IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2017-CA-00973-COA

RODNEY J. WILKINSON APPELLANT

v.

STEPHANIE WILKINSON APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/05/2017

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JENNIFER T. SCHLOEGEL

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HANCOCK COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: WILLIAM ALEX BRADY II 

MICHELLE ELIZABETH LUBER

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: PATRICK TAYLOR GUILD

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - CUSTODY

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 02/26/2019

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

BARNES, C.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. RodneyWilkinson (Rod) appeals the ChanceryCourt of Hancock County’s dismissal

of his motion for modification of custody and contempt, as well as the chancery court’s

finding of contempt against him and the award of attorney’s fees to Stephanie Wilkinson. 

Finding no error, we affirm.

STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2. Rod and Stephanie were married in May 2009 and separated in 2011. They agreed

to a divorce based on irreconcilable differences in March 2015. One child was born of the

marriage—Olivia—who was nearly four-years old at the time of the divorce. Stephanie was

granted primary physical custody of Olivia and child support of $505 per month. In the
PropertySettlement andCustodyAgreement, the chancerycourt outlined a detailed visitation

schedule for Rod, including physical and telephonic visits. Both parties had other children

from prior relationships. Rod had custody of his daughter Alysa, who is about three years

older than Olivia, and Stephanie has a son, Evan. During the time of this proceeding,

custody of Evan had been temporarily transferred to Evan’s father, Chris Zimmerman.1

¶3. Despite their divorce, Rod and Stephanie resumed their sexual relationship from

August 2015 through January 2016. At times, Rod would spend the night at Stephanie’s

home during visitation with Olivia. However, their post-divorce relationship was extremely

volatile. The Wilkinsons communicated frequently by text message, and their tone ranged

from pleasant to profane.2 Their relationship’s volatility especially escalated when both

parties started dating other individuals. At some point in 2016, Stephanie entered into a

romantic relationship with Curtis Thomas, a long-time friend and family member, who was

allegedly separated from his wife, Tabitha. Stephanie stated that Curtis pursued her. Their

relationship culminated with a trip to Key West, Florida, with friends in May, but both

claimed their relationship never became sexual. By August 2016, Curtis testified that

Stephanie broke off the relationship because “she had to do what was right for her family.” 

Stephanie claimed Curtis then harassed her, and she tried to enlist Rod’s help to stop him.

¶4. In an attempt to show Stephanie was “unstable, violent, dangerous,” and regularly put

1 Stephanie was in extensive custody litigation with Chris over Evan. In September

2015, an order of temporary custody was entered transferring custody of Evan to Chris.

2 At the hearing, over 200 pages of text messages from August 2015 to January 2017

were entered into evidence, giving insight into the tenor of their relationship.

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Olivia in perilous situations, Rod presented testimonyand recorded evidence (both audio and

video) of several incidents where Stephanie lost her temper and used profanity, sometimes

in front of Olivia. Stephanie, however, claimed that Rod “set her up” during these incidents

by intentionally making her upset and then recording her angry reaction.

¶5. The most egregious incident occurred in the early morning hours of August 2, 2015. 

Rod was standing in the parking lot of a local bar when Stephanie intentionally crashed her

vehicle into Rod’s truck, moving it several feet. Olivia was not present. Stephanie admitted

she was upset with Rod after seeing him that night socializing with another woman in his

truck. Stephanie claimed she and Rod were “in a relationship trying to work everything out”

at the time. Stephanie was arrested for domestic violence, but Rod dropped the charges.3

¶6. At the hearing, Rod presented several other incidents to show inappropriate behavior

by Stephanie which occurred in 2016. One of Rod’s friends testified that one evening in

February, after a Mardi Gras parade, she and Rod’s sister saw Olivia and Stephanie standing

by the jukebox of the local Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) post. The friend commented

to Stephanie, “[W]ow, now you’re bringing your daughter into bars. That’s awesome.” Then

she called and reported the sighting to Rod. Stephanie, however, explained that she and

Olivia went to the VFW to take an aunt money, and her uncle asked Olivia to come inside

the bar for a Coke and peanuts. They were inside the building for fifteen minutes.

¶7. In another incident in April 2016, Stephanie was at the Margaritaville Casino hotel

3Thisincident led to Stephanie’s ex-husbandChris being awarded temporarycustody

of Evan. However, the court also ordered Rod not be present during Stephanie’s visitation

with Evan due to that relationship’s volatility.

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with Olivia and Evan when she read a text message on Evan’s mobile telephone from Chris’s

girlfriend at the time. Stephanie became enraged, yelling profanity at Evan while Olivia was

present. At the time, Olivia was having a telephonic visit with Rod, who could overhear

Stephanie yelling at Evan. He decided to record his conversation with Olivia, and later, it

was entered into evidence against Stephanie.

¶8. In May 2016, Stephanie lost her temper with Rod during a visitation exchange. She

destroyed a $250 check he gave her, finding it insulting. At the time, Rod had not paid

Stephanie child support since January 2016. Rod recorded these incidents, which were

entered into evidence. In the chancellor’s opinion, during these incidents Rod was

intentionally “exploiting Stephanie’s emotional insecurities and allowed her to degrade him

verbally.” Unfortunately, Olivia was present during these encounters and upset by her

parents’ conflicts.

¶9. On August 19, 2016, however, Rod lost his temper with Stephanie during a visitation

exchange, which compelled Stephanie to file petitions for a domestic-abuse protection order

against Rod in both Hancock County Justice Court and the chancery court. Both the justice

and chancery courts granted her separate orders, prohibiting Rod from contacting her. 

Therefore, during this time, Rod was unable to have telephonic visits with Olivia.

¶10. On September 22, 2016, Rod filed a motion for contempt and modification of custody,

seeking primary physical custody of Olivia. His contempt allegations include consistent

harassment on the telephone and in person by Stephanie; physical damage to his personal

property (his truck); physical and verbal abuse; negative comments about him before Olivia;

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discussing adult matters before Olivia; alienating Olivia from him; and interfering with his

physical and telephonic visitations, which included the “inappropriate” protective order

preventing contact with Olivia.

¶11. A few days later, under Rod’s recommendation, Stephanie filed a police report against

Tabitha, Curtis’s wife, for cyberstalking/email threats and simple assault for a five-month

period of harassment.4 On October 20, 2016, Stephanie answered Rod’s motion and filed a

counter-claim for contempt, alleging Rod twice failed to return Olivia at the proper time,

failed to pay child support, failed to provide timely income-tax returns and insurance cards,

and spoke to her in a derogatory manner.

¶12. A hearing on the motions took place over a six-day period in February and May 2017. 

Nearly 1,000 pages of exhibits were entered into evidence. At the conclusion of Rod’s casein-chief, Stephanie moved to dismiss Rod’s modification of custody and allegations of her

physical visitation contempt under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b), both of which

were granted. The chancery court found no material change in circumstance adverse to

Olivia, thus an Albright5

analysis was unnecessary.

¶13. The chancellor provided detailed observations in her final judgment on the

emotionally abusive pattern of behavior by both parties and its ramifications on Olivia. We

find it helpful to relay some of these observations as they explain much of the couple’s—and

especially Stephanie’s—poor judgment and bad behavior. The chancellor found their

4

 The threats ceased, and Curtis no longer communicates with Stephanie.

5 Albright v. Albright, 437 So. 2d 1003, 1005 (Miss. 1983) (outlining factors

considered for child-custody determinations).

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relationship “alternat[ed] between love, hate, praise, criticism, accusations, sexual flirting,

blaming, provocation, shaming, and guilt trips.” “[B]oth [parties were] responsible for

continuing in this conflict, fueling it, and blaming the other.” In the parties’ numerous text

messages, Rod, who “maintained a facade of reasonableness,” would threaten to take

Stephanie to court when he did not get what he wanted. In response, Stephanie would lash

out, belittling Rod with vulgar name-calling.

¶14. The chancellor also found “Rod provided no stability to Stephanie’s life,” and while

she received financial help from him, she had to beg for it, never knowing the exact amount

per month she might receive. Stephanie, however, made no attempt to extricate herself from

this toxic relationship. The chancellor found “this type of parental conflict [was] not in the

best interest of any child.” However, Stephanie’s August 2016 restraining order against Rod

was actually in Olivia’s best interest, bringing “some measure of peace” to her parents’

“dysfunctional, love-hate relationship” by severely restricting their communication.

¶15. On June 5, 2017, the chancerycourt entered a final judgment, finding Rod in contempt

for failure to pay child support from February through August 2016 in the amount of

$2,175.81, and for not returning Olivia at the close of two holiday weekends in 2016. 

However, Rod was not in contempt for failing to provide timely insurance and tax

documentation to Stephanie. Stephanie was not in contempt for failing to allow telephonic

visitation with Olivia. However, both parties were in contempt of the original divorce decree

prohibiting them from speaking to one another in a derogatory or disrespectful manner in

front of Olivia. Regarding attorney’s fees, the court awarded Stephanie $3,700 fromRod due

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to his contempt of child support and visitation and additional attorney’s fees of $4,933

unrelated to contempt. Finally, the chancellor prohibited the parties from communicating

with one another in any form, unless it related to telephonic visitation with Olivia or other

specified reasons.

ANALYSIS OF ISSUES

I. MODIFICATION OF CUSTODY

¶16. Rod requests reversal of the chancellor’s denial of his motion for modification of

custody, and remand for an Albright analysis. It is uncontested that both parties were

responsible for their volatile relationship and Stephanie’s restraining order alleviated this

conflict. However, Rod argues that Stephanie’s conduct before the restraining order

demonstrated an adverse material change in circumstance and warranted an Albright analysis

for modification of custody.

¶17. This Court’s “standard ofreview for child custody cases is quite limited. A chancellor

must be manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous, or apply an erroneous legal standard in order

for [the appellate court] to reverse.” Johnson v. Gray, 859 So. 2d 1006, 1012 (¶31) (Miss.

2003). A chancellor’s findings of fact “may not be set aside or disturbed upon appeal if they

are supported by substantial, credible evidence.” Id. at (¶32). In order for child custody to

be modified, the noncustodial parent must prove: “(1) a material change in circumstances

has occurred since the issuance of the judgment or decree sought to be modified, (2) the

change adversely affects the welfare of the child, and (3) the proposed change in custody

would be in the best interest of the child.” Gilliland v. Gilliland, 984 So. 2d 364, 367 (¶7)

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(Miss. Ct. App. 2008) (citing Lambert v. Lambert, 872 So. 2d 679, 683-84 (¶18) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2003)). A change in circumstances refers to “the overall living conditions in which the

child is found. The ‘totality of the circumstances’ must be considered.” Riley v. Doerner,

677 So. 2d 740, 743 (Miss. 1996) (quoting Tucker v. Tucker, 453 So. 2d 1294, 1297 (Miss.

1984)). If an adverse material change is found, the chancellor will next “apply the Albright

factors to determine whether modification is in the child’s best interest.” White v. White, 26

So. 2d 342, 351 (¶28) (Miss. 2010). In the absence of a material change, the Albright factors

need not be considered. Id. “Above all . . . as in original awards of custody . . . [the] polestar

consideration [is] the best interest and welfare of the child.” Johnson, 859 So. 2d at 1013

(¶33) (quoting Riley, 677 So. 2d at 744).

¶18. The chancery court ruled that there was no material change in circumstance adverse

to Olivia since the divorce decree and that changing custody to Rod was not in the child’s

best interest. The chancery court found both parties were at fault for their conflicts, which

were not in the best interest of the child; however, Stephanie’s restraining order against Rod

alleviated the aggression between them. Evidence showed Olivia was doing well in school

and healthy. Because a change in custody tends to be a “jolting, traumatic experience” for

a child, the chancellor stated it is only parental behavior that poses a clear danger to the

child’s mental or emotional health that can create a “sufficient basis to seriously consider the

drastic legal action of changing custody.” Lambert, 872 So. 2d at 684 (¶22) (quoting Ballard

v. Ballard, 434 So. 2d 1357, 1360 (Miss. 1983)). The chancellor did not find Stephanie’s

behavior rose to that level. We agree.

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¶19. Rod claims the chancery court applied an erroneous legal standard by failing to

consider the totality of the circumstances regarding the impact of Stephanie’s inappropriate

behavior on Olivia. On appeal, he discusses at length the following examples of such

behavior since their divorce, which occurred over a year and one-half, as proof of an adverse

material change: the truck incident; the VFW incident; the Margaritaville Casino incident;

the recordings of Stephanie losing her temper at Rod during visitation exchanges;

Stephanie’s request to Rod to stop Curtis’s harassment; the protection order against Rod; the

criminal report against Tabitha; the text messages between the parties; and Evan’s

testimony.

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¶20. It is long established that:

Before custody may be changed, it must be shown that such conduct did

substantially adversely affect the children and that it would, therefore, not be

in the best interest of the children to remain with the custodial parent.

Detrimental effect may not be presumed from such conduct and thus form the

sole basis for denying custody.

Kavanaugh v. Carraway, 435 So. 2d 697, 700 (Miss. 1983); see also Gilliland, 984 So. 2d

at 367 (¶¶8, 10) (affirming the denial of custody modification because ongoing conflict of

6 Evan’s testimony was taken at the end of the hearing in chambers with only the

chancellor present. His testimonywas sealed and not provided to the parties. The testimony

was unsealed for the purposes of this appeal. Evan testified about Stephanie’s interaction

and behavior with Olivia and him. He was unable to testify much about Olivia’s current

environment because Stephanie had been unable to exercise regular visitation with him due

to the custodylitigation. After the interview, the chancellor concluded that Evan’s testimony

had been influenced by his father Chris. She stated: “It is also evident from the other

evidence presented that the children’s two fathers are working together against the interest

ofthe mother, Ms. Wilkinson.” Therefore, the chancellor found Evan’s testimonyunreliable

and gave it minimal weight. After reviewing the testimony, we cannot say these findings

are an abuse of discretion.

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the parents did not create material change in circumstances and determining that even if it

had, there was no evidence that the children suffered an adverse effect). Ultimately, the

chancellor found in the totality of the circumstances that Olivia was not living in an

unhealthy home environment with her mother, and there was no evidence Rod’s home

environment would be anybetter. The chancerycourt did not condone Stephanie’s numerous

expressions of anger; nor do we. However, we agree with the chancellor’s findings that there

is no evidence Olivia suffered harmor “clear danger” fromStephanie’s aggressive verbal and

other behavior, and it did not create a “persistently adverse environment.”7 Her bad behavior

usually manifested itself when interacting with Rod. Neither party appeared to be a poor

parent individually, but when interacting, they brought out the worst in one another, often in

the presence of Olivia. Unfortunately, Stephanie could not restrain herselffromparticipating

in this “dysfunctional cycle.” While the incidents Rod points to are extremely unflattering

to Stephanie, we can see a certain level of manipulation by Rod where he would goad

Stephanie and then record her angry reactions in order to further his custody case. Because

the parties are now limited in their contact with one another due to Stephanie’s restraining

order, these issues have significantly improved.

¶21. We agree with the chancellor that Stephanie’s conduct “does not pose a clear danger

to the child’s mental or emotional health as a basis sufficient to seriously consider the drastic

legal action of changing custody.” Further, and most importantly, the best interest of the

7

See Potts v. Windham, 56 So. 3d 589, 593 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011) (finding that

evidence the mother used curse words in front of the child and she and her new husband

argued in front of the child was insufficient to warrant modification of custody when the

father admitted there was no adverse effect on the child).

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child appears to be in Stephanie’s continued primary physical custody. Accordingly, we

cannot find the chancellor abused her discretion in failing to find a material change of

circumstances adverse to the child and declining to apply the Albright factors.

II. CONTEMPT

¶22. Both parties filed motions for contempt against one another for various reasons. We

shall address each contempt issue in turn.

¶23. The law on contempt is well established:

The primary purpose of a civil-contempt order is to enforce compliance with

a court order. . . . “Failure to comply with a court order is prima facie

evidence of contempt. To rebut . . . a defendant must show an ‘inability to

pay, that the default was not willful, that the provision [violated] was

ambiguous, or that performance was impossible.’” An adjudication of civil

contempt must be proven by clear and convincing evidence. The standard of

review for civil contempt on appeal is manifest error, meaning “the factual

findings of the chancellor are affirmed unless manifest error is present and

apparent.”

Stallings v. Allen, 201 So. 3d 500, 504 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2016) (citations omitted). 

Contempt issues are a question of fact decided on a case-by-case basis. Gilliland, 984 So.

2d at 369 (¶19). A chancellor is given “substantial discretion in deciding contempt matters

because of the chancellor’s ‘temporal and visual proximity’ to the litigants.” Id. at 369-70

(¶19) (quoting Mabus v. Mabus, 910 So. 2d 486, 491 (¶20) (Miss. 2005)).

A. Rod’s Motion for Contempt Against Stephanie

¶24. Rod argues the chancellor erred in dismissing Rod’s motion for contempt against

Stephanie for interfering with his physical and telephonic visitation. The chancery court

found because of the parties’ “quasi-reconcil[iation]” and “‘on again off again’ de facto

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marital relationship post-divorce fromAugust 2015 through January2016,” neither partywas

“in willful, contumacious and obstinate contempt” of the visitation schedule during this

period. The chancellor relied upon Rasch v. Rasch, 250 Miss. 885, 168 So. 2d 738 (Miss.

1964), by analogy for the principal that a custody and support order in a divorce decree is

suspended while the parties resume marital relations. Id. at 897, 168 So. 2d at 744. The

evidence showed during this period Rod would spend the night at Stephanie’s home as much

as five days per week. Moreover, at the hearing, Rod’s testimony indicated he only missed

one weekend of physical visitation, September 18, 2015, and it was made up the following

weekend. While he claimed to miss other visitation weekends during July and August 2016,

he could not recall specific dates. The chancellor found that while technically, Stephanie

may have been in noncompliance with the physical visitation order on September 18, the

evidence did not show she was in willful, contumacious, and obstinate contempt, and Rod

suffered no prejudice.

¶25. The chancellor also found there was insufficient evidence to establish Rod was denied

telephonic visits under the visitation schedule. The custody agreement allowed both parents

daily telephonic visitation with Olivia between 5:30 and 7:30 p.m. Additionally, “[t]he child

[could] contact either parent at all other reasonable times.” The testimony showed Rod

frequently asked for telephonic visitation outside of the specified time period. Additionally,

he would request to speak to Olivia when she was asleep. However, even if Rod was denied

some telephonic visits, the chancellor found the evidence did not show Rod was denied visits

to which he was actually entitled. We agree.

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¶26. Rod argues willful contempt for denial of visitation the weekend of September 18 is

clearly shown from the parties’ text messages. It is undisputed that September 18 was Rod’s

visitation weekend. On that day, Rod and Stephanie had an argument about visitation via

text message. Initially and foremost, Stephanie told Rod that Olivia wanted “to stay” with

her and did not want to visit Rod that weekend. Rod then became angry. Stephanie, in turn,

became angry, and the couple began bickering intensely. However, the chancellor did not

commit manifest error in finding no contempt for this incident.

¶27. The chancellor did not “ignore” Stephanie’s September 18 denial of visitation, as Rod

states, but found it did not rise to the level of contumacious contempt because, at the time,

the parties were engaged in a sexual relationship and Rod was at Stephanie’s home quite

frequently. Further, at the hearing, Rod testified several times that the parties “didn’t stick

. . . to what the papers said” for visitation. However, both parties used noncompliance of the

visitation schedule as a reason to bicker, blame, and threaten one another. Stephanie also

testified that the parties were altering Olivia’s visitation to correspond with Evan’s visitation,

which Rod denies. Furthermore, Rod admitted he received more time with Olivia than the

agreement granted.

¶28. Rod also claims the text messages show he was denied telephonic visits on numerous

occasions. However, we agree with the chancellor that even if some text messages show

Stephanie mayhave denied telephonic visitation occasionally, the texts alone cannot be relied

upon to show a denial of telephonic visitation rising to the level of contempt. According to

Rod’s and Stephanie’s testimonies, the parties, as well as Rod and Olivia, were

13
communicating via telephone conversations not indicated by the text messages. Also, during

the period in August 2016 when Rod was especially aggrieved at not being able to speak with

Olivia, the evidence shows he was never denied communication with her. Actually, Rod did

not attempt to call Olivia because he thought it might be prohibited by the restraining order. 

Stephanie was in the Bahamas at this time while her mother cared for Olivia, and Rod did

not attempt to call either Stephanie or her mother to arrange a telephonic visit with Olivia.

¶29. We conclude the chancellor was within her discretion in finding Stephanie not in

contempt for denial of Rod’s physical or telephonic visitation.

B. Stephanie’s Motion for Contempt Against Rod

¶30. Stephanie filed a counter-claim against Rod for contempt for failing to pay child

support, failing to return Olivia at the proper time on two occasions, failing to provide timely

income-tax returns and insurance cards, and speaking to her in a derogatory manner.

1. Child Support

¶31. Stephanie was awarded child support in the amount of $505 per month. In her

counterclaim for contempt, she contended Rod was in arrears in the amount of $7,385. The

chancellor found Rod in contempt for failing to pay child support from February through

August 2016 in the amount of $2,175.81, but she did not find either Rod or Stephanie in

contempt for the post-divorce period between August 2015 through January2016 based upon

suspension of the support order due to their “quasi-marital relationship” and the rationale of

Rasch. Further, it is undisputed that Rod paid Stephanie timely support payments from

March through July 2015.

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¶32. Testimony showed that from August 2015 through January 2016 Rod was staying at

Stephanie’s home several nights a week and seeing Olivia almost every day, either at his

home or hers. The chancellor found Olivia was being cared for financially just as she had

been when the parties were married, with Rod providing payments for rent, household

expenses, groceries, and other items. Even so, the chancellor noted that occasionally,

Stephanie had to “beg” Rod for financial help during this time, and the parties fought

constantly over money and Olivia. Also, the chancellor found Rod was not entitled to a

“credit” toward future child support payments that he incurred once the parties broke up in

January 2016 due to the expenditures he made to the entire family during the time Rod and

Stephanie resumed marital relations.

¶33. During the seven month period of February through August 2016 that Rod was found

in contempt for child support, his total support obligation was $3,535. The chancellor found

the anger between the parties during the period of contempt was so strong it “suggests that

Rod willfully refused to pay Stephanie the support out of spite.” Rod was laid off from his

job in February 2016 and did not make child support payments in February, March, or April

2016. However, Rod continued to make private school tuition payments directly to the

school during this time. Rod began making support payments in May 2016, but they were

sporadic and partial. In September 2016, when Rod filed suit, he resumed making the full

payment of $505 per month. The chancellor found Rod in arrears the amount of $2,285. 

However, the chancellor granted Rod a credit during this period for certain clothing items

and dental care for Olivia totaling $109.19, resulting in a total support arrearage of

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$2,175.81.

¶34. Additionally, the chancellor denied Rod a credit for private school tuition under

Farrior v. Kittrell, 12 So. 3d 20 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009). Farriorfound the chancellor in error

for giving the noncustodial parent a child-support-payment credit for private-school tuition

not ordered by the court. Id. at 23 (¶15). For support, the Farrior court cited Cook v.

Whiddon, 866 So. 2d 494, 500 (¶24) (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), for the proposition that “when

a parent chooses to make voluntary payments for private school tuition, he is not entitled to

use those payments to set off his child support payments.” Farrior, 12 So. 3d at 23 (¶14).

¶35. Rod contends the chancellor erred in finding him in contempt for failure to pay child

support from February 2016 through August 2016; however, the crux of his argument is that

he was not given credit for paying certain living expenses during the time he was frequently

staying overnight at Stephanie’s house from August 2015 through January 2016. These

payments he argued should offset his missed support payments. Rod calculates that by

January 2016, before he stopped payment in February, he had paid Stephanie more than was

required, for a total overpayment of $2,181. According to him, the partial payments he made

from May to August 2016, subtracted from the total overpayment, put his support

contributions “ahead” by $159.80, excluding approximately $1,500 in school tuition he paid

during this time. Rod also specifically points to a rent payment he made to Stephanie of

$800, and $1,000 he withdrew from the bank and paid Stephanie, which he claims the

chancellor did not credit him.

¶36. Rod attempts to distinguish Rasch because there the parties were still married and not

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divorced as here. While true, this fact does not invalidate the court’s reliance on the case by

analogy – it is the resumption of a marital-like living situation that suspended the divorce

decree’s child-support obligation, because the child was being supported as if the couple

were married, regardless of whether they actually were. Rod also notes that he never fully

moved back into Stephanie’s home, but just spent the night. Even so, this distinction does

not change the court’s analysis. We find Rod’s arguments without merit.

¶37. The law of contempt actions involving unpaid child support is well established:

[A] prima facie case of contempt has been established when the party entitled

to receive support introduces evidence that the party required to pay the

support has failed to do so. At this point, the burden shifts to the paying party

to show an inability to pay or other defense; this proof must be clear and

convincing and rise above a simple state of doubtfulness. Whether a party is

in contempt is left to the chancellor’s substantial discretion. Moreover, the

chancery court should be affirmed unless manifest error is present and

apparent.

McIntosh v. Dep’t of Human Servs., 886 So. 2d 721, 724-25 (¶11) (Miss. 2004) (citations

omitted). The chancellor correctly found the parties were in a de-facto marital relationship

from August 2015 through January 2016; so no child support was due. We agree. Olivia’s

financial needs were met. The evidence shows Rod had not completely moved back in but

was spending several nights a week at Stephanie’s home with Olivia present.

¶38. Contrary to the separate opinion, the chancellor did not “forgive” Rod’s child support

payments. Instead, she found Rod had already paid for the child’s support. The chancellor

determined that from August 2015 through January 2016, when the couple was in their “‘on

again off again’ de facto marital relationship,”

the child was being cared for financially, receiving support and maintenance,

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as she was during the marriage of the parties as a member of the parents’

household. . . . During this time period, Rod made payments toward rent,

household expenses, groceries and other items for Stephanie and Olivia. . . . 

The Court treats these payments as Rod’s support of the family as a whole,

including himself, just as if the parties had been married based upon the

Court’s rationale in Rasch.

The chancellor found Rod made the payments to the household during this time period, and

there is no evidence to the contrary. We cannot disagree with these findings or rationale. The

support of the child was paramount, and the chancellor’s ruling does nothing to diminish this

interest. In fact, during this period, Rod was supporting the child beyond the support

ordered. Rod was not, however, entitled to a credit toward future child support obligations

or an overpayment of child support because “Rod was supporting his family and enjoying the

benefits of the familial relationship as if the parties were married. Although Rod expended

more toward the support of the family as he was liable for under the child support order, Rod

was . . . enjoying the fruit of these expenditures.” The separate opinion also disputes that the

couple was even quasi-reconciled during the time period, stating there was no “actual

reconciliation” but only a “brief reconnection.” Our limited standard of review prohibits

such fact finding unless there is manifest error, and there is none. Moreover, we are not

“creating” another category of “quasi-reconciled” marriage as a matter of law as the separate

opinion suggests. The chancellor merely used this term to describe the status of the couple’s

relationship during this period, the important aspect of the relationship being Rod’s financial

support of the family unit, including his child.

¶39. Also, we cannot find error with the chancellor’s ruling on contempt for the period of

February through August 2016. Rod does not offer an inability-to-pay or any other defense;

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he argues his payments for living and other expenses and private-school tuition should offset

his missed payments. The chancellor found Rod had the ability to pay due to a tax refund in

the amount of $8,733 in 2016, and the figures he presented in his Uniform Chancery Court

Rule 8.05 financial statement. Rod did not provide bank statements to the court to attempt

to counter his ability to pay. Consequently, we find there was substantial evidence for the

chancellor to find Rod in contempt for failing to pay child support in the amount of

$2,175.81 from February through August 2016.

2. Physical Visitation

¶40. Rod claims the chancery court erred by finding him in contempt for failure to return

Olivia at the end of Labor Day and Columbus Day weekends in September and October

2016, respectively.

¶41. To determine whether a party has deliberately and intentionally violated a court order

in contempt proceedings,

the inquiry is limited to the issues as to whether or not the order was violated,

whether or not it was possible to carry out the order of the court, and if it was

possible, whether or not such violation was an intentional and willful refusal

to abide by the order of the court.

Ladner v. Ladner, 206 So. 2d 620, 623 (Miss. 1968), abrogated on other grounds by Bubac

v. Boston, 600 So. 2d 951 (Miss. 1992)). The custody agreement gave Rod weekend

visitation the first and third weekends of each month from5:30 p.m. on Friday until 5:30 p.m.

on Sunday. The agreement also provided a holiday visitation schedule, providing “[h]oliday

visitation shall supersede weekend and weekday visitation . . . and will be set by the school

calendar . . . .” A schedule was given for the following specific holidays: Easter, Spring

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Break, Thanksgiving, Christmas, Mother’s Day, and Father’s Day. In even years, Rod

received Olivia for certain holidays. Labor Day and Columbus Day were not specified on

the holiday schedule.

¶42. Rod argues the custody agreement is ambiguous; therefore, he should not be found

in contempt. He also claims to have reasonably believed he was entitled to visitation on the

Labor Day and Columbus Day holidays and in good faith returned Olivia on Monday evening

instead of Sunday evening. We are not persuaded by these arguments.

¶43. The parties’ text messages and Rod’s testimony indicate his actions were in willful

disregard of the custody agreement. His testimony showed on the Sunday of Labor Day

weekend, Stephanie was at the point of exchange—the police station—waiting for Rod at

5:30 p.m. After waiting thirty minutes, she sent a text message to Rod asking where he was.

An hour later and after three more inquiries from Stephanie, Rod responded that he was

keeping Olivia another day because he interpreted “the divorce papers” to allow him to have

her on “school calendar holidays” in even years. Stephanie did not respond to this message.

¶44. On the Sunday of Columbus Day weekend, a similar scenario occurred. Testimony

showed Stephanie sent Rod a text message twice asking where he was around 5:30 p.m. Rod

responded after approximately twenty minutes: “We home. It’s a school calendar holiday

tomorrow.” Stephanie responded that the attorney stated it “only applies to holidays listed

specifically in papers.” She then expressed her anger at this occurring a second time. Rod,

however, refused to bring Olivia to Stephanie that day.

¶45. The holidayschedule was not ambiguous. There was no provision for “generic school

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holidays.” As the chancellor stated, Rod should have erred on the side of caution, and either

deferred to Stephanie or sought legal counsel if he was confused about the holiday visitation

schedule for these two weekends. Instead, he “simply refused to cooperate and kept the

child.”

¶46. The chancellor did not err in finding Rod in contempt for failure to return Olivia from

visitation these two weekends.

3. Derogatory Speech

¶47. Both parties were found in contempt of the divorce decree for speaking in a

derogatory or disrespectful manner to one another in front of Olivia. Rod argues there is no

evidence to support the finding of contempt against him. He claims any evidence of such

statements was rebutted by testimony that the child was in a vehicle or otherwise unable to

hear the exchange.

¶48. Most ofthe couple’s frequent derogatoryexchanges were not spoken before the minor

child, but the chancellor found on at least one instance, they were: “Rod admitted to calling

Stephanie a profane name coupled with a vulgar suggestion in the presence of the minor

child during a visitation exchange where the minor child was crying and screaming.” 

Stephanie points to another visitation exchange where Olivia heard Rod make another vulgar

suggestion to Stephanie while the vehicle windows were open. We cannot say the chancellor

committed manifest error in finding Rod in contempt on this issue.

III. ATTORNEY’S FEES

¶49. Rod contends that the chancellor erred in awarding attorney’s fees for Rod’s contempt

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in the amount of $3,700, as well as general attorney’s fees of $4,933 for a total amount of

$8,633. Additionally, Stephanie requests this Court to award her attorney’s fees on appeal. 

We shall discuss each fee award in turn.

¶50. This Court’s standard of review for attorney’s fees is limited:

An award of attorney’s fees in domestic cases is largely a matter entrusted to

the sound discretion of the trial court. Unless the chancellor is manifestly

wrong, [her] decision regarding attorney[’s] fees will not be disturbed on

appeal. Absent an abuse of discretion, the chancellor’s decision in such

matters will generally be upheld.

Lauro v. Lauro, 924 So. 2d 584, 591 (¶29) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006) (citations omitted).

A. Attorney’s Fees for Contempt

¶51. The chancellor found the attorney’s fees incurred by Stephanie were reasonable, and

billed at a reasonable rate given the time involved to prosecute the contempt allegations. The

chancellor found the rate of $225 per hour customary, and her total fees incurred were

$18,498.27. Stephanie’s counsel proffered that twenty-percent of his overall fees were

related to contempt, which the chancellor accepted as proper.

¶52. The law on attorney’s fees for contempt is as follows:

“When a party is held in contempt for violating a valid judgment of the court,

attorney’s fees should be awarded to the party that has been forced to seek the

court’s enforcement of its own judgment. Fees awarded on this basis, though,

should not exceed the expense incurred as a result of the contemptuous

conduct.” That is, fees incurred litigating other matters—such as custody

modification or child support—are not recoverable based on the contempt.

Heisinger v. Riley, 243 So. 3d 248, 259 (¶45) (Miss. Ct. App. 2018) (citations omitted). “[I]n

contempt actions, attorney’s fees are awarded ‘to make the plaintiff whole.’” Bounds v.

Bounds, 935 So. 2d 407, 412 (¶18) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006) (quoting Mabus, 910 So. 2d at 490

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(¶13)). The Mississippi Supreme Court established several factors to determine the proper

amount of attorney’s fees to award in domestic cases in McKee v. McKee, 418 So. 2d 764,

767 (Miss. 1982). However, “the establishment of the McKee factors [is] not necessary” to

recover attorney’s fees for willful contempt of a lawful court order. Lewis v. Pagel, 172 So.

3d 162, 178 (¶40) (Miss. 2015) (quoting Mixon v. Mixon, 724 So. 2d 956, 964 (¶29) (Miss.

Ct. App. 1998)).

¶53. Here, the chancellor found a McKee factor analysis was unnecessary to award

attorney’s fees because some of Stephanie’s contempt claims were successful. Accordingly,

the court award Stephanie approximately twenty-percent of $18,498.27, or $3,700 in

attorney’s fees for Rod’s contempt of child support and visitation. Because both parties were

found in contempt for derogatory remarks, the court declined to award attorney’s fees to

either party on that issue based upon the clean-hands doctrine.

¶54. Rod argues that the chancellor erred as a matter of law in stating one who successfully

prosecutes a contempt action “is entitled to attorney’s fees without a showing of need”

instead of “eligible.” (Emphasis added). We do not interpret the chancellor’s remarks to

mean it is a mandatory finding but that the court is authorized to award fees under

circumstances such as this.

¶55. Additionally, because Stephanie was also found in contempt on the derogatory

remarks, Rod argues she cannot receive any attorney’s fees for contempt because of the

unclean-hands doctrine. This doctrine “prevents a complaining party from obtaining

equitable relief in court when he is guilty of willful misconduct in the transaction at issue.” 

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Vincent v. Rickman, 167 So. 3d 245, 249 (¶11) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting Bailey v.

Bailey, 724 So. 2d 335, 337 (¶6) (Miss. 1998)). However, we are not persuaded by this

argument. The court did not award attorney’s fees to either party because both were found

in contempt on this issue. This was the only issue for which Stephanie was found in

contempt; however, Rod was found in contempt on two others. We find no error with the

chancellor’s award.

B. General Attorney’s Fees

¶56. Rod claims the chancellor erred in awarding additional attorney’s fees to Stephanie

beyond the amount for contempt in the amount of $4,933.

¶57. The McKee factors state that an award of attorney’s fees “should be fair, should

compensate only work actually performed, and should be based upon a finding that the work

was reasonably required and necessary.” Deborah H. Bell, Bell on Mississippi Family Law

§ 12.02 [1] (1st ed. 2005) (citing McKee, 418 So. 2d at 767). This Court permits an award

of attorney’s fees “in a divorce case where the requesting party establishes an inability to

pay.” Williams v. Williams, 179 So. 3d 1242, 1254 (¶42) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting

Stewart v. Stewart, 2 So. 3d 770, 776 (¶18) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009)). “However, if a party is

financially able to pay her attorney, an award of attorney’s fees is not appropriate.” Id. This

determination “is a discretionary matter left to the chancellor.” Id.

¶58. The chancellor examined Stephanie’s Rule 8.05 financial statement dated March

2017, as well as her monthly bank statements from February 2015 through October 2016. 

Her Rule 8.05 financial statement showed a net monthly income of $4,207.09 and combined

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living expenses of $4,287. For 2015, her bank statements showed “several months of

considerably less credits and debits” than her Rule 8.05 financial statement, as did four bank

statements in 2016. However, her bank statements for four months in 2016 indicate deposits

and credits exceeded her Rule 8.05 financial statement. The chancellor found these four

months did not show “the complete picture.” The court ultimately found Stephanie had the

inability to pay a portion of her attorney’s fees because she usually does not have surplus

income, is $38,500 in debt, has negative equity of $9,000 in her vehicle, and no other assets. 

The chancellor found Rod’s 8.05 financial statement had a surplus of income above his

expenses with a net monthly income of $3,348.20 and monthly expenses of $3,033.83. 

Additionally, Rod received a tax refund of $8,733, which increased his income. Rod’s

attorney’s fees totaled $20,465.62. The chancellor concluded Rod had the ability to pay a

portion of Stephanie’s fees. Considering the McKee factors, the chancellor awarded

Stephanie one-third of her remaining attorney’s fees not attributable to contempt or $4,933.

¶59. Rod argues that because of the positive discrepancies between Stephanie’s Rule 8.05

financial statement and bank statements, and the chancellor’s finding that Stephanie had the

ability to earn more income than stated, she has the ability to pay her own fees. The

chancellor, however, gave a detailed analysis of Stephanie’s bank records, and concluded

there was substantial evidence showing Stephanie’s inability to pay a portion her attorney’s

fees. We cannot say the chancellor abused her discretion in this regard.

C. Appellate Attorney’s Fees

¶60. In her appellate brief, Stephanie requests this Court order Rod to pay one-half of her

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attorney’s fees for defense of this appeal. “This Court has generally awarded attorney’s fees

on appeal in the amount of one-half of what was awarded in the lower court.” Lauro, 924

So. 2d at 592 (¶33). Stephanie was awarded a total of $8,633 in attorney’s fees; one-half of

this amount would be $4,316.50.

¶61. This request was made in a separate paragraph of Stephanie’s brief and supported by

proper caselaw. However, since Stephanie filed her brief, the Mississippi Supreme Court has

held that a request for appellate attorney’s fees must be made in a motion that conforms with

Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a). Latham v. Latham, No. 2017-CA-00856-

SCT, 2019 WL 242958, at *5 (¶24) (Miss. Jan. 17, 2019) (holding that “henceforth, such

requests must comply with Rule 27(a)”). Stephanie did not file such a motion. Accordingly,

we deny Stephanie’s request for appellate attorney’s fees without prejudice so she may file

her request in a motion that conforms with Rule 27(a) before the mandate issues.

CONCLUSION

¶62. We find the chancellor did not abuse her discretion in dismissing Rod’s motion to

modifycustody. No Albright analysis was necessarybecause no adverse material change was

found, and the best interest of the child was in Stephanie’s continued custody. Regarding

contempt, the chancellor correctly found Stephanie was not in contempt for interfering with

Rod’s physical and telephonic visits with Olivia. Additionally, there was substantial

evidence to show Rod was in contempt for failing to pay child support from February

through August 2016, and failing to return Olivia on the proper day on two occasions. The

chancellor did not err in finding Rod, as well as Stephanie, in contempt for derogatory speech

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in front of Olivia. Finally, we affirm the chancellor’s awards of attorney’s fees to Stephanie.

¶63. AFFIRMED.

J.WILSON,P.J.,GREENLEE,WESTBROOKS,TINDELL,McDONALDAND

LAWRENCE, JJ., CONCUR. CARLTON, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY

WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. McCARTY, J., CONCURS IN PART

AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED IN

PART BY McDONALD, J. C. WILSON, J. NOT PARTICIPATING.

McCARTY, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

¶64. While I generally agree with the conclusion reached by the majority, I write separately

to emphasize that unless parties remarry or there is direct support we should not approve a

suspension of child support. Because child support payments vest every month, a chancery

court has no authority to forgive these payments once they have accrued. Likewise, support

payments cannot be suspended unless there is direct support. Because the record in this case

does not support a suspension of payments, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part. 

¶65. Our focus throughout should be on the child because the “[d]uty to support children

is upon both parents[,] and it is a continuing duty, both legal and moral in nature, and a

vested right of the child growing out of the marriage relation.” Alexander v. Alexander, 494

So. 2d 365, 368 (Miss. 1986). This vested right is paramount. Our precedent stands as “a

constant reminder that child support payments are made to the custodial parent for the benefit

of the child.” Tanner v. Roland, 598 So. 2d 783, 786 (Miss. 1992). “The child’s right to his

parent’s support cannot be bargained or contracted away by his parents,” and the Supreme

“Court has frowned on the use of self-help measures to remedy child support problems.” Id.

Support is for children and not a thing that can be pushed and pulled like taffy by parents. 

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¶66. As a result, our courts “have consistently held that child support payments vest in the

child as they accrue.” Id. “Once they have become vested, just as they cannot be contracted

away by the parents, they cannot be modified or forgiven by the courts.” Id. (collecting

cases). “Each payment that becomes due and remains unpaid becomes a judgment against

the supporting parent,” and “[t]he only defense thereto is payment.” Id. (citations and

internal quotation marks omitted).

¶67. These monthly judgments are in favor of the child and should not be treated lightly. 

In certain cases the judgment can be discharged by a non-custodial parent when they directly

support a child. See Burkett v. Burkett, 537 So. 2d 443, 446 (Miss. 1989). In those

situations, the non-custodial parent will be entitled to a credit based upon the amount of

direct support. Id. 

¶68. In this case, the chancellor found “that the parties were quasi-reconciled and engaging

in an ‘on again off again’ de facto marital relationship post divorce between August 2015

through January 2016.” As a matter of law, I would find that there is no such thing as “quasireconciled,” as one is either married or one is not, and there are requirements before the

union is legally recognized. See Miss. Code Ann. § 93-1-15 (Rev. 2013) (requiring those

seeking to marry have both a license and a solemnization ceremony). As our Supreme Court

has recently noted, the same statute refuses to recognize common law marriage, and our State

“has refused to acknowledge common-law marriages for more than sixty years.” Sanderson

v. Sanderson, 245 So. 3d 421, 428 n.7 (Miss. 2018). There is no such category as “quasireconciled,” and we should not create one. 

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¶69. The facts of this case do not demonstrate that there was an actual reconciliation or

remarriage. The trial court ruled that “Both parties testified that during this period Rod

would stay in and spend the night in Stephanie’s home with Stephanie and the child

sometimes as much as five (5) days per week.” Yet five days a week is not every day, and

Rod repeatedly testified that was not how long he stayed with Stephanie during the months

he was “reconnecting” with her. In fact, Rod stated he stayed with her at most five nights

in one month, not five nights per week. Rod testified: “It all depended. I might stay one

night a week, or there might be weeks where I don’t stay at all, there might be a week where

I stayed two nights.” Rod emphasized he “stayed the night, but I was never living there in

that house.” 

¶70. This is certainly not a resumption of the martial relationship, and it is barely a

relationship at all. Rod certainly did not see it as serious: He said “all I did was go and stay

the night.” He testified that his “clothes were never there,” and “[n]one of my stuff was ever

there” because it all stayed at his mother’s house. He did not have more than two days’

worth of clothes at Stephanie’s house, did not get his mail there, and no bills were in his

name. Rod put it bluntly: “I wasn’t living there.” He reiterated that he did not know how

often he stayed there in a month: “Depending, you know, like I said, I might go a week, stay

two nights, and I might be two weeks before I stay another night.” This is not a sufficient

factual basis to find that the couple was “quasi-reconciled,” even if such a creature existed

in our law. 

¶71. The majority concludes that it was “the resumption of a marital-like living situation

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that suspended the divorce decree’s child-support obligation,” but no case in Mississippi has

ever made such a ruling. The one case cited dealt with a couple that was married and not

divorced. Rasch v. Rasch, 250 Miss. 885, 896, 168 So. 2d 738, 743 (1964). There, our

Supreme Court reasoned “that the resumption of the marital relations between the father and

mother . . . and the continuation of the marital relations for a period of approximately three

years, during which time the child received its support and maintenance as a member of the

parents’ household, rendered the custody decree inoperative.” Id. Yet, as the majority notes,

the parents there were never divorced, and the child was again a member of a single and

functioning household. As set out above, marriage is a binary condition. Once there is a

divorce, the only way the marriage can resume is through remarriage. Rasch cannot apply

by analogy because it dealt with married persons, and here we deal with unmarried ones.

¶72. Ultimately, the Rasch case simply reinforces our core precedent that a parent has the

duty to support a child pursuant to a court order. See Wright v. Standard Oil Co., 470 F.2d

1280, 1288 (5th Cir. 1972) (stating that Rasch simply “reaffirms the rule that a father’s duty

to support his children continues after a divorce or the awarding of custody to the mother”);

Wilson v. Wilson, 464 So. 2d 496, 498-99 (Miss. 1985) (citing to Rasch and ruling that our

courts “regard the duty to support children to be upon both parents and a continuing duty,

both legal and moral in nature, and a vested right of the child growing out of the marriage

relation”). The case also stands for the proposition that a valid remarriage will nullify a

support decree. See Matthew Thompson, Miss. Divorce, Alimony and Child Custody § 14:21

(2018) (relying on Rasch and stating that “[t]he remarriage of the parents to each other after

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a divorce nullifies the decree and restores the parental rights of the parties to the same extent

as if no divorce had ever been granted”). It is the act of remarriage that eliminates the prior

decree, or act of reconciliation before a divorce is final. 

¶73. We cannot forgive vested child support payments, and especially not because the

parents have periods where they want to briefly “reconnect.” The support payments are for

the child. There is no such evidence in this record, by analogy or otherwise, that the parents

of the child remarried or were actually reconciled. Critically, there was not a single

functioning household as in Rasch. Here, the child lived with her mother, and for a period

of time her father would come over and spend the night but sometimes not for weeks at a

time and in his view never lived there at all. If Rod was tendering direct support he could

be entitled to a credit, but we do not need to suspend child support payments due to the

whims of the adults when the payments exist for the benefit of the child. For the reasons

above, I concur in part and respectfully dissent in part. 

McDONALD, J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART.

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