COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Humphreys, Huff and Lorish

Argued by videoconference

MICHAEL BROWN

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 1100-22-1 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS

JULY 5, 2023

TIMOTHY L. KIRKPATRICK

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS

David F. Pugh, Judge

Steven L. Lauer (S. Geoffrey Glick; The Joel Bieber Firm, on briefs), 

for appellant.

John D. McGavin (Kara A. Schmidt; McGavin, Boyce, Bardot, 

Thorsen & Katz, PC, on brief), for appellee.

Michael Brown appeals from a ruling of the Newport News Circuit Court granting 

appellee Timothy Kirkpatrick’s motion to mark judgment satisfied following Brown’s insurance 

carrier USAA tendering its underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage obligations to Brown. Brown 

contends that Kirkpatrick should not have been entitled to any credit or offset for payments made 

by USAA to Brown.

BACKGROUND

On April 20, 2022, a Newport News jury awarded Michael Brown a judgment of 

$286,000 against Timothy L. Kirkpatrick for damages arising out of a motor vehicle accident.1 

Prior to trial, USAA, Brown’s insurance company (involved in the case as an underinsured 

motorist carrier), informed Kirkpatrick that “USAA is willing to waive subrogation against 

[Kirkpatrick] if State Farm [Kirkpatrick’s insurer] continues the defense . . . through the trial of 

1 The underlying facts of the tort suit are not relevant for this appeal.

PUBLISHED
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this matter.”2 USAA’s right to subrogation was derived from Code § 38.2-2206(G) which 

provides that “[a]ny insurer paying [an underinsured motorist claim] shall be subrogated to the 

rights of the insured to whom the claim was paid against the person causing the . . . damage and 

that person’s insurer.”

Following the verdict, State Farm paid out its per person policy limit of $50,000, plus 

costs, on behalf of Kirkpatrick. After the State Farm payment, USAA sent Brown a check for 

$236,000 pursuant to Brown’s underinsured motorist coverage. In the letter accompanying that 

check, USAA requested that Brown ask that the circuit court “mark this matter as ‘paid and 

satisfied.’” Brown responded that he believed that he was entitled to pursue recovery against 

Kirkpatrick in light of USAA’s waiver of its right to subrogation.

Following Brown’s refusal, Kirkpatrick filed a motion under Code § 8.01-455 requesting 

that the circuit court enter an order marking the judgment as satisfied.3 At the hearing on the

motion Kirkpatrick argued that “USAA indicated that they would satisfy their share post-verdict 

and waive subrogation against Mr. Kirkpatrick if he appeared for trial.” However, Kirkpatrick 

argued that the waiver of USAA’s right to pursue Kirkpatrick did not mean that Brown regained 

the right to pursue Kirkpatrick. Furthermore, Kirkpatrick asserted that USAA joined in its 

motion to have the judgment marked paid and satisfied. USAA’s attorney was present at the 

hearing and confirmed that USAA had not “formally joined in the motion, but [Kirkpatrick’s 

assertion] was correct” and that “there was a waiver of subrogation in exchange with [sic] the 

understanding that [State Farm] weren’t [sic] going to tender and do the defense of the case.” 

Brown argued that the UIM payment was a collateral source and that Kirkpatrick’s obligation to 

2 Kirkpatrick notes that this promise to waive subrogation was intended to entice 

Kirkpatrick to attend the trial and “undertake [his] best effort” in his defense. 

3 Code § 8.01-455 allows a “defendant in any judgment” to move the court to mark the 

judgment satisfied “upon proof that the judgment has been paid off or discharged.” 
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pay the judgment was not extinguished simply because USAA waived its right to pursue him in 

Brown’s place.

The circuit court agreed with Kirkpatrick “for the reasons enunciated again by counsel for 

the defense.” Brown now appeals.

ANALYSIS

The question raised by this case is whether an insurer’s waiver of its right to subrogation 

against a tortfeasor precludes the insured-plaintiff from recovering on a judgment against the 

tortfeasor. This is a question of law that we review de novo. For the reasons that follow, we 

hold that the mere waiver of the insurer’s right to subrogation does not discharge the underlying 

tort liability.

“Subrogation is merely the ‘substitution of one person in the place of another with 

reference to a lawful claim, demand or right so that he who is substituted succeeds to the rights 

of the other in relation to the debt or claim, and its rights, remedies, or securities.’” Llewellyn v. 

White, 297 Va. 588, 599 (2019) (quoting Subrogation, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed. 1957)). 

In the insurance context, an insurer who has paid a loss becomes a subrogee to the rights of their 

insured against the responsible party with respect to any loss covered by the policy. Id. The 

insurer’s right of subrogation is wholly derivative of the subrogor’s rights; in other words, “a 

subrogated insurer stands in shoes of an insured, and has no greater rights than the insured, for 

one cannot acquire by subrogation what another, whose rights he or she claims, did not have.” 

Couch on Insurance § 222:5 (3d ed. 2022) (footnotes omitted). 

Virginia has codified a requirement that all contracts for automobile insurance must 

include an under- or uninsured motorist coverage provision. Code § 38.2-2206(A). The UIM 

coverage requires the insurance company to pay its insured for damages caused by a driver 
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whose own insurance coverage is insufficient to cover the insured’s damages. Code 

§ 38.2-2206(B). The statute provides that, 

Any insurer paying a claim under the endorsement or provisions 

required by subsection A [UIM coverage] shall be subrogated to 

the rights of the insured to whom the claim was paid against the 

person causing the injury, death, or damage and that person’s 

insurer, although it may deny coverage for any reason, to the 

extent that payment was made. 

Code § 38.2-2206(G) (emphasis added). 

In Llewellyn v. White, the Virginia Supreme Court held that an insurance company’s 

agreement with the plaintiff to waive its right of subrogation did not relieve the tortfeasor’s 

judgment debt. The plaintiff settled her UIM claim with her insurer pre-trial for $750,000. 297 

Va. at 593. As part of that settlement the UIM insurer agreed with the plaintiff that it would 

waive its rights to be subrogated to the rights the plaintiff had against the defendant. Id. at 594. 

The case proceeded to trial, and the plaintiff was awarded $1.5 million in damages. Id. The 

defendant filed a motion to have her judgment reduced by the $750,000 paid by plaintiff’s UIM 

carrier pursuant to Code § 8.01-35.1.4 Id. The Supreme Court held that the UIM insurer was not 

a joint tortfeasor and that the payment to the plaintiff was a collateral source; therefore, the 

defendant remained liable for the full amount of the judgment. Id. at 602.

The collateral source rule, as applied in Llewellyn, establishes that “a person who is 

negligent and injures another owes to the latter full compensation for the injury inflicted[,] . . .

and payment for such injury from a collateral source in no way relieves the wrongdoer of [the] 

obligation.” Id. at 601 (alterations in original) (quoting Acuar v. Letourneau, 260 Va. 180, 189 

(2000)). Specific to the insurance context, the collateral source rule is that “damages, 

recoverable of personal injuries inflicted through the negligence of another are not to be reduced 

4 Code § 8.01-35.1 provides that a release of one joint tortfeasor allows for a set-off for 

the other joint tortfeasor(s) by the amount settled by the released tortfeasor.
- 5 -

by reason of the fact that the injured party had been partly compensated for his loss by insurance 

which he has procured and for which he has paid.” Id. The collateral source rule and the 

principle that an injured party should not be entitled to a double recovery are fundamentally at 

odds. Id. at 600. The Virginia Supreme Court determined that in resolving this tension “the 

better option is to allow plaintiff to retain the ‘windfall’ that results from his foresight in 

voluntarily electing to purchase [UIM] coverage rather than allowing defendant . . . to be the 

ultimate beneficiary of plaintiff’s decision to procure additional insurance coverage.” Id. at 602 

(quoting Hairston v. Howard, 821 S.E.2d 384, 393 (N.C. 2018)). 

On appeal, Brown argues that the logic of Llewellyn applies with equal force to a 

situation where the insurance company has agreed with the defendant to waive its subrogation 

rights. We agree.

First, we note that Code § 8.01-455 only entitles Kirkpatrick to have the judgment 

marked as satisfied upon proof that the judgment has been “paid off or discharged.” It is 

undisputed that the judgment has not been “paid off.” Following State Farm’s payment of 

$50,000, Kirkpatrick has not paid any amount of the judgment. Additionally, Llewellyn is clear 

that payments to a plaintiff by a UIM carrier are collateral to the defendant and implicate the 

collateral source rule such that USAA’s payments to Brown cannot lead to the judgment being 

“paid off.”

Kirkpatrick contends that Llewellyn is inapposite on this point because, in this case, the 

insurer waived its subrogation rights with the defendant, whereas in Llewellyn, the insurer 

waived its subrogation rights as part of its settlement agreement with the plaintiff. Kirkpatrick 

contends that while USAA has waived its subrogation rights as to Kirkpatrick, it retains some 

enforceable subrogation rights against Brown. This argument misconceives the nature of the 

subrogation right.
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Our Supreme Court has distinguished subrogation from reimbursement. In Reynolds 

Metals Co. v. Smith, 218 Va. 881, 884 (1978), the Court ruled that a group accident and health 

insurance “non-duplication of benefits” provision did not violate the anti-subrogation statute then 

found in Code § 38.1-342.2 (codified as amended at Code § 38.2-3405). The statute prohibited 

subrogation provisions in medical expenses paid from health insurance plans. Id. The policy 

required payees under the plan to reimburse the insurer for any amount received from a third 

party in compensation for their injuries. Id. The Court reasoned that subrogation, by definition, 

requires that the subrogee obtain the right to proceed against a third party and that the 

non-duplication provision provided no such right. Id. at 883. Accordingly, the reimbursement 

provision was not prohibited by statute. Id. at 884. 

For purposes of this case, Reynolds Metals Co. contradicts Kirkpatrick’s argument that 

USAA retains some subrogation right against Brown. Reynolds Metals Co. directly states that an 

insurer’s right to reimbursement from its insured is not equivalent to their right of subrogation 

against the defendant. Id. Brown’s insurance policy may require him to reimburse USAA for 

any recovery that he obtains from Kirkpatrick, but that fact does not mean that Kirkpatrick is 

allowed to escape his tort liability. Kirkpatrick has failed to articulate what USAA’s subrogation 

right against Brown would allow it to do. USAA has waived its right to pursue Kirkpatrick for 

the money it paid to Brown. That does not mean that Kirkpatrick’s obligation has been paid off. 

See Llewellyn, 297 Va. at 599 (“Payment by the plaintiff’s UIM carrier to its insured does not 

entitle an underinsured tortfeasor to an offset or credit on the judgment against her. It merely 
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allows the UIM carrier to substitute itself for its insured in seeking to enforce any judgment 

against her.” (emphasis added)).5 

Additionally, the record before this Court does not support a finding that the judgment 

was discharged. Assuming, without deciding, that a subrogee has the authority to settle its 

subrogation claim to the detriment of the subrogor, the record does not establish that USAA truly 

“settled” its subrogation claim against Kirkpatrick.6 The record shows that USAA agreed with 

Kirkpatrick that it was “willing to waive subrogation against [Kirkpatrick] if State Farm 

continues the defense on behalf of Defendant, Timothy Kirkpatrick, through the trial of this 

matter.” The waiver of the right to pursue recovery that is derivative of the insured’s right is 

conceptually distinct from a settlement, release, or discharge of the underlying debt. The 

subrogation right is the right to pursue a third party for a loss caused by that third party. 

“Discharge” is “[a]ny method by which a legal duty is extinguished; esp., the payment of a debt 

or satisfaction of some other obligation.” Discharge, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). 

The waiver of the right to pursue a recovery of another’s claim, standing alone, does not 

extinguish the underlying claim. 

5 Kirkpatrick also argues that USAA’s waiver of its subrogation rights does not mean that 

Brown automatically regained the right to pursue Kirkpatrick. This argument is refuted by the 

derivative nature of the subrogation right as well as by Llewellyn, 297 Va. at 600 (“Erie agreed 

with [plaintiff] not to interfere with [her] right to collect from [defendant] any amounts 

[defendant] was found to owe [plaintiff].” (emphasis added)). 

6 Virginia courts have not decided whether a subrogee has the authority to settle a 

subrogation claim to the detriment of the subrogor and at least two of our sister state courts have 

reached different conclusions on the question. Compare Ferrelgas, Inc. v. Yeiser, 247 P.3d 

1022, 1027-28 (Colo. 2011) (holding that an insurance company’s settlement of a nearly 

$200,000 subrogation claim for $175,000 with the tortfeasor reduced the insured subrogor’s tort 

judgment by the full $200,000), with Sunnyland Farms, Inc. v. Cent. N.M. Elec. Coop., Inc., 301 

P.3d 387 (N.M. 2013) (holding that a defendant may not obtain a subrogation lien against the 

recovery a plaintiff would obtain from that same defendant). Because we hold that USAA 

simply waived its right to subrogation as opposed to settling its subrogation claim, we need not 

reach whether a subrogee may settle its subrogation claim pretrial to the detriment of the 

subrogor. 
- 8 -

Based on the record before us, USAA’s subrogation right was the only mechanism that 

permitted it to interfere with Brown’s right to recover his judgment against Kirkpatrick. By 

waiving its right to subrogation, USAA effectively disclaimed any interest in the judgment 

itself.7 

Kirkpatrick points to nonbinding dicta in Llewellyn to contend that he is entitled to be 

released from his liability. The Llewellyn Court wrote that:

By statute, the right of subrogation belongs to the UIM carrier. 

Code § 38.2-2206(G). It can exercise or waive that right as it 

pleases. If it desires to do so, the UIM carrier can make an 

agreement with a defendant not to pursue the recovery that the 

carrier’s subrogation rights entitle it to seek from the defendant. In 

such an instance, if there is an agreement between the UIM carrier 

and the defendant, the defendant may be entitled to credit against 

any judgment received by the plaintiff, up to the amount owed to 

the UIM insurer pursuant to its subrogation rights. However, no 

such agreement was struck in this case. In this instance, [the UIM 

carrier] sought no consideration from and made no agreement with 

Llewellyn, [the defendant,] to forgive any of the amount that [the 

UIM carrier] had the statutory right to seek from Llewellyn. 

Instead, [the UIM carrier] agreed with White, [the plaintiff,] not to 

interfere with White’s right to collect from Llewellyn any amounts 

Llewellyn was found to owe White. Llewellyn is not entitled to 

any credit for money she owes pursuant to a judgment against her 

that she has not paid.

Llewellyn, 297 Va. at 600. Kirkpatrick argues that the dicta should apply to this case and that 

because USAA agreed “not to pursue the recovery that the carrier’s subrogation rights entitle[d] 

it to seek,” he is “entitled to credit against any judgment received by the plaintiff, up to the 

amount owed to the UIM insurer pursuant to its subrogation rights.” Id. 

We find the dicta unpersuasive. “Dicta cannot ‘serve as a source of binding authority in 

American jurisprudence.’” Newman v. Newman, 42 Va. App. 557, 566 (2004) (en banc) 

7 As noted, USAA may have a right to reimbursement from Brown pursuant to its policy; 

however, the policy is not in the record and this case does not require us to determine whether 

USAA’s contract with Brown would entitle it to any proceeds that Brown ultimately recovers 

from Kirkpatrick.
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(quoting United States v. Pasquantino, 336 F.3d 321, 329 (4th Cir. 2003) (en banc)). “Dicta in a 

prior decision generally refers to that portion of an opinion ‘not essential’ to the disposition in 

the case.” Id. (quoting Cent. Green Co. v. United States, 531 U.S. 425, 431 (2001)). The 

hypothetical counterfactual raised by the Llewellyn Court of a UIM carrier agreeing with a 

defendant to forgo recovery was not essential to its holding that payments by a UIM carrier were 

a collateral source and not subject to set-off under Code § 8.01-35.1; accordingly, it does not 

bind us. 

The Llewellyn Court provided no rationale for why the mere agreement to forgo the 

subrogee’s recovery would entitle the tortfeasor to credits against the underlying judgment. 

Indeed, the result suggested by the dicta runs contrary to the rationale of the actual holding of 

Llewellyn. When a plaintiff has been compensated by a third party for damages caused by a 

tortfeasor, a windfall is inevitable. Either the plaintiff secures a double recovery, or the 

tortfeasor escapes responsibility for damages caused. The collateral source rule requires that the 

defendant does not receive that windfall. When subrogation rights exist, however, neither the 

plaintiff nor the defendant receive a windfall. Where the subrogee waives those rights to 

recover, then the public policy balancing of the collateral source rule comes back into play. 

Indeed, that was the basis of the Llewellyn decision: the Court acknowledged that the waiver of 

subrogation could lead to a double recovery but noted that the “‘law contains no rigid rule 

against overcompensation,’ and ‘making tortfeasors pay for the damage they cause can be more 

important than preventing overcompensation.’” Llewellyn, 297 Va. at 601 (quoting McDermott, 

Inc. v. AmClyde, 511 U.S. 202, 219 (1994)).

Additionally, the North Carolina case on which the Llewellyn Court chiefly relied, 

involved a situation where the subrogee “waived its subrogation rights against defendant.” 

Hairston, 821 S.E.2d at 387. The Hairston court saw “no reason why defendant should be 
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entitled to different treatment simply because [the insurer] elected to waive its statutory 

subrogation rights rather than attempting to enforce them.” Id. at 395. USAA bargained away 

its right to pursue recovery from Kirkpatrick in exchange for his appearance and participation at 

trial. Kirkpatrick received the benefit of that bargain because USAA no longer has the right to 

recover against him. That agreement has no impact on Brown’s right to recover against 

Kirkpatrick. We see no reason why Kirkpatrick should be able to escape his tort liability 

because USAA declined to pursue its subrogation rights.

Finally, Kirkpatrick argues that it “would be against public policy to allow [Brown] a 

double recovery at the expense of USAA.” This misunderstands the consequences of applying 

the collateral source rule. USAA could have recovered from Kirkpatrick and prevented a double 

recovery, but it chose not to. Allowing Brown to recover against Kirkpatrick does not come at 

USAA’s expense, but Kirkpatrick’s. This result is perfectly in line with the result dictated by the 

collateral source rule and the rationale, if not the dicta, of Llewellyn.

CONCLUSION

Because Kirkpatrick’s judgment debt has neither been paid off nor discharged, he was not 

entitled to relief under Code § 8.01-455, and the circuit court erred by granting his motion to 

mark the judgment as paid and satisfied. Accordingly, we reverse the ruling of the circuit court 

and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Reversed and remanded.
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Huff, J., dissenting. 

Code § 38.2-2206 governs uninsured/underinsured motorist insurance (“UIM”) coverage, 

such as the policy appellant had with USAA. Subsection G of that statute states, in relevant part, 

that “[a]ny insurer . . . shall be subrogated to the rights of the insured to whom the claim was 

paid against the person causing the injury[] . . . and that person’s insurer.” Code § 38.2-2206(G). 

In the insurance context, the principle of subrogation dictates that “an insurer that has paid a loss 

under an insurance policy is entitled to all the rights and remedies belonging to the insured 

against a third party with respect to any loss covered by the policy.” Subrogation, Black’s Law 

Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Thus, by statute, when an uninsured or underinsured driver causes 

an accident with an UIM-insured driver, and the insured driver obtains a judgment against the 

underinsured driver, the UIM insurer enjoys the statutory right to enforce that judgment against 

the underinsured driver to recoup its costs from paying pursuant to the UIM policy.

The parties all agree USAA waived its subrogation right against appellee. Yet they differ 

on the effect of that waiver. Appellant argues USAA’s waiver means all rights to pursue the 

recovery essentially revert to him, so he can claim the remainder of the judgment from appellee, 

despite the UIM-policy payment. The majority agrees.

Appellee counters that the right belongs exclusively to the UIM carrier. Thus, when 

waived by the carrier, that right is extinguished and any payment from a UIM policy is credited 

toward satisfaction of the judgment; the insured plaintiff may seek to enforce his judgment 

against the tortfeasor only to the extent of any remainder. Because I agree with appellee, I 

respectfully dissent.

The Virginia Supreme Court in Llewellyn v. White, 297 Va. 588, 600 (2019), described 

the nature of a UIM insurer’s statutory subrogation right under Code § 38.2-2206(G). That right, 

the Court wrote, “belongs to the UIM carrier. It can exercise or waive that right as it pleases.” 
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Id. Accordingly, “the UIM carrier can make an agreement with the [underinsured] defendant not 

to pursue the recovery that the carrier’s subrogation rights entitle it to seek from the defendant.” 

Id. Under such an agreement, “the defendant may be entitled to credit against any judgment 

received by the plaintiff, up to the amount owed to the UIM insurer pursuant to its subrogation 

rights.” Id.8

That is what happened here. Consistent with Llewellyn, USAA—through its waiver—

agreed with appellee that it would not enforce the judgment against him to recoup the cost of the 

UIM-policy payment. Accordingly, appellee was “entitled to credit against any judgment 

received by [appellant], up to the amount owed to [USAA] pursuant to its subrogation rights.” 

See id. The UIM statute grants the UIM carrier the subrogation right, and nothing in the statute 

says that right then reverts to the insured when his carrier waives its subrogation rights. 

The purpose of UIM coverage is to provide resources equal to the policyholder’s limits 

from which to satisfy a judgment for personal injuries or property damage caused by an 

underinsured tortfeasor.9 USAA paid appellant $236,000 to satisfy the balance owed for the 

judgment against Kirkpatrick, pursuant to its UIM obligation.10 Therefore, appellant was already 

8 The majority dismisses this portion of Llewellyn as dicta. Yet the majority relies on 

Llewellyn’s application of the collateral-source rule. That portion of Llewellyn, too, is dicta 

because it was not essential to the disposition of the question at issue: whether an unrelated 

statutory offset provision applied to the circumstances at issue. Llewellyn, 297 Va. at 596-98 

(holding the statutory offset in Code § 8.01-35.1, invoked by the defendant Llewellyn, did not 

apply to the case).

9

See Trisvan v. Agway Ins. Co., 254 Va. 416, 418 (1997) (“Since 1982, [Code]

§ 38.2-2206 has required that automobile liability insurance policies issued in Virginia include 

an endorsement which obligates the insurer to pay the insured for damages caused by the 

operation or use of an underinsured motor vehicle.”).

10 While I agree with the majority that “waiver of the insurer’s right to subrogation does 

not discharge the underlying tort liability,” supra at 3, payment of the remaining judgment does. 

The only reason USAA paid Brown the $286,000 was to satisfy the balance of the owed 

judgment. See Code § 38.2-2206(G) (“Any [UIM] insurer paying a claim . . . shall be subrogated 
- 13 -

made whole through his UIM insurance policy. Adopting appellant’s view will allow him to 

recover double—first from his UIM insurer pursuant to his UIM policy, and then from the 

defendant directly for the same amount paid out under the policy (on top of any remainder of the 

judgment). That result undercuts “the default rule against double recoveries.” See Dominion 

Res., Inc. v. Alstom Power, Inc., 297 Va. 262, 270-71 (2019). 

The collateral-source rule does not justify that double recovery. That doctrine instructs 

that “compensation or indemnity received by a tort victim from a source collateral to the 

tortfeasor may not be applied as a credit against the quantum of damages the tortfeasor owes.” 

Acordia of Va. Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Genito Glenn, L.P., 263 Va. 377, 387 (2002) (quoting 

Schickling v. Aspinall, 235 Va. 472, 474 (1988)). It acts only as “a narrow exception to both the 

default rule against double recoveries and the principle that compensatory damages cannot leave 

a plaintiff better off than before the injury.” Dominion Res., Inc., 297 Va. at 270-71 (emphasis 

added); see also Code § 8.01-56 (“[T]here shall be but one recovery for the same injury.”); cf. 

Llewellyn, 297 Va. at 601.

Monies paid from sources collateral to the tortfeasor typically include things like medical 

payment coverage or health-insurance-coverage payments for medical care. Those are payments 

made regardless of the liability of the tortfeasor. 

UIM insurance, however, is not collateral to the tortfeasor’s liability. Indeed, its very 

purpose is to provide additional monies to satisfy the risk and exposure of the tortfeasor. In 

to the rights of the insured to whom the claim was paid against the person causing the injury, 

death, or damage and that person’s insurer, although it may deny coverage for any reason, to the 

extent that payment was made.”).

For the same reason, the provision of Code § 8.01-455 that requires a judgment to be 

marked “satisfied” when full payment has been made fully supports the decision of the trial court 

in the instant action. USAA’s payment under the UIM policy satisfied the remaining liability 

“for bodily injury or property damage caused by the operation or use of an underinsured motor 

vehicle to the extent the vehicle is underinsured.” Code § 38.2-2206(A).
- 14 -

effect, it ensures there is a pot of money from which the insured plaintiff will receive 

compensation via his insurance when the defendant-tortfeasor has insufficient coverage. UIM 

coverage, therefore, is not collateral to the tortfeasor’s liability, but rather depends directly on the 

tortfeasor’s liability. Accordingly, the collateral source rule is irrelevant here.

Nor does Llewellyn demand the application of the collateral-source rule to this case. 

Although the Court in Llewellyn deemed the UIM carrier’s payment in that case a collateral 

source, the Court there faced a different set of circumstances. 297 Va. 588. Llewellyn involved 

a settlement between the plaintiff and her UIM-insurance carrier. Id. at 594. Before trial, the 

UIM carrier paid a flat settlement amount to its insured (the plaintiff White) and thereby avoided 

paying any other amount under the UIM policy that it otherwise would have been required to 

cover of the tortfeasor’s adjudicated liability. Id. Such a side deal renders the settlement 

payment a collateral source independent of the tortfeasor’s liability. In other words, the carrier 

in Llewellyn never made a payment in satisfaction (or partial satisfaction) of the judgment for the 

tortfeasor’s liability because White essentially sold her UIM coverage in exchange for a fixed 

sum as a settlement of her own insurance policy rights. The money White received from that 

pre-trial settlement with her UIM carrier was therefore collateral to the tortfeasor’s liability.

In contrast, this case concerns an agreement between the tortfeasor and USAA, the 

UIM-insurance carrier,11 in which USAA agreed with the tortfeasor to waive its subrogation 

right in exchange for the tortfeasor’s liability carrier defending the case. That agreement, unlike 

the one in Llewellyn, did not eliminate USAA’s obligation to provide UIM-insurance coverage 

11 The UIM-insurance context typically involves multiple parties with various interests—

the plaintiff, the plaintiff’s insurer(s), the defendant, and the defendant’s insurer(s). Those 

parties can contract with one another throughout that process. For example, the UIM statute 

specifically spells out how an “injured person may settle a claim with (i) a liability insurer [(i.e., 

the defendant’s insurer)] . . . and (ii) the liability insurer’s insured [(i.e., the defendant)] for the 

available limits of the liability insurer’s coverage” without precluding the injured person from 

receiving a payout from her own UIM policy. Code § 38.2-2206(K).
- 15 -

for Brown, the policyholder. And as previously explained, such coverage under these 

circumstances is not collateral to the tortfeasor’s liability.

The insured plaintiff is made whole—for any excess beyond the coverage amount of the 

tortfeasor—through plaintiff’s UIM policy and by recovering any remainder of his judgment 

directly from the underinsured tortfeasor. By granting the subrogation right exclusively to the 

UIM carrier, Code § 38.2-2206 ensures that the UIM policy remains as an additional source of 

funds to make the insured plaintiff whole even if the carrier waives its subrogation right against 

the tortfeasor. Appellant’s approach, on the other hand, will only enable double recovery and 

undermine the purpose of UIM insurance.12 For those reasons, I respectfully dissent.

12 As an aside, I note some additional consequences of appellant’s approach adopted by 

the majority. As a practical matter, UIM carriers sometimes contract away their subrogation 

rights against tortfeasors. A UIM carrier, for example, may want to avoid having an insurance 

company named in the lawsuit. Alternatively, the UIM carrier may want to ensure that the legal 

costs of a defense are handled by the tortfeasor’s insurance carrier and incentivize the defendant 

to defend the case in exchange for not exercising its subrogation rights in later proceedings. And 

defendant’s insurer, acting in accordance with its fiduciary duty to its insured, will likely take 

that deal.

But appellant’s approach, adopted by the majority, guts the subrogation waiver’s value as 

a bargaining tool for facilitating settlements. Now if the UIM carrier waives subrogation, the 

UIM payment is not credited against the judgment, and the plaintiff can pursue that amount from 

the defendant despite the waiver. The UIM carrier then cannot make any guarantees to 

defendant or the defendant’s insurer. The majority’s approach therefore renders the waiver 

worthless, making settlements less likely and litigation more contentious and complicated. See 

Mansfield v. Bernabei, 284 Va. 116, 124 (2012) (“The importance of encouraging compromise 

and settlement is unquestioned in our jurisprudence.”).