IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v. THOMAS GERALD MARLIN,

Appellant. )

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 35922

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UNPUBLISHED OPINION

L AWRENCE

- B ERREY , C. J.

— Thomas Marlin appe als the trial court’s restitution
order . We conclude the trial court abused its discretion by apply ing an incorrect legal
standard and remand for the trial court to apply the correct legal standard. We also grant Marlin’s unopposed request that the trial court strike the $200 criminal filing fee.
FACTS On March 18, 2016, Thomas Marlin confronted Louis Dupuy over a $25 debt.
Marlin placed Dupuy in a bear hug , picked him up, and slammed him into two guard rail s on Dupuy’s porch

. Later t hat day, Dupuy went to a previously scheduled appointment at the Doctor’s Clinic of Spokane to see Duncan Lahtinen , his primary care doctor . Dupuy had 

### FILED OCTOBER 29 , 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division IIINo. 35922

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State v. Marlin

2 preexisting medical conditions , and he saw his doctor once a month about those
conditions. Previously scheduled March 18, 2016 visit At the March 18 visit, Marlin complained to Dr. Lahtinen of right pelvis and right shoulder pain , and said these pains were associated with him falling off his porch

. Dr. Lahtinen ordered x

- rays of the pelvis, hip, and shoulder. From these in itial x

- rays, Dr. Lahtinen could not identify any fractures. March 21, 2016 follow

- up visit On March 21, 2016, Dupuy returned to see Dr. Lahtinen, and complain ed of pain in his shoulder, chest, ribs, and severe lower back pain. At this visit, Dupuy told D r. Lahtinen that these injuries were actually caused by him being thrown against guard rails on his porch

. Dr. Lahtinen ordered additional x

- rays on Dupuy’s right shoulder, right rib, and his thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine. From the March 21 x

- ray s, Dr. Lahtinen identified acute injur ies

. March 23, 2016 follow

- up visit On March 23, 2016, Dup u y again returned to Dr. Lahtinen’s office , this time to
discuss the second round of x

- rays. At this visit, Dr. Lahtinen ordered a computerizedNo. 35922

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State v. Marlin

3 axial tomograp hy (CT) scan of Dupuy’s abdomen and pelvis. Dr. Lahtinen identified fractures in the right 12th rib, and the right L1 and right L2 transverse processes. Monthly checkups Dupuy continued to see Dr. Lahtinen on a monthly basis for all of his conditions,
in cluding those caused by his March 18 injuries

. Trial and sentence The State charged Marlin with second degree assault . A jury found Marlin guilty
of the lesser offense of fourth degree assault. The trial court sentenced Marlin to 364 days of confinemen t with 364 days suspended , and imposed legal financial obligations , including a $200 criminal filing fee. Restitution hearing The court conducted a restitution hearing . The testimonies of Dupuy, David
Hillman , and Cindy Hamamoto bear on the issues raised on appeal

. Dupuy testified that he saw his primary care doctor once a month before his March 18, 2016 injury, continued seeing him once a month thereafter, and will conti nue in this manner until he dies

. Hillman heads the billing and coding department fo r the Doctor’s Clinic where Mr. Dupuy was seen. According to Hillman, 14 office visits were “ primarily related ” toNo. 35922

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State v. Marlin

4 Marlin’s a ssault against Dup u y . Report of Proceedings (RP) (May 31, 2018) at 22

. Hillman testified that Dupuy paid $236 .00 of out

- of

- pocke t expense s for those 14 visits , and Medicare paid $784.79 for those 14 visits

. Hillman also testified that the x

- ray s and CT scan charges during Dupuy’s March and May 2016 office visits totaled $157. 00.
Hamamoto is a victim’s advocate employed by the Sp okane County Prosecutors Office. Hamamoto testified that at the time of the hearing, no insurance company or state agency had asserted claims seeking restitution in this case. She answered that it was not uncommon to receive claims from parties long afte r the incident. In fact, as late as two years after Dupuy’s injuries, Medicare e

- mailed Hamamoto that nothing had been paid out relative to those injuries, and it had made no claims. The State argued that it had established a sufficient causal link betwe en the criminal assault and the 14 office visits for which it was seeking restitution. Marlin respond ed that the State had established a sufficient causal link for only 2 of the 14 office visits. Marlin noted that Dupuy saw his doctor once a month both b efore and after his March 18 injuries, and argued only the March 21 and March 23 visits were in addition to his regular visits. Ruling in the State’s favor, the trial court stated:No. 35922

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State v. Marlin

5 So I’m finding that the State did meet its burden by a preponderance of substantial credible evidence that showed that the expenses that they’re seeking, with Mr. Hillman’s testimony about the 14 visits being associated with the injuries sustained on the March 18 th , ’16, porch incident, that they were related. RP (June 1, 20 18) at 57 ( e mphasis added). The trial court later entered the following written finding: [T]he State has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that the requested restitution in this matter is based on the victim’s injuries and actual expenses incurred for treatment of those injuries. The trial court previously made a finding that there is a casual [sic] link between the assault in this case and the injuries suffered by the victim Louis Dupuy. The court’s oral ruling is incorporated by reference.
Cle rk’s Papers (CP) at 202

- 03 ( e mphasis added). The restitution order require d Marlin to pay the following : Louis Dupuy (out of pocket): $236.00 Inland Imaging: $157.00 (payable to Louis Dupuy) Medicare of Washington: $784.79
CP at 203

. Marlin timely appe aled to this court.
ANALYSIS Marlin argues the trial court abused its discretion by applying an incorrect causation standard. He also argues the trial court abused its discretion by compensating Medicare when there was insufficient evidence it would ever claim a loss.No. 35922

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6 A. R ESTITUTION ORDER Standard of review We review an order of restitution for an abuse of discretion. State v. Enstone , 137 Wn.2d 675, 679, 974 P.2d 828 (1999). A trial court abuses its discretion when its
decision is “ ‘ manifestly unreason able, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for
untenable reasons. ’ ” State v. McCormick , 166 Wn.2d 689, 706, 213 P.3d 32 (2009) (quoting State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker , 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)). A trial court’s application of an incorrect l egal analysis o r other error of law can constitute an
abuse of discretion. State v. Tobin , 161 Wn.2d 517, 523, 166 P.3d 1167 (2007).

1

. The required causal relationship: “ But for ” test A court may order a defendant convicted of a misdemeanor to pay resti tution whenever the crime committed caused a financial loss to another. RCW 9.92.060(2); RCW 9.95.210 (2) ; RCW 9A.20.030(1) ; s ee also State v. Thomas , 138 Wn. App. 78, 81

- 82, 155 P.3d 998 (2007). Absent agreement by a convicted defendant as to the amount of a restitution obligation, the State must prove the amount by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Griffith , 164 Wn.2d 960, 965 , 195 P.3d 506 (2008). Although the
claimed loss “ ‘ need not be established with specific accuracy, ’ ” it still must be su pportedNo. 35922

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State v. Marlin

7 by “ ‘ substantial credible evidence. ’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Fleming , 75 Wn. App. 270,
274

- 75, 877 P.2d 243 (1994)). Restitution is allowed only for losses that are causally connected to the crime committed by the defendant. Id. ; Tobin , 161 Wn.2d at 524. “Losses are causally connected if, but for the charged crime, the victim would not have incurred the loss.” Griffith , 164 Wn.2d at 966 ; s ee also Tobin , 161 Wn.2d at 524; State v. Cawyer , 182 Wn. Ap p . 610, 617, 330 P.3d 219 (2014); State v. Harris , 181 Wn. App. 969, 97 4 , 327 P.3d 1276 (2014); State v. Acevedo , 159 Wn. App. 221, 230, 248 P.3d 526 (2010). Here, the trial court applied the incorrect legal standard. The trial court merely found there was “a ca su al [sic] link” between the assault and Dupuy’s losses. CP at 203. 1
Th is is not the correct legal standard. The trial court was required to find which losses

wo uld not have been sustained “but for ” Marlin’s assault. Because the trial court applied the incorrect legal standard, it abused its discretion. We remand for the trial court t o review the evidence presented and award restitution for only those losses sustained “ but
for ” Marlin’s assault.

1 We note that the trial court’s written finding referred back to i ts oral ruling. In th at ruling, the trial court found that the restitution amounts were “associated with” DuPuy’s injuries. RP (June 1, 2018) at 57. At most, the State presented evidence that the restitution amounts were “primarily related” to Dupuy’s i njuries. R P (May 31, 2018) at 22.No. 35922

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2. Sufficiency of evidence that Medicare sustained a loss Marlin argues that Medicare has not ass erted any loss , even two years after Dupuy’s injuries , and a potential future claim of loss by Medicare is speculative. Perhaps

so, but we disagree with the premise of Marlin’s argument

. Marlin’s obligation to pay restitution to Medicare is based on hi s a ssault of Dupuy causing Medicare a financial loss

. See RCW 9.92.060(2) ; RCW 9.95.210 (2) ; RCW 9A.20.030(1). There is no statutory requirement that Medicare make a claim. Whether and to what extent Medicare has sustained a compensable loss depends on the
State presenting evidence which meets the “but for” causation test. For instance, i f the
trial court f

inds that the March 21 and March 23 visits would not have occurred “ but for ” the March 18 assault, the trial court c an assess restitution in favor of Me dicare for its payments for those two visits.
B. $200 C RIMINAL F ILING F EE Marlin contends that the court improperly imposed the $200 criminal filing fee because he is indigent. RCW 36.18.020(2)(h) provides that the $200 criminal filing fee “shall not be imposed on a defendant who is indigent as defined in
RCW 10.1 01

. 010 (3)(a) through (c).” The State concedes that the trial court should not have imposed the $200 criminal filing fee. We accept the State’s concession. WeNo. 35922-1-111 State v. Marlin

instruct the trial court to strike the $200 criminal filing fee from the judgment and

sentence.
Reversed and remanded.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040. 

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### ~ WE CONCUR:

Siddoway, J.

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