FILED 

MARCH 15, 2016 

In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

WA State Court of Appeals, Division III 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

DIVISION THREE 

WASHINGTON COUNTIES RISK 

POOL, a public entity, 

Respondent, 

v. 

TAMARA MARIE CORTER, a married 

individual, STEVE GROSECLOSE, an 

individual, and DOUGLAS COUNTY, a 

municipal corporation, 

Appellants. 

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No. 32769-8-111 

UNPUBLISHED OPINION 

SIDDOWAY, C.J. -After Tamara Marie Corter recovered over $120,000 in 

damages, fees, and costs in a federal civil rights action against her ex-husband, Douglas 

County Sheriffs Detective Steve Groseclose, the two parties entered into an assignment 

of Mr. Groseclose's rights against the county and the Washington Counties Risk Pool 

(Risk Pool), and a qualified covenant not to execute under which Ms. Corter would first 

pursue recovery of her judgments from the county and the Risk Pool. 

In resolving this declaratory judgment action brought by the Risk Pool as well as 

cross claims asserted by the county, Ms. Corter and Mr. Groseclose, the superior court 

granted summary judgment to the Risk Pool and the county, declaring that neither owed a 

duty to indemnify Mr. Groseclose against the federal judgments. 
No. 32769-8-III 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

Ms. Corter1 argues on appeal that the superior court erred because the county 

waived its right to deny a duty to indemnify Mr. Groseclose and because the federal 

court's conclusion that Mr. Groseclose was acting "under color oflaw" strongly supports 

a conclusion that he was acting within the scope of his official duties within the meaning 

of the local government indemnification statute, the county's indemnification ordinance, 

and the Risk Pool's joint self-insured liability policy. 

The evidence presented was insufficient as a matter of law to support any waiver 

by the county. It supports the superior court's conclusion as a matter oflaw that Mr. 

Groseclose was not acting within the scope of his official duties. We affirm. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

In 2009, Steve Groseclose, a detective with the Douglas County Sheriffs 

Department, used his access to Spillman, the law enforcement database, to view an 

incident report involving his ex-wife, Tamara Corter. Mr. Groseclose and Ms. Corter had 

two sons from their marriage and Ms. Corter had primary custody of both boys. Mr. 

Groseclose used information obtained from the incident report, including information 

about Ms. Corter's health, to support a guardianship petition. Mr. Groseclose had no 

work-related reason to view the incident report. 

I While both Ms. Corter and Mr. Groseclose appeal, for simplicity's sake we will 

treat Ms. Corter, the assignee of the claims against the Risk Pool and the county, as the 

sole appellant hereafter. 

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No. 32769-8-III 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

In March 2012, Ms. Corter filed suit against Mr. Groseclose and Douglas County 

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that acting under color of state law, her ex-husband had 

violated her constitutional right to privacy. She alleged that the county failed to properly 

train or supervise Mr. Groseclose and that it ratified his actions. 

The county is a member of the Washington Counties Risk Pool and is insured 

through the Risk Pool's joint self-insured liability policy. In addition to providing 

liability insurance to member counties, the policy insures a county's past and present 

employees, elected and appointed officials, and volunteers against liability for acts or 

omissions "while acting or in good faith purporting to act within the scope of their 

official duties for the member county or on its behalf," subject to and conditioned upon 

the county's authorization of indemnification of such persons in accordance with RCW 

4.96.041. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 230. 

Risk Pool bylaws provide that when the Risk Pool receives notice of a claim by an 

entity or individual arguably insured under the policy, it may provide legal counsel for 

defense of the claim and at the same time reserve its right to later determine coverage. If 

the Risk Pool intends to defend under a reservation of rights, it must provide the affected 

party with a concise statement of reasons for its reservation. If a final determination of 

coverage cannot be made until the facts are determined by a court oflaw, the Risk Pool's 

claims manager is required to make a final determination of coverage within a reasonable 

time after the final decision of the court. 

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No. 32769-8-III 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

In April 2012, shortly after Ms. Corter filed her complaint, the Risk Pool's claims 

manager notified Mr. Groseclose that the Risk Pool would provide a legal defense but 

was reserving its right to refuse to indemnify him against any judgment entered against 

him. Its notice informed Mr. Groseclose that it would decline to pay a judgment against 

him "if it is found that you were not acting in good faith on behalf of Douglas County at 

the time of the alleged conduct." CP at 1 77. 

In September 2013, the federal district court dismissed Ms. Corter's claims against 

the county. Following that dismissal, the Risk Pool notified Mr. Groseclose that it would 

continue to provide him a defense notwithstanding dismissal of the claims against the 

county, but that the defense remained subject to the original reservation of rights. 

A jury trial in the federal action in late October 2013 resulted in a jury verdict that 

Mr. Groseclose, acting under color of law, violated Ms. Corter's constitutional right to 

privacy and that Ms. Corter had suffered damages of $60,000. With fees and costs, Ms. 

Corter ultimately obtained judgments totaling $121,025.50. On November 6, 2013, the 

Risk Pool notified Mr. Groseclose .of its decision to refuse to pay the initial judgment 

entered against him on the basis that "at the time you accessed the Spillman System and 

obtained the constitutionally protected confidential information regarding Ms. Corter, 

you were not acting in good faith on behalf of Douglas County." CP at 274. The letter 

explained Mr. Groseclose's right to appeal that determination, cited to applicable 

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Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

provisions of the Risk Pool bylaws, and informed Mr. Groseclose that he had 30 days 

from the date of the letter to appeal. 

Twenty-nine days later, Mr. Groseclose and Ms. Corter entered into an assignment 

of Mr. Groseclose's rights against the county and the Risk Pool in exchange for Ms. 

Corter's qualified covenant not to execute her judgments against Mr. Groseclose "unless 

and until all possible avenues of settlement, litigation, and appeals against [the county 

and/or the Risk Pool/insurers affiliated with the county and its agents] have been 

completely exhausted and have not resulted in a judgment or settlement against those 

parties." CP at 278. 

In January 2014, the Risk Pool filed a declaratory judgment action against Mr. 

Groseclose, Ms. Corter and the county seeking a declaration that it had no duty to 

indemnify Mr. Groseclose for the judgments entered against him in Ms. Corter's action 

and that it had not breached a duty owed any of the defendants. It asserted, among other 

matters, that neither Mr. Groseclose nor Ms. Corter had appealed its November 6, 2013 

decision denying coverage. 

The county answered the complaint and filed a cross claim against Mr. Groseclose 

and Ms. Corter seeking a declaration that it owed no duty to indemnify Mr. Groseclose 

for the judgments. Mr. Groseclose and Ms. Corter filed cross claims against the county, 

seeking a declaration that the county was liable to pay the federal judgments. 

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No. 32769-8-III 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

All parties eventually moved for summary judgment. The court granted the 

motions filed by the Risk Pool and the county, ruling that neither had a duty to indemnify 

Mr. Groseclose against the federal court judgments. It denied Ms. Corter's and Mr. 

Groseclose's cross motions for summary judgment and dismissed their cross claim with 

prejudice. Ms. Corter and Mr. Groseclose appeal. 

ANALYSIS 

Ms. Corter argues that the trial court's summary judgment rulings were in error for 

several reasons. The issues that prove dispositive on appeal are ( 1) whether the county 

waived its right to deny indemnification to Mr. Groseclose, and (2) whether, as a matter 

of law, the actions for which Mr. Groseclose was held liable were not within the scope of 

his official duties. We address the two issues in tum. 

I. As a matter of law, the county did not waive its right to deny 

indemnification to Mr. Groseclose 

We begin with the standard of review. When reviewing an order for summary 

judgment, we engage in the same inquiry as the trial court. Folsom v. Burger King, 135 

Wn.2d 658, 663, 958 P.2d 301 (1998). Summary judgment is proper when a moving 

party shows there is "no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is 

entitled to a judgment as a matter oflaw." CR 56(c). All facts and inferences will be 

construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Jones v. Allstate Ins. Co., 

146 Wn.2d 291, 300, 45 P.3d 1068 (2002). Summary judgment is appropriate "only if, 

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No. 32769-8-111 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

from all the evidence, a reasonable person could reach only one conclusion." Folsom, 

135 Wn.2d at 663. 

By statute, local governments may adopt legislation under which their past or 

present officers, employees, or volunteers who are sued for damages arising from acts or 

omissions "while performing or in good faith purporting to perform his or her official 

duties" may ask the government entity to defend them at government expense. RCW 

4.96.041 (1 ). If a past or present officer, employee or volunteer is represented at 

government expense pursuant to such local legislation and the court hearing the action 

finds that the represented defendant "was acting within the scope of his or her official 

duties" and enters a judgment against him or her, then the statute provides that the 

judgment creditor shall seek satisfaction for nonpunitive damages only from the local 

governmental entity. RCW 4.96.041(4). 

Before Ms. Corter's lawsuit, Douglas County had adopted an indemnification 

ordinance as permitted by RCW 4.96.041, codified in chapter 2.90 of the Douglas County 

Code (DCC). The following sections are relevant to Ms. Corter's argument on appeal: 

2.90.020 Request for defense of claim. 

An officer, employee or volunteer may request that Douglas County defend 

and pay the necessary expenses of defending any claim arising from acts or 

omissions while performing or in good faith purporting to perform his or 

her official duties. Such request shall be in writing and signed by the 

person or his or her attorney, shall be filed with the board of county 

commissioners, and shall include a summary of the claim. If the claim is 

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No. 32769-8-III 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

pending, then a copy of the written claim, demand or lawsuit shall be 

attached to the request. 

2.90.030 Authorizing defense of claim. 

A. Douglas County shall grant the request to defend a claim and pay the 

necessary expenses of defe~se upon a determination that the claim is based 

upon an alleged act or omission of the officer, employee or volunteer which 

was, or in good faith purported to be, within the scope of his or her official 

duties. Such determination shall be made as follows: 

1. By a majority vote of a quorum of the board of county 

commissioners consisting of members not named as a party to such 

claim; or 

2. If a quorum of unnamed members of the board is not 

possible, then by a written opinion of legal counsel, other than the 

prosecuting attorney, as selected by the board. Such legal counsel 

shall not be an attorney or member of a law firm who has performed 

services within the past three years for Douglas County. 

B. Douglas County shall not defend or pay for the expense of defending 

a claim against an officer, employee or volunteer based upon or which 

alleges unlawfully obtaining personal benefits while acting in his or her 

official capacity. 

C. Douglas County shall not pay any expenses of defending a claim 

which are paid or incurred by an officer, employee or volunteer prior to 

receipt of a proper written request by the board of county commissioners. 

Douglas County shall not pay any expenses of defending a claim in 

advance of services being rendered or costs being incurred. 

2.90.050 Payment of nonpunitive monetary judgment. 

When Douglas County has defended a claim against an officer, employee 

or volunteer pursuant to this chapter and the court hearing the action has 

found that the officer, employee or volunteer was acting within the scope of 

his or her official duties, Douglas County shall pay any final nonpunitive 

monetary judgment entered on such claim, after termination of all appellate 

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No. 32769-8-III 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

review, if any. Pursuant to RCW 4.96.041, a judgment creditor shall seek 

satisfaction for a nonpunitive monetary judgment only from Douglas 

County and a judgment for nonpunitive damages shall not become a lien 

upon any property of the officer, employee or volunteer. 

(Citations omitted.) 

Ms. Corter's cross claim against the county was predicated on her allegations that 

Mr. Groseclose "was represented at the expense of Douglas County under RCW 

4.96.041(1)" and that the county was in violation of a "requirement in RCW 4.96.041(4)" 

that it pay the federal judgments. CP at 61-62 (Cross claim at ,i,i 2, 6). The county 

denied the allegations contained in paragraphs 2 and 6 of Ms. Corter' s cross claim, 

contending in response that Mr. Groseclose "was represented in the case of Corter v. 

Douglas County, et al., by an attorney selected and paid for by the Plaintiff Washington 

Counties Risk Pool, and that Douglas County paid a deductible to the Plaintiff, which 

includes all attorney's fees and other defense costs incurred by the Pool up to the 

County's deductible limit." CP at 54. 

The construction of a statute or local legislation presents a question of law, which 

we review de novo. Colby v. Yakima County, 133 Wn. App. 386, 389, 136 P.3d 131 

(2006) (citing Eugster v. City of Spokane, 115 Wn. App. 740, 745, 63 P.3d 841 (2003)). 

"We must construe legislative enactments to carry out their manifest intent." Id. ( quoting 

Eugster, 115 Wn. App. at 745). Ifa statute's meaning is plain on its face, we give effect 

to that plain meaning as the expression of what was intended. Trac/one Wireless, Inc. v. 

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No. 32769-8-111 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

Dep'tofRevenue, 170 Wn.2d 273, 281, 242 P.3d 810 (2010). "Plain meaning 'is to be 

discerned from the ordinary meaning of the language at issue, the context of the statute in 

which that provision is found, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole.'" 

Lake v. Woodcreek Homeowners Ass 'n, 169 Wn.2d 516, 526, 243 P.3d 1283 (2010) 

(quoting State v. Engel, 166 Wn.2d 572, 578, 210 P.3d 1007 (2009). 

Ms. Corter did not demonstrate below that Mr. Groseclose ever submitted a 

request that the county authorize defense of the action against him or that the county 

commissioners ever approved the county's defense of her ex-husband. She argues that a 

request for authorization of a county defense is optional, pointing to the operative 

language "may request the local government entity to authorize the defense" in RCW 

4.96.041(1) (emphasis added). But when the statute is read as a whole, that language 

merely recognizes that an employee, official or volunteer might not be interested in a 

government-provided defense. If an employee does want to be defended at government 

expense, DCC 2.90.030(C) mandates not only that the employee make a request, but that 

he or she make it in writing, providing that the county "shall not pay any expenses of 

defending a claim which are paid or incurred by an officer, employee or volunteer prior 

to receipt of a proper written request by the board of county commissioners." 

In this case, an undisputed declaration of Susan Looker, the Risk Pool claims 

manager, states that it was the Risk Pool, not the county, that appointed Mr. Groseclose's 

lawyer to defend him at the Risk Pool's expense. CP at 200. Ms. Corter has failed to 

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No. 32769-8-III 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

respond with any evidence that the Douglas County Commissioners made the requisite 

finding that Mr. Groseclose was, or in good faith purported to be acting within the scope 

of his official duties or that it authorized him to be represented at county expense. She 

has demonstrated only that the county admits paying to the Risk Pool an apparently 

unallocated $25,000 deductible. 

Ms. Corter arg\leS that the county's payment of the $25,000 deductible operated 

as, or was some evidence of, legislative approval of indemnification of her ex-husband's 

legal expenses. And she argues that unlike the Risk Pool's joint self-insured liability 

policy, which permits deferral of a coverage decision, RCW 4.96.041 and the 

county's ordinance create a "thumbs up" or "thumbs down" decision making process 

under which, once the legislative authority makes the determination that an employee's 

acts or omissions "were, or in good faith purported to be, within the scope of his or her 

official duties" and represents the employee at county expense, it is bound to indemnify 

the employee from all but punitive damages by RCW 4.96.041(4) if "the court hearing 

the action [finds] that the officer, employee, or volunteer was acting within the scope of 

his official duties." RCW 4.96.041(2), (4). On this latter point (that the county can be 

bound by its initial decision, depending on later events) she is correct. But she is not 

correct in contending that the county could waive the approval process. By the clear 

terms of RCW 4.96.041 and the county code, it cannot. 

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No. 32769-8-111 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

To establish that Mr. Groseclose was represented at the expense of the county 

"under RCW 4.96.041(1)," which RCW 4.96.041(4) requires, Ms. Corter must trace the 

representation to the required written request. RCW 4.96.041(1) (emphasis added). Even 

more importantly, she must show that the local legislative authority granted the request 

using a procedure created by ordinance or resolution, having found that "the acts or 

omissions of the officer, employee, or volunteer were, or in good faith purported to be, 

within the scope of his or her official duties." RCW 4.96.041(2). Under the county code, 

where no Douglas County commissioner was named a party to the claim, a determination 

by a majority vote of a quorum of the board of county commissioners was required. 

DCC 2.90.030(A)(l).2 None is demonstrated. 

The county's payment of the $25,000 deductible is a red herring. Even if there 

were evidence that the deductible was regarded by the Risk Pool or the county as 

attributable in part to Mr. Groseclose's defense, that would only show that the county 

violated DCC 2.90.030(C) by making a payment of defense costs before receiving a 

written request for a defense and that it violated RCW 4.96.041 and DCC 2.90.030(A) by 

making such a payment before determining that Mr. Groseclose had acted, or in good 

faith purported to act, within the scope of his official duties. Even if it failed to follow 

2 This assumes that since no member of the board of county commissioners was 

named a party to Ms. Corter's federal lawsuit, a quorum of the unnamed commissioners 

would have been "possible" under DCC 2.90.030(A). 

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No. 32769-8-111 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

the statutorily and code-required procedures, its failure would not bind it to indemnify 

Mr. Groseclose. 

II. As a matter of law, the federal action did not determine that Mr. 

Groseclose was acting within the scope of his official duties 

The county does not contend that an employee like Mr. Groseclose could not seek 

indemnification belatedly, but there is a second reason why, as a matter of law, the trial 

court properly decided the parties' motions for summary judgment: the federal action did 

not determine that Mr. Groseclose was acting within the scope of his official duties. 

A second statutory requirement before the county is bound to answer for a 

judgment against Mr. Groseclose is that "the court hearing the action has found that the 

officer, employee, or volunteer was acting within the scope of his or her official duties." 

RCW 4.96.041(4). The parties sometimes argue this issue on appeal as ifwe are 

supposed to analyze the "scope of official duty" issue ourselves, but both the statute and 

the county code are concerned with what "the court hearing the action has found." Id.; 

DCC 2.90.050. To determine what the federal court found in this case, we review the 

verdict and the pertinent jury instructions. 3 "What the federal court found" is an issue of 

law that we review de novo. 4 

3 We could also review any final rulings by the court on issues to which Mr. 

Groseclose was a party. The only rulings by the court that have been drawn to our 

attention on appeal addressed disputes between Ms. Corter and the county, however. 

4 Given the nature of this inquiry, the parties' dispute over whether collateral 

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No. 32769-8-111 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

The relevant record comprises two jury instructions and the verdict form. The 

court gave the following jury instruction on acting "under color of law": 

· A person acts "under color of law" when the person acts or purports 

to act 1) in the performance of official duties under any state, county, or 

municipal law, ordinance, or regulation; 2) in some meaningful way either 

to his governmental status or to the performance of his duties; or 3) under 

pretense of his governmental status. 

CP at 137. 

Another instruction of the court informed the jury that if it found that Mr. 

Groseclose had acted under color of law, then Ms. Corter must also establish several 

other facts by a preponderance of the evidence, including that 

and 

[t]he Defendant had no legitimate law enforcement purpose to access [the] 

incident report pertaining to the Plaintiff; 

[t]here was no public need for the Defendant's access to, and disclosure of, 

the sensitive personal medical information regarding the Plaintiff. 

CP at 138-39. 

The jury completed the special verdict form by answering yes to the question: 

Did the Defendant act under color of law when he accessed the March 30, 

2009 law enforcement incident report via Spillman? 

estoppel is an issue on appeal misses the mark. What the federal court found is a matter 

of direct concern under the statute and code; when we look to what happened in the 

federal court, we are not examining the federal proceedings for their issue preclusive 

effect. 

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No. 32769-8-III 

Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

CP at 149. It also answered yes to the question: 

Did the Defendant's act(s) deprive the Plaintiff of her right to informational 

privacy under the U.S. Constitution? 

CP at 150. 

Ms. Corter points to the fact that the federal jury returned a special verdict finding 

that Mr. Groseclose acted "under color of law" and argues that whether someone was 

acting "under color of law" is synonymous with whether he or she "was acting within the 

scope of his or her official duties." 

The county and Risk Pool disagree, and argue that "acting within the scope of his 

or her official duties" should be construed as synonymous to "acting within the scope of 

employment." The definition of "scope of employment" provided by the Restatement 

(Third) of Agency has been held to reflect the meaning given that term by Washington 

courts: 

"An employee acts within the scope of employment when performing work 

assigned by the employer or engaging in a course of conduct subject to the 

employer's control. An employee's act is not within the scope of 

employment when it occurs within an independent course of conduct not 

intended by the employee to serve any purpose of the employer." 

Melin-Schilling v. Imm, 149 Wn. App. 588, 592, 205 P.3d 905 (2009) (quoting 

RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY§ 7.07(2) (AM. LAW INST. 2006)). 

What limited case law exists under chapter 4.96 RCW and analogous statutes 

supports the position of the county and Risk Pool. Whatcom County v. State, 99 Wn. 

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Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

App. 237, 993 P.2d 273 (2000) addressed whether an employee's acts or omissions fell 

within the scope of his official duties as that term is used in chapter 4.92 RCW, a statute 

dealing with indemnification of State employees, officials, and volunteers. Chapter 4.92 

RCW is identically framed in relevant respects to chapter 4.96 RCW. 5 The case involved 

a deputy prosecutor sued for negligence and violation of civil rights after he advised a 

corrections officer, in error, that an offender being held on bail for felony violation of a 

protection order was eligible for release. Within days, the offender murdered the party 

protected by the earlier violated order. The county brought a declaratory judgment action 

seeking a declaration that the State, not the county, was required to provide a defense to 

the deputy prosecutor. 

Part of the analysis on appeal involved defining the deputy prosecutor's functions 

under state law, in order to determine whether he was acting for the state or the county in 

performing the function of advising the corrections officer on the offender's right to 

release. Whatcom, 99 Wn. App. at 243. In holding that the State was required to provide 

5 Key provisions in the two chapters are parallel. E.g., RCW 4.92.060 (state 

defense of an action for damages may be requested by a state official, employee, or 

volunteer "arising from acts or omissions while performing, or in good faith purporting to 

perform, official duties"); .070 (the request shall be granted if the attorney general finds 

that the requestor's "acts or omissions were, or were purported to be in good faith, within 

the scope of that person's official duties"); and .075 (when representation has been 

authorized; the body presiding over the action or proceeding has found that the officer, 

employee, or volunteer was acting within the scope of his or her official duties; and a 

judgment has been entered against him or her pursuant to chapter 4.92 RCW or 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1981 et seq.; then the judgment creditor shall seek satisfaction only from the state). 

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a defense under RCW 4.96.060 and .070, the court concluded that the prosecutor's advice 

was sought by the corrections officer because of the prosecutor's familiarity with the 

offender's case, with the result that he was not merely advising a county official but was 

engaged in action "directly related to his prosecution of [the offender] under state law." 

Id. at 246-4 7. The court observed, "It is not necessary that the acts or omissions at issue 

be part of the 'core' prosecutorial function. It is sufficient that they be directly related to 

the prosecutor's role in prosecuting violations of state law." Id. The court's analysis was 

essentially an analysis of the prosecutor's scope of employment. 

In Hardesty v. Stenchever, 82 Wn. App. 253, 917 P.2d 577 (1996), Division One 

of our court had occasion to address the meaning of "performing ... official duties" as 

used in RCW 4.92.060 and .075 in the course of deciding whether a state employee was 

entitled to the shield of the notice of claim statute, RCW 4.92.210(1 ). The plaintiff, Ms. 

Hardesty, had commenced an action for medical malpractice arising from her care at the 

University of Washington Medical Center. She failed to follow the procedural 

requirements of the notice of claim statute and as a result, the trial court dismissed her 

claims against the State and the medical center. But it denied the request of the treating 

physician, Dr. Stenchever-a State employee-for dismissal of the claim asserted against 

him. 

On appeal, Dr. Stenchever argued that the actions alleged in the suit were 

performed within the scope of his official duties as a state employee, with the result that 

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chapter 4.92 RCW governed the suit against him just as it governed the suit against the 

State and the medical center. Ms. Hardesty conceded that the doctor's complained-of 

acts and omissions were performed "entirely within the scope of [Dr. Stenchever's] 

employment at the UW" but she argued (as Ms. Corter argues here) that "actions taken 

within a person's 'scope of employment' are not tantamount to actions taken within the 

scope of that person's 'official duties.'" Id. at 261. The court rejected her argument, 

holding that as a physician employed by the state, "treating patients is [Dr. Stenchever's] 

'official' duty. He has no others." Id. Although involving a different context, then, 

Hardesty explicitly supports the county's and Risk Pool's argument that we should 

construe "scope of official duties" to mean "scope of employment." 

Ms. Corter nonetheless argues that LaMon v. City of Westport, 22 Wn. App. 215, 

588 P.2d 1205 (1978) supports her argument that the phrase "scope of official duties" 

should be construed, instead, as having a meaning similar to "under color of law." The 

plaintiffs, Mr. and Ms. LaMon, challenged the city of Westport's decision to indemnify 

its chief of police for defense costs incurred in an action the 'LaMons had commenced 

against him in federal court, in which they had claimed that the police chief refused to 

provide them police protection in violation of their right to equal protection. 

Ms. Corter focuses on the appellate court's discussion in LaMon of why it refused 

to consider evidence that, after the LaMons' challenge to the city's indemnification 

decision was resolved in the trial court, the federal court in the underlying action found 

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liability and awarded compensation to the LaMons. Id. at 220. One reason offered by 

the appellate court for refusing to consider this new evidence was that the federal judge's 

finding would not render the city's indemnification of the police chief illegal: 

Plaintiffs admit in this petition that the United States District Court found 

that the police chief was acting under color of state law and his office when 

he engaged in the activity that led that court to find liability. As we have 

held above, the City of Westport has the power to indemnify its officials 

and employees for attorney fees incurred in suits resulting from an action or 

failure to act within the scope of the employee's or official's duties. The 

existence of the federal judgment thus does not per se render the action of 

the city council in indemnifying the police chief arbitrary or capricious. 

Id. In addition to "does not per se render the action of the city council ... arbitrary or 

capricious" being less than clear, the decision provides slim support for Ms. Corter for 

the additional reason that analysis elsewhere in the opinion casts doubt on whether the 

LaMon court had the breadth of "color of law" in the § 1983 context squarely in mind. 

After noting that the police chief merely omitted to provide police protection, the court 

stated, 

Nothing suggests that the actions of the police chief were outside the scope 

of his official duties. Certainly had the czty been a defendant in this action, 

it could not have escaped liability on the basis that the police chief was 

acting outside the scope of his duties. 

LaMon, 22 Wn. App. at 218-19 ( emphasis added). In other words, the LaMon court 

equated "scope of official duties" with "scope of employment" and actions giving rise to 

respondeat superior liability. 

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Even more persuasive than this limited case law is the manifest intent of RCW 

4.96.041 and the county code provisions when read as a whole-an intent markedly 

different from that behind the scope of "color of law" employed in 42 U.S.C. § 1983. By 

providing in RCW 4.96.041(2) that local governments may only authorize payment of 

legal defense costs for those officers, employees, and volunteers who are "performing or 

in good faith purporting to perform [their] official duties," RCW 4.96.041(1), the 

legislature clearly did not intend to allow local governments to pay the defense costs of 

rogue employees who abuse their authority to take action that does not serve any purpose 

of the local government. The statutory limitation in RCW 4.96.041(4) that a local 

government is liable for a judgment only when the defendant is found in the underlying 

action to have been "acting within the scope of [their] official duties" is likewise 

reasonably read to reflect a legislative intent that local governments not pay judgments 

imposed against rogue actors. 

By contrast, the "under color of law" standard of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is intended to 

provide broad redress for civil rights violations and to include a remedy where an 

individual acting outside the scope of the duties of his or her office inflicts damage 

through an abuse of state authority. As illustrated by the jury instructions given in Ms. 

Carter's federal lawsuit against her ex-husband, "under color of law" can include acts 

while purporting in bad faith to perform official duties, and when acting under "pretense 

of ... governmental status." CP at 137. It can include actions that are prohibited by an 

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Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

employee's government employer but are made possible by virtue of authority that the 

employee abuses. 

McDade v. West, 223 F.3d 1135 (9th Cir. 2000) is illustrative, and factually 

similar to this case. Ms. West, one of the defendants, was an employee of the county's 

district attorney and used her access to the county's database to obtain confidential 

information about her husband's ex-wife that she provided to her husband, who was also 

named a defendant. In holding that Ms. West's actions were under color of law despite 

being a violation of county policy, the Ninth Circuit quoted Dang Vang v. Vang Xiong X 

Toyed, 944 F.2d 476 (9th Cir. 1991): "[A]ctions taken under color of state law must be 

related to the state authority conferred on the actor, even though the actions are not 

actually permitted by the authority." McDade, 223 F.3d at 1141 (alteration in original) 

(quoting Dang Vang, 944 F.2d at 480). 

After the Ninth Circuit determined that Ms. West's actions were under color of 

law and remanded, Ms. McDade and the Wests entered into a settlement agreement under 

which-as in this case-Ms. West assigned to Ms. McDade any claim that she had 

against her county employer for indemnification. When the district court entered 

judgment, it concluded that the county was not obliged to indemnify West. McDade v. 

West, 60 Fed. App'x 146, 147 (9th Cir. 2003) (unpublished opinion). While California 

law controlled whether the county was obligated to indemnify Ms. West and, unlike 

RCW 4.96.041, explicitly conditioned indemnification on a "' scope of employment'" 

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Wash. Counties Risk Pool v. Corter 

standard, see id. (quoting CAL. Gov'T CODE§ 825(a)), we reach the same result given 

our construction of"scope of official duties" under RCW 4.96.041(4). 

In order to find Mr. Groseclose liable in the underlying federal action, the jury had 

to have found under the court's instruction 9A that Mr. Groseclose "had no legitimate 

law enforcement purpose to access [the] incident report pertaining to [Ms. Corter]" and 

that "there was no public need for [Mr. Groseclose's] access to, and disclosure of, the 

sensitive personal medical information regarding [Ms. Corter]." CP at 138-39. It 

therefore found that he was not acting within the scope of his official duties within the 

meaning ofRCW 4.96.041(4). Neither the county nor the Risk Pool are liable to 

indemnify him against the judgments. Having resolved the appeal on this basis, we need 

not reach the other issues raised by Ms. Corter. 

Attorney fees 

The county requests an award of costs and fees pursuant to RAP 18. 9( a) and RCW 

4.84.185 on the basis that the appeal is frivolous. An appeal is frivolous if it presents no 

debatable issues on which reasonable minds could differ and is so lacking in merit that 

there is no possibility of reversal. In re Marriage of Foley, 84 Wn. App. 839, 847, 930 

P.2d 929 (1997). A civil appellant has a right to appeal under RAP 2.2, and all doubts as 

to whether the appeal is frivolous should be resolved in favor of the appellant. See 

Streater v. White, 26 Wn. App. 430, 434-35, 613 P.2d 187 (1980). 

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The appeal presents a case of first impression and the county paid an unallocated 

deductible without ever having occasion to inform Mr. Groseclose that it disclaimed 

liability for any future judgment. While it was Mr. Groseclose's duty to seek a county 

defense and indemnification-not the county's duty to explain his rights-we 

nonetheless decline to find Ms. Corter's appeal frivolous. 

Affirmed. 

A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 

2.06.040. 

WE CONCUR: 

Lawrence-Berrey, J. 

j 

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