# Patent

## Title
System and method for generating two effective frequencies using a single clock

## Abstract

A method and apparatus are disclosed for generating a second clock signal, having a second effective clock frequency, from a first clock signal, having a first effective clock frequency. Clock pulses of the first clock signal are counted to generate a count value. When the count value reaches a predetermined blanking value, a blanking signal is generated. The blanking signal blanks at least one clock pulse of the first clock signal. The process is repeated multiple times at a predetermined rate corresponding to the predetermined blanking value to generate the second clock signal.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,194, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/540,243 filed on Mar. 31, 2000, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,389,092, 6,340,899, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/919,636 filed on Jul. 31, 2001, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/860,284 filed on May 18, 2001, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/028,806 filed on Oct. 25, 2001, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/969,837 filed on Oct. 1, 2001, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/159,788 entitled “Phase Adjustment in High Speed CDR Using Current DAC” filed on May 30, 2002, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/179,735 entitled “Universal Single-Ended Parallel Bus; fka, Using 1.8V Power Supply in 0.13 MM CMOS” filed on Jun. 21, 2002, and application Ser. No. 10/340,408 filed on Jan. 10, 2003, are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
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SEQUENCE LISTING
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MICROFICHE/COPYRIGHT REFERENCE
[Not Applicable]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to a method and apparatus for generating clock signals in a high-speed digital transceiver, and more particularly to generating a second clock signal from a first clock signal.
High-speed digital communication networks over copper and optical fiber are used in many network communication and digital storage applications. Ethernet and Fibre Channel are two widely used communication protocols used today and continue to evolve to respond to the increasing need for higher bandwidth in digital communication systems.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (ISO standard) was developed to establish standardization for linking heterogeneous computer and communication systems. The OSI model includes seven distinct functional layers including Layer 7: an application layer; Layer 6: a presentation layer; Layer 5: a session layer; Layer 4: a transport layer; Layer 3: a network layer; Layer 2: a data link layer; and Layer 1: a physical layer. Each OSI layer is responsible for establishing what is to be done at that layer of the network but not how to implement it.
Layers 1 to 4 handle network control and data transmission and reception. Layers 5 to 7 handle application issues. Specific functions of each layer may vary to a certain extent, depending on the exact requirements of a given protocol to be implemented for the layer. For example, the Ethernet protocol provides collision detection and carrier sensing in the data link layer.
The physical layer, Layer 1, is responsible for handling all electrical, optical, and mechanical requirements for interfacing to the communication media. The physical layer provides encoding and decoding, synchronization, clock data recovery, and transmission and reception of bit streams. Typically, high-speed electrical or optical transceivers are the hardware elements used to implement this layer.
As data rate and bandwidth requirements increase, 10 Gigabit data transmission rates are being developed and implemented in high-speed networks. There is much pressure to develop a 10 Gigabit physical layer for high-speed serial data applications.
In the physical layer, several sublayers are supported. As an example, for 10 Gigabit serial operation, some of the key sublayers include a PMD TX/RX (physical media dependent transmit and receive) sublayer, a PMD PCS (physical media dependent physical encoding) sublayer, a XGXS PCS (10 Gigabit media independent interface extender physical encoding) sublayer, and a XAUI TX/RX (10 Gigabit attachment unit interface transmit and receive) sublayer.
An optical-based transceiver, for example, includes various functional components such as clock data recovery, clock multiplication, serialization/de-serialization, encoding/decoding, electrical/optical conversion, descrambling, controlling, and data storage.
Certain functional components within an optical-based transceiver may require clock signals having slightly different effective clock frequencies. For example, a clock data recovery (CDR) circuit and a synchronizer/descrambler/decoder circuit may require slightly different effective clock frequencies in an optical-based transceiver. Typically, the clock signals are generated independently of each other, or one clock signal is multiplied up and then divided down by large ratios to achieve a second clock signal. Such methods require significant additional hardware than that required for generating a single original clock signal.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a method and apparatus for generating a second clock signal from a first clock signal where the effective clock frequencies of the two clock signals differ slightly.
A method of the present invention provides for generating a second clock signal, having a second effective clock frequency, from a first clock signal, having a first effective clock frequency. Clock pulses of the first clock signal are counted to generate a count value. When the count value reaches a predetermined blanking value, a blanking signal is generated. The blanking signal blanks at least one clock pulse of the first clock signal. The process is repeated multiple times at a predetermined rate corresponding to the predetermined blanking value to generate the second clock signal.
Apparatus of the present invention includes a clock source generating a first clock signal and a modulo counter, counting clock pulses of the first clock signal and generating a mod signal when the modulo counter reaches a predetermined blanking value. An inverter generates a blanking signal in response to the mod signal and a logic circuit generates a second clock signal in response to the first clock signal and the blanking signal.
These and other advantages, aspects and novel features of the present invention, as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof, will be more fully understood from the following description and drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a top-level block diagram of an optical-based transceiver chip in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a more detailed schematic block diagram of the optical-based transceiver chip of FIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus within the optical-based transceiver chip of FIG. 2 to generate a second clock signal from a first clock signal in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is flowchart of a method to generate a second clock signal from a first clock signal using the apparatus of FIG. 3 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a timing diagram of the first clock signal and the second clock signal with a blanked pulse (gap) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a top-level block diagram of an optical-based transceiver chip 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The PMD TX/RX sublayer 220 (physical media dependent transmit and receive sublayer) provides the electrical functionality for transmission and reception of 10 Gigabit serial data. The functionality includes clock multiplication and data serialization, clock data recovery and data de-serialization, signal amplification and equalization, and differential signal driving.
The PMD PCS sublayer 240 (physical media dependent physical encoding sublayer) is responsible for coding data to be transmitted and decoding data to be received on the PMD side of the transceiver. The functionality includes 64B/66B synchronization, descrambling, and decoding, 64B/66B encoding and scrambling, data transitioning, multiplexing, and phase detecting.
The XGXS PCS sublayer 230 (10 Gigabit media independent interface extender physical encoding sublayer) is responsible for coding data to be transmitted and decoding data to be received on the XAUI side of the transceiver. The functionality includes 8B/10B encoding, 8B/10B decoding, randomizing, and lane alignment.
The XAUI TX/RX sublayer 210 (10 Gigabit attachment unit interface transmit and receive sublayer) provides the electrical functionality for transmission and reception of 3 Gigabit 4-channel serial data. The functionality includes clock multiplication and data serialization, clock data recovery and data de-serialization, signal amplification, and differential signal driving.
FIG. 2 is a more detailed schematic block diagram of the optical-based transceiver chip 1 of FIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The optical-based transceiver chip 1 comprises three main blocks including a transmit block 310, a receive block 340, and a management and control block 370. Clock interfaces are provided for configuring the XAUI and PMD interfaces to asynchronous or independent asynchronous operations in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The receiver block 340 accepts 10 Gigabit serial PMD data and reformats the data for transmission on the 4-lane 3 Gigabit XAUI transmitters 362. One of the 3 Gigabit CMU clocks in the XAUI TX/RX sublayer 210 is used to retime all four XAUI transmitters. The XAUI CMU 346 in the XAUI TX/RX sublayer 210 is phase-locked to an external reference clock.
The PMD clock and data recovery (CDR)/Deserializer 348 within the PMD TX/RX sublayer 220 generates a clock that is at the same frequency as the incoming data bit rate (10 Gigabit data rate) at the serial data inputs, PDIP/N 344. The clock is phase-aligned by a PLL so that it samples the data in the center of the data eye pattern in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The phase relationship between the edge transitions of the data and those of the generated clock are compared by a phase/frequency discriminator. Output pulses from the discriminator indicate the direction of phase corrections.
The output of the loop filter controls the frequency of the VCO, which generates the recovered clock. Frequency stability without incoming data is guaranteed by an internal reference clock that the PLL locks onto when data is lost.
The transceiver chip 1 includes a lock detect circuit that monitors the 10 Gigabit frequency of the internal VCO within the PMD TX/RX sublayer 220. The frequency of the incoming data stream is within ±100 ppm of the 10 Gigabit data stream for the lock detector to declare signal lock. The lock detect status is observable in the Analog Transceiver Status Register 0. P_LKDTCBR goes high when the PMD CDR/Deserializer 348 is locked to the incoming data. The CDR lock detect signal is also provided as an output status at the PCDRLK pin 348A.
The PMD serial data stream is deserialized by a serial-to-parallel converter of CDR/Deserializer 348 in the PMD TX/RX sublayer 220. The CDR output clocks the serial-to-parallel converter. Under normal operation, the CDR recovers the clock from the data. If data is not present, the clock is recovered from the internal reference clock. The output is sent to the RX Gearbox 350 within PMD PCS sublayer 240.
The RX gearbox 350 in the PMD PCS sublayer 240 is a buffer that converts 64-bit data to 66-bit data for more efficient parallelization. The RX gearbox 350 receives 64-bit data from the CDR/Deserializer 348 at 322.265 MHz. The RX gearbox 350 outputs 66-bit data to the 64B/66B Synchronizer/Descrambler/Decoder 352 within the PMD TX/RX sublayer 220. A register bank is employed which is accessed in a circular manner.
A Frame Synchronizer (which is a part of the 64B/66B Synchronizer/Descrambler/Decoder 352 in the PMD PCS sublayer 240) searches for the 66-bit boundary of the frame data and obtains lock to 66-bit blocks using the sync header and outputs 66-bit blocks. The descrambler (which is also a part of the 64B /66B Synchronizer/Descrambler/Decoder 352 in the PMD PCS sublayer 240) processes the payload to reverse the effect of the scrambler using the same polynomial. The receiver process decodes blocks according to IEEE 802.3ae clause 49.
The XAUI CMU 346 within the XAUI TX/RX sublayer 210 has a PLL that generates the 3 Gigabit clock by multiplying the internal 156.25-MHz reference clock in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The transceiver chip 1 includes a lock detect circuit, which monitors the frequency of the internal VCO. The CMU lock detect bit goes high when the XAUI CMU PLL is locked. The lock detect status is in the Analog Transceiver Status Register 0, bit 7.
The transceiver chip 1 supports asynchronous clocking mode operation of the XAUI and PMD interfaces. The local reference clock or external transmit VCXO may adhere to the IEEE specifications.
In the asynchronous mode, an elastic FIFO 354 is used that accommodates a frequency difference of up to 200 ppm between a recovered clock and a local reference clock. Both the RX and TX data paths 310 and 320 contain elastic FIFOs 354 and 324. Idle columns of four bytes are inserted or deleted during the IPG (inter packet gap) once the distance between the elastic FIFO's read and write pointers exceed a threshold. In addition, a column of sequence orders may be deleted during the IPG once the distance between the elastic FIFO's read and write pointer exceed a threshold. The delete adjustments only occur on IPG streams that contain at least two columns of idles or sequence order sets.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a 312.5 MHz clock signal is derived from a 322.26 MHz clock signal. For example, in the receive block 340, the CDR/Deserializer 348 generates a first clock signal at an effective clock frequency of 322.26 MHz that is used to clock one side of the RX gearbox 350. A second clock signal is generated within the CDR/Deserializer 348 from the first clock signal at an effective frequency of 312.5 MHz. The second clock signal at 312.5 MHz is used to clock another side of the RX gearbox 350, the 64B/66B Synchronizer/Descrambler/Decoder 352, and the elastic FIFO 354. Also, the second clock signal at 312.5 MHz is divided by 2 to form a 156.25 MHz clock signal and may be muxed to the XAUI CMU 346.
Referring to FIG. 3, in an embodiment of the present invention, the clock generating circuit 5 may be used to generate the second clock signal (CLK 2) from the first clock signal (CLK 1). The first clock signal 50 at 322.26 MHz is generated by a clock source 10 within CDR/Deserializer 348. The clock source 10 may be a circuit that derives the first clock signal 50 from another clock signal or may be an original clock source.
A modulo counter 20 is used to count clock pulses of the first clock signal 50 to generate a count value as described in step 410 of FIG. 4. In step 420, the modulo counter outputs a mod signal 60 to an inverter 30 when the count value of the modulo counter 20 reaches a predetermined blanking value. As a result, the inverter 30 outputs a blanking signal 70 to blank at least one clock pulse of the first clock signal 50 in step 430. In step 430, the first clock signal 50 and the blanking signal 70 are input to a logic gate (e.g. an AND gate) 40. The output of the logic gate 40 is the second clock signal (CLK 23) 80.
Referring to FIG. 5, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, when the predetermined blanking value is 33, every 33rd clock pulse in CLK 150 will be blanked creating a gap 81 in CLK 280. As a result, the effective clock frequency of CLK 280 will be 312.5 MHz as follows:

[(33−1)/33]*322.26 MHz=312.5 MHz  (eqn. 1)

The transmit block 310 collects 4-lane 3 Gigabit data at the XAUI receivers 312 and reformats the data for 10 Gigabit serial transmission at the PMD differential CML drivers 314 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The PMD CMU (clock multiplier unit)/Serializer 316 in the PMD TX/RX sublayer 220 is phase-locked to an external reference clock.
Each XAUI serial data stream is de-serialized to a 10-bit word by a serial-to-parallel converter of the DLL & Deserializer 318 within the XAUI TX/RX sublayer 210. The DLL output clocks the serial-to-parallel converter. Under normal operation, the DLL recovers the clock from the data. If data is not present, the clock is recovered from the internal reference clock. The output is sent to the XGXS PCS sublayer 230 in the digital core 130.
The PMD PCS sublayer 240 uses a transmission code to improve the transmission characteristics of information to be transferred across the link and to support transmission of control and data characters in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The 64B/66B encoding (defined by IEEE 802.2ae clause 49 for transmission code and performed by the 64B/66B Encoder/Scrambler 326) ensures that sufficient transitions are present in the PHY bit stream to make clock recovery possible at the receiver.
The TX gearbox 328 in the PMD PCS sublayer 240 is a buffer that converts 66-bit data to 64-bit data for more efficient serialization. The TX gearbox 328 receives 64-bit data from the 64B/66B Encoder/Scrambler 326 and a 2-bit sync from the Type Generator at 156.25 MHz. The TX gearbox 328 outputs 64-bit data at 322.265 MHz to the PMD CMU/Serializer 316 within the PMD TX/RX sublayer 220. A register bank is employed which is accessed in a circular manner.
Data is read out of the TX gearbox 328 using an internally generated 322.265 MHz clock. The data is converted to a 10 Gigabit serial stream within PMD TX/RX sublayer 220 and driven off-chip. Bit 0 of frame 0 (LSB) is shifted out first.
The PMD CMU/Serializer 316 within the PMD TX/RX sublayer 220 has a PLL that generates the 10 Gigabit clock by multiplying the internal 156.25 MHz reference clock.
As another example, in the transmit block 310, the CMU/Serializer 316 generates a first clock signal at an effective clock frequency of 322.26 MHz that is used to clock one side of the TX gearbox 328. A second clock signal is generated within the CMU/Serializer 316 from the first clock signal at an effective frequency of 312.5 MHz. The second clock signal at 312.5 MHz is used to clock another side of the TX gearbox 328, the 64B/66B Encoder/Scrambler 326, and the elastic FIFO 324.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the clock generating circuit 5 may be similarly used, as in the receive block 340, to generate the second clock signal from the first clock signal according to the method 400.
In other embodiments of the present invention, other clock signals at other effective clock frequencies may be generated from an original clock signal at some first clock frequency. Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to any particular first clock frequency or second clock frequency. Also, multiple clock pulses may be blanked during one cycle of the blanking signal to obtain a particular effective clock frequency for the second clock signal.
In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the clock generating apparatus 5 and method 400 may not be part of a transceiver chip but may, instead, be a part of some other circuitry where it is desirable to generate a second clock signal from a first clock signal.
The various elements of the apparatus 5 may be combined or separated according to various embodiments of the present invention.
In summary, certain embodiments of the present invention afford an approach for generating a second clock signal, having a second effective clock frequency, from a first clock signal, having a first effective clock frequency by blanking clock pulses from the first clock signal at regular intervals.
While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method to generate a second clock signal, having a second effective clock frequency, from a first signal, having a first effective clock frequency, said method comprising:
counting clock pulses of said first clock signal to generate a count value; 
inverting the counted clock pulses; 
generating a blanking signal when said count value reaches a particular blanking value; 
blanking at least one clock pulse of said first clock signal in response to said blanking signal; 
repeating said counting, said generating, and said blanking at a particular rate corresponding to said particular blanking value to generate said second clock signal; 
using the first clock signal to clock one side of a receiver gearbox; and 
using the second clock signal to clock at least one of another side of the receiver gearbox, a synchronizer/descrambler/decoder, and an elastic first in first out (FIFO).

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising clocking at least one digital circuit with said first clock signal and said second clock signal.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said second effective clock frequency is less than said first effective clock frequency.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said blanking comprises eliminating said at least one clock pulse from said first clock signal.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said second effective clock frequency comprises said first effective clock frequency reduced by a ratio of at least one less than said particular blanking value divided by said particular blanking value.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein blanking at a particular rate comprises blanking at a predetermined rate.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the particular blanking value comprises a predetermined blanking value.

8. Apparatus to generate a second clock signal, having a second effective clock frequency, from a first clock signal, having a first effective clock frequency, said apparatus comprising:
a clock source generating said first clock signal; 
a modulo counter counting clock pulses of said first clock signal and generating a mod signal when said modulo counter reaches a particular blanking value; 
a receiver gearbox 
at least one of a synchronizer/descrambler/decoder, and an elastic first in first out (FIFO); 
an inverter to generate a blanking signal in response to said mod signal; and 
a logic circuit to generate said second clock signal in response to said first clock signal and said blanking signal, wherein the first clock signal is used to clock one side of the receiver gearbox and the second clock signal is used to clock at least one of another side of the receiver gearbox, the synchronizer/descrambler/decoder, and the elastic first in first out (FIFO).

9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said modulo counter resets itself and repeats counting up to said particular blanking value after said mod signal is generated.

10. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising at least one digital circuit being clocked by said first clock signal and said second clock signal.

11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said second effective clock frequency is less than said first effective clock frequency.

12. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said blanking signal eliminates at least one clock pulse from said first clock signal to generate said second clock signal.

13. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said second effective clock frequency comprises said first effective clock frequency reduced by a ratio of at least one less than said particular blanking value divided by said particular blanking value.

14. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein a particular blanking value comprises a predetermined blanking value.

15. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein blanking is adapted to occur at a particular blanking rate.

16. A digital communication system comprising:
at least one transceiver performing at least one clock function, the at least one transceiver comprising: 
at least one clock generating circuit to generate a second clock signal, having a second effective clock frequency, from a first clock signal, having a first effective clock frequency, the clock generating circuit comprising: 
a clock source for generating the first clock signal; 
a modulo counter for counting clock pulses of the first clock signal and generating a mod signal when the modulo counter reaches a particular blanking value; 
a receiver gearbox; 


at least one of a synchronizer/descrambler/decoder, and an elastic first in first out (FIFO); 

an inverter for generating a blanking signal in response to the mod signal; and 
a logic circuit for generating the second clock signal in response to the first clock signal and the blanking signal, wherein the first clock signal is used to clock one side of the receiver gearbox and the second clock signal is used to clock at least one of another side of the receiver gearbox, the synchronizer/descrambler/decoder, and the elastic first in first out (FIFO).

17. The system of claim 16, further comprising a plurality of clock interfaces, wherein the clock interfaces are adapted to provide asynchronous clocking operation.

18. The system of claim 16, wherein the first clock signal has an effective frequency of 322.28 MHz, the second clock signal has an effective frequency of 312.5 MHz, and wherein the second clock signal is derived from the first clock signal.

19. The system of claim 16, wherein the particular blanking value is 33, and wherein every 33rd clock pulse is blanked creating gaps in the second clock signal.

20. The system of claim 16, further comprising signal transmission, wherein signal transmission is performed via four parallel transmission channels, and wherein data transmitted via parallel signal transmission is formatted for serial transmission in a transmit block of the transceiver.

21. The system of claim 16, further comprising a serial data stream, wherein a clocked serial-to-parallel converter is adapted to convert the serial data stream to a parallel data stream, and wherein a serial-to-parallel converter clock is recoverable from a voltage controlled oscillator.

22. The system of claim 16, further comprising multiple clocks generating multiple clock pulses, wherein the multiple clock pulses are blanked during one cycle of the blanking signal.

23. The system of claim 16, further comprising multiple clocks adapted to generate multiple clock signals from the first clock signal, and wherein the multiple clock signals comprise multiple effective clock frequencies which are different from an effective clock frequency of the first clock signal.

24. The system of claim 16, wherein the first clock signal is adapted to clock one side of a receiver gearbox in the transceiver and the second clock signal is adapted to cooperatively clock another side of the receiver gearbox in the transceiver.

25. The system of claim 16, wherein the second effective clock frequency is less than the first effective clock frequency.

26. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the particular blanking rate comprises a predetermined blanking rate.

27. The system of claim 16, wherein the particular blanking value comprises a predetermined blanking value.

28. The system according to claim 16, wherein blanking is adapted to occur at a blanking rate.

29. The system of claim 28, wherein the particular blanking rate comprises a predetermined blanking rate.