# Patent

## Title
Runtime determination of translation formats for adapter functions

## Abstract

Various address translation formats are available for use in obtaining system memory addresses for use by requestors in accessing system memory. The particular address translation format to be used by a given requestor, an example of which is an adapter function, is pre-registered in a device table entry associated with that requestor.

## Background
BACKGROUND
This invention relates, in general, to accessing system memory in a computing environment, and in particular, to facilitating provision of an address usable in accessing the system memory.
System memory is accessible by read and write requests. These requests may come from various components of a computing environment, including central processing units, as well as adapters. Each request includes an address that is to be used to access system memory. In some instances, however, this address does not have a one-to-one correspondence with a physical location in system memory. Therefore, address translation is performed.
Address translation is used to translate an address that is provided in one form not directly usable in accessing system memory to another form that is directly usable in accessing a physical location in system memory. For instance, a virtual address included in a request provided by a central processing unit is translated to a real or absolute address in system memory. As a further example, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) address provided in a request from an adapter may be translated to an absolute address in system memory.
BRIEF SUMMARY
The shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages are provided through the provision of a computer program product for facilitating memory access. The computer program product includes a computer readable storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method. The method includes, for instance, responsive to executing a Modify PCI Function Controls (MPFC) instruction that specifies a handle for locating an adapter, a pointer for locating one or more translation tables and a format for selecting a translation format of a plurality of available translation formats, setting a translation format, associated by way of the handle, with an adapter; responsive to receiving a request from the adapter, obtaining at runtime an indication of the translation format to be used in providing an address usable in accessing memory, the translation format being pre-registered for the adapter, the request having an initial address to be used in providing the address usable in accessing memory; determining the direct memory access (DMA) address usable in accessing memory based on the obtained translation format and the initial address, the initial address generated by the adapter; and storing or fetching adapter data at the DMA address.
Methods and systems relating to one or more aspects of the present invention are also described and claimed herein. Further, services relating to one or more aspects of the present invention are also described and may be claimed herein.
Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
One or more aspects of the present invention are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed as examples in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 2 depicts one embodiment of further details of the system memory and I/O hub of FIG. 1, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 3A depicts one embodiment of an overview of the logic to register a DMA (direct memory access) address space for an adapter, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 3B depicts one example of the logic to select a translation format, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 3C depicts one embodiment of various details of registering the DMA address space for the adapter, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 4 depicts one embodiment of the logic to process a DMA operation, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 5A depicts one example of the levels of translation employed when an entire address is used to index into address translation tables to translate the address and to access the page;
FIG. 5B depicts one example of levels of translation employed when a part of the address is ignored when indexing into the address translation tables, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 5C depicts examples of various CPU DAT compatible formats usable in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 5D depicts examples of various I/O extended address translation formats usable in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 6A depicts one embodiment of a Modify PCI Function Controls instruction used in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 6B depicts one embodiment of a field used by the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction of FIG. 6A, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 6C depicts one embodiment of another field used by the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction of FIG. 6A, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 6D depicts one embodiment of the contents of a function information block (FIB) used in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 7 depicts one embodiment of an overview of the logic of the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 8 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with a register I/O address translation parameters operation that may be specified by the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 9 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with an unregister I/O address translation parameters operation that may be specified by the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 10 depicts one embodiment of a computer program product incorporating one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 11 depicts one embodiment of a host computer system to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 12 depicts a further example of a computer system to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 13 depicts another example of a computer system comprising a computer network to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 14 depicts one embodiment of various elements of a computer system to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 15A depicts one embodiment of the execution unit of the computer system of FIG. 14 to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 15B depicts one embodiment of the branch unit of the computer system of FIG. 14 to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 15C depicts one embodiment of the load/store unit of the computer system of FIG. 14 to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention; and
FIG. 16 depicts one embodiment of an emulated host computer system to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a capability is provided for facilitating memory access by enabling a determination at runtime (e.g., address translation time) of which translation format has been pre-registered for use in providing an address usable in directly accessing system memory. In one example, an initial address is provided by a function of an adapter (referred to herein as an input/output (I/O) address) and a translation format registered for the function is used to provide an address, based on the initially provided address, which is usable in accessing system memory. The translation format may indicate a type of translation table(s) to be used, that no translation tables are to be fetched, or that translation may be bypassed, as examples.
One embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention is described with reference to FIG. 1. In one example, a computing environment 100 is a System z® server offered by International Business Machines Corporation. System z® is based on the z/Architecture® offered by International Business Machines Corporation. Details regarding the z/Architecture® are described in an IBM® publication entitled, “z/Architecture Principles of Operation,” IBM Publication No. SA22-7832-07, February 2009, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. IBM®, System z® and z/Architecture® are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. Other names used herein may be registered trademarks, trademarks or product names of International Business Machines Corporation or other companies.
In one example, computing environment 100 includes one or more central processing units (CPUs) 102 coupled to a system memory 104 (a.k.a., main memory) via a memory controller 106. To access system memory 104, a central processing unit 102 issues a read or write request that includes an address used to access system memory. The address included in the request is typically not directly usable to access system memory, and therefore, it is translated to an address that is directly usable in accessing system memory. The address is translated via a translation mechanism (XLATE) 108. For example, the address is translated from a virtual address to a real or absolute address using, for instance, dynamic address translation (DAT).
The request, including the translated address, is received by memory controller 106. In one example, memory controller 106 is comprised of hardware and is used to arbitrate for access to the system memory and to maintain the memory's consistency. This arbitration is performed for requests received from CPUs 102, as well as for requests received from one or more adapters 110. Like the central processing units, the adapters issue requests to system memory 104 to gain access to the system memory.
In one example, adapter 110 is a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) or PCI Express (PCIe) adapter that includes one or more PCI functions. A PCI function issues a request that requires access to system memory. The request is routed to an input/output hub 112 (e.g., a PCI hub) via one or more switches (e.g., PCIe switches) 114. In one example, the input/output hub is comprised of hardware, including one or more state machines.
As used herein, the term adapter includes any type of adapter (e.g., storage adapter, network adapter, processing adapter, PCI adapter, cryptographic adapter, other type of input/output adapters, etc.). In one embodiment, an adapter includes one adapter function. However, in other embodiments, an adapter may include a plurality of adapter functions. One or more aspects of the present invention are applicable whether an adapter includes one adapter function or a plurality of adapter functions. Moreover, in the examples presented herein, adapter is used interchangeably with adapter function (e.g., PCI function) unless otherwise noted.
The input/output hub includes, for instance, a root complex 116 that receives the request from a switch. The request includes an input/output address that may need to be translated, and thus, the root complex provides the address to an address translation and protection unit 118. This unit is, for instance, a hardware unit used to translate, if needed, the I/O address to an address directly usable to access system memory 104, as described in further detail below.
The request initiated from the adapter, including the address (translated or initial address, if translation is not needed), is provided to memory controller 106 via, for instance, an I/O-to-memory bus 120. The memory controller performs its arbitration and forwards the request with the address to the system memory at the appropriate time.
Further details regarding the system memory and the input/output hub are described with reference to FIG. 2. In this embodiment, the memory controller is not shown. However, the I/O hub may be coupled to system memory directly or via a memory controller. In one example, system memory 104 includes one or more address spaces 200. An address space is a particular portion of system memory that has been assigned to a particular component of the computing environment, such as a particular adapter. In one example, the address space is accessible by direct memory access (DMA) initiated by the adapter, and therefore, the address space is referred to in the examples herein as a DMA address space. However, in other examples, direct memory access is not used to access the address space.
Further, in one example, system memory 104 includes address translation tables 202 used to translate an address from one that is not directly usable to access system memory to one that is directly usable. In one embodiment, there are one or more address translation tables assigned to a DMA address space, and those one or more address translation tables are configured based on, for instance, the size of the address space to which it is assigned, the size of the address translation tables themselves, and/or the size of the page (or other unit of memory) to be accessed.
In one example, there is a hierarchy of address translation tables. For instance, as shown in FIG. 2, there is a first-level table 202a (e.g., a segment table) pointed to by an IOAT pointer 218 (described below), and a second, lower level table 202b (e.g., a page table) pointed to by an entry of the first-level table 206a. One or more bits of a received address 204 are used to index into table 202a to locate a particular entry 206a, which indicates a particular lower level table 202b. Then, one or more other bits of address 204 are used to locate a particular entry 206b in that table. In this example, that entry provides the address used to locate the correct page and additional bits in address 204 are used to locate a particular location 208 in the page to perform a data transfer. That is, the address in entry 206b and selected bits of received PCI address 204 are used to provide the address directly usable to access system memory. For instance, the directly usable address is formed from a concatenation of high order bits of the address in entry 206b (e.g., bits 63:12, in a 4 k page example) and selected low order bits from the received PCI address (e.g., bits 11:0 for a 4 k page).
In one example, it is an operating system that assigns a DMA address space to a particular adapter. This assignment is performed via a registration process, which causes an initialization (via, e.g., trusted software) of a device table entry 210 for that adapter. The device table entry is located in a device table 211 located in I/O hub 112. For example, device table 211 is located within the address translation and protection unit of the I/O hub.
In one example, device table entry (DTE) 210 includes a number of fields, such as the following:

    
    
        Format 212: This field includes a plurality of bits to indicate various information, including, for instance, the address translation format of an upper level table of the address translation tables. The address translation format indicates the level of the table (e.g., in the example above, the first-level table), as well as a selected address translation format (a.k.a., a translation format) to be used in providing an address directly usable in accessing system memory (e.g., CPU DAT compatible, I/O extended address, bypass, no fetch, etc.);
        Page Size 213: This field indicates a size of a page (or other unit of memory) to be accessed;
        PCI base address 214 and PCI limit 216: These values provide a range used to define a DMA address space and verify a received address (e.g., PCI address) is valid; and
        IOAT (Input/Output Address Translation) pointer 218: This field includes a pointer to the highest level of address translation table used for the DMA address space.
        In other embodiments, the DTE may include more, less or different information.
    
    


In one embodiment, the device table entry to be used in a particular translation is located using a requestor identifier (RID) located in a request issued by a PCI function 220 associated with an adapter (and/or by a portion of the address). The requestor ID (e.g., a 16-bit value specifying, for instance, a bus number, device number and function number) is included in the request, as well as the I/O address (e.g., a 64-bit PCIe address) to be used to access system memory. The request, including the RID and I/O address, are provided to, e.g., a contents addressable memory (CAM) 230 via, e.g., a switch 114, which is used to provide an index value. For instance, the CAM includes multiple entries, with each entry corresponding to an index into the device table. Each CAM entry includes the value of a RID. If, for instance, the received RID matches the value contained in an entry in the CAM, the corresponding device table index is used to locate the device table entry. That is, the output of the CAM is used to index into device table 211 to locate device table entry 210. If there is no match, the received packet is discarded with no access to system memory being performed. (In other embodiments, a CAM or other look-up is not needed and the RID is used as the index.)
Subsequently, fields within the device table entry are used to ensure the validity of the address and the configuration of the address translation tables. For example, the inbound address in the request is checked by the hardware of the I/O hub (e.g., the address translation and protection unit) to ensure that it is within the bounds defined by PCI base address 214 and PCI limit 216 stored in the device table entry located using the RID of the request that provided the address. This ensures that the address is within the range previously registered and for which address translation tables are validly configured.
In one embodiment, to obtain a system memory address (i.e., an address directly usable to access system memory), initially, a registration process is performed. This registration process registers a particular address space and thus, associated address translation tables, with a specific requestor, such as a specific adapter function. One example of an overview of this registration process is described with reference to FIG. 3A.
Referring to FIG. 3A, initially, an operating system executing within one of the central processing units coupled to system memory determines a size and location of the address space that the adapter is to access, STEP 300. In one example, the size of the address space is determined by the PCI base address and PCI limit set by the operating system. The operating system determines the base and limit using one or more criteria. For instance, if the operating system wishes to have PCI addresses map directly to CPU virtual addresses, then the base and limit are set as such. In a further example, if additional isolation between adapters and/or operating system images is desired, then the addresses being used are selected to provide non-overlapping and disjoint address spaces. The location is also specified by the operating system, and is based, for instance, on the characteristics of the adapter.
Further, as part of the registration process, a determination is made as to which address translation format is to be registered for the adapter function, STEP 302. That is, a determination is made as to which format is to be used to provide addresses for the adapter function that are directly usable in accessing system memory.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a plurality of address translation formats are available and from that plurality of formats, the operating system selects one format for the adapter function. This selection is based on, for instance, the configuration of the address spaces, the adapter type, etc. Various possible formats include:

    
    
        (a) A bypass format in which address translation is bypassed. This format may be used when the adapter for which registration is being performed is a trusted adapter. An adapter is considered a trusted adapter, if, for instance, the hardware design of the adapter is sufficiently robust and protected that the addresses could not be corrupted. For example, an internally developed adapter that provides its own translation and protection mechanisms, or an adapter that is managed by trusted firmware may be considered a trusted adapter.
        
            As used herein, firmware includes, e.g., the microcode, millicode and/or macrocode of the processor. It includes, for instance, the hardware-level instructions and/or data structures used in implementation of higher-level machine code. In one embodiment, it includes, for instance, proprietary code that is typically delivered as microcode that includes trusted software or microcode specific to the underlying hardware and controls operating system access to the system hardware.
            With the native attachment of I/O adapters on, for instance, System z®, I/O Address Translation (IOAT) is employed to provide protection and isolation of DMA access of system memory by the adapter. However, there are classes of adapters that do not need this extra level of protection, including those described above. Thus, for those adapters, the bypass format may be selected;
        
        
        (b) A no fetch format in which an address included in an initial request from the adapter is usable without fetching any translation tables. This format may be selected when the memory is contiguous, the page size is known, and the address is for a constrained area (e.g., 4 k or 1M page) in which no fetch of any translation tables from system memory is needed. The address usable to access system memory (i.e., the resulting address when the no fetch format is selected) is derived from the address of the IOAT pointer. For instance, for a 4 k page size, the low order bits of the PCI address (e.g., bits 11:0) are concatenated with the upper 52 bits of the IOAT pointer to obtain a resulting address usable to access system memory;
        (c) A CPU DAT compatible format in which the translation tables used for translating the I/O addresses are compatible with translation tables used for CPU DAT translations. That is, address translation tables are to be used that are similar and compatible with what is already being used for CPU dynamic address translation. This provides ease of use for those operating systems that are familiar with using these types of tables; enables sharing of the tables between the CPU and the I/O adapter; and provides certain operating system (e.g., z/VM®) efficiencies in managing the DMA spaces of its pageable guests. There are various CPU DAT compatible formats available, as described in further detail below with reference to FIG. 5C;
        (d) An I/O extended address translation format in which extended address translation tables are used for the I/O address translations. With this format, the address translation tables are dedicated to I/O operations and may be larger in size than typically used in CPU address translation. For instance, there may be 1M or even larger page tables and/or other translation tables. Further, the sizes of the different levels of translation tables, including page tables, may differ from one another, and they may differ from the pages themselves. Increasing the traditional sizes reduces bus transactions and helps improve I/O translation caching. The size of the page table and other translation tables, as well as the size of the page, will determine how many levels of translation are needed. Examples of different I/O extended address translation formats are described in further detail below with reference to FIG. 5D.
    
    


One embodiment of the process performed by the operating system to select an address translation format from the plurality of available address translation formats to be used for the adapter function for which registration is being performed is described with reference to FIG. 3B. In one example, to make this selection, the operating system considers its internal structures, how it wants memory addressed, type of adapter, etc.
Referring to FIG. 3B, initially, in this example, a determination is made as to whether the adapter for which registration is being performed is a trusted adapter, INQUIRY 310. This determination is made by, for instance, checking an indication in a data structure (e.g., stored in memory). If the operating system decides that the adapter is a trusted adapter, then a further determination is made as to whether translation is to be bypassed, STEP 312. For instance, the operating system determines based, for instance, on a stored indicator, whether bypass is acceptable. If the operating system decides that translation is to be bypassed, then, the bypass format is selected, STEP 313, and the address provided by the requestor is directly usable to access system memory.
Returning to INQUIRY 310, if, however, the adapter is not a trusted adapter, or if bypass is not to be selected, INQUIRY 312, then a further determination is made as to whether a no fetch format is to be selected, INQUIRY 314. For this selection, the operating system considers, for instance, whether the memory is contiguous, and the size of the page (or other unit of memory). If the configuration allows a no fetch format, then assuming any validity checks are passed, a no fetch format is selected, STEP 316. Therefore, the resulting address of the PCI request is derived directly from the address of the IOAT pointer.
Returning to INQUIRY 314, if the no fetch format is not selected, then a further determination is made as to whether the request is to use CPU DAT compatibility address translation tables, INQUIRY 318. Again, the operating system considers its structures and addressibility in deciding whether it wants a CPU DAT compatible format. If this is the desired format, and assuming any validity checks are passed, then a CPU DAT compatible format is selected, STEP 320. In particular, in this example, one CPU DAT compatible format is selected from one or more available formats, which are described below.
However, if CPU DAT compatibility is not selected, then a further determination is made as to whether an I/O extended address translation format is desired, INQUIRY 322. This is, once again, decided based on the structures to be used and the memory addressing, as examples. If an I/O extended address translation format is desired, then assuming any validity checks are passed, an I/O extended address translation format is selected, STEP 324. In particular, in this example, one I/O extended address translation format is selected from one or more available formats, as described below.
If, however, no is answered to all of the inquiries, then a particular format is selected by the operating system on behalf of the requestor, STEP 326. For example, a default format may be selected. This default format may be a CPU DAT compatible format or an I/O extended address translation format or even another format, such as address translation tables that are set up just for I/O but are more closely related to the CPU DAT format tables. Many possibilities exist. Further, although, in this example, the inquiries of FIG. 3B are in a particular order, in further examples, they may be in differing orders.
Returning to FIG. 3A, subsequently, assuming address translation tables are needed, one or more address translation tables are created to cover that DMA address space, STEP 304. In one example, the creation includes building the tables and placing the appropriate addresses within the table entries. As an example, one of the translation tables is a 4 k page table having 512 64-bit entries, and each entry includes a 4 k page address compatible with the assigned address space.
Thereafter, the DMA address space is registered for the adapter, STEP 306, as described in further detail with reference to FIG. 3C. In this example, it is assumed there is one PCI function per adapter, and therefore, one requestor ID per adapter. This logic is performed, for instance, by a central processing unit coupled to the system memory, responsive to an operating system request.
Referring to FIG. 3C, initially, in one embodiment, an available device table entry is selected that is to correspond to the requestor ID of the adapter, STEP 350. That is, the requestor ID will be used to locate a device table entry.
Additionally, the PCI base address and the PCI limit are stored in the device table entry, STEP 352. Further, the format of the highest level address translation table is stored in the format field of device table entry, STEP 354. For instance, the format field includes a plurality of bits, and one or more of those bits indicate the format of the highest level table and the selected address translation format (e.g., segment level, CPU DAT compatible). In a further embodiment, one or more bits indicate the highest level, and one or more other bits indicate the determined translation format (e.g., bypass, no fetch, a particular CPU DAT compatible format, a particular I/O extended address translation format, etc.).
Additionally, the input/output address translation (IOAT) pointer used to point to the highest level address translation table (or page, in the case of no fetch), if any, is stored in the device table entry, STEP 356. This completes the registration process.
Responsive to performing registration, a DMA address space and corresponding address translation tables, if any, are ready for use, as well as a device table entry. Details regarding processing a request issued by a requestor, such as an adapter function, to access system memory are described with reference to FIG. 4. The processing described below is performed by the I/O hub. In one example, it is the address translation and protection unit of the I/O hub that performs the logic.
In one embodiment, initially, a DMA request is received at the input/output hub, STEP 400. For instance, a PCI function issues a request that is forwarded to the PCI hub via, for instance, a PCI switch. Using the requestor ID in the request, the appropriate device table entry is located, STEP 402. Thereafter, a determination is made as to whether the device table entry is valid, INQUIRY 404. In one example, validity is determined by checking a validity bit in the entry itself. This bit is set, for instance, in response to execution of an enable function request by the operating system. If enabled, the bit is set to, e.g., one (i.e., valid); otherwise, it remains at zero (i.e., invalid). In a further example, the bit may be set when the registration process is complete.
If the device table entry is invalid, an error is presented, STEP 405. Otherwise, a further determination is made as to whether the PCI address provided in the request is less than the PCI base address stored in the device table entry, INQUIRY 406. If it is, then the address is outside a valid range and an error is provided, STEP 407. However, if the PCI address is greater than or equal to the base address, then another determination is made as to whether the PCI address is greater than the PCI limit value in the device table entry, INQUIRY 408. If the PCI address is greater than the limit, then once again, an error is presented since the address is outside the valid range, STEP 409. However, if the address is within a valid range, then processing continues.
In one example, a determination is made as to whether the address translation format specified in the device table entry indicates bypass translation, INQUIRY 410. If so, then the address is passed directly to the memory controller over the I/O bus to access memory without any fetching of translation entries. The I/O hub continues processing to enable a fetch/store of the data at the address, STEP 426.
Returning to INQUIRY 410, if the format does not indicate bypass, then a further inquiry is made as to whether the format indicates the ability to directly access the memory based on the IOAT pointer without requiring any fetches of address translation tables, INQUIRY 412. If no fetch is indicated, then the resulting address is derived from the IOAT pointer and no fetching of address translation tables from system memory is needed, STEP 414. The resulting address is sent to the memory controller and used to locate the page and a particular entry in the page. For instance, if the page size is 4 k, then bits 11:0 are used as an offset from the IOAT pointer. The I/O hub continues processing to enable a fetch/store of the data at that page entry, STEP 426.
Returning to INQUIRY 412, on the other hand, if use of translation tables is needed, then the format provided in the device table entry is used to determine the type of translation table (e.g., a CPU DAT compatible or an I/O extended address translation) and to determine the PCI address bits in the address to be used for address translation, STEP 416. For instance, if the format indicates an I/O extended address translation format with 4 k pages and 4 k address translation tables, which are described below, and the upper level table is a first-level table with 4 k pages, then bits 29:21 of the address are used to index into the first-level table; bits 20:12 are used to index into the page table; and bits 11:0 are used to index into the page. The bits used depend on how many bits are needed to index into the given size page or table. For instance, for a 4 k page with byte level addressing, 12 bits are used to address 4096 bytes; and for a 4 k page table with 512 entries, 8 bytes each, 9 bits are used to address 512 entries, etc.
Next, the PCI hub fetches the appropriate address translation table entry, STEP 418. For instance, initially, the highest level translation table is located using the IOAT pointer of the device table entry. Then, bits of the address (those after the high order bits used for validity and not translation; e.g., bits 29:21 in the above example) are used to locate the particular entry within that table.
A determination is then made based, for instance, on the format provided in the device table entry, as to whether the located address translation entry has a correct format, INQUIRY 420. For instance, the format in the device table entry is compared with a format indicated in the address translation entry. If equal, then the format in the device table entry is valid. If not, an error is indicated, STEP 422; otherwise, processing continues with a determination as to whether this is the last table to be processed, INQUIRY 424. That is, a determination is made as to whether there are other address translation tables needed to obtain the real or absolute address or whether the lowest level table entry has been located. This determination is made based on the provided format and size of the tables already processed. If it is not the last table, then processing continues with STEP 418. Otherwise, the I/O hub continues processing to enable a fetch store of the data at the translated address, STEP 426. For instance, the I/O hub forwards the determined address, which is determined based on the initial address and selected translation format, to the memory controller (or memory directly), which uses it to fetch and/or store data from/to DMA memory.
Further details regarding the use of translation tables and different translation formats are described with reference to FIGS. 5A-5D. In one example, as shown with reference to FIGS. 5A-5B, the number of levels of translation, and therefore, the number of fetches required to perform translation are reduced by, for instance, ignoring the high order bits of an address during translation and only using the low order bits to traverse the translation tables. The designation of high order bits and low order bits are based, for instance, on the size of the DMA address space assigned to the adapter. The use of a partial address versus the full address is further shown in the following examples.
Referring initially to FIG. 5A, an example is depicted in which the entire address is used in address translation/memory access. With this prior technique, six levels of translation tables are needed, including the page table. The beginning of the highest level table (e.g., the 5th-level table in this example) is pointed to by an IOAT pointer, and then bits of the PCI address are used to locate an entry in the table. Each translation table entry points to the start of a lower level translation table or to a page (e.g., an entry in the 5th-level table points to the start of a 4th-level table, etc.)
In this example, the DMA address space (DMAAS) is 6M in size, and each table is 4 k bytes having a maximum of 512 8-byte entries (except the 5th-level table, which only supports 128 entries based on the size of the address). The address is, for instance, 64 bits: FFFF C000 0009 C600. The beginning of the 5th-level table is pointed to by the IOAT pointer and bits 63:57 of the PCI address are used to index into the 5th-level table to locate the beginning of the 4th-level table; bits 56:48 of the PCI address are used to index into the 4th-level table to locate the beginning of the 3rd-level table; bits 47:39 are used to index into the 3rd-level table to locate the beginning of the 2nd-level table; bits 38:30 are used to index into the 2nd-level table to locate the beginning of the 1st-level table; bits 29:21 are used to index into the 1st-level table to locate the beginning of the page table; bits 20:12 are used to index the page table to locate the beginning of the page; and bits 11:0 are used to locate the entry in the 4 k page. Thus, in this example, all of the address bits are used for translation/access.
This is in contrast to the example in FIG. 5B, in which the address space is the same size (e.g., 6M) and the address is the same, but the translation technique ignores some of the address bits during translation. In this example, bits 63:30 of the address are ignored for translation. The IOAT pointer points to the beginning of the 1st-level table and bits 29:21 of the PCI address are used to index into the 1st-level table to locate the beginning of the page table; bits 20:12 are used to index into the appropriate page table to locate the beginning of the page; and bits 11:0 are used to index into the 4 k page.
As shown, 1st-level table 500 includes three entries 502, each providing an address to one of the three page tables 504. The number of page tables needed, and therefore, the number of other level tables, depends, for instance, on the size of the DMA address space, the size of the translation tables, and/or the size of the pages. In this example, the DMA address space is 6M, and each page table is 4 k, having up to 512 entries. Therefore, each page table can map up to 2M of memory (4 k×512 entries). Thus, three page tables are needed for the 6M address space. The 1st-level table is able to hold the three entries, one for each page table, and thus, no further levels of address translation tables are needed, in this example.
Additionally, as described above, different formats of address translation tables may be used for address translation, and there may be variations within the formats. For instance, there may be various CPU DAT compatible formats, examples of which are described with reference to FIG. 5C. As shown, one CPU DAT compatible format is a 4 k page CPU DAT compatible format 550, and another is a 1M page CPU DAT compatible format 552, as examples. The number of bits shown are the number of address bits used to index into that page or table (or otherwise locate an entry in that page or table). For instance, 12 bits 554 of a PCI address are used as a byte offset into a 4 k page 556; 8 bits 558 are used as an index into a page table 560; 11 bits 562 are used as an index into a segment table 564, etc. Located under the designated address translation table is the maximum size of the address space supported by that address translation table. For instance, page table 560 supports a 1M DMA address space; segment table 564 supports a 2G DMA address space, etc. In this figure, as well as in FIG. 5D, K=kilobytes, M=megabytes, G=gigabytes, T=terabytes, P=petabytes, and E=exabytes.
As depicted, as the size of the page increases, the number of levels of translation tables decreases. For instance, for 4 k page 556, a page table is needed, but it is not needed for the 1M page. Other examples and variations are possible.
Various examples of I/O extended address translation formats are depicted in FIG. 5D. For example, the following formats are shown: a 4 k address translation table with 4 k pages 570; 1M address translation tables with 4 k pages 572; and 1M address translation tables with 1M pages 574. As with the CPU DAT compatible formats, the number of bits listed are those bits used to locate an entry in the particular table. For instance, at reference number 576, the 12 bits are an offset into the 4 k page. Similarly, at reference number 578, the 9 bits are used to index into an I/O page table. This I/O page table allows for a DMA address space that has a size of 2M. Many other examples exist.
In one particular implementation, to perform the registration of a DMA address space to the adapter, an instruction referred to as a Modify PCI Function Controls (MPFC) instruction, is used. For example, the operating system determines which address translation format it wishes to use, builds the address translation tables for that format, and then issues the MPFC instruction with that format included as an operand of the instruction. In one example, the format and other operands of the instruction are included in a function information block (described below), which is an operand of the instruction. The function information block is then used to update the DTE and, in one embodiment, optionally a function table entry (FTE) that includes operational parameters of the adapter.
One embodiment of the details related to this instruction, and particularly the registration process, are described with reference to FIGS. 6A-9. Referring to FIG. 6A, a Modify PCI Function Controls instruction 600 includes, for instance, an op code 602 indicating the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction; a first field 604 specifying a location at which various information is included regarding the adapter function for which the operational parameters are being established; and a second field 606 specifying a location from which a PCI function information block (FIB) is fetched. The contents of the locations designated by Fields 1 and 2 are further described below.
In one embodiment, Field 1 designates a general register that includes various information. As shown in FIG. 6B, the contents of the register include, for instance, a function handle 610 that identifies the handle of the adapter function on behalf of which the modify instruction is being performed; an address space 612 designating an address space in system memory associated with the adapter function designated by the function handle; an operation control 614 which specifies the operation to be performed for the adapter function; and status 616 which provides status regarding the instruction when the instruction completes with a predefined code.
In one embodiment, the function handle includes, for instance, an enable indicator indicating whether the handle is enabled, a function number that identifies an adapter function (this is a static identifier and may be used to index into a function table); and an instance number specifying the particular instance of this function handle. There is one function handle for each adapter function, and it is used to locate a function table entry (FTE) within the function table. Each function table entry includes operational parameters and/or other information associated with its adapter function. As one example, a function table entry includes:

    
    
        Instance Number: This field indicates a particular instance of the adapter function handle associated with the function table entry;
        Device Table Entry (DTE) Index 1 . . . n: There may be one or more device table indices, and each index is an index into a device table to locate a device table entry (DTE). There are one or more device table entries per adapter function, and each entry includes information associated with its adapter function, including information used to process requests of the adapter function (e.g., DMA requests, MSI requests) and information relating to requests associated with the adapter function (e.g., PCI instructions). Each device table entry is associated with one address space within system memory assigned to the adapter function. An adapter function may have one or more address spaces within system memory assigned to the adapter function.
        Busy Indicator: This field indicates whether the adapter function is busy;
        Permanent Error State Indicator: This field indicates whether the adapter function is in a permanent error state;
        Recovery Initiated Indicator: This field indicates whether recovery has been initiated for the adapter function;
        Permission Indicator: This field indicates whether the operating system trying to control the adapter function has authority to do so;
        Enable Indicator: This field indicates whether the adapter function is enabled (e.g., 1=enabled, 0=disabled);
        Requestor Identifier (RID): This is an identifier of the adapter function, and includes, for instance, a bus number, a device number and a function number.
        In one example, this field is used for accesses of a configuration space of the adapter function. (Memory of an adapter may be defined as address spaces, including, for instance, a configuration space, an I/O space, and/or one or more memory spaces.) In one example, the configuration space may be accessed by specifying the configuration space in an instruction issued by the operating system (or other configuration) to the adapter function. Specified in the instruction is an offset into the configuration space and a function handle used to locate the appropriate function table entry that includes the RID. The firmware receives the instruction and determines it is for a configuration space. Therefore, it uses the RID to generate a request to the I/O hub, and the I/O hub creates a request to access the adapter. The location of the adapter function is based on the RID, and the offset specifies an offset into the configuration space of the adapter function.
        Base Address Register (BAR) (1 to n): This field includes a plurality of unsigned integers, designated as BAR0-BARn, which are associated with the originally specified adapter function, and whose values are also stored in the base address registers associated with the adapter function. Each BAR specifies the starting address of a memory space or I/O space within the adapter function, and also indicates the type of address space, that is whether it is a 64 or 32 bit memory space, or a 32 bit I/O space, as examples;
        In one example, it is used for accesses to memory space and/or I/O space of the adapter function. For instance, an offset provided in an instruction to access the adapter function is added to the value in the base address register associated with the address space designated in the instruction to obtain the address to be used to access the adapter function. The address space identifier provided in the instruction identifies the address space within the adapter function to be accessed and the corresponding BAR to be used;
        Size 1 . . . n: This field includes a plurality of unsigned integers, designated as SIZE0-SIZEn. The value of a Size field, when non-zero, represents the size of each address space with each entry corresponding to a previously described BAR.
    
    


Further details regarding BAR and Size are described below.

    
    
        1. When a BAR is not implemented for an adapter function, the BAR field and its corresponding size field are both stored as zeros.
        2. When a BAR field represents either an I/O address space or a 32-bit memory address space, the corresponding size field is non-zero and represents the size of the address space.
        3. When a BAR field represents a 64-bit memory address space,
        
            a. The BARn field represents the least significant address bits.
            b. The next consecutive BARn+1 field represents the most significant address bits.
            c. The corresponding SIZEn field is non-zero and represents the size of the address space.
            d. The corresponding SIZEn+1 field is not meaningful and is stored as zero.
        
        
        Internal Routing Information: This information is used to perform particular routing to the adapter. It includes, for instance, node, processor chip, and hub addressing information, as examples.
        Status Indication: This provides an indication of, for instance, whether load/store operations are blocked or the adapter is in the error state, as well as other indications.
    
    


In one example, the busy indicator, permanent error state indicator, and recovery initiated indicator are set based on monitoring performed by the firmware. Further, the permission indicator is set, for instance, based on policy; and the BAR information is based on configuration information discovered during a bus walk by the processor (e.g., firmware of the processor). Other fields may be set based on configuration, initialization, and/or events. In other embodiments, the function table entry may include more, less or different information. The information included may depend on the operations supported by or enabled for the adapter function.
Referring to FIG. 6C, in one example, Field 2 designates a logical address 620 of a PCI function information block (FIB), which includes information regarding an associated adapter function. The function information block is used to update a device table entry and/or function table entry (or other location) associated with the adapter function. The information is stored in the FIB during initialization and/or configuration of the adapter, and/or responsive to particular events.
Further details regarding a function information block (FIB) are described with reference to FIG. 6D. In one embodiment, a function information block 650 includes the following fields:

    
    
        Format 651: This field specifies the format of the FIB.
        Interception Control 652: This field is used to indicate whether guest execution of specific instructions by a pageable mode guest results in instruction interception;
        Error Indication 654: This field includes the error state indication for direct memory access and adapter interruptions. When the bit is set (e.g., 1), one or more errors have been detected while performing direct memory access or adapter interruption for the adapter function;
        Load/Store Blocked 656: This field indicates whether load/store operations are blocked;
        PCI Function Valid 658: This field includes an enablement control for the adapter function. When the bit is set (e.g., 1), the adapter function is considered to be enabled for I/O operations;
        Address Space Registered 660: This field includes a direct memory access enablement control for an adapter function. When the field is set (e.g., 1) direct memory access is enabled;
        Page Size 661: This field indicates the size of the page or other unit of memory to be accessed by a DMA memory access;
        PCI Base Address (PBA) 662: This field is a base address for an address space in system memory assigned to the adapter function. It represents the lowest virtual address that an adapter function is allowed to use for direct memory access to the specified DMA address space;
        PCI Address Limit (PAL) 664: This field represents the highest virtual address that an adapter function is allowed to access within the specified DMA address space;
        Input/Output Address Translation Pointer (IOAT) 666: The input/output address translation pointer designates the first of any translation tables used by a PCI virtual address translation, or it may directly designate the absolute address of a frame of storage that is the result of translation;
        Interruption Subclass (ISC) 668: This field includes the interruption subclass used to present adapter interruptions for the adapter function;
        Number of Interruptions (NOI) 670: This field designates the number of distinct interruption codes accepted for an adapter function. This field also defines the size, in bits, of the adapter interruption bit vector designated by an adapter interruption bit vector address and adapter interruption bit vector offset fields;
        Adapter Interruption Bit Vector Address (AIBV) 672: This field specifies an address of the adapter interruption bit vector for the adapter function. This vector is used in interrupt processing;
        Adapter Interruption Bit Vector Offset 674: This field specifies the offset of the first adapter interruption bit vector bit for the adapter function;
        Adapter Interruption Summary Bit Address (AISB) 676: This field provides an address designating the adapter interruption summary bit, which is optionally used in interrupt processing;
        Adapter Interruption Summary Bit Offset 678: This field provides the offset into the adapter interruption summary bit vector;
        Function Measurement Block (FMB) Address 680: This field provides an address of a function measurement block used to collect measurements regarding the adapter function;
        Function Measurement Block Key 682: This field includes an access key to access the function measurement block;
        Summary Bit Notification Control 684: This field indicates whether there is a summary bit vector being used;
        Instruction Authorization Token 686: This field is used to determine whether a pageable storage mode guest is authorized to execute PCI instructions without host intervention.
        In one example, in the z/Architecture®, a pageable guest is interpretively executed via the Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) instruction, at level 2 of interpretation. For instance, the logical partition (LPAR) hypervisor executes the SIE instruction to begin the logical partition in physical, fixed memory. If z/VM® is the operating system in that logical partition, it issues the SIE instruction to execute its guests (virtual) machines in its V=V (virtual) storage. Therefore, the LPAR hypervisor uses level-1 SIE, and the z/VM® hypervisor uses level-2 SIE; and
        Address Translation Format 687: This field indicates a selected format for address translation of the highest level translation table to be used in translation (e.g., an indication of highest level table (e.g. segment table, region 3rd, etc.) and an indication of the selected format (e.g., CPU DAT compatible, I/O extended address translation format, a bypass format, a no fetch format).
    
    


The function information block designated in the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction is used to modify a selected device table entry, a function table entry and/or other firmware controls associated with the adapter function designated in the instruction. By modifying the device table entry, function table entry and/or other firmware controls, certain services are provided for the adapter. These services include, for instance, adapter interruptions; address translations; reset error state; reset load/store blocked; set function measurement parameters; and set interception control.
One embodiment of the logic associated with the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction is described with reference to FIG. 7. In one example, the instruction is issued by an operating system (or other configuration) and executed by the processor (e.g., firmware) executing the operating system. In the examples herein, the instruction and adapter functions are PCI based. However, in other examples, a different adapter architecture and corresponding instructions may be used.
In one example, the operating system provides the following operands to the instruction (e.g., in one or more registers designated by the instruction): the PCI function handle; the DMA address space identifier; an operation control; and an address of the function information block.
Referring to FIG. 7, initially, a determination is made as to whether the facility allowing for a Modify PCI Function Controls instruction is installed, INQUIRY 700. This determination is made by, for instance, checking an indicator stored in, for instance, a control block. If the facility is not installed, an exception condition is provided, STEP 702. Otherwise, a determination is made as to whether the instruction was issued by a pageable storage mode guest (or other guest), INQUIRY 704. If yes, the host operating system will emulate the operation for that guest, STEP 706.
Otherwise, a determination is made as to whether one or more of the operands are aligned, INQUIRY 708. For instance, a determination is made as to whether the address of the function information block is on a double word boundary. In one example, this is optional. If the operands are not aligned, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 710. Otherwise, a determination is made as to whether the function information block is accessible, INQUIRY 712. If not, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 714. Otherwise, a determination is made as to whether the handle provided in the operands of the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction is enabled, INQUIRY 716. In one example, this determination is made by checking an enable indicator in the handle. If the handle is not enabled, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 718.
If the handle is enabled, then the handle is used to locate a function table entry, STEP 720. That is, at least a portion of the handle is used as an index into the function table to locate the function table entry corresponding to the adapter function for which operational parameters are to be established.
A determination is made as to whether the function table entry was found, INQUIRY 722. If not, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 724. Otherwise, if the configuration issuing the instruction is a guest, a determination is made as to whether the function is configured for use by a guest, INQUIRY 726. If it is not authorized for such use, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 728. This inquiry may be ignored if the configuration is not a guest or other authorizations may be checked, if designated.
A determination is then made as to whether the function is enabled, INQUIRY 730. In one example, this determination is made by checking an enable indicator in the function table entry. If it is not enabled, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 732.
If the function is enabled, then a determination is made as to whether recovery is active, INQUIRY 734. If recovery is active as determined by a recovery indicator in the function table entry, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 736. However, if recovery is not active, then a further determination is made as to whether the function is busy, INQUIRY 738. This determination is made by checking the busy indicator in the function table entry. If the function is busy, then a busy condition is provided, STEP 740. With the busy condition, the instruction can be retried, instead of dropped.
If the function is not busy, then a further determination is made as to whether the function information block format is valid, INQUIRY 742. For instance, the format field of the FIB is checked to determine if this format is supported by the system. If it is invalid, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 744. If the function information block format is valid, then a further determination is made as to whether the operation control specified in the operands of the instruction is valid, INQUIRY 746. That is, is the operation control one of the specified operation controls for this instruction. If it is invalid, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 748. However, if the operation control is valid, then processing continues with the specific operation control being specified.
One operation control that may be specified is a register I/O address translation parameters operation used in controlling address translations for an adapter. With this operation, the PCI function parameters relevant to I/O address translation are set in the DTE, FTE and/or other location from the appropriate parameters of the FIB, which is an operand to the instruction. These parameters include, for instance, the PCI base address; the PCI address limit (a.k.a., PCI limit or limit); the address translation format; the page size; and the I/O address translation pointer, which are operands to this operation. There are also implied operands, including a starting DMA address (SDMA) and an ending DMA address (EDMA), which are stored in a location accessible to the processor executing the instruction.
One embodiment of the logic to establish the operational parameters for I/O address translation is described with reference to FIG. 8. Initially, a determination is made as to whether the PCI base address in the FIB is greater than the PCI limit in the FIB, INQUIRY 800. If the comparison of the base address and the limit indicate that the base address is greater than the limit, then an exception condition is recognized, STEP 802. However, if the base address is less than or equal to the limit, then a further determination is made as to whether the address translation format and the page size are valid, INQUIRY 804. If they are invalid, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 806. However, if they are valid, then a further determination is made as to whether the size of the address space (based on the base address and limit) exceeds the translation capacity, INQUIRY 808. In one example, the size of the address space is compared to the maximum address translation capacity possible based on the format of the upper level table. For example, if the upper level table is a DAT compatible segment table, the maximum translation capacity is 2 Gbytes.
If the size of the address space exceeds the translation capacity, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 810. Otherwise, a further determination is made as to whether the base address is less than the starting DMA address, INQUIRY 812. If so, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 814. Otherwise, another determination is made as to whether the address limit is greater than the ending DMA address, INQUIRY 816. If so, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 818. In one example, the starting DMA address and ending DMA address are based on a system-wide policy.
Thereafter, a determination is made as to whether sufficient resources, if any are needed, are available to perform an I/O address translation, INQUIRY 820. If not, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 822. Otherwise, a further determination is made as to whether the I/O address translation parameters have already been registered in the FTE and DTE, INQUIRY 824. This is determined by checking the values of the parameters in the FTE/DTE. For instance, if the values in the FTE/DTE are zero or another defined value, then registration has not been performed. To locate the FTE, the handle provided in the instruction is used, and to locate the DTE, a device index in the FTE is used.
If the adapter function has already been registered for address translation, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 826. If not, then a determination is made as to whether the DMA address space that is specified is valid (i.e., is it an address space for which a DTE has been enabled), INQUIRY 828. If not, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 830. If all the checks are successful, then the translation parameters are placed in the device table entry and optionally, in the corresponding function table entry (or other designated location), STEP 832. For instance, the PCI function parameters relevant to I/O address translation are copied from the function information block and placed in the DTE/FTE. These parameters include, for instance, the PCI base address, the PCI address limit, the translation format, the page size, and the I/O address translation pointer. This operation enables DMA accesses to the specified DMA address space. It enables I/O address translation for the adapter function.
Another operation control that may be specified by the Modify PCI Function Controls instruction is an unregister I/O address translation parameters operation, an example of which is described with reference to FIG. 9. With this operation, the function parameters relevant to I/O address translation are reset to zeros. This operation disables DMA accesses to the specified DMA address space and causes a purge of I/O translation lookaside buffer entries for that DMA address space. It disables address translation.
Referring to FIG. 9, in one embodiment, a determination is made as to whether the I/O address translation parameters are not registered, INQUIRY 900. In one example, this determination is made by checking the values of the appropriate parameters in the FTE or DTE. If those fields are zero or some specified value, they are not registered. Therefore, an exception condition is provided, STEP 902. If they are registered, then a determination is made as to whether the DMA address space is valid, INQUIRY 904. If it is invalid, then an exception condition is provided, STEP 906. If the DMA address space is valid, then the translation parameters in the device table entry and optionally, in the corresponding function table entry are cleared, STEP 908.
Described in detail above is a capability for having various translation formats available and to be able to determine, at runtime, which translation format from the various translation formats is to be used for a particular function (e.g., PCI function). The determined translation format is pre-registered for the function in the device table entry for that function. Then, during processing of a request, the address provided in the request is translated, if needed, by the address translation unit, based on the pre-registered translation format.
In the embodiments described herein, the adapters are PCI adapters. PCI, as used herein, refers to any adapters implemented according to a PCI-based specification as defined by the Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG), including but not limited to, PCI or PCIe. In one particular example, the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) is a component level interconnect standard that defines a bi-directional communication protocol for transactions between I/O adapters and host systems. PCIe communications are encapsulated in packets according to the PCIe standard for transmission on a PCIe bus. Transactions originating at I/O adapters and ending at host systems are referred to as upbound transactions. Transactions originating at host systems and terminating at I/O adapters are referred to as downbound transactions. The PCIe topology is based on point-to-point unidirectional links that are paired (e.g., one upbound link, one downbound link) to form the PCIe bus. The PCIe standard is maintained and published by the PCI-SIG.
Other applications filed on the same day include: U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,170, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Translation Of Input/Output Addresses To Memory Addresses,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,172, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Resizing Address Spaces Concurrent To Accessing The Address Spaces,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,174, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Multiple Address Spaces Per Adapter,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,175, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Converting A Message Signaled Interruption Into An I/O Adapter Event Notification,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,177, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Converting A Message Signaled Interruption Into An I/O Adapter Event Notification To A Guest Operating System,” Brice et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,178, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Identification Of Types Of Sources Of Adapter Interruptions,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,179, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Controlling A Rate At Which Adapter Interruption Requests Are Processed,” Belmar et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,181, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Controlling The Selectively Setting Of Operational Parameters For An Adapter,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,182, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Load Instruction for Communicating with Adapters,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,184, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Controlling Access By A Configuration To An Adapter Function,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,185, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Discovery By Operating System Of Information Relating To Adapter Functions Accessible To The Operating System,” Coneski et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,187, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Enable/Disable Adapters Of A Computing Environment,” Coneski et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,190, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Guest Access To Address Spaces Of Adapter,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,191, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Managing Processing Associated With Hardware Events,” Coneski et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,192, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Operating System Notification Of Actions To Be Taken Responsive To Adapter Events,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,193, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Measurement Facility For Adapter Functions,” Brice et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,194, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Store/Store Block Instructions for Communicating with Adapters,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,224, filed Jun. 21, 2010, entitled “Associating Input/Output Device Requests With Memory Associated With A Logical Partition,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,247, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Scalable I/O Adapter Function Level Error Detection, Isolation, And Reporting,” Craddock et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,256, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Switch Failover Control In A Multiprocessor Computer System,” Bayer et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,242, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “A System And Method For Downbound I/O Expansion Request And Response Processing In A PCIe Architecture,” Gregg et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,243, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Upbound Input/Output Expansion Request And Response Processing In A PCIe Architecture,” Gregg et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,245, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “A System And Method For Routing I/O Expansion Requests And Responses In A PCIe Architecture,” Lais et al. U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,239, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Input/Output (I/O) Expansion Response Processing In A Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) Environment,” Gregg et al., U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,271, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Memory Error Isolation And Recovery In A Multiprocessor Computer System,” Check et al., and U.S. Ser. No. 12/821,248, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled “Connected Input/Output Hub Management,” Bayer et al., each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system”. Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
Referring now to FIG. 10, in one example, a computer program product 1000 includes, for instance, one or more computer readable storage media 1002 to store computer readable program code means or logic 1004 thereon to provide and facilitate one or more aspects of the present invention.
Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using an appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language, such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language, assembler or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
In addition to the above, one or more aspects of the present invention may be provided, offered, deployed, managed, serviced, etc. by a service provider who offers management of customer environments. For instance, the service provider can create, maintain, support, etc. computer code and/or a computer infrastructure that performs one or more aspects of the present invention for one or more customers. In return, the service provider may receive payment from the customer under a subscription and/or fee agreement, as examples. Additionally or alternatively, the service provider may receive payment from the sale of advertising content to one or more third parties.
In one aspect of the present invention, an application may be deployed for performing one or more aspects of the present invention. As one example, the deploying of an application comprises providing computer infrastructure operable to perform one or more aspects of the present invention.
As a further aspect of the present invention, a computing infrastructure may be deployed comprising integrating computer readable code into a computing system, in which the code in combination with the computing system is capable of performing one or more aspects of the present invention.
As yet a further aspect of the present invention, a process for integrating computing infrastructure comprising integrating computer readable code into a computer system may be provided. The computer system comprises a computer readable medium, in which the computer medium comprises one or more aspects of the present invention. The code in combination with the computer system is capable of performing one or more aspects of the present invention.
Although various embodiments are described above, these are only examples. For example, computing environments of other architectures can incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention. As examples, servers other than System z® servers, such as Power Systems servers or other servers offered by International Business Machines Corporation, or servers of other companies can include, use and/or benefit from one or more aspects of the present invention. Further, although in the example herein, the adapters and PCI hub are considered a part of the server, in other embodiments, they do not have to necessarily be considered a part of the server, but can simply be considered as being coupled to system memory and/or other components of a computing environment. The computing environment need not be a server. Further, although translation tables are described, any data structure can be used and the term table is to include all such data structures. Yet further, although the adapters are PCI based, one or more aspects of the present invention are usable with other adapters or other I/O components. Adapter and PCI adapter are just examples. Moreover, other size address spaces and address tables may be used without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Yet further, other types of addresses may be translated using one or more aspects of the present invention. Even further, other types of translation formats may be used. Moreover, the DTE may have more, less or different information. Many other variations are possible.
Further, other types of computing environments can benefit from one or more aspects of the present invention. As an example, a data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code is usable that includes at least two processors coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements include, for instance, local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memory which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution.
Input/Output or I/O devices (including, but not limited to, keyboards, displays, pointing devices, DASD, tape, CDs, DVDs, thumb drives and other memory media, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems, and Ethernet cards are just a few of the available types of network adapters.
Referring to FIG. 11, representative components of a Host Computer system 5000 to implement one or more aspects of the present invention are portrayed. The representative host computer 5000 comprises one or more CPUs 5001 in communication with computer memory (i.e., central storage) 5002, as well as I/O interfaces to storage media devices 5011 and networks 5010 for communicating with other computers or SANs and the like. The CPU 5001 is compliant with an architecture having an architected instruction set and architected functionality. The CPU 5001 may have dynamic address translation (DAT) 5003 for transforming program addresses (virtual addresses) into real addresses of memory. A DAT typically includes a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) 5007 for caching translations so that later accesses to the block of computer memory 5002 do not require the delay of address translation. Typically, a cache 5009 is employed between computer memory 5002 and the processor 5001. The cache 5009 may be hierarchical having a large cache available to more than one CPU and smaller, faster (lower level) caches between the large cache and each CPU. In some implementations, the lower level caches are split to provide separate low level caches for instruction fetching and data accesses. In one embodiment, an instruction is fetched from memory 5002 by an instruction fetch unit 5004 via a cache 5009. The instruction is decoded in an instruction decode unit 5006 and dispatched (with other instructions in some embodiments) to instruction execution unit or units 5008. Typically several execution units 5008 are employed, for example an arithmetic execution unit, a floating point execution unit and a branch instruction execution unit. The instruction is executed by the execution unit, accessing operands from instruction specified registers or memory as needed. If an operand is to be accessed (loaded or stored) from memory 5002, a load/store unit 5005 typically handles the access under control of the instruction being executed. Instructions may be executed in hardware circuits or in internal microcode (firmware) or by a combination of both.
As noted, a computer system includes information in local (or main) storage, as well as addressing, protection, and reference and change recording. Some aspects of addressing include the format of addresses, the concept of address spaces, the various types of addresses, and the manner in which one type of address is translated to another type of address. Some of main storage includes permanently assigned storage locations. Main storage provides the system with directly addressable fast-access storage of data. Both data and programs are to be loaded into main storage (from input devices) before they can be processed.
Main storage may include one or more smaller, faster-access buffer storages, sometimes called caches. A cache is typically physically associated with a CPU or an I/O processor. The effects, except on performance, of the physical construction and use of distinct storage media are generally not observable by the program.
Separate caches may be maintained for instructions and for data operands. Information within a cache is maintained in contiguous bytes on an integral boundary called a cache block or cache line (or line, for short). A model may provide an EXTRACT CACHE ATTRIBUTE instruction which returns the size of a cache line in bytes. A model may also provide PREFETCH DATA and PREFETCH DATA RELATIVE LONG instructions which effects the prefetching of storage into the data or instruction cache or the releasing of data from the cache.
Storage is viewed as a long horizontal string of bits. For most operations, accesses to storage proceed in a left-to-right sequence. The string of bits is subdivided into units of eight bits. An eight-bit unit is called a byte, which is the basic building block of all information formats. Each byte location in storage is identified by a unique nonnegative integer, which is the address of that byte location or, simply, the byte address. Adjacent byte locations have consecutive addresses, starting with 0 on the left and proceeding in a left-to-right sequence. Addresses are unsigned binary integers and are 24, 31, or 64 bits.
Information is transmitted between storage and a CPU or a channel subsystem one byte, or a group of bytes, at a time. Unless otherwise specified, in, for instance, the z/Architecture®, a group of bytes in storage is addressed by the leftmost byte of the group. The number of bytes in the group is either implied or explicitly specified by the operation to be performed. When used in a CPU operation, a group of bytes is called a field. Within each group of bytes, in, for instance, the z/Architecture®, bits are numbered in a left-to-right sequence. In the z/Architecture®, the leftmost bits are sometimes referred to as the “high-order” bits and the rightmost bits as the “low-order” bits. Bit numbers are not storage addresses, however. Only bytes can be addressed. To operate on individual bits of a byte in storage, the entire byte is accessed. The bits in a byte are numbered 0 through 7, from left to right (in, e.g., the z/Architecture®). The bits in an address may be numbered 8-31 or 40-63 for 24-bit addresses, or 1-31 or 33-63 for 31-bit addresses; they are numbered 0-63 for 64-bit addresses. Within any other fixed-length format of multiple bytes, the bits making up the format are consecutively numbered starting from 0. For purposes of error detection, and in preferably for correction, one or more check bits may be transmitted with each byte or with a group of bytes. Such check bits are generated automatically by the machine and cannot be directly controlled by the program. Storage capacities are expressed in number of bytes. When the length of a storage-operand field is implied by the operation code of an instruction, the field is said to have a fixed length, which can be one, two, four, eight, or sixteen bytes. Larger fields may be implied for some instructions. When the length of a storage-operand field is not implied but is stated explicitly, the field is said to have a variable length. Variable-length operands can vary in length by increments of one byte (or with some instructions, in multiples of two bytes or other multiples). When information is placed in storage, the contents of only those byte locations are replaced that are included in the designated field, even though the width of the physical path to storage may be greater than the length of the field being stored.
Certain units of information are to be on an integral boundary in storage. A boundary is called integral for a unit of information when its storage address is a multiple of the length of the unit in bytes. Special names are given to fields of 2, 4, 8, and 16 bytes on an integral boundary. A halfword is a group of two consecutive bytes on a two-byte boundary and is the basic building block of instructions. A word is a group of four consecutive bytes on a four-byte boundary. A doubleword is a group of eight consecutive bytes on an eight-byte boundary. A quadword is a group of 16 consecutive bytes on a 16-byte boundary. When storage addresses designate halfwords, words, doublewords, and quadwords, the binary representation of the address contains one, two, three, or four rightmost zero bits, respectively. Instructions are to be on two-byte integral boundaries. The storage operands of most instructions do not have boundary-alignment requirements.
On devices that implement separate caches for instructions and data operands, a significant delay may be experienced if the program stores into a cache line from which instructions are subsequently fetched, regardless of whether the store alters the instructions that are subsequently fetched.
In one embodiment, the invention may be practiced by software (sometimes referred to licensed internal code, firmware, micro-code, milli-code, pico-code and the like, any of which would be consistent with the present invention). Referring to FIG. 11, software program code which embodies the present invention is typically accessed by processor 5001 of the host system 5000 from long-term storage media devices 5011, such as a CD-ROM drive, tape drive or hard drive. The software program code may be embodied on any of a variety of known media for use with a data processing system, such as a diskette, hard drive, or CD-ROM. The code may be distributed on such media, or may be distributed to users from computer memory 5002 or storage of one computer system over a network 5010 to other computer systems for use by users of such other systems.
The software program code includes an operating system which controls the function and interaction of the various computer components and one or more application programs. Program code is normally paged from storage media device 5011 to the relatively higher-speed computer storage 5002 where it is available for processing by processor 5001. The techniques and methods for embodying software program code in memory, on physical media, and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein. Program code, when created and stored on a tangible medium (including but not limited to electronic memory modules (RAM), flash memory, Compact Discs (CDs), DVDs, Magnetic Tape and the like is often referred to as a “computer program product”. The computer program product medium is typically readable by a processing circuit preferably in a computer system for execution by the processing circuit.
FIG. 12 illustrates a representative workstation or server hardware system in which the present invention may be practiced. The system 5020 of FIG. 12 comprises a representative base computer system 5021, such as a personal computer, a workstation or a server, including optional peripheral devices. The base computer system 5021 includes one or more processors 5026 and a bus employed to connect and enable communication between the processor(s) 5026 and the other components of the system 5021 in accordance with known techniques. The bus connects the processor 5026 to memory 5025 and long-term storage 5027 which can include a hard drive (including any of magnetic media, CD, DVD and Flash Memory for example) or a tape drive for example. The system 5021 might also include a user interface adapter, which connects the microprocessor 5026 via the bus to one or more interface devices, such as a keyboard 5024, a mouse 5023, a printer/scanner 5030 and/or other interface devices, which can be any user interface device, such as a touch sensitive screen, digitized entry pad, etc. The bus also connects a display device 5022, such as an LCD screen or monitor, to the microprocessor 5026 via a display adapter.
The system 5021 may communicate with other computers or networks of computers by way of a network adapter capable of communicating 5028 with a network 5029. Example network adapters are communications channels, token ring, Ethernet or modems. Alternatively, the system 5021 may communicate using a wireless interface, such as a CDPD (cellular digital packet data) card. The system 5021 may be associated with such other computers in a Local Area Network (LAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN), or the system 5021 can be a client in a client/server arrangement with another computer, etc. All of these configurations, as well as the appropriate communications hardware and software, are known in the art.
FIG. 13 illustrates a data processing network 5040 in which the present invention may be practiced. The data processing network 5040 may include a plurality of individual networks, such as a wireless network and a wired network, each of which may include a plurality of individual workstations 5041, 5042, 5043, 5044. Additionally, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, one or more LANs may be included, where a LAN may comprise a plurality of intelligent workstations coupled to a host processor.
Still referring to FIG. 13, the networks may also include mainframe computers or servers, such as a gateway computer (client server 5046) or application server (remote server 5048 which may access a data repository and may also be accessed directly from a workstation 5045). A gateway computer 5046 serves as a point of entry into each individual network. A gateway is needed when connecting one networking protocol to another. The gateway 5046 may be preferably coupled to another network (the Internet 5047 for example) by means of a communications link. The gateway 5046 may also be directly coupled to one or more workstations 5041, 5042, 5043, 5044 using a communications link. The gateway computer may be implemented utilizing an IBM eServerTM System z® server available from International Business Machines Corporation.
Referring concurrently to FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, software programming code which may embody the present invention may be accessed by the processor 5026 of the system 5020 from long-term storage media 5027, such as a CD-ROM drive or hard drive. The software programming code may be embodied on any of a variety of known media for use with a data processing system, such as a diskette, hard drive, or CD-ROM. The code may be distributed on such media, or may be distributed to users 5050, 5051 from the memory or storage of one computer system over a network to other computer systems for use by users of such other systems.
Alternatively, the programming code may be embodied in the memory 5025, and accessed by the processor 5026 using the processor bus. Such programming code includes an operating system which controls the function and interaction of the various computer components and one or more application programs 5032. Program code is normally paged from storage media 5027 to high-speed memory 5025 where it is available for processing by the processor 5026. The techniques and methods for embodying software programming code in memory, on physical media, and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein. Program code, when created and stored on a tangible medium (including but not limited to electronic memory modules (RAM), flash memory, Compact Discs (CDs), DVDs, Magnetic Tape and the like is often referred to as a “computer program product”. The computer program product medium is typically readable by a processing circuit preferably in a computer system for execution by the processing circuit.
The cache that is most readily available to the processor (normally faster and smaller than other caches of the processor) is the lowest (L1 or level one) cache and main store (main memory) is the highest level cache (L3 if there are 3 levels). The lowest level cache is often divided into an instruction cache (I-Cache) holding machine instructions to be executed and a data cache (D-Cache) holding data operands.
Referring to FIG. 14, an exemplary processor embodiment is depicted for processor 5026. Typically one or more levels of cache 5053 are employed to buffer memory blocks in order to improve processor performance. The cache 5053 is a high speed buffer holding cache lines of memory data that are likely to be used. Typical cache lines are 64, 128 or 256 bytes of memory data. Separate caches are often employed for caching instructions than for caching data. Cache coherence (synchronization of copies of lines in memory and the caches) is often provided by various “snoop” algorithms well known in the art. Main memory storage 5025 of a processor system is often referred to as a cache. In a processor system having 4 levels of cache 5053, main storage 5025 is sometimes referred to as the level 5 (L5) cache since it is typically faster and only holds a portion of the non-volatile storage (DASD, tape etc) that is available to a computer system. Main storage 5025 “caches” pages of data paged in and out of the main storage 5025 by the operating system.
A program counter (instruction counter) 5061 keeps track of the address of the current instruction to be executed. A program counter in a z/Architecture® processor is 64 bits and can be truncated to 31 or 24 bits to support prior addressing limits. A program counter is typically embodied in a PSW (program status word) of a computer such that it persists during context switching. Thus, a program in progress, having a program counter value, may be interrupted by, for example, the operating system (context switch from the program environment to the operating system environment). The PSW of the program maintains the program counter value while the program is not active, and the program counter (in the PSW) of the operating system is used while the operating system is executing. Typically, the program counter is incremented by an amount equal to the number of bytes of the current instruction. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) instructions are typically fixed length while CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) instructions are typically variable length. Instructions of the IBM z/Architecture® are CISC instructions having a length of 2, 4 or 6 bytes. The Program counter 5061 is modified by either a context switch operation or a branch taken operation of a branch instruction for example. In a context switch operation, the current program counter value is saved in the program status word along with other state information about the program being executed (such as condition codes), and a new program counter value is loaded pointing to an instruction of a new program module to be executed. A branch taken operation is performed in order to permit the program to make decisions or loop within the program by loading the result of the branch instruction into the program counter 5061.
Typically an instruction fetch unit 5055 is employed to fetch instructions on behalf of the processor 5026. The fetch unit either fetches “next sequential instructions”, target instructions of branch taken instructions, or first instructions of a program following a context switch. Modern Instruction fetch units often employ prefetch techniques to speculatively prefetch instructions based on the likelihood that the prefetched instructions might be used. For example, a fetch unit may fetch 16 bytes of instruction that includes the next sequential instruction and additional bytes of further sequential instructions.
The fetched instructions are then executed by the processor 5026. In an embodiment, the fetched instruction(s) are passed to a dispatch unit 5056 of the fetch unit. The dispatch unit decodes the instruction(s) and forwards information about the decoded instruction(s) to appropriate units 5057, 5058, 5060. An execution unit 5057 will typically receive information about decoded arithmetic instructions from the instruction fetch unit 5055 and will perform arithmetic operations on operands according to the opcode of the instruction. Operands are provided to the execution unit 5057 preferably either from memory 5025, architected registers 5059 or from an immediate field of the instruction being executed. Results of the execution, when stored, are stored either in memory 5025, registers 5059 or in other machine hardware (such as control registers, PSW registers and the like).
A processor 5026 typically has one or more units 5057, 5058, 5060 for executing the function of the instruction. Referring to FIG. 15A, an execution unit 5057 may communicate with architected general registers 5059, a decode/dispatch unit 5056, a load store unit 5060, and other 5065 processor units by way of interfacing logic 5071. An execution unit 5057 may employ several register circuits 5067, 5068, 5069 to hold information that the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 5066 will operate on. The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as add, subtract, multiply and divide as well as logical function such as and, or and exclusive-or (XOR), rotate and shift. Preferably the ALU supports specialized operations that are design dependent. Other circuits may provide other architected facilities 5072 including condition codes and recovery support logic for example. Typically the result of an ALU operation is held in an output register circuit 5070 which can forward the result to a variety of other processing functions. There are many arrangements of processor units, the present description is only intended to provide a representative understanding of one embodiment.
An ADD instruction for example would be executed in an execution unit 5057 having arithmetic and logical functionality while a floating point instruction for example would be executed in a floating point execution having specialized floating point capability. Preferably, an execution unit operates on operands identified by an instruction by performing an opcode defined function on the operands. For example, an ADD instruction may be executed by an execution unit 5057 on operands found in two registers 5059 identified by register fields of the instruction.
The execution unit 5057 performs the arithmetic addition on two operands and stores the result in a third operand where the third operand may be a third register or one of the two source registers. The execution unit preferably utilizes an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 5066 that is capable of performing a variety of logical functions such as Shift, Rotate, And, Or and XOR as well as a variety of algebraic functions including any of add, subtract, multiply, divide. Some ALUs 5066 are designed for scalar operations and some for floating point. Data may be Big Endian (where the least significant byte is at the highest byte address) or Little Endian (where the least significant byte is at the lowest byte address) depending on architecture. The IBM z/Architecture® is Big Endian. Signed fields may be sign and magnitude, 1's complement or 2's complement depending on architecture. A 2's complement number is advantageous in that the ALU does not need to design a subtract capability since either a negative value or a positive value in 2's complement requires only an addition within the ALU. Numbers are commonly described in shorthand, where a 12 bit field defines an address of a 4,096 byte block and is commonly described as a 4 Kbyte (Kilo-byte) block, for example.
Referring to FIG. 15B, branch instruction information for executing a branch instruction is typically sent to a branch unit 5058 which often employs a branch prediction algorithm such as a branch history table 5082 to predict the outcome of the branch before other conditional operations are complete. The target of the current branch instruction will be fetched and speculatively executed before the conditional operations are complete. When the conditional operations are completed the speculatively executed branch instructions are either completed or discarded based on the conditions of the conditional operation and the speculated outcome. A typical branch instruction may test condition codes and branch to a target address if the condition codes meet the branch requirement of the branch instruction, a target address may be calculated based on several numbers including ones found in register fields or an immediate field of the instruction for example. The branch unit 5058 may employ an ALU 5074 having a plurality of input register circuits 5075, 5076, 5077 and an output register circuit 5080. The branch unit 5058 may communicate with general registers 5059, decode dispatch unit 5056 or other circuits 5073, for example.
The execution of a group of instructions can be interrupted for a variety of reasons including a context switch initiated by an operating system, a program exception or error causing a context switch, an I/O interruption signal causing a context switch or multi-threading activity of a plurality of programs (in a multi-threaded environment), for example. Preferably a context switch action saves state information about a currently executing program and then loads state information about another program being invoked. State information may be saved in hardware registers or in memory for example. State information preferably comprises a program counter value pointing to a next instruction to be executed, condition codes, memory translation information and architected register content. A context switch activity can be exercised by hardware circuits, application programs, operating system programs or firmware code (microcode, pico-code or licensed internal code (LIC)) alone or in combination.
A processor accesses operands according to instruction defined methods. The instruction may provide an immediate operand using the value of a portion of the instruction, may provide one or more register fields explicitly pointing to either general purpose registers or special purpose registers (floating point registers for example). The instruction may utilize implied registers identified by an opcode field as operands. The instruction may utilize memory locations for operands. A memory location of an operand may be provided by a register, an immediate field, or a combination of registers and immediate field as exemplified by the z/Architecture® long displacement facility wherein the instruction defines a base register, an index register and an immediate field (displacement field) that are added together to provide the address of the operand in memory for example. Location herein typically implies a location in main memory (main storage) unless otherwise indicated.
Referring to FIG. 15C, a processor accesses storage using a load/store unit 5060. The load/store unit 5060 may perform a load operation by obtaining the address of the target operand in memory 5053 and loading the operand in a register 5059 or another memory 5053 location, or may perform a store operation by obtaining the address of the target operand in memory 5053 and storing data obtained from a register 5059 or another memory 5053 location in the target operand location in memory 5053. The load/store unit 5060 may be speculative and may access memory in a sequence that is out-of-order relative to instruction sequence, however the load/store unit 5060 is to maintain the appearance to programs that instructions were executed in order. A load/store unit 5060 may communicate with general registers 5059, decode/dispatch unit 5056, cache/memory interface 5053 or other elements 5083 and comprises various register circuits, ALUs 5085 and control logic 5090 to calculate storage addresses and to provide pipeline sequencing to keep operations in-order. Some operations may be out of order but the load/store unit provides functionality to make the out of order operations to appear to the program as having been performed in order, as is well known in the art.
Preferably addresses that an application program “sees” are often referred to as virtual addresses. Virtual addresses are sometimes referred to as “logical addresses” and “effective addresses”. These virtual addresses are virtual in that they are redirected to physical memory location by one of a variety of dynamic address translation (DAT) technologies including, but not limited to, simply prefixing a virtual address with an offset value, translating the virtual address via one or more translation tables, the translation tables preferably comprising at least a segment table and a page table alone or in combination, preferably, the segment table having an entry pointing to the page table. In the z/Architecture®, a hierarchy of translation is provided including a region first table, a region second table, a region third table, a segment table and an optional page table. The performance of the address translation is often improved by utilizing a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) which comprises entries mapping a virtual address to an associated physical memory location. The entries are created when the DAT translates a virtual address using the translation tables. Subsequent use of the virtual address can then utilize the entry of the fast TLB rather than the slow sequential translation table accesses. TLB content may be managed by a variety of replacement algorithms including LRU (Least Recently used).
In the case where the processor is a processor of a multi-processor system, each processor has responsibility to keep shared resources, such as I/O, caches, TLBs and memory, interlocked for coherency. Typically, “snoop” technologies will be utilized in maintaining cache coherency. In a snoop environment, each cache line may be marked as being in any one of a shared state, an exclusive state, a changed state, an invalid state and the like in order to facilitate sharing.
I/O units 5054 (FIG. 14) provide the processor with means for attaching to peripheral devices including tape, disc, printers, displays, and networks for example. I/O units are often presented to the computer program by software drivers. In mainframes, such as the System z® from IBM®, channel adapters and open system adapters are I/O units of the mainframe that provide the communications between the operating system and peripheral devices.
Further, other types of computing environments can benefit from one or more aspects of the present invention. As an example, an environment may include an emulator (e.g., software or other emulation mechanisms), in which a particular architecture (including, for instance, instruction execution, architected functions, such as address translation, and architected registers) or a subset thereof is emulated (e.g., on a native computer system having a processor and memory). In such an environment, one or more emulation functions of the emulator can implement one or more aspects of the present invention, even though a computer executing the emulator may have a different architecture than the capabilities being emulated. As one example, in emulation mode, the specific instruction or operation being emulated is decoded, and an appropriate emulation function is built to implement the individual instruction or operation.
In an emulation environment, a host computer includes, for instance, a memory to store instructions and data; an instruction fetch unit to fetch instructions from memory and to optionally, provide local buffering for the fetched instruction; an instruction decode unit to receive the fetched instructions and to determine the type of instructions that have been fetched; and an instruction execution unit to execute the instructions. Execution may include loading data into a register from memory; storing data back to memory from a register; or performing some type of arithmetic or logical operation, as determined by the decode unit. In one example, each unit is implemented in software. For instance, the operations being performed by the units are implemented as one or more subroutines within emulator software.
More particularly, in a mainframe, architected machine instructions are used by programmers, usually today “C” programmers, often by way of a compiler application. These instructions stored in the storage medium may be executed natively in a z/Architecture® IBM® Server, or alternatively in machines executing other architectures. They can be emulated in the existing and in future IBM® mainframe servers and on other machines of IBM® (e.g., Power Systems servers and System x® Servers). They can be executed in machines running Linux on a wide variety of machines using hardware manufactured by IBM®, Intel®, AMDTM, and others. Besides execution on that hardware under a z/Architecture®, Linux can be used as well as machines which use emulation by Hercules, UMX, or FSI (Fundamental Software, Inc), where generally execution is in an emulation mode. In emulation mode, emulation software is executed by a native processor to emulate the architecture of an emulated processor.
The native processor typically executes emulation software comprising either firmware or a native operating system to perform emulation of the emulated processor. The emulation software is responsible for fetching and executing instructions of the emulated processor architecture. The emulation software maintains an emulated program counter to keep track of instruction boundaries. The emulation software may fetch one or more emulated machine instructions at a time and convert the one or more emulated machine instructions to a corresponding group of native machine instructions for execution by the native processor. These converted instructions may be cached such that a faster conversion can be accomplished. Notwithstanding, the emulation software is to maintain the architecture rules of the emulated processor architecture so as to assure operating systems and applications written for the emulated processor operate correctly. Furthermore, the emulation software is to provide resources identified by the emulated processor architecture including, but not limited to, control registers, general purpose registers, floating point registers, dynamic address translation function including segment tables and page tables for example, interrupt mechanisms, context switch mechanisms, Time of Day (TOD) clocks and architected interfaces to I/O subsystems such that an operating system or an application program designed to run on the emulated processor, can be run on the native processor having the emulation software.
A specific instruction being emulated is decoded, and a subroutine is called to perform the function of the individual instruction. An emulation software function emulating a function of an emulated processor is implemented, for example, in a “C” subroutine or driver, or some other method of providing a driver for the specific hardware as will be within the skill of those in the art after understanding the description of the preferred embodiment. Various software and hardware emulation patents including, but not limited to U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,013, entitled “Multiprocessor for Hardware Emulation”, by Beausoleil et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,261, entitled “Preprocessing of Stored Target Routines for Emulating Incompatible Instructions on a Target Processor”, by Scalzi et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,873, entitled “Decoding Guest Instruction to Directly Access Emulation Routines that Emulate the Guest Instructions”, by Davidian et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,308,255, entitled “Symmetrical Multiprocessing Bus and Chipset Used for Coprocessor Support Allowing Non-Native Code to Run in a System”, by Gorishek et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,463,582, entitled “Dynamic Optimizing Object Code Translator for Architecture Emulation and Dynamic Optimizing Object Code Translation Method”, by Lethin et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,825, entitled “Method for Emulating Guest Instructions on a Host Computer Through Dynamic Recompilation of Host Instructions”, by Eric Traut, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; and many others, illustrate a variety of known ways to achieve emulation of an instruction format architected for a different machine for a target machine available to those skilled in the art.
In FIG. 16, an example of an emulated host computer system 5092 is provided that emulates a host computer system 5000′ of a host architecture. In the emulated host computer system 5092, the host processor (CPU) 5091 is an emulated host processor (or virtual host processor) and comprises an emulation processor 5093 having a different native instruction set architecture than that of the processor 5091 of the host computer 5000′. The emulated host computer system 5092 has memory 5094 accessible to the emulation processor 5093. In the example embodiment, the memory 5094 is partitioned into a host computer memory 5096 portion and an emulation routines 5097 portion. The host computer memory 5096 is available to programs of the emulated host computer 5092 according to host computer architecture. The emulation processor 5093 executes native instructions of an architected instruction set of an architecture other than that of the emulated processor 5091, the native instructions obtained from emulation routines memory 5097, and may access a host instruction for execution from a program in host computer memory 5096 by employing one or more instruction(s) obtained in a sequence & access/decode routine which may decode the host instruction(s) accessed to determine a native instruction execution routine for emulating the function of the host instruction accessed. Other facilities that are defined for the host computer system 5000′ architecture may be emulated by architected facilities routines, including such facilities as general purpose registers, control registers, dynamic address translation and I/O subsystem support and processor cache, for example. The emulation routines may also take advantage of functions available in the emulation processor 5093 (such as general registers and dynamic translation of virtual addresses) to improve performance of the emulation routines. Special hardware and off-load engines may also be provided to assist the processor 5093 in emulating the function of the host computer 5000′.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below, if any, are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiment with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

## Claims

1. A computer program product for facilitating memory access, the computer program product comprising:
a computer readable storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method comprising:
based on executing, by a processor, a Modify PCI Function Controls (MPFC) instruction that specifies a handle for locating an adapter and a format field for explicitly indicating a selected translation format of a plurality of available translation formats to translate input/output addresses provided by the adapter to direct memory access (DMA) addresses usable in accessing system memory, setting a translation format, associated by way of the handle with the adapter, to the selected translation format indicated in the format field of the MPFC instruction, the selected translation format being pre-registered for the adapter, and wherein the plurality of available translation formats includes one or more of the following formats: a selected central processing unit dynamic address translation (CPU DAT) compatible format, a chosen input/output (I/O) extended address translation format which uses one or more extended address translation tables, a bypass format in which address translation is bypassed, or a no fetch format in which no address translation tables are fetched;
based on receiving a request from the adapter, obtaining at runtime an indication of the selected translation format to be used in providing a direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory, said selected translation format being set based on execution of the MPFC instruction, the request having an initial address to be used in providing the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory;
determining the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory based on the obtained translation format and the initial address, the initial address generated by the adapter; and
storing or fetching adapter data at the DMA address.

2. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the bypass format, and wherein the determining determines that the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory is the initial address, based on the translation format being the bypass format.

3. The computer program product of claim 2, wherein the bypass format is selected based on the adapter being a trusted adapter.

4. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the no fetch format, and wherein the determining determines the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory using the initial address and a pointer to a highest level address translation table to be used in determining the direct memory access address.

5. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the selected CPU DAT compatible format, and wherein the determining determines the direct memory access address using the initial address and one or more CPU DAT compatible translation tables.

6. The computer program product of claim 5, wherein the CPU DAT compatible format comprises one of a 4 k CPU DAT compatible format or a 1 M CPU DAT compatible format.

7. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the chosen I/O extended address translation format, and wherein the determining determines the direct memory access address using the initial address and one or more I/O translation tables.

8. The computer program product of claim 7, wherein the chosen I/O extended address translation format comprises one of a 4 k address translation tables with 4 k pages format, a 1M address translation tables with 4 k pages format, or a 1M address translation tables with 1M pages format.

9. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the obtaining comprises checking a format indicator in a device table entry associated with the adapter to obtain the indication of translation format to be used.

10. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the setting comprises indicating in a device table entry associated with the adapter the selected translation format.

11. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the translation format registered for the adapter is different from another translation format registered for another adapter.

12. A computer system for facilitating memory access, the computer system comprising:
a memory; and
a processor in communications with the memory, wherein the computer system is configured to perform a method, said method comprising:
based on executing a Modify PCI Function Controls (MPFC) instruction that specifies a handle for locating an adapter and a format field for explicitly indicating a selected translation format of a plurality of available translation formats to translate input/output addresses provided by the adapter to direct memory access (DMA) addresses usable in accessing system memory, setting a translation format, associated by way of the handle with the adapter, to the selected translation format indicated in the format field of the MPFC instruction, the selected translation format being pre-registered for the adapter, and wherein the plurality of available translation formats includes one or more of the following formats: a selected central processing unit dynamic address translation (CPU DAT) compatible format, a chosen input/output (I/O) extended address translation format which use one or more extended address translation tables, a bypass format in which address translation is bypassed, or a no fetch format in which no address translation tables are fetched;
based on receiving a request from the adapter, obtaining at runtime an indication of the selected translation format to be used in providing a direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory, said selected translation format being set based on execution of the MPFC instruction, the request having an initial address to be used in providing the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory;
determining the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory based on the obtained translation format and the initial address, the initial address generated by the adapter; and
storing or fetching adapter data at the DMA address.

13. The computer system of claim 12, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the bypass format, and wherein the determining determines that the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory is the initial address, based on the translation format being the bypass format.

14. The computer system of claim 12, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the no fetch format, and wherein the determining determines the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory using the initial address and a pointer to a highest level address translation table to be used in determining the direct memory access address.

15. The computer system of claim 12, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the selected CPU DAT compatible format, and wherein the determining determines the direct memory access address using the initial address and one or more CPU DAT compatible translation tables, wherein the selected CPU DAT compatible format comprises one of a 4 k CPU DAT compatible format or a 1 M CPU DAT compatible format.

16. The computer system of claim 12, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the chosen I/O extended address translation format, and wherein the determining determines the direct memory access address using the initial address and one or more I/O translation tables, wherein the chosen I/O extended address translation format comprises one of a 4 k address translation tables with 4 k pages format, a 1M address translation tables with 4 k pages format, or a 1M address translation tables with 1M pages format.

17. The computer system of claim 12, wherein the setting comprises indicating in a device table entry associated with the adapter the selected translation format.

18. A method of facilitating memory access, the method comprising:
based on executing, by a processor, a Modify PCI Function Controls (MPFC) instruction that specifies a handle for locating an adapter and a format field for explicitly indicating a selected translation format of a plurality of available translation formats to translate input/output addresses provided by the adapter to direct memory access (DMA) addresses usable in accessing system memory, setting a translation format, associated by way of the handle with the adapter, to the selected translation format indicated in the format field of the MPFC instruction, the selected translation format being pre-registered for the adapter, and wherein the plurality of available translation formats includes one or more of the following formats: a selected central processing unit dynamic address translation (CPU DAT) compatible format, a chosen input/output (I/O) extended address translation format uses one or more extended address translation tables, a bypass format in which address translation is bypassed, or a no fetch format in which no address translation tables are fetched;
based on receiving a request from the adapter, obtaining at runtime an indication of the selected translation format to be used in providing a direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory, said selected translation format being set based on execution of the MPFC instruction, the request having an initial address to be used in providing the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory;
determining the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory based on the obtained translation format and the initial address, the initial address generated by the adapter; and
storing or fetching adapter data at the DMA address.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the setting comprises indicating in a device table entry associated with the adapter the selected translation format.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the bypass format, and wherein the determining determines that the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory is the initial address, based on the translation format being the bypass format.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the no fetch format, and wherein the determining determines the direct memory access address usable in accessing system memory using the initial address and a pointer to a highest level address translation table to be used in determining the direct memory access address.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein the obtaining obtains an indication that the translation format is the selected CPU DAT compatible format, and wherein the determining determines the direct memory access address using the initial address and one or more CPU DAT compatible translation tables, wherein the selected CPU DAT compatible format comprises one of a 4 k CPU DAT compatible format or a 1M CPU DAT compatible format.