*

The Honorable John R. Adams, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by

designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 04a0088n.06

Filed: November 16, 2004

No. 02-6156

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

WILLIAM WASHINGTON,

Defendant-Appellant.

 /

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

BEFORE: MOORE and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; ADAMS, District Judge.*

ADAMS, Circuit Judge. Defendant William Washington appeals his convictions for

conspiracy to acquire firearms from various licensed dealers by making false statements about facts

material to the purchase, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6); for aiding and abetting another

individual in acquiring a firearm from a licensed dealer by making false statements about facts

material to the purchase, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(a)(6) and 2; and for being a convicted

felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). For the reasons that follow, we

AFFIRM Defendant’s convictions. 
No. 02-6156

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I.

On October 30, 2000, Defendant William Washington was charged in three-counts of a

thirteen-count indictment issued by a federal grand jury sitting in the United States District Court

for the Western District of Tennessee. Count One of the indictment charged that, beginning on June

12, 1999 and continuing until October 6, 2000, Defendant Washington and ten other individual

defendants knowingly conspired to acquire firearms from various licensed dealers and make false

written statements to deceive the dealers as to facts material to the lawfulness of such firearm sales,

in that the defendants represented that they were the actual buyers of the firearms, when in fact, they

were actually purchasing the firearms on behalf of other individuals, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

922(a)(6). 

The indictment alleged that Defendant Washington and Ronald Hill, both convicted felons

residing in Illinois, as well as Kenneth Hill, an Illinois resident, traveled to Memphis, Tennessee to

obtain firearms. The purpose of the alleged conspiracy was to circumvent federal laws that prohibit

the sale of firearms to out of state residents and/or to convicted felons by recruiting individuals

without criminal records to purchase arms for them. Washington and others would then transport

and/or accompany these recruits to various gun dealers and instruct them about which types of guns

to purchase. After the purchases were made, Washington and others would take possession of the

handguns and pay the recruits a fee for their efforts. They allegedly transported many of these

handguns back to Illinois.

The indictment further charged specifically that, on October 6, 2000, Defendant Washington,

Kenneth Hill and Ronald Hill drove from Chicago to Memphis and that they accompanied D’Angelo
No. 02-6156

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Mitchell to Arendall Arms Pawn Shop and the AAA Pawn Shop for the purpose of purchasing

firearms. Mitchell then purchased five handguns from Arendall Arms for Washington and others,

for which Washington paid her $200.00. Afterward, Washington and others transported those five

handguns and three others from Memphis to Illinois, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371.

Count Eleven charged that Defendant Washington and Mitchell aided and abetted each other

in connection with the purchase of a handgun from the Arendall Arms, a licensed dealer, by making

a false written statement material to the lawfulness of the purchase. Specifically, they aided and

abetted each other in falsely claiming on a written form that Mitchell was the actual purchaser of

the firearm, when in fact, Washington was the actual purchaser, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and

922(a)(6).

Count Twelve charged that Defendant Washington, having previously been convicted of

numerous crimes punishable by more than one year imprisonment, knowingly possessed a firearm

on October 6, 2000, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).

Defendant Washington pled not guilty and proceeded to trial on March 5, 2001. After the

jury returned guilty verdicts on all three counts, Washington moved for a mistrial, and the district

court granted the motion. A second jury trial commenced on March 11, 2002. At the close of the

government’s case, Washington moved for a judgment of acquittal as to the three counts. The court

denied the motion, and when the trial concluded on March 13, 2002, the jury found Defendant

Washington guilty on all three counts. This appeal followed.
No. 02-6156

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II.

Defendant Washington argues that there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s

verdict of guilt on Counts One, Eleven and Twelve of the indictment. We disagree for the reasons

discussed below.

A. Standard of Review

When reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, this Court must “‘examine the evidence

in the light most favorable to the government and draw all inferences in the government’s favor in

order to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the elements of the offense

beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Davis, 306 F.3d 398, 408 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting

United States v. Gibbs, 174 F.3d 762, 774 (6th Cir. 1999)). In making such a determination, the

Court must resolve all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from the evidence in favor of the

government. United States v. Searan, 259 F.3d 434, 440 (6th Cir. 2001.) “‘Circumstantial evidence

alone may sustain a conviction under this deferential standard of review.’” Id. (quoting United

States v. Adams, 265 F.3d 420, 423 (6th Cir. 2001)).

B. Count One – Conspiracy to Acquire Firearms

In order to sell a firearm, a licensed firearms dealer is required to have the buyer fill out an

ATF Form 4473, which solicits information concerning, among other things, prior felony

convictions and the individual’s state of residence. Federal law prohibits a licensed firearms dealer

from selling handguns to a purchaser with a prior felony conviction or who resides outside of the

state. The dealer also cannot sell a firearm to a buyer if the buyer indicates on the ATF Form 4473

that he or she is not the actual buyer of the firearm. Count One of the indictment charged
No. 02-6156

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Washington with conspiracy to acquire firearms from various licensed dealers by making false

statements on ATF Forms 4473 concerning facts material to the firearms’ purchase, in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6). 

The essential elements of a conspiracy are: (1) an object to be accomplished; (2) a plan or

scheme embodying means to accomplish that object; and (3) an agreement or understanding between

two or more of the defendants whereby they become definitely committed to cooperate for the

accomplishment of the object by the means embodied in the agreement, or by any effectual means.

United States v. Gibbs, 182 F.3d 408, 420 (6th Cir.1999) (quoting United States v. Bostic, 480 F.2d

965, 968 (6th Cir.1973)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Proof of a formal agreement is not

required to establish a conspiracy; ‘a tacit or material understanding among the parties’ is

sufficient.” United States v. Henley, 360 F.3d 509, 513 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v.

Pearce, 912 F.2d 159, 161 (6th Cir.1990)). “Mere association does not establish a conspiracy, but

there must be intentional participation in the transaction with a view to the furtherance of the

common design and purpose.” United States v. Bostic, 480 F.2d 965, 968 (6th Cir. 1973).

Washington argues that there was insufficient evidence of his membership in a conspiracy

to acquire firearms, but the record proves otherwise. Ronald Hill, Washington’s alleged coconspirator, took frequent trips to Memphis to acquire firearms unlawfully. On one occasion, Hill’s

car broke down on the way back to Chicago, and Washington drove four or five hours from Chicago

to pick him up. During the drive back to Chicago, Hill told Washington, “Slow down. You know,
No. 02-6156

1

The record evidence also showed that Washington accompanied Hill on several visits to

Memphis prior to Washington’s arrest. On one such occasion, Hill and Washington were observed

counting out a large amount of cash. 

-6-

I am hot,” strongly suggesting that Washington had knowingly assisted Hill in the transport of

unlawfully acquired firearms long before Washington’s arrest on October 6, 2000.1 

Most significantly, on October 6, 2000, Washington accompanied Ronald Hill and

D’Angelo Mitchell to the VFW Pawn Shop and then to the AAA Pawn Shop in search of firearms.

 Like Hill, Washington gave Mitchell cash to purchase firearms for him by falsely claiming that she

was the actual purchaser of the weapons. After leaving the AAA Pawn Shop with the handguns,

Mitchell, Hill and Washington drove to the Arendall Arms Pawn Shop, during which time

Washington told Mitchell that he wanted a 40 or a 45 caliber handgun and gave her about $200.

At Arendall Arms, Mitchell purchased two guns for Hill and a 40 caliber handgun for Washington,

again by falsely claiming that she was the actual purchaser of the handguns. 

This evidence shows an agreement or understanding between two or more of the defendants

whereby they became definitely committed to cooperate for the accomplishment of the object by the

means embodied in the agreement. Gibbs, 182 F.3d at 420. Washington, an Illinois resident with

a prior felony conviction, cooperated with Hill in using Mitchell, who was a Tennessee resident with

no prior felony convictions, to obtain handguns from licensed firearms dealers in Tennessee by

having her claim that she was the actual purchaser. Washington also cooperated with Mitchell in

this endeavor, as directly evidenced by his request that she purchase a 40 caliber handgun for him

from Arendall Arms and his payment of $200 to her for that purpose. He knowingly and
No. 02-6156

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intentionally participated in at least two transactions with Hill and Mitchell to obtain firearms

through false pretenses. Therefore, his conviction on Count One of the indictment must be affirmed.

C. Count Eleven – Aiding and Abetting the Unlawful Acquisition of Firearms

Count Eleven of the indictment charged Washington with aiding and abetting another

individual in acquiring a firearm from a licensed dealer by making false statements about facts

material to the purchase, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(a)(6) and 2. “Aiding and abetting requires

that a defendant ‘in some sort associate himself with the venture, that he participates in it as

something he wishes to bring about, and that he seek by his action to make it succeed.’ Thus, it has

been said that aiding and abetting involves (1) an act by a defendant which contributes to the

execution of a crime; and (2) the intent to aid in its commission.” United States v. Davis, 306 F.3d

398, 409 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Lowery, 60 F.3d 1199, 1202 (6th Cir.1995)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

As discussed in the preceding section, the evidence shows that Washington associated

himself with a venture to acquire firearms unlawfully from licensed dealers in Memphis, Tennessee.

Federal firearms law precluded Washington from purchasing the firearms himself because he was

not a resident of Tennessee and because he had prior felony convictions. Consequently,

Washington, Hill and Mitchell drove together to three different pawn shops in search of firearms.

Washington paid Mitchell to purchase firearms for him at two of the shops. In order to make those

purchases, Mitchell was required to falsify several ATF Forms 4473 and indicate that she was the

actual purchaser of the firearms; Mitchell testified that Washington was the true purchaser of the

handguns. It is disingenuous for Washington to argue that Mitchell’s false statements on the
No. 02-6156

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Forms 4473 “w[ere] entirely incidental to the possession [of the handguns] that the defendant

desired and participated in” and that the evidence supported only the inference that he assisted

Mitchell in unlawfully possessing the guns, not in making false statements to obtain the guns. A

reasonable inference from the evidence was that Washington knew that Mitchell would be required

to falsify the Forms 4473 because, otherwise, Washington simply could have attempted to make the

purchases himself. He did not. Indeed, it appears that the only reasonable inference from the

evidence is that Mitchell’s false statements were integral to Washington’s possession of the firearms

and that Washington knew this fact. For these reasons, the jury reasonably could infer that

Washington intended to assist Mitchell in acquiring firearms through false written statements and

that he committed acts in furtherance of that crime, namely, by agreeing to pay Mitchell and then

paying her to make the unlawful purchases. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to convict

Washington on an aiding and abetting theory of guilt.

D. Count Twelve – Felon in Possession of a Firearm

Count Twelve charged Washington with having previously been convicted of numerous

crimes punishable by more than one year imprisonment and knowingly possessing a firearm on

October 6, 2000, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Washington argues that there was insufficient

evidence showing that he possessed the unlawfully obtained firearms recovered from the car he was

riding in on the day of his arrest.

“In order to prove that a defendant knowingly possessed an object, the government must

demonstrate that the defendant had control over the object, either actually or constructively.”

United States v. Murphy, 107 F.3d 1199, 1207 (6th Cir. 1997) (citing United States v. Craven, 478
No. 02-6156

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F.2d 1329, 1333 (6th Cir. 1973)). “If the weapon is not actually possessed, that is within the

immediate power or control of the individual, the government must demonstrate that the person has

‘the power and intention at a given time to exercise dominion and control over an object....’” Id. at

1207-08 (citing Craven, supra, and United States v. Critton, 43 F.3d 1089, 1096 (6th Cir. 1995)).

“Both actual and constructive possession may be proved by circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 1208

(citing Craven, 478 F.2d at 1333).

The evidence showed that Washington paid cash to Mitchell to purchase firearms for him

from two different pawn shops by falsely claiming that she was the actual purchaser of the weapons.

ATF agents, who had had Washington and his cohorts under surveillance the entire day, observed

Kenneth Hill put a white bag in the trunk of his car. A few minutes later, Kenneth Hill, Ronald Hill

and Washington got in the car and drove onto the Interstate, heading toward Chicago. After the car

was pulled over, a search revealed eight weapons in the trunk, hidden inside the bag (actually a

pillow case) that Kenneth Hill had put there. Three of those weapons were determined to be

weapons that Mitchell had purchased for Washington. 

Under these circumstances, the jury could infer that Washington had control over those three

weapons. Even if they were not in his immediate control (because they were in the trunk of Kenneth

Hill’s car), the evidence strongly suggested that Washington had the power and intention, upon his

arrival in Chicago, to exercise dominion and control over those three guns. Accordingly, there was

sufficient evidence for the jury to find that Washington possessed at least three of the unlawfully

acquired guns, if not actually, then constructively.
No. 02-6156

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III.

For all the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s convictions are AFFIRMED.