UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 Civil Case No. 04-00814 (RCL)

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiffs Roger Hall (“Hall”), Studies Solutions Results, Inc., and Accuracy in Media 

(“AIM”) filed this action against defendant Central Intelligence Agency (“CIA” or “Agency”) 

under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552 et seq., seeking records 

concerning prisoners of war or soldiers missing in action from the Vietnam War era. Before the 

Court is the CIA’s motion for summary judgment and plaintiffs’ cross-motion for summary 

judgment, as well as plaintiffs’ request for discovery and in camera review. Upon consideration 

of Judge Kennedy’s November 12, 2009 Memorandum Opinion and Order [137]; CIA’s 

Supplemental Response pursuant to the Court’s 2009 Memorandum Opinion and Order [148]; 

AIM [163] and Hall’s [166] responses to defendant’s supplemental response to the Court’s 2009 

Order; CIA’s reply to plaintiffs’ responses to CIA’s supplemental response [169]; CIA’s

supplemental items 4 and 5 response to the Court’s November 12, 2009 Memorandum Opinion 

and Order [177]; AIM’s Response to CIA’s supplemental responses to the Court’s memorandum 

Opinion and Order [181]; Memorandum of points and authorities in support of plaintiffs’ 

ROGER HALL, et al.,

 Plaintiffs,

 v.

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY,

 Defendant.
2

supplemental memorandum regarding this Courts November 12, 2009 Order and in opposition to 

defendant’s supplemental items 4 and 5 response to Court’s November 12, 2009 Order [182]; 

defendant’s response in support of its May 15, 2012, filing and in opposition to plaintiffs’ 

requests for discovery and in camera review [184]; the applicable law; and the entire record of 

this case; the Court will GRANT IN PART and DENY IN PART the CIA’s Motion for summary 

judgment; GRANT IN PART and DENY IN PART plaintiffs’ Cross-Motion for summary 

judgment, and DENY plaintiffs’ Motions for in camera review and discovery. The Court will 

explain its reasoning in the analysis below.

I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In February 2003, Hall made a FOIA request to the CIA on behalf of himself and AIM, 

seeking assorted records pertaining to POW/MIAs from the Vietnam War era. Hall Compl. ¶ 6. 

Having received no substantive response, Hall and AIM filed this action in May, 2004. Hall v. 

CIA, 668 F. Supp. 2d 172, 176 (D.D.C. 2009). The procedural history of this case, leading up to 

November 12, 2009, is told comprehensively in Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order. Id. at 175–78. 

Though the 2009 Order narrowed the case issues, and though the CIA has since released “several 

thousand pages of records,” many issues remain. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 1. 

Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order held that the CIA must complete the following to be 

awarded summary judgment: (1) provide plaintiffs with all non-exempt records created by the 

CIA which were provided to the Senate Select Committee, id. at 179–80; (2) search for the 

approximately 1,700 names in the Item 5 request and turn over all non-exempt documents, or 

explain why it cannot complete the search without additional biographical information, id. at 

180–81; (3) search its system for responsive documents relating to searches recently conducted 

for other federal agencies, as requested in Item 7, or explain to the Court why it cannot do so, id. 
3

at 181; (4) take affirmative steps to ensure that its referrals and coordination documents are being 

processed by the other agencies, id. at 182; (5) provide supplemental declarations describing its 

search methods, including terms, databases, and other relevant information that will allow the 

Court to evaluate whether the searches were adequate, id. at 184; (6) either search other divisions 

for the requested records, in relation to Item 6, or explain to the Court why those divisions are 

unlikely to have responsive documents, id. at 186; (7) submit an adequate Vaughn index for the 

withholdings it disclosed in November 2005; id. at 187, (8) show an exemption for the withheld 

documents claimed under exception 1 that are under 25 years old, id. at 188–89; (9) provide 

further detail to the Court regarding the documents withheld under exception 2, or provide the 

documents to Hall, id. at 190; (10) provide Hall with the seven1 June 2004 documents claimed 

exempt by the CIA under deliberative process, or provide the Court with more details on the 

reasons for non-disclosure, id. at 192; (11) disclose records withheld pursuant to the attorneyclient privilege, or indicate why withholding is proper as to each document for which it relies on 

the privilege; id., (12) disclose the information withheld under exception 6, or provide the Court 

with more detail on why the exception applies; id. at 193; and (13) specify in detail which 

portions of the documents are disclosable and which are allegedly exempt in regard to the 

segregability of withheld documents, id at 194.

II. STATUTORY FRAMEWORK

Under FOIA, federal government agencies are required to release records to the public 

upon request. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a). FOIA defines “record” as “any information that would be an 

agency record subject to the requirements of [FOIA] when maintained by an agency in any 

format, including an electronic format,” including information “that is maintained for an agency 

 1 The documents are numbers 1100665, 1100667, 1100668, 1100669, 1100670, 1100671, and 1479603. Hall, 668 

F. Supp. 2d at 191 n.18, 19. The CIA was granted summary judgment on all other deliberative process claims. Id. 

at 192.
4

by an entity under Government contract, for the purposes of records management.” 5 U.S.C. 

§ 552(f)(2). A FOIA requester may appeal an agency’s failure to disclose requested records. 5 

U.S.C. § 552(a)(6). The requester may bring suit in federal court if the request for appeal is 

denied. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C)(i). A district court has jurisdiction to order the production of 

any records that have been improperly denied to the requester. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).

III. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party demonstrates that “there is no 

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter 

of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, 

the trier of fact must view all facts, and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, in the light 

most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 

574, 587 (1986). In order to defeat summary judgment, a factual dispute must be capable of 

affecting the substantive outcome of the case and be supported by sufficient admissible evidence 

that a reasonable trier of fact could find for the non-moving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986). 

An agency may be entitled to summary judgment in a FOIA case if it demonstrates that 

no material facts are in dispute, it has conducted an adequate search for responsive records, and 

each responsive record that it has located has either been produced to the plaintiff or is exempt 

from disclosure. See Weisberg v. DOJ, 705 F.2d 365, 368 (D.C. Cir. 1980). To meet its burden, 

a defendant may rely on reasonably detailed and non-conclusory declarations. See McGehee v. 

CIA, 697 F.2d 1095, 1102 (D.C. Cir. 1983).

In a FOIA case, the court determines de novo whether an agency properly withheld 

information under a claimed exemption. Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 
5

242, 251 (D.C. Cir. 1977). “The underlying facts are viewed in the light most favorable to the 

[FOIA] requester,” Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 1350, and the exemptions must be narrowly construed. 

FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 630 (1982). However, courts generally defer to agency 

expertise in national security matters. See, e.g., Taylor v. Dep’t of the Army, 684 F.2d 99, 109 

(D.C. Cir. 1982) (according “utmost deference” to classification affidavits); Krikorian v. Dep’t of 

State, 984 F.2d 461, 464–65 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (acknowledging “unique insights” of executive 

agencies responsible for national defense and foreign relations). While the agency must not 

withhold information in bad faith, Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 

1981), the affidavits submitted by the agency to demonstrate the adequacy of its response are 

presumed to be in good faith. Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 

1981). 

IV. ANALYSIS

A. CIA’s Refusal to Respond to Certain Portions of Plaintiffs’ Requests

i. Item 5

Hall’s Item 5 request2 asked the CIA to provide responsive documents on 1,711 names, 

each of whom is an alleged Vietnam War Era POW/MIA. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 4. The names 

come from “an official [Primary Next-of-Kin] list drawn up by the Department of Defense.” Id.

at 3. In the 2009 Order, Judge Kennedy held that the CIA must conduct the search for the 1,711 

names and release the non-exempt records to the plaintiffs, or explain to the court why the CIA 

would be unable to distinguish responsive records from the search. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 

179–80. The CIA did not originally identify legal authority for denying the Item 5 search 

 2 Hall seeks “[r]ecords relating to [forty-four] individuals who allegedly are Vietnam era POW/MIAs, and whose 

next-of-kin have provided privacy waivers to Roger Hall . . . and those persons who are on the Prisoner of 

War/Missing Personnel Office’s list of persons whose primary next-of-kin (PNOK) have authorized the release of 

information concerning them.” February 2003 Letter at 2.
6

request, Id. at 180, but now claims that a search for all 1,711 names without additional 

identifying information would be unduly burdensome. CIA’s Reply [169] at 5–7.

In 2010, the CIA agreed to search the CIA Automatic Declassification and Release 

Environment (“CADRE”) system for 313 of the 1,711 names, as the 31 names came with

additional identifying information to aid in responsiveness determinations. CIA’s Supp. Resp.

[148] at 13–15. Still at issue in regard to the Item 5 request is (1) whether the CIA must search 

for all 1,711 names provided by Hall; (2) in which systems the CIA must search for those names; 

and (3) whether the CIA properly redacted and withheld Item 5 documents under FOIA 

exemptions. Issues 1 and 2 are addressed here, while issue 3 will be addressed with the other 

exemption claims later in this Opinion.

1. Burdensomeness of the Search

The CIA claims that its CADRE system and archived records are the two systems “most 

likely4

” to contain records responsive to plaintiffs’ Item 5 FOIA request. Cole Decl. ¶ 71. 

However, the CIA claims that searching the CADRE system for anything other than the 34 

names that it has been given “identifying information” for would be an “unreasonable burden.” 

Id. ¶ 75. The CIA also argues that searching its archived records for any names–even those 

names for which it has been supplied additional identifying information–would be unduly 

burdensome. Id. ¶ 73. This Court disagrees, and therefore denies the CIA’s motion for summary 

judgment, and grants plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment in regard to the Item 5 systems 

search.

 3 Since the 2009 Order, Hall has provided additional information for three of the names–Matthes, Fanning, and 

Scharf–all of which the CIA has agreed to search the CADRE system for, though the CIA claims it does this absent 

a legal obligation. Supp. Culver Decl. ¶ 51. Plaintiffs refer to a “Mathes”, while the CIA refers to a “Matthes,” 

neither acknowledging a spelling error by the other side. Id., Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. [182] at 3. Therefore, 

the Court is unsure which is the correct spelling.

4 The issue of the CIA searching only those systems “most likely” to contain Item 5 responsive documents will be 

addressed in section IV(B)(4) of this Opinion.
7

a. CADRE System Search

CADRE stores information processed for the CIA’s information release programs. Id. at 

75. A search conducted in CADRE for the 1,711 names provided by plaintiffs identified almost 

140,000 potentially responsive documents. Id. The CIA claims it would be unduly burdensome 

to make responsiveness determinations based on “name alone,” and therefore only agreed to 

process the search results for 31 of the 1,711 names.5 Id. The Court finds the CIA’s argument 

unpersuasive. 

First, as argued by plaintiffs, the CIA is not asked to determine responsiveness on name 

alone–if the record is regarding an individual as a POW or MIA, it is responsive. AIM’s Resp. 

[163] at 3. Therefore, the CIA’s argument that “it is extremely difficult or impossible to 

determine responsiveness based on name alone” carries little weight. Cole Decl. ¶ 69. Also, the 

CIA does not state that responsiveness would be impossible for all documents, just that it may be 

impossible to determine for some documents. That would mean that some responsive records, 

perhaps even a vast majority, could be determined to be responsive. The CIA offers no estimates 

of the percentage of documents for which responsiveness would be “impossible.”

Second, as plaintiffs mention, the CIA gives no estimate of how long it would take to 

review the 140,000 folders. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 7. The CIA has remained silent on the issue of 

estimating the man-hours involved, even after plaintiffs raised the issue. This Court will not find 

a search unduly burdensome on conclusory statements alone. Therefore, the CIA must search its 

CADRE system for all 1,711 names, and produce all responsive non-exempt documents to 

plaintiffs.

b. Archived Records Search

 5 Thirty-one names included information such as birthdate and/or social security numbers. Hall later supplied 

additional information for 3 more names, which the CIA agreed to search for, bringing the total to 34.
8

The CIA’s archived records are available only in hard copy and are searchable only by an 

electronic index. Cole Decl. ¶ 71–72. A search of this electronic index found that 16,423 hardcopy file folders in the archived records might contain responsive Item 5 records. Id. ¶ 73. The 

CIA argues that “[t]o continue the search and process the results for the 1,711 names in the 

CIA’s archived records would be unduly burdensome.” Id. However, this Court cannot find 

sufficient justification from the CIA to preclude the search.

The only support the CIA can conjure for its burdensome argument is that “CIA 

personnel would have to pull the relevant boxes, unseal the boxes, locate the correct file folders 

identified by the electronic index, then manually review all of the documents in each folder 

merely to determine whether each archived document would be responsive to plaintiffs’ 

request.” Id ¶ 74. Or to put it another way, someone would have to grab a box, open it, grasp 

the identified file folder, and look at it. Despite the CIA’s detailed tutorial on how to get a file

out of a box, again it fails to provide the Court with an estimate of how many man-hours are 

necessary to fulfill the search.6

 The Court will not find a search unduly burdensome simply 

because of the level of description shown and the number of steps used to describe looking into a 

box. Therefore, the Court denies summary judgment to the CIA in regard to the adequacy of its 

Item 5 search, and grants summary judgment to plaintiffs’ in regard to the Item 5 systems search.

2. Item 7

Plaintiffs’ Item 7 requested “[a]ll records on or pertaining to any search conducted 

regarding any other requests for records pertaining to Vietnam War POW/MIAs, including any 

search for such records conducted in response to any request by any congressional committee or 

 6 In support of the search being unduly burdensome, the CIA cites a D.C. Circuit Court case, affirming that a search 

requiring a dozen people working full-time for over a year to be unduly burdensome. CIA’s Reply [169] at 6 (citing 

Int’l Counsel Bureau v. Dep’t of Defense, 723 F. Supp. 2d 54, 59 (D.D.C. 2010)).The CIA has offered no such 

estimates here for the Court.
9

executive branch agency.” Pl.s’ Compl. [1] at 4. The 2009 Order found that “based on the 

parties’ representations, the Court will treat item 7 as excluding records of searches performed in 

response to previous FOIA requests.” Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 181. The Court stated that it 

could not grant summary judgment until the CIA performed the Item 7 search or explained to the 

Court why such a search was not possible. Id.

The CIA searched its CADRE system for documents requested by other federal agencies 

that concerned POW/MIAs. Nelson Decl. ¶ 39. The CIA searched for “EB case type” files, as 

that was “the only part of the CADRE database likely to contain any information concerning 

search requests from other federal agencies . . . .” Id. The search, which used numerous 

manifestations of POW and MIA terms, returned no responsive documents. Id. ¶ 40.

Plaintiffs argue that the CIA “misinterpreted the Court’s Order,” in regard to Item 7, and 

that the search was inadequate because it did not search for records produced “in response to any 

request by any congressional committee” as was originally requested. AIM Response at 7–8. 

The CIA argues that this issue was raised by AIM for the first time in the April 18, 2011 

response, and that AIM has thus waived that issue. CIA’s Reply [169] at 10. This Court 

disagrees.

There seems to be some confusion as to what plaintiffs’ Item 7 request entails. In the 

plaintiffs’ FOIA request and Complaint, plaintiffs requested “All records on or pertaining to any 

search . . . for records pertaining to Vietnam War POW/MIAs, including . . . in response to any 

request by any congressional committee . . . .” AIM FOIA Request [114-1] at 2; plaintiffs’ 

Complaint [1] at 4 (emphasis added). But, the Nelson Declaration states: “In Item 7, plaintiffs 

initially requested ‘all records pertaining to any search ever conducted by the Agency, at any 

time and for any reason, for records concerning Vietnam War POW/MIAs.’” Nelson Decl. ¶ 35
10

(citing Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 181). This language differs from the complaint and original 

FOIA request language cited above, which also asked for the congressional committee requests. 

The CIA appears to have used the language from the 2009 Order–which appears to misquote 

Hall’s 2003 letter request concerning Item 7–to excuse them from the full extent of plaintiffs’

FOIA request. The CIA then argues the issue was brought up for the first time in AIM’s 

response, even though it was in the FOIA request and the Complaint. 

The CIA has made no claims that it is unable to conduct the search in question. 

Therefore, summary judgment cannot be granted until it searches for all records on or pertaining 

to any search conducted regarding any congressional committee requests pertaining to Vietnam 

War POW/MIAs, in all systems likely to contain responsive documents, and provides plaintiffs 

with all non-exempt records and photographs. Therefore, the CIA’s motion for summary 

judgment in regard to Item 7 is denied, and the plaintiffs’ cross-motion for summary judgment as 

to the Item 7 congressional committee request search is granted.

3. Referral/Coordination Documents

Referral documents are documents “that originated from a third agency.” Nelson Decl. at 

13 n.9. When this is the case, “[t]he agency . . . refers the document to the originating agency for 

a direct response to the requester.” Id. Coordination documents involve CIA-originated 

materials that contain “information, the disclosure of which, would affect the interests or 

activities of another federal agency.” Id. When this is the case, “[t]he Agency . . . contacts the 

third-party agency in order to obtain guidance on whether to release or withhold the information” 

and the CIA responds to the FOIA requestor directly.

An agency “must take responsibility for processing the [FOIA] request” even if the 

documents originated elsewhere. McGehee, 697 F.2d at 1110. Referrals are appropriate, but a 
11

referral system constitutes withholding “if its net effect is significantly to impair the requester’s 

ability to obtain the records or significantly to increase the amount of time he must wait to obtain 

them.” Id. The withholding is “‘improper’ unless the agency can offer a reasonable explanation 

for its procedure.” Id.

a. Item 3

Plaintiffs requested the Item 3 records in February 2003. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 182. 

“The CIA released the results of the search it conducted in response to that request in September 

2007.” Id. The search found responsive documents “that originated from a third agency” which 

were referred to “unnamed agencies” for review. At the time of the 2009 Order, plaintiffs had 

not yet received those documents. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 182. The Court held that “the CIA is 

responsible for responding to [the Item 3] request and that it must take affirmative steps to ensure 

that its referrals are being processed, which it should describe in its supplemental filing.” Id. 

The CIA updated the Court on the referral process in its August 23, 2010 Supplemental 

Response. CIA’s Supp. Resp. [148] at 17–20. The CIA stated that Item 3 referral documents 

concerned 6 different agencies, and each agency was sent a May 24, 2010, registered letter 

requesting that the originating agencies process the referral documents and respond to plaintiffs 

as soon as possible. Id. at 18–19. The CIA followed up with those agencies in June and July of 

2010, and as of August 23, 2010, the CIA claimed that “[p]laintiffs have received final responses 

from all six originating agencies to which the CIA sent referral documents.” Id. Plaintiffs have 

not disputed that all Item 3 referral documents have been received, so the Court finds that, here, 

the CIA has met its burden.

The CIA also had 13 coordination documents responsive to Item 3, concerning 11

agencies. Id. “[O]n August 3, 2010, two coordination documents were released to plaintiffs in 
12

full and eleven were [released in part].” Id. The withheld information invoked exemptions 1, 3, 

and 6, with supporting declarations from the coordinating agencies. Id. at 20. The 

appropriateness of the exemption claims will be discussed in the exemption portion of this 

Opinion, but it is found here that the Agency fulfilled its burden as to the coordination of these 

documents, and therefore, the CIA is granted summary judgment in regard to the following 

coordination documents.

b. Item 4

Of the 1,452 Item 4 responsive documents, the CIA claims that 167 contained 

information that required coordination with other agencies. Culver Supp. Decl. ¶ 7. Of the 167 

coordination documents, two have been released in whole, and 165 released in part. Id. The 

CIA released the Item 4 coordination documents to plaintiffs by letter on November 30, 2011. 

Id. Again, the appropriateness of the exemption claims here will be discussed in the exemption 

portion of this Opinion, but it is found here that the Agency fulfilled its burden as to the 

coordination of these documents.

c. Item 5

The CIA states that on January 21, 2011, nineteen Item 5 CIA-originated documents were 

sent to appropriate agencies7

, while non-CIA-originated documents were referred for direct 

response to plaintiffs. Cole Supp. Decl. ¶ 5. The CIA released the nineteen Item 5 coordination 

documents, in part, to plaintiffs by letter on November 30, 2011. Culver Supp. Decl. ¶ 7. The 

appropriateness of the exemption claims here will be discussed in the exemption portion of this 

opinion.

 7 These agencies are the Defense Intelligence Agency (“DIA”), the National Security Council (“NSC”), National 

Security Agency (“NSA”), Department of Defense (“DOD”), and Department of State (“DOS”).” Cole Supp. Decl. 

¶ 5.
13

Of the Item 5 referral documents, 48 originated with DOD, three with NSA, and 20 with 

DIA. Id. ¶ 54. The CIA sent each agency a notice of the referral documents on January 21, 2011. 

Id. “In September 2011, the CIA followed up with the DoD and NSA about the Item 5 referral 

documents.” Id. On September 27, 2011, the NSA stated that it hoped to have review complete 

by the end of the month. Id. ¶ 55. On November 29, 2011, DOD stated that it anticipated 

finalizing the DOD and DIA documents “within the next 20–30 days.” Id. Hall and AIM appear 

to have received these documents because they have not stated otherwise, therefore the Court 

assumes they have received these Item 5 referral documents. However, there is still a remaining

Item 5 referral issue.

The CIA conducted a supplemental Item 5 search for “Capt. Peter Richard Mathes,” 

finding seven responsive documents, all originating with other agencies. Culver Supp. Decl. ¶ 

52. On September 21, 2011, “the CIA sent the originating agencies a notice of the referral 

documents that need to be processed.” Id. Hall claims he has still not heard anything from these 

“unnamed agencies.” Hall’s Mem. and Pts and Auth. [182] at 4. The CIA responds that “[i]f 

these agencies have failed to provide a timely response to plaintiff, it is up to plaintiffs to take 

whatever action they deem appropriate directly with those agencies.” CIA’s Resp. [184] at 5–6. 

The CIA goes on to state that it “has fulfilled its obligation and has no power or control over the 

actions of another federal agency.” Id. at 6. Here, the CIA’s response is not only baffling, but 

the failure to produce the documents amounts to an improper withholding. 

The CIA apparently chooses to ignore Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order, where it was made 

clear that an agency “‘must take responsibility for processing the [FOIA] request’ even if the 

documents originated elsewhere.” Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 182 (citing McGehee, 697 F.2d at 

1110). For the CIA to then tell this Court that “[i]f these agencies have failed to provide a timely 
14

response to plaintiff, it is up to plaintiffs to take whatever action they deem appropriate directly 

with those agencies,” may explain why this case has limped along for so many years. CIA’s 

Resp. [184] at 5–6. Judge Kennedy’s Order even cited a case where an agency that took 11 

months to produce referral documents was found to have “ignored its responsibilities under 

FOIA.” Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 182 (quoting Keys v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 570 F. Supp. 

2d 59, 70 (D.D.C. 2008)).

It has been over 10 months since the CIA sent the referral letter, and the CIA has offered 

no evidence that it has followed up with the “unnamed agencies” in regard to the referral 

documents. Because the CIA is responsible for responsive records, even when those records 

originated with other agencies, this Court holds that the CIA must take immediate affirmative 

steps to be sure that each referral is being processed, which it shall describe in its supplemental 

filing.

B. The Adequacy of the CIA’s Search

Review of the adequacy of an agency’s search for records responsive to a FOIA request 

is based on “principles of reasonableness.” Weisberg, 745 F.2d at 1485. An agency is required 

“to make a good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using methods which 

can reasonably be expected to produce the information requested.” Int’l Trade Overseas, Inc. v. 

Agency for Int’l Dev., 688 F. Supp. 33, 36 (D.D.C 1988) (quoting Marrera v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Justice, 622 F. Supp. 51, 54 (D.D.C 1985)). The Court may rely on “[a] reasonably detailed 

affidavit, setting forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and averring that all 

files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched.” ValenciaLucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 326 (D.C. Cir 1999) (quoting Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 

68). An agency is not required to search all of its records systems if searches of particular 
15

systems “are unlikely to produce any marginal return.” Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 164 

F.3d 20, 28 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (citing Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68).

1. Item 3

Plaintiff’s Item 3 seeks records

prepared by and/or assembled by the CIA between January 1, 1960 and December 

31, 2002, relating to the status of any United States POWs or MIAs in Laos, 

including but not limited to any reports, memoranda, letters, notes or other 

documents prepared by Mr. Horgan or any other officer, agent or employee of the 

CIA for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the President, or any federal agency.

February 7, 2003 Letter [5-1] at 2.

The CIA provided responsive Item 3 documents on September 28, 2007,

8 but Judge Kennedy 

held that the CIA did not provide enough information on the search to grant summary judgment,

stating that “[t]he CIA must provide a supplemental declaration describing its search method, 

including search terms, databases searched, and other relevant information that will allow the 

Court to evaluate whether the Agency’s search was adequate.” Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 184. 

National Clandestine Files (“NCS”) were not searched, because “all NCS records likely to be 

responsive to plaintiffs’ FOIA request would be located in CIA operational files . . . .” Nelson

Decl. at 4 n.6. The CIA filed the Nelson Declaration in August 2010, which detailed who 

conducted the Item 3 search, the databases searched, and the search terms used. Id. ¶ 5–26. 

Plaintiffs’ argue that the Item 3 search was inadequate because the CIA only searched those 

systems “most likely” to contain responsive documents. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 4 n.2. This Court 

disagrees.

Plaintiffs are correct that an adequate FOIA search involves searching all record systems 

“likely to produce responsive documents.” Oglesby 920 F.2d at 68. Plaintiffs also correctly 

observe that the CIA states that the Item 3 search of the DIR offices was done in the systems

 8

CIA’s Supp. Resp. [148] at 22–28.
16

“most likely” to contain responsive records. Nelson Decl. ¶ 9 (emphasis added). A search of the 

systems “most likely” to contain responsive documents does not satisfy FOIA, because systems 

that are not the “most likely” to contain documents may still be likely to contain responsive 

documents. However, the CIA also states that the offices that were searched9 “were the only 

offices within the DIR likely to contain information responsive to Item 3 of Plaintiffs’ request.” 

Id. This statement meets the test, and it does not contradict the previous assertion. Searching all 

systems likely to contain responsive documents would also be a search of the systems “most 

likely” to contain responsive documents. Because the CIA submitted declarations explaining in 

reasonable detail the scope and method of the agency’s search,

10 and explained in adequate detail

that all systems likely to contain responsive records were searched, this Court finds the CIA’s 

Item 3 search to be adequate. Therefore, the Court grants summary judgment to the CIA in 

regard to the adequacy of its Item 3 search, and denies summary judgment to plaintiffs.

2. Item 4

In the 2009 Order, the Court held that the CIA must turn over all copies of non-exempt 

CIA created records included with the Senate Select Committee documents on POW/MIA 

Affairs that were withdrawn from the National Archives. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 179–80. The 

Agency has since stated that it possesses 1,452 CIA-originated documents responsive to the 

plaintiff’s Item 4 request. CIA’s Supp. Resp. [148] at 2. On August 20, 2010, the CIA provided 

plaintiffs with 44 of the documents in full, 970 in part, and 271 were withheld in full. Id. 

Documents were withheld under FOIA exceptions 1, 3, and 6. Id. 3–12. The agency also found 

 9 The Nelson Declaration states that the CIA searched the Directors Action Center, National Intelligence Counsel, 

Office of the Inspector General, Office of General Counsel, and the Office of Congressional Affairs. Nelson Decl. 

¶ 9. 10 Judge Kennedy’s Order asked for information about the search, specifically asking that the CIA explain “whether 

it used both ‘prisoner of war’ and ‘prisoners of War’ as search terms.” Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 184 n.9. The Order 

also asked whether the search was case sensitive. Id. The CIA has stated that searches would have “captured 

records responsive to singular and plural versions of these search terms.” Nelson Decl. ¶ 10. The CIA also stated 

that the searches were not case sensitive. Id.
17

that 167 documents contained information that affected third-party federal agencies, and that the 

CIA was working with those agencies to determine what releases would be appropriate. Id. at 2–

3. Hall claims that the CIA improperly redacted and withheld Item 4 documents, Hall’s Resp. 

[166] at 19–26, that the Item 4 search was inadequate because subsequent searches were not 

conducted using terms found in released Item 4 documents, id. at 8–16,

11 that referral documents 

have not been provided, id. at 16–17, and that not all Item 4 documents were identified, id. at 19. 

The adequacy of identification claims of Item 4 documents will be discussed here, while the 

exemption claims, use of additional search terms, and referral documents, will be discussed 

below in those relevant sections.

Hall argues that, though the CIA identified 1,472 documents responsive to Item 4, “1,766 

documents had been forwarded to the Library of Congress and 574 documents had been denied 

in their entirety.” Hall’s Resp. [166] at 19. Hall cites a November 9, 1993, letter from CIA 

Director R. James Woolsey to the President for this information. Id. The CIA counters this by 

stating that the letter refers to a document review effort “pursuant to Executive Order 12812, an 

effort entirely distinct from the CIA’s review of the” Item 4 documents, thus making it 

“irrelevant of Plaintiffs’ FOIA request.” CIA’s Reply [169] at 4. The Court finds the CIA’s 

explanation credible, and plaintiffs have not responded to the CIA’s argument. Therefore, the 

Court holds that the CIA has properly identified all relevant Item 4 documents and grants 

summary judgment to the CIA in regard to the adequacy of its Item 4 search, and denies 

summary judgment to plaintiffs.

3. Item 5

 11 Hall does not specify that he is referring to Item 4 documents here, but just as the CIA states in its reply, the Court 

also “presumes that these [inadequate search] references relate to Item 4 . . . .” CIA’s Reply [169] at 2 n.1. This is 

because of Hall’s reference to the CIA’s recent release of thousands of pages of records, and the CIA produced the 

vast majority of Item 4 records in August 2010. Id.
18

For a search to be adequate, an agency must search all record systems “likely to produce 

responsive documents.” Oglesby 920 F.2d at 68. The CIA states that “[i]n conducting a search 

for records on 1,711 individuals to be responsive to Item 5, the Agency’s Information Review 

Officers determined that there are two records systems most likely to contain information 

responsive to Plaintiffs’ Item 5 FOIA request: the CIA’s archived records . . . and the electronic 

CIA Automatic Declassification and Release Environment (a.k.a. CADRE).” Cole Decl. ¶ 71. 

(emphasis added). Again, only searching the databases “most likely” to contain responsive 

documents does not satisfy FOIA, as it may preclude record systems that are less likely than 

others to contain responsive documents, yet may still likely contain them.

The CIA argues in a reply that in regard to Item 5 it “did not limit its search to exclude 

any additional databases likely to contain responsive information.” CIA’s Reply [169] at 9–10. 

The CIA also states that it “made a good-faith effort to search all records systems reasonably 

expected to produce the information requested.” Id. at 10. However, these statements were 

lacking from the agency-supplied declarations. “To show reasonableness at the summary 

judgment phase, an agency must set forth sufficient information in its affidavits for a court to 

determine if the search was adequate.” Nation Magazine, Washington Bureau v. United States

Customs Service, 71 F.3d 885, 890 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Because the CIA’s affidavits stated that the 

CIA searched the systems “most likely” to contain responsive documents, the Court concludes 

that the CIA has only searched systems “most likely” to contain responsive documents, and did 

not search all systems “likely to produce responsive documents.” Therefore, the Court denies the 

defendant’s motion for summary judgment in respect to Item 5, grants summary judgment to 

plaintiffs, and holds that the CIA must search for all 1,711 names in all systems that are likely to 

produce responsive documents.
19

4. Item 6

Plaintiffs’ Item 6 requests “records pertaining to searches the CIA performed in response 

to Hall’s 1994 and 1998 FOIA requests as well as to fee assessments connected to those 

searches.” Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 185. The CIA had searched only one record system for 

documents, which plaintiffs challenged as inadequate. Id. at 185–86, AIM’s Resp. [163] at 8. 

Judge Kennedy held that the Court was unable to grant summary judgment on Item 6 because the 

Koch Declaration did not state whether other systems were also likely to contain responsive 

documents. Id. at 186.

This Court finds that the CIA’s Item 6 search satisfies FOIA. The Agency provided this 

Court with a detailed affidavit concerning the Item 6 search. Nelson Decl. ¶ 32–34. The Agency 

searched for the documents using Hall’s name and case numbers, searched all systems likely to 

contain responsive records, named the supervisor of the search, and provided the Court with an 

explanation as to why other systems would only contain duplicate responsive records. Id. ¶ 34. 

AIM states that the CIA’s Item 6 search remains inadequate, but puts forth no evidence or 

supporting legal argument. AIM’s Resp. [163] at 8–9. Because the CIA’s search methods could 

reasonably be expected to produce the information requested, and because plaintiffs offer no 

evidence or legal argument to suggest otherwise, the CIA’s item 6 search is found to be 

adequate. Thus, in regard to the item 6 search, the CIA is granted summary judgment, and 

summary judgment is denied to plaintiffs.

5. Item 8

Plaintiffs’ Item 8 requests “[a]ll records of whatever nature pertaining to the estimates of 

fees made in response to the February 7, 2003 Freedom of Information Act request of Mr. Roger 

Hall and Studies Solutions Research, Inc., and how each estimate was made.” AIM’s FOIA 
20

request [114-1] at 2. AIM, again, claims that the Item 8 search was inadequate, without offering 

evidence or a legal argument. AIM’s Resp. [163] at 8–9. Judge Kennedy previously ruled that 

plaintiffs had conceded the adequacy of the Item 8 search, and entered judgment in favor the 

CIA as to the adequacy of the search for item 8 records, rendering AIM’s argument against the 

adequacy of the Item 8 search moot. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 186.

6. Use of Additional Search Terms

Hall claims that the CIA’s search for responsive documents has been inadequate because 

“obvious search terms” were not used. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 9. Hall wants a further search of 

CIA records using search terms or activities found in previously released documents from this 

action. Id. at 8–14. Hall argues that the use of additional search words “could help pinpoint the 

location of records that are very much at the center of Hall’s quest for responsive records.” Id. at 

9. The CIA argues that “agencies are generally not obligated to ‘look beyond the four corners of 

the request for leads to the location of responsive documents.’” CIA’s Resp. [169] at 2 (citing 

Kowalczyk v. Dep't of Justice, 73 F.3d 386, 389 (D.C. Cir. 1996)).

The standard for an adequate search is whether it was “reasonably calculated to uncover 

all relevant documents.” Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 1351. The question is whether the search itself 

was adequate, notwithstanding whether other responsive documents may exist. Steinberg v. 

United States Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C. Cir. 1994). 

Hall argues that the CIA search is inadequate because it does not employ the terms

“LPW12,” “Walking Kilo13,” “Walking K,” “circle search14,” and “stay behind status15,” all of 

which were terms found in documents released through this litigation. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 9–

 12 Hall states that “’LPW’ appears to stand for ‘Laotian Prisoner of War.’” Hall’s Resp. [166] at 9. 13 Hall claims that “Walking K” and “Walking Kilo” are terms that “refer to a symbol used to signal the presence of 

POWs.” Id. at 9. 14 “Circle Search” is a term found in document C00479111. Id. 15 “Stay behind status” is a term found in document C00493325. Id at 10.
21

10. However, Hall only cites to a single released document containing each new search term. 

Id. Hall also fails to explain why these specific terms are necessary to uncover responsive 

documents, simply stating in regard to “LPW”: “[t]his is a significant search term which the CIA 

did not employ.” Id. at 9. With “several thousand pages of records”16 released by the CIA, a 

showing that each newly suggested search term existed in a single document is not enough to 

find the CIA’s search inadequate without further explanation as to why these terms in particular 

would uncover responsive documents that the previous search did not. Because this Court finds 

that the original CIA search terms were ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant 

documents,” a further search with these new terms in not required under FOIA.

7. Missing Documents

Hall claims that the CIA’s search for responsive documents has been inadequate because 

released records reference other documents–or activities that may have created additional 

documents–that have not been released or otherwise identified. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 8. Hall

cites records that reference specific attachments that are missing,

17 records that detail activity 

that Hall claims would have created documents not produced,

18 and documents that “indicate[] 

the intention to create additional documents . . .” which were not produced.

19

Failure to locate specific documents does not render the agency’s search inadequate or 

demonstrate that the search was conducted in bad faith. See Twist v. Gonzales, 171 F. Appx. 

855, 855 (D.C. Cir. 2005). The inquiry is “whether the search was reasonably calculated to 

discover the requested documents, not whether it actually uncovered every document extant.” 

SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1201. Courts measure reasonableness by examining the method of the 

 16 Id. at 1. 17 Hall’s Resp. [166] at 10. 18 Id. at 12.

19 Id. at 11.
22

search, not by determining whether additional responsive documents might potentially exist. 

Cleary, Gottleib, Steen & Hamilton v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 844 F.Supp. 770, 777 

n.4 (D.D.C. 1993) (citing Meeropol v. Meese, 790 F. 2d 942, 952–53 (D.C. Cir. 1986)). Here, 

some of Hall’s arguments about additional responsive documents are valid, while others lack the 

support necessary to move beyond pure speculation. 

a. Missing Records, Photographs, and Attachments Specifically Mentioned in Released 

Documents

Where specific records, photographs, or attachments are referenced in CIA documents, it 

is no longer “mere speculation” that the files exist. Here, the CIA has provided plaintiffs with 

documents that reference other specific responsive records that have not been produced. Hall’s 

Resp. [166] at 10–14. The CIA argues that plaintiffs “must provide support for the proposition 

that [the records] are maintained in the agency’s database or that agency controls them.” CIA’s 

Resp. [184] at 3, citing Accuracy in Media, Inc. v. Nat’l Transp. Safety Bd., No. 03–00024, 2006 

WL 826070, at *8 (D.D.C. Mar. 29, 2006). The fact that the CIA maintained and controlled the 

documents that reference the other documents, many of them attachments, provides support for 

the proposition that the CIA maintains and controls those missing records. Therefore, the CIA 

must show that it has conducted a reasonable good-faith search for the missing attachments, 

enclosures, photographs, and reports mentioned in documents C00482286, C00465737, 

C00482286, C00492378, C00492397, C00492546, C00478688, C00492526, C00471978, 

C00478651, C00492461, C00492546, C00472096 and C00483710, and provide plaintiffs with 

all non-exempt records. 

For the search to be adequate, the CIA must provide a declaration that shows the Court 

that such a reasonable good-faith search was attempted to locate these missing records. Though 

the CIA’s search will not be found inadequate if it is unable to find these attachments, it cannot 
23

demonstrate beyond material doubt that its search was “reasonably calculated to uncover all 

relevant documents” until those missing responsive documents are searched for.

b. Records Detailing Events that May Have Produced Additional Records That Are Missing

Hall also argues that records detailing activity that may have created additional 

documents were not produced,

20 and documents that “indicate[] the intention to create additional 

documents . . .” were not produced.

21 For example, document C00482214 refers to the need to 

“positively confirm[] the existence of POWs with [redacted], a list of names, and the exact 

location.” Hall argues “[t]his indicates the intention to create additional documents regarding 

these requirements. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 11. Here, Hall’s argument fails because the existence 

of the “missing” records is too speculative.

The information provided in these documents–concerning activities that may produce 

additional documents or the intention to create additional documents–does not rise above 

“speculation” as to the existence of additional records. There is no indication that any of these

records were actually created, only that there may have been an intention at one point to create 

documents that would have been responsive to plaintiffs’ request. Therefore, the CIA is not 

required to conduct additional searches concerning records C00465439, C00472095, 

C00482214, C00493228, C00479111, C00479111, C00493325, C00478741, and C00480204.

C. Exemption Claims

1. Exemption 1

Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order found that the CIA met its burden on the exemption 1 

claims for records less than 25 years old, but found that the CIA must further justify the 

withholding of exemption 1 records that were more than 25 years old. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 

 20 Hall’s Resp. [166] at 12. 21 Id. at 11.
24

189. Since the Order, the CIA has claimed additional withholdings under exemption 1, in regard 

to responsive documents released after that Order. Plaintiffs argue that exemption 1 

withholdings by the CIA, DOD, and NSA are improper. Hall’s Memo. of Pts. and Auth. [182] 

at 18.

Exemption 1 protects matters that are: “(A) specifically authorized under criteria 

established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign 

policy and (B) are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order.” 5 U.S.C. 

§ 552(b)(1). Pursuant to Executive Order 13526,

22 75 Fed. Reg. 707 (Dec. 29, 2009), 

information may be classified only if all of the following conditions are met:

(1) an original classification authority is classifying the information;

(2) the information is owned by, produced by or for, or is under the control of the 

United States Government;

(3) the information falls within one of more of the categories of information listed 

in section 1.4 of this order; and

(4) the original classification authority determines that the unauthorized 

disclosure of the information reasonably could be expected to result in 

damage to the national security, which includes defense against transnational 

terrorism, and the original classification authority is able to identify or 

describe the damage.

Id. § 1.1(a). The phrase “damage to the national security” means “harm to the national defense 

or foreign relations of the United States from the unauthorized disclosure of information, taking 

into consideration such aspects of the information as the sensitivity, value, utility, and 

provenance of that information.” Id. § 6.1(l). Information may be classified either at the “top 

secret,” “secret,” or “confidential” level, Id. § 1.2(a), and such classified information must fall 

within one of the following categories:

 22 Hall cites Executive Order 13256. He appears to have transposed the “2” and the “5”, as this executive order 

concerns “President’s Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities.” 67 Fed. Reg. 6823 (Feb. 

12, 2002).
25

(a) military plans, weapons systems, or operations;

(b) foreign government information;

(c) intelligence activities (including covert action), intelligence sources or 

methods, or cryptology;

(d) foreign relations or foreign activities of the United States, including 

confidential sources;

(e) scientific, technological, or economic matters relating to the national security;

(f) United States Government programs for safeguarding nuclear materials or 

facilities;

(g) vulnerabilities or capabilities of systems, installations, infrastructures, 

projects, plans, or protection services relating to the national security; or 

(h) the development, production, or use of weapons of mass destruction.

Id. § 1.4.

The agency bears the burden of establishing that documents are properly classified as 

secret and thus clearly exempt from disclosure. Founding Church of Scientology of Wash., D.C., 

Inc. v. Bell, 603 F.2d 945, 949 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)). However, in 

national security cases, “little proof or explanation is required beyond a plausible assertion that 

information is properly classified.” Morley, 508 F.3d at 1124. For the reasons discussed below, 

the Court holds that the CIA has met its burden for all exemption 1 withholdings.

The CIA argues that it is the original classification authority, Cole Decl. ¶¶ 15, 57–60, 

that the withheld information is government information, Id. ¶¶ 16, 57, that it falls within § 1.4, 

Id. ¶¶ 17, 57–60, and that the release of the information could be reasonably expected to damage 

the national security. Id. ¶¶ 58. The CIA claims the national security concerns exist because the 

documents could reveal confidential sources and expose CIA intelligence methods. Id. ¶ 59, 

¶ 22–31. 

Plaintiffs argue that “[t]he documents released to Hall do not contain the required 

classification markings of this or any predecessor Executive orders.” Hall’s Resp. [166] at 28. 

Plaintiffs state that that there is only a “stamp which gives a crossed-out classification level, but 

there is no indication of who had the authority to place the stamp or when it was put on the 
26

document.” Id. Therefore, plaintiffs argue that the CIA must either restore any classification 

markings or the Court should find that the exemption 1 claims fail. Id. at 30. However, the CIA 

adequately explains the lack of classification markings on the documents–the documents in their 

redacted form are not classified–therefore the markings required by § 1.6(a) “are inapplicable to 

the documents released to Plaintiffs.” CIA’s Reply [169] at 16. Plaintiffs do not offer a counter 

to this argument, therefore the Court finds that the records are properly classified.

Plaintiffs also argue that the exemption 1 claims should fail because Cole’s Declaration 

statements may be “based on information provided by others.” Id. at 31. This argument fails, 

because a declarant in a FOIA case satisfies the personal knowledge requirement if he or she 

“attest[s] to the personal knowledge of the procedures used in handling [a FOIA] request and his 

familiarity with the documents in question.” Madison Mech., Inc. v. Nat'l Aeronautics and 

Space Admin., No. 99–2854, 2003 WL 1477014, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4110 at *17 (D.D.C. 

Mar. 20, 2003) (quoting Spannaus v. DOJ, 813 F.2d 1285, 1289 (4th Cir.1987)). Therefore, 

Cole’s account that: “I make the following statements based upon my personal knowledge and 

information made available to me in my official capacity” as the Information Review Officer 

meets the test for the level of personal knowledge necessary for a FOIA declaration. Cole Decl. 

¶ 1–4.

Plaintiffs’ argument of the “speculative”23 nature of the national security concern and the 

fact that the region is no longer “the subject of armed conflict or terrorism against the United 

States” also fails. Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. [182] at 18. Cole states that the withheld 

information concerns human intelligence sources, the disclosure of which, even if they are no 

longer living or not given by name, and in an area free from conflict, jeopardizes future 

cooperation with the CIA and would reveal methods still in use by the CIA today. Cole Decl. 

 23Hall’s Resp. [166] at 36.
27

¶ 22–31. There will always be a certain level of speculation when assessing the dangers of 

releasing such information, but this circuit has held that, so long as the agency affidavit contains 

“reasonable specificity” and “information logically falls within claimed exemption,” then the 

“court should not conduct a more detailed inquiry to test the agency’s judgment.” Larson v. 

Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 865 (D.C. Cir. 2009). The Cole Declaration contains the necessary 

level of specificity required in exemption 1 claims, as specific documents are referenced, and the 

reasons for information withholding cited. Therefore, the Court grants summary judgment to the 

CIA in respect to the current exemption 1 withholdings.

Lastly, records over 25 years old that have permanent historical value are automatically 

unclassified. Exec. Order No. 12958 § 3.3(a), 60 Fed. Reg. at 19832. However, this does not 

apply to information that “could be expected to: reveal the identity of a confidential human 

source, or a human intelligence source, or reveal information about the application of an 

intelligence source or method. Id. § 3.4(b)(1), 60 Fed. Reg. at 19832. The CIA, in adequate 

detail, has demonstrated that the withheld exemption 1 information would expose sources and 

reveal intelligence methods. Cole Decl. ¶ 40, 60. This Court finds that the CIA’s exemption 1 

declarations contain reasonable specificity and the withholdings logically fall within the 

exemption. Therefore, this court grants summary judgment to the CIA in regard to its exemption 

1 withholdings and deny summary judgment to plaintiffs.

2. Exemption 2

Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order denied summary judgment to the CIA in regard to the 

exemption 2 documents. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 190. The Order stated that the CIA must 

submit a supplemental filing to the Court with further detail as to its exemption 2 claim, or 

disclose to plaintiffs the information previously withheld under that exemption. Id. However, 
28

“the CIA asserted exemption (b)(3) for all the redactions where it also asserted ‘low b(2)’” and 

Judge Kennedy granted summary judgment to the CIA’s exemption 3 withholdings. CIA’s 

Reply [169] at 18; Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 190. Therefore, the CIA correctly states that this 

issue is moot. Id. at 18.

3. Exemption 3

The CIA was granted summary judgment on its exemption 3 claims in the 2009 Order

because plaintiffs did not respond to the CIA’s exemption 3 argument. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at

190. However, the CIA has withheld additional information and records under exemption 3, in 

reference to Item 4 and 5 responsive records, following the 2009 Order. Cole Decl. ¶ 34. This

Court finds that the CIA has met the burden of supporting its new exemption 3 withholdings and

therefore grants the CIA summary judgment on exemption 3.

Exemption 3 covers records that are

specifically exempted from disclosure by statute . . ., provided that such statute 

(A) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to 

leave no discretion on the issue, or (B) establishes particular criteria for 

withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld.

5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). For a statute to fall under exemption 3, the disclosure prohibition must at 

least “explicitly deal with public disclosure.” Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. 

DOJ, 816 F.2d 730, 734 (D.C. Cir.), modified on other grounds, 831 F.2d 1124 (D.C. Cir. 1987), 

rev’d on other grounds, 489 U.S. 749 (1989). An agency invoking exemption 3 must submit 

affidavits that provide “the kind of detailed, scrupulous description [of the withheld documents] 

that enables a District Court judge to perform a de novo review.” Church of Scientology of Cal., 

Inc. v. Turner, 662 F.2d 784, 786 (D.C. Cir. 1980). The affidavits need not contain factual 

descriptions the public disclosure of which would endanger the agency’s mission, Vaughn v. 
29

Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 826–27 (D.C. Cir. 1973), but neither can they be vague or conclusory. 

Church of Scientology, 662 F.2d at 787.

Here, information is withheld under the National Security Act, 50 U.S.C. § 403, et seq., 

the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, 50 U.S.C. § 403g, Section 102A(i)(1) of the 

Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, 50 U.S.C. § 403-1(i)(1), and 18 

U.S.C. § 798, to justify withholdings under exemption 3. Cole Decl. ¶¶ 42–46, 61; Janosek Decl. 

¶ 26. Plaintiffs challenge the exemption 3 withholdings in four ways.

First, Hall argues that 50 U.S.C. § 403g doesn’t apply to “deceased [CIA] officers and 

employees and those who have been publicly identified as such.” Hall’s Resp. [166] at 37 n.5. 

Because Hall concedes that 403g is an exemption 3 statute,

24 the only question is whether “the 

withheld material falls within the statute.” Larson, 565 F.3d 857 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citing 

Fitzgibbon v. C.I.A., 911 F.2d 755, 761–62 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). The CIA argues that it does, 

because it exempts disclosure of information concerning “the organization, functions, names, 

official titles, salaries or numbers of personnel, employed by the CIA.” CIA’s Reply [169] at 17

(citing 50 U.S.C. § 403g) (emphasis added). Because deceased former employees still fall within 

the plain language of 403(g) as having been “employed” by the CIA, this Court agrees. 

Therefore, the Court holds that the CIA has properly supported its 403(g) withholdings under 

exemption 3.

Plaintiffs also argue that “the CIA has presented insufficient evidence of the need to 

protect the sources and methods at issue and that there is an unacceptable risk of their disclosure.” 

Hall’s Resp. [166] at 38. As explained above, the Court found the CIA’s justification for the 

item 1 exemptions to be adequate, and as stated by plaintiffs, “[t]he CIA invokes exemption 3 in 

tandem with exemption 1 for virtually every document at issue.” Id. at 37. For the same reasons 

 24Hall’s Resp. [166] at 37 n.5.
30

as stated above concerning the withholding of intelligence sources names and methods under 

exemption 1, the Court finds that the CIA adequately justified the need to protect the sources and 

methods in the redacted documents under exemption 3.

Plaintiffs also argue that the Department of Defense inappropriately invoked exemption 3 

in relation to 10 U.S.C. § 150b, because the statute is “clearly discretionary” and therefore not an 

exemption 3 statute. Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. [182] at 20. However, the Court finds that 

10 U.S.C. § 150b is an exemption 3 statute, because it “(B) establishes particular criteria for 

withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). 

Section 150b states that the information may “be withheld from disclosure to the public . . .” 

when it concerns “any member of the armed forces assigned to . . . a routinely deployable unit.” 

10 U.S.C. § 150b. Therefore, § 150b “establishes particular criteria for withholding,” and thus is 

an exemption 3 statute.

In the alternative, plaintiffs argue that even if the statute satisfies exemption 3, the DOD 

fails to show any of the redacted names “are currently serving with the Armed Forces or 

employees of the DOD.” Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. [182] at 20. As discussed above, once 

a statute is determined to fall within exemption 3, the only question is whether “the withheld 

material falls within the statute.” Larson, 565 F.3d 857 (D.C. Cir. 2009) citing Fitzgibbon, 911 

F.2d at 761–62. Here, while granting “substantial weight and due consideration” to the agency 

affidavit, the Court finds that it does. Fitzgibbon, 911 F.2d at 762. The Tisdale Declaration 

states that the only information withheld from Document C00495778 under 10 U.S.C. § 150b are 

the “names of individuals assigned to routinely deployable units.” Tisdale Decl. ¶ 5c. Because 

the statute satisfies exemption 3, and because the withheld material falls within the statute, the 

Court holds that the 10 U.S.C. § 150b redactions were proper.
31

Plaintiffs also argue that the DOD inappropriately invoked exemption 3 with 50 U.S.C. § 

435, which resulted in the redaction of names from 29 documents. Memo. of Pts and Auth. 

[182] at 20. DOD claims the redacted names in those documents were missing the necessary 

written consent required under 50 U.S.C. § 435. Tisdale Decl. ¶ 5B. Plaintiffs argue that the 

DOD was required to consult the PNOK list to determine whether consent was given, and there 

is no evidence that the DOD did this before redacting the names. Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. 

[182] at 21. In its response, the CIA did not counter Hall’s concerns regarding whether DOD 

bothered to consult the provided PNOK list; it simply regurgitated the information from the 

Tisdale Declaration. CIA’s Resp. [184] at 15.

The Court finds the statute falls under exemption 3 because it “establishes particular 

criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld.” 5 U.S.C. § 

552(b)(3). The statute requires primary next of kin to give written consent to the release of 

information concerning their treatment, location, or condition. 50 U.S.C. § 435. However, 

because it is unclear whether the DOD consulted the PNOK list, a genuine issue of material fact 

exists regarding the redaction of names withheld under 50 U.S.C. § 435, and the Court cannot 

grant summary judgment. Therefore, the 29 documents listed under ¶ 5B of the Tisdale 

Declaration must be released without the POW/MIA names redacted, or a declaration must be 

submitted to the Court specifying that the withheld names are not on the PNOK list.

5. Exemption 5

Exemption 5 protects “inter-agency or intra-agency memorand[a] or letters which would 

not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency” from 

disclosure. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). “[T]he parameters of exemption 5 are determined by reference 

to the protections available to litigants in civil discovery; if material is not ‘available’ in 
32

discovery, it may be withheld from FOIA requesters.” Burka v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human 

Servs., 87 F.3d 508, 516 (D.C. Cir. 1996); see also NLRB. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 

132, 148 (1975).

a. Deliberative Process Privilege

The deliberative process privilege “shields only government ‘materials which are both 

predecisional and deliberative.’” Tax Analysts v. IRS, 117 F.3d 607, 616 (D.C. Cir. 1997) 

(quoting Wolfe v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 839 F.2d 768, 774 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (en 

banc)). To show that a document is predicisional, the agency need not identify a specific final 

agency decision; it is sufficient to establish “what deliberative process is involved, and the role 

played by the documents at issue in the course of that process.” Heggestad v. DOJ, 182 F. Supp. 

2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 2000) (quoting Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 868 

(D.C. Cir. 1980)). A document is “deliberative” if it “makes recommendations or expresses 

opinions on legal or policy matters.” Vaughn, 484 F.2d at 1143–44. The deliberative process 

privilege is intended to “prevent injury to the quality of agency decisions.” Sears, Robuck & 

Co., 421 U.S. at 151.

In the 2009 Order, summary judgment was granted to the CIA on its deliberative process 

claims, excluding documents 1100665, 1100667, 1100668, 1100669, 1100670, 1100671, 

1479603.

25 For these documents, Judge Kennedy held that the CIA must disclose these 

documents or include in its supplemental filing details that “illuminate the contents of the 

documents and the reasons for non-disclosure.” Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 191 (quoting Defenders 

of Wildlife v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 311 F. Supp. 2d 44, 60 (D.D.C. 2004)). For the reasons given 

 25 One document contains “emails and internal memos dated in June of 2004 from individuals in various CIA 

directorates and offices,” while five are “memorand[a] . . . addressed to various CIA directorates from CIA’s FOIA 

office and pertain to fee estimates for preliminary searches conducted in response to Roger Hall’s FOIA request.” 

2008 Vaughn Index, Part 4, at 22–23.
33

below, the Court finds that the CIA has fulfilled its burden under the deliberative process 

privilege of exemption 5 for these documents.

The Agency states that it withheld information from documents C00465476 and 

C00520816 under the deliberative process privilege. CIA’s Supp. Resp. [148] at 34, Cole Decl.

¶ 88–89. The CIA states that the communications were between the Agency’s executive 

Secretariat on behalf of the Director of Central Intelligence and other Agency officers, and 

consisted of predecisional deliberations. Cole Decl. ¶ 89–90. Plaintiffs have not responded with 

a legal argument, nor have they disputed the CIA’s factual assertions. Therefore, the Court 

grants summary judgment to the CIA in regard to the deliberative process withholdings from 

these two documents.

The CIA states that six26 of the documents containing exemption 5 redactions “consist[]

of internal emails, memoranda, and handwritten notes by Agency officers regarding the 

calculation of fee estimates for processing Plaintiffs’ 2003 FOIA request.” Cole Decl. ¶ 103. 

The Agency states that the communications were between the “Agency’s PPID and various 

directorate information-release officers” concerning “the legal and policy issues involved in 

processing Plaintiffs’ FOIA request, including recommendations as to the systems of records to 

be searched, estimates of the amounts of time required for conducting searches, and opinions 

regarding appropriate search methods and likely search costs.” Id. The Agency claims that no 

policy recommendations from these documents were ever adopted. Id. Plaintiffs did not respond 

with a legal argument, nor did they challenge the CIA’s factual assertions. Because the CIA has 

adequately explained to the Court that the redacted information was “pre-decisional,” that the 

information concerned recommendations and opinions on legal and policy matters, and that the 

recommendations were never adopted, the court grants the CIA summary judgment in regard to 

 26 1383976, 1383977, 1383978, 1383979, 1383980, and 1383983.
34

the exemption 5 withholdings for these six documents.

The final deliberative process document withholding concerns document 1479603, 

“which is a memorandum from the head of the office that processes FOIA requests to one of his 

superiors, describes the FOIA request at issue as one involving a very large number of 

documents, and contains Agency officers’ opinions about the policy issues raised by processing 

such a large request.” Cole Decl. ¶ 104. Of particular note is that the document is over thirty 

years old.27 As noted by Judge Kennedy, the age of a document is a factor to be weighed for a 

deliberative process withholding, but it is not determinative. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 191

(citing Lardner v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 2005 WL 758267, at *13 (D.D.C. 2005)). Here, the CIA 

has supplemented the record adequately to show the Court that the withheld information 

concerns deliberations, and not the results of deliberations, as the documents show no evidence 

that the policy recommendations were ever adopted. Cole Decl. ¶ 104. Plaintiffs did not 

respond with a credible legal argument, nor did they challenge the factual assertions of the CIA. 

Therefore, the Court grants summary judgment to the CIA in regard to the deliberative process 

withholdings from document 1479603, and denies summary judgment to plaintiffs.

b. Attorney-Client Privilege

Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order denied summary judgment to plaintiffs in regard to the 

invocation of attorney-client privilege withholdings. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 192. Summary 

judgment was denied because the CIA did not provide adequate information about the 

responsibilities of the officers who were the other parties in the withheld communications with 

CIA attorneys, and therefore the Court could not “determine whether the officers are individuals 

who, by virtue of their authority to represent the Agency, are entitled in their communications 

with attorneys to the protections of the attorney-client privilege.” Id. This information was 

 27 The date of the document is June 4, 1981.
35

necessary, because “[w]here the client is an organization, the [attorney-client] privilege extends 

to those communications between attorneys and all agents or employees of the organization who 

are authorized to act or speak for the organization in relation to the subject matter of the

communication.” Mead Data Cent., Inc., 566 F.2d at 253 n.24 (citations omitted). For the 

reasons stated below, the Court finds that the CIA has supplemented the record with the 

necessary information about the withheld communications. 

Eleven documents “contain communications between CIA attorneys and information 

release professionals concerning the assessment of fees for Plaintiff Hall’s 1998 FOIA 

request.”28 Cole Decl. ¶ 108. Seven documents concerned communications between these same 

parties, but in relation to searches conducted for Hall’s 1998 FOIA request.29 Id. A single 

document is described as a “memorandum from a CIA information release professional to CIA 

attorneys regarding how Hall’s 1994 FOIA request was processed.” Id. Six documents30

“contain discussions between CIA information release professionals and attorneys concerning 

litigation with Hall over his FOIA requests.” Id. The final document31 “is a memorandum for a 

CIA information release professional from a CIA attorney concerning the identification of 

documents responsive to Hall’s 1998 FOIA request.” Id. 

The CIA claims that all documents were “prepared with the joint expectation that they 

would be held in confidence” and the information was only shared with those who needed it

“perform their official duties.” Id. ¶ 109. The CIA further provides that “all individuals who 

received the communications at issue were authorized to make, implement, or oversee decisions, 

or to provide information, concerning the matters discussed in the communications.” Id. 

 28 Documents 1370083,1370539, 1370544, 1371726, 1371727, 1371732, 1371734, 1371736, 1383981, 1383983, 

and 1383985.

29 Documents 1370085, 1370089, 1370540, 1370544, 1371724, 1371726, and 1371733.

30Documents 1370086, 1370544, 1371725, 1371726, 1371729, and 1383986. 31 Document 1370081.
36

Plaintiffs have not responded to the CIA’s argument, either with legal arguments or to challenge 

the CIA’s factual assertions. Therefore, the Court finds that the CIA’s supplemental declaration 

has satisfied the requirements for all information withheld under the attorney-client provision of 

exemption 5, grants the CIA summary judgment for these withholdings, and denies summary 

judgment to plaintiffs.

c. Attorney Work Product Privilege

In Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order, he granted summary judgment to the CIA on all 

withholdings under attorney work product privilege. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 193. To the 

Court’s knowledge, the CIA has not withheld any new information under attorney work product 

privilege.

6. Exemption 6

Exemption 6 allows an agency to withhold from disclosure “personnel and medical files 

and similar files” if its disclosure would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal 

privacy. The phrase “similar files” is interpreted broadly and exempts all information that 

“applies to a particular individual.” Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 599–603 

(1982). However, information about federal employees generally does not qualify for 

protection. See Arieff v. Dep’t of the Navy, 712 F.2d 1462, 1467–68 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (declining 

to protect information about a large group of individuals); Aguirre v. SEC, 551 F. Supp. 2d 33, 

54 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Correspondence does not become personal solely because it identifies 

government employees.”). While “similar files” is construed broadly, it must not become devoid 

of meaning altogether. 

There must be some personal information that relates to a particular individual for 

exemption 6 protection to be warranted. Typical personal information protected under 
37

exemption 6 includes “place of birth, date of birth, date of marriage, employment history, and 

comparable data.” See Nat’l Ass’n of Retired Fed. Emps. v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873, 875 (D.C. 

Cir. 1989). In examining an exemption 6 withholding, the court must balance the privacy 

interest at stake against the public’s interest in disclosure. Fund for Constitutional Gov’t, 656 

F.2d at 862. “Under exemption 6, the presumption in favor of disclosure is as strong as can be 

found anywhere in the Act.” Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 32 (D.C. Cir. 

2002). 

Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order denied summary judgment to the CIA in regard to its 

exemption 6 withholdings because the CIA did not provide adequate justification. Hall, 668 F. 

Supp. 2d at 193. Since the 2009 Order, the CIA has withheld additional information under 

exemption 6. The withholdings now involve records responsive to Item 3, 4, 6, and 8. For the 

reasons discussed below, the Court grants summary judgment to the CIA in regard to some 

exemption 6 claims, but denies summary judgment for others.

The CIA redacted information concerning the names and home addresses of CIA officers

from Item 4 documents. Cole Decl. ¶ 49. The CIA argues this was necessary to protect 

individuals and their families, some of whom were undercover. Id. ¶ 50. The CIA also used this 

same justification for a single Item 3 document.

32 For classified agents, the CIA redacted the 

information under exemptions 1 and 3, as well as exemption 6. Id. ¶ 48 n.26. As discussed in 

the exemption 1 analysis, the CIA employees’ names were correctly redacted under exemption 1 

and the Court has granted summary judgment to those redactions, rendering the exemption 6 

withholding to these names moot.

Hall first challenges the exemption 6 withholdings of three specific documents: 

C00942526, C00472096, and C00465780. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 43–44. The first document, 

 32 C01352210
38

C00942526, is “a letter to the Chief Counsel of the Senate Select Committee from the CIA’s 

Deputy Director for Senate Affairs, whose name is redacted, as are the names of a couple of Air 

America pilots whose plane crashed in March 1977.” 2011 Hall Decl. ¶ 40, Att. 44. Hall claims 

that all redacted names were “involved in government operations” and that there is “great public 

interest” in their identities. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 43. Hall next challenges the redaction of the 

name of a photographer of crash sites from document C00472096. Id. Hall argues that 

photographers are usually interested in having their names attached to their work, and that the 

fact that the name is in a government document shows how the government functions. Id. at 44. 

Finally, Hall challenges the redaction of 58 names of POWs in a CIA intelligence Information 

Report, listed as document C00465780. Hall argues that the public interest is high because the 

names of POWs are “commonly publicized in newspapers” and that the privacy interest is low 

because the government contends that there are no living Vietnam Era POWs, and that death 

“greatly diminishes any privacy invasion.” Id.

Hall also challenges the withholdings of the DOD and NSA under exemption 6, which he 

calls “purely conclusory in their exemption 6 analysis” and that the agencies “assume it is 

sufficient that names might be disclosed” which “leads to extreme results,” including the 

withholding of certain photographs cited by Hall. Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. [182] at 23.

In reply to Hall’s specific challenges, the CIA reiterates its position that the withholdings 

were proper because they consisted of names of individuals, and that the CIA concluded that 

there was “a significant privacy interest in the information withheld in these documents which 

overrides any public interest in the information.” CIA’s Reply [169] at 19. The CIA also claims 

that some withheld exemption 6 information contains not only names, but date of birth, place of 

birth, social security number, blood type, place of residence, names of family members or 
39

religious affiliation. Supp. Culver Decl. ¶ 47. Not including the names of the individuals 

themselves, the Court finds that the privacy interest in the remaining information is high, and the 

public interest low. Therefore, all exemption 6 withholdings concerning date of birth, place of 

birth, social security number, blood type, place of residence, names of family members, or 

religious affiliation, is properly withheld, and the Court grants summary judgment to the CIA as 

to these withholdings.

However, the Court holds that the CIA has not overcome the heavy “presumption in 

favor of disclosure” found in exemption 6 in regard to the names themselves. Nat’l Ass’n of 

Home Builders, 309 F.3d at 32. Though the CIA is correct that the superfluous information such 

as blood type has a very low public interest, the names of these individuals themselves appear to 

be the subject of substantial public interest.33 As argued by Hall, there is an especially low level 

of privacy interest in the case of deceased individuals.34 The CIA has failed to respond to this 

argument, either by explaining that no deceased individual’s names have been withheld, or by 

explaining why the privacy interest still exists for those deceased, some supposedly for several 

decades. Therefore, in regard to the names–not including the names of CIA employees, which 

were granted summary judgment under exemption 3–of individuals themselves, and withheld 

photographs, the Court denies summary judgment to the CIA for the exemption 6 claims and 

grants summary judgment to plaintiffs.

7. Segregability

FOIA requires that “[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to 

any person requesting such record after deletion of the portions which are exempt.” 5 

 33 Hall cites the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington D.C., as well as the media attention paid to Vietnam 

POW/MIAs. Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. [182] at 23. 34 “[D]eath clearly matters, as the deceased by definition cannot personally suffer the privacy-related injuries that 

may plague the living.” Campbell, 164 F.3d at 33. However, a court must “account for the fact that certain 

reputational interests and family-related privacy expectations survive death.” Id.
40

U.S.C. § 552(b). Reasonably segregable portions of withheld documents must be disclosed 

unless they are “inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Mead Data Cent., 566 F.2d at 

260. “FOIA places the burden of justifying nondisclosure on the agency seeking to withhold 

information.” Id. The reasoning behind unsegregability must be detailed, not conclusory 

statements. Id. at 261. Though, “agencies should not be forced to provide such a detailed 

justification that would itself compromise the secret nature of potentially exempt information. 

Id.

Judge Kennedy’s 2009 Order held that the CIA’s declarations and Vaughn indexes lacked 

the necessary specificity in regard to segregability. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 194. The Order 

held that the CIA’s supplemental filings must specify in detail the portions that are disclosable 

and which are exempt, making specific findings for each document withheld and correlating 

claimed exemptions with specific passages. Id. Because the CIA has adequately demonstrated 

with reasonable specificity that no withheld documents contain reasonably segregable factual 

information, both in the records released before the 2009 Order and after, the Court holds that the 

CIA has met the segregability requirements under FOIA.

The CIA responded to the 2009 Order specifically in regard to Item 4 segregable 

information, claiming that all reasonably segregable information had been released. CIA’s Supp. 

Resp. [148] at 12, Cole Decl. ¶ 66–67. Hall responds that that there is evidence that 

segregability has not been satisfied, because, while citing specific documents, he shows that 

many documents appear to have redactions without exemption claims, various large documents 

have been withheld in full, and some redactions appear to be made inconsistently. CIA’s Resp. 

[166] at 19–26. 
41

The CIA counters that proper segregation of Item 4 documents is evidenced by the large 

number of documents released in part (970), and the “few” that were withheld in full (271). 

CIA’s Reply [169] at 14. Unlike the CIA, the Court sees 271 documents withheld in full to be a 

substantial number. However, the CIA has included–both in relation to the Item 4 withholdings 

as well as other responsive documents withholdings–detailed information concerning the 

withholdings in corresponding Vaughn indexes.

For example, document number C00579939 is a two page document withheld in full by 

the CIA.35 The CIA provides the subject of the document, the exemptions claimed, and a 

document description:

This document is a 2-page cable providing a compilation of information on a 

foreign government. The entire document is derived from a sensitive CIA source 

of intelligence, refers to specific foreign government entities, and includes 

personal identifying information including a name, title and date/place of birth. 

The document also includes CIA typed and handwritten analysis of the 

information, CIA control markings and other CIA organizational data including 

routing details, CIA dissemination information and information about a private 

individual. It is currently and properly classified as SECRET.

ECF No. 154 Ex. C 1–4, at 111. The Court finds this description to contain specific findings in 

sufficient detail to meet the segregability requirements under FOIA. Because the CIA’s Vaughn

indexes pertaining to other CIA withholdings contain similar detail, the Court holds that the CIA 

has met its burden of providing sufficient reasoning and detail in its Vaughn indexes to satisfy 

FOIA’s segregability requirements. Therefore, the CIA is granted summary judgment in regard 

to segregability, and summary judgment for plaintiffs is denied.

D. Discovery

Hall’s previous request for discovery was denied by Judge Kennedy in his 2009 Order. 

Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 196. Hall argued that discovery was necessary to show that the CIA 

 35 The Vaughn index for C00579939 is found in ECF No. 154 Ex. C 1–4, at 111.
42

possessed records that it had not provided him. Id. Judge Kennedy denied the request because 

Hall was unable to show that the CIA had acted in bad faith. Id. Plaintiffs again ask for 

discovery. Hall’s Resp. [166] at 45; Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. [182] at 8.

“Discovery is not favored in lawsuits under the FOIA. Instead, when an agency’s 

affidavits or declarations are deficient regarding the adequacy of its search . . . the courts 

generally will request that the agency supplement its supporting declarations.” Judicial Watch, 

Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 185 F. Supp. 2d 54, 65 (D.D.C. 2002) (citing Nation Magazine, 

Wash. Bureau, 71 F.3d at 892; Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68). Courts may permit discovery in FOIA 

cases where a “plaintiff has made a sufficient showing that the agency acted in bad faith.” 

Voinche v. FBI, 412 F. Supp. 2d 60, 71 (D.D.C. 2006) (citing Carney v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 19

F.3d 807, 812 (2d Cir. 1994)).

Hall argues that discovery is necessary because “the adequacy of the search in this case is 

a disputed fact,” and that “he cannot begin to present a full and complete record on this issue 

without being afforded an opportunity to take discovery.” Hall’s Memo. of Pts and Auth. [182] 

at 8–9. Hall also argues that discovery is necessary due to the classification of some documents, 

and because “several persons who have given [Hall] significant information about CIA 

operations and activities which would have generated records pertaining to POW/MIAs have 

refused to provide such information without what they regard as the protection of a court 

subpoena or unless they are called as witnesses at an evidentiary hearing.” Hall’s Memo. of Pts

and Auth. [182] at 10. For the reasons discussed below, this Court denies plaintiffs’ discovery 

request.

First, this Court does not find evidence of bad faith on the part of the CIA. Plaintiffs 

argue that “the CIA’s bad faith is manifest by its abuse of the FOIA’s fee waiver provisions.” 
43

AIM’s Resp. [181] at 10. Plaintiffs cite to the fact that “the CIA’s exorbitant fee 

estimates . . . changed over time.” Id. But just as noted by Judge Kennedy in the 2009 Order, 

plaintiffs have “provided no evidence for his contention that the CIA engaged in 

‘misbehavior’ . . . .” Id. at 40. Estimating the search fees–especially of such a broad search as 

that of the plaintiffs–is no doubt a difficult proposition, and a recalculation of those fees does not 

show that the previous estimate was intentionally inaccurate.

36

Second, the argument plaintiffs put forward as cause for discovery–an inadequate search 

shown by missing documents–is premature. As discussed above, the CIA has been ordered to 

search for all 1,711 names provided by plaintiffs, and to search both the CADRE system and the 

agency archives, as well as any other system likely to contain responsive records. It is possible 

that the “missing” documents will be found in this new search. Because plaintiffs have failed to 

show bad faith on the part of the CIA, and because the CIA has been ordered to carry out 

additional searches, this Court denies plaintiffs request for discovery at this time.

E. In Camera Inspection

FOIA gives district courts the discretion to examine the contents of requested agency 

records in camera “to determine whether such records or any part thereof shall be withheld.” 

See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). “The decision whether to perform in camera inspection is left to 

the ‘broad discretion of the trial court judge.’” Lam Lek Chong v. DEA, 929 F.2d 729, 735 (D.C. 

Cir. 1991) (quoting Carter v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 830 F.2d 388, 392 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). 

Agency affidavits are sufficient to justify summary judgment without in camera inspection when 

they meet the following standard:

 36Not only have plaintiffs failed to show the previous “exorbitant” fee estimates were made in bad faith, there is no 

evidence that plaintiffs have been charged for the thousands of documents provided to them, either before the 2009 

Order, or since. Hall, 668 F. Supp. 2d at 38 n.26, 39 n.27.
44

[T]he affidavits must show, with reasonable specificity, why the documents fall 

within the exemption. The affidavits will not suffice if the agency’s claims are 

conclusory, merely reciting statutory standards, or if they are too vague or 

sweeping. If the affidavits provide specific information sufficient to place the 

documents within the exemption category, if this information is not contradicted 

in the record, and if there is no evidence in the record of agency bad faith, then 

summary judgment is appropriate without in camera review of the documents.”

Hayden v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 608 F.2d 1381, 1387 (D.C. Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 937, 

(1980). “[W]hen the agency meets its burden [under FOIA] by means of affidavits, in camera

review is neither necessary nor appropriate.” Weissman v. CIA, 565 F.2d 692, 696–97 (D.C. Cir. 

1977). However, “in camera inspection may be particularly appropriate when either the agency 

affidavits are insufficiently detailed to permit meaningful review of exemption claims or there is 

evidence of bad faith on the part of the agency,” when the number of withheld documents is 

relatively small, or “when the dispute turns on the contents of the withheld documents, and not 

the parties’ interpretations of those documents.” Quinon v. FBI, 86 F.3d 1222, 1228 (D.C. Cir. 

1996).

While FOIA provides the Court the option to conduct in camera review, 5 U.S.C. § 

552(a)(4)(B), it by no means compels the exercise of that option. See NLRB v. Robbins Tire & 

Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 224 (1978). It is within the Court’s “broad discretion” to decline to 

conduct in camera review where, as here, the Court believes that in camera inspection is 

unnecessary “to make a responsible de novo determination on the claims of exemption.” Carter 

v. Dep’t of Commerce, 830 F.2d 388, 392 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

Judge Kennedy addressed Hall and AIM’s previous request for in camera review of “a 

sampling” of documents in his 2009 Order. Hall 668 F. Supp. 2d at 196. He found no evidence 

of bad faith on the part of the CIA, and though there were insufficiencies in the CIA’s Vaughn
45

indexes, the Court expected that the CIA’s supplemental filings to correct the deficiencies. Id. 

Therefore, the Court declined in camera review at that time. Id. 

Plaintiffs continue to ask for in camera review of an unspecified “small number of 

documents.”37 Hall’s Resp. [166] at 27. Hall’s argument in support of in camera review is 

based on “segregability issues” relating to documents released in part. Id. Plaintiffs have also

claimed bad faith on the part of the CIA throughout their pleadings. Though the argument does 

not appear to be made in direct support of in camera review, no evidence of bad faith on the part 

of the CIA has been shown by plaintiffs.38 For the reasons given below, this Court chooses not 

to review documents in camera at this time.

Hall argues that in camera review is appropriate here because “[m]any of the documents

which have been released in part raise segregability issues.” Id. He then cites two documents in 

support of this assertion. Id. The first had “several lines withheld following ‘comment.’” Id. In 

the other, “a substantial passage under the heading ‘Summary’” had been “deleted,” even though 

the contents beneath the summary had been released in full. Id. at 27–28.

In relation to the first document, Hall claims it is “unlikely that these passages do not 

include some information that cannot reasonably be expected to disclose protected sources and 

methods.” Id. at 27. Hall does not assert that this is evidence of bad faith, he appears to simply 

imply that the redaction is improper, though he gives no explanation as to why. The CIA did not 

directly address Hall’s concerns over this document, instead resting on its record and previous 

 37 Hall argues that “[a] relatively small [number] of documents selected by plaintiffs might enable to the Court to cut 

the heart of some of the major issues presented in a way that would greatly facilitate its resolution.” Hall’s Resp. 

[166] at 27.

38 AIM claims bad faith on the part of the CIA in reference to the Item 6 and 8 searches, claiming that information 

from those documents would “demonstrate the CIA’s pattern and practice of abusing the FOIA’s search fee 

provisions . . . .” AIM’s Resp. [163] at 9. AIM argues that this “impugns the credibility of its affidavits” such that 

the CIA is not entitled to summary judgment. AIM’s Resp. [181] at 9–11. The CIA has since waived the fees, 

which begs the question of how the previous fee estimates show bad faith on the part of the CIA.
46

submissions. CIA’s Reply [169] at 19. This empty allegation by Hall, without more, is not 

enough to persuade this Court to grant in camera review.

With the second document, the CIA admitted that the summary was redacted in error, and 

provided plaintiffs with a copy of the record with the summary portion intact. Id. at 21. Though 

the CIA redacted the information in error, the Court finds that the treatment of this document 

does not persuade this Court to review documents in camera. Once the issue of the redacted 

summary was brought to the attention of the CIA, it was corrected. Id. When thousands upon 

thousands of pages of records are involved, it is inevitable that some unnecessary redactions will 

be made. Because the segregability issues cited by Hall are minor, and because plaintiffs have 

provided no evidence of bad faith on the part of the CIA, plaintiffs do not offer persuasive 

arguments as to the necessity of in camera review in this case. Thus, the Court again declines to 

review records in camera at this time.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will GRANT IN PART and DENY IN PART the 

CIA’s Motion for summary judgment, and GRANT IN PART and DENY IN PART plaintiffs’ 

Cross-Motion for summary judgment, and DENY plaintiffs’ Motions for in camera review and 

discovery.

A separate order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion shall issue this date.

Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on August 3, 2012.