# Patent

## Title
GNSS integrated multi-sensor control system and method

## Abstract

A GNSS integrated multi-sensor guidance system for a vehicle assembly includes a suite of sensor units, including a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) sensor unit comprising a receiver and an antenna. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) outputs vehicle dynamic information for combining with the output of the GNSS unit. A controller with a processor receives the outputs of the sensor suite and computes steering solutions, which are utilized by vehicle actuators, including an automatic steering control unit connected to the vehicle steering for guiding the vehicle. The processor is programmed to define multiple behavior-based automatons comprising self-operating entities in the guidance system, which perform respective behaviors using data output from one or more sensor units for achieving the behaviors. A GNSS integrated multi-sensor vehicle guidance method is also disclosed.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application relates to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/243,417, filed Sep. 17, 2009, filed concurrently herewith, which is incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a versatile integrated multi-sensor apparatus which combines positional data from a variety of sensor types including a GNSS system. The various sensor data is ranked according to its confidence level, and using that data as a means to automatically create a planned path and steer a vehicle along that planned path. Elements of the present invention allow the system to be easily interchangeable among a multitude of vehicles and to communicate with other vehicles to allow for autonomous cooperative vehicle behavior building and task delegation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) guidance and control are widely used for vehicle and personal navigation and a variety of other uses involving precision location in geodesic reference systems. GNSS, which includes the Global Positioning System (GPS) and other satellite-based positioning systems, has progressed to sub-centimeter accuracy with known correction techniques, including a number of commercial satellite based augmentation systems (SBASs).
For even more accurate information, higher frequency signals with shorter wavelengths are required. It is known in the art that by using GNSS satellites' carrier phase transmissions, and possibly carrier phase signal components from base reference stations or satellite based augmentation systems (SBAS), including the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) (U.S.), and similar systems such as EGNOS (European Union) and MSAS (Japan), a position may readily be determined to within millimeters. When accomplished with two antennas at a fixed spacing, an angular rotation may be computed using the position differences. In an exemplary embodiment, two antennas placed in the horizontal plane may be employed to compute a heading (rotation about a vertical axis) from a position displacement. Heading information, combined with position, either differentially corrected (DGPS) or carrier phase corrected real-time kinematic (RTK), provides the feedback information desired for a proper control of the vehicle direction.
Another benefit achieved by incorporating a GNSS-based heading sensor is the elimination or reduction of drift and biases resultant from a gyro-only or other inertial sensor approach. Yet another advantage is that heading may be computed while movable equipment is stopped or moving slowly, which is not possible in a single-antenna, GNSS-based approach that requires a velocity vector to derive a heading. Yet another advantage of incorporating a GNSS-based heading sensor is independence from a host vehicle's sensors or additional external sensors. Thus, such a system is readily maintained as equipment-independent and may be moved from one vehicle to another with minimal effort. Yet another exemplary embodiment of the sensor employs global navigation satellite system (GNSS) sensors and measurements to provide accurate, reliable positioning information. GNSS sensors include, but are not limited to, GPS, Global Navigation System (GLONAS), Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) and the like, as well as combinations including at least one of the foregoing.
An example of a GNSS is the Global Positioning System (GPS) established by the United States government, which employs a constellation of 24 or more satellites in well-defined orbits at an altitude of approximately 26,500 km. These satellites continually transmit microwave L-band radio signals in two frequency bands, centered at 1575.42 MHz and 1227.6 MHz, denoted as L1 and L2 respectively. These signals include timing patterns relative to the satellite's onboard precision clock (which is kept synchronized by a ground station) as well as a navigation message giving the precise orbital positions of the satellites, an ionosphere model and other useful information. GPS receivers process the radio signals, computing ranges to the GPS satellites, and by triangulating these ranges, the GPS receiver determines its position and its internal clock error.
In standalone GPS systems that determine a receiver's antenna position coordinates without reference to a nearby reference receiver, the process of position determination is subject to errors from a number of sources. These include errors in the GPS satellite's clock reference, the location of the orbiting satellite, ionosphere induced propagation delay errors, and troposphere refraction errors. The overall positional signal is weakened with each satellite target lost. These targets may be lost due to obstructions such as trees, hills, or merely because the satellite has orbited out of view.
To overcome these positioning errors of standalone GPS systems, many positioning applications have made use of data from multiple GPS receivers. Typically, in such applications, a reference or base receiver, located at a reference site having known coordinates, receives the GPS satellite signals simultaneously with the receipt of signals by a remote or rover receiver. Depending on the separation distance between the two GPS receivers, many of the errors mentioned above will affect the satellite signals equally for the two receivers. By taking the difference between signals received both at the reference site and the remote location, these errors are effectively eliminated. This facilitates an accurate determination of the remote receiver's coordinates relative to the reference receiver's coordinates. Additional sensors may also be used to support weak GNSS positional data, such as an inertial measurement unit which may include a gyroscope. Such additional sensors are, however, prone to lose calibration and then need to be corrected.
Differential global navigation satellite system (DGNSS) guidance utilizes a localized base receiver of known location in combination with a rover receiver on a moving vehicle for obtaining accurate vehicle positions from GNSS data. Differential positioning, using base and rover receivers, provides more accurate positioning information than standalone systems because the satellite ranging signal transmission errors tend to effect the base and rover receivers equally and therefore can be cancelled out in computing position solutions. In other words, the base-rover position signal “differential” accurately places the rover receiver “relative” to the base receiver. Because the “absolute” geo-reference location of the fixed-position base receiver is precisely known, the absolute position of the rover receiver can be computed using the base receiver known, absolute position and the position of the rover receiver relative thereto.
Differential GPS is well known and exhibits many forms. GPS applications have been improved and enhanced by employing a broader array of satellites such as GNSS and WAAS. For example, see commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,663 to Whitehead et al. titled Method and System for GPS and WAAS Carrier Phase Measurements for Relative Positioning, dated Oct. 22, 2002, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Additionally, multiple receiver DGPS has been enhanced by utilizing a single receiver to perform differential corrections. For example, see commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,397,147 to Whitehead titled Relative GPS Positioning Using A Single GPS Receiver With Internally Generated Differential Correction Terms, dated May 28, 2002 the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
It is not uncommon to utilize a GNSS system in combination with an automatic-steering module linked to a vehicle's steering manifold through a steering controller unit. The guidance unit receives positional information from the GNSS unit and compares it with a pre-planned path or map. Because the GNSS positional information allows the guidance unit to know exactly where the vehicle is located along a path, it can use this information to automatically guide and steer the vehicle along this path.
A steering controller is required to accept instructions from the guidance unit and actually perform the steering controls on the vehicle. This device connects to the vehicle steering manifold and/or hydraulic steering valves. Signals from the guidance unit are delivered to the steering controller, which then commands hydraulic valves to open or close depending on the desired results.
Automatic steering systems using GNSS data tend to lose accuracy. If the system calibration is off the steering controller may tend to over-correct, resulting in erratic turns. Additionally, loss of the GNSS signal could affect the automatic steering function.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Disclosed herein is a method for providing accurate and precise vehicle positioning guidance and control with automatic steering capabilities. The present invention utilizes a series of separate sensors which may serve as temporary reliable guidance devices when GNSS signals are weak, and are recalibrated when GNSS signals are strong. This reliable positioning information gathering allows multiple vehicles to operate in cooperation with each other using autonomous task delegation and control. A versatile system is described that facilitates a number of precise steering tasks for a variety of functions using proportional hydraulic control and state-of-the-art GNSS positional systems.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings, which illustrate the principles of the present invention and an exemplary embodiment thereof.
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a tractor demonstrating the preferred embodiment.
FIG. 1A is an isometric view of a tractor demonstrating the three axes of orientation (X, Y, and Z) and three possible directions of rotation (pitch, roll, and yaw).
FIG. 2 is an alternative line diagram demonstrating the relationship between devices in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is an alternative line diagram demonstrating the relationship between devices in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is an alternative line diagram demonstrating the relationship between devices in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is an alternative line diagram demonstrating the relationship between devices in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is an alternative line diagram demonstrating the relationship between devices in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is an alternative line diagram demonstrating the relationship between devices in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is an alternative line diagram demonstrating the relationship between devices in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is an alternative line diagram demonstrating the relationship between devices in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 10 is a line diagram demonstrating the step-by-step method by which the sensor suite determines confidence levels of various sensors.
FIGS. 11A-G demonstrate various path-finding, path-creating, and object avoidance possibilities available when a tractor is equipped with the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED ASPECTS
I. Introduction, Environment, and Preferred Embodiment
Generally, a preferred embodiment of the present invention consists of components which allow a farming vehicle, with or without an attached farming implement, to automatically guide itself around a field and perform a plurality of functions, leading to precision farming. Said vehicle may be in constant communication with other vehicles similarly equipped for the same or different tasks. The vehicles within such a network are capable of making decisions amongst themselves about where to go and what to do to best perform assigned tasks based on the global position of each vehicle relative to each other and the location of said tasks.
The preferred embodiment of the integrated multi-sensor guidance system (guidance system) 2, as shown in FIG. 1, includes a vehicle 4, which may be equipped with a farming implement 6, a sensor suite 7, a guidance unit 10 capable of versatile path guidance, a steering controller 12 providing proportional hydraulic control, a hydraulic steering manifold 14, a wheel angle/speed sensor (WAS) 16, and an implement steering manifold 50. Additionally, the guidance system 2 includes a base station antenna 18 to communicate with a differential receiver 20, a GNSS receiver 22 connected to a plurality of antennas 24 located on the vehicle 4, and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) 26 for providing additional information to said guidance unit 10. Also included is a user interface 28 within the cab of the vehicle 4 allowing the driver of that vehicle to manually input commands into the guidance system 2 and override automatic control.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention has at least four particular applications. First, there is a command center approach that can be applied, where the guidance system is a one-time capital investment that can be moved and used with each piece of farming equipment, regardless of the season or the task being performed. Second, a highly accurate yet economical automatic steering application is available. Such an application can allow for high accuracy work to be performed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week with limited stress on human drivers. The third particular application of the present invention deals with sectional control of implements; that is the guidance unit can selectively shut off portions of the working implement where overlap would otherwise occur. Finally, site-specific farming using variable rate control can be applied. Depending on the site and the crop being grown, the system can fluctuate how much work the implement does, whether that be spraying, seeding, or tilling.
FIGS. 11A-G demonstrate the versatility of the automatic steering capabilities of the present invention on straight, contour, and circle pivot driving paths. These figures demonstrate a vehicle being self-driven around a series of different path-types 64 which are automatically generated by the guidance system 10 of the preferred embodiment due to information both manually input and gathered by the sensor suite 7. These figures demonstrate how the guidance system 2 will recognize field borders 62 and obstacles 66. When the planned path 64 encounters the obstacles 66, the system will either automatically create an alternative path 72 or return manual control to the vehicle driver. When the planned path 64 encounters the field border 62, the system will automatically shut off all implement controls and either perform an automatic turn in the headlands 68 or return manual vehicle control to the vehicle operator.
II. Sensor Suite
The sensor suite 7 is comprised of a plurality of sensors, including at least a GNSS system 8, a wheel angle sensor (WAS) 16 and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) 26. Additional sensors may include a video camera unit oriented in the vehicle towards the direction of travel. For example, the video camera unit can be oriented towards a landmark on the horizon, which can provide an aiming point or point of reference corresponding to a predetermined geo-reference location. Other sensors in the sensor suite 7 can include a radar unit for ranging and direction finding, e.g., to a particular radar target. A laser unit, radio input, telemetry, and other sensor units capable of aiding in precision position and trajectory mapping can also be utilized. This suite of sensors gathers position and heading data and relay this information to the guidance unit 10 discussed in detail in section III.
In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the GNSS system 8 will be assigned the highest confidence level as a default, and is thus a primary and important element to this guidance system 2. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are broadly defined to include GPS (U.S.), Galileo (proposed), GLONASS (Russia), Beidou/Compass (China, proposed), IRNSS (India, proposed), QZSS (Japan, proposed) and other current and future positioning technology using signals from satellites, with or without augmentation from terrestrial sources. Inertial navigation systems (INS) include gyroscopic (gyro) sensors, accelerometers and similar technologies for providing output corresponding to the inertia of moving components in all axes, i.e. through six degrees of freedom (positive and negative directions along transverse X, longitudinal Y and vertical Z axes). Yaw, pitch and roll refer to moving component rotation about the Z, X and Y axes respectively. Said terminology will include the words specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof and words of similar meaning.
Disclosed herein in an exemplary embodiment is a sensor system for vehicle guidance. The sensor system can utilize a plurality of GNSS code or carrier phase differenced antennas to derive attitude information, herein referred to as a GNSS attitude system. Moreover, the GNSS attitude system may optionally be combined with one or more rate gyro(s) used to measure turn, roll or pitch rates and to further calibrate bias and scale factor errors within these gyros. In an exemplary embodiment, the rate gyros and GNSS receiver/antenna are integrated together within the same unit, to provide multiple mechanisms to characterize a vehicle's motion and position to make a robust vehicle steering control mechanism.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a vehicle 4, an implement 6, and a sensor suite 7. The sensor suite is comprised of a plurality of sensors, containing at least a GNSS system 8, a WAS 16, and an IMU 26. Said GNSS system 8 is further comprised of a receiver 22, a differential receiver 20, a base station antenna 18, and a plurality of antennas 24 located on said vehicle 4 and implement 6. The GNSS system provides position information to the guidance unit 10. This information can be used for creating a path 64 around a field 60, establishing alternatives 72 to said path when obstacles 66 are encountered.
The sensor suite 7 will integrate all connected sensors with the ultimate result being robust tight wheel control; that is, wheel and vehicle control at a very precise level. This sensor integration implements a confidence level or reliance level checklist by which certain sensors are given higher-priority when position information is used unless those sensors are reporting weak or no signal. Higher priority sensor systems are used to recalibrate lower priority systems while said higher priority systems remain at their default signal levels. This ensures that when the higher priority systems lose signal, the lower priority systems are timely calibrated to compensate for the higher priority system for the short time period of reduced signal.
III. Guidance Unit 10
A guidance unit 10, otherwise known as an electronic control unit (ECU), can be put to several different uses on an agricultural vehicle. One common use is to provide heading data based on a pre-planned or calculated path 64. The guidance unit might have the path manually input into the unit, or it might be capable of receiving GNSS positional data and information regarding a particular piece of land and calculate a path based off of this information. The guidance unit 10 can display information to the vehicle's driver through a user interface (UI) 28 and allow the driver to manually steer the vehicle along the displayed path. A more precise application of such a guidance unit 10 is to introduce automatic steering to a farming vehicle 4. The vehicle 4 will then guide itself along said calculated or pre-planned path 64 with greater precision than manual steering could provide.
The guidance unit 10 can be put to additional uses as well, including automated implement control and advanced mapping and data management. The automated implement control comprises sectional implement control, including application rate control and variable rate control. The advanced mapping and data management, as mentioned above, includes the system's ability to take known landscape information from the GNSS system and store that information for processing during jobs. This leads to real-time map creation as the vehicle self-guides the piece of land to be worked.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention includes the sensor suite 7 mentioned above which is connected to the guidance unit 10. The guidance unit 10 interprets positional data received from the sensor suite 7 and puts it to use in several ways. The guidance unit 10 is further divided into at least a logic portion 30 and a guidance portion 32. The guidance unit receives data from the sensor suite 7, determines what to do with the data in the logic portion 30, including computing a path 64 or selectively controlling the implement, and then transmits that data through the guidance portion 32 to the steering controller 12 and the implement steering controller 50.
As demonstrated in FIG. 10, a confidence loop 100 is employed by the guidance unit 10 against multiple sensors in the sensor suite 7 to determine which sensor systems should be relied on when determining position and heading information. The confidence loop 100 is comprised of several steps. The start step 102 is initiated when the guidance system 2 is booted up. This can either be directly connected to the start-up of the vehicle 4 to which the system is attached, or completely independent of that vehicle. The system is then initialized at 104 and a default process 106 is begun. In this default process, the sensor systems are placed in a default reliance list whereby a particular sensor is given a higher confidence than other sensors and that high-confidence sensor is used to calibrate all other sensors. This highest confidence sensor is also used for initial position and heading information gathering and to instruct the guidance unit 10. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the GNSS system 8 could default as the initial highest confidence system, followed by the IMU 26 and the WAS 16.
Once the default process 106 is begun, the loop 100 begins a sensor signal check 108. During this step, each sensor's signal is checked internally to determine whether it is communicating properly with the rest of the guidance system 2 and whether incoming signals are present. For example, the GNSS system 8 will be checked several times per second to determine the strength of the satellite signal being received by the antennas 24 and receiver 22. These sensor signal levels are then compared 110 with the default signal levels that are expected. If these detected signals are equal to or exceed the strength of the expected signal, a “yes” command is entered and the sensor signal check begins again.
If, however, the detected signal is lower than the expected default signal, a “no” command is reported and the loop 100 enters a confidence level reduction step 112 whereby the particular sensor's confidence level is reduced according to the strength of the detected signal. A confidence level comparison step 114 is then performed, comparing the updated confidence levels of all sensors in the sensor suite 7. If the result of the sensor-reliance reordering step 116 is a change in reliance levels, a “yes” command is returned and the reliance priority list is reordered at 118. This occurs when the confidence level of a particular sensor drops so low due to a weak or loss of signal that its information is no longer reliable. That sensor drops down in the reliance list and the new most reliable sensor is used to produce position and heading information until a sensor signal check 108 results in the original sensor regaining its signal and thus priority level. If the result of the sensor-reliance reordering step 116 is “no,” then the reliance list is not reordered and the confidence loop 100 returns to the sensor signal checking step 104.
This process of steps ensures that only the most reliable sensors are used to determine current vehicle position and heading and to recalibrate less reliable sensors. The listed steps are an example of such a confidence loop 100 and are not intended to be the only means to achieve the desired results. Additional or fewer steps may be used to return an appropriate confidence or reliance level list.
As an example of this process, the guidance unit 10 is connected to the steering controller 12 and the WAS 16. The guidance unit can relay correction information from the GNSS positioning system 8 to the WAS for calibration purposes. The WAS 16 is initially calibrated with a zero-heading and receives information from the steering controller 12 regarding turn data, and in turn relays actual data back to the steering controller and the guidance unit. The guidance unit knows exact position and heading information because of data received from the GNSS system 8 and other sensors high on the reliability list. By comparing the highly reliable GNSS information with the less reliable WAS information, the guidance unit can tell whether the WAS is correct or not. If it is determined that the WAS information is incorrect, the guidance unit can recalibrate the WAS and create a new zero-heading. In the alternative, if the confidence loop 100 were to determine that the GNSS system 8 had a weak signal at a particular point, the guidance unit 10 could rely on data from the IMU 26 and/or WAS 16 until the GNSS signal returns. These additional sensors are better suited for short-term accurate guidance, but quickly degrade and must be recalibrated.
IV. Steering Controller 12
The steering controller 12 is the third major component of the guidance system 2. The steering controller is designed to accept guidance inputs and transform those inputs into outputs that result in actual motion and steering of the vehicle 4.
The steering controller 12 portion of the guidance system 2 is designed to transmit and receive steering information from all associated parts and to provide the means for actually controlling the direction of the vehicle 4 based upon position and guidance data gathered by the sensor suite 7 and interpreted by the guidance unit 10. The steering controller is directly connected to the guidance unit 10, the WAS 16, the hydraulic steering manifold 14, and the implement controller 50. The steering controller 12 is the primary step for transforming data from the guidance system into actual movement of the vehicle itself.
Although the WAS 16 is part of the sensor suite 7 as discussed above, there is a direct connection between the WAS 16 and the steering controller 12. This results in a “wheel loop” whereby the steering controller 12 transmits steering commands to the hydraulic steering manifold 14 which proceeds to turn the wheels of the vehicle 4 in a direction. The angle of the turn is reported back to the steering controller, which may order further steering corrections depending on the pre-planned path 64. This angle can also reported to the guidance unit 10 where it is compared with other sensors in the confidence loop 100. Assuming another sensor, such as the GNSS system 8, is currently at the top of the reliance list, the WAS may be recalibrated if it turns out that the applied turning angle was incorrect when applied to the calculated path 64.
V. Automaton Control
The process of controlling several machines as automatons in a smart and accurate system, such as the one presented herein, is accomplished with the combination of the above-described units into a single, autonomous system allowing one system to control the positioning, guidance, and workload of a fleet of agricultural vehicles.
VI. Alternative Examples of a Guidance System 2
The above sections discuss the preferred embodiment of the invention, comprising generally a sensor suite 7, a guidance unit 10 and a steering controller 12. Several alternative methods of forming the guidance system 2 exist. A primary example is using the GNSS system 8 to completely replace the sensor suite 7, and moving the IMU 26 to the guidance unit 10. Other examples of said guidance system 2 follow.
As shown in FIG. 3, the IMU 26 and an optional “smart” antenna 34 may be directly connected to the guidance unit 10 providing direct information used to compare position and heading information with data received from the sensor suite 7. The smart antenna 34 is a combination receiver 22 and antenna 24. The user interface (UI) 28 is connected directly to the GNSS system 8. Additionally, the WAS 16 is connected separately and entirely to the steering controller 12.
FIG. 4 provides another detailed breakdown of the guidance unit 10 and its relationship with a GNSS system 8 and the steering controller 12. The IMU 26 is composed of a plurality of Kalman filters 36 which relay information regarding the various degrees of pitch, roll, and heading of the vehicle. The guidance portion 32 is further composed of a cross-track PID 38, a state dependent Ricatti equation (SDRE) 40 and a heading proportional integral derivative (PID) component 42. The steering controller 12 is again in direct communication with the WAS 16.
FIG. 5 demonstrates another alternative example of the relationship between the guidance unit 10 and the other elements of the guidance system 2. In this example the guidance unit 10 is independently connected to several unique elements, including a GNSS system 8, an implement control system 50, a variable rate transfer controller 52, personal computer office software 44, and a steering controller 12. The steering controller is separately connected to steering sensors 46 and the steering interface 48. The steering sensors may in turn contain WAS 16 or other sensor types. An important aspect demonstrated in this figure is the relationship between the guidance unit 10 and cooperative PC office software 44. This relationship is a key element because it allows the guidance unit 10 to be updated, controlled, and calibrated through a connection with a standard office PC. This allows the end-user to create paths, identify field boundaries, and update equipment software while using familiar PC technology instead of new, single-application user interfaces associated solely with the guidance unit.
FIG. 6 demonstrates another alternative example of the present invention. In this example, the guidance unit 10 contains a majority of the standard system elements, including the GNSS system 8, a UI 28, a variable rate controller 52, guidance 32 and steering 46 sensors, an accessory input 54, a mapping device 56, and a section controller 58 containing input/output connections. The accessory input device 54 allows the guidance controller to connect to external devices such as a weather radio, wireless service, video sensors, and monitoring devices. A wireless receiver 22 is connected to the GNSS 8 portion of the guidance unit 10 externally. A steering controller 12 is also connected to the guidance 32 and steering 46 sensors externally. The steering controller has additional connections to control the vehicle steering manifold 14.
FIG. 8 demonstrates another alternative example of the present invention. As is typical, the guidance unit 10 is the central element. Two steering controllers 12 are connected to the guidance unit, providing options to the guidance unit. A smart antenna 34, UI 28, and GNSS 8 system are connected to the guidance unit 10 along a first connection, and a second GNSS 8 system, along with a virtual terminal (VT) and/or an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) terminal. These two connections again provide options upon which the guidance unit 10 can make decisions to base path-making and steering choices on.
FIG. 9 demonstrates another example of the present invention generally comprising a kit for installation in an existing vehicle, such as a tractor with a hydraulic steering system. This example is again divided into three main components; the GNSS system 8, the guidance unit 10, and the steering controller 12. The GNSS system 8 includes an internal receiver 22 and at least one external antenna 24, along with various input/output connections. A CAN connection links the GNSS system 8 to the guidance unit 10. The guidance unit includes an internal IMU and an optional connection to an external smart antenna 34. The guidance unit 10 connects to the steering controller 12 through another CAN connection. The steering controller 12 is connected to and controls the vehicle steering valve/manifold 14. An analog connection links the WAS to the steering controller 12. Additionally, several switches are connected to the steering controller that will cancel auto-steer and return the vehicle to manual steering, stopping the vehicle immediately unless the driver is ready to continue. These switches include, but are not limited to, a steering wheel switch that detects when the operator's hand touches the steering wheel, a magnetic shutoff switch that is attached to the operator's seat and can determine if and when the operator stands to leave the seat, and a manual shut-off switch.
It will be appreciated that the components of the system 2 can be used for various other applications. Moreover, the subsystems, units and components of the system 2 can be combined in various configurations within the scope of the present invention. For example, the various units could be combined or subdivided as appropriate for particular applications. The system 2 is scalable as necessary for applications of various complexities. It is to be understood that while certain aspects of the disclosed subject matter have been shown and described, the disclosed subject matter is not limited thereto and encompasses various other embodiments and aspects.

## Claims

1. An integrated multi-sensor guidance system for a vehicle assembly including a steering subsystem, which guidance system includes:
said vehicle assembly having a dynamic attitude comprising a geo-reference location, vehicle assembly orientation and vehicle assembly speed;
a processor with multiple sensor inputs and actuator outputs;
a suite of sensor units each connected to a respective sensor input;
said sensor unit suite includes a GNSS unit with an antenna and a receiver connected to said antenna, said GNSS unit providing output signals corresponding to the GNSS-defined locations of said vehicle assembly dynamic attitude to a respective processor input;
a guidance controller adapted for receiving signal input and generating control output based on said signal input;
a data storage device including memory storage;
a suite of actuator units each connected to a respective actuator output;
said guidance controller being adapted for receiving and storing in said memory storage device GNSS-based positioning signals;
said processor being adapted for computing a GNSS-based guide pattern;
said guidance controller being adapted for providing output signals to a display device for displaying vehicle motion relative to guide patterns and contrasting displays of areas treated by said vehicle along previously-traveled portions of said guide patterns;
said guidance controller being adapted for calibrating and storing in said memory multiple vehicle profiles, each said profile including multiple, independent vehicle-specific automatons;
an accepting interface for accepting requests from other automatons;
a requesting interface for making requests to another automaton;
a knowledge input for receiving a behavioral definition for affecting the behavior of the automatons;
a data input for receiving input data;
a data output for sending output data;
said processor programmed to determine variable confidence levels in real time for each said sensor unit based on its current relative performance;
said processor programmed to utilize said sensor unit outputs proportionally based on their respective confidence levels in generating said control output signals; and
wherein said processor is programmed to define multiple behavior-based automatons comprising self-operating entities in said guidance system, said automatons performing respective behaviors using data output from said one or more sensor units for achieving said behaviors and wherein said one or more sensor units provide the same or similar data.

2. The guidance system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sensor unit suite includes an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor providing output signals corresponding to an inertial aspect of a dynamic attitude of said vehicle assembly to a respective processor input.

3. The guidance system as claimed in claim 2, wherein said guidance controller is adapted for receiving inertial measurement signals and integrating said inertial measurement signals with said GNSS-based positioning signals.

4. The guidance system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said actuator unit suite includes a steering unit connected to said steering subsystem and receiving said control output signals from said processor.

5. The guidance system as claimed in claim 4, wherein said steering subsystem includes:
a steering controller including a steering processor and connected to said guidance controller;
said steering controller receiving guidance signals as inputs from said guidance controller and computing steering signals as outputs from said steering controller; and
said steering actuator receiving said steering signals from said steering controller and steering said vehicle in response thereto.

6. The guidance system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sensor suite includes sensor units chosen from among the group comprising:
a video camera unit oriented in the vehicle assembly direction of travel;
a radar unit;
a laser unit;
radio input;
telemetry;
material application exclusion areas input;
satellite image inputs;
contour/elevation overlay inputs;
prescription mapping; and
a wheel angle sensor (WAS).

7. The guidance system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said actuator suite includes actuator units chosen from among the group comprising:
an implement steering unit, an implement sectional control unit, personal computer (PC) office software, material application rate control, secondary vehicle control, mapping, crop yield, and mapping skips and overlaps.

8. A method of vehicle control and guidance, which method comprises the steps:
providing a vehicle assembly including a steering subsystem and dynamic attitude comprising a geo-reference location, vehicle assembly orientation, and vehicle assembly speed;
providing a guidance system including a processor with multiple sensor inputs and actuator outputs, a suite of sensor units connected to a respective sensor input, a suite of actuator units connected to a respective actuator output, and a data storage device including memory storage;
providing a guidance controller;
inputting signal input data to said guidance controller;
generating control output signals with said guidance controller based on said signal input;
receiving and storing in said memory storage device GNSS-based positioning signals with said guidance controller;
computing a GNSS-based guide pattern with said processor;
providing output signals with said guidance controller to a display device for displaying vehicle motion relative to guide patterns and contrasting displays of areas treated by said vehicle along previously-traveled portions of said guide patterns;
calibrating and storing in said memory multiple vehicle profiles with said guidance controller, each said profile including multiple, independent vehicle-specific automatons;
wherein said sensor unit suite includes an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor providing output signals corresponding to an inertial aspect of a dynamic attitude of said vehicle assembly to a respective processor input;
generating inertial measurement signals with said IMU sensor;
receiving the inertial measurement signals with said guidance controller;
integrating said inertial measurement signals with said GNSS-based positioning signals;
defining multiple behavior-based automatons comprising self-operating entities in said guidance system;
instructing said automatons to perform respective behaviors using data output from one or more sensor units for achieving said behaviors wherein one or more sensor units provide the same or similar data;
providing each automaton with an accepting interface for accepting requests from other automatons;
providing each automaton with a requesting interface for making requests to another automaton;
providing each automaton with a knowledge input for receiving a behavioral definition for affecting the behavior of the automatons;
providing each automaton with a data input for receiving input data;
providing each automaton with a data output for sending data;
requesting instructions by each automaton from each other automaton; and
accepting instructions by each automaton provided from each other automaton.

9. A method of vehicle control and guidance as claimed by claim 8, including the steps:
determining variable confidence levels with the processor in real time for each said sensor unit based on current relative performance; and
utilizing said sensor unit outputs proportionally based on the respective confidence levels in generating said control output signals.

10. A method of vehicle control and guidance as claimed by claim 8, including the steps:
providing a steering unit connected to said steering subsystem; and
receiving said control output signals at said steering unit as steering control instructions.

11. A method of vehicle control and guidance as claimed by claim 10, including the steps:
providing a steering processor connected to said guidance controller;
receiving guidance signals at said steering controller as inputs from said guidance controller;
computing steering signals as outputs from said steering controller;
receiving said steering signals with said steering actuator; and
steering said vehicle assembly in response to said steering signals.

12. An integrated multi-sensor guidance system for a vehicle assembly including a steering subsystem, which guidance system includes:
said vehicle assembly having a dynamic attitude comprising a geo-reference location, vehicle assembly orientation and vehicle assembly speed;
a processor with multiple sensor inputs and actuator outputs;
a suite of sensor units each connected to a respective sensor input;
said sensor unit suite including a GNSS unit with an antenna and a receiver connected to said antenna, said GNSS unit providing output signals corresponding to the GNSS-defined locations of said vehicle assembly dynamic attitude to a respective processor input;
said sensor unit suite including an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor providing output signals corresponding to an inertial aspect of a dynamic attitude of said vehicle assembly to a respective processor input;
said guidance controller being adapted for receiving said inertial measurement signals and integrating said inertial measurement signals with said GNSS-based positioning signals;
said processor being programmed to determine variable confidence levels in real time for each said sensor unit based on its current relative performance;
said processor being programmed to utilize said sensor unit outputs proportionally based on their respective confidence levels in generating said steering signals;
a suite of actuator units each connected to a respective actuator output;
said actuator unit suite including a steering unit connected to said steering subsystem and receiving said steering signals from said processor;
said processor being programmed to define multiple behavior-based automatons comprising self-operating entities in said guidance system, said automatons performing respective behaviors using data output from one or more said sensor units for achieving said behaviors and wherein said one or more sensor units provide the same or similar data;
each said automaton having: an accepting interface for accepting requests from other automatons; a requesting interface for making requests to another automatons; a knowledge input for receiving a behavioral definition for affecting the behavior of the automatons; a data input for receiving input data; and a data output for sending out the data;
said guidance controller being adapted for receiving and storing in said memory storage device GNSS-based positioning signals;
said processor being adapted for computing a GNSS-based guide pattern;
said guidance controller being adapted for providing output signals to a display device for displaying vehicle motion relative to guide patterns and contrasting displays of areas treated by said vehicle along previously-traveled portions of said guide patterns; and
said guidance controller being adapted for calibrating and storing in said memory
multiple vehicle profiles, each said profile including multiple, independent vehicle-specific automatons.