FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

August 5, 2005

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

_____________________________

No. 04-12341 

_____________________________

D. C. Docket No. 02-02725-CV-GET-1

JOHN L. PIECHOTA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

MARRIOTT INTERNATIONAL, INC.,

d.b.a. Atlanta Marriott Marquis,

OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY,

HMA REALTY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,

d.b.a. Atlanta Marriott Marquis,

Defendants-Appellees.

_________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia 

_________________________________________

(August 5, 2005)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
 At his deposition, Piechota testified that an Otis employee repaired the escalator. On appeal, 1

he suggests that the repairman was a Marriott employee. 

2

Plaintiff-Appellant Piechota appeals the grant of summary judgment to

Defendants-Appellees Marriott International, Inc. (“Marriott”), and Otis Elevator

Co. (“Otis”). After reviewing the record and having the benefit of oral argument,

we affirm the district court.

BACKGROUND

This case is based on an incident at an Atlanta hotel on 17 October 2000. 

We take the facts most favorable to Piechota, the nonmovant. Piechota was

ascending an escalator when he tripped and fell over something near the top. 

Piechota cannot recall if he hit the ground. He says that he fell when he tried to

avoid an exposed piece of plywood, and he presumes that he fell over a threequarters of an inch raised portion of metal at the top of the escalator (the skid pad). 

Piechota says he did not see raised portion before tripping over it. After the

incident, Piechota returned to his room and called the operator to inform Marriott

of his accident. Hotel security escorted Piechota back to the escalator where he

observed someone repairing the top of the escalator by removing the protrusion.1
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In his complaint, Piechota claimed that the trip severely damaged his knee,

causing physical injuries and suffering. The district court granted defendants’

motions for summary judgment on 8 April 2004.

DISCUSSION

We review the grant of summary judgment de novo and construe all

inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, Piechota. Waddell v. Hendry County

Sheriff’s Office, 329 F.3d 1300, 1304 (11th Cir. 2003). Georgia law controls, so

we must decide this case as the Georgia Supreme Court would. Chepstow Ltd. v.

Hunt, 381 F.3d 1077, 1080 (11th Cir. 2004). 

Piechota alleges that Marriott was negligent in failing to see, warn of and

repair the raised escalator platform. He asserts that Otis is also negligent for not

repairing the platform and for causing the defect by improperly replacing the

platform during its most recent inspection, eight days prior to the accident. 

When an escalator causes an injury, Georgia law requires that the escalator

be placed out of service until a state authority can inspect it. O.C.G.A. § 8-2-

106(c). The Georgia Court of Appeals concluded that a violation of this statute is

a form of spoliation, which warrants a rebuttable presumption that the evidence
Evidence of a hazardous condition does not establish liability: Georgia does not provide for 2

strict liability in escalator and elevator cases. Peterson Props. Corp. v. Finch, 508 S.E.2d 463, 464-

65 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998) (citing Ellis v. Sears Rowebuck & Co., 388 S.E.2d 920 (Ga. Ct. App. 1989).

4

spoliated would have been harmful to the spoliator. Lane v. Montgomery

Elevator Co., 484 S.E.2d 249, 251 (Ga. App. 1997). 

Even though Marriott denies anyone repaired the escalator, we must resolve

disputes in Piechota’s favor. Accordingly, the spoliation charge applies to

Piechota’s claim against Marriott and we presume that the allegedly hazardous

condition (the raised platform) existed for those purposes. Nothing evidences 2

that Otis repaired the escalator platform, so no spoliation charge would apply to

Piechota’s claims against Otis.

As the operator of the escalator, Marriott owed Piechota a duty of

extraordinary care in certain situations. MARTA v. Rouse, No. S04G1389, 2005

WL 950014 at *1 (Ga. Apr. 26. 2005). Georgia courts are less explicit when

defining the standard applicable to service operators such as Otis. At a minimum

it is “heightened” ordinary care. Millar Elevator Serv. Co. v. O’Shields, 475

S.E.2d 188, 191 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996). Recent authority treats this “heightened”

standard as extraordinary care. Rouse v. MARTA, 597 S.E.2d 650, 653-54 (Ga.

Ct. App. 2004) rev’d by MARTA v. Rouse, 2005 WL 950014 at *4 (not expressly
5

deciding whether service operators owe a duty of extraordinary care). This

heightened standard is of little utility here, because it seems limited to cases about

conducting more thorough investigations. O’Shields, 475 S.E.2d at 458. Piechota

does not challenge (even without expert testimony) the investigatory plan: as

opposed to its execution.

Piechota must first show that Defendants had superior knowledge of the

defective condition. Peterson Props. Corp. v. Finch, 508 S.E.2d 463, 465 (Ga. Ct.

App. 1998). Piechota cannot establish any of Defendants’ employees had actual

knowledge of the condition. At his deposition, Piechota could not recall seeing

any of either Defendants’ employees in the area of the escalator when he walked

onto, ascended and exited the escalator. Without a showing of actual knowledge,

Piechota must demonstrate that Defendants’ employees should have “discovered

[the condition] in the exercise of ordinary diligence.” Mayhue v. Middle Ga.

Coliseum Auth., 559 S.E.2d 488, 490 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002). 

We agree with the trial court that Marriott’s preventative measures foreclose

a conclusion of liability on these facts. Piechota does not dispute that Marriott

inspected the area every five to fifteen minutes. Georgia courts have considered a

five to fifteen minute window reasonable as a matter of law. Bolton v. Wal-Mart

Stores, Inc., 570 S.E.2d 643, 645 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002). A reasonable inspection
Piechota’s other attempts to establish negligence -- through contract and general “do not 3

cause harm” theories of liability -- should be rejected for the same reasons discussed above: ordinary

negligence applies.

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process “may be sufficient to support summary adjudication as a matter of law

where [as in this case] there is no evidence of employees in the vicinity.” Dix v.

Kroger Co., 570 S.E.2d 89, 90 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002). In addition, Piechota offers

no expert testimony challenging Marriott’s inspection procedures. Compare id. at

90 (concluding that the adequacy of inspection procedures are jury questions).

Thus, Georgia law supports the district court’s conclusion that Piechota’s claims

can not survive summary judgment.3

Likewise, Otis is entitled to summary judgment. First, it cannot be said that

an Otis employee caused the defect. While Piechota asks this Court to “infer” the

condition was created by an Otis employee who mistakenly replaced the skid pad,

we cannot. Piechota’s own evidence suggests that a Marriott employee repaired

the escalator after his fall. This fact suggests that Otis did not have exclusive

control of the skid pad. Accordingly, res ipsa loquitur does not apply. See Ken

Thomas of Ga., Inc. v. Halim, 597 S.E.2d 615, 618 (Ga. Ct. App. 2004)

(permitting res ipsa loquitur when, among other things, the instrumentality causing

the injury is “within the exclusive control of the defendant”). 
7

Second, Piechota’s “conjecture . . . is not sufficient to raise an issue of fact

in light of direct evidence” of a service schedule. Medders v. Kroger Co., 572

S.E.2d 386, 388 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002) (discussing direct evidence that person was

scanning for hazards). Here evidence exists of a service schedule. Otis employees

visually inspected the escalators daily and conducted physical inspections at least

monthly. The last physical inspection occurred on 9 October 2000, eight days

before Piechota’s incident. Beyond causation, we also recognize that Otis had no

knowledge of the allegedly hazardous condition and agree with the district court

that Otis’s service regimen falls within ordinary care. 

Last, Piechota relies on surveys by a consulting firm to establish past

knowledge of negligence. While these reports do indicate prior problems with the

escalators, by August 1999 those issues were resolved. Accordingly, the decision

of the district court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.