[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 19-10239

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-00434-KD-N

WM MOBILE BAY ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER, INC., 

Plaintiff - Counter Defendant - Appellant,

versus

THE CITY OF MOBILE SOLID WASTE AUTHORITY, 

Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Alabama

________________________

(August 26, 2020)

Before WILSON, JILL PRYOR, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.

LAGOA, Circuit Judge:

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This diversity case requires us to determine whether Alabama law permits a 

judgment creditor to execute on certain real property owned by an Alabama solid 

waste disposal authority. Appellant WM Mobile Bay Environmental Center, Inc. 

(“WM Mobile”), seeks to partially satisfy its multi-million-dollar judgment against 

Appellee the City of Mobile Solid Waste Authority (the “Authority”) by executing 

on real property owned by the Authority that WM Mobile claims has never been 

used for waste disposal purposes. The parties dispute whether such property is 

exempt from execution under section 6-10-10 of the Alabama Code or, alternatively, 

Alabama common law. However, Alabama law is not clear on how we should treat 

property owned by a solid waste disposal authority, with case law supporting each 

party’s arguments. 

The issues in this appeal are based solely on Alabama statutory and common 

law. Principles of comity and federalism instruct us that “[b]ecause the only 

authoritative voice on Alabama law is the Alabama Supreme Court, it is axiomatic 

that that court is the best one to decide issues of Alabama law.” Blue Cross & Blue 

Shield of Ala., Inc. v. Nielsen, 116 F.3d 1406, 1413 (11th Cir. 1997). We therefore 

respectfully certify the issues of Alabama law discussed below to the highest court 

of that state, and if the Alabama Supreme Court accepts our request, its 

determination will be dispositive. 

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

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WM Mobile brought this action in federal court against the Authority, alleging 

that the Authority breached various provisions of a contract between WM Mobile 

and the Authority for the operation of a landfill (the “Landfill”) owned by the 

Authority. After a jury trial, WM Mobile obtained a judgment against the Authority 

totaling $6,034,045.50. This Court affirmed that judgment in WM Mobile Bay 

Environmental Center, Inc. v. City of Mobile Solid Waste Authority, 672 F. App’x 

931 (11th Cir. 2016). 

To partially satisfy its judgment,1 WM Mobile applied to the district court for 

a writ of execution against a 104-acre parcel of land (the “West Tract”) owned by 

the Authority that sits adjacent to the Landfill. The Authority purchased the West 

Tract in 1994 and it “has been held by the [Authority] for expansion of the Chastang 

Landfill if needed. The expansion has been discussed but has not been needed to 

date.” 

The Authority moved to quash WM Mobile’s request for a writ of execution, 

asserting, among other things, that Alabama law prohibits execution on the West 

Tract because that land is owned by the Authority for public use. The Authority 

emphasized its role as a public corporation, its purpose and limited rights under the 

1 At the time it moved for the writ of execution, WM Mobile claimed $5,308,640.23 

outstanding on its judgment, having recovered about $725,000 by withholding royalty payments 

otherwise due to the Authority under their contract. The Authority disputes the amount withheld 

by WM Mobile and claims that WM Mobile has underreported its revenue. 

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statutes authorizing its creation, and its relationship with the City of Mobile (the 

“City”). The Authority argued that its property is held for public use and should be 

considered, for debt collection purposes, that of the City. Thus, the Authority 

argued, the West Tract was exempt from execution under Alabama common law and 

section 6-10-10 of the Alabama Code, which prohibits execution on property 

“belonging to the several counties or municipal corporations in this state and used 

for county or municipal purposes.” 

The district court agreed with the Authority and granted its motion to quash. 

After first rejecting the Authority’s other arguments, the district court found that the 

West Tract “belongs” to the City and is used for municipal purposes, as required by 

section 6-10-10. The district court relied on the “longstanding principle [in 

Alabama] that public property is exempt” and discussed cases describing the role of, 

and certain protections afforded to, certain public corporations. The district court 

found that these principles are codified in section 6-10-10 and held that the West 

Tract is protected from execution under that provision. This appeal ensued. 

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, WM Mobile argues that the district court erred by finding that the 

West Tract was exempt from execution because Alabama’s statutory and common 

law exemptions apply only to property owned by counties or municipalities, not 

public corporations. The Authority counters that, because of the close connection 

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between the Authority and the City and the statutory purpose of the Authority, the 

West Tract should be deemed to be owned by the City for purposes of § 6-10-10.

The Authority further argues that, regardless of whether the West Tract is owned by 

the City, the common law exemption protectsthe West Tract from execution because 

it is used for a public purpose. 

The parties also dispute whether the West Tract is used for public purposes. 

WM Mobile argues that neither section 6-10-10 nor the common law exemption to 

execution applies because the Authority, which has owned the West Tract since 

1994, is simply holding the West Tract for possible expansion of the Landfill. The 

Authority, in turn, argues that it is statutorily restricted to holding the West Tract for 

future public purposes and that temporary non-use is insufficient to negate the 

statutory and common law exemptions. 

1. The statutory relationship between the Authority and the City

Both parties rely on the role of the Authority and its relationship to the City, 

which we summarize below, to support their respective arguments. The Authority 

is a public corporation created by the City and authorized by Chapter 89A of the 

Alabama Code. The Alabama Legislature, through Chapter 89A, declared the “need 

for planning, research, development, and innovation in the design, management, and 

operation of facilities for solid waste management” and concluded with the need for 

the creation of “authorities which will have the power to issue and sell bonds and 

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notes . . . to acquire and construct such facilities.” Ala. Code § 11-89A-1. These 

authorities are organized as public corporations. Id. §§ 11-89A-3, 11-89A-4(d). 

To incorporate a solid waste disposal authority, at least three qualified electors 

of a county or municipality must file an application with the governing body of their 

county or municipality. Id. § 11-89A-3. The governing body of the county or 

municipality must then review the electors’ application and adopt a resolution either 

denying the application or declaring the need for the requested authority and 

authorizing the electors to file incorporation documents for the authority. Id. Once 

incorporated, the authority can acquire facilities for waste disposal and enter into 

contracts to accomplish its statutory purpose. See id. § 11-89A-8(a)(5), (12). It can 

also “borrow money,” “assume obligations secured by a lien” on its facilities, and 

“sue and be sued in its own name.” See id. § 11-89A-8(a)(2), (6), (11). 

The Authority’s ability to borrow money and issue bonds is significant. The 

Alabama constitution prohibits the legislature from authorizing “any county, city, 

town, or other subdivision of this state to lend its credit, or to grant public money or 

thing of value in aid of, or to any individual, association, or corporation whatsoever, 

. . . by issuing bonds or otherwise.” Ala. Const. art. IV, § 94(a). Statutorily 

authorized public corporations, however, are not subject to this constitutional 

restriction because they are “[s]eparate, independent public corporations[,] . . . not 

subdivisions of the State within the meaning of Section 94 of the [Alabama] 

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Constitution.” Knight v. W. Ala. Envtl. Improvement Auth., 246 So. 2d 903, 907 

(Ala. 1971). As recognized by the Alabama Supreme Court: 

Public corporations were initially authorized by the Legislature as a 

means for municipalities to finance improvements to their utilities 

infrastructure without running afoul of constitutional and statutory debt 

limitations, as well as to shield municipalities from the large financial 

obligations that often accompany such utilities projects.

Water Works & Sewer Bd. of Talladega v. Consol. Publ’g, Inc., 892 So. 2d 859, 861 

(Ala. 2004). 

Nonetheless, a public corporation is not completely separate from the county 

or municipality that authorizes it, and, in some ways, the role played by the local 

government is analogous to a shareholder of a public corporation. For example, the 

City is the Authority’s “determining municipality” because it authorized the creation 

of the Authority. See Ala. Code §§ 11-89A-2(9), 11-89A-3. The Authority’s board 

of directors is elected by the City’s governing body, and the City must approve any 

amendments to the Authority’s articles of incorporation. See id. §§ 11-89A-5, 11-

89A-6. In the event the Authority is dissolved, title to its property will vest in the 

City. See id. § 11-89A-21. Moreover, any net earnings generated by the Authority, 

if any, are paid over to the City because the Authority must operate as a nonprofit 

corporation. See id. § 11-89A-19. Additionally, by statute, the Authority shares 

certain characteristics with the City. For example, the Authority has the power of 

eminent domain, see id. § 11-89A-14, its directors can be removed only via the same 

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impeachment process used to remove municipal officials, see id. § 11-89A-6(d), and 

the Authority is required to include “City of Mobile” in its corporate name, see id. § 

11-89A-4(b)(4). 

2. Statutory exemption from execution

In light of the statutory relationship between the Authority and the City, we 

first consider section 6-10-10’s exemption from execution. 

a. Section 6-10-10 of the Alabama Code

Alabama law permits a judgment creditor to obtain a writ of execution against 

“the lands and goods of the party against whom such judgment is entered.” Ala. 

Code § 6-9-1; see also id. §§ 6-9-20 to -27 (establishing the process for issuance of 

writs). Generally, judgment creditors may execute against “real property to which 

the defendant has a legal title . . . or in which he has a vested legal interest in 

possession, reversion, or remainder, whether he has the entire estate or is entitled to 

it in common with others.” Id. § 6-9-40(1). Under section 6-10-10, however, “[a]ll 

property, real or personal, belonging to the several counties or municipal 

corporations in this state and used for county or municipal purposes shall be exempt 

from levy and sale under any process or judgment whatsoever.” 

To claim an exemption under section 6-10-10, a judgment debtor must 

therefore show that the property subject to execution “belong[s] to” a county or 

municipality and is “used for county or municipal purposes.” The parties agree that 

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the Authority owns the West Tract and that the Authority is a public corporation—

not a municipal corporation—separate from the City. The issues then are whether 

the West Tract belongs to the City, even though it is owned by the Authority, and 

whether the West Tract is being used for county or municipal purposes.

b. Does the West Tract belong to the City?

Alabama’s statutes do not define the phrase “belonging to” as used in section

6-10-10. Under Alabama law,2 courts must first look to the language of the statute. 

Lane v. State, 66 So. 3d 824, 827–28 (Ala. 2010). If the statutory language is 

unambiguous based on its plain and ordinary meaning, courts may not engage in 

judicial construction. Id. at 828. But when Alabama courts must construe a statute, 

the text of the statute must be given its ordinary and commonly understood meaning. 

Id. Applying these rules of statutory interpretation, the phrase “belonging to” refers 

to ownership of property. See Belong, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“To 

2 In this diversity case involving Alabama substantive law, we must decide the scope of 

section 6-10-10 “the way it appears the state’s highest court would.” Ernie Haire Ford, Inc. v. 

Ford Motor Co., 260 F.3d 1285, 1290 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting Royal Ins. Co. of Am. v. Whitaker 

Contracting Corp., 242 F.3d 1035, 1040 (11th Cir. 2001)). We therefore employ Alabama’s rules 

on statutory interpretation. See Belanger v. Salvation Army, 556 F.3d 1153, 1155–57 (11th Cir. 

2009) (applying Florida’s statutory interpretation rules when construing a Florida statute); 

Birnholz v. 44 Wall St. Fund, Inc., 880 F.2d 335, 338–41 (11th Cir. 1989) (same). Nonetheless, 

the Alabama interpretation principles used in this case are consistent with our framework for 

construing statutes. See, e.g., In re BFW Liquidation, LLC, 899 F.3d 1178, 1187–88 (11th Cir. 

2018) (noting that we must start with the “language of the statute itself” and, if the language has a 

plain and unambiguous meaning, “the inquiry is over”).

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be the property of a person or thing.”). Thus, the plain language of the statute limits 

the phrase “belongs to” to the legal ownership of the West Tract. 

As pointed out by WM Mobile, Alabama case law provides ample support for 

the proposition that public corporations and their property are separate from the 

municipalities or counties that created them. See, e.g., Water Works & Sewer Bd. of 

Selma v. Randolph, 833 So. 2d 604, 607–08 (Ala. 2002) (finding that public funds 

distributed by a water works board—a type of public corporation—were not “funds 

belonging to the state, county or municipality” and, therefore, the board was not 

subject to Alabama’s Sunshine Law); George A. Fuller Co. v. Vulcan Materials Co., 

Se. Div., 301 So. 2d 74, 76 (Ala. 1974) (finding that, while public corporations may 

enjoy certain immunities from taxation, they are separate from the political 

subdivision that established them and, therefore, Alabama’s public bonding statute 

was inapplicable); Knight, 246 So. 2d at 906–07 (holding that public corporations 

are not subject to Alabama’s constitutional restriction on local government 

borrowing because they are “[s]eparate, independent public corporations[,] . . . not 

subdivisions of the State within the meaning of Section 94 of the Constitution”); In 

re Opinion of the Justices, 49 So. 2d 175, 180 (Ala. 1950) (“It is well established by 

the decisions of this court that a public corporation is a separate entity from the state 

and from any local political subdivision, including a city or county, within which it 

is organized.”). This case law underscores the conclusion that the statute’s plain 

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language would prevent the Authority from taking advantage of section 6-10-10’s 

exemption from execution. 

As pointed out by the Authority, however, there is a separate line of Alabama 

cases that has treated public corporations and their property as if the public 

corporations were part of the relevant municipality or county. See, e.g., Water Works 

& Sewer Bd. of Talladega, 892 So. 2d at 861–63 (finding that a water works board 

“perform[ed] a municipal function” and, therefore, its writings were “public 

writings” subject to disclosure under Alabama’s Open Records Act); In re Opinion 

of the Justices, 179 So. 535, 536 (Ala. 1938) (concluding that housing authorities 

are exempt from ad valorem taxation because the authorities are administrative 

agencies of the municipalities and their “property is therefore for certain purposes 

that of a municipal corporation”). In this context, the Authority’s statutory purpose 

of providing solid waste disposal for the City, its structural relationship with the 

City, and its similarities with certain aspects of state subdivisions become relevant. 

See supra Part II.1. 

The Alabama Supreme Court addressed a related issue in a pair of decisions 

involving a judgment creditor’s attempt to collect a judgment entered against some 

municipal housing authorities: Hamrick Construction Corp. v. Rainsville Housing 

Authority (Hamrick I), 447 So. 2d 1295 (Ala. 1984), and Rainsville Housing 

Authority v. Hamrick Construction Corp. (Hamrick II), 456 So. 2d 38 (Ala. 1984). 

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Like the Authority, municipal housing authorities are public corporations. See Ala. 

Code § 24-1-22(1). Municipal housing authorities, however, are organized pursuant 

to § 24-1-23 of the Alabama Code, and, as discussed below, the statutory language 

relating to municipal housing authorities materially differs from the statutory 

language relating to solid waste authorities. 

In Hamrick I, the Alabama Supreme Court affirmed a trial court order 

quashing, pursuant to section 24-1-40 of the Alabama Code, writs of garnishment 

issued against the municipal housing authorities’ funds. 447 So. 2d at 1296–97, 

1300. Section 24-1-40 provides, in relevant part, that a municipal housing 

authority’s property “shall be exempt from levy and sale by virtue of an execution, 

or other process, to the same extent as now enjoyed by the properties of towns, cities, 

and counties of Alabama.” The Alabama Supreme Court therefore looked to section

6-10-10 to determine the extent of the exemption enjoyed by the housing authorities. 

See Hamrick I, 447 So. 2d at 1296–97. In seeking to avoid application of the 

exemption, the judgment creditor argued that the municipal housing authorities’ 

property was not being used for public purposes but instead was being used for 

private housing. Id. at 1297. In addressing this argument, the Alabama Supreme 

Court noted the statutory limits placed on the municipal housing authorities’ use of 

their property and explained that, in a previous case involving a county housing 

authority, “the parties and the Court took for granted that the defendant’s ‘property 

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for certain purposes is that of a municipal (county) corporation,’ and did not question 

the applicability of the parallel exemption of county housing authority property.” Id.

(quoting Rayborn v. Hous. Auth. of Washington Cnty., 164 So. 2d 494, 495 (Ala. 

1964)). The Alabama Supreme Court therefore concluded that the municipal 

housing authorities’ property was devoted to “public use” and was protected under 

section 24-1-40. See id. 

In Hamrick II, the Alabama Supreme Court subsequently was presented with 

the question of whether the officers of the municipal housing authorities could be 

subject to a writ of mandamus directing payment of the judgment. 456 So. 2d at 39. 

Under Alabama law, “mandamus may lie against municipal officials to compel 

payment of a judgment against the city,” but the housing authorities argued that they 

were not “a municipal corporation nor an arm or a subdivision thereof” and that,

therefore, their officers could not be subject to mandamus. Id. at 38–39. The 

Alabama Supreme Court found that fact to be non-dispositive, noting that the 

legislative act authorizing municipal housing authorities declared that such an 

authority constitutes “a public body and a body corporate and politic exercising 

public powers,” id. at 39 (quoting Ala. Code § 24-1-27(a)), and—again—that a 

housing authority’s “property for certain purposes is that of a municipal (county) 

corporation,” id. (quoting Rayborn, 164 So. 2d at 495). Thus, the officers of the 

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municipal housing authorities were deemed public officials subject to mandamus. 

See id. 

Although the Hamrick cases set forth a clear rule relating to municipal housing 

authorities—their property is exempt from execution, but their officers are subject 

to mandamus—those cases are not dispositive of the case before us. The Alabama 

Code does not expressly provide solid waste disposal authorities protection from 

execution—as it does for municipal housing authorities through section 24-1-40. 

Indeed, Hamrick I discussed section 6-10-10 not because property owned by 

municipal housing authorities inherently “belongs to” the relevant municipality, but 

because section 24-1-40 expressly incorporates section 6-10-10’s requirements in 

order to determine the scope of section 24-1-40’s statutory exemption from 

execution. See 447 So. 2d at 1296–97. Similarly, in Hamrick II, the court relied on 

the legislative declaration that a municipal housing authority “shall constitute a 

public body and a body corporate and politic exercising public powers” to find that 

municipal housing authority officials should be treated as public officials for 

mandamus purposes. See 456 So. 2d at 39 (quoting Ala. Code § 24-1-27(a)). No 

such legislative declaration or broad grant of powers exists for solid waste disposal 

authorities. See Ala. Code 11-89A-8. The statutory differences between municipal 

housing authorities and solid waste disposal authorities therefore suggest that we 

should not apply the reasoning in the Hamrick cases here. See State v. Dean, 940 

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So. 2d 1077, 1080 (Ala. Crim. App. 2006) (explaining that the legislature knows 

how to effectuate its intent through legislation and courts should not interpret statutes 

to compensate for perceived omissions); see also 84 Lumber Co. v. City of 

Northport, 250 So. 3d 567, 575 (Ala. Civ. App. 2017) (“[I]f no exceptions to the 

positive terms of a general statute are made, the conclusive presumption is that the 

legislature intended none, and the duty of the court is to interpret law not make law 

by engrafting exceptions upon statutes.” (quoting City of Birmingham v. Weston, 172 

So. 643, 646 (Ala. 1937))). 

Still, in both Hamrick I and Hamrick II, the Alabama Supreme Court noted 

that a public corporation’s property may be “for certain purposes . . . that of a 

municipal (county) corporation.” Hamrick I, 447 So. 2d at 1297; accord Hamrick 

II, 456 So. 2d at 39. That statement is consistent with Water Works & Sewer Board 

of Talladega and In re Opinion of Justices (1938), but appears to be in tension with

the rules articulated in Water Works & Sewer Bd. of Selma, George A. Fuller Co., 

and In re Opinion of Justices (1950). Additionally, we have not been able to discern 

from the former group of cases the factors that a trial court should consider when 

determining the “certain purposes” for which a public corporation’s property is 

deemed “that of a municipal (county) corporation.” 

c. Is the West Tract “used for . . . municipal purposes”?

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Even if section 6-10-10 applies to property owned by solid waste disposal

authorities, we are faced with another unsettled question of Alabama law: whether 

an authority’s property is “used for county or municipal purposes” when it lays 

unused for many years but its use is statutorily restricted. See Ala. Code § 6-10-10.

Pursuant to section 6-10-10, if property owned by a city or municipality is not 

used for public purposes, it may be seized and sold. See Hamrick I, 447 So. 2d at 

1297 (“This Court has applied this statute and held that City property not used for 

public purposes may be seized and sold.”). In Russell & Johnson v. Town of 

Oneonta, 73 So. 986 (Ala. 1917), the Alabama Supreme Court noted that municipal 

property does not lose its public purpose merely because “for some short period the 

city did not have occasion to use all thereof, or that there was a temporary use of 

same for private purposes.” Id. at 987. However, where property is owned by a 

municipality but there is no evidence supporting its purported use for municipal or 

county purposes, the property cannot be considered used for county or municipal 

purposes. Murphree v. City of Mobile, 16 So. 544, 544–45 (Ala. 1894). In 

Murphree, the Alabama Supreme Court found that a piece of land owned by a city 

was not exempt under the predecessor to section 6-10-10 because the city never 

designated the land for its purported purpose—a public burial ground—and, despite 

owning the property for over twenty-five years, no body had been buried there nor 

was the property recognized as a burial ground. Id. In making its decision, the 

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Alabama Supreme Court found it unnecessary to consider conflicting testimony 

regarding the suitability of the property for burial purposes or how long it would 

take for the city to need to expand its current cemetery. See id. at 545. “The question 

is whether, under the statute, the property was exempt at the time of the levy of the 

execution.” Id. 

Here, the Authority purchased the West Tract in 1994, and states that the 

property is held “for expansion of the [Landfill] if needed. The expansion has been 

discussed, but has not been needed to date.” Thus, like the property at issue in 

Murphree and unlike the property at issue in Russell & Johnson, the West Tract is 

not undergoing a temporary period of non-use, but instead has been sitting unused 

for over twenty-five years. However, unlike a county or a municipality, which can 

assign various uses to the property it owns, the Authority exists and operates for a 

specific statutory purpose, and the Authority’s ability to acquire, use, and dispose of 

real property is restricted by that statutory purpose and grant of authority. See, e.g., 

Ala. Code §§ 11-89A-1, 11-89A-8(a)(5), (8), (12). 

This issue brings us back to Hamrick I, where the Alabama Supreme Court 

considered whether property owned by municipal housing authorities was used for 

a municipal purpose. See 447 So. 2d at 1296–98. Focusing on the statutory language 

authorizing municipal housing authorities, the Alabama Supreme Court concluded 

that “[t]he whole tenor of the Housing Authorities Law thus indicates a legislative 

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finding that the use of property for the purposes set out in that Law is public use.” 

Id. at 1297. Because there was no dispute that the authorities “use[d] any of their 

property in a manner other than as allowed by statute,” the court found that “public 

housing projects are a ‘public use’ within the meaning of the municipal exemption” 

for housing authority property. Id. 

Hamrick I thus seems to suggest that the West Tract is used for a public 

purpose because the Authority is statutorily restricted from doing anything with the 

property other than hold it for future use in connection with the Authority’s solid 

waste disposal operations. We are concerned, however, that applying Hamrick I in 

this context may extend its rule beyond where Alabama law would otherwise go. 

First, the properties at issue in Hamrick I were being used, not lying fallow for a 

significant period of time like the West Tract and the property at issue in Murphree. 

Although Murphree could be distinguished because it dealt with a municipality, not 

a public corporation, the statutory scheme governing housing authorities differs in 

significant ways from the statutory scheme applicable to solid waste authorities, and,

therefore, it may be inappropriate to apply Hamrick I to public corporations other 

than housing authorities. For example, applying Hamrick I to all public corporations 

could neuter section 6-10-10’s “use” requirement and reduce consideration under 

that statute to solely its “belonging to” requirement. Simply put, we have not 

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discerned controlling Alabama legal authority on how to apply section 6-10-10’s 

“use” requirement to solid waste disposal authorities. 

3. Common law exemption from execution

In its order, the district court noted that section 6-10-10 is the codification of 

the “longstanding principle” in Alabama law that property used for public purposes 

is exempt from execution and garnishment. As noted in our discussion above, 

section 6-10-10 applies only to property belonging to municipalities or counties that 

is used for public purposes. On appeal, the parties disagree about whether Alabama 

common law provides an additional exemption for the public use of property and, if 

so, whether that exemption applies to property owned by individuals or entities other 

than municipalities or counties. As discussed below, it appears that Alabama courts 

have not directly applied a common law public use exemption for more than a 

century and only as it applied to property owned by railroad companies. 

To establish a common law public use exemption applicable to property 

owned by private corporations, the Authority relies on the following excerpt from 

Gardner v. Mobile & N.W.R. Co., 15 So. 271 (Ala. 1894):

As a general rule, the property of all private corporations is as subject 

to legal process for the satisfaction of debts as is the property of natural 

persons. An exception obtains, however, when the corporation is 

created to serve public purposes, charged with public duties, and is in 

the exercise of its franchise and in the performance of its duties. Then, 

on considerations of public policy, without regard to the nature or 

quality of the estate or interest of the corporation, according to the 

weight of authority, such property as is necessary to enable it to 

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discharge its duties to the public and effectuate the objects of its 

incorporation is not subject to execution at law. The only remedy of a 

judgment creditor is to obtain the appointment of a receiver, and the 

sequestration of its income or earnings.

Id. at 273–74. Gardner, however, seems to reflect a line of Alabama cases that have 

not been extended beyond the context of railroad rights of way. See, e.g., Tucker v. 

Mobile Infirmary Ass’n, 68 So. 4, 17 (Ala. 1915) (Mayfield, J., dissenting) (“Though 

a judgment is rendered against a railway company, yet its franchise or other property 

necessary to the operation of its road cannot be sold under execution, because that 

would interfere with the public good.” (quoting Fordyce & McKee v. Woman’s 

Christian Nat’l Library Ass’n, 96 S.W. 155, 161 (Ark. 1906)); City of Decatur v. S. 

Ry. Co., 62 So. 855, 857 (Ala. 1913) (“[W]hat has been said on the subject of 

[judicial] sales of a part of a railroad right of way clearly indicates that it has always 

been the opinion, if not the decision, of this court that such sales were unwarranted 

and against public policy.”). 

Moreover, it is unclear whether the common law rule articulated in Gardner

and related cases maintains vitality or whether it has been legislatively abrogated by 

the comprehensive statutory scheme in chapter 10 of title 6 of the Alabama Code, 

which contains the exemptions to levy and garnishment enacted by the Alabama 

legislature. This is particularly important in light of Alabama law’s prohibition on 

“engraft[ing] exceptions, which are not found in the statutes.” Elliott v. Navistar, 

Inc., 65 So. 3d 379, 384 (Ala. 2010) (quoting Barclay v. Smith, 66 Ala. 230, 232 

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(1880)). And while Alabama law requires courts to give a liberal construction to 

exemption statutes, see Russell & Johnson, 73 So. at 986, it does not permit courts 

to “give the statutes a liberality of construction far beyond their letter and spirit,” 

Griffin v. Ayers, 165 So. 593, 596 (Ala. 1936). See also Phillips v. Phillips, 44 So. 

391, 392 (Ala. 1907) (noting that courts may not give exemption statutes a liberal 

construction that would be “inconsistent with the manifest intention of the 

lawmakers”). Accordingly, we are left without clear direction on both the scope of 

the rule in Gardner and its continued viability. 

This Court may in few and restricted circumstances develop the judicially 

created federal common law, see City of Milwaukee v. Illinois, 451 U.S. 304, 312–

14 (1981), but a judicial decision that expands, eliminates, or does something in 

between regarding Alabama’s common law public use exemption, as reflected in 

Gardner, is ultimately the prerogative of the Alabama Supreme Court. We owe 

deference to the Alabama Supreme Court on this issue because only it decides how 

to definitively construe its prior precedent. Compare Smith v. United Constr. 

Workers, Dist. 50, 122 So. 2d 153, 154 (Ala. 1960) (“We are compelled to follow 

the common law on any subject when the same has not been changed by the 

legislative branch of our government.”), with Swartz v. U.S. Steel Corp., 304 So. 2d 

881, 885–86 (Ala. 1974) (“We therefore conclude that continuing adherence to the 

doctrine announced in Smith, supra, is not today required or desirable under stare 

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decisis, nor do we feel that we should longer await legislative action to bring our 

common law into harmony with the realities of today.”). Moreover, Alabama courts 

occupy the best position to determine the relationship between Alabama’s common 

law rules and its statutes, such as section 6-10-10. See Ivey v. Wiggins, 159 So. 2d 

618, 620 (Ala. 1964) (“Legislative enactments in modification of the common law 

should be clear and such as to prevent reasonable doubt as to the legislative intent 

and of the limits of such change.”). 

4. Certification of these issues to the Alabama Supreme Court is 

appropriate 

Although the facts of this case involve a single judgment creditor, the legal 

principles involved may have broad effects on the citizens of Alabama, their public 

corporations, and the companies that do business with them. Neither party disputes 

that public corporations perform important functions for the people of Alabama. 

Permitting execution against the property of these public corporations may interfere 

with those functions. Conversely, insulating property owned by public corporations 

from collection efforts might lead to a decrease in those choosing to contract with 

Alabama’s public corporations and to higher amounts charged by those who 

continue to do so. Or, these risks may already have been anticipated and addressed 

in existing contracts. In any event, the answer to how the statutory and common law 

exceptions apply—if at all—is one of Alabama law. 

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When faced with substantial doubt on a dispositive state law issue, our “better 

option is to certify the question to the state supreme court.” In re Mooney, 812 F.3d 

1276, 1283 (11th Cir. 2016). Thus, as a matter of federalism and comity, dispositive

issues of Alabama law should be first presented to the Alabama Supreme Court to 

decide. See Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., Inc., 116 F.3d at 1413. Indeed, 

“[c]ertification of state law issues to state supreme courts is a valuable tool for 

promoting the interests of cooperative federalism.” Id.

We therefore certify to the Alabama Supreme Court the following questions 

under Alabama Rule of Appellate Procedure 183

:

(1)Can property owned by a solid waste disposal authority “belong[] to” a 

county or municipality for purposes of section 6-10-10? 

(2)If so, what factors should courts consider when making such a 

determination?

(3)If section 6-10-10 can apply to property owned by a solid waste disposal 

authority, is such property “used for county or municipal purposes” when 

the authority has not used the property but is holding it for a future use? 

(4)Does Alabama continue to recognize a common law exemption from 

execution for property used for public purposes as described in Gardner v. 

Mobile & N.W.R. Co., 15 So. 271 (Ala. 1894)? 

(5)If so, does that exemption apply to public corporations like the Authority,

and what standards should courts employ in applying this common law 

exemption?

3 Rule 18 permits federal courts to certify questions to the Alabama Supreme Court when 

faced with “questions or propositions of law of this State which are determinative of said cause 

and . . . there are no clear controlling precedents in the decisions of the Supreme Court of this 

State.” Ala. R. App. P. 18(a). The Alabama Supreme Court “may answer” these certified 

questions by written opinion. Id. 

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Our phrasing of these questions “is intended only as a guide.” United States 

v. Clarke, 780 F.3d 1131, 1133 (11th Cir. 2015). We do not mean to restrict the 

Alabama Supreme Court’s consideration of the issues or its scope of inquiry. See 

Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., 116 F.3d at 1414. The Alabama Supreme Court 

may, as it perceives them, restate the issues and modify the manner in which the 

answers are given. Id. “[I]f we have overlooked or mischaracterized any state law 

issues or inartfully stated any of the questions we have posed, we hope the Alabama 

Supreme Court will feel free to make the necessary corrections.” Spain v. Brown & 

Williamson Tobacco Corp., 230 F.3d 1300, 1312 (11th Cir. 2000). Finally, should 

the Alabama Supreme Court exercise its discretion to answer these questions, its 

response will be “conclusive on the issue[s] certified.” Edwards v. Kia Motors of 

Am., Inc., 554 F.3d 943, 945 (11th Cir. 2009). 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we defer our decision in this case until the Alabama 

Supreme Court has had the opportunity to consider our certified questions and 

determine whether to exercise its discretion in answering them. The entire record of 

this case, including the parties’ briefs, is transmitted to the Alabama Supreme Court. 

QUESTIONS CERTIFIED. 

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