UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA

SOUTH BEND DIVISION

SHERRY ANN HUGHES,

Plaintiff,

v.

NANCY A. BERRYHILL,

Acting Commissioner of Social Security,

Defendant.

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CAUSE NO. 3:16-CV-702-MGG

OPINION AND ORDER

On October 12, 2016, Plaintiff, Sherry Ann Hughes (“Hughes”) filed a complaint in this 

Court. In her complaint, Hughes is seeking to vacate the Social Security Commissioner’s final 

decision to deny her application for disability benefits and remand the matter for further 

administrative proceedings, to include a de novo hearing and decision. 

Hughes filed her opening brief on February 20, 2017, and the Commissioner of Social 

Security (“Commissioner”) filed a response on June 2, 2017 asking the Court to affirm the 

agency’s decision to deny benefits. This matter became ripe on June 16, 2017 when Hughes filed 

her reply brief. This Court may enter a ruling in this matter based on the parties’ consent under 

28 U.S.C. § 636(c), and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

I. PROCEDURE

On March 19, 2013, Hughes filed an application for Disability Insurance Benefits 

(“DIB”) and Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 416(i), 423 

alleging an onset date beginning May 18, 2012. The Social Security Administration (“SSA”) 

denied Hughes’ application initially on June 4, 2013, and again upon reconsideration on 
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September 20, 2013. Upon Hughes’ request, a hearing was held before an administrative law 

judge (“ALJ”) on April 13, 2015, in which Hughes and an impartial vocational expert testified. 

On April 30, 2015, the ALJ issued his decision finding that Hughes was not disabled at Step Five 

of the evaluation process and denied her application for benefits. On August 12, 2016, the 

Appeals Council denied Hughes’ request for review, making the ALJ’s decision the final 

decision of the Commissioner. Hughes then sought judicial review of the Commissioner’s final 

decision pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) by filing her complaint in this Court on October 12, 

2016.

II. RELEVANT BACKGROUND

Hughes was born on May 3, 1961, and was 51 years old on the alleged disability onset 

date. Hughes is seeking disability benefits based upon degenerative disc disease, chronic 

obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”), depression, anxiety, and sciatica. 

A. Plaintiff’s Testimony

At the hearing before the ALJ, Hughes testified that she believes she cannot work due to 

the intensity and persistence of her pain. She stated that she could only stand for five to ten 

minutes at time and only sit for twenty to thirty minutes at a time. Thus, she testified that she 

must constantly shift between sitting and standing. She stated that she could not walk long 

distances and estimated that she could only walk about ten feet at a time. Hughes testified that at 

times she feels pain and numbness in her hands, which sometimes causes her to drop things. She 

stated that she is unable to stoop or squat and has trouble getting off the floor, but that she is able 

to bend to touch her knees. On a ten-point scale, Hughes described her pain as a five or six out 

of ten with medication and an eight or nine out of ten without medication. She stated that her 
3

pain is constant. She confirmed that she is taking Lyrica and hydrocodone for pain, and other 

medications for her COPD and depression.

Hughes also testified that she was capable of independently performing some housework 

and errands. She stated that she drove about twice a week to doctor’s appointments and the 

grocery store. When grocery shopping, she stated that she uses a motorized cart because she 

cannot walk from the front of the store to the back. She testified that she splits household chores 

with her boyfriend, but that she has to work in shifts due to her pain. She also testified that she 

cannot open jars but that she is able to lift a gallon of milk with one hand and move it a short 

distance.

Hughes stated that she is a candidate for surgery to relieve some of her back pain but that 

she has not been able to quit smoking, which is necessary for the surgery to be performed. She 

testified that her multiple attempts to quit, including the use of Chantix, have failed.

B. Medical Evidence

1. Treatment History

In May of 2010, Hughes began seeking treatment for chronic back pain. On May 5, 2010, 

a nurse practitioner examined Hughes for left buttock and thigh pain, potentially related to 

chronic back pain. [DE 15 at 3]. This examination found no tenderness on palpation and a 

straight leg test was negative. [Id.]. However, on May 12, 2010, a primary care physician, 

Bryan Holm, M.D., examined Hughes and found pain and tenderness along her lower spine and 

performed a straight leg test that was positive. [Id.]. Dr. Holm diagnosed Hughes with lumbar 

disc degeneration and prescribed medicine for her pain. [Id.]. At a follow up visit with Dr. 

Holm on May 26, 2010, Dr. Holm noted that Hughes’ pain and tenderness had improved, but a 

straight leg test was still positive on both legs. [Id.].
4

On January 24, 2012, Hughes sought treatment from Jon Shull, M.D., for lower back pain 

as well as shooting and stabbing pain radiating down her left leg. [Id.]. Dr. Shull noted 

tenderness on palpation in Hughes’ medium and lower back and performed a straight leg test, 

which was positive on her left leg. [Id.]. Dr. Shull also diagnosed Hughes with degenerative 

disc disease, prescribed new pain medication, and referred Hughes to physical therapy. [Id.]. At 

a follow-up appointment with Dr. Shull on March 13, 2012, another straight leg test performed 

on Hughes’ left leg was positive. [Id. at 4]. On December 22, 2012, Hughes sought emergency 

room treatment for fever and body aches. [Id.]. The emergency room doctor noted tenderness to 

palpation across Hughes’ back, but performed a straight leg test with negative results. [Id.].

On June 27, 2013, Hughes began receiving treatment with Keyna Martinez, M.D., for 

chronic back pain, with shooting pain in her left leg and buttocks, depression, menopause, 

anxiety, and COPD. [Id.]. Dr. Martinez diagnosed Hughes with degenerative joint disorder, 

menopause, COPD bronchitis, depression, and insomnia; Dr. Martinez also prescribed 

medication and referred Hughes to physical therapy. [Id.]. On July 17, 2013, Hughes’ spine was 

X-rayed revealing Grade I spondylolisthesis of the L4 and L5 secondary to degenerative 

arthropathy, mild disc space narrowing, and facet degenerative hypertrophy at the lumbosacral 

junction. [Id.]. This prompted Dr. Martinez to, once again, refer Hughes to physical therapy on 

July29, 2013. [Id.].

Hughes began physical therapy on September 9, 2013. [Id. at 5]. At her initial physical 

therapy evaluation, her physical therapist, Leslie Fuchs, DPT, noted sharp back pain, limited 

rotation, diminished reflexes on Hughes’ left side, tenderness to palpation, which was stronger 

on the left side of Hughes’ back, and positive straight leg and slump tests. [Id.]. Hughes was 
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unable to meet any of her goals through five physical therapy appointments, so she was 

recommended continued therapy and referred to a specialist. [Id.]. 

Another X-ray, conducted on October 16, 2013, revealed that Hughes had Grade I 

approaching Grade II anterolisthesis of the L4 relative to L5 and mild disc space narrowing at the 

L4–L5 level. [Id.]. An MRI, performed on January 30, 2014, showed chronic severe 

degenerative facet joint arthropathies at L4–L5 with Grade II spondylolisthesis, moderately 

severe spinal canal stenosis at L5, and early degenerative facet joint arthropathy at L2–L3 and 

L3–L4. [Id.]. Hughes was given a lumbar epidural steroid injection to help ease her pain on 

February 14, 2014. [Id.].

Dr. Fuchs noticed an improvement in Hughes pain at her physical therapy appointment 

on February 19, 2014. However, when Hughes next returned to therapy on April 10, 2014, her 

physical therapist reported that Hughes was unable to perform any tests due to pain. [Id.]. On 

June 20, 2014, Hughes’ physical therapist noted that Hughes’ pain seemed to be interfering with 

her concentration and that Hughes had an antalgic gait. [Id.]. Her therapist recommended that 

Hughes discontinue physical therapy, and Hughes halted physical therapy treatment on August 

11, 2014. [Id. at 6].

On August 20, 2014, a third X-ray revealed that Hughes had severe facet arthrosis at L4–

L5 with spondylolistheses on flexion and extension. [Id.]. Hughes underwent another MRI on 

August 27, 2015, which revealed moderate central canal stenosis and moderate to severe bilateral 

neural foraminal stenosis at C5–C6. [Id.]. On September 3, 2014, a neurosurgeon, Andrew 

Losiniecki, M.D., noted a disc herniation at C5–C6. [Id.]. On October 28, 2014, Dr. Losiniecki 

recommended anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery, but stated that Hughes would 

need to stop smoking for two weeks before and six weeks after the surgery. [Id.]. In January 
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2015, Dr. Losiniecki refused to perform the surgery until Hughes was able to quit smoking. 

[Id.].

2. Opinion Evidence

Four doctors have provided opinions as to Hughes’ functional limitations. Dr. Martinez, 

Hughes’ treating physician has completed multiple residual functional capacity (“RFC”) 

questionnaires. [Id.]. On July 29, 2013, Dr. Martinez opined that Hughes could lift only ten 

pounds; could only sit or stand for ten to fifteen minutes at a time; would need breaks every 

fifteen to sixty minutes; could use hands, fingers, and arms only ninety percent of the work day; 

would need to be out of work more than four times a month; and was not physically capable of 

working eight hour days five days a week. [Id.].

Dr. Martinez completed two additional questionnaires in January and February of 2014. 

In these questionnaires, Dr. Martinez stated that Hughes had a weight lifting restriction of ten 

pounds; could only walk a quarter of a city block; could sit for thirty minutes and stand for ten 

minutes; would need ten minute breaks every thirty minutes; could repetitively use fingers and 

hands only eighty percent of the workday and reach only fifty percent of the workday; would 

need to be absent from work more than four times a month; and was not capable of working 

eight hour days five days a week. [Id. at 7]. Dr. Martinez filled out a final questionnaire on 

February 13, 2015. This questionnaire stated that Hughes could only sit for ten minutes and 

stand for five minutes; would need five minute breaks every ten to fifteen minutes; could lift up 

to ten pounds but no more; could repetitively use hands and fingers only twenty-five percent of 

the workday and reach only ten percent of the workday; would be absent from work more than 

four times a month; and was not physically capable of working eight hours a day five days a 

week. [Id.].
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On May 15, 2013, Hughes was seen by Babatunde Onamusi, M.D. for a consultative 

examination. [Id.]. Dr. Onamusi’s examination revealed that Hughes’ back flexibility was 

below normal and that she had an antalgic gait, stiff posture, mild to moderate pain while 

walking, pain while squatting, restricted motion of the back, moderate pain during active motion, 

and moderate tenderness in the lumbosacral region. [Id.]. However, Dr. Onamusi noted that 

Hughes had minimal trouble transferring on and off the examination table and that a straight leg 

test was negative on both legs. Dr. Onamusi also noted that Hughes could do fine finger 

movements like buttoning buttons, tying knots, picking up coins, holding pens, pulling zippers, 

and opening doors. [Id.]. Dr. Onamusi stated that Hughes had chronic back pain and was 

capable of engaging in sedentary activities. [Id.]. 

Finally, two state agency physicians provided opinions as to Hughes’ functional 

limitations. State agency medical consultants are “highly qualified” and “experts” in Social 

Security disability evaluation. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(a)(b)(1). In June 2013, J. Sands, M.D., 

opined that Hughes could perform “light exertional work,” and in September 2013, M. Brill, 

M.D., also stated that Hughes was capable of performing “light” work. [DE 20 at 6]. Light 

work “involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of 

objects weighing up to 10 pounds.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b). 

C. The ALJ’s Determination

After the hearing, the ALJ issued a written decision reflecting the following findings 

based on the five-step disability evaluation prescribed in the SSAs regulations. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 

404.1520, 416.9201

. Preliminarily, the ALJ found that Hughes met the insured status 

requirements of the Social Security Act through March 3, 2015. At Step One, the ALJ found that 

 1 The regulations for DIB and SSI are identical. Therefore, the Court will only cite to the DIB regulations found in 

20 C.F.R. Part 404 throughout the rest of this Opinion and Order.
8

Hughes has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since May 18, 2012, the alleged onset 

date. At Step Two, the ALJ found that Hughes did suffer from a severe medical impairment, 

namely, degenerative disc disease of the cervical and lumbar spine. Additionally, the ALJ found 

that Hughes suffered from several non-severe impairments including chronic obstructive 

pulmonary disease, dysphagia, and depression. However, at Step Three, the ALJ found that 

neither Hughes’ severe impairment, nor her combination of impairments met or medically 

equaled a listing under 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1.

Before proceeding to Step Four, the ALJ is required to determine the claimant’s Residual 

Functional Capacity (“RFC”). The ALJ found that Hughes has an RFC to perform less than light 

work as defined in 20 C.F.R. 404.1567(b). Specifically, he found that Hughes can:

lift and carry twenty pounds occasionally and ten pounds 

frequently. [She] can sit for six hours and stand and/or walk for 

six hours for a total of eight hours in a workday, with normal 

breaks. [She] can occasionally climb stairs and ramps, but cannot 

climb ladders, ropes, and scaffolds. [She] can occasionally balance 

but never on uneven, narrow, or steep surfaces. [She] can 

occasionally stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl. [She] can never 

work around unprotected heights but can frequently work around 

moving mechanical parts, humidity and wetness. [She] can 

frequently operate a motor vehicle.

[DE 9 at 23]. At Step Four, the ALJ found that Hughes has no past relevant work experience. 

[Id. at 26]. Finally, at Step Five, the ALJ considered Hughes’ age, education, work experience, 

and RFC, and determined that jobs exist in significant numbers in the national economy that 

Hughes could capably perform. [Id. at 27]. Thus completing the five-step analysis, the ALJ 

determined that Hughes was not disabled. 

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

When reviewing the final determination of the Commission under the Social Security 

Act, the Court must accept the Commissioner’s factual finding as conclusive if they are 
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supported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Clifford v. Apfel, 227 F.3d 863, 869 (7th

Cir. 2000). Therefore, a court reviewing the decision of an ALJ will only reverse or remand if 

the ALJ’s findings are not supported by substantial evidence or if the ALJ has applied an 

erroneous legal standard. Briscoe v. Barnhart, 425 F.3d 345, 351 (7th Cir. 2005). The 

substantial evidence standard requires “more than scintilla but may be less than a 

preponderance.” Skinner v. Astrue, 478 F.3d 836, 841 (7th Cir. 2007). Simply stated, it is “such 

relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 

Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Kepple v. Massanari, 268 F.3d 513, 516 (7th

Cir. 2001).

On review, it is the Court’s responsibility to examine the entire administrative record; 

however, the Court does not reconsider facts, re-weigh the evidence, resolve conflicts in the 

evidence, decide questions of credibility, or otherwise substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ. 

Boiles v. Barnhart, 395 F.3d 421, 425 (7th Cir. 2005). Thus, the task for the Court on judicial 

review is not to resolve the question of whether the claimant is, in fact, disabled, but whether the 

ALJ “use[d] the correct legal standards and the decision is supported by substantial evidence.” 

Roddy v. Astrue, 705 F.3d 631, 636 (7th Cir. 2013). In other words, the ALJ must build a logical 

bridge from the evidence to his conclusion. Haynes v. Barnhart, 416 F.3d 621, 626 (7th Cir. 

2005). The reviewing court’s task is only to determine whether the bridge adequately covered

the span and was constructed from the appropriate legal materials.

At minimum, the ALJ must articulate his analysis of the evidence such that the reviewing 

court can follow his reasoning and ensure that he considered all the important evidence. Scott v. 

Barnhart, 297 F.3d 589, 595 (7th Cir. 2002). The ALJ is not required to address specifically 

every piece of evidence in record, but he must build a “logical bridge” from the evidence to his 
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conclusions. O’Connor-Spinner v. Astrue, 627 F.3d 614, 618 (7th Cir. 2010). The ALJ must 

provide a sufficient glimpse into the reasoning underlying his analysis and the determination to 

deny benefits. Zurawski v. Halter, 245 F.3d 881, 889 (7th Cir. 2001).

IV. ISSUE FOR REVIEW

In this case, Hughes argues that the ALJ’s decision should be vacated and remanded 

because the ALJ’s RFC determination is not supported by substantial evidence. Specifically 

Hughes argues that the ALJ erred in discounting the opinion of her treating physician, 

discounting the opinion of her consultative examiner, and in not supporting his credibility 

determination with substantial evidence. Hughes argues, in essence, that the ALJ did not build a 

“logical bridge” from the evidence to his eventual RFC finding that Hughes was capable of “less 

than light” work. She argues that the evidence shows that she is capable of sedentary work at 

most. She contends that, given her age and impairments, an alternative RFC finding of sedentary 

work would have resulted in the finding that she is disabled. [DE 15 at 13–14].

A. RFC Standard

An individual’s RFC represents her maximum ability to work despite physical or mental 

limitations. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1). “The RFC assessment is a function-by-function 

assessment based upon all of the relevant evidence of an individual’s ability to do work-related 

activities.” SSR 96-8p. When making an RFC determination, the ALJ must consider all of the 

relevant evidence in the case record. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1). In doing so, the ALJ must 

give “careful consideration...to any available information about symptoms because subjective 

descriptions may indicate more severe limitations or restrictions than can be shown by objective 

medical evidence alone.” SSR 96-8p. It is, however, the claimant’s responsibility to provide 

medical evidence showing her impairments affect her functioning. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(30. 
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Therefore, when the record does not support specific physical or mental limitations or 

restrictions on a claimant’s work related activity, the ALJ must find that the claimant has no 

related functional limitations. See SSR 96-8p.

B. Opinion Evidence

Hughes contends that the ALJ erred when determining her RFC by discounting the 

opinion of her treating physician, Dr. Martinez, and the opinion of her consultative examiner, Dr. 

Onamusi. The regulations specify that it is the ALJ’s role to weigh the medical opinions when 

determining a claimant’s RFC. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527. In a situation where there are conflicting 

medical opinions, “it is for the ALJ to decide which doctor to believe.” Books v. Chater, 91 F.3d 

972, 979 (7th Cir. 1996). In the Seventh Circuit, a medical opinion may be discounted if it is 

internally inconsistent or inconsistent with other substantial evidence in the record. Clifford v. 

Apfel, 227 F.3d 863, 870 (7th Cir. 2000). The Court reviews an ALJ’s decision regarding the 

appropriate weight to give a medical opinion from a highly deferential, even “lax,” standard. 

Berger v. Astrue, 516 F.3d 539, 545 (7th Cir. 2008). In other words, courts “uphold[] all but the 

most patently erroneous reasons for discounting a treating physician’s assessment.” Luther v. 

Astrue, 358 F. App’x 738, 740 (7th Cir. 2010). 

Hughes is correct that, as a general matter, more weight is given to the opinion of a 

treating physician because they are more familiar with the claimant’s particular conditions and 

circumstances. See Gudgel v. Barnhart, 345 F.3d 467, 470 (7th Cir. 2003) (citing Clifford v. 

Apfel, 227 F.3d 863, 870 (7th Cir. 2000)). However, a treating physician’s opinion is given 

controlling weight only where it is “well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and 

laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with other substantial evidence....” 20 

C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2). If the ALJ does not afford the treating physician’s opinion controlling 
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weight, he must articulate, at a minimum, his reasoning for not doing so. Hofslien v. Barnhart, 

439 F.3d 375, 376–77 (7th Cir. 2006). 

The ALJ set forth in his decision his reasons for finding Dr. Martinez’s opinions both 

internally inconsistent and inconsistent with the record as a whole. [DE 9 at 26]. The ALJ cited

“notable discrepancies” in Dr. Martinez’s opinions. He pointed out that Dr. Martinez reported 

that Hughes could “use her hands for fine manipulation as well as grasping, turning, and twisting 

objects” only eighty percent of the time on February 12, 2014, and only twenty-five percent of 

the time on February 13, 2015. [Id.]. The ALJ then compared those reports to Hughes’

consultative examination on May 15, 2013, where she “had no difficulty with fine coordination 

and manipulative tasks, and she was able to tie knots, button buttons, pick up coins, hold pens, 

turn door handles, pull zippers, and engage in other fine finger movements.” [Id.]. Additionally, 

the ALJ noted that Hughes reported limitations to Dr. Martinez that are inconsistent with other 

evidence in the record. The ALJ cites Hughes’ report to Dr. Martinez that she needed “frequent 

assistance with basic tasks, as well as an inability to perform any chores, hobbies, driving or 

assistance.” [Id.]. However, the ALJ pointed out that these claims are inconsistent with other 

functional limitation reports and her records as a whole. [Id.] Finally, the ALJ stated that Dr. 

Martinez’s opinions were seemingly based on exaggerated complaints made by Hughes as other 

substantial evidence indicated that she was not as limited as she suggested to Dr. Martinez. 

Hughes argues that the inconsistencies in Dr. Martinez’s testimony are, in fact, consistent 

with the record as a whole and not based on exaggerated complaints. Instead, Hughes contends

that Dr. Martinez’s testimony is consistent with Hughes’ condition worsening. [DE 15 at 13]. 

While it is certainly the case that the evidence could be consistent with a worsening condition, 

Hughes has not demonstrated that no other interpretation of the evidence is possible. Where the 
13

evidence is inconsistent, it is the role of the ALJ to consider the facts and resolve conflicts in the 

evidence. Books, 91 F.3d at 979. The ALJ’s decision articulated that he chose to give little 

weight to Dr. Martinez’s opinion because he found it internally inconsistent and inconsistent 

with other substantial evidence in the record, including her function reports. The ALJ therefore 

built a logical bridge from the inconsistent evidence to his conclusion about the weight to afford 

Dr. Martinez’s opinion such that the decision is not patently erroneous. See Luther, 358 F. 

App’x at 740.

Similarly, Hughes argues that the ALJ erred in discounting the opinion of Hughes’

consultative examiner, Dr. Onamusi. The ALJ determined that Dr. Onamusi’s opinion was 

entitled to little weight because it was vague and inconsistent with other substantial evidence in 

the record. [DE 9 at 25]. The ALJ acknowledged that Dr. Onamusi stated, “the claimant is 

engaging in sedentary work,” however, he found that the opinion was unclear as to whether this 

was the highest level of work Hughes could perform. [Id.] Reviewing Dr. Onamusi’s clinical 

findings, the ALJ determined that they did not suggest that Hughes was limited to only sedentary 

work. [Id.] The ALJ points to the following aspects of Dr. Onamusi’s clinical findings, which 

suggest that Hughes may be capable of more than sedentary work: (1) she did not require an 

assistive device to walk, (2) she had minimal trouble transferring onto or off the examination 

table, (3) she was able to walk on heels and toes, and (4) she was able to use her hands for fine 

coordination and manipulative tasks. [Id. at 24–25].

The ALJ also found that Dr. Onamusi’s opinion to be inconsistent with other substantial 

evidence—namely, the opinions of the State agency physicians. Dr. Sands and Dr. Brill, the 

state agency medical consultants, examined Hughes’ medical records and determined that she 

was capable of working at a “light exertional level.” [Id. at 25]. The ALJ found these medical 
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opinions more consistent with the record as whole and afforded them greater weight. [Id.]. In 

light of the ALJ finding Dr. Onamusi’s opinion internally inconsistent and inconsistent with 

other substantial evidence his determination that Dr. Onamusi’s opinion was entitled to little 

weight is not patently erroneous. 

Rather than deferring to the opinions of Dr. Martinez and Dr. Onamusi, the ALJ gave 

considerable weight to the opinions of the State agency medical consultants discussed above. He 

found the agency medical consultants’ determination that Hughes was capable of work at a “light 

exertional level” to be consistent with the record as a whole. [DE 9 at 25]. However, in making 

his final RFC determination, the ALJ did not rely solely on the opinions of the State’s medical 

consultants. Taking into account Hughes’ hearing testimony, he also considered “additional 

postural and environmental limitations” when assessing her RFC. [Id.] Thus, while still giving 

the agency consultants’ opinions considerable weight, the ALJ’s final determination that Hughes 

was capable of performing “less than light work” acknowledged that Hughes’ condition required 

more restrictive functional limitations.

In effect, the ALJ took four divergent medical opinions and found that Hughes’ actual 

functional limitations lay somewhere in the middle. While it is possible that the record could 

support a different RFC as Hughes suggests, the ALJ satisfied his burden of “minimally 

articulat[ing]” his reasons for discounting the opinions of Dr. Martinez and Dr. Onamusi. See 

Berger, 516 F.3d at 545. As a result, his decision to give more weight to the opinions of the 

State agency physicians was not “patently erroneous.” Weighing the opinions in this way, the 

ALJ determined that Hughes was capable of performing work at a level in between “light” and 

“sedentary.” The ALJ adequately explained his reasoning for giving the medical opinion 
15

evidence this weight and supported his decision with substantial evidence. Therefore, his 

determination is not “patently erroneous.”

C. Credibility Determination

Hughes also argues that the ALJ did not support his credibility determination regarding 

Hughes’ subjective symptoms with substantial evidence. The ALJ is required to follow a twostep process when assessing a claimant’s subjective symptoms. SSR 96-7p. At the first step, the 

ALJ must decide whether there is a medically determinable impairment that can be shown by 

acceptable medical evidence and can be reasonably expected to produce the claimant’s pain or 

other symptoms. Id. If such an underlying impairment exists, the ALJ must evaluate the 

intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of the impairment to determine the extent to which the 

symptoms limit the claimant’s ability to work. Id. Whenever a claimant’s statements about the 

symptoms and limitations of his or her impairment are not substantiated by objective medical 

evidence, the ALJ must make a finding on the credibility of the individual’s statements based on 

the entire case record.2

 Id. Where conflicting evidence allows reasonable disagreement as to 

whether a claimant is disabled, the responsibility for that decision falls to the ALJ. Herr v. 

Sullivan, 912 F.2d 178, 181 (7th Cir. 1990). 

Because a claimant’s subjective symptoms are difficult to verify, the Seventh Circuit has 

held that an ALJ is “not obliged to believe all [of a claimant’s] testimony.” Johnson v. Barnhart, 

449 F.3d 804, 805 (7th Cir. 2006). “Applicants for disability benefits have an incentive to 

exaggerate their symptoms, and an administrative law judge is free to discount the applicant’s 

testimony on the basis of the other evidence in the case.” Id. The ALJ is in a special position to 

 2 When objective medical evidence is not enough to assess an individual’s credibility regarding the effect pain has 

on his or her functional capabilities, the ALJ must consider a number of factors including the individual’s daily 

activities, the frequency and intensity of pain, the effective of medication, and other factors concerning functional 

limitations and restrictions due to pain. SSR 96-7p.
16

assess witnesses; therefore, his credibility determinations are given special deference and will 

only be overturned if they are patently wrong. Shideler v. Astrue, 688 F.3d 306, 310–11 (7th Cir. 

2012). An ALJ’s credibility determination will be considered patently wrong only when the 

determination “lacks any explanation or support.” Elder v. Astrue, 529 F.3d 408, 413–14 (7th

Cir. 2008). 

Here, the ALJ determined that Hughes’ medical impairments could be reasonably 

expected to produce her alleged symptoms. [DE 9 at 23]. However, the ALJ did not find 

Hughes’ testimony regarding the severity of her symptoms and the extent of her limitations 

entirely credible. [Id. at 24]. He acknowledged that Hughes claims to suffer from severe pain, 

even “10 out of 10,” but that “the record generally indicates that she does not appear to be in 

acute distress.” [Id. at 25]. In making this determination, the ALJ cited inconsistencies in 

Hughes’ reported functional limitations and pain levels. [Id.] He cited Hughes’ consultative 

examination, in which Dr. Onamusi noted Hughes to be in pain only when walking and 

squatting. [Id.]. He also pointed out that Hughes reported to Dr. Martinez that she was “unable 

to perform any chores, hobbies, or social activities,” but at her hearing testified that “she splits 

chores with her boyfriend.” [Id.]. The ALJ determined that “the record generally indicates that 

she does not appear to be in acute distress.” [Id.].

Hughes contends that the ALJ’s credibility determination is not supported by substantial 

evidence for several reasons. First, she argues that the ALJ inappropriately relied on Hughes’

ability to perform independent housework to support his credibility determination. [DE 15 at 

15]. The Court recognizes that a person’s ability to engage in sporadic physical activities and 

perform housework does not mean that he or she is capable of maintaining the concentration and 

effort necessary for full-time work. See Carradine v. Barnhart, 360 F.3d 751, 755 (7th Cir. 
17

2004). However, the ALJ is entitled consider evidence of a claimant’s daily activities when 

assessing credibility. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3). Here, the ALJ did not present Hughes’ daily 

activities as proof that she is capable of working full-time. Rather, in making his determination 

based on the entire record, the ALJ viewed Hughes’ ability to perform independent housework as 

evidence supporting the State agency physicians’ determination that she was capable of 

performing light work. 

Second, Hughes argues that the ALJ erred by incorrectly relying on her inability to quit 

smoking so that she could undergo surgery as evidence that her pain is not as severe as she 

claims. [DE 15 at 14]. Hughes is certainly correct that “it is extremely tenuous to infer from the 

failure to give up smoking that the claimant is incredible when she testifies that the condition is 

serious or painful.” Shamrek v. Apfel, 226 F.3d 809, 813 (7th Cir. 2000). However, while the 

ALJ did “note” Hughes’ inability to quit smoking in his opinion, it is not the sole reason—nor 

the primary reason—underlying his credibility determination. [DE 9 at 25]. As such, merely 

raising the issue in his opinion does not render the ALJ “patently wrong” given the other 

evidence cited in his opinion. 

Finally, Hughes argues that the ALJ’s credibility determination is unsupported by 

substantial evidence because he cited straight leg tests performed on Hughes that returned 

negative results, but left out multiple straight leg tests that returned positive results. [DE 15 at 

14]. Notably, ALJs are not required to discuss every piece of evidence in the record. Pepper v. 

Colvin, 712 F.3d 351, 362–63 (7th Cir. 2013). However, an ALJ must not ignore evidence that is 

contrary to his finding. Zurawski, 245 F.3d at 888–89. Because the ALJ specifically mentioned, 

and relied upon, Hughes’ negative straight leg tests, he also should have accounted for the 

directly contrary positive tests in his analysis. However, the ALJ’s failure to cite the positive 
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tests does not, on its own, support remand here because it constitutes harmless error. See Villano 

v. Astrue, 556 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2009) (applying the harmless error doctrine in an appeal from 

denial of disability benefits). The ALJ presented the evidence of negative straight leg tests 

alongside other evidence in the record suggesting that Hughes was not in “acute distress.” [DE 9 

at 24]. Specifically, the ALJ cites the negative straight leg tests in conjunction with the clinical 

findings of Hughes’ consultative examination indicating that she did not require an assistive 

device to walk, had minimal trouble transferring onto or off the examination table, was able to 

walk on heels and toes, and was able to use her hands for fine coordination and manipulative 

tasks. [Id. at 23–24]. Arguably, the presence of negative straight leg tests, even considered next

to the positive tests, is evidence that Hughes’ condition is not as persistently debilitating as she 

alleges. Therefore, the ALJ’s omission of the positive straight leg tests constitutes harmless error 

and does not render his determination patently wrong.

Hughes contends that the ALJ erred in making his RFC determination because he 

weighed the medical opinion evidence inappropriately and did not support his credibility 

determination with substantial evidence. However, the ALJ’s final RFC determination of “less 

than light work” is not “patently erroneous.” The ALJ “minimally articulated” his reasons for 

interpreting the opinion evidence as he did, and he adequately explained his reasoning for 

determining that Hughes’ subjective symptoms were not as severe as she claimed. The ALJ 

supported both of these decisions with substantial evidence, and, therefore, his final RFC 

determination is not patently wrong. 

V. CONCLUSION

In essence, the ALJ in this case was presented with conflicting evidence. Two doctors’

opinions stated that Hughes was capable of light work. Another opinion suggested Hughes was 
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capable of at least sedentary work, and a fourth doctor opined that Hughes was disabled. The 

other medical records do not clarify the picture. Multiple straight leg tests have been 

administered—at times they have been positive, and at other times they have been negative. 

There is conflicting evidence as to the patient’s capability of performing fine motor skills, and 

there are inconsistencies in Hughes’ other functional limitations in both her accounts and the 

reports of her doctors.

It is the role of the ALJ to weigh and resolve conflicts in the evidence, and this Court 

must give the ALJ’s determination due deference and only overturn the decision if patently 

wrong. From this Court’s deferential vantage point, the ALJ pointed to more than a scintilla of 

evidence in the record supporting his determination that Hughes is not disabled. When making 

his RFC determination, the ALJ minimally articulated his reasons for giving the medical 

opinions the weight he did and for determining that Hughes’ claims were not entirely credible. 

Therefore, he was not patently wrong in reaching the conclusion that Hughes was capable of 

performing less than light work. Thus, the Court AFFIRMS the Commissioner’s decision 

pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The Clerk is instructed to term the case and 

enter judgment in favor of the Commissioner.

SO ORDERED.

Dated this 13th day of December 2017.

s/Michael G. Gotsch, Sr.

Michael G. Gotsch, Sr.

United States Magistrate Judge