[Cite as In re C.V.M., 2013-Ohio-3361.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

No. 99426 

IN RE: C.V.M., JR. 

A Minor Child

[Appeal by C.V.M., Sr., Father]

JUDGMENT: 

AFFIRMED

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Juvenile Division 

Case No. AD 03902263 

BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, J., Celebrezze, P.J., and Kilbane, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: August 1, 2013 

 
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT, FATHER

Mark S. O’Brien 

Heights Medical Center Building 

2460 Fairmount Blvd. 

Suite 301B 

Cleveland Heights, OH 44106 

FOR APPELLEES

FOR STEPMOTHER

A.W., pro se 

1822 Walford Road 

Apt. 309 

Warrensville Heights, OH 44128 

FOR MOTHER

L.S.M., pro se 

4889 Banbury Court #2 

Warrensville Heights, OH 44128 

GUARDIAN AD LITEM 

Michael B. Granito 

24400 Highland Road 

Suite 162 

Richmond Heights, OH 44143
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.: 

{¶1} Father-appellant appeals the trial court’s decision that found him to 

be an unsuitable parent and awarded legal custody of his son, C.V.M., to 

appellee-custodian (hereinafter “stepmother”), a nonparent. For the reasons that 

follow, we affirm. 

{¶2} The pertinent background facts of this case were stated by this court 

in In Re: C.V.M., Jr., 8th Dist. No. 98340, 2012-Ohio-5514 (“C.V.M. I”) as 

follows: 

Appellant is the natural father of C.V.M., who was born in 2003. In 

2004, the juvenile court granted custody of C.V.M. to father and his 

wife, who is not C.V.M.’s biological mother. Both father and wife 

acted as parents to the child. In 2010, wife filed for divorce against 

father. In May 2010, father filed a motion with the juvenile court 

for sole legal custody of C.V.M.; however, wife (hereinafter referred 

to as “custodian”) obtained physical custody of the child. In 

August 2010, custodian was granted temporary custody of the child 

and was granted a divorce from father. Thereafter, a myriad of 

contentious motions were filed, and allegations were made by the 

parties against each other. Ultimately, motions were filed by 

custodian for sole legal custody of C.V.M. and by father for 

modification of the temporary custody order. 

The trial court held a hearing on all pending motions, including the 

motions affecting the sole legal custody of C.V.M. The crux of the 

hearing was to determine who would be the child’s legal custodian. 

The trial court took testimony from father, custodian, C.V.M.’s 

guardian ad litem, C.V.M.’s birth mother, and five character 

witnesses called on behalf of father. Following the hearing, the 

trial court issued a judgment entry and written opinion granting legal 
custody to custodian after finding that an award of custody to father 

would be detrimental to the child. 

Id. at ¶ 2-3. 

{¶3} In C.V.M. I, this court reversed the judgment of the trial court 

awarding sole custody to stepmother and remanded the case for the trial court to 

apply the correct legal standard of parental unsuitability to the facts elicited at the 

hearing. Upon remand, the trial court issued a new judgment entry finding 

appellant to be an unsuitable parent because an award of custody to appellant 

would be detrimental to C.V.M. The trial court again awarded legal custody of 

C.V.M. to stepmother. Appellant appeals from this judgment, asserting the 

following sole assignment of error: 

The trial court abused its discretion in determining that [appellant] 

was an unsuitable parent. 

 

{¶4} A trial court enjoys broad discretion in custody proceedings because 

“custody issues are some of the most difficult and agonizing decisions a trial judge 

must make.” Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 1997-Ohio-260, 674 

N.E.2d 1159. A trial court’s custody determination will not be disturbed unless 

the court abused that discretion. Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 523 

N.E.2d 846 (1988). An “abuse of discretion” connotes that the court’s attitude is 

“unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio 

St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). 
{¶5} While the trial court has discretion in custody proceedings, the 

record must contain sufficient factual evidence to support the court’s findings. 

C.V.M. I, 8th Dist. No. 98340, 2012-Ohio-5514, citing In re Schwendeman, 4th 

Dist. Nos. 05CA18 and 05CA25, 2006-Ohio-636. We will not reverse a 

judgment as being against the manifest weight of the evidence when the record 

contains some competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements of 

the case. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 

578 (1978), syllabus. In conducting our review, we must make every reasonable 

presumption in favor of the trial court’s findings of fact. C.V.M. I, citing Myers 

v. Garson, 66 Ohio St.3d 610, 614, 1993-Ohio-9, 614 N.E.2d 742. We give 

deference to the trial court as the trier of fact because it is “best able to view the 

witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections, and use 

these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” 

C.V.M. I, quoting Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 461 N.E.2d 

1273 (1984). 

{¶6} Because legal custody where parental rights are not terminated is not 

as drastic a remedy as permanent custody, the trial court’s standard of review in a 

legal custody proceeding is not clear and convincing evidence as in permanent 

custody proceedings, but merely preponderance of the evidence. C.V.M. I, citing 

In re D.P., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-117, 2005-Ohio-5097. “Preponderance 
of the evidence” means “evidence that’s more probable, more persuasive, or of 

greater probative value.” In re M.F., 5th Dist. Ashland No. 12-COA-036, 

2013-Ohio-1755, quoting State v. Finkes, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 01AP-310, 

2002-Ohio-1439. 

{¶7} In a child custody proceeding between a parent and nonparent not 

arising from an abuse, neglect or dependency determination, a court may not 

award custody to the nonparent without first making a finding of parental 

unsuitability — that is, without first determining by a preponderance of the 

evidence that the parent abandoned the child, that the parent contractually 

relinquished custody of the child, that the parent has become totally incapable of 

supporting or caring for the child or that an award of custody to the parent would 

be detrimental to the child. In re Perales, 52 Ohio St.2d 89, 369 N.E.2d 1047 

(1977), syllabus; In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238, 2002-Ohio-7208, 781 N.E.2d 

971. The Perales test, however, requires that some detriment to the child be 

shown before he is taken away from an otherwise suitable parent. Thrasher v. 

Thrasher, 3 Ohio App.3d 210, 213, 444 N.E.2d 431 (9th Dist.1981). 

{¶8} On remand, the trial court in this case found by a preponderance of 

the evidence that appellant was unsuitable because “an award of the child’s 

custody to the [appellant] would be detrimental to the child.” The trial court 

based this finding on the fact that appellant has a history of substance abuse, has 
spent minimal time with C.V.M. since appellant and stepmother separated, has 

provided minimal emotional support or guidance for C.V.M., has failed to be 

supportive of C.V.M.’s schooling, has consistently missed C.V.M.’s 

extracurricular activities, consistently failed to provide any financial support for 

C.V.M., has stated that he would only allow C.V.M. to interact with stepmother on 

his own terms and has mental health problems. While we do not agree with 

every detail of each of the specific reasons espoused by the trial court or the 

relative weight the trial court may have assigned to them, in light of the entire 

record we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that an 

award of custody to appellant would be detrimental to C.V.M. 

{¶9} Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by relying, 

in part, on evidence concerning appellant’s suitability that existed prior to the 

juvenile court’s original grant of custody to appellant in 2004. Specifically, the 

trial court found that appellant had a “history of substance abuse,”1

 felony 

convictions and possible mental health problems. The record reflects that each 

of these factors existed prior to 2003 when appellant was investigated by an 

 1

We note that the trial court found appellant to have a “history of substance abuse”

based on a single positive urine screen in 2003. The record reflects that appellant completed 

a drug and alcohol assessment with no recommendation being made and agreed to participate 

and follow all recommendations of the assessment including treatment, but the record is 

unclear as to whether he actually participated in or completed treatment or whether he 

submitted any subsequent urine specimens. 
assigned social worker, was “deemed an appropriate [caregiver] for his child” and 

was granted custody of C.V.M. 

{¶10} While we agree with appellant’s proposition that it would generally 

be inappropriate for a trial court to declare a parent unsuitable based solely on 

negative information that the court was aware of prior to the original grant of 

custody in favor of that parent, such is not the case before us. First, the trial 

court’s unsuitability determination was based on far more information than just the 

above pre-existing conditions. Second, the record reflects that in 2003 the court 

did not grant sole custody of C.V.M. to appellant originally, but rather the 

complaint for legal custody for C.V.M. was amended to include stepmother. 

Appellant explained at the trial court’s hearing that stepmother was added because 

she “conned” or tricked him into including her in the complaint for custody and he 

relented in hopes of appeasing her. Stepmother testified that after appellant 

failed a drug test, the Cuyahoga County Department of Children and Family 

Services (“CCDCFS”) would not allow sole custody to appellant. She testified 

that the complaint was amended to include her as a co-custodian after she took, 

and passed, a drug test. The complaint refers to her as “step mother.” Although 

we agree that the weight to be given to appellant’s felony conviction, failed drug 

test and prior mental health concerns is slight, we note that the record does not 

reflect that these factors were a non-concern in the original custody decision. To 
the contrary. The record reflects that appellant may not have gained custody 

without stepmother joining in the complaint. 

{¶11} We cannot fault the trial court for accepting the testimony of 

stepmother as more credible than the testimony of appellant. The record reveals 

appellant’s credibility to be highly suspect. During the trial court’s hearing, 

appellant was repeatedly confronted with reports of negative behavior on his part 

and in each instance appellant asserted that the reporting party was lying and/or 

had fabricated the incidents in question. If one were to accept appellant’s 

testimony as true, fellow Cleveland police officers fabricated and lied about events 

that led to his felony convictions and the end of his police career; the principal of 

C.V.M.’s former school lied about being cursed at by appellant that led to the 

school seeking a no trespassing order against him; Warrensville Heights police 

lied about his aggressive conduct at a visitation pick up that occurred at the 

Warrensville Heights Police Department; CCDCFS lied about his positive drug 

test in 2003; the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court’s clinical psychologist lied in 

her report regarding a discussion of his mental health; and both stepmother and 

C.V.M.’s biological mother lied about a plethora of issues to which they testified 

at the hearing. 

{¶12} The evidence indicating that appellant is presently an unsuitable 

parent is of far greater concern to this court than felony convictions and a failed 
drug test from a decade in the past. The trial court noted that appellant has spent 

minimal time with C.V.M. since appellant and stepmother separated. We agree 

with appellant’s criticism of this factor as a product, in part, of the trial court’s 

own temporary visitation schedule whereby appellant was only alotted four hours 

each Wednesday and three and one-half hours each Friday to spend with C.V.M. 

However, beyond this limited visitation schedule, the record supports the trial 

court’s finding that appellant has “not availed himself of the court-ordered 

companionship time.” Significant testimony was introduced regarding incidents 

at C.V.M.’s bus stop, stepmother’s home and the Warrensville Heights Police 

Department where appellant failed to make use of his visitation time due to his 

own conduct and his failure to communicate in a civil manner with stepmother. 

Consistent with this pattern of behavior, the record reflects that appellant was 

barred from C.V.M.’s former school, has had problems with C.V.M.’s present 

school and caused one daycare center to decline care of C.V.M. while another 

daycare center called the police and banned him from their property. Stepmother 

also testified that when she initially separated from appellant she had asked 

appellant to watch C.V.M. while she worked and he declined. 

{¶13} Appellant failed to attend C.V.M.’s extra-curricular activities 

including his participation in organized youth football wherein he won a local 

championship as the team’s quarterback. Appellant blamed stepmother and 
C.V.M. for failing to make him aware of such opportunities to be a part of 

C.V.M.’s life. Stepmother testified that she did make appellant aware of 

C.V.M.’s extracurricular activities. 

{¶14} The record supports the trial court’s finding that appellant has 

failed to provide any financial or medical support for C.V.M. in the time since 

appellant and stepmother separated.2

 Appellant did not deny this at the hearing 

despite the presentation of evidence that he had ample capability to provide such 

support. There is no explanation for this failure other than that appellant chose to 

withhold support for C.V.M. due to his negative feelings towards stepmother and 

the fact that during the pendency of this case she retained custody of C.V.M. 

{¶15} The Guardian ad litem (“GAL”) report and the juvenile court’s 

child custody / visitation evaluation performed by Dr. A. Justice raise the greatest 

concerns regarding appellant’s unsuitability. We are mindful that the test for 

parental “suitability” is different from the “best interest” test. A pure “best 

interest” test looks totally to the best situation available to the child and places the 

child in that situation. Thrasher v. Thrasher, 3 Ohio App.3d 210, 213, 3 Ohio B. 

240, 444 N.E.2d 431 (9th Dist.1981). The Perales test, however, requires that 

 2

The record reflects that the sole item that appellant provided C.V.M. in the time since 

appellant and stepmother separated was a pair of hand-me-down shoes, which were many sizes 

too large for C.V.M. 
some detriment to the child be shown before he is taken away from an otherwise 

suitable parent. Simply because one situation or environment is the “better” 

situation does not mean that the other is detrimental or harmful to the child. In re 

Porter, 113 Ohio App.3d 580, 589, 681 N.E.2d 954 (3d Dist.1996). Our task is 

not to weigh whether custody in favor of stepmother would be a better situation 

for C.V.M. than custody in favor of appellant. However, we must consider 

whether placement of C.V.M. in the custody of appellant would be detrimental to 

the child. We find that in addition to the previously discussed factors, the GAL 

report and the child custody / visitation evaluation strongly support the trial court’s 

conclusion that such custody would be detrimental. 

{¶16} The child custody / visitation evaluation performed by Dr. Justice 

reported that appellant demonstrated “delusional ideation involving religious and 

persecutory themes.” Appellant’s personality assessment inventory suggested 

“suspicion, hostility, and quick anger responses.” Dr. Justice observed C.V.M. 

and appellant interacting and described C.V.M. as being uncomfortable and 

possessing a “reserved demeanor with his eyes downcast.” C.V.M. was “sullen 

and reserved” when in the company of appellant. Dr. Justice did not observe 

such uncomfortable behavior in C.V.M.’s interactions with others. 

{¶17} Dr. Justice also noted that appellant spoke in vagaries that 

appeared to have no effect upon C.V.M. and which C.V.M. later confirmed 
privately that he did not understand. C.V.M. told Dr. Justice that he spends just 

about the right amount of time with appellant and would like to spend even more 

time with stepmother. The record, including appellant’s own testimony, 

indicated that when appellant does have visitation time with C.V.M., the child 

spends significant time alone in his room bouncing a basketball. Dr. Justice 

testified that C.V.M.’s responses showed that “he is a sad child who frequently 

feels like crying and who looks upon his future with a sense of uncertainty and 

apprehension” and noted that C.V.M.’s mental health records indicated that he 

possessed adjustment disorder with anxiety and individual counseling had been 

recommended to address fear and anxiety about his father. Dr. Justice further 

testified that C.V.M. was afraid of appellant because he is mean. 

{¶18} In regards to appellant’s mental health, Dr. Justice concluded: 

[Appellant] likely has a psychotic condition. He is highly defensive 

and has a history of providing little information upon clinical 

evaluation, necessarily making precise diagnosis difficult. 

[Appellant] has consistently had problems in conforming his 

behavior to meet societal standards. He presently demonstrated a 

stilted, overly intellectualized style of interacting that is often seen in 

individuals suffering schizophrenia. He was pushy and insistent 

when interacting with [C.V.M.] for purposes of the present 

evaluation. He clearly prioritized his own needs over those of the 

child. 

{¶19} The GAL testified that C.V.M. prefers to live with stepmother but 

to have contact with appellant. The GAL noted that C.V.M. viewed stepmother 
as “mom.” In fact, the record reflects that C.V.M. was unaware of the fact that 

stepmother was not his biological mother until the pendency of this custody 

dispute when appellant informed him of that fact. 

{¶20} The GAL further testified that C.V.M. has nightmares of people 

breaking into his home and kidnapping him and is fearful that he won’t see 

stepmother again should appellant gain custody. C.V.M reported that he was also 

fearful that should custody be awarded to appellant, he would no longer have 

contact with his biological mother and siblings, at least one of whom C.V.M. has 

developed a close relationship with. 

{¶21} Consistent with these concerns, appellant testified at the hearing 

that should he gain custody of C.V.M., he would “probably” allow C.V.M. to see 

stepmother but only “on his terms.” Appellant had no idea what his terms would 

be and stated that he would raise his son as he saw fit. The record reflects that 

appellant sent a threatening text message to stepmother intimating that she would 

not see C.V.M. in the future. 

{¶22} The GAL testified that custody in favor of appellant would be 

detrimental to C.V.M. This court has previously found such an opinion to carry 

significant weight. See, e.g., In Re: S.M., 160 Ohio App.3d 794, 

2005-Ohio-2187, 828 N.E.2d 1044 (8th Dist.). The GAL based his opinion in 

large part on appellant’s own position that C.V.M. would only be allowed contact 
with stepmother on his terms. The record reflects that appellant’s behavior 

towards stepmother has created a hostile environment in which the parties are 

unable to adequately communicate in regard to parenting and visitation issues, 

even in the face of a court-ordered visitation schedule. Appellant’s own 

testimony at the hearing confirms his inability to establish the necessary 

cooperation with stepmother to facilitate court-ordered visitation. The GAL’s 

concern that appellant would frustrate or terminate contact between C.V.M. and 

stepmother to the detriment of C.V.M. is supported by the record. Dr. Justice’s 

evaluation of C.V.M. demonstrates the detriment that the mere threat of the 

severance or disruption of C.V.M.’s relationship with stepmother has had on 

C.V.M.’s mental health during this custody dispute. 

{¶23} The GAL also expressed his concerns regarding appellant’s 

inability to interact appropriately with others, particularly C.V.M.’s school and 

daycare staff. We share the GAL’s concern on this point. The record is replete 

with evidence of appellant’s inability to interact in a civilized manner with others, 

much less stepmother, and the testimony of all parties including appellant, 

revealed that he treats her with open hostility. Even if we were to disregard the 

mental health evaluation of Dr. Justice, it is firmly established in the record that 

appellant is unable to conduct himself in a reasonable and appropriate manner 

when interacting with third parties involved in C.V.M.’s life and that his failure to 
do so is detrimental to C.V.M. 

{¶24} Although natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the 

care, custody and management of their children and a finding of parental 

unsuitability is not to be made lightly, considering the above record we cannot say 

that the trial court abused its discretion in finding appellant to be unsuitable. A 

preponderance of the evidence demonstrated that appellant is an unsuitable parent 

and that an award of the custody to the appellant would be detrimental to C.V.M. 

{¶25} Appellant’s sole assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶26} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said lower court to carry this 

judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 

27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

 

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE 

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., and 

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR