[Cite as State v. Barnes, 2014-Ohio-47.]

 

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

STATE OF OHIO 

Plaintiff-Appellee 

v. 

MICHAEL A. BARNES, JR. 

Defendant-Appellant 

Appellate Case No. 25517 

Trial Court Case No. 2011-CR-2923 

(Criminal Appeal from 

(Common Pleas Court) 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

O P I N I O N

Rendered on the 10th day of January, 2014. 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by MICHELE D. PHIPPS, Atty. Reg. No. 0069829, Assistant Prosecuting 

Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts 

Building, P.O. Box 972, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422 

Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee 

 

CANDI S. RAMBO, Atty. Reg. No. 0076627, 15 West Fourth Street, Suite 100, Dayton, Ohio 45402 

Attorney for Defendant-Appellant 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 
2

WELBAUM, J. 

{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, Michael A. Barnes, Jr., appeals from his conviction on one 

count of Gross Sexual Imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). Barnes raises five 

assignments of error arguing that: (1) there is insufficient evidence to support his conviction; (2) 

his conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence; (3) the trial court gave an incorrect 

jury instruction on the weight of direct and circumstantial evidence; (4) the State engaged in 

prosecutorial misconduct during its closing argument; and (5) he was denied effective assistance 

of counsel. 

{¶ 2} We conclude that the victim’s trial testimony is sufficient evidence to support 

Barnes’s conviction, and that the conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

We further conclude that the trial court’s jury instruction on the weight of direct and 

circumstantial evidence is a correct statement of law and not prejudicially erroneous. While we 

conclude that the State made improper comments during its closing argument, Barnes did not 

object to the comments, and we do not find that they amount to reversible plain error. Finally, 

we conclude that Barnes was not denied effective assistance of trial counsel, because he failed to 

demonstrate that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s errors. Accordingly, the decision of the trial 

court will be affirmed. 

I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

{¶ 3} On November 16, 2011, Michael A. Barnes, Jr. was indicted on one count of 

Gross Sexual Imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), a felony of the third degree. Barnes 

pled not guilty to the indicted charge, and a jury trial was held on October 30, and 31, 2012. The 
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following information was elicited at trial. 

{¶ 4} In March 2010, Barnes was living with his aunt, D., at her residence in the city of 

New Lebanon, Montgomery County, Ohio. On March 8, 2010, Barnes interacted with D.’s 

11-year-old neighbor, H.S., who lived nearby. 

{¶ 5} H.S. testified that on March 8, 2010, she and two other children from the 

neighborhood went to D.’s house and asked Barnes if he wanted to play outside. Barnes 

accepted the invitation, and they played outside all day in D.’s backyard. When the other two 

children went home, H.S. had dinner at D.’s house. After dinner, Barnes asked H.S. if she 

wanted to watch a movie. H.S. and Barnes then watched a movie together on a couch in D.’s 

living room. D. and her daughter, L., were upstairs while H.S. and Barnes were watching the 

movie. L.’s three-year-old daughter, M.L., was sitting on a recliner in the living room. 

{¶ 6} During the movie, Barnes and H.S. were sitting on opposite sides of the couch. 

H.S. eventually decided to lie down, and when she did, Barnes asked her “if [she] would tell.” 

Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 108, ln. 11. H.S. was scared, so she answered, “no.” Id. at 108, ln. 

11-12. Barnes then began touching H.S.’s vagina over her sweat pants with his hand, and asked 

her “if it tickled.” Id. at 109, ln. 24-23. H.S. replied, “no.” Id. at 110, ln. 1-2. Barnes also 

rubbed his hand across H.S.’s stomach over her clothes, and tried to remove her sweat pants by 

putting his fingertips at the waist. When he tried to remove her pants, H.S. pushed Barnes’s 

hand away, moved to the other end of the couch, and told him that she had to go home and take 

her dogs outside. H.S. then left D.’s house, went home, and told her parents what had happened. 

{¶ 7} H.S.’s mother, V., testified that she and H.S.’s father are divorced and that H.S. 

resides mainly with her father at his residence, which is located near D.’s residence. V. stated 
4

that on the evening of March 8, 2010, she went to the father’s residence to drop off H.S.’s 

younger sister from gymnastics class. When she arrived, H.S. ran out to her crying, shaking, and 

very scared. H.S. told her that Barnes had tried to put his hand in her pants. She also said that 

D. was upstairs when it happened, and that M.L. was sleeping. The trial court allowed the 

hearsay testimony on the record under the excited utterance hearsay exception in Evid.R.803(2). 

{¶ 8} D.’s daughter, L., testified that she and her three-year-old daughter, M.L., were 

visiting D.’s home on March 8, 2010. On the evening of her visit, L. saw both Barnes and H.S. 

upstairs in her mother’s computer room. She recalled that Barnes was sitting down at a 

computer when H.S. came in and tried to sit on his lap. L. saw Barnes push H.S. off his lap, 

which caused her to fall to the floor with a “big thunk.” Id. at 153, ln. 6. According to L., H.S. 

got up, ran downstairs, and left D.’s house. On cross-examination, H.S. testified that she did not 

remember going into D.’s computer room, sitting on Barnes, or being pushed off his lap. 

{¶ 9} L. testified that she never saw Barnes watching a movie with H.S., but she did 

remember them talking about watching a movie. L. also stated that it would have been possible 

for H.S. and Barnes to have watched a movie either before or after the computer room incident. 

{¶ 10} D. testified that on March 8, 2010, she had been doing yard work at her house all 

day. She recalled seeing H.S. playing in her yard with Barnes and some other children, but she 

did not see H.S. inside her house that evening. In addition, D. testified that she did not prepare 

dinner that evening or eat dinner with H.S. While washing dishes, D. heard a “thunk” on the 

second floor, and then heard someone run downstairs, but she did not see who it was. D. then 

went upstairs and found Barnes and L. sitting in her computer room. She claimed that this is 

where Barnes remained until the police came to her house. D. never saw Barnes watching a 
5

movie with H.S. 

{¶ 11} Officer James Chambers, a patrolman with the Village of New Lebanon, was on 

duty the evening of March 8, 2010, and he responded to the sexual assault complaint involving 

H.S. Chambers testified that he discussed the incident with H.S.’s parents and collected the 

sweat pants worn by H.S. After obtaining a warrant, Chambers also collected a DNA sample 

from Barnes in order to compare Barnes’s DNA with any potential DNA on H.S.’s sweat pants. 

According to Chambers, the sweat pants and Barnes’s DNA sample were delivered to the Miami 

Valley Regional Crime Lab for testing. 

{¶ 12} The State did not enter any DNA evidence at trial. The State’s case was based 

solely on the testimony of H.S., V., and Officer Chambers. Barnes moved for a Crim.R. 29 

acquittal on grounds that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of Gross Sexual 

Imposition. The trial court disagreed, and overruled the motion. 

{¶ 13} Barnes also objected to the trial court’s jury instruction on direct and 

circumstantial evidence. The trial court overruled the objection given that the jury instruction 

was a standard Ohio Jury Instruction. After deliberation, the jury found Barnes guilty of Gross 

Sexual Imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). Barnes is now appealing from his 

conviction. 

II. Did the Trial Court Err in Overruling Appellant’s 

Crim.R. 29 Motion for Acquittal?

{¶ 14} Barnes’s First Assignment of Error is as follows: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING APPELLANT’S RULE 
6

29 MOTION. 

{¶ 15} Under this assignment of error, Barnes contends that the trial court should have 

granted his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal, because the State presented insufficient evidence to 

convict him of Gross Sexual Imposition under R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). Specifically, Barnes 

contends that the State failed to introduce any evidence that he engaged in sexual contact for “the 

purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person.” R.C. 2907.01(B). 

{¶ 16} Crim.R. 29(A) states that “[t]he court on motion of a defendant or on its own 

motion, after the evidence on either side is closed, shall order the entry of a judgment of acquittal 

of one or more offenses charged in the indictment, information, or complaint, if the evidence is 

insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses. * * *.” 

{¶ 17} “A sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument challenges whether the State has 

presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to sustain the verdict as a matter of 

law.” State v. Croom, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25094, 2013-Ohio-3377, ¶ 36, citing State v. 

Hawn, 138 Ohio App.3d 449, 471, 741 N.E.2d 594 (2d Dist.2000). “ ‘An appellate court's 

function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to 

examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would 

convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant 

inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any 

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a 

reasonable doubt.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), 

paragraph two of the syllabus. 

{¶ 18} In determining whether Barnes’s conviction is supported by sufficient evidence, 
7

we must first look to the elements of Gross Sexual Imposition as set forth in R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). 

 The statute states as follows: 

(A) No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the spouse of the 

offender; cause another, not the spouse of the offender, to have sexual contact 

with the offender; or cause two or more other persons to have sexual contact when 

any of the following applies: 

* * * 

(4) The other person, or one of the other persons, is less than thirteen years 

of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of that person. 

{¶ 19} The term “ ‘[s]exual contact’ means any touching of an erogenous zone of 

another, including without limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the person is 

a female, a breast, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person.” R.C. 

2907.01(B). “Sexual contact does not require that the offender have skin-to-skin contact with an 

erogenous zone of the victim; a touching of an erogenous zone covered by the victim's clothing is 

sufficient.” State v. Jones, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012-CA-95, 2013-Ohio-3760, ¶ 21, citing In re 

A.L., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2005-12-520, 2006-Ohio-4329, ¶ 23, fn. 1. 

{¶ 20} “[I]n proving the violations of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) * * * it [is] incumbent upon 

the state to prove not only that [the defendant] touched a person less than thirteen years of age or 

caused a person under age thirteen to touch him on the proscribed parts of the body listed in R.C. 

2907.01(B), * * * but also that [the defendant] committed these acts for the specific purpose or 

intention of sexually arousing or gratifying either himself or the victim.” (Citations omitted.) 

State v. Mundy, 99 Ohio App.3d 275, 287, 650 N.E.2d 502 (2d Dist.1994). Therefore, “the state 
8

is obligated to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant's purpose or specific intention 

in touching the victim on the proscribed areas of the body set out in R.C. 2907.01(B) was sexual 

arousal or gratification of either the perpetrator or the victim.” Id. at 288. 

{¶ 21} “Proof of an accused's purpose or specific intent invariably requires 

circumstantial evidence, absent an admission.” Id. In Mundy we stated that: 

The determination of a defendant's mental state, absent some comment on 

his or her part, must of necessity be determined by the nature of the act when 

viewed in conjunction with the surrounding facts and circumstances. State v. Lott 

(1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 168, 555 N.E.2d 293, 302. This is, in fact, the 

well-recognized process of inferential reasoning. This process by necessity 

incorporates an objective mechanism or standard in determining the defendant's 

state of mind by the use of circumstantial evidence. The trier of fact reviews the 

defendant's conduct in light of the surrounding facts and circumstances and infers 

a purpose or motive. This conclusion by the trier of fact reflects the purpose that 

an ordinary prudent person would ascribe to a defendant's conduct. Mundy at 

288, quoting In the Matter of Grigson, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 1881,1991 WL 

62177, *3 (April 15, 1991). 

{¶ 22} We further stated that: 

[T]he proper method is to permit the trier of fact to infer from the evidence 

presented at trial whether the purpose of the defendant was sexual arousal or 

gratification by his contact with those areas of the body described in R.C. 

2907.01. In making its decision the trier of fact may consider the type, nature and 
9

circumstances of the contact, along with the personality of the defendant. From 

these facts the trier of facts may infer what the defendant's motivation was in 

making the physical contact with the victim. If the trier of fact determines, that the 

defendant was motivated by desires of sexual arousal or gratification, and that the 

contact occurred, then the trier of fact may conclude that the object of the 

defendant's motivation was achieved. Mundy, 99 Ohio App.3d at 288-289, 650 

N.E.2d 502, quoting State v. Cobb, 81 Ohio App.3d 179, 185, 610 N.E.2d 1009 

(9th Dist.1991). 

{¶ 23} Therefore, whether Barnes’s physical contact with H.S. “was undertaken for the 

purpose of sexual arousal or gratification must be inferred from the type, nature, and 

circumstances surrounding the contact.” Mundy at 289. Accordingly, we must determine 

whether “a reasonable person sitting as a juror [could] perceive from the defendant's actions, and 

all of the surrounding facts and circumstances, that the defendant's purpose or specific intention 

was arousal or gratification of sexual desire.” (Emphasis deleted.) Id. at 289. 

{¶ 24} In the case before us, H.S. testified that when she was 11 years old, Barnes 

touched her vagina over her sweat pants, rubbed her stomach over her clothes, and attempted to 

remove her sweat pants while they were watching a movie. There were no other adults around 

when the touching occurred. Before touching H.S., Barnes asked her “if she would tell.” 

Barnes also asked H.S. whether “it tickled” when he touched her vagina. 

{¶ 25} The type of physical contact described by H.S. involved Barnes touching an 

erogenous zone on her body when she was less than 13 years of age. The nature of Barnes’s 

statements to H.S., before and during the touching, would allow a reasonable juror to infer that 
10

Barnes’s actions were motivated by desires of sexual arousal or gratification. Specifically, the 

fact that he asked her if “she would tell” indicates that he was going to do something wrong or 

inappropriate. Furthermore, the record does not indicate that the circumstances of the touching 

involved any medical or other appropriate purpose. Based on the type, nature, and 

circumstances of the touching, we find that H.S.’s testimony sufficiently establishes that Barnes 

engaged in “sexual contact” with a person less than 13 years of age in violation of R.C. 

2907.05(A)(4). 

{¶ 26} Barnes’s First Assignment of Error is overruled. 

III. Was the Appellant’s Conviction Against the 

Manifest Weight of the Evidence?

{¶ 27} Barnes’s Second Assignment of Error is as follows: 

APPELLANT’S CONVICTION WAS ENTERED AGAINST THE 

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE. 

{¶ 28} Under this assignment of error, Barnes contends that his conviction was against 

the manifest weight of the evidence because: (1) there was no physical DNA evidence 

establishing that he engaged in sexual contact with H.S.; and (2) H.S.’s memory of the events of 

March 8, 2010, was questionable. Specifically, Barnes points to the fact that H.S. did not 

remember the computer room incident or what movie she and Barnes allegedly watched together. 

 He also points to the fact that H.S. testified that she had dinner at D.’s home, when D. testified 

that there was no such dinner. 

{¶ 29} “When a conviction is challenged on appeal as being against the weight of the 
11

evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable 

inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the 

evidence, the trier of fact ‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice 

that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” State v. Hill, 2d Dist. 

Montgomery No. 25172, 2013-Ohio-717, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 

387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “A judgment should be reversed as being against the manifest 

weight of the evidence ‘only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against 

the conviction.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st 

Dist.1983). 

{¶ 30} “The jury's burden to assess the credibility of witnesses is especially important 

and arduous in sexual abuse cases * * * where the lack of physical evidence and eyewitnesses 

ordains a credibility contest.” State v. Jones, 114 Ohio App.3d 306, 319, 683 N.E.2d 87 (2d 

Dist.1996). “The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony are 

matters for the trier of facts to resolve.” State v. Cox, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25477, 

2013-Ohio-4941, ¶ 27, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967). 

“This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of facts on the issue of witness 

credibility unless it is patently apparent that the factfinder lost its way.” (Citation omitted.) 

State v. Bradley, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 97 CA 03, 1997 WL 691510, *4 (Oct. 24, 1997). 

{¶ 31} In this case, there are no eyewitnesses and no physical evidence of Barnes’s 

offense; the only evidence is H.S.’s testimony. We note that there is no requirement that 

testimonial evidence of sexual abuse must be corroborated by physical or other evidence. 

(Citation omitted.) State v. Kaufman, 187 Ohio App.3d 50, 2010-Ohio-1536, 931 N.E.2d 143, ¶ 
12

71 (7th Dist.). Therefore, the fact that there was no DNA evidence of Barnes’s sexual contact 

with H.S. does not render his conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

{¶ 32} The jury’s decision in this case was based solely on witness credibility. The 

verdict reflects the jury's decision to credit H.S.’s testimony to a greater degree than it did the 

testimony of Barnes’s defense witnesses. This decision was within the competence of the jury, 

because its members had seen and heard all the witnesses at trial. Accordingly, the jury’s 

determination is entitled to substantial deference by this court. That H.S.’s testimony was not 

corroborated by other evidence does not detract from the validity of the jury's decision that H.S. 

was a credible witness. Therefore, the jury's verdict was not against the manifest weight of the 

evidence. 

{¶ 33} Barnes’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled. 

IV. Was the Trial Court’s Jury Instruction on Direct and 

Circumstantial Evidence Incorrect?

{¶ 34} Barnes’s Third Assignment of Error is as follows: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ISSUING ITS CHOSEN JURY 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

{¶ 35} Under this assignment of error, Barnes challenges the trial court’s jury 

instruction on the weight of circumstantial and direct evidence. The trial court instructed that: 

Direct evidence and circumstantial evidence are of equal weight. The law 

makes no distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence as to the degree 

of proof required. And facts may be proven by either type of evidence or a 
13

combination of both. Each type is accepted as a reasonable method of proof. 

With the evidence that is both direct and circumstantial, the combination of the 

two must satisfy you of the Defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Trans. 

(Oct. 30, 2012), p. 179, ln. 1-8. 

{¶ 36} Barnes contends that the trial court should have instructed that direct and 

circumstantial evidence may be of equal weight, not that they are of equal weight. He claims 

that the trial court’s instruction incorrectly advises the jury that the two kinds of evidence must 

be of equal weight under all circumstances. 

{¶ 37} Prior to State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 574 N.E. 2d 492 (1991), direct and 

circumstantial evidence were viewed differently. In State v. Kulig, 37 Ohio St.2d 157, 309 

N.E.2d 897 (1974), the Supreme Court followed longstanding precedent to hold that 

“[c]ircumstantial evidence relied upon to prove an essential element of a crime must be 

irreconcilable with any reasonable theory of an accused’s innocence in order to support a finding 

of guilt.” Id. at syllabus. Jenks expressly overruled Kulig, holding that “[c]ircumstantial 

evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same probative value and therefore should be 

subjected to the same standard of proof.” Jenks at paragraph one of the syllabus. As a result of 

Jenks, an explanation that “[d]irect evidence and circumstantial evidence are of equal weight” 

became part of standard jury instructions. See State v. Emerick, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 

15768, 1997 WL 309412, *11 (June 6, 1997). However, “[c]ircumstantial evidence is not less 

probative than direct evidence, and, in some instances, is even more reliable.” State v. Nicely, 

39 Ohio St.3d 147, 151, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988), citing United States v. Andrino, 501 F.2d 1373, 

1378 (9th Cir.1974). 
14

{¶ 38} In Emerick, we held the “equal weight” instruction was consistent with case law 

and not prejudicially erroneous. We cautioned, however, that the instruction had the potential to 

mislead a jury to improperly balance the evidence even if circumstantial evidence in a given case 

outweighed direct evidence or vice-versa. We concluded that the better approach was to 

instruct: “ ‘[T]he law makes no distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence but simply 

requires that the jury be satisfied of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt from all the 

evidence in the case * * *.’ ” Emerick at *12, quoting U.S. v. Nelson, 419 F.2d 1237 (9th 

Cir.1969). The pattern Ohio jury instruction no longer contains the “equal weight” language, 

but rather, consistent with Emerick, states: “You may consider both direct and circumstantial 

evidence. You must decide from all the direct and circumstantial evidence, taken together, 

whether the state has proven all of the elements of the charged offense(s) beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” 2 OJI-CR 409.01(2). 

{¶ 39} Although the “equal weight” instruction has the potential to mislead, an 

instruction fashioned from Jenks may have a purpose. If counsel for one side or the other 

argues that the jury should disregard certain evidence because it is “only circumstantial,” the 

court should correctly inform the jury that “neither circumstantial evidence nor direct evidence is 

inherently inferior to the other.” This would be more accurate than the now-disregarded OJI 

“equal weight” language. 

{¶ 40} In the present case, the “equal weight” instruction given by the trial court was not 

prejudicially erroneous. It is a correct statement of law, and the court also instructed the jury 

“[w]ith the evidence that is both direct and circumstantial, the combination of the two must 

satisfy you of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Trans. at 179. Also, the 
15

jury’s decision in this case was based on witness credibility, not on whether the evidence was 

direct or circumstantial. The appellant’s iteration of the instruction-that the two types of 

evidence “may” be of equal value-would not have made any difference. 

{¶ 41} Barnes’s Third Assignment of Error is overruled. 

V. Did the State Engage in Prosecutorial Misconduct 

During Its Closing Argument?

{¶ 42} Barnes’s Fourth Assignment of Error is as follows: 

THE PROSECUTOR COMMITTED REVERSIBLE MISCONDUCT. 

{¶ 43} Under this assignment of error, Barnes contends that the State engaged in 

prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments by: (1) commenting on his failure to testify at 

trial; (2) expressing the prosecutor’s personal views regarding the credibility of the defense 

witnesses; (3) making improper, prejudicial comments regarding the evidence; and (4) making 

statements that went beyond the evidence presented at trial. 

{¶ 44} Before addressing each allegation of misconduct, we note that prosecutors are 

generally “entitled to considerable latitude in opening and closing arguments.” (Citations 

omitted.) State v. Whitfield, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22432, 2009-Ohio-293, ¶ 12. “A 

prosecutor may freely comment in closing argument on what the evidence has shown and what 

reasonable inferences the prosecutor believes may be drawn therefrom.” Id., citing State v. Lott,

51 Ohio St.3d 160, 165, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). “In determining whether the prosecutor's 

remarks were prejudicial, the State's argument must be viewed in its entirety.” Id., citing State v. 

Ballew, 76 Ohio St.3d 244, 255, 667 N.E.2d 369 (1996). 
16

{¶ 45} “The test regarding prosecutorial misconduct in closing arguments is whether the 

remarks were improper and, if so, whether they prejudicially affected substantial rights of the 

defendant.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14, 470 N.E.2d 883 (1984). 

“The touchstone of the analysis ‘is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.’ 

” State v. Jeffery, 2013-Ohio-504, 986 N.E.2d 1093, ¶ 15 (2d Dist.), quoting Smith v. Phillips, 

455 U.S. 209, 219, 102 S.Ct. 940, 71 L.Ed.2d 78 (1982). “The question is whether the 

prosecutor's misconduct so infected the accused's trial with unfairness that the accused's 

convictions came in violation of the right to due process.” Id., citing Donnelly v. 

DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 644, 94 S.Ct. 1868, 40 L.Ed.2d 431 (1974). 

{¶ 46} We further note that Barnes failed to object to any of the State’s comments 

during closing argument. Accordingly, Barnes waived all but plain error. (Citation omitted.) 

State v. Wickline, 50 Ohio St.3d 114, 119-120, 552 N.E.2d 913 (1990). “Plain error does not 

exist unless it can be said that but for the error, the outcome of the trial would clearly have been 

otherwise.” Id., citing State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph two 

of the syllabus. (Other citation omitted.) The plain error standard is to be exercised with “the 

utmost caution under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of 

justice.” Long at 91, paragraph three of the syllabus. 

1. Commenting on Appellant’s 

Failure to Testify at Trial 

{¶ 47} Barnes claims that the following statement was an improper comment on 

Barnes’s failure to testify at trial. 
17

And she told you that he put his hands on her vagina. She told you that he 

was rubbing her stomach. She told you that he was trying to put his hands down 

her pants, and she pushed him away. That is all unrefuted. We haven’t heard 

anything to the contrary. (Emphasis added.) Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 168, ln. 

10-14. 

{¶ 48} It is well established that “it is improper for a prosecutor to comment on a 

defendant’s failure to testify.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Twyford, 94 Ohio St.3d 340, 355, 

763 N.E.2d 122 (2002). In determining whether a comment violated the defendant's Fifth 

Amendment rights, we must consider “ ‘ whether the language used was manifestly intended or 

was of such character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the 

failure of the accused to testify.’ ” (Emphasis deleted.) State v. Webb, 70 Ohio St.3d 325, 328, 

638 N.E.2d 1023 (1994), quoting Knowles v. United States, 224 F.2d 168, 170 (10th Cir.1955). 

{¶ 49} The State cites State v. Lockett, 49 Ohio St.2d 48, 358 N.E.2d 1062 (1976), rev'd 

in part, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed. 2d 973 (1978), and overruled by State v. Downs, 

51 Ohio St.2d 47, 364 N.E.2d 1140 (1977), for the proposition that the prosecutor’s statement 

was not improper. In Lockett, the Supreme Court of Ohio stated that “statements made by the 

prosecutor to the effect that the evidence against appellant was uncontradicted and unrefuted 

does not constitute a comment by the prosecutor upon the failure of the defendant to testify, 

prejudicial to appellant's right to a fair trial.” Id. at 65. 

{¶ 50} The State also cites State v. Ferguson, 5 Ohio St.3d 160, 450 N.E.2d 265 (1983), 

for the same proposition. In Ferguson, the Supreme Court explained that “[a] reference by the 

prosecutor in closing argument to uncontradicted evidence is not a comment on the accused’s 
18

failure to testify, where the comment is directed to the strength of the state’s evidence and not to 

the silence of the accused, and the jury is instructed not to consider the accused’s failure to testify 

for any purpose.” Id. at 160, paragraph one of the syllabus. 

{¶ 51} More recently, however, the Supreme Court held that “[a] prosecutor generally 

may note that his or her evidence is uncontradicted unless it is evidence only the defendant could 

contradict. See Annotation (1967), 14 A.L.R.3d 723, 730-743.” (Emphasis added.) Webb, 70 

Ohio St.3d at 329, 638 N.E.2d 1023. 

{¶ 52} In this case, the prosecutor stated that H.S.’s testimony was “unrefuted.” It is 

clear from the record that the prosecutor was specifically referring to the portion of H.S.’s 

testimony that described how Barnes had touched her. Because Barnes and H.S. were the only 

individuals present during the touching in question, they were the only individuals capable of 

testifying about what had happened between them. In other words, only Barnes could have 

contradicted H.S.’s testimony. As a result, the jury could have naturally and necessarily taken 

the prosecutor’s remark to be a comment on Barnes’s failure to testify, and not just a comment 

on the overall strength of the State’s case. Accordingly, the comment is improper. 

{¶ 53} Even though the prosecutor’s comment is improper, it does not amount to plain 

error. The trial court instructed the jury not to consider Barnes’s decision not to testify for any 

purpose, and “it must be generally presumed that the jury followed the instructions of the trial 

judge.” Ferguson, 5 Ohio St.3d at 163, 450 N.E.2d 265. Under the circumstances of this case, 

we do not find the prosecutor’s comment to be so flagrant that it affected the outcome of trial or 

created a manifest miscarriage of justice. 
19

2. Personal Views About the Credibility 

of Defense Witnesses 

{¶ 54} Barnes claims that the following statement improperly expressed the prosecutor’s 

personal opinion on the credibility of the defense witnesses. 

He also doesn’t get credit for his family members coming in and trying to 

make up a story to cover all this up. I didn’t believe anything that they said, but 

that’s up to you to decide. Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 171, ln. 6-9. 

{¶ 55} The law is clear that “[i]t is improper for an attorney to express his personal 

belief or opinion as to the credibility of a witness or as to the guilt of the accused.” (Citation 

omitted.) Smith, 14 Ohio St. 3d at 14, 470 N.E.2d 883. 

{¶ 56} While we find that the prosecutor’s comment improperly expressed his personal 

opinion on the credibility of the defense witnesses, we do not find that the comment amounts to 

plain error. Immediately after the improper remark was made, the prosecutor informed the jury 

that witness credibility was for them to decide. In addition, the trial court informed the jury 

that they “are the sole judges of * * * the credibility of the witnesses * * *.” Trans. (Oct. 30, 

2012), p.179, ln 20-22. The instructions given by the prosecutor and the trial court were 

sufficient to prevent the improper comment from affecting the outcome of trial and creating a 

manifest miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, the comment does not amount to plain error. 

3. Improper Comments Regarding 

the Evidence 

{¶ 57} Barnes contends that the prosecutor made highly prejudicial comments on the 
20

evidence. Specifically, he claims that the following statement instills anger and fear in the jury, 

and distracts the jury from its duty to consider only the facts. 

Not every victim is going to act the same, either. Think about it, this 

event was almost three years ago for [H.S.]. A lot of time has passed. So, you 

know what, he doesn’t get credit if she wasn’t up there crying. He doesn’t get 

credit because time has made her numb. Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 171, ln. 1-5. 

{¶ 58} For the prosecutor's comment to warrant reversal on grounds of prejudice, the 

remarks must be “so inflammatory as to render the jury's decision a product solely of passion and 

prejudice against the appellant.” State v. Williams, 23 Ohio St.3d 16, 20, 490 N.E.2d 906 

(1986), certiorari denied, 480 U.S. 923, 107 S.Ct. 1385, 94 L.Ed.2d 699 (1987). 

{¶ 59} In this case, we are not convinced that the jury’s verdict was merely a product of 

passion and prejudice. There is sufficient evidence to support the verdict, and the prosecutor’s 

comment is not so inflammatory as to arouse emotions that would prejudice the defendant’s 

substantial rights. In addition, the trial court explained to the jurors that the verdict must be 

based on the evidence and not statements made during closing arguments, Trans. p. 178, ln. 

11-12; p. 179, ln 9-12, and we must presume that the jury followed the court’s instruction. 

Ferguson, 5 Ohio St.3d at 163, 450 N.E.2d 265. Furthermore, we do not find that the 

prosecutor’s comment affected the outcome of trial or created a manifest miscarriage of justice. 

Therefore, even if the prosecutor’s comment was improper, it does not amount to reversible plain 

error. 

4. Statements Beyond the Evidence 
21

Presented at Trial 

{¶ 60} Barnes claims that the following statement by the prosecutor was improper, 

because it went beyond the evidence presented to the jury. 

DNA cuts both ways. If I had DNA in here – well, his DNA is on her 

pants. Well, it must have come from when they were playing outside. He was 

touching her outside when they were just horsing around. It cuts both ways. 

DNA doesn’t matter. It does not matter. I guarantee you, if there were DNA on 

those pants, he would have an explanation for why it’s there. So, it’s not there, it’s 

a wash. (Emphasis added.) Trans. p. 175, ln. 19-25. 

{¶ 61} “It is a prosecutor's duty in closing arguments to avoid efforts to obtain a 

conviction by going beyond the evidence which is before the jury.” (Citation omitted.) Smith, 

14 Ohio St.3d at 14, 470 N.E.2d 883. Barnes contends that the prosecutor’s comment, “well, his 

DNA is on her pants” went beyond the evidence, because it informed the jury that DNA evidence 

existed, when no such evidence had been admitted at trial. 

{¶ 62} We disagree with Barnes’s interpretation of the prosecutor’s comment. 

“[I]solated comments by a prosecutor are not to be taken out of context and given their most 

damaging meaning.” Twyford, 94 Ohio St.3d at 356, 763 N.E.2d 122. 

{¶ 63} Here, Barnes is isolating a small portion of the prosecutor’s comment and giving 

the comment its most damaging meaning. When looking at the context of the entire comment, it 

is clear that the prosecutor was speaking hypothetically about the existence of DNA. The 

prosecutor was attempting to say that if Barnes’s DNA had been found on H.S.’s sweat pants, he 

would have had an excuse for it being there, since he and H.S. were seen playing together on the 
22

day in question. In addition, the phrases, “if there were DNA on those pants” and “[s]o it’s not 

there, it’s a wash,” clearly indicate that the prosecutor was not informing the jury that DNA 

evidence existed. Accordingly, the comment does not go beyond the evidence. 

{¶ 64} For the foregoing reasons, the prosecutor’s comments during closing argument 

do not amount to reversible misconduct. Barnes’s Fourth Assignment of Error is overruled. 

V. Did the Appellant Receive Ineffective Assistance of Counsel?

{¶ 65} Barnes’s Fifth Assignment of Error is as follows: 

APPELLANT WAS PREJUDICED BY INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE 

OF COUNSEL. 

{¶ 66} Under this assignment of error, Barnes claims that he received ineffective 

assistance of counsel, because his trial counsel failed to: (1) subpoena a forensic expert to 

testify regarding the lack of DNA evidence; and (2) object to the prosecutor’s improper 

comments during its closing argument. 

{¶ 67} “In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant 

must show both deficient performance and resulting prejudice.” State v. Matthews, 189 Ohio 

App.3d 446, 2010-Ohio-4153, 938 N.E.2d 1099, ¶ 39 (2d Dist.), citing Strickland v. Washington, 

466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). “Trial counsel is entitled to a strong 

presumption that his conduct falls within the wide range of effective assistance, and to show 

deficiency, the defendant must demonstrate that counsel's representation fell below an objective 

standard of reasonableness.” Id., citing Strickland at 690. Prejudice exists where “there is a 

reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the outcome would have 
23

been different.” Strickland at 687. 

1. Defense Counsel’s Failure to 

Subpoena Forensic Expert 

{¶ 68} Defense counsel’s failure to subpoena a forensic expert to testify regarding the 

lack of DNA evidence did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. During voir 

dire, the State made it clear to the jury that there was not going to be any DNA evidence 

presented at trial, Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 23, ln. 6-7, and no such evidence was presented 

during the State’s case-in-chief. Because the prosecution already established that there was no 

DNA evidence, it was unnecessary for the defense to call a forensic expert to testify to the same 

matter. 

{¶ 69} Even if defense counsel’s decision had qualified as deficient performance under 

Strickland, Barnes failed to establish that he was prejudiced by the decision. We cannot find by 

a reasonable probability that expert testimony regarding the lack of DNA evidence would have 

changed the jury’s decision, when the jury already knew this fact going into deliberation. 

Defense counsel made sure the jury was aware of this fact during closing argument when he said: 

Because, in spite of Officer Chambers collecting DNA evidence from 

[Barnes] and submitting it to the crime lab and submitting [H.S.’s] jogging pants 

to the crime lab, you have no DNA evidence. There’s no testimony from anyone 

from the crime lab regarding DNA evidence. There’s no physical evidence that 

anything happened. None whatsoever. Trans. p. 174, ln. 1-6. 

{¶ 70} Accordingly, we do not find that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance 
24

of counsel for failing to subpoena a forensic expert. 

2. Defense Counsel’s Failure to Object 

to Prosecutor’s Improper Comments 

{¶ 71} The State made improper comments during its closing argument, and defense 

counsel should have objected to them. Assuming that the failure to object qualifies as deficient 

performance under Strickland, Barnes still must establish resulting prejudice in order to succeed 

on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 

{¶ 72} In an attempt to demonstrate prejudice, Barnes employs the cumulative error 

doctrine. He argues that the cumulative effect of counsel’s failures unfairly prejudiced him and 

violated his constitutional right to a fair trial. 

{¶ 73} In response to Barnes’s argument, we note that “ ‘there can be no such thing as 

an error-free, perfect trial, and * * * the Constitution does not guarantee such a trial.’ ” State v. 

Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d 195, 661 N.E.2d 1068 (1996), quoting United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 

499, 508-509, 103 S.Ct. 1974, 76 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983). “[E]rrors cannot become prejudicial by 

sheer weight of numbers.” Id., citing State v. Davis, 62 Ohio St.3d 326, 348, 581 N.E.2d 1362 

(1991). 

{¶ 74} In this case, a few errors occurred during the prosecutor’s closing arguments, and 

as we previously discussed, those errors did not affect the outcome of trial or create a manifest 

miscarriage of justice. Even when viewed cumulatively, we cannot find that the errors 

prejudiced Barnes’s constitutional right to a fair trial. Accordingly, Barnes was not prejudiced 

by his counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s improper comments. For this reason, his 
25

ineffective assistance of counsel claim must fail. 

{¶ 75} Barnes’s Fifth Assignment of Error is overruled. 

VI. Conclusion 

{¶ 76} Having overruled all of Barnes’s assignments of error, the judgement of the trial 

court is affirmed. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

FROELICH and HALL, JJ., concur. 

Copies mailed to: 

Mathias H. Heck 

Michele D. Phipps 

Candi S. Rambo 

Hon. Michael Tucker