IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-20-00221-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF J-R.A.M., A CHILD

From the 77th District Court

Limestone County, Texas

Trial Court No. CPS-322-A

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Robert M. appeals from a judgment that terminated his parental rights to his child, 

J.-R.A.M. Robert complains that the trial court erred by granting the motion in 

intervention filed by the foster parents; erred by denying his motion to dismiss due to 

lack of jurisdiction; that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient for the trial 

court to have found by clear and convincing evidence that he committed the predicate 

acts in Section (b)(1)(E) and (O); and that the evidence was factually insufficient for the 

trial court to have found that termination was in the best interest of the child. Because 

we find no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. We will address 

Robert’s issues in the order which would grant the greatest relief.
In the Interest of J-R.A.M., a Child Page 2

JURISDICTION

Because the resolution of Robert’s second issue would result in the dismissal of 

this proceeding, which is the greatest relief sought, we will address that issue first. In his 

second issue, Robert complains that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to 

proceed to a final trial because the trial was not commenced prior to the written dismissal 

date and no extension had been made pursuant to the Texas Supreme Court’s emergency 

orders regarding COVID-19. The initial dismissal date pursuant to Section 263.401(a) of 

the Family Code was February 10, 2020. Because of issues surrounding a delay in 

paternity testing, an extension was granted prior to that dismissal date for 180 days to 

August 8, 2020 in accordance with Section 263.40(b). The trial was set for a date in June 

and then in July of 2020 but was reset without objection by any party to commence on 

August 11, 2020 due to issues with conducting the trial in-person in a courtroom that was 

large enough to safely proceed with proper distancing protocols due to COVID-19. At 

the last permanency hearing in July of 2020 the trial court and the parties discussed what 

arrangements would need to be made at the trial which had been set on the earliest date 

that an adequate courtroom was available. However, no written order extending the trial 

court’s jurisdiction beyond August 8, 2020 was signed.

On August 10, 2020, Robert filed a motion to dismiss this proceeding which 

asserted that the trial court had lost jurisdiction by failing to commence the trial prior to 

the written dismissal date of August 8, 2020. He raised this issue at the beginning of the 
In the Interest of J-R.A.M., a Child Page 3

trial on August 11, 2020; however, the trial court determined that it had extended its 

jurisdiction due to the Supreme Court’s emergency orders relating to COVID-19 and 

therefore had retained its jurisdiction to proceed. Robert argues that the trial court did 

not have jurisdiction over this proceeding after the 180-day dismissal date because no 

written order had been entered that set a new trial date and dismissal date as required by 

Section 263.401(b). On appeal, Robert further argues that would be a violation of his due 

process rights to not require that a new trial date and dismissal date be entered in an 

extension order, although he did not make this argument at trial.

Family Code Section 263.401(b) states:

(b) Unless the court has commenced the trial on the merits, the court may 

not retain the suit on the court's docket after the time described by 

Subsection (a) unless the court finds that extraordinary circumstances 

necessitate the child remaining in the temporary managing conservatorship 

of the department and that continuing the appointment of the department 

as temporary managing conservator is in the best interest of the child. If the 

court makes those findings, the court may retain the suit on the court's 

docket for a period not to exceed 180 days after the time described by 

Subsection (a). If the court retains the suit on the court's docket, the court 

shall render an order in which the court:

(1) schedules the new date on which the suit will be automatically 

dismissed if the trial on the merits has not commenced, which date 

must be not later than the 180th day after the time described by 

Subsection (a);

(2) makes further temporary orders for the safety and welfare of the 

child as necessary to avoid further delay in resolving the suit; and

(3) sets the trial on the merits on a date not later than the date specified 

under Subdivision (1).

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.401(b).
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Generally, these provisions are mandatory and the exclusive mechanism to extend 

a trial court’s jurisdiction in a proceeding in which the Department has removed a child 

from his or her parents. However, during the current pandemic due to SARS-COVID-19, 

the Texas Supreme Court has issued two emergency orders relating to extensions in 

proceedings involving the Department of Family and Protective Services which are 

identical in their relevant provisions pursuant to Government Code Section 22.0035. See 

TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 22.0035. The Eighteenth and Twenty-second Emergency Orders 

both state in relevant part:

Subject only to constitutional limitations, all courts in Texas may in any 

case, civil or criminal—and must to avoid risk to court staff, parties, 

attorneys, jurors, and the public—without a participant's consent:

 a. except as provided in paragraph (b), modify or suspend any and all 

deadlines and procedures, whether prescribed by statute, rule, or order, for 

a stated period ending no later than September 30, 2020;

 b. in all proceedings under Subtitle E, Title 5 of the Family Code:

(i) extend the initial dismissal date as calculated under Section 

263.401(a) only as provided by Section 263.401(b) or (b-1);

(ii) for any case previously retained on the court's docket pursuant to 

Section 263.401(b) or (b-1), or for any case whose dismissal date was 

previously modified under an Emergency Order of this Court related 

to COVID-19, extend the dismissal for an additional period not to 

exceed 180 days from the date of this Order; ...

In re Eighteenth Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc. 

Docket No. 20-9080, 2020 Tex. LEXIS 1007 (Tex. Jun. 29, 2020) (available at 

https://www.txcourts.gov/supreme/administrative-orders); Twenty-Second Emergency 

Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc. Docket No. 20-9095, 2020 Tex. LEXIS 
In the Interest of J-R.A.M., a Child Page 5

1021, (Tex. Aug. 6, 2020) (available at https://www.txcourts.gov/supreme/administrativeorders). Both of these orders were scheduled to expire on September 30, 2020 and all 

parties agree that the first one was in effect at the time of the final permanency hearing 

in July and second one was in effect at the time of the trial in August. See id.

The trial court had an involved discussion with the attorneys in this proceeding at 

the July hearing about the difficulties of finding a time where a courtroom with adequate 

space due to the limitations imposed due to COVID-19 in Limestone County was 

available because the trial court wanted to conduct the trial in person. The trial court and 

the attorneys also discussed potential witness appearances at that trial to be conducted 

on August 11-12, 2020.

Robert contends that a written order extending the proceedings was required in 

order for the trial court’s jurisdiction to be extended pursuant to the Emergency Orders 

and that the order was required to contain the same elements as required by Family Code 

Section 263.401(b). The State contends that the requirements of Section 263.401(b) do not 

apply because the extension was not granted pursuant to that provision and that Robert 

was not denied due process by the failure to enter an order in accordance with Section 

263.401(b).

While the emergency orders do expressly require compliance with Section 

263.401(a) regarding an initial extension, they do not expressly require compliance with 

an extension granted after the initial extension. We find that the trial court extended the 
In the Interest of J-R.A.M., a Child Page 6

jurisdiction of the trial court as it was required to do pursuant to the emergency orders 

(“all courts in Texas may ... and must to avoid risk ...) to a time when the trial court was 

able to safely conduct the hearing due to COVID-19. The failure to enter a written order 

or to specifically set a dismissal date did not affect the validity of the trial court’s 

extension such as to deprive it of jurisdiction. An oral rendition of an extension is 

sufficient to comply with the Family Code. See, e.g., TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.401(b) 

(trial court shall “render” an order); see also In re C.L.B., No. 10-13-00203-CV, 2014 Tex. 

App. LEXIS 1924, at *25 (Tex. App.—Waco Feb. 20, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.). The 

emergency orders require that an extension be for no longer than a maximum of 180 days, 

which we find in the absence of Robert’s objection to the contrary to the trial court, 

satisfies his due process rights. And certainly a delay of three days beyond the dismissal 

deadline is not such a significant delay as to deny him his right to due process pursuant 

to the emergency orders. We find that the trial court did extend its jurisdiction pursuant 

to the emergency orders. We overrule issue two.

SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

In his third issue, Robert complains that the evidence was legally and factually 

insufficient for the trial court to have found that he committed the predicate acts set forth 

in Section (b)(1)(E) and (O) of the Family Code. In his fourth issue, Robert complains that 

the evidence was factually insufficient for the trial court to have found that termination 

was in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(2). 
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STANDARD OF REVIEW

The standards of review for legal and factual sufficiency in termination cases are 

well established. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264-68 (Tex. 2002) (legal sufficiency); In re 

C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002) (factual sufficiency). In reviewing the legal sufficiency 

of the evidence, we view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to 

determine whether a trier of fact could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction 

about the truth of the Department's allegations. In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84-85 (Tex. 2005); 

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265-66. We do not, however, disregard undisputed evidence that does 

not support the finding. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. In reviewing the factual sufficiency of 

the evidence, we must give due consideration to evidence that the factfinder could 

reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. Id. We must consider the disputed 

evidence and determine whether a reasonable factfinder could have resolved that 

evidence in favor of the finding. Id. If the disputed evidence is so significant that a 

factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, the evidence is 

factually insufficient. Id.

Because we are required to consider the sufficiency of the evidence pursuant to 

Section 161.001(b)(1)(E) if challenged, we will address that ground first. In re N.G., 577 

S.W.3d 230, 235-36 (Tex. 2019). If the evidence is sufficient as to that ground, it will not 

be necessary to address the other predicate ground because sufficient evidence as to only 
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one ground in addition to the best interest finding is necessary to affirm a termination 

judgment. Id. at 232-33.

SECTION 161.001(B)(1)(E)

Robert argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the 

trial court’s finding that he engaged in conduct or knowingly placed J.-R.A.M. with 

persons who engaged in conduct that endangered the physical or emotional well-being 

of J.-R.A.M. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §161.001(b)(1)(E). Section 161.001(b)(1)(E) requires a 

finding of endangerment either by the parent or by persons with whom the parent 

knowingly placed the child. To endanger means to expose to loss or injury, to jeopardize. 

Texas Department of Human Services v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). The specific 

danger to a child's physical or emotional well-being need not be established as an 

independent proposition, but it may be inferred from parental misconduct. Boyd, 727 

S.W.2d at 533. 

Under subsection 161.001(b)(1)(E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists 

that the endangerment of the child's physical well-being was the direct result of the 

parent's conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act. In the Interest of E.M., 494 

S.W.3d 209, 221 (Tex. App.—Waco 2015, pet. den’d). Under subsection (E) it can be either 

the parent’s conduct or the conduct of person with whom the parent knowingly leaves 

the child that endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child. In either 

instance it is thus the direct result of the parent’s conduct that results in the termination 
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of the parental rights. It is not necessary, however, that the conduct be directed at the 

child or that the child actually suffer injury. In the Interest of E.M., 494 S.W.3d at 222. 

When determining whether a parent has engaged in an endangering course of 

conduct, a fact finder may consider the parent's actions and inactions that occurred both 

before and after the child was born. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009). Evidence 

of illegal drug use by a parent and its effect on a parent's life and his ability to parent may 

establish an endangering course of conduct. Id. A parent's continuing drug-related 

conduct can qualify as a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct 

endangering the child's well-being. Id. A parent's drug use exposes the child to the 

possibility the parent may be impaired or imprisoned and, thus, unable to take care of 

the child. Walker v. Texas Dep't of Family & Protective Services., 312 S.W.3d 608, 617-18 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). Although incarceration alone will not 

support termination, evidence of criminal conduct, convictions, and imprisonment may 

support a finding of endangerment. Texas Department of Human Services v. Boyd, 727 

S.W.2d at 533. Conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability 

endangers the child’s physical and emotional well-being. In re S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758, 763 

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. den’d). 

Robert began using marijuana around the age of nine, and his drug use continued 

throughout his life. He experimented with cocaine at one point as a young teenager, and 

later with hydrocodone and Xanax. He was convicted of possession with the intent to 
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distribute drugs and several other offenses throughout his lifetime beginning in 2003 and 

had been to prison twice prior to J.-R.A.M.’s birth. 

When Kayla, J.-R.A.M.’s mother, got pregnant with J.-R.A.M. in 2016, Robert and 

Kayla were living with his parents. Robert’s parents smoked marijuana continually in 

their house. Robert and Kayla were both methamphetamine users before they became 

involved romantically and they did methamphetamines together afterward, although 

they alleged that she stopped when she knew she was pregnant in July of 2016. Robert 

was a regular marijuana user as well. Robert began selling drugs again during Kayla’s 

pregnancy because they were having financial problems. 

In September of 2016, Kayla moved to South Carolina to live with her mother and 

step-father to get her out of the house with the marijuana use. Robert remained in Texas. 

In January of 2017, Robert’s parents’ home was searched pursuant to a warrant and drugs 

and drug paraphernalia, packaging commonly used in the sale of drugs, two firearms, 

and currency were found in Robert’s room. Robert was not legally allowed to be in 

possession of a firearm due to his status as a felon. He was arrested for the drug offenses 

and released after posting bail.

After his release in January of 2017, Robert went to South Carolina before J.-

R.A.M.’s birth in late February of 2017 until a few weeks after his birth when Robert was 

arrested on a federal warrant for the unlawful firearm possession stemming from the 

search of his parents’ home. He was taken into federal custody and was convicted and 
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sentenced to 41 months in prison and 36 months of supervised release for possession of 

the firearms. The drug charges were dismissed by the State because he was already 

convicted of and incarcerated for the federal conviction on the firearms offense.

Kayla moved back to Texas in 2018 and started using methamphetamines again, 

which ultimately resulted in J.-R.A.M.’s removal in February of 2019, when J.-R.A.M. was 

two years old. Robert was still in federal prison in Beaumont at this time and was 

informed of the removal shortly after it occurred when he was served with the petition 

and supporting documents. Robert was released from incarceration and sent to a halfway 

house for six months in October of 2019 and was released on house arrest early in 2020. 

After his release, he had not tested positive for drugs again prior to the trial.

Robert had been incarcerated for almost the entirety of J.-R.A.M.’s life prior to his 

release. This conviction was the latest in a long history of incarcerations and criminal 

behavior, and was based on a serious offense committed when Robert knew that Kayla 

was pregnant with his child. Robert admitted that a subsequent conviction would likely 

result in life imprisonment. Robert acknowledged his heavy drug use prior to his last 

incarceration, beginning with marijuana use at the age of 9. Robert’s drug use and 

criminal activity subject J.-R.A.M. to a life of uncertainty and instability and show a 

course of conduct that endangers J.-R.A.M. Although Robert had shown a short time of 

improvement after his release from prison, the trial court was allowed to disbelieve that 

it would continue based on his long history of drug use and criminal behavior.
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We find that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial 

court’s findings that Robert engaged in conduct that endangered the child’s physical or 

emotional well-being. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E). We do not need to 

address whether Robert placed the child with a person or persons who engaged in 

conduct that endangered the child because of this finding. Also, because only one 

predicate act under Section 161.001(b)(1) is necessary to support a judgment of 

termination in addition to the required finding that termination is in the child's best 

interest, we do not consider the part of Robert’s issue that complains of the trial court’s 

finding pursuant to Section 161.001(b)(1)(O). In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). 

We overrule issue three. 

BEST INTEREST

In his fourth issue, Robert also complains that the evidence was factually 

insufficient for the trial court to have found that termination was in the best interest of 

the child. In determining the best interest of a child, a number of factors have been 

consistently considered which were set out in the Texas Supreme Court's opinion, Holley 

v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976). This list is not exhaustive, but simply

indicates factors that have been or could be pertinent in the best interest determination. 

Id. There is no requirement that all of these factors must be proved as a condition 

precedent to parental termination, and the absence of evidence about some factors does 

not preclude a factfinder from reasonably forming a strong conviction that termination is 
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in the child's best interest. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002). Evidence 

establishing one of the predicate grounds under Section 161.001(b)(1) also may be 

relevant to determining the best interest of the child. See C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27-28.

J.-R.A.M. was three years old at the time of the trial. Other than the first few weeks 

of his life and one time when Kayla visited Robert with J.-R.A.M. at the prison where 

Robert was incarcerated, Robert had visited with the child once, which occurred during 

the pendency of the proceedings after a hearing in December of 2019. There was no bond 

between J.-R.A.M. and Robert, whereas J.-R.A.M. was very bonded with the family where 

he had been placed who had been foster parents of and had adopted his two halfbrothers.1 The parents were no longer licensed to be foster parents after adopting J.-

R.A.M.’s half-brothers but agreed to accept placement and got reapproved as foster 

parents during these proceedings for J.-R.A.M. The foster parents wanted to adopt J.-

R.A.M. They also maintained an ongoing relationship between J.-R.A.M.’s half-brothers 

and half-sister.

The foster parents had met all of J.-R.A.M.’s physical and emotional needs, which 

were significant. When he arrived at the placement, J.-R.A.M. was developmentally 

delayed, angry, and aggressive. At his first doctor visit which took place shortly after his 

placement, he tested positive for methamphetamines. He required speech and behavioral 

1 Before J.-R.A.M.’s birth, Kayla had three other children with different fathers. Her rights were terminated 

as to each of those children previously. The two boys were placed with and adopted by the foster family 

with whom J.-R.A.M. was placed, and the girl was placed with a relative of her father.
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therapy, all of which the foster parents arranged and ensured that J.-R.A.M. received. 

Over the approximately seventeen months J.-R.A.M. had lived with the foster parents, he 

had improved tremendously in all areas. He had shown signs of trauma when he first 

was evaluated after being placed in the home, but due to the stability and relationships 

he had developed with the foster parents and his siblings, he had improved 

tremendously. The foster mother and the CASA worker testified that to remove him to 

place him with his father who was a stranger would cause further significant trauma to 

J.-R.A.M.

Robert was aware that J.-R.A.M. had special needs but did not know specifics and 

had made no plans for how to deal with those needs if J.-R.A.M. was placed with him 

and his current wife who he had met through corresponding in prison and married while 

living at the halfway house. Robert intended for his wife to deal with whatever issues 

there were. Robert had maintained steady employment since January of 2020 and was 

living in a house which was in his current wife and her father’s names. 

Robert had completed the majority of his service plan but had attended only two 

counseling sessions and had not engaged in a 12-step program after his course of drug 

treatment. He was diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder in his psychological 

evaluation, and the evaluating psychologist opined that he would be unable to effectively 

parent a child due to his disorder. The psychologist also testified that Robert’s 

improvements after his latest release from incarceration were likely because he was under 
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close supervision because of his supervised release from the federal prison system and 

the Department, and that he would very likely relapse in the absence of close supervision.

Using the appropriate standards of review, we find the evidence was factually 

sufficient for the trial court to have found that termination was in the best interest of J.-

R.A.M. We overrule issue four. 

STANDING OF INTERVENORS

In his first issue, Robert complains that the trial court erred by determining that 

the foster parents had standing to intervene in the proceeding. The Department of Family 

and Protective Services argues that this issue is moot because the trial court denied the 

intervenor’s request to be named the managing conservators of the child and the 

intervenors did not appeal that denial.

A case or issue is moot when either no live controversy exists between the parties 

or the parties have no legally cognizable interest in the outcome of that case or issue. City 

of Krum, Tex. v. Rice, 543 S.W.3d 747, 749 (Tex. 2017) (per curiam). "Put simply, a case is 

moot when the court's action on the merits cannot affect the parties' rights or interests." 

Heckman v. Williamson County, 369 S.W.3d 137, 162 (Tex. 2012). "A case becomes moot if 

a controversy ceases to exist between the parties at any stage of the legal proceedings, 

including the appeal." In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex. 2005) 

(orig. proceeding). In this proceeding, we liken the petition in intervention to a “case” 

that has ceased to exist after the trial court’s denial of the requested relief and the failure 
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to appeal that denial. Thus, we agree with the Department that this issue is moot. We 

overrule issue one.

CONCLUSION

Having found no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

TOM GRAY

Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Davis, and

Justice Neill

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed December 30, 2020

[CV06]