J-A23016-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

MARK FRANCIS LEGG 

Appellant

v.

LUZERNE COUNTY CHILDREN AND 

YOUTH SERVICES

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 106 MDA 2021

Appeal from the Order Entered December 10, 2020

In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County 

Civil Division at No(s): 2020-02268

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.: FILED: JANUARY 28, 2022

The issue in this appeal is whether Mark Francis Legg has standing to 

seek custody of S.K., who is the biological daughter of a woman to whom Legg 

was formerly married. S.K. is currently in the custody of Luzerne County 

Children and Youth Services (“CYS”). Legg acknowledges that he is not 

biologically related to S.K. and did not formally adopt her, but claims for the 

first time in this appeal that he has standing to seek custody of her as her 

parent. Alternatively, Legg argues that he stands in loco parentis to S.K. and 

therefore has standing in that capacity to seek custody of her. We disagree 

with Legg on both counts, and, after careful review, we find that the trial court 

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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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did not err in concluding that Legg does not have standing to seek custody of 

S.K. We therefore affirm.

S.K. was born to Connie Legg (“Connie”) and D’Ronald Kinney in 2009. 

Connie met Legg in 2013. The two had a child together, K.L., on April 15, 

2014, and then married on July 25, 2015. In July 2016, S.K. and her brother, 

J.K.,1 came to live with Legg, Connie and K.L. Legg and Connie separated in 

January 2018, and Connie, S.K. and J.K. went to live with Connie’s mother 

and step-father.

Connie sought the assistance of CYS in April 2018. S.K. was declared 

dependent2 and placed in foster care. S.K. has lived with her current foster 

mother since May 2, 2018. On September 14, 2019, both Connie’s and 

D’Ronald Kinney’s parental rights to S.K. were terminated.

S.K.’s foster mother filed a petition to adopt S.K. and the court 

scheduled an adoption hearing for March 25, 2020. Meanwhile, on February 

21, 2020, Legg, now divorced from Connie, filed a custody complaint seeking 

custody of S.K. In his petition, Legg alleged that he had standing to seek 

custody because, as the former step-father of S.K., he stood in loco parentis

to her. CYS filed a petition to intervene as well as preliminary objections to 

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1 J.K. is not involved in this appeal, as Legg did not seek custody of J.K. See

N.T., 7/23/20, at 21.

2 Legg was not a party at the dependency proceedings, nor did he attempt to 

intervene in those proceedings. See N.T., 7/23/20, at 17.
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the custody petition, both of which challenged Legg’s assertion that he had 

standing in the custody matter as in loco parentis to S.K. By agreement of the 

parties, the court entered an order granting CYS’s petition to intervene and 

dismissing S.K.'s natural parents and the foster mother as parties to the 

action.

Legg filed a “petition to set in loco parentis standing hearing on [Legg’s] 

complaint for custody and to stay [the] adoption hearing set for March 25, 

2020.” The trial court stayed the adoption hearing and proceeded to hold 

hearings on July 23, 2020, August 24, 2020 and September 17, 2020, to 

determine whether Legg stood in loco parentis to S.K. and therefore had 

standing to seek custody. 

Legg testified at the hearing on August 24, 2020, and again at the 

hearing on September 17, 2020. He stated that S.K. lived with him, Connie, 

J.K. and K.L. from July 2016 to January 2018, or for what amounted to 

approximately 19 months. Legg testified that during that time, he raised S.K. 

as if she was his own daughter and performed a wide range of parental duties 

for her, including buying her clothes and food, registering her for school, 

taking her to doctor appointments and doing various activities with her. See

N.T., 8/24/20, at 16-18; N.T., 9/17/20, at 9. Legg’s mother also testified, and 

her testimony echoed Legg’s testimony: she recounted that Legg fed S.K., 

bought her clothes, and did a wide variety of activities with S.K. while she 

lived with Legg. See N.T., 9/17/20, at 47-48. 
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Legg testified that after he and Connie separated in January 2018, and 

Connie left with S.K., he obtained a Protection From Abuse Order against 

Connie. He maintained that this prevented him from seeing S.K. See N.T., 

8/24/20, at 35-36; N.T., 9/17/20, at 11. Legg testified that Connie refused to 

allow Legg to see S.K., other than one time in February 2018. See N.T., 

8/24/20, at 35; N.T., 9/17/20, at 10-11. He testified that in February 2018, 

he filed for custody of K.L. in Lackawanna County, and he claimed that he also 

filed for custody of S.K. at the same time. See N.T., 9/17/20, at 29. According 

to Legg, he was denied any custody rights to S.K. by the Lackawanna County 

trial court “because the current custody order only had Connie’s name on it.” 

N.T., 9/17/20, at 30.

Legg recounted that on May 1, 2018, he was contacted by a CYS intake 

supervisor, Samantha Keska, who asked Legg if he would like to be considered 

as a placement resource for S.K. Legg claimed that he told Keska he wanted 

to be considered, and that Keska replied that she would follow up with a home 

evaluation. See N.T., 8/24/20, at 37-38. Legg maintained that he never heard 

back from Keska, and although he called her “at least twenty” times, she never 

returned his calls. See N.T., 8/24/20, at 38-39; N.T., 9/17/20, at 15-16. He 

specifically testified that he never told Keska that he could not be a placement 

resource for S.K. See N.T., 9/17/20, at 35, 77-78, 80-81.

Legg testified that the next time he heard from CYS was on April 15, 

2019, when he received a letter from Megan Donovan, a CYS caseworker, 
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asking Legg if he wanted to be a lifelong connection to S.K. He claimed he 

called Donovan multiple times but never heard back from her. See N.T., 

9/17/20, at 19-20. Legg testified that he received the same letter from 

Donovan in July 2019, and he once again tried to contact Donovan, but she 

did not call him back until August 2019. See N.T., 9/17/20, at 21. At that 

time, Legg said, Donovan asked him if he wanted to visit S.K. He and K.L. 

then had supervised visits with S.K. on August 23, 2019, September 20, 2019 

and October 11, 2019. 

Both Keska and Donovan also testified at the hearings, but their 

accounts of their interactions with Legg conflicted significantly with the ones 

given by Legg. Keska agreed that she contacted Legg in May 2018 and he 

expressed interest in becoming a placement resource for S.K. See N.T., 

9/17/20, at 60-61. Keska recalled that she then went to Legg’s house on May 

9, 2018, and told Legg that he had passed his clearances and that she was 

hoping to soon move S.K. in with Legg. See id. at 61. However, Keska testified 

that at that time, Legg told her he was no longer able to be a placement 

resource for S.K. See id. at 61, 62. 

As for Donovan’s testimony, Donovan agreed that she sent a letter to 

Legg on April 8, 2019. See id. at 69. Donovan testified, however, that Legg 

never responded to that letter, prompting her to re-send the same letter in 

July 2019. See id. at 70. Donovan testified that she reached out to Legg at 

the request of S.K.’s foster mother, as S.K. wanted to see her half-sister, K.L. 
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See N.T., 7/23/20, at 18. Donovan explained that it was her intent to set up 

visits between the siblings, i.e. S.K., K.L. and J.K., and not visits between 

Legg and S.K. See id. at 31; N.T., 9/17/20 at 70. 

After Legg attended the visits, Donovan testified that CYS requested 

that the visits be only between the half-siblings/siblings - and not Legg -

because the visits involving Legg were negatively affecting S.K. by making her 

anxious and “emotionally draining her.” See N.T., 7/23/20, at 19-20, 28; N.T., 

9/17/20, at 71. Donavan indicated that Legg was putting pressure on S.K. to 

decide who she wanted to live with, and although S.K. wanted to continue to 

see her half-sister, she also wanted to continue to live with her foster mother. 

See N.T., 7/23/20, at 30, 32. Donavan testified that the court entered an 

order excluding Legg from the sibling visits on November 14, 2019. See N.T., 

9/17/20, at 71. Donovan further testified that Legg has not discharged any 

parental duties since CYS assumed custody of S.K. in April 2018. See N.T., 

7/23/20, at 32, 33.

Following the hearings, the court took the matter under advisement 

given that it was, in the court’s words, “a very monumental decision [it] must 

make.” N.T., 9/17/20, at 86. The court entered an order on December 9, 2020, 

finding that Legg did not stand in loco parentis to S.K., and therefore did not 

have standing to pursue custody of her. 

Legg filed a timely notice of appeal, along with a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) 

statement of errors complained of on appeal. Legg essentially argued in his 
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statement that the court had erred by finding that he did not stand in loco 

parentis to S.K. and therefore lacked standing to seek custody. In response, 

the trial court issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion in support of its conclusion 

that Legg did not have standing to seek custody as in loco parentis to S.K.

Issues of standing are questions of law, and our standard of review is 

therefore de novo and the scope of review is plenary. See C.G. v. J.H., 193 

A.3d 891, 898 (Pa. 2018). Generally, standing ensures that only a party who 

has a substantial, direct and immediate interest in a matter is able to litigate 

the matter. See id. “In the area of child custody, principles of standing have 

been applied with particular scrupulousness[.]” Id. (citation omitted). 

Determining standing in a custody dispute is also a threshold issue that 

must be resolved before a court may reach the merits of the underlying 

custody action. See id. Section 5324 of the Domestic Relations Code controls 

standing in custody matters and confers standing only upon: (1) a parent of 

the child; (2) a person who stands in loco parentis to the child; or (3) a 

grandparent of the child under certain conditions. See id. at 898.; 23 

Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(1)-(3).

Legg first argues that the trial court erred in finding that he lacked 

standing to seek custody of S.K. as a parent pursuant to Section 5324(1). 

However, the framing of Legg’s issue is misleading. The trial court did not 

address this issue because, as the above procedural history makes clear, Legg 

did not raise it before the lower court. Instead, Legg’s custody complaint, 
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petition for a hearing on standing, the arguments at the hearings themselves, 

and Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement all limit Legg’s argument regarding standing 

to one that he stood in loco parentis to S.K. At no point prior to appeal did 

Legg claim he had standing as S.K.’s parent. This issue is therefore waived. 

See Commonwealth v. Bullock, 948 A.2d 818, 822 (Pa. Super. 2008) 

(stating that issues that are not raised in the lower court are waived on 

appeal).

Even if we were to overlook waiver and proceed to the merits of the 

claim, we would find it lacks merit. Legg essentially claims that he should have 

standing as S.K.’s parent because he was her former step-father, S.K. lived 

with him in a family unit for 20 months, and he is the father of S.K.’s halfsibling, K.L. He acknowledges that Section 5342 does not define the term 

parent. He urges this Court to find that a parent for purposes of Section 5342 

is not limited to the biological or adopted parents of a child but rather, includes 

those who co-parent a child in the manner in which Legg did and who are the 

biological parent to that child’s half-sibling. In support, Legg points to this 

Court’s statement in C.G. that “the reality of the evolving concept of what 

comprises a family cannot be overlooked.” 193 A.3d at 900.

While that is certainly true, C.G. actually negates Legg’s claim here. The 

C.G. Court found that a former same-sex, unmarried partner of a biological 

parent did not have standing as a parent under Section 5324(1). The Court 

held that under our precedent, - which is the same precedent cited to by Legg 
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here - parentage for purposes of standing may be proven only by biology, 

adoption, a presumption attendant to marriage, or legal parentage by contract 

in circumstances “where a child is born with the assistance of a donor who 

relinquishes parental rights and/or a non-biologically related person assumes 

legal parentage.” Id. at 904. There is no dispute that Legg is not a biological 

or adoptive parent to S.K., was not married to Connie at the time of S.K.’s 

birth so as to implicate the presumption attendant to marriage, and was not

a party to a contract regarding the custody of S.K. Therefore, even had Legg 

properly raised this issue, we would find it lacks merit as Legg is clearly not a 

parent pursuant to Section 5324(1) under C.G.

C.G. also guides our resolution of Legg’s next claim, which, unlike his 

first, is properly raised. In this claim, Legg argues the lower court erred by 

finding that he did not have standing as in loco parentis. As C.G. outlined:

The phrase “in loco parentis” refers to a person who puts oneself 

in the situation of a lawful parent by assuming the obligations 

incident to the parental relationship without going through the 

formality of a legal adoption. The status of in loco parentis

embodies two ideas; first, the assumption of parental status, and 

second, the discharge of parental duties. The rights and liabilities 

arising out of in loco parentis relationship are, as the words imply, 

exactly the same as between parent and child. The third party in 

this type of relationship, however, can not place himself in loco 

parentis in defiance of the parents’ wishes[.]

Id. at 907 (citation omitted). The C.G. Court went on to note that “[i]n loco 

parentis analyses are necessarily fact-intensive and case-specific inquiries[.]” 

Id. at 911. As such, the Court also held that trial courts should be allowed to 

consider all relevant evidence, including the post-separation conduct of a 
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person seeking custody of a child, when determining whether that person 

stands in loco parentis to that child. See id. at 910-911.

Here, the trial court explained its reasons for rejecting Legg’s claim that 

he stood in loco parentis to S.K. while she lived with him as follows:

[Legg] testified that while he was married to the natural mother, 

S.K. and her brother J.K. were residing with them and from July 

2016 to August 2018, he raised S.K. as his own and performed 

the parental duties that a father would to his own daughter.... 

[However,] only [Legg] and [Legg’s] mother testified to support 

the position that he stood in loco parentis to the child. The Court 

finds it telling that [Legg] did not request the court to conduct an 

in camera interview of the two children, S.K. and her brother, J.K., 

nor did he call [Connie] in his case in chief ... in order to support 

his position that he stands in loco parentis to S.K. [or that any 

alleged relationship with S.K. was with Connie’s consent]. The 

court questions why [Legg] omitted what could have been 

significant testimony to support [Legg’s] status of in loco parentis. 

This Court finds that [Legg] did not present sufficient evidence to 

prove that he stood in loco parentis to the child during the time 

that S.K. resided with him and the natural mother.”

Trial Court Opinion, 2/8/21, at 5-6. CYS emphasizes that aside from his and 

his mother’s testimony, Legg did not provide any evidence that he discharged 

parental duties for S.K. while he lived with S.K. and prior to the time CYS 

assumed custody of her. Although Legg mentions that he submitted 

photographs of himself and S.K. at the hearings, the photographs were “from 

the time when [S.K.] was in the custody of [CYS] and [CYS] was allowing 

visitation between [S.K.] and her biological sibling.” CYS Brief at 8; see also

N.T., 9/17/20, at 34 (Legg admitting that the photographs did not show any 

of the alleged duties he performed while S.K. was living with him and before 

CYS assumed custody of S.K.).
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The trial court then went on to consider Legg’s post-separation conduct, 

specifically noting that C.G. allowed it to do so. To that end, the trial court 

found that although Legg claimed that he sought and was denied custody of 

S.K. in Lackawanna County, he provided no documentation to substantiate 

those assertions. Even if Legg filed for custody of S.K. in Lackawanna County,

as he maintained, the trial court observed that there was no way for it to know 

the basis on which the Lackawanna County trial court had denied custody. 

Moreover, the trial court noted that Legg had an opportunity to file for custody 

of S.K. when he filed the Protection from Abuse petition against Connie, but 

did not. Therefore, Legg “to this day, does not have a custody Order 

preserving his custody rights of S.K.” Trial Court Opinion, 2/8/21, at 7.

The trial court also specifically found Kesko’s testimony that Legg had 

refused the opportunity to be a placement resource for S.K. to be more 

credible than Legg’s testimony to the contrary. Therefore, the trial court found 

that CYS only pursued S.K.’s placement with her current foster mother after 

Legg asserted that he could not care for S.K. CYS adds that it obtained custody 

of S.K. on April 15, 2018 and “since at least that time,” Legg has not assumed 

parental status nor discharged any parental duties for S.K. CYS Brief at 7. 

The trial court also considered, and rejected, Legg’s claim that he had a 

strong psychological bond with S.K. and this bond should have been the 

determinative factor in finding that he had gained in loco parentis status. It is 

this analysis that Legg focuses on in his appeal, summarily arguing that “it 
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should have been the paramount concern to the [trial court] whether [S.K.] 

had developed strong psychological bonds to [Legg] and her half-sister” and 

“the trial court failed to focus on the existence” of these bonds. Appellant’s 

Brief at 20, 21. Legg, however, fails to substantiate these claims.

“Of course, it is a concern to the courts whether a child has developed 

strong psychological bonds [with the person seeking in loco parentis status], 

however, such bonds must necessarily be based on the assumption of parental 

status and discharge of parental duties in order to achieve [in loco parentis] 

status.” C.G., 193 A.3d at 910. The existence of a child’s psychological bond 

with the person seeking standing is therefore not the determining factor when 

resolving whether that person stands in loco parentis. See id.

Here, the lower court found that Legg did not have a strong 

psychological bond with S.K. To that end, the court noted that Donovan 

testified that she reached out to Legg to set up visits between S.K. and K.L., 

but that Legg also attended the visits. When those visits negatively affected 

S.K., in that S.K. became anxious about the visits, CYS sought and obtained 

a court order to end Legg’s attendance at the visits. 

The trial court also found that the testimony of Suzanne Kapral, the 

court-appointed special advocate for S.K., supported its conclusion that Legg 

did not have a strong psychological bond with S.K. Kapral testified that S.K. 

is doing “extremely well” in her foster home and refers to her foster mother 

as “mom.” N.T., 7/23/20 at 35-36. She testified that as the sibling visits with 
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Legg in attendance went on, she noticed a negative change in S.K.’s behavior 

and clear signs of tension before the visits. See id. at 37, 40. 

Legg has not offered any meaningful argument, much less 

demonstrated, that the trial court erred in finding that S.K. did not have a 

strong psychological bond with Legg based on this testimony. 

We also briefly address Legg’s assertion that S.K’s bond with her halfsister, K.L., should have dictated that Legg, as K.L.’s custodial parent, stood 

in loco parentis to S.K. Our courts have been clear that the inquiry for whether 

a person stands in loco parentis to a particular child centers on whether that 

person has assumed parental status as to that child and discharged parental 

duties to that child. Not granting in loco parentis status to Legg in no way 

means that S.K. should not be allowed to continue her relationship with her 

half-sister. Indeed, S.K.’s foster mother testified that she was the one who 

initiated the visits between S.K. and K.L. and it was her intention to allow that 

contact to continue after she adopted S.K. See id. at 46-47. 

In the end, we discern no error in the court’s “fact-intensive and casespecific” analysis or its conclusion that Legg did not have in loco parentis

standing, especially since that conclusion was partially based on the court’s 

credibility determinations. See C.G., 193 A.3d at 911 (affirming trial court’s 

order on the basis that the Court could discern no legal error in trial court’s 

analysis, which included credibility determinations, regarding whether the 

appellant stood in loco parentis). We therefore affirm.
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Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/28/2022