IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-0921

Filed June 6, 2018

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

RAAHSANN M. BROWN JR.,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Mary E. Howes, 

Judge.

The defendant appeals the district court order entering judgment and 

sentence after his deferred judgment was revoked. REVERSED AND 

REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.

Eric D. Tindal of Keegan and Farnsworth, Iowa City, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., Vaitheswaran, J., and Carr, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2018).
2

CARR, Senior Judge.

Raahsann Brown Jr. pled guilty to one count of possession of a controlled 

substance (marijuana), first offense. The district court granted him a deferred 

judgment. Brown appeals after the court revoked the deferred judgment and 

imposed judgment and sentence. He argues his constitutional rights were violated 

when the court entered the order revoking his deferred judgment.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

The State charged Brown with possession of a controlled substance on 

September 24, 2014. Brown entered a written guilty plea, waiving his presence at 

the guilty plea hearing and his right to file a motion in arrest of judgment in order 

to proceed to immediate sentencing. The district court accepted Brown’s plea on 

October 22, 2014, but deferred entering judgment for a period of six months. The 

court placed Brown on unsupervised probation on the condition that Brown have 

“no further law violations” and “no further alcohol or drug related arrests,” and pay 

“a civil penalty in the amount of $315 plus attorney’s fees and any applicable costs 

and surcharges.” The court established a payment plan and scheduled a review 

hearing for April 24, 2015, “to determine if [Brown] has completed all requirements 

of this sentence.” The order stated that Brown “is required to personally appear,” 

warning that “[f]ailure to appear can result in arrest.” The following month, Brown’s 

trial counsel withdrew as his attorney of record.

Brown did not appear at the April 24, 2015 review hearing, and no counsel 

appeared on Brown’s behalf. In a written order filed the same day, the court found 

Brown failed to comply with the terms of his deferred judgment by failing to appear 

and by failing to pay “all monies owed.” It issued a warrant for Brown’s arrest. 
3

Brown was served the arrest warrant on August 16, 2015. At his initial 

appearance, the court appointed Brown counsel and released Brown on his 

promise to appear at an August 21, 2015 hearing. Brown appeared with counsel 

at that hearing. In an order entered the same day, the court found Brown had 

“made some progress but need[ed] additional time to complete the terms of the 

deferred judgment.” The court scheduled a review hearing for October 23, 2015, 

ordered Brown to complete eighty-six hours of community service, and scheduled 

a “court compliance appointment” on September 3, 2015. The Scott County Sheriff 

filed an “alternative sentencing community service report” on October 21, 2015, 

stating that Brown had failed to complete any of the ordered community service. 

Brown again failed to appear at the review hearing on October 23, 2015. In 

a written order entered on the day of the hearing, the court found Brown failed to 

comply with the terms of his deferred judgment by failing to appear and failing to 

pay all monies owed. The order states, “IT IS HEARBY ORDERED that the 

Deferred Judgment is REVOKED. See separate sentencing order.” However, no 

sentencing order appears in the record. The court also ordered a warrant to issue 

for Brown’s arrest. 

The arrest warrant was not served on Brown until July 2, 2016. On July 6, 

2016, the court entered a written “order for continuance.” The order states:

The Court finds that there is good cause for continuing the 

above-captioned case upon Order of the Court and that it is in the 

interest of justice to continue the above-captioned matter. 

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the above-captioned 

matter is continued as follows:

Unsupervised Probation is scheduled on 07/08/2016 at 9:30 

AM at the Scott County Courthouse, 400 W 4th St, Davenport IA 

52801.
4

Defendant did not appear but this is set for UP court for review 

to see if the cash bond which pays off the case is sufficient to 

discharge instead of issue warrant. 

However, on July 7, 2016, the court entered an order stating Brown was 

“discharged from probation” and was “to continue making payments until paid in 

full.”1

Nearly ten months later, on May 1, 2017, the court entered an order “to 

correct judgment entry,” stating that Brown’s case “was erroneously discharged as 

if it was an unsupervised probation rather than a deferred judgment review.” In its 

order, the court noted the public defender’s office was representing Brown “on a 

current new charge” and appointed the public defender’s office to represent Brown 

at a review hearing scheduled for May 19, 2017. The court ordered the clerk of 

court to notify Brown of the hearing but noted the public defender’s office “may 

have a more current address and are asked to notify [Brown] as well.”

Brown did not appear at the May 19, 2017 review hearing. On the same 

day, the court entered a written order again revoking Brown’s deferred judgment. 

In a separate order entering judgment, the court convicted Brown of possession of 

a controlled substance, sentenced Brown to 120 days in jail, suspended the 

sentence, and placed Brown on probation for one year. 

Brown appeals, alleging the procedure utilized by the district court violated 

his due process rights. 

 

1

In the State’s view, the court “reviewed the file and, apparently not realizing that Brown 

had not yet been sentenced, issued an order discharging Brown from probation and 

ordering him to continue to make payments until paid in full.”
5

II. Scope of Review.

Generally, we review cases involving the revocation of probation and 

deferred judgment for the correction of errors at law. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. 

However, when considering a constitutional challenge, our review is de novo. See 

State v. Love, 589 N.W.2d 49, 50 (Iowa 1998). 

III. Preservation of Error.

The State argues Brown failed to preserve error on his claims because they

were not first raised in or decided by the district court. See State v. Halliburton, 

539 N.W.2d 339, 342 (Iowa 1995). None of the hearings before the district court 

were reported. Our sparse record is limited to various orders. Therefore, we have 

no indication of whether Brown or his counsel raised these claims before the 

district court. Because the obligation to make the record of the probation violation 

hearing was on the district court, see State v. Van Wie, No. 13-0133, 2014 WL 

69517, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2014), we address the merits of Brown’s claim.

IV. Discussion.

Deferred judgment is a sentencing option in which the court defers the 

adjudication of a defendant’s guilt and imposition of a sentence. See Iowa Code 

§ 907.1(1) (2015). If the defendant fulfills the conditions of probation and pays the 

fees imposed, the defendant is discharged without entry of judgment. See id.

§ 907.3(1)(c). If the defendant fails to comply with the court’s conditions, the court 

may pronounce judgment and impose sentence, following the proceedings set 

forth in Iowa Code chapter 908. See id. §§ 907.1(1), 907.3(1)(b). 

Under chapter 908, if there is probable cause to believe a defendant has 

violated the conditions of probation, the defendant may be arrested or summoned. 
6

See id. § 908.11(1). The judge who placed the defendant on probation, if 

available, shall issue the arrest warrant and conduct the initial appearance and 

probable cause hearing. See id. § 908.11(2), (3). The court may, in its discretion, 

merge the initial appearance, probable cause hearing, and probation revocation 

hearing—or any of them—into a single hearing “when it appears that the alleged 

violator will not be prejudiced by the merger.” See id. § 908.11(3). If a probation 

violation is established, the court has several options, including continuing the 

probation with or without alteration of its conditions and revoking the probation and 

imposing sentence. See id. § 908.11(4); State v. Keutla, 798 N.W.2d 731, 734 

(Iowa 2011) (concluding that the court may choose only one of the four discrete 

options provided in section 908.11(4) when revoking a deferred judgment). 

Probation revocation is a civil rather than a criminal proceeding. See State 

v. Lillibridge, 519 N.W.2d 82, 83 (Iowa 1994). Although the proceedings may be 

informal, probation revocation involves a serious loss of liberty and, therefore, the 

subject of the proceedings must be afforded due process. See id.; see also Meyer 

v. Jones, 696 N.W.2d 611, 614 (Iowa 2005) (“When a state action threatens to 

deprive a person of a protected liberty or property interest, a person is entitled to 

procedural due process.”). Procedural due process requires notice and the 

opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case. See Iowa Code § 

907.3(1)(b) (stating that the court must give the defendant “an opportunity to be 

heard on any matter relevant to the proposed action” before pronouncing judgment 

and sentence for failure to comply with the conditions for deferred judgment); In re 

Estate of Borrego, 490 N.W.2d 833, 837 (Iowa 1992). “Notice must be reasonably 
7

calculated to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford 

them an opportunity to present their objections.” Borrego, 490 N.W.2d at 837.

The Supreme Court has set out the procedural due process that must be 

afforded to a defendant in a probation revocation proceeding. See Morrissey v. 

Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 489 (1972) (listing the minimum requirements for procedural 

due process to be afforded a parolee at a parole revocation hearing); see also 

Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 782 (1973) (holding that “a probationer, like a 

parolee, is entitled to a preliminary and a final revocation hearing, under the 

conditions specified in Morrissey v. Brewer). These requirements include: 

(a) written notice of the claimed violations of [probation]; (b) 

disclosure . . . of evidence against [the defendant]; (c) opportunity to 

be heard in person and to present witnesses and documentary 

evidence; (d) the right to confront and cross-examine adverse 

witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause 

for not allowing confrontation); (e) a ‘neutral and detached’ hearing 

body . . . ; and (f) a written statement by the factfinders as to the 

evidence relied on and reasons for revoking [probation].

Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489; see also State v. Dolan, 496 N.W.2d 278, 279 (Iowa 

1992) (noting “case law governing parole and probation revocations is useful in 

evaluating a deferred judgment revocation”). 

Brown argues the court’s procedure violated his due process rights in four 

respects: (1) by providing insufficient notice of the alleged probation violations; (2) 

by providing insufficient notice of the hearing on the alleged violations; (3) by failing 

to provide him an opportunity to be heard on the merits; and (4) by failing to identify 

the basis of the violations in its order. 

The district court entered two orders revoking Brown’s deferred judgment: 

the first following the October 23, 2015 hearing and the second following the May 
8

19, 2017 hearing. Brown argues he was denied procedural due process at both 

hearings. The State argues that the October 23, 2015 order is controlling and the 

May 19, 2017 hearing “was merely a redundant proceeding.” In the State’s view, 

the court revoked Brown’s deferred judgment in October 2015 and therefore did 

not need to comply with procedural due process requirements for the May 19, 2017 

hearing. 

Typically, “a revocation proceeding is commenced with the filing in district 

court of an application for revocation.” State v. Jensen, 378 N.W.2d 710, 713 (Iowa 

1985). Apparently, because Brown was placed on unsupervised probation, no 

application for revocation was filed. Brown argues the scheduling of a review 

hearing provided insufficient notice that the court would consider revoking his 

deferred judgment. The State argues Brown received both written and oral notice 

of the court’s intent to revoke his deferred judgment at his initial appearance on 

August 16, 2015, in the August 21, 2015 order, and in the community service report 

filed in October 2015. 

Our only record of Brown’s initial appearance on August 16, 2015, is the 

court’s order entered the same day. The order states that Brown was appearing 

on the charge of “FTA-End of Deferred,” that there was probable cause to believe 

Brown committed the offense, and that the court informed Brown of the nature of 

the charge and the maximum and minimum sentencing consequences of the 

charge. The order sets a hearing, stating, “Deferred Judgments are scheduled on 

08/21/2015 . . . .” 

Presumably, the charge of “FTA-end of deferred” listed in the initial 

appearance was meant to indicate the court was considering whether to revoke 
9

Brown’s deferred judgment for his failure to appear at the April 24, 2015 review 

hearing. However, the phrase “end of deferred” could also mean the court would 

discharge Brown for completing the terms of his probation. Ostensibly, the court 

discussed the charge at Brown’s initial appearance. Unfortunately, all of the 

hearings in this case were unreported, and we are unable to determine whether 

the court thereby complied with the requirements set forth in Morrissey. Cf. 

Rheuport v. State, 238 N.W.2d 770, 775 (Iowa 1976) (holding statement of findings 

in support of probation revocation made in open court, made in the presence of 

the defendant, and recorded by a court reporter complied with Morrissey 

requirements).

Regardless, the court did not revoke Brown’s deferred judgment following 

the August 21, 2015 hearing. Instead, it entered an order stating, “Defendant 

made some progress but needs additional time to complete the terms of the 

Deferred Judgment.” It appears the court continued Brown’s probation but altered 

the terms to require Brown to complete eighty-six hours of community service. See 

Iowa Code § 908.11(4). The order does not state a deadline for completion. The 

order then sets “a hearing on Deferred Judgments” for October 23, 2015. 

Again, nothing in the August 21, 2015 order states that the court would 

consider revoking Brown’s deferred judgment at the hearing scheduled for October 

23, 2015. At the time the October 23, 2015 hearing was scheduled, Brown had 

not done anything to warrant revocation. The next filing in this case occurred on 

October 21, 2015, when the sheriff filed a report with the district court. The report 

states that Brown had not performed any hours of community service. The record 

contains no other filings indicating the court would consider revoking Brown’s 
10

deferred judgment at the October 23, 2015 hearing. Because Brown was not 

provided adequate notice that revocation would be considered at the hearing, the 

October 23, 2015 order revoking Brown’s deferred judgment violated Brown’s due 

process. See Iowa Code § 907.3(2)(b) (“Upon a showing that the defendant is not 

fulfilling the conditions of probation, the court may revoke probation and impose 

any sentence authorized by law. Before taking such action, the court shall give 

the defendant an opportunity to be heard on any matter relevant to the proposed 

action.”).

The court did not enter judgment of conviction or impose sentence on 

October 23, 2015. Instead, the court issued an arrest warrant, the same procedure 

used when Brown failed to appear at the April 24, 2015 hearing. The record 

contains no initial appearance following Brown’s arrest on July 2, 2016. The court 

entered a continuance on July 6, 2016, scheduling a hearing for July 8, 2016. 

However, before that hearing was held, the court entered its July 7, 2016 order, 

which discharged Brown from probation. Although the court later entered an order 

to correct that judgment, it had no power to do so. The corrected order was entered 

on May 1, 2017, more than two years after the court entered a deferred judgment 

on Brown’s possession charge and ordered him to unsupervised probation. Iowa 

Code section 907.7 states that the length of the probation shall not exceed two 

years if the offense is a misdemeanor. In order to retain jurisdiction beyond the 

probation period, a motion to revoke probation must be filed before its expiration. 

See Jensen, 378 N.W.2d at 712; see also Barker v. State, 479 N.W.2d 275, 278 

(Iowa 1991) (“We have held that where . . . the application to revoke probation is 

filed during the probation period, the district court retains jurisdiction to conduct a 
11

hearing and revoke the probation even after the original probation period has 

expired.”). No motion to revoke probation was ever filed prior to the expiration of 

Brown’s probation on October 22, 2016. Because the court did not retain 

jurisdiction beyond the probation period, any order entered after its expiration had 

no effect. See State v. Chase, 451 N.W.2d 493, 494-95 (Iowa 1990) (holding that 

even if the court entered a valid nunc pro tunc order to correct a clerical error in 

discharging the defendant from probation, the court was without power to do so 

where the defendant had served the maximum period for probation). 

We reverse the judgment and sentence entered on Brown’s conviction. We 

remand to the district court for entry of an order discharging Brown from probation 

and vacating the conviction and sentence imposed.

REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.