UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA 

FORT WAYNE DIVISION 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ) 

 ) 

 v. ) CAUSE NO.: 1:15-CR-42-2-TLS 

 ) [1:18-CV-172] 

 ) 

SHAIKI SUTTON ) 

 

OPINION AND ORDER 

 The Defendant, Shaiki Sutton, is serving a sentence for attempting to interfere with 

commerce by robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. ' 1951(a) and (b) (Count 3), and carrying a 

firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. ' 924(c) (Count 5). 

For purposes of the Count 5 § 924(c) conviction, the crime of violence was the attempted Hobbs 

Act robbery that was set forth in Count 3. The Defendant now seeks to vacate his conviction and 

sentence under § 924(c) [Motion to Vacate Judgment Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, ECF No. 313]. 

The Defendant predicates his Motion on the Supreme Court’s decision in Sessions v. Dimaya, 

138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018). He argues that attempted Hobbs Act robbery is not a crime of violence 

because the residual clause definition of a crime of violence, § 924(c)(3)(B), is unconstitutionally 

vague. He maintains that even if Hobbs Act robbery is a crime of violence under the elements 

clause, § 924(c)(3)(A), his conviction was only for attempted robbery, which does not qualify. 

 The Government has filed a Response [ECF No. 320], asserting that a defendant may not 

generally raise an issue for the first time on collateral attack that he could have presented at trial 

or on direct appeal. The Government asserts that the Defendant cannot establish cause or 

prejudice for this procedural bar, as all relevant cases were decided, or at least pending, prior to 

his January 31, 2018, sentencing date. Moreover, these cases establish that Hobbs Act robbery, 
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including attempted robbery, is a crime of violence under the elements clause. With respect to 

Dimaya, the cases show that it has no application to the Defendant’s case. 

ANALYSIS 

The Defendant’s judgment of conviction was entered on January 31, 2018. He filed his 

Motion to Vacate on June 11, 2018. 

 Section 2255 allows a person convicted of a federal crime to seek to vacate, set aside, or 

correct his sentence. This relief is available only in limited circumstances, such as where an error 

is of jurisdictional or constitutional magnitude, or where there has been an error of law that 

“constitutes a fundamental defect which results in a complete miscarriage of justice.” See Harris 

v. United States, 366 F.3d 593, 594 (7th Cir. 2004). Motions to vacate a conviction or correct a 

sentence ask a court to grant an extraordinary remedy to a person who has already had an 

opportunity of full process. Kafo v. United States, 467 F.3d 1063, 1068 (7th Cir. 2006). A 

Section 2255 motion is not a substitute for a direct criminal appeal nor is it a means by which a 

defendant may appeal the same claims a second time. See Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 

614, 621 (1998) (relief under 2255 “will not be allowed to do service for an appeal”); Varela v. 

United States, 481 F.3d 932, 935 (7th Cir. 2007) (Section 2255 motion is “neither a 

recapitulation of nor a substitute for a direct appeal.”) (citation omitted). 

 A defendant can raise a procedurally barred constitutional issue if he can show that there 

was cause for failing to raise an issue on appeal and that prejudice resulted therefrom. Cross v. 

United States, 892 F.3d 288, 294–95 (7th Cir. 2018). Meeting the cause and prejudice standard is 

more difficult than establishing “plain error.” See United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 162–66 

(1982). He can also raise a barred constitutional issue if he can show that the Court’s failure to 
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hear the issue would result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice—which requires an actual 

showing of innocence. McCleese v. United States, 75 F.3d 1174, 1177 (7th Cir. 1996); see also

U.S. ex rel. Bell v. Pierson, 267 F.3d 544, 551–52 (7th Cir. 2001) (explaining that petitioner must 

show that “it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in light 

of new evidence”) (citing Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327 (1995) (ellipses omitted)). 

The Defendant argues that he is actually innocent of the 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) conviction 

for using a firearm during a crime of violence because Hobbs Act robbery is not a “crime of 

violence” under that statute. Section 924(c)(1) provide that “any person who, during and in 

relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime . . . uses or carries a firearm, or who, 

in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm, shall” receive a term of imprisonment of 

not less than five years “in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or 

drug trafficking crime.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). The statute creates “an offense distinct from the 

underlying federal felony.” Simpson v. United States, 435 U.S. 6, 10 (1978). “Crime of violence” 

is defined in two ways, the latter of which is commonly referred to as the residual clause and 

refers to a crime “that by its nature involves a substantial risk that physical force against the 

person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 

924(c)(3)(B). 

The Defendant argues that Dimaya’s holding regarding the constitutionality of a 

similarly-worded statute should be applied to § 924(c)’s residual clause. He further maintains 

that the still intact elements clause, which refers to an offense that “has as an element the use, 

attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another,” id.

§ 924(c)(3)(A), does not apply to his conviction for attempted Hobbs Act robbery. 
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 The Defendant’s arguments regarding Dimaya, and its implication on § 924(c)(3)(B), is 

academic. Dimaya did “not have anything to do with the elements clause” of § 924(c) or any 

other statute. Stanley v. United States, 827 F.3d 562, 565 (7th Cir. 2016) (holding that a 

conviction that the sentencing court counted as violent under the elements clause of the 

Sentencing Guidelines was outside the scope of Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2251 

(2015)). The Defendant’s attempted Hobbs Act robbery conviction serves as a valid predicate for 

his § 924(c) conviction by way of the elements clause, not the residual clause. On March 15, 

2016, this Court denied the Defendant’s motion to dismiss Count 5 of the Indictment, which is 

the same § 924(c) charge that he is now collaterally attacking. The Court, in its Opinion and 

Order [ECF No. 80], unambiguously stated its position that a conviction under Count 3 for 

attempted Hobbs Act robbery would satisfy as a predicate offense under § 924(c)(3)(A), the 

elements clause. The Court disclaimed any reliance on the residual clause. The Defendant did not 

take any direct appeal to challenge that holding. 

The Seventh Circuit has held that “Hobbs Act robbery is a ‘crime of violence’ within the 

meaning of § 924(c)(3)(A).” United States v. Anglin, 846 F.3d 954, 965 (7th Cir. 2017)1

; see also 

United States v. Rivera, 847 F.3d 847, 848–49 (7th Cir. 2017) (stating that “[b]ecause one cannot 

commit Hobbs Act robbery without using or threatening physical force, . . . Hobbs Act robbery 

qualifies as a predicate for a crime-of-violence conviction”). That the Defendant’s offense was 

 

1 The Supreme Court later vacated the judgment in Anglin, 138 S. Ct. 126 (2017), and remanded the case 

to the Seventh Circuit for reconsideration of the sentence in light of Dean v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 

1170 (2017). However, the Seventh Circuit has since observed that the Supreme Court’s disposition of 

Anglin has not affected the portion of its ruling on the Hobbs Act. United States v. Fox, 878 F.3d 574, 579 

(7th Cir. 2017). In Fox, the Seventh Circuit reaffirmed that “Hobbs Act robberies are crimes of violence 

under Section 924(c)(3)(A).” Fox, 878 F.3d at 574. The Defendant mistakenly asserts that the Supreme 

Court has agreed to review the holding in Fox. In fact, on April 23, 2018, the Supreme Court denied the 

petition for writ of certiorari. See Fox v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1603, reh’g denied, 138 S. Ct. 2617 

(2018).
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an attempt under Hobbs Act, and not a completed robbery does not alter the conclusion. The 

Defendant could not have been found guilty of the attempted Hobbs Act robbery as charged in 

Count 3 of the Indictment unless he “specific[ally] intent[ed] to commit the full robbery” and 

took “a substantial step toward that end.” United States v. Muratovic, 719 F.3d 809, 815 (7th Cir. 

2013). In any event, the Defendant has not established cause or prejudice for failing to pursue the 

claim through a direct appeal, or that he is actually innocent of carrying a firearm in connection 

with a crime of violence. 

 

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 

 Under Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing § 2255 proceedings, the Court issues or denies 

a certificate of appealability under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2) when it enters a final order adverse to 

the applicant. A certificate of appealability may be issued “only if the applicant has made a 

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Rule 11 of 

Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings. The substantial showing standard is met when 

“reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have 

been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve 

encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (quotation 

marks omitted); Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 & n.4 (1983). “Where a plain procedural 

bar is present and the district court is correct to invoke it to dispose of the case, a reasonable 

jurist could not conclude either that the district court erred in dismissing the petition or that the 

petitioner should be allowed to proceed further.” Slack, 529 U.S. at 484. 

 No reasonable jurists could debate whether the Defendant’s Motion presents a viable 

ground for relief. The Defendant has not shown cause and prejudice for failing to bring his claim 
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on direct appeal. The Defendant cannot establish actual innocence; Dimaya is irrelevant, in part, 

because attempted Hobbs Act robbery is a crime of violence under the elements clause of § 

924(c)(3). Accordingly, the Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability as to the 

Defendant’s Motion. 

CONCLUSION 

 For the reasons stated above, the Defendant’s Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to Vacate, 

Set Aside, or Correct Sentence by a Person in Federal Custody [ECF No. 313] is DENIED. The 

Court declines to issue a Certificate of Appealability. 

SO ORDERED on April 17, 2019. 

 s/ Theresa L. Springmann 

CHIEF JUDGE THERESA L. SPRINGMANN 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT