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- Joseph Alfieri
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- Wade Crow
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Wade  Crow    Research Physical Scientist photo of Wade Crow
**Wade T. Crow, Ph.D.*****Research Physical Scientist/Distinguished Senior Research Scientist*****USDA-ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory****Bldg. 007, Rm. 104, BARC-West****Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 USA****Voice: (301) 504-6847****Fax: (301) 504-8931****Wade.Crow@usda.gov**  **Research Interests:**(click here to see a list of current research projects) Land surface water and energy balance modeling.
Development of land data assimilation systems to ingest remote sensing retrievals.
Microwave and radar remote sensing of soil moisture.
Scale and scalability issues in land surface modeling and remote sensing.  **Education:** 1995 B.A. (Physics) Carleton College, Northfield, MN USA.
1998 M.S.E. (Civil and Environmental Engineering) Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA.
2001 Ph.D. (Civil and Environmental Engineering) Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA.  **Professional Experience:** 2001 - 2002: Post-doctoral research associate for Prof. Eric Wood, Depart. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University.
2002 - present: Research physical scientist, Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD.  **Selected Awards:** 2009: Editor's Award for the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Hydrometeorology
2010: Principal investigator for funded NASA Terrestrial Ecology grant proposal entitled "Ecological and agricultural productivity forecasting using root-zone soil moisture products derived from the NASA SMAP mission" ($130 K/year for 3 years)
2010: Principal investigator for funded NASA Precipitation program grant proposal entitled "Enhancing satellite-based precipitation products using remotely sensed soil moisture retrievals and data assimilation tools" ($100 K/year for 3 years)
2011: Principal investigator for funded NASA Aqua/Terra program grant proposal entitled "Development of a continuous multi-satellite land surface temperature product" ($120 K/year for 3 years).
2013: Science Team member for the NASA Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission ($140 K/year for 4 years)
2014: Principal investigator for funded NASA Aqua/Terra program grant proposal entitled "Integrating microwave and thermal remote sensing for continuous dual source surface energy balance modeling" ($180 K/year for 3 years)
2014: Principal investigator for funded NASA Terrestrial Hydrology program grant proposal entitled "Integrating satellite-based surface soil moisture and rainfall accumulation products for improved hydrologic modeling" ($170 K/year for 3 years)
2016: Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer Interagency Partnership Award
2016: NASA Group Award (Soil Moisture Active/Passive Validation).
2018: Principal investigator for funded NASA Aqua/Terra program grant proposal entitled "Integrating multi-platform satellite soil moisture and evapotranspiration retrievals to constrain land surface water and energy balance coupling" ($145 K/year for 3 years)
2018: Principal investigator for funded NASA Water Resource Applied Sciences Program entitled "High-resolution soil moisture monitoring for improved vineyard water resource management" ($200K/year for 2 years)
2019: Co-investigator for the NASA/India Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission
2020: Re-appointed to the NASA SMAP mission science team ($130 K/year for 3 years)
2021: Robert J. Horton Lecturer in Hydrology (American Meteorological Society)
2023: USDA ARS Distinguished Senior Research Scientist
2023: Fellow of the American Meteorological Society  **Professional Service:** Science team member for the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite mission
Science team member for the NASA AirMOSS airborne mission
Science team member for the NASA MODIS/VIIRS sensor
Chief Editor for the American Meteorological Society's *Journal of Hydrometeorology*  **Publication Databases:** Wade Crow - ‪Google Scholar
Wade Crow (0000-0002-8217-261X) (orcid.org)  **Selected Publications:** (contact Wade.Crow@ars.usda.gov for unposted reprints) (view author's publications/interpretive summaries/technical abstracts since 1999) **Crow, W.T.** and Wood, E.F. Multi-scale dynamics of soil moisture variability observed during SGP'97. *Geophysical Research Letters.* 26(23):3485-3488. 10.1029/1999GL10880. 1999. **Crow, W.T.**, Wood, E.F. and Dubayah, R. Potential for downscaling soil moisture maps derived from spaceborne imaging radar data. *Journal of Geophysical Research.* 105(D2):2203-2212. 10.1029/1999JD901010. 2000. **Crow, W.T.**, Drusch, M. and Wood, E.F. An observation system simulation experiment for the impact of land surface heterogeneity on AMSR-E soil moisture retrieval. *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.* 39(8):1622-1632. 10.1109/36.942540. 2001. **Crow, W.T.** and Wood, E.F. Impact of soil moisture aggregation on surface energy flux prediction during SGP97. *Geophysical Research Letters.* 29(1). 10.1029/2001GL013796. 2002. **Crow, W.T.** and Wood, E.F. The value of coarse-scale soil moisture observations for regional surface energy balance modeling. J*ournal of Hydrometeorology.* 3:467-482. 2002. **Crow, W.T.** and Wood, E.F. The assimilation of remotely sensed soil brightness temperature imagery into a land-surface model using ensemble Kalman filtering: a case study based on ESTAR measurements during SGP97. *Advances in Water Resources.* 26:137-149. 10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00088-X. 2003. **Crow, W.T.** Correcting land surface model predictions for the impact of temporally sparse rainfall rate measurements using an Ensemble Kalman filter and surface brightness temperature observations. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 4(5):960-973. 2003. **Crow, W.T.**, Wood, E.F. and Pan, M. Multiobjective calibration of land surface model evapotranspiration predictions using streamflow observations and spaceborne surface radiometric temperature retrievals. *Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres.* 108(D23). 10.1029/2002JD003292. 2003. Dery, S.T., **Crow, W.T.**, Stieglitz, M. and Wood, E.F. Modeling snow-cover heterogeneity over complex Artic terrain for regional and global climate models. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 5(1):33-48. 2004. Gao, H., Wood, E.F., Drusch, M., **Crow, W.T.** and Jackson, T.J. Using a microwave emission model to estimate soil moisture from ESTAR observations during SGP99. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 5(1):49-63. 2004. Entekhabi, D., Njoku, E., Houser, P., Spencer, M., Doiron, T., Smith, J., Girard, R., Belair, S., **Crow, W.** and twelve others. The Hydrosphere State (HYDROS) satellite mission: An earth system pathfinder for global mapping of soil moisture and land freeze/thaw. *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.* 42(10):2184-2195. 2004. **Crow, W.T.**, Ryu, D. and Famiglietti, J.S. Upscaling of field-scale soil moisture measurements using distributed land surface modeling. *Advances in Water Resources.* 28(1):1-5. 2005. **Crow, W.T.** and Kustas, W.P. Utility of assimilating surface radiometric temperature observations for evaporative fraction and heat transfer coefficient retrieval. *Boundary-Layer Meteorology.* 115:105-130. 2005. **Crow, W.T.**, Chen, T., Entekhabi, D., Houser, P., Hsu, A., Jackson, T., Njoku, E., O'Neill, P., Shi, J. and Zhan, X. An observing system simulation experiment for Hydros radiometer-only soil moisture products. *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.* 43(6):1289-1303. 2005. **Crow, W.T.**, Bindlish, R. and Jackson, T.J. The added value of spaceborne passive microwave soil moisture retrievals for forecasting rainfall-runoff partitioning. *Geophysical Research Letters.* 32. L18401. 10.1029/2005GL023543. 2005. **Crow, W.T.**, Li, F. and Kustas, W.P. Intercomparison of spatially explicit distributed models for predicting surface energy flux patterns during SMACEX.  *Journal of Hydrometeorology.*6(6):941-953. 2005. **Crow, W.T.**, Koster, R.D., Reichle, R.H. and Sharif, H. Relevance of time-varying and time-invariant retrieval error sources on the utility of spaceborne soil moisture products. *Geophysical Research Letters.* 32. L24405. 10.1029/2005GL024889. 2005. **Crow, W.T.**, Entekhabi, D., Koster, R.D. and Reichle, R.H. Multiple spaceborne water cycle observations would aid modeling. *EOS.*87. 15. 11 April 2006. **Crow, W.T.** and Van Loon, E. The impact of incorrect model error assumptions on the sequential assimilation of remotely sensed surface soil moisture. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 8(3):421-431. 2006. Zhan, X., Houser, P.R., Walker, J.P. and **Crow, W.T.** A method of retrieving high resolution soil moisture from Hydros L-band radiometer and radar observations. *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.* 44(6):1534-1545. 2006. **Crow, W.T.** A novel method for quantifying value in spaceborne soil moisture retrievals. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 8(1):56-67. 2007. **Crow, W.T.** and Bolten, J.D. Estimating precipitation errors using spaceborne surface soil moisture retrievals. *Geophysical Research Letters.* 34. L08403. 10.1029/2007GL029450. 2007. **Crow, W.T.** and Zhan, X. Continental-scale evaluation of remotely-sensed soil moisture products. *IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.* 4(3):451-455. 2007. Sharif, H.O., **Crow, W.T.**, Miller, N. and Wood, E.F. Multi-decadal high-resolution modeling of the Arkansas/Red River Basin. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 8(5):1111-1127. 2007. Reichle, R.H., **Crow, W.T.**, Koster, R. D., Sharif, H. and Mahanama, S. Contribution of soil moisture retrievals to land data assimilation products. *Geophysical Research Letters.*35. L01404. 10.1029/2007GL031986. 2008. **Crow, W.T.**, Kustas, W.P. and Prueger, J. Monitoring root-zone soil moisture through the assimilation of a thermal remote sensing-based soil moisture proxy into a water balance model. *Remote Sensing of Environment.* 112:1268-1281. 2008. Reichle, R.H., **Crow, W.T.** and Keppenne, C.L. An adaptive ensemble Kalman filter for soil moisture data assimilation. *Water Resources Research.* 44. W03423. 10.1029/2007WR006357. 2008. Zhan, X., **Crow, W.T.**, Jackson, T.J. and O'Neill, P.E. Improving space-borne radiometer soil moisture retrievals with alternative aggregation rules for ancillary parameters in highly heterogeneous vegetated areas. *Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.* 5(2):261-265.  2008. **Crow, W.T.** and Reichle, R.H. Comparison of adaptive filtering techniques for land surface data assimilation. *Water Resources Research.* 44. W08423. 10.1029/2008WR006883. 2008. Kumar, S.V., Reichle, R.H., Peters-Lidard, C.D., Koster, R.D., Zhan, X., **Crow, W.T.**, Eylander, J.B. and Houser, P.R. A land surface data assimilation framework using the Land Information System: Description and application. *Advances in Water Resources.* 31:1419-1432. 2008. Reichle, R.H., Bosilovich, M.G., **Crow, W.T.**, Koster, R.D., Kumar, S.V., Mahanama, S.P.P. and Zaitchik, B.F. Recent advances in land data assimilation at the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. *Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Hydrologic Applications.* S.K. Park (Ed.), Springer-Verlag. 407-428. 10.1007/978-3-540-71056-1. 2008. Bolten, J., **Crow, W.T.**, Zhan, X., Reynolds, C. and Jackson, T.J. Assimilation of a satellite-based soil moisture product in a two-layer water balance model for a global crop production decision support system. *Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Hydrologic Applications.* S.K. Park (Ed.), Springer-Verlag. 449-465. 10.1007/978-3-540-71056-1. 2008. **Crow, W.T.** and Ryu, D. A new data assimilation approach for improving runoff prediction using remotely-sensed soil moisture retrievals. *Hydrologic and Earth System Sciences.* 13:1-16. 2009. Bindlish, R., **Crow, W.T.** and Jackson, T.J. The role of passive microwave remote sensing in improving flood forecasts. *IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters*. 6(1):112-116. 2009. **Crow, W.T.**, Huffman, G.F., Bindlish, R. and Jackson, T.J. Improving satellite-based rainfall accumulation estimates using spaceborne soil moisture retrievals. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 10(1):199-212. 2009. Ryu, D., **Crow, W.T.**, Zhan, X. and Jackson, T.J. Correcting unintended perturbation biases in hydrologic data assimilation using Ensemble Kalman filter*. Journal of Hydrometeorology.*10(3):734-750. 10.1175/2008JHM1038.1. 2009. Kumar, S.V., Reichle, R.H., Koster, R.D., **Crow, W.T.** and Peters-Lidard, C.D. Role of subsurface physics in the assimilation of surface soil moisture observations. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.*10:1534-1547. 10.1175/2009JHM1134.1. 2009. Li, F., **Crow, W.T.** and Kustas, W.P Towards the estimation of root-zone soil moisture via the simultaneous assimilation of thermal and microwave soil moisture retrievals. *Advances in Water Resources.* 33:201-214. 10.1016/j.advwatres.2009.11.007. 2010. Bolten, J.D., **Crow, W.T.**, Jackson, T.J., Zhan, X. and Reynolds, C.A. Evaluating the utility of remotely-sensed soil moisture retrievals for operational agricultural drought monitoring. *IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing.* 3:57-66. 10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2037163. 2010. Entekhabi, D., Njoku, E., O'Neill, P., Kellogg, K., **Crow, W.**, Edelstein, W., Entin, J., Goodman, S., Jackson, T., Johnson, J., Kimball, J., Piepmeier, J., Koster, R., McDonald, K., Moghaddam, M., Moran, S., Reichle, R., Shi, J.C., Spencer, M., Thurman, S., Tsang, L. and Van Zyl, J. The Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) Mission. *Proceedings of the IEEE.* 98(5):704-716. 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043918. 2010. **Crow, W.T.**, Miralles, D.G. and Cosh, M.H. A quasi-global evaluation system for satellite-based surface soil moisture retrievals. *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.*48(6):2516-2527. 10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4779051. June 2010. **Crow, W.T.**, Wagner, W. and Naeimi, V. The impact of radar incidence angle on soil moisture retrieval skill. *IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.*7(3):501-505. 10.1109/LGRS.2010.2040134. 2010. Entekhabi, D., Reichle, R.H., Koster, R.D. and **Crow, W.T.** Performance metrics for soil moisture retrievals and applications requirements. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.*11(3):832-840. 10.1175/2010JHM1223.1. 2010. **Crow, W.T.** and van den Berg, M.J. An improved approach for estimating observation and model error parameters for soil moisture data assimilation. *Water Resources Research.*46. W12519. 10.1029/2010WR009402. 2010. Miralles, D.G., **Crow, W.T.** and Cosh, M.H. Estimating spatial sampling errors in coarse-scale soil moisture estimates derived from point-scale observations. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 11(6):1404-1410. 10.1175/2010JHM1285.1. 2010. Chen, F., **Crow, W.T.**, Starks, P.J. and Moriasi, D.N. Improving hydrologic predictions of a catchment model via assimilation of surface soil moisture. *Advances in Water Resources.* 34(4):526-536. 2011. **Crow, W.T.**, van Den Berg, M.J., Huffman, G.F. and Pellarin, T. Correcting rainfall using satellite-based surface soil moisture retrievals: The soil moisture analysis rainfall tool (SMART). *Water Resources Research.* 47. W08521. 10.1029/2011WR010576. 2011. Qing, L., Reichle, R., Bindlish, R., Cosh, M.H., **Crow, W.T.**, de Jeu, R., de Lannoy, G., Huffman, G.J. and Jackson, T.J. The contributions of precipitation and soil moisture observations to the skill of soil moisture estimates in a land data assimilation system. *Journal of Hydrometeorology.* 12(5):750-765. 10.1175/JHM-D-10-05000.1. 2011. Hain, C.R., **Crow, W.T.**, Mecikalski, J.R., Anderson, M.C. and Holmes, T. An intercomparison of available soil moisture estimates from thermal-infrared and passive microwave remote sensing and land-surface modeling. *Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres.* 116. D15107. 10.1029/2011JD015633. 2011. Parinussa, R., Holmes, T. and **Crow, W.T.** The impact of land surface temperature on soil moisture anomaly detection from passive microwave observations. *Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences.* 15:3135-3151. 10.5194/hess-15-3135-2011. 2011. **Crow, W.T.**, Berg, A.A., Cosh, M.H., Loew, A., Mohanty, B.P., Panciera, R., de Rosnay, P., Ryu, D. and Walker, J.P. Upscaling sparse ground-based soil moisture observations for the validation of coarse-resolution satellite soil moisture products. *Reviews of Geophysics*. 50, RG2002, 10.1029/2011RG000372. 2012. Nearing, G.S., **Crow, W.T.**, Thorp, K.R., Moran, M.S., Riechle, R.H. and Gupta, H.V. Assimilating remote sensing observations of leaf area index and soil moisture for wheat yield estimates: An observing system simulation experiment. *Water Resources Research*. 48. W05525. 10.1029/2011WR011420. 2012. **Crow, W.T.** Estimating model and observation error covariance information for land data assimilation systems. In *Land Surface Observation, Modeling and Data Assimilation*. S. Liang (Ed.). Springer-Verlag. 2012. **Crow, W.T.**, Kumar, S.V. and Bolten, J.D. On the utility of land surface models for agricultural drought monitoring. *Hydrologic and Earth System Sciences*. 16:3451-3460. 10.5194/hess-16-3451-2012. 2012. Bolten, J.D. and **Crow, W.T.** Improved prediction of quasi-global vegetation conditions using remotely-sensed surface soil moisture. *Geophysical Research Letters*. 39. L19406. 10.1029/2012GL053470. 2012. Yilmaz, M.T., **Crow, W.T.**, Anderson, M.C. and Hain, C. An objective methodology for merging satellite and model-based soil moisture products. *Water Resources Research*, 48. W11502. 10.1029/2011WR011682. 2012. Hain, C.R., **Crow, W.T.**, Anderson, M.C. and Mecikalski, J.R. An EnKF dual assimilation of thermal-infrared and microwave satellite observations of soil moisture into the Noah land surface model. *Water Resources Research.*48. W11517. 10.1029/2011WR011268. 2012. Yilmaz, M.T. and **Crow, W.T.** The optimality of potential rescaling approaches in land data assimilation. *Journal of Hydrometeorology*. 14:650-660. 10.1175/JHMD12052.1. 2013. Chen, F., **Crow, W.T.** and Holmes, T. Improving long-term, retrospective precipitation datasets using satellite-based surface soil moisture retrievals and the Soil Moisture Analysis Rainfall Tool (SMART). *Journal of Applied Remote Sensing*. 6(1). 063604. 10.1117/1.JRS.6.063604. 2013. Holmes, T., **Crow, W.T.**, Yilmaz, M.T., Jackson, T.J. and Basara, J.B. Enhancing model-based land surface temperature estimates using multi-platform microwave observations. *Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres*. 11:577-591. 10.1002/jgrd.50113. 2013. Holmes, T., **Crow, W.T.** and Hain, C.R. Spatial patterns in timing of the diurnal temperature cycle. *Hydrology and Earth Systems Science*. 17:3695-3706. 10.5194/hess-17-3695-2013. 2013. Nearing, G.S., Gupta, H.V., **Crow, W.T.** and Gong, W. An approach to quantifying the efficiency of a Bayesian filter, *Water Resources Research*. 49(4): 2164-2173. 10.1002/wrcr.20177. 2013. Nearing, G.S., Gupta, H.V. and **Crow, W.T.** Information loss in approximately Bayesian estimation techniques: A comparison of generative and discriminative approaches to estimating agricultural productivity. *Journal of Hydrology*. 507:163-173. 2013. **Crow, W.T.** and Yilmaz, M.T. The Auto-Tuned Land Assimilation System (ATLAS). *Water Resources Research*, 50(1):371-384. 10.1002/2013WR0145502014. 2014. Bruscantini, C., Perna, P., Ferrazzoli, P., Grings, F., Karszenbaum, H. and **Crow, W.T.** Effect of forward/inverse model asymmetries over retrieved soil moisture assessed with an OSSE for the Aquarius/SAC-D. *IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing*. 7(3):943-949. 10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2265076. 2014. Bruscantini, C., **Crow, W.T.**, Grings, F., Maas, M. and Karszenbaum, H. An Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) for the Aquarius/SAC-D soil moisture product. *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing*. 52(10):6086-6094. 10.1109/TGARS.2013.2294915. 2014. Han, E., **Crow, W.T.**, Holmes, T. and Bolten, J.D. Benchmarking a soil moisture data assimilation system for agricultural drought monitoring. *Journal of Hydrometeorology*. 15:1117-1134. 10.1175/JHM-D-13-0125.1. 2014. Yilmaz, M.T., Anderson, M.C., Zaitchik, B., Hain, C.R., **Crow, W.T.**, Ozdogan, M., Chun, J.A. and Evans, J. Comparison of prognostic and diagnostic surface flux modeling approaches over the Nile River Basin. *Water Resources Research*. 50(1):386-408. 10.1002/2013WR014194. 2014. Yilmaz, M.T. and **Crow, W.T.** Evaluation of assumptions in soil moisture triple collocation analysis. *Journal of Hydrometeorology*. 15:1293-1302. 10.1175/JHM-D-0158.1. 2014. Su. C., Ryu, D., **Crow, W.T.** and Western, A.W. Beyond triple collocation: Applications to satellite soil moisture. *Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres*. 119(11):6419-6439. 10.1002/2013JD021043. 2014. Qiu, J., **Crow, W.T.**, Nearing, G.S., Mo, X. and Liu, S. The impact of vertical measurement depth on the information content of soil moisture times series data. *Geophysical Research Letters*. 41(14):4997-5004. 10.1002/2014GL060017. 2014. Qiu, J., **Crow, W.T.**, Mo, X. and Liu, S. Impact of temporal autocorrelation mismatch on the assimilation of satellite-derived surface soil moisture retrievals. *IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing*. 7(8):3534-3542. 10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2349354. 2014. Chen, F., **Crow, W.T.** and Ryu, D. Dual forcing and state correction via soil moisture assimilation for improved rainfall-runoff modeling. *Journal of Hydrometeorology*. 15(5):1832-1848. 10.1175/JHM-D-14-0002.1. 2014. Holmes, T.H., **Crow, W.T.** and de Jeu, R. Leveraging microwave polarization information for the calibration of a land data assimilation system. *Geophysical Research Letters*. 41(24):8878-8886. 10.1002/2014GL061991. 2014. Su, C-.H., Ryu, D., **Crow, W.T.** and Western, A.W. Stand-alone error characterisation of microwave satellite soil moisture using a Fourier method. *Remote Sensing of Environment*. 154:115-126. 10.1016/j.rse.2014.08.014. 2014. Alvarez-Garreton, C, Ryu, D., Western, A.W., **Crow, W.T.** and Robertson, D.E. The impacts of assimilating satellite soil moisture into a rainfall-runoff model in a semi-arid catchment. *Journal of Hydrology*. 519(D):2763-2774. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.041. 2014. Li, Y., Ryu, D., Western, A.W., Wang, Q.J., Roberson, D.E. and **Crow, W.T.** An integrated error parameter estimation and lag-aware data assimilation scheme for real-time flood forecasting, *Journal of Hydrology*. 519(D): 2722-2736. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.08.009. 2015. Holmes, T.H., **Crow, W.T.**, Hain, C., Anderson, M.C. and Kustas, W.P. Diurnal temperature cycle as observed by thermal infrared and microwave radiometers. *Remote Sensing of Environment*. 158:110-125. 10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.031. 2015. Hain, C.R., **Crow, W.T.**, Anderson, M.C. and Yilmaz, M.T. Diagnosing neglected soil moisture source/sink processes via a thermal infrared-based two-source energy balance model. *Journal of Hydrometeorology*. 16:1070-1086. 10.1175/JHM-D-14-0017.1. 2015. Han, E., **Crow, W.T.**, Hain, C.R. and Anderson, M.C. On the use of a water balance to evaluate inter-annual terrestrial ET variability. *Journal of Hydrometeorology*. 16:1102-1108. 10.1175/JHM-D-14-0175.1. 2015. Alvarez-Garreton, C., Ryu, D., Western, A.W., Su, C.-H., **Crow, W.T.**, Robertson, D.E. and Leahy, C. Improving operational flood ensemble prediction by the assimilation of satellite soil moisture: Comparison between lumped and semi-distributed models. *Hydrologic and Earth System Sciences*. 19. 10.5194/hess-19-1659-20151659-1676. 2015. Gruber, A. and **Crow, W.T.** The potential of 2D Kalman filtering for soil moisture data assimilation, *Remote Sensing of Environment*. 171:137-148. 10.1016/j.rse.2015.10.019. 2015. Wardlow, B., M. Anderson, Tadesse, T., Hain, C., **Crow, W.T.** and Rodell, M. Remote Sensing of Drought: Emergence of a Satellite-Based Monitoring Toolkit for the United States. *Remote Sensing Handbook*. P. Thenkabail (Ed.). CRC Press. 2015. **Crow, W.T.**, F. Lei, Hain, C., Anderson, M.C., Scott, R.L., Billesbach, D. and Arkebauer, T. Robust estimates of soil moisture and latent heat flux coupling strength obtained from triple collocation. *Geophysical Research Letters*. 42:8415-8423. 10.1002/2015GL065929. 2015. Lu, H., **Crow, W.T.**, Zhu, Y. and Sun, J. The impact of assumed error variances on surface soil moisture and snow depth hydrologic data assimilation. *IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing.* 8(11):5116-5129. 10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2487740. 2015. Lei, F., **Crow, W.T.**, Shen, H., Parinussa, R.M. and Holmes, T.H. 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