conditions) to the lowest data rate channel, which in this instance is the 2 Mbps channel. This communication link is depicted by dash lines 104 in FIG. 6. This low data rate link has the highest margin against fading. Amongst the many possible causes of channel fading are: scan angle loss (e.g., due to aircraft banking, etc.), rain, standing water/ice on the radome, etc. Sending critical data on this link also increases system reliability.
With further reference to FIG. 6, the preferred embodiment of the present invention 10 also routes all non-critical data packets to the highest data rate channel available to the aircraft 12. This maximizes the capacity and efficiency of the system 10. A handoff between data channels must occur for data packets to be redirected through a communication link operating at a different data rate.
An example of when the system 10 would hand off communications from one channel to another is shown in FIG. 7. The Telstar 6 satellite (in this example, satellite 18a), in conjunction with a Boeing phased array receive antenna, produces the data rate contours shown in FIG. 7. Contour 106 corresponds to an 8 Mbps information transmission rate channel while contour 108 corresponds to a 2 Mbps transmission rate channel. Within the 2 Mbps contour 108, an aircraft 12 flying in level attitude above 10,000 feet altitude achieves a greater than 99.9% link availability with less than 1E-9 BER while communicating at 2 Mbps. Likewise, within the 8 Mbps contour 106 there is greater than 99.9% availability and less than 1 E-9 BER while communicating at 8 Mbps.
An aircraft 12 flying from Seattle to Miami would start in a region where only the 2 Mbps channel is available, as defined by contour 108, and then would transition into the region defined by contour 106 where an 8 Mbps channel is available. Within the area defined by contour 106, both the 8 Mbps data channel and the 2 Mbps channel are available. However, to achieve maximum efficiency from the system 10, the highest data rate channel would be selected by the system 10. The exception for this would be mission critical data which preferably always uses the lowest data rate channel (i.e., 2 Mbps) for maximum reliability.
When the aircraft 12 crosses into the 8 Mbps region, the ground router 100 switches (i.e., hands off) all non-critical data packets from the lower data rate channel (i.e., the 2 Mbps channel) to the higher, 8 Mbps, data rate channel. A principal advantage of the present invention 10 is that no retuning or reconfiguration is required on the aircraft 12 or with the satellite 18a when a channel handoff occurs. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the aircraft receivers 66a-66f are tuned to specific transponder frequencies (or channels) when the aircraft 12 enters the service region (i.e. Continental United States) and remain tuned to these channels as the aircraft traverses the service region. When the link is available, data packets will be received on the aircraft 12 by all of the receivers 66a-66f. When the links are not available, no packets are received in receivers 66a-66f. In the preferred embodiment, the receivers 66a-66f discard heavily erred packets before sending them to mobile router 66. Thus, in the example illustrated in FIG. 7, the receiver 66 tuned to the 8 Mbps channel would produce erred data packets when its associated aircraft 12 is outside contour 106. The 8 Mbps link is not considered to be available outside of contour 106 so the ground router 100 would not switch data packets to the aircraft 12 using the 8 Mbps data transmission rate when it is in this region. Instead, the ground router 100 would switch data packets to the 2 Mbps channel when the aircraft is outside of contour 106 and inside of contour 108. Router 50 accepts packets from all receivers 66a-66f, and filters off those packets destined to that aircraft 12. Thus, the particular one of receivers 66a-66f which receives a particular data packet is irrelevant to the operation of the router 50
To enable data packets to be handed off from one communication channel to another, the ground based router 100 employs a routing table which is updated to accomplish the needed handoff. The updating of this routing table can be accomplished in more than one way. A preferred method for updating involves using the position and attitude information reported from each aircraft 12 and using this information to calculate whether the communication link may be closed on each channel that the aircraft 12 is currently receiving In practice, this operation could be table driven using data rate contour maps such as presented in FIGS. 2 and 7. When the aircraft 12 reaches a higher data rate region, the routing table is updated to route non-mission critical packets to the higher data rate channel and mission critical packets to the lower data rate channel.
Furthermore, while the contour maps illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 7 have been generated while considering level flight of an aircraft, it will be appreciated that a more sophisticated approach could be employed which would consider the attitude of the aircraft in determining which communication channels are available. These additional considerations could readily be implemented with the present invention 10 because of the continuous monitoring of the aircraft position and attitude.
An alternative method for updating the routing table involves continuously checking the availability of the communication channel to the aircraft 12 using “pings” from a ground based controller 105, as indicated in FIG. 1. The aircraft 12 is required to respond to a “ping” that is received on the forward link channels by replying on its return link. This method allows the ground based controller 105 to determine which forward link communications channels are available to each aircraft 12. The drawback to this method is the overhead and complexity associated with continuously pinging dozens, hundreds or even thousands of aircraft 12 operating within a given coverage region. While the controller 105 is indicated as being associated with the ground station 22, it will be appreciated that the controller 105 could be located anywhere within the ground segment 16.
An alternative embodiment of the invention would use one receiver 66 that is retuned to different data rate channels as the aircraft 12 traverses the coverage region. The aircraft 12 would either have a table that defines where to retune or the receiver 66 would periodically search, by cycling through the receive channels, to find the channel with the highest available data rate. The aircraft 12 would then inform the ground based controller 105 of the channel change. This requires the mobile terminal 20 of the aircraft 12 to coordinate with the ground based controller 105 during a handoff sequence. For this and other reasons, single receiver operation is anticipated to be less preferable than using multiple receivers to simultaneously receive information transmitted over a plurality of channels.
Referring to FIG. 8, this is essentially the same configuration of the invention as shown in FIG. 6, except that four transmitters 102a-102d are used with the ground segment 26, four transponders 18a1-18a4 are used with the space segment 17 and four receivers 66a-66d are used with the mobile terminal 20 of an aircraft 12. This figure illustrates how the invention, in one preferred embodiment, accomplishes a handoff of non-mission critical data between channels. In this example, the aircraft 12 is transitioning to a higher data rate region, so FIG. 8 shows the switching of packets directed to that aircraft 12 in the ground router from the lower data rate transmitter 102c to the higher data rate transmitter 102d, as indicated by arrow 110. This is accomplished by changing the routing table of the ground router. As mentioned previously, the routing tables are automatically updated by the ground controller based on position reports from the aircraft and a geographic map similar to FIG. 2 that shows the operational regions for each data rate channel. High priority or mission critical data is preferably routed through the lowest data rate channel, as depicted by data path 112 in FIG. 8.
As previously mentioned, the system 10 is generally useful for transmitting unicast content. The difference between unicast data transmission and multicast transmission is that unicast data packets are directed to individual mobile platforms 12 and multicast transmissions are directed to multiple aircraft 12 within a coverage region. Since multicast data is transmitted to a region, the transmissions must use a channel transmission rate that is available to all aircraft 12 in that region. Accordingly, the most disadvantaged aircraft 12 within the region will determine the maximum data rate at which multicast transmissions can occur. For example, if the invention were used to multicast/broadcast within CONUS, then FIG. 2 illustrates that the maximum multicast/unicast data rate is 6 Mbps. If a higher data rate were to be selected, then not all aircraft 12 would be able to receive the data. But if a lower data rate were selected, then capacity would be wasted on some aircraft 12. Thus, using multiple data rates provides no benefit for multicast/broadcast content. However, the invention can be used for transmitting multicast content, but it is likely that the system designer would choose to use only a single data rate. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, any number of the channels could be used to convey multicast/broadcast content.
Concerning channel transmission rates, the choice of specific channel transmission rates is preferably based on both achievable link closure data rates (as previously described) and the geographic distribution of users. For example, if it is desired to provide service in CONUS, where the data rate demand is quite high, and also to provide service in southern Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, where the aggregate data rate demand is substantially less, then the system 10 may be implemented with only two data rate channels. A good choice of transmission rates based on the contours shown in FIG. 2 is 8 Mbps for the high demand region within CONUS and 2 Mbps for the low demand regions in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean. These regions are illustrated in FIG. 9. The 8 Mbps region is indicated by reference numeral 114 and the 2 Mbps region indicated by reference numeral 116. Within the 8 Mbps region 114 packets can be received at either data rate. However, within the 2 Mbps region 116 but outside of the 8 Mbps region 114, defined by reference numeral 118, packets may only be received by the mobile platform 12 at 2 Mbps. Therefore, the aggregate load within geographic area 118 should not exceed 2 Mbps for proper load balancing.
A preferred embodiment of the system 10 of the present invention also uses closed loop spatial tracking of the target satellite (i.e., satellite 18a) based on receive signal strength indications (RSSI) from the mobile platform receiver 66. The preferred embodiment uses RSSI from the lowest data rate channel for closed loop spatial tracking. Thus, in FIG. 8, the lowest data receiver 66a would generate a receive signal strength indication that would be coupled to the tracking system used to keep the receive and transmit antenna beams pointed at the satellite 18a while the aircraft 12 moves. This provides the maximum margin against signal fading and permits disadvantaged aircraft 12 to acquire and track the target satellite.
The system 10 of the present invention thus provides for a means for maximizing the efficiency of information transmitted to one or more mobile platforms operating within a given coverage region as the mobile platform(s) travel throughout the coverage region, and further without causing a loss of the communication link between a ground station transmitting information to one or more mobile platforms. Most advantageously, no operator intervention is required on the mobile platforms in order to receive information at different information transmission rates. Even further, no configuration (automated or manual) is required on the mobile platform during a handoff between communication channels. Handoffs from one communication channel to another are accomplished seamlessly as a mobile platform travels within various subregions of a given coverage region. Information transmission rates are selected which allow the maximum transmission rate to be used for information transmitted to any given mobile platform, depending upon the mobile platform's location and attitude within the coverage region, without being too high to cause a loss of the communication link.
Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification and following claims.

## Claims

1. A communication system for transmitting data from a spaced based satellite to at least one mobile platform using multiple data rate channels, comprising;
a space based satellite having a plurality of transmitters operating at a plurality of data rates; 
said mobile platforms each having a plurality of receivers, operating simultaneously at a plurality of data rates to receive transmitted data from said transmitters; 
said system being operable to transmit data to said mobile platform on more than one of a plurality of data rate channels and operating to select a particular said data rate channel for transmitting data to said mobile platform based on at least a geographic location of said mobile platform; and 
wherein said system selects a particular one of said data rate channels for transmitting said data to said mobile platform in a manner that maximizes overall communication throughput.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein said mobile platform periodically transmits position reports concerning its position to said space based satellite.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein said position reports are used to estimate a maximum data rate at which said communication channel can be operated without substantial loss of transmitted data.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein said data destined for said particular mobile platform is switched to a highest one of said data rate channels that can be operated without substantial loss of said data being experienced by said mobile platform.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein switching of said data is accomplished in a router located in one of said space based satellite and a ground based entity.

6. A space linked communications system comprising:
a base communications system operable to transmit information on a selected one of a plurality of channels at a selected one of a plurality of different information transmission rates; 
a space based transponder system for transponding said information received over said selected one of said plurality of communications channels; 
a mobile communications system adapted to be carried on-board a mobile platform and being operable to communicate with said transponder system over said plurality of communications channels; 
wherein said selected information rate is determined in part by a geographic location of said mobile platform within a coverage region; and 
wherein said selected information transmission rate is modified to a different one of said transmission rates, in real time, as said mobile platform traverses said coverage region, to thereby increase efficiency and throughput of the communications link between said ground based and mobile communications systems.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein said ground based communications system controls the selection of said information transmission rate.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein said mobile communications system includes a plurality of receivers, each said receiver being tuned to an associated one of said plurality of communications channels.

9. The system of claim 6, wherein said ground based segment includes:
a plurality of transmitters, each said transmitter being adapted to transmit said information over an associated one of said channels at a pre-selected information transmission rate; and 
a router for directing said information from a content source to a selected one of said transmitters.

10. The system of claim 9, further comprising a router carried on said mobile platform for receiving said information received by said receivers to an information processing component carried on said mobile platform.

11. A space linked communications system for providing a communications link having a variable information transmission rate, said system comprising:
a ground based system having a plurality of transmitters, each of said transmitters being adapted to transmit information at a predetermined information transmission rate over a corresponding one of a plurality of channels; 
a satellite based transponder system for transponding information received from said ground based system over a predetermined geographic coverage area; 
a mobile communications system adapted to be carried on a mobile platform and having a receiver system including a plurality of receivers each tuned to an associated one of said transmission channels, for receiving said information transponded by said satellite based transponder system; 
wherein an initial information transmission rate for said information is determined by said ground based system based at least on a location of said mobile platform within said geographic coverage area; and 
wherein said information transmission rate is varied by said ground based system based at least in part on the location of said mobile platform as said mobile platform traverses said coverage region to maintain to said information transmission rate at a value which maximizes the efficiency of said communications link between said mobile communications system and said ground based system without causing said communications link to be broken.

12. The system of claim 6, wherein said ground based system selects said information trans rate to maintain a minimum predetermined bit error rate for said information.

13. The system of claim 6, wherein said ground based system includes a router for routing packets of said information to be transmitted to said mobile system only to a designated one of said transmitters thereof, thereby providing a unicast transmission of said packets to said mobile system.

14. The system of claim 6, wherein each said information transmission rate of said transmitters are associated with a predetermined portion of said geographic coverage area.

15. A space linked communication system for communicating information to a plurality of mobile platforms travelling within a geographic coverage region, said system comprising:
a ground based system for transmitting information over a plurality of communication channels, each said communication channel having a predetermined information transmission rate; 
a mobile communications system disposed on each said mobile platform, each said mobile communications system being operable to receive information on a plurality of independent channels; 
wherein said ground based system operates to monitor a location of each said mobile platform and selects which said communication channel is to be used with each said mobile platform, based upon the location of each said mobile platform, to maximize a transmission of said information while maintaining a minimum signal quality level.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein said ground based system comprises a router for routing information to be transmitted to a specific one of said mobile platforms via a specific one of said communication channels.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein said ground based system includes a plurality of transmitters for transmitting said information over said communication channels.

18. The system of claim 15, wherein said ground based system controls the transmission of said information over said communication channels such that a predetermined bit error rate is not exceeded for any information transmitted to said mobile platforms.

19. A method for conducting communications between a ground based communications system and a mobile platform, comprising the steps of:
having the mobile platform transmit information to the ground system indicative of a position of said mobile platform within a coverage region; 
using the ground system to determine which one of a plurality of information transmission rates to use in transmitting information to said mobile platform, based on the location of said mobile platform within said coverage region, and selecting an information transmission rate being that ensures that a predetermined transmission error rate of said information will not be exceeded during transmissions of said information; 
using said ground based system to transmit information to said mobile platform at said selected information transmission rate via a satellite based transponder; and 
using a receiver on said mobile platform to receive said information on one of a plurality of communication channels associated with said selected information transmission rate.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein said predetermined error transmission rate comprises a predetermined bit error rate for said transmitted information.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein said mobile platform uses one of a plurality of independent receivers to receive said transmitted information.