FOR PUBLICATION



### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

A SPIC E NGINEERING AND C ONSTRUCTION C OMPANY

, Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

v.

ECC C ENTCOM C ONSTRUCTORS LLC; ECC I NTERNATIONAL LLC

, Defendants

- Appellees. No. 17

- 16510

D.C. No.
4:17

- cv

- 00224

- YGR

OPINION

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted December 17, 2018 San Francisco, California

Filed January 28, 2019

Before: MILAN D. SMITH, JR. and JACQUELINE H.

NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and JANE A. RESTANI, * Judge.

Opinion by Judge Milan D. Smith, Jr.

* The Honorable Jane A. Restani, Judge for the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by designation.2 A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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SUMMARY **

Arbitration

The panel affirmed the district court’s order vacating
under the Federal Arbitration Act an arbitration award concerning the termination for convenience of two
subcontracts for the construction of buildings and facilities in Afghanistan.

The subcontracts were in support of defendants’ prime contracts with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The subcontracts incorporated by reference Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) clauses governing termination for convenience, and they contained a clause mandating that plaintiff, a local company, owed to defendants the same obligations that defendants owed to the U.S. government. Voiding parts of the subcontracts, the arbitrator aw arded plaintiff some of its claimed costs despite plaintiff’s failure to comply with FAR requirements.

The panel held that, in finding that plaintiff need not comply with the FAR provisions, the arbitrator exceeded his powers and failed to draw the essenc e of the award from the
subcontracts. The arbitrator’s award was “irrational” because he improperly based his conclusion not on past practices, but on his rationalization that to enforce the FAR clauses on plaintiff would be unjust.

** This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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COUNSEL

Walt Pennington (argued), Pennington Law Firm, San Diego, California, for Plaintiff

- Appellant.

Joseph G. Martinez (argued), Dentons US LLP, Denver,
Colorado ; Andrew S. Azarmi, Dentons US LLP, San Francisco, California; for Defendants

- Appellees.

OPINION

M. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

In this opinion, we review the award to Aspic Engineering and Construction Company (Aspic) following arbitration between Aspic and ECC Centcom Constructors, LLC and ECC International, LLC (together, ECC). ECC and Aspic entered into arbitration to resolve how much money ECC owed Aspic after ECC terminated for convenience two subcontracts it had awarded to Aspic. The arbitrator awarded Aspic just over $1 million, but ECC sought successfully to vacate the award in the district court. We
affirm the district court’s vacation of the arbitration award.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

I. The Subcontracts

In support of its prime contracts with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), ECC awarded Aspic two subcontracts for the construction of various buildings and facilities in Afghanistan. The first was to be performed in Badghis province (the Ba dghis Subcontract). The second required the construction of a training facility in Sheberghan province (Sheberghan Sub contract).4 A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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The Badghis Subcontract and the Shebergan Subcontract (together, the Subcontracts) contained terms and conditions “applicable to all U.S. Government subcontracts.” Specifically, the Subcontracts incorporated many Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 1 clauses by reference, or in
haec verba . These clauses included FAR 49.2 through 49.6, which govern termination for convenience. The Subcontracts also contained the following clause mandating that Aspic owe to ECC the same obligations that ECC owed to the United States government, as set forth in the FAR clauses: “The obligations of [ECC] to the Government as provided in said clause s shall be deemed to be the obligatio ns of Subcontractor to [ECC].”

USACE eventually terminated ECC’s prime contract for convenience on the Badghis project. Days later, ECC notified Aspic that it was terminating the Badghis
Subcontract for convenience. U nderstandably, Aspic sought payment for its expenses. On February 9, 2014, Aspic submitted its termination settlement proposal for the Badghis project to ECC. After review, ECC informed Aspic that the corroborative documents it had submitted in support

o f its settlement proposal were inadequate, and Aspic admitted it did not have many of the required materials. Nevertheless, ECC eventually submitted its termination settlement proposal to USACE, and included Aspic’s claim for $229,915 in termination costs within that proposal

.

Upon receipt of the termination settlement proposal, USACE notified ECC that it would not pay any of ECC’s
subcontractor termination costs

— including the money Aspic claimed it was owed

— until the Defense Contract

1 Titl e 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations contains the FAR regulations.A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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Audit Agency had cond ucted an audit. Following that audit, USACE informed ECC that it had overpaid Aspic for its performance under the Badghis Subcontract. In light of that determination, USACE refused to pay any of Aspic’s
claimed termination costs.

USACE also terminated EC C’s contract for the Sheberghan project for convenience. Two days later, ECC terminated the Sheberghan Subcontract for convenience.

Aspic again submitted a termination settlement proposal to ECC, this time requesting $1,032,462. ECC, however, did
not pre sent these claimed costs to the USACE. USACE eventually issued a no

- cost termination settlement between
USACE and ECC

— a settlement in which USACE claimed that the money previously paid to ECC and its subcontractors, including Aspic, constituted adequate

c ompensation.

II. Prior Proceedings

Aspic believed it deserved more money for its efforts under the Subcontracts. In August 2015, it submitted a settlement demand for $652,000 on the Sheberghan

Subcontract. ECC refused to pay, so Aspic filed for
arbitrati on. Aspic again tried to settle the dispute

— issuing settlement offers of $830,000 to ECC Centcom Constructors and $150,000 to ECC International

— but ECC did not accept
either of these offers.

In accordance with the Subcontracts, the parties proceeded to arbitration. 2 The Arbitrator issued a Partial

2 Part A “General Terms and Conditions” of the Subcontracts contained provisions requiring arbitration for disputes arising from the contracts and the application of California law.6 A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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Final Award, awarding Aspic $1,072,520.90 and holding ECC Centcom Constructors and ECC International jointly and severally liable for the total amount. Aspic then sought attorneys’ fees and costs. Contempora neously, ECC moved to reduce the Partial Final Award by Aspic’s waived damages, and opposed Aspic’s request by arguing that each party ought to bear its own attorneys’ fees. The Arbitrator’s Final Award (the Award) incorporated the Partial Final Award, de nied attorneys’ fees and costs, and awarded Aspic
half of the adm inistrative fees and expenses.

Aspic filed a petition in the Superior Court for San Mateo County, California seeking to confirm the Award. Aspic also sought to reverse the Arbitrator’s deter mination that it was not entitled to attorneys’ fees. The Superior Court affirmed the Award and modified it to award Aspic attorneys’ fees of $435,840, plus all of its arbitration costs. The Superior Court then denied ECC’s ex parte application

to vacate its prior order.

ECC removed the case to the Northern District of California. Before the district court, ECC renewed its effort to vacate the Award and the Superior Court’s judgment. Aspic did not oppose ECC’s motion to vacate the Superior Court’s judgm ent, and the district court granted that motion

.

The district court then held a hearing on the parties’
motions to vacate the Award and to confirm and correct the Award. Following the hearing, the district court vacated the
Award. The court held that the Award conflicted with the
contract because the arbitrator “voided and reconstructed parts of the Subcontracts based on a belief that the Subcontracts did not reflect a ‘true meetings [sic] of the minds.’” Aspic moved for reconsideration, which the court denied. Aspic then timely appealed.A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 16 and

28 U.S.C. § 1291. The Supreme Court has held that review of a district court’s decision confirming an arbitration award “should pro ceed like review of any other district court decision finding an agreement between two parties, e.g. , accepting findings of fact that are not ‘clearly erroneous’ but deciding questions of law de novo .” First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan , 514 U.S. 93 8, 948 (1995). We apply the same standard of review where the district court
vacates an arbitration award. See Aramark Facility Servs. v. Serv. Emp’s Int’l Union, Local 1877, AFL CIO , 530 F.3d 817, 822 (9th Cir. 2008) (applying de novo review for legal

r ulings and clea r error for findings of fact).

ANALYSIS

Aspic offers a litany of reasons why the Arbitrator’s Award was rational. However, that argument ignores our limited powers when reviewing arbitrated cases. Pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act (F AA), we “must” confirm an arbitration award unless we vacate, modify, or correct the award as prescribed in 9 U.S.C. § § 10 and 11. Bosack v.
Soward , 586 F.3d 1096, 1102 (9th Cir. 2009). “Neither erroneous legal conclusions nor unsubstantiated factual

fin dings justify federal court review” of an arbitral award
under the FAA. Id. Review of an arbitration award is “both limited and highly deferential.” Comedy Club, Inc. v. Improv W. Assocs. , 553 F.3d 1277, 1288 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Poweragent Inc. v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp. , 358 F.3d 1187, 1193 (9th Cir. 2004)).

We may vacate an arbitration award where, among other reasons, “the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite8 A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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award upon the subject ma tter submitted was not made.”

9 U.S.C. § 10. We have held that arbitrators “exceed their powers” when the award is “completely irrational” or exhibits a “manifest disregard of the law.” Kyocera Corp. v.
Prudential

- Bache Trade Servs., Inc. , 341 F.3d 987, 997 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal citations omitted)

.

An award is completely irrational “only where the
arbitration decision fails to draw its essence from the agreement.” Comedy Club , 553 F.3d at 1288 (quoting Hoffman v. Cargill Inc. , 236 F.3d 458, 461

– 62 ( 8th Cir. 2001)). An arbitration award “draws its essence from the agreement” if the award is derived from the agreement, viewed “in light of the agreement’s language and context, as well as other indications of the parties’ intentions.” Bosack

, 586 F.3d at 1106 (quoting McGrann v. First Albany Corp.

, 424 F.3d 743, 749 (8th Cir. 2005)). Under this standard of review, we decide “only whether the [arbitrator’s] decision ‘draws its essence’ from the contract,” not the “rightness or wrongness” of the arbitrat or’s contract interpretation. Id. (quoting Pacific Reinsurance Mgmt. Corp. v. Ohio Reinsurance Corp. , 935 F.2d 1019, 1024 (9th Cir. 1991)).

The question in this appeal, therefore, is not whether the Arbitrator’s Award was reasonable overall, but whether t he Arbitrator exceeded his powers in finding that Aspic need not comply with the FAR pr ovisions. We hold that he did.

In this case, the Arb itrator held, in relevant part:

The parties entered into two lengthy subcontract agreements for the two projects which were prepared by ECC and presented

to ASPIC. Each subcontract included very detailed provisions relating to Federal regulations governing the work as well asA SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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pass throug h and ‘Pay when/if Paid’ clauses.
The subcontracts were somewhat onerous as to ASPIC and were clearly drafted to give every advantage to ECC. In light of the fact that the ASPIC was a local Afghanistan subcontractor that had some experience with
government contracting but not nearly as extensive as that of ECC, and in view of the fact that the normal business practices and customs of subcontractors in Afghanistan were more ‘primitive’ than those of U.S[.] subcontractors experienced with U.S[.]

Government wo rk, it was not reasonable to expect that Afghanistan subcontractors
would be able to conform to the strict and detailed requirements of general contractors on U.S. Federal projects. Notwithstanding that expectation, ECC prepared its subcontract agreements to require the same level of precision and adherence to Federal procedures from ASPIC as ECC had toward the USACE through the pass through provisions of the agreements.

It was not reasonable that when the parties entered into the subcontract agreements, th ey both had the same expectations as to the performance of the agreements. ECC could not expect that ASPIC would be capable of modifying their local business practices to completely and strictly conform to the US governmental contracting practices that wer e normal to ECC. There was not a true meeting of the minds when the subcontract agreements were entered. Hence, ASPIC was10 A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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not held to the strict provisions of the subcontract agreements that ECC had to the

USACE. This arbitration demonstrated that

ASPIC co nducted its business practices in a manner normal to Afghanistan which was clearly not the same as a U[.]S[.] subcontractor working on a Federal project in
the U.S. (emphasis added).

Aspic contends that vacatur of the Award is not
warranted because the Arb itrator did not exceed his powers in holding that ECC never intended for Aspic to conform fully to the Subcontracts’ terms. Conversely, ECC argues that the Arbitrator erred by explicitly disregarding the Subcontracts’ requirements. The crux of this dispu te, therefore, is whether the Arbitrator improperly strayed from the plain text of the contract.

An arbitrator may interpret the contract “in light of

. . . indications of the parties’ intentions” and find that the parties’ conduct modified the text of a contract. See Bosack

, 586 F.3d at 1106. In Metzler Contracting Co. v. Stephens

, for example, we held that an arbitrator acted within his powers when he con cluded that the parties, “through their acts and conduct,” had waived a portion of the underlying

cost

- plus contract. 479 F. App’x 783, 784 (9th Cir. 2012). We found “plausible” the arbitrator’s interpretation of the contract despite the contract’s provi sion limiting the parties’ ability to waive contract provisions. Id. at 784

– 85.

What an arbitrator may not do, however, is disregard contract provisions to achieve a desired result. In Pacific Motor Trucking Co. v. Automotive Machinists Union , the
arbitr ator ruled that the company could not demote an employee from the Working Foreman positionA SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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notwithstanding the fact that the contract granted the company discretion over the position. 702 F.2d 176, 177 (9th Cir. 1983). We noted that while the arbitrator attempted to “justify the award on the basis of past practice

. . . there was no practice indicating that the employer lacked discretion over maintaining the [Working Foreman] position.” Id. Thus, we held that the district court properly
vacated the awar d because the arbitrator “dispense[d] his own brand of industrial justice” by “disregard[ing] a specific contract provision to correct what he perceived as an injustice.” Id. (quoting United Steelworkers of Am. v. Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp. , 363 U.S. 593 , 597 (1960))

.

Here, the Subcontracts incorporate numerous FAR provisions, including those that govern termination for convenience and the settlement procedure. FAR § 52.249

- 2 sets forth the procedure to be used in the event of termination
for convenience . 48 C.F.R. § 52.249

- 2. FAR § 49.108

- 3 requires that each settlement be “supported by accounting data and other information sufficient for adequate review by the Government,” and “in general conformity with the policies and principles

. . . in this subpa rt and subparts 49.2
or 49.3.” 48 C.F.R. § 49.108

- 3.

As the district court determined, the Award “conflicts directly with the [Sub]contract[s].” The Arbitrator recognized that the Subcontracts’ pass

- through provisions obligated Aspic to meet the FAR requ irements, yet he found that Aspic “was not held to the[se] strict provisions” based on Aspic “conduct[ing] its business practices in a manner normal to Afghanistan.” This finding alone

— if based on past practice

— would be insufficient for us to vacate an

ar

bitral award.

In arriving at that conclusion, however, the Arbitrator evaded the pass

- through provisions by determining that12 A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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there was not a true “meeting of the minds” when the parties
formed the Subcontracts because “the normal business practices and cus toms of subcontractors in Afghanistan were more ‘primitive’ than those of U.S. subcontractors,” and ECC could not expect Aspic to “strictly conform” to United States governmental contracting regulations. The Arbitrator then alluded to Aspic’s hand

- written receipts written in the “native language” and the use of dates from the Islamic calendar. The Arbitrator found that rejecting Aspic’s supporting materials because they were not translated into English and the Gregorian calendar “would result in a
forfeit ure and unfairness in the re solution of the Aspic
claims.”

These facts demonstrate that despite finding that the Subcontracts plainly required Aspic to comply with the FAR sections, the Arbitrator reasoned that the expectation of a seemingly less sophistic ated contractor complying with these regulations was unreasonable. Thus, the Arbitrator did not base his conclusion upon Aspic and ECC’s actual past procedures, but upon his rationalization that to enforce the FAR clauses on Aspic would be unjust. This a n arbitrator may not do.

By concluding that Aspic need not comply with the FAR requirements, the Arbitrator exceeded his authority and
failed to draw the essence of the Award from the Subcontracts. The Award disregarded specific provisions of the plain te xt in an effort to prevent what the Arbitrator
deemed an unfair result. Such an award is “irrational.”

Our conclusion is further supported by the fact that neither party argued that the FAR provisions did not apply
in their arbitration briefs. To the con trary, substantial portions of the parties’ briefs emphasize the other’s failure to comply with certain FAR sections: Aspic decried ECC’sA SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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violation of its duty to settle set forth in FAR § 49.108

- 3, and ECC contended that Aspic failed to properly present i ts settlement costs to ECC pursuant to FAR § 52.249

- 2.

We observe that it is a serious matter when an arbitral award determines that a (sub)contractor need not comply with the federal contracting regulations when no past practices demonstrate variation fro m those requirements. These regulations, while undoubtedly extensive, permit the government to maintain fairly uniform contracting standards in the many contracts it enters into with parties located in the
United States and around the world. See 48 C.F.R

. § 1.101 (“The [FAR] System is established for the codification and publication of uniform policies and procedures for acquisition by all executive agencies.”). To allow contractors and subcontractors, foreign or domestic, to evade the FAR provisions bec ause a subcontractor was too unsophisticated or inexperienced to fully understand them would potentially cripple the government’s ability to contract with private entities, and would violate controlling
federal law.

CONCLUSION

We have become an arbitration nation. An increasing number of private disputes are resolved not by courts, but by arbitrators. Although courts play a limited role in reviewing arbitral awards, our duty remains an important one. When an arbitrator disregards the plain text of a cont ract without legal justification simply to reach a result that he belie ves is just, we must intervene.

The Arbitrator’s Award in this case was “irrational” because it directly conflicted with the Subcontracts’ FAR

related provisions, without evidence of th e parties’ past practices deviating from them, in order to achieve a desired14 A SPIC E NG ’ G & C ONSTR

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outcome. We therefore affirm the district court’s vacatur of the Award. Because we affirm the district court, we also conclude that Aspic’s argument that the Arbitrator erred in failing to award it attorneys’ fees and arbitral costs is moot

.

AFFIRMED.