UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA

HAMMOND DIVISION

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) 

Plaintiff, ) 

) 

 v. ) CAUSE NO.: 2:16-CR-074-JVB-JEM

) 2:20-CV-362-JVB

AIRRION S. BLAKE, ) 

Defendant. ) 

OPINION AND ORDER

This matter is before the Court on a Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 22551 [DE 155] filed by 

Defendant Airrion Blake, without counsel, on October 8, 2020. The Government responded on 

November 6, 2020. Blake filed a reply on January 3, 2022. The Court appointed counsel for Blake 

on March 29, 2022. Blake, via counsel, filed a supplemental brief on June 22, 2022. The 

Government responded on August 12, 2022, and Blake replied on September 21, 2022. Blake

argues that his trial counsel was ineffective during his representation of Blake. 

For the reasons below, Blake’s motion is denied. The request to litigate without prepayment 

is moot. Further, the request for an evidentiary hearing is denied, and the Court will issue a 

certificate of appealability.

BACKGROUND

Blake was charged in a two-count indictment of (1) making a false, fictitious, or fraudulent 

claim and (2) theft of government money. Blake was initially represented by an appointed attorney 

from the Federal Community Defenders’ office. After Blake’s arraignment, retained counsel John 

H. Davis appeared on behalf of Blake, and appointed counsel withdrew. 

1 The original motion was not signed, but Blake filed a signed supplement incorporating his unsigned motion on 

November 6, 2020.

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At trial, which occurred in March 2018, Davis’s defense of Blake centered on disputing 

that Blake had the knowledge necessary to be convicted of the offenses charged. Specifically, the 

defense was that Blake earnestly believed tax theories, shared on an online Yahoo group. This 

theory is that the Government sets up a trust for every individual in the amount of their lifetime 

earnings and that one can access the funds in one’s trust by filling out IRS forms in a particular 

way. Thus, Davis argued under this defense, Blake did not believe he was defrauding the 

Government but instead believed that he was accessing his own property. At the end of the trial, 

the jury rendered guilty verdicts on both counts on March 22, 2018.

One week later, Blake filed a pro se motion for new trial in which he argued that Davis 

provided ineffective assistance. The Court denied that motion on July 22, 2019. Two days later,

Blake, represented by new, appointed counsel, was sentenced to 36 months of imprisonment 

followed by two years of supervised release.

On August 5, 2019, Blake’s sentencing counsel filed a notice of appeal. The Seventh 

Circuit affirmed Blake’s sentence and dismissed without prejudice Blake’s claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel, with the claim being preserved for post-conviction review. United States v. 

Blake, 965 F.3d 554, 561 (7th Cir. 2020).

ANALYSIS

Title 28 section 2255(a) provides that a federal prisoner “claiming the right to be released 

upon the ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the 

United States . . . may move the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct 

the sentence.” Relief under § 2255 is only appropriate for “an error of law that is jurisdictional, 

constitutional, or constitutes a fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete 

miscarriage of justice.” Harris v. United States, 366 F.3d 593, 594 (7th Cir. 2004) (quoting Borre 

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v. United States, 940 F.2d 215, 217 (7th Cir. 1991)). Blake argues that he should be granted relief 

under § 2255 for ineffective assistance of his trial counsel.2

Supreme Court case Strickland v. Washington provides the standard for ineffective 

assistance of counsel. 466 U.S. 668 (1984). This standard requires that “a defendant claiming 

ineffective counsel must show that counsel’s actions were not supported by a reasonable strategy 

and that the error was prejudicial.” Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 505 (2003). The two 

parts of the standard are often called the “performance” prong and the “prejudice” prong. 

An ineffective-assistance claim can function as a way to escape rules of waiver and 

forfeiture and raise issues not presented at trial, and so the Strickland standard must 

be applied with scrupulous care, lest “intrusive post-trial inquiry” threaten the 

integrity of the very adversary process the right to counsel is meant to serve.

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690).

The performance prong is met if the challenger shows that counsel’s representation “fell 

below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Vinyard v. United States, 804 F.3d 1218, 1225 

(7th Cir. 2015). The review of an attorney’s performance is highly deferential to mitigate hindsight 

bias, and the Court “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the 

wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. “The challenger’s 

burden is to show that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 

counsel guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 104 (internal 

quotation marks omitted). The Strickland analysis “calls for an inquiry into the objective 

reasonableness of counsel’s performance, not counsel’s subjective state of mind.” Harris v. United 

States, 13 F.4th 623, 630 (7th Cir. 2021), reh’g denied (Nov. 10, 2021) (quoting Harrington, 562 

2 Though Blake has already argued ineffective assistance of counsel in his new trial motion, the fact that the argument 

has already been heard (and decided against him) does not preclude him from revisiting those arguments in his § 2255 

motion. See United States v. Sheneman, Nos. 3:10-CR-120 JD, 3:10-CR-126(2) JD, 3:14-CV-1733 JD, 2015 WL 

22550247, at *21 (N.D. Ind. May 12, 2015) (finding neither procedural default nor law of the case prevented the 

defendant from arguing ineffective assistance of counsel in his § 2255 motion even though he had raised the issue in 

new trial motions).

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U.S. at 110). The Court “will not presume deficient performance based on a silent record because 

[the Court] presume[s] counsel made reasonable strategic choices unless the defendant presents 

evidence rebutting that presumption. United States v. Traeger, 289 F.3d 461, 472 (7th Cir. 2002).

The prejudice prong is met if the challenger shows “a reasonable probability that, but for 

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A 

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”

Harrington, 562 U.S. at 104 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

A. Presumption of Adequate Performance

Blake challenges the adequacy of the representation he received from his trial counsel, 

John H. Davis. As noted above, caselaw dictates that judicial review of allegations of ineffective 

assistance of counsel begins with a strong presumption that counsel’s actions constituted 

reasonable professional assistance. Here, though, the Court is presented with a relatively rare 

situation that requires the Court to more carefully consider whether the presumption is rebutted, is 

tempered, or remains in full effect.

On December 4, 2017, while Blake’s criminal case was pending, the Seventh Circuit issued 

its decision in Davis v. Anderson, 718 F. App’x 420 (7th Cir. 2017), which contains the following 

discussion regarding Davis:

Before concluding, we note that Davis’s conduct in this litigation raises serious 

concerns about his professional competence. He repeatedly ignored the judge’s 

simple instructions to file a complaint that complied with the federal rules. Even 

after the judge all but dictated what it would take to file a competent pleading, Davis 

returned with another bloated, unintelligible tome. Moreover, he told the judge that 

he was unable to communicate with his son except for exchanging an occasional 

greeting over the phone. That gives us reason to doubt whether [Davis’s son] Eric 

even knows about this case, yet Davis named him as a plaintiff and holds himself 

out as his attorney. Davis’s possible failure to communicate with Eric regarding the 

scope of the purported representation may violate Rule 1.4 of the Indiana Rules of 

Professional Conduct. And to the extent Eric’s interests are not aligned with Davis’s 

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interests (or Shelia’s [Davis’s former wife, who was also a named plaintiff], for that 

matter), Davis may also be violating Rule 1.7 of the code of conduct.

Id. at 424-25. The court ordered Davis to show cause why he should not be removed or suspended 

from the practice of law before the Seventh Circuit or otherwise disciplined under Federal Rule of 

Appellate Procedure 46(b) or (c). Id. at 425.

On May 29, 2018, about two months after Blake’s jury trial, the Seventh Circuit Court of 

Appeals removed Davis from that appellate bar due to “concerns about his professional 

competence” after receiving Davis’s response to the show cause order. In re Davis, No. 17-1732, 

2018 WL 11303648, at *1 (7th Cir. May 29, 2018). The court explained, “Davis’s unwillingness 

or inability to respond to our unambiguous concerns about his professional competence—not to 

mention the concerns of the district judge—plainly establishes that he cannot adequately represent 

his own interests, let alone those of his clients.” Id. at 2.

Here, the Court considers whether the strong presumption of professional competence is 

altered by the Seventh Circuit Court’s assessment of Davis’s professional competence. The initial

questioning occurred during the time of Davis’s representation of Blake, and Davis’s removal from 

practice before the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals followed shortly after Davis’s representation 

of Blake concluded on May 23, 2018.

There is no per se rule that an attorney provided ineffective assistance of counsel when that 

attorney is suspended from the practice of law after trial “due to [their] neglect of other clients’ 

legal matters.” Bond v. United States, 1 F.3d 631, 637 (7th Cir. 1993). “[T]he subsequent 

disbarment of the counsel for reasons having nothing to do with the instant case [is] irrelevant to 

[counsel’s] performance at petitioner’s trial.” United States ex rel. Ortiz v. Sielaff, 542 F.2d 377, 

380 (7th Cir. 1976). In Ortiz, the disbarment was “for accepting fees without providing services 

for other clients” and not connected to the attorney’s competence to act as legal counsel. Id.

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Disciplinary actions or investigations into counsel are relevant only where they are linked 

to attorney error in the case in which ineffective assistance is alleged. Bond, 1 F.3d at 637; see also

Hardamon v. United States, 319 F.3d 943 (7th Cir. 2003) (finding attorney’s probationary status 

and lack of its disclosure did not render the attorney’s performance deficient where the habeas 

petition failed to demonstrate any relation to errors at trial). Id. at 951.

Caselaw is clear that the disciplinary measures taken against Davis do not mandate a per 

se finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. What is less clear, though, is whether the 

presumption of professional competence is rebutted or tempered by the Seventh Circuit’s 

questioning and ultimate finding that Davis lacked professional competence and removed him 

from the appellate bar. The theme that emerges in the cases considering disciplinary proceedings 

contemporary to criminal representation is that the conduct in the criminal matter is controlling 

and specific connection to the disciplinary proceeding is needed for the disciplinary proceeding to 

be considered. Accordingly, the Court finds that the strong presumption of professional 

competence has not been rebutted and remains undisturbed and unaltered. Even so, the Court 

considers this question to be a matter on which reasonable jurists could reach a different 

conclusion, so a certificate of appealability will issue on this basis.

B. Procedural Missteps

Blake argues that Davis’s procedural missteps show that his performance fell below 

acceptable standards. Blake points to motions filed on August 14, 2017, and August 17, 2017, in 

support. These motions are at Docket Entries 28 and 39, respectively. Blake asserts that Docket 

Entry 28 violates Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 and appears to show that Davis bought 

into Moorish thought. Blake contends that Docket Entry 39 demonstrates Davis’s lack of 

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understanding of the determination of probable cause, the Government’s Brady obligations, and 

counsel’s due diligence responsibilities. 

 1. Docket Entry 28 

Docket Entry 28 is titled “Motion/Request for Discovery.” Magistrate Judge John Martin 

addressed the motion at the final pretrial conference held on August 18, 2017, ordered the parties 

to discuss the request, and allowed Blake to file a reply fully laying out his arguments if necessary. 

No reply came, and Judge Martin ultimately denied the motion, permitting Blake to “[bring] before 

the court with specificity” any outstanding evidentiary concerns. (Order, ECF No. 51). 

Blake argues that the motion does not comply with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 

regarding discovery, but Blake has not shown how he was prejudiced by this. Blake also asserts 

that paragraph 24 of the motion appears to show that Davis agreed with Moorish thought. That 

paragraph is: 

24. Identify the unique numbered trust account from which the UPPERCASE 

trust funds were taken, in that, the check made out to defendant was made in an 

UPPERCASE (ALL CAPS) manner such that it can be identified from a unique 

account which the Government has authority and opportunity to ascertain and 

submit such trust account number to the defendant. 

(Mot. Disc. ¶ 24, ECF No. 28 (formatting in original)). While this request reflects the incorrect 

understanding of tax law on which Blake’s defense of lack of knowledge is based, it is a step too 

far to conclude from this that Davis bought into the misunderstanding. Davis made clear at trial 

that the tax theory Blake pursued in his IRS filings was incorrect. (Tr. 462:10-16, ECF No. 104).

Further, Blake does not explain how his defense was prejudiced by the paragraph. The Court 

rejected this argument when Blake raised it in his motion for a new trial, and the Court rejects it 

again now, finding no prejudice to Blake. 

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 2. Docket Entry 39 

Docket Entry 39 is titled “Motion to Dismiss and Affirmative Defense of Entrapment.” In 

denying the motion on December 21, 2017, the Court noted that Blake requested dismissal of the 

indictment by arguing that the Government lacked probable cause. The Court rejected this 

argument as a non-starter because probable cause findings are entrusted to grand juries. Blake, via 

Davis as counsel, also argued that dismissal was proper because the Government did not comply 

with its obligations under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). Blake asserted that the 

Government failed to request and disclose certain information that would have supported Blake’s 

theory of the case. The Court rejected this argument because Blake failed to show Government 

suppression of any evidence or that Blake lacked access to the purported evidence that he sought. 

Blake’s final request in Docket Entry 39 was for a jury instruction on entrapment, which the Court 

denied because Blake had not submitted evidence of Government inducement. 

Though the motion failed on all arguments, Blake has not shown how he was prejudiced 

by Davis presenting these arguments to the Court in the motion to dismiss. It is not as if Blake is 

arguing that Davis failed to ask for dismissal on grounds that would have succeeded, where 

prejudice would be apparent. With no prejudice shown, the above arguments fail to show 

ineffective assistance of counsel for filing a motion that failed. The argument that Davis 

misunderstood his due diligence responsibilities and the Government’s Brady obligations and the 

argument that Davis should have obtained a jury instruction on entrapment will be addressed 

below. 

C. Discovery

When representing a criminally charged client, an attorney is obligated “to look into the 

facts of the case and to assess potential defenses.” Meyers v. Gomez, 50 F.4th 628, 642 (7th Cir. 

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2022). When arguing for relief under § 2255 for counsel’s failure to investigate, a petitioner must 

provide “sufficiently precise information, that is, ‘a comprehensive showing as to what the 

investigation would have produced.’” Hardamon, 319 F.3d at 951 (quoting United States ex rel. 

Simmons v. Gramley, 915 F.2d 1128, 1133 (7th Cir. 1990)). Still, it is a rare case when counsel’s 

failure to investigate or call a specific witness will amount to ineffective assistance; counsel has

no burden to pursue every possible lead before choosing a defense. Jennings v. United States, 461 

F. Supp. 2d 818, 828 (S.D. Ill. 2006) (citing Sullivan v. Fairman, 819 F.2d 1382, 1988-93 (7th Cir. 

1987)). Because the Court starts with a strong presumption of effectiveness, the Court also begins 

with the presumption that Davis’s decisions during discovery were part of a sound trial strategy, 

even without an articulation of his strategy by Davis. Meyers, 50 F.4th at 645 (citing Strickland, 

466 U.S. at 689). However, where there is no indication counsel investigated a particular witness, 

the failure to call that witness is “more likely to be a sign of deficient performance” than would be 

the case if counsel had investigated that witness. Id. at 642. 

 1. Misunderstanding of Brady

As a more over-arching matter, Blake argues that Davis misunderstood Brady v. Maryland

and what obligations that case places on the prosecutor. 373 U.S. 83 (1963). The trial record

supports Blake. It shows that Davis misunderstood of Brady, incorrectly thinking that the 

prosecutor had an affirmative duty to actively seek out exculpatory evidence that Davis could have 

pursued himself. (Tr. 247:14-248:16, 249:12-253:20, ECF No. 103). The prosecutor’s duty to 

simply turn over exculpatory evidence if the prosecutorial team is in possession of it. United States 

v. Gray, 648 F.3d 562, 566 (7th Cir. 2011); see also United States v. White, 970 F.2d 328, 337 (7th 

Cir. 1992) (holding there is no suppression of evidence in violation of Brady when the evidence is 

accessible to the defendant before trial through the exercise of reasonable diligence). On this 

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evidence, the Court is willing to assume that Davis’s performance fell below the acceptable 

standard for discovery matters that Davis could reasonably have sought from governmental 

entities. This is because it appears Davis chose not to seek items in discovery on the mistaken 

belief that the Government would need to seek out and disclose all exculpatory evidence. However, 

prejudice must still be shown in order to establish that Davis provided ineffective assistance of 

counsel, so the Court’s analysis continues. 

 2. Failure to Subpoena Government Documents 

Blake argues that Davis was ineffective because he did not attempt to subpoena the Social 

Security Administration or the IRS for copies of recorded contact between Blake and those 

agencies. Blake asserts that records of contact with the IRS would corroborate Blake’s defense 

based on lack of knowledge and further corroborate why he wrote “void where prohibited by Law” 

on his 1041 tax form. Blake maintains that a copy of Blake’s Social Security Statement would 

support Blake’s explanation of the income amount listed on the 1041 form. 

As to Blake’s contact with the IRS, Blake argues that proof of this contact would have 

corroborated Blake’s statement that he was advised to write “void where prohibited by law” on his 

1041 tax form. At trial, the Government agreed that Blake called the IRS about his 1041 form and 

did not challenge Blake’s testimony that the IRS representative he spoke with instructed him to 

put “void where prohibited by law” on the form “and if it’s wrong, [the IRS is] not going to process 

it.” (Tr. 369:10-370:1, ECF No. 103). The only evidence was that the IRS advised Blake as Blake 

testified. There is no reasonable probability that introduction of proof of this IRS contact at trial 

would have changed the outcome of Blake’s trial, so there is no prejudice. 

Regarding the Social Security Statement, the Court finds no prejudice from the failure to 

get the statement from the agency. Blake testified to how he used the number from the Social 

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Security Administration to determine what number to place on his 1041 form. (Tr. 346:8-17, 

411:20-25 ECF No. 103). This testimony was corroborated by Special Agent Jason Bushey, who 

testified for the prosecution. (Tr. 216:23-218:6, 221:7-13, 239:13-25, ECF No. 103). There was no 

real dispute that Blake derived the income amount listed on his charged 1041 form from his Social 

Security Statement. There is no prejudice from Davis’s failure to obtain a copy of the statement. 

To the extent that Blake is asserting ineffective assistance for failure to obtain a copy of 

the recording of Blake’s interview with the IRS, the evidence shows that the “recording” of the 

interview is the “memorandum of interview.” (Tr. 261:20-22, ECF No. 103). There is no evidence 

that an audio or video recording exists. There is no prejudice for failing to attempt to obtain 

something that does not exist. 

 3. Failure to Investigate Witnesses Through the IRS 

Blake asserts that Davis should have investigated the IRS employee and supervisor who 

approved his 1041. Because Blake has not explained how the results of any investigation into these 

individuals would have changed the trial income, Blake has failed to show prejudice. 

Blake also maintains that Davis should have investigated other filers who submitted tax 

forms under the same theory as Blake. Blake contends that evidence of other filers who succeeded 

would help show how a person such as Blake could be convinced of the theory’s validity, thereby 

bolstering Blake’s defense theory that he did not have the knowledge necessary to commit the

offenses charged.

The Government responds that evidence of these other filers would be inadmissible under 

Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 403. Under Rule 401, any such evidence would be admissible 

as tending to make Blake’s requisite level of knowledge more or less probable. Under Rule 403, 

the Court would have balanced the probative value of the evidence versus the likely harm that 

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would result from the admission of it into evidence. And, under this analysis, the Court would have 

been inclined not to admit the evidence. Blake’s subjective knowledge was at issue, not whether, 

objectively, Blake’s alleged lack of knowledge was reasonable. That others filed with the IRS using 

the same theory does not directly speak to Blake’s subjective knowledge of the incorrectness of 

his tax form. There is no sign that Blake received actual confirmation of any specific filer’s success 

under the tax theory at issue, instead, the indication is that Blake read on the internet that it was a 

legitimate theory and read other people’s assertions that the theory had worked for them. 

If Blake was unaware of a specific filer’s success, the fact of that success is not particularly 

probative. Further, this evidence could confuse the issues, perhaps leading the jury to consider 

whether it is fair to convict Blake (for an offense that they in their factfinding capacity believe that 

he had committed) when others who displayed the same conduct went unprosecuted. This evidence 

would also be fairly cumulative with other evidence that was introduced at trial, including Blake’s 

testimony that he believed he was following a legitimate tax theory because of what he learned on 

the Yahoo group: “[i]t was actually other people that were telling this story that said that they did 

it,” so—through testimony—there was already a suggestion (which, according to the defense, 

Blake believed) of others succeeding. (Tr. 357:23-24, ECF No. 103). Because the Court would 

likely have sustained a Rule 403 objection, there is no reasonable probability of a different outcome 

had Davis obtained evidence of other filers who succeeded under the same tax theory used by 

Blake. The prejudice prong is not met. 

 4. Failure to Investigate Blake’s Contact with an Accountant 

Blake faults Davis for not investigating and using at trial evidence that Blake spoke with 

an accountant, Willie Dover, regarding the “trust fund” theory on which Blake’s defense was 

based. The Court’s assumption of prejudice for the misunderstanding of Brady does not extend to 

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this argument because there is no governmental connection to this conversation and there is no 

reason to think that the Government would have been aware of or had evidence of the existence of 

this conversation, so Davis’s misunderstanding of Brady played no role here.

Blake, in his Supplemental Affidavit, mentions matters he discussed with Davis or that he 

requested Davis to investigate regarding his case. Absent, though, is an indication that Blake 

informed Davis of his conversation with Dover. Without reason to impute to Davis knowledge of 

the conversation between Blake and Davis, Blake has not shown that Davis performed 

inadequately. See Long v. United States, 847 F,3d 916, 922 (7th Cir. 2017) (“‘[W]hen determining 

the reasonableness of trial counsel’s investigation,’ we ‘consider what [the defendant] told trial 

counsel.’” (quoting Koons v. United States, 639 F.3d 348, 354 (7th Cir. 2011)) (alterations in 

original)).

Even if there were a suggestion in the record that Davis knew of Blake’s conversation with 

Dover, the affidavit of Blake’s current counsel reveals that Dover told Blake he “had no idea about 

what Mr. Blake was talking about,” so if Dover had testified, a jury could have viewed the 

testimony as evidence that Blake knew that the tax theory Blake espoused was not legitimate. (Aff. 

Kupsis ¶ 5, ECF No. 172-2). It would be a reasonable strategic decision to not put such testimony 

before the jury for consideration. Finally, Blake testified at trial that he did not consult a “legitimate 

tax preparer” regarding his charged return. (Tr. 359:2-8, ECF No. 103). Introduction of Blake’s 

conversation with Dover would have undercut Blake’s credibility. Davis’s performance here did 

not fall below the acceptable standard.

Thus, despite Davis misunderstanding Brady, the Court finds that Blake has not shown that 

he was prejudiced by the misunderstanding, nor has he shown that he received ineffective 

assistance of counsel through Davis’s actions and decisions made during discovery.

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D. Trial

Blake asserts that Davis provided inadequate performance by not introducing evidence at 

trial that Blake was trying to avoid destitution. At trial, the Government asked Blake if he struggled 

to make money during a period in which he was self-employed before and at the time that he filed 

the tax form at issue.3 (Tr. 354:2-13, ECF No. 103). Blake replied in the negative, indicating that 

at that time he had a profitable business. Id. at 354:14-16. In light of Blake’s sworn testimony that 

he was not experiencing financial difficulties, it was reasonable, from a strategic standpoint, not 

to present evidence to the contrary, as it could reflect negatively on the jury’s opinion of Blake’s 

credibility and provide evidence tending to show that Blake perjured himself.

Blake also contends that Davis should have done more to dispute the knowledge element 

that the Government had to prove at trial. Consistently throughout the trial (in proceedings both in 

front of and outside the jury’s presence), Davis returned to his chosen defense: that Blake did not 

act with the knowledge necessary to commit the offenses charged. See, e.g., (Tr. 107:3-10, 136:15-

17, 165:9-15, 265:20-24, 270:23-271:8, 455:23-25, ECF Nos. 102-104). Blake testified about his 

knowledge, too, when he explained how he became familiar with the Moorish tax law theories, his 

acceptance of those theories, and the actions he took upon learning them. See, e.g., (Tr. 280:10-

14, 281:24-282:9, 284:16-23, 290:17-291:2, 312:19-25, ECF No. 103).

Though Blake maintains that Davis should have admitted into evidence Moorish Nation 

literature regarding the incorrect theories at issue, it remains unclear what literature Blake believes 

should have been admitted and whether the Court would have allowed it. Blake testified that his 

exposure to the theories came through a Yahoo group whose name he could not remember and 

whose members he did not personally know. See (Tr. 282:25-283:12, 291:11-13, 312:23-25, 

3 In his supplement, Blake asserts, without citation to evidence, that he “testified at trial that he was in desperate 

financial straights [sic].” (Suppl. at 10, ECF No. 172). The Court places no weight on this unsupported statement.

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357:20-358:1, 358:13-359:1, 367:10-22, 370:2-4, 389:10-12, ECF No. 103). Further, Blake states

in his supplemental affidavit: “I made it clear [to Davis] that I was not a member or otherwise 

associated with the Moorish Science Temple.” (Blake Suppl. Aff. ¶ 2, ECF No. 172-1). What a 

client tells counsel is relevant when evaluating counsel’s performance. See Long, 847 F.3d at 922. 

Under these circumstances, Davis’s failure to seek admission of unspecified “Moorish Nation 

literature” was an objectively reasonable decision and does not reflect inadequate performance.

Though Blake insists that Davis should have presented an entrapment defense, Davis 

already had a defense that he was pursuing: Blake’s lack of the requisite knowledge. Though there 

may be an obligation to present a certain defense if it is the only defense available, Keys v. 

Duckworth, 761 F.2d 390, 392 (7th Cir.1985) (“[T]he decision to forego what may be the only 

available defense can fall below sixth amendment standards.”), that is not the case here, where 

another defense was available. See Benabe v. United States, 68 F. Supp. 3d 858, 865 (N.D. Ill. 

2014) (“[C]ounsel’s decision [whether] to pursue alternative strategies ‘falls withing the wide 

range of reasonable professional assistance.’” (quoting Strickland ̧466 U.S. at 689)). Davis’s 

chosen defense was a strategic decision, and the Court does not find his performance deficient for 

failing to also pursue the entrapment defense, especially since Blake has not identified what 

evidence would have entitled Blake to an entrapment jury instruction.

Blake further submits that Davis’s performance as counsel fell below the acceptable 

standard because he failed to have a contemplated expert witness testify. The expert would have 

testified on the concept of “garbage in, garbage out” in relation to information gathered from 

computer resources. Blake admits that “[t]his expert testimony did not seem to be supportive of 

defendant’s case and the same concept could have been derived through cross examination through 

any of the witnesses who relied upon the computer information submitted.” (Suppl. at 12, ECF 

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No. 172). Given Blake’s admission, the Court finds that no prejudice has been shown by the failure 

to subpoena this expert witness to testify. See also Dunn v. Reeves, 141 S. Ct. 2405, 2410 (2021) 

(“[S]trategic decisions—including whether to hire an expert—are entitled to a ‘strong 

presumption’ of reasonableness.” (citing Harrington, 562 U.S. at 104)).

E. Communication

Blake next argues that Davis failed to meaningfully discus the case’s investigation with 

Blake. Blake notes that, contrary to Blake’s request, Davis did not try to subpoena the Social 

Security Administration or the IRS to obtain records of contact between Blake and those agencies 

or other documents to support Blake’s defense.4 It is clear that Davis did not go about building

Blake’s defense in the manner that Blake would have chosen. However, Blake’s Supplemental 

Affidavit provides insight into Davis’s rationale for selecting his chosen path: Davis explained in 

pretrial conversation with Blake that Davis intended to use Blake’s previously filed civil suit in 

support of the theory that Blake genuinely believed in the legitimacy of the incorrect tax theory 

under which Blake filed his charged return. (Blake Suppl. Aff. ¶ 8, ECF No. 172-1). Davis 

ultimately elicited testimony from Blake on this point and admitted documents from the civil case 

into evidence. (Tr. 294:24-296:22, 334:6-7, 341:14-342:23 ECF No. 103). A failure to pursue 

Blake’s preferred route in support of his defense theory of lack of knowledge does not mean that 

Davis did not adequately communicate with Blake.

Blake also maintains that Davis did not adequately prepare Blake to testify at trial. 

However, “conclusory allegations regarding the time spent in consultation with . . . trial counsel” 

do not, alone, establish that a person received inadequate assistance of counsel. United States v. 

Mealy, 851 F.2d 890, 908 (7th Cir. 1988). The Government does not dispute Blake’s contention 

4 As addressed above in the section regarding discovery, the Court has found that failure to subpoena the agencies was 

not ineffective assistance of counsel.

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that Davis did not meet with Blake from August 2017 until two weeks before trial in March 2018. 

Accepting this as true, Blake has still failed to provide argument on how he was prejudiced by this 

gap in communications.

F. Visual Impairment

It is a matter of record that Davis was experiencing vision difficulties at the time of Blake’s 

trial. (Tr. 3:15-4:5, 21:6-19, ECF No. 102). This was accommodated by Davis’s paralegal being 

available at trial to read material to Davis and guide him around the courtroom. Id. Blake asserts 

that Davis “could not see the information being provided to understand the constitutional 

implications or legal strategy if any needed by his client.” (Mot. at 14, ECF No. 155). The 

understanding of legal implications and devising of legal strategy do not depend on having typical 

visual capabilities. Davis’s difficulties in visual perception were addressed by his paralegal’s 

assistance. As the Court reported in its denial of Blake’s motion for new trial, Davis knew the 

Government’s exhibits and was quite effective at trial. (Op. & Order, at 3, ECF No. 126). The 

Court refuses to find that, by definition, accommodated visual impairments disqualify a lawyer 

from providing effective assistance to their clients. Blake has not shown inadequate performance 

by Davis due to his vision impairments.

REQUEST FOR EVIDENTIARY HEARING

Blake requests an evidentiary hearing on his motion, but no motion is necessary if “the 

motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no 

relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b). An evidentiary hearing on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel 

is appropriate if a petitioner has alleged facts that, if true, entitle them to relief. Gaylord v. United 

States, 829 F.3d 500, 506 (7th Cir. 2016). The allegations must be “detailed and specific” rather 

than “vague, conclusory, or palpably incredible.” Id.

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Here, no evidentiary hearing is necessary. Blake’s arguments have been fully addressed 

above, and their resolution do not depend on disputed facts or detailed and specific allegations that 

need to be supported with evidence. Therefore, the Court denies the request for an evidentiary 

hearing.

REQUEST TO PROCEED WITHOUT PREPAYMENT

Because no filing fee is required for a § 2255 motion, the Court denies as moot Blake’s 

request to proceed without prepayment.

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

Section 102 of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act provides that a 

certificate of appealability may be issued only upon a “substantial showing of the denial of a 

constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). A “substantial showing” is “a demonstration that . . . 

includes showing that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the 

petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate 

to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473 (2000).

As noted above, the Court issues a certificate of appealability on whether the presumption 

of effective assistance should be found to be rebutted, tempered, or otherwise altered by the show 

cause order and ultimate disbarment of Davis from practice before the Seventh Circuit Court of 

Appeals.

CONCLUSION

Based on the above, the Court hereby DENIES the Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 

[DE 155], DENIES the request for evidentiary hearing, DENIES as moot the request to proceed 

without prepayment, and ISSUES a Certificate of Appealability regarding what, if any, effect the 

Seventh Circuit’s questions on Davis’s professional competency and ultimate removal from 

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practice have on the presumption of adequate performance by counsel when evaluating Blake’s 

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

SO ORDERED on June 29, 2023. 

s/ Joseph S. Van Bokkelen 

JOSEPH S. VAN BOKKELEN, JUDGE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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