IMPORTANT NOTICE

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION

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PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C), 

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RENDERED: OCTOBER 20, 2022

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Supreme Court of Kentucky

2021-SC-0431-MR

ISAIAH M. NELSON APPELLANT

ON APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT

V. HONORABLE ERIC JOSEPH HANER, JUDGE 

NO. 19-CR-001390

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE

MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

AFFIRMING

Isaiah Nelson appeals as a matter of right1 from the judgment of the

Jefferson Circuit Court finding him guilty of murder, wanton endangerment in 

the second-degree, and assault in the fourth-degree, and sentencing him to 

thirty-years’ imprisonment. Nelson argues that the trial court erred in (1) 

failing to give his proposed extreme emotional disturbance instruction; and (2) 

giving the Commonwealth’s tendered provocation qualification instruction to 

the jury. This Court affirms the circuit court’s judgment.

I. Factual and Procedural Background.

In early May 2019, Nelson and his girlfriend, Cydney Jacobs, lived in a 

camping trailer on property owned by Nelson’s grandfather, Terry Alexander. 

1 Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b).
2

The trailer was located behind Alexander’s home. The couple had lived at the 

trailer since the previous December, though Jacobs testified she had left 

Nelson multiple times during that period. 

On May 3, 2019, Jacobs arrived at a parking lot across the street from 

Alexander’s home with Justice Smith, her child’s father. Jacobs intended to 

gather some of her personal property from the trailer and leave Nelson.

Although Jacobs told Smith to leave, Smith remained in his car at the far end 

of the parking lot while Jacobs walked up to the trailer.

Jacobs entered the trailer and told Nelson she was leaving him. Nelson

then became confused and upset, asking her where she had been and how she 

had gotten home. Jacobs told him “[i]t doesn’t matter.” Nelson testified that he 

was concerned about who Jacobs had brought to his home where he lived with 

his family. Nelson then stormed outside. Jacobs called Smith and told him, 

“I’ll find my way back. You can leave.” During this call Jacobs could hear a 

heated exchange taking place between Smith and Nelson. Nelson then 

returned to the trailer and Jacobs testified that it “just turned into a whole 

scene.”

Nelson testified that Jacobs was confrontational and that she tried to 

assault him while they renewed arguing. Nelson punched Jacobs in the eye 

and placed her in a headlock until her vision blurred and Jacobs lost 

consciousness. 

Nelson then left the trailer for a second time and began walking out of

the house’s front gate towards the parking lot. Alexander met him at the front 
3

of the property, and Nelson told Alexander, “she ain’t gonna do me like that.”

Nelson walked to the edge of the parking lot, one hundred fifty feet from 

Smith’s vehicle. Alexander stated to police later that day that Nelson then 

made a hand gesture. Nelson told Smith to leave and, according to Nelson’s 

testimony, Smith responded, “I ain’t goin’ nowhere. You got me f****d up. I’ll 

smoke you right here!” Smith threw his hands up and ran at Nelson.

2 Nelson

swung back with a spring-loaded knife and struck Smith’s neck. Smith then

fled to his car. After driving a short distance, Smith lost consciousness and 

wrecked the car. He died at the hospital shortly thereafter.

At the close of proof during trial, Nelson requested an extreme emotional 

disturbance instruction based upon his and Jacobs’ testimony. The trial court 

denied the requested instruction:

I think [Nelson] did waffle a little bit on whether or not he was 

angry during the camper incident. . . . [Nelson] presented like he 

was the one in control and she was out of control.

[T]he court certainly did not perceive that he was in a state of mind 

that was so enraged, inflamed, or disturbed as to overcome one’s 

judgment as to cause one to act uncontrollably. In fact, [Nelson] 

was accurately able to perceive that [Smith] was coming, that he 

was threatened, that he was able to see [Smith] reaching for the 

waistband. He was able to recall that [Jacobs] had told him that 

[Smith] had a gun. . . . So, I don’t think there was sufficient 

evidence introduced at trial to support [extreme emotional 

disturbance] being in the instructions.

2 Nelson alleges that Smith was reaching towards his waist. Nelson testified

that he was afraid Smith was going to kill him because he believed Smith was 

reaching for a gun, a weapon Jacobs had told him, several weeks before, that Smith 

had purchased. Alexander stated in his interview with police that day that Smith 

came at Nelson with his arms up. Nelson and Alexander were the only surviving

witnesses to the confrontation.
4

Instead, the trial court gave jury instructions as to murder in the first degree, 

manslaughter in the second degree, and reckless homicide, all of which 

required the jury to find Nelson was not privileged to act in self-protection. The 

trial court’s self-protection instruction included a provocation qualification as 

provided in KRS3 503.060(2), per the Commonwealth’s recommendation and 

over Nelson’s objection. 

In adopting the provocation qualification, the trial court stated:

In this situation, namely because the evidence was he . . . took it 

upon himself to go back out a second time. Now, he testifies that 

the reason he went out there was to tell [Smith] to go away. . . .

But, he was clearly armed at the time.

[Nelson] waved [Smith] to come at him, therefore, bringing [Smith] 

to [Nelson] for the altercation to take place. And, so I think that’s 

sufficient evidence . . . of provocation[.] 

The jury rejected Nelson’s self-protection defense—Nelson’s leading theory of 

the case—and returned a guilty verdict of murder, wanton endangerment in the 

second-degree, and assault in the fourth-degree, and recommended a sentence

of thirty years’ imprisonment. The trial court sentenced Nelson accordingly, 

and Nelson appeals to this Court as a matter of right. The issues in this case 

are preserved. RCr4 9.54(2).

II. Standard of Review.

This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to give or decline to give jury 

instructions for abuse of discretion. Downs v. Commonwealth, 620 S.W.3d 

604, 613 (Ky. 2020). This deference to the trial court’s decisions regarding 

3 Kentucky Revised Statutes.

4 Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.
5

instructions arises from the “complete familiarity with the factual and 

evidentiary subtleties of the case that are best understood by the judge 

overseeing the trial from the bench in the courtroom.” Id. (quoting Sargent v. 

Shaffer, 467 S.W.3d 198, 203 (Ky. 2015)). A trial court abuses its discretion 

when its decision is “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound 

legal principles.” Id. at 613. The substantive content of the jury instructions is

reviewed de novo. Hargroves v. Commonwealth, 615 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Ky. 2021) 

(citing Sargent, 467 S.W.3d at 204). In addition, the trial court has “a duty to 

instruct the jury on the whole law of the case.” Daniel v. Commonwealth, 607 

S.W.3d 626, 644 (Ky. 2020).

III. Analysis.

A. Extreme Emotional Disturbance.

Nelson claims the trial court improperly denied his request for an 

extreme emotional disturbance instruction, arguing that the evidence was 

sufficient to warrant such an instruction and that its denial violated “his right 

to due process of law[.]”

“Under proper facts, [extreme emotional disturbance] reduces murder, a 

capital offense under Kentucky Revised Statutes 507.020, to first degree 

manslaughter, a Class B felony under KRS 507.030(1)(b).” Hargroves, 615 

S.W.3d at 6. The party seeking an extreme emotional disturbance instruction 

bears the burden to show an occurrence so dramatic that it renders the mind 

temporarily uncontrollable and provokes an “explosion of violence.” Id. at 7

(quoting Luna v. Commonwealth, 460 S.W.3d 851, 883 (Ky. 2015)).
6

While “[t]rial courts have a duty to instruct the jury on the whole law . . .

that duty does not extend to placing speculative theories before the jury merely 

because the testimony includes some basis for speculation.” Daniel, 607 

S.W.3d at 644 (citing Lackey v. Commonwealth, 468 S.W.3d 348, 355 (Ky. 

2015)). An extreme emotional disturbance instruction “‘must be supported by 

some definite, non-speculative evidence.’

5 The evidence must show . . . an 

identifiable triggering event6 which caused the defendant to ‘suffer a temporary 

state of mind so enraged, inflamed, or disturbed as to overcome [the 

defendant’s] judgment[.]’” Id. 607 S.W.3d at 644 (quoting Padgett v. 

Commonwealth, 312 S.W.3d 336, 341 (Ky. 2010)). This triggering event need 

not have emanated from the victim, and it may arise from “the ‘cumulative 

impact of a series of related events.’” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 170 S.W.3d 

343, 347 (Ky. 2005) (quoting Holland v. Commonwealth, 114 S.W.3d 792, 807 

(Ky. 2003); Fields v. Commonwealth, 44 S.W.3d 355, 359 (Ky. 2001)). However, 

the disturbance must be “sudden and uninterrupted[.]” Spears v. 

Commonwealth, 30 S.W.3d 152, 155 (Ky. 2000) (quoting Foster v. 

Commonwealth, 827 S.W.2d 670, 678 (Ky. 1992)) (internal quotation marks 

omitted).

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Nelson’s proffered 

instruction because the proof adduced that his anger was equivocal. While 

Jacobs testified that Nelson was “very upset and mad” when she first came into 

5 Padgett v. Commonwealth, 312 S.W.3d 336, 341 (Ky. 2010). 

6 Driver v. Commonwealth, 361 S.W.3d 877, 888 (Ky. 2012).
7

the trailer, mere “hurt” or “anger” is insufficient to warrant an extreme 

emotional disturbance instruction. Talbott v. Commonwealth, 968 S.W.2d 76, 

84-85 (Ky. 1998). In his testimony, Nelson equivocated on cross-examination 

by denying that he was angry and doubled back to say, “emotions [were] going 

through me, so I wouldn’t say that I was calm.” 

Further, Nelson’s state of mind was not inspired by a clear triggering 

event, was not “sudden and uninterrupted,” and did not culminate in an 

“explosion of violence.” Spears, 30 S.W.3d at 155 (quoting Foster, 827 S.W.2d 

at 678 (Ky. 1992)); Hargroves, 615 S.W.3d at 7 (citing Luna, 460 S.W.3d at

883). Furthermore, May 3, 2019, was not the first time Jacobs had left Nelson

in the recent past; her announcement to the same effect on May 3, then, could 

not have been an extraordinary surprise. This testimony diminishes the 

possibility that Jacobs’ arrival at the trailer was a triggering event.

Rather than explosive violence, Nelson’s leading theory of the case was 

one of self-protection, as demonstrated by his counsel’s opening statement: 

This is a case about Isaiah Nelson, about his fear of what Justice 

Smith intended to do to him on May the 3rd of 2019. It’s a case 

about self-defense.

In line with this theory, when Nelson testified at trial, his account represented 

a wary knowledge of the unfolding situation with which he was confronted. 

Nelson presented his altercation with Jacobs as one in which he was trying to 

evade her, and that when this failed, he resorted to choking Jacobs to subdue 

her. When Nelson went outside for the second time, he capably interacted with 

his grandfather to tell him that “she ain’t gonna do me like that.” Finally, 
8

during the fatal incident, Nelson testified that he reached for his spring-loaded 

knife in self-defense because Jacobs had told him, well before the events of 

that day, that Smith had purchased a firearm. The sum of this testimony, 

when viewed in the light most favorable to Nelson, still indicates a state of 

mind that retained judgment, memory, and awareness of the situation.

The facts in this case are analogous to those in Luna, in which the 

defendant had an altercation with his roommate after they had lived together 

for several months. In that case, the defendant’s testimony “may have 

supported a self-defense theory, but it certainly did not support extreme 

emotional disturbance[.]” 460 S.W.3d at 883. While the defendant and his 

roommate grappled over a firearm, the defendant testified that all he could 

think of was being absent from his children’s lives. Id. at 883-84. We reasoned 

that, “[i]f anything, he had complete control over his judgment as he notes all 

he could think of was dying and his children growing up fatherless.” Id. Much 

like in Luna, Nelson here testified that when he discovered another person’s 

presence near his grandfather’s property, he was primarily concerned with his 

family’s safety. This evidence contradicts Nelson’s assertion that he was so 

overwhelmed with emotion that it overcame his judgment. 

While Nelson is correct that the evidentiary bar to warrant a jury 

instruction is low, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting 

Nelson’s proposed extreme emotional disturbance instruction.
9

B. Provocation Qualification to Self-Protection.

Nelson claims the trial court erred in giving the Commonwealth’s 

suggested provocation qualification instruction to the jury. In determining 

whether a qualification to a self-protection instruction is proper, the trial court 

must consider the circumstances surrounding the incident as a whole. Stepp 

v. Commonwealth, 608 S.W.2d 371, 374 (Ky. 1980). The trial court must also 

“find as a matter of law that there is sufficient evidence to justify such 

limitations before instructing the jury.” Downs, 620 S.W.3d at 614 (quoting 

Stepp, 608 S.W.2d at 374).

A defendant is not entitled to act in self-protection when, “[t]he 

defendant, with the intention of causing death or serious physical injury to the 

other person, provokes the use of physical force by such other person[.]” KRS 

503.060(2). This court has interpreted this statute to contain two elements: 

“(1) ‘the defendant must have the intention of causing death or serious physical 

injury to the victim; and (2) the defendant must actually provoke the victim to 

use physical force.’” Barker v. Commonwealth, 477 S.W.3d 583, 587 (Ky. 2015)

(quoting Barker v. Commonwealth, 341 S.W.3d 112, 114 (Ky. 2011)). A 

“provocation instruction should be reserved for situations where the 

Commonwealth can show the defendant intended to kill the victim all along 

and essentially baited the victim to use force first so he could claim selfprotection.” Id. at 588. 

In Barker, the defendant arrived at a mistaken rival’s apartment carrying 

a knife and a loaded firearm. Id. at 586. While attempting to covertly slash his 
10

rival’s tires, the rival’s roommate walked by and told the defendant that he was 

slashing tires on the wrong car. Id. The defendant began to walk away, but 

the rival and his roommate reappeared outside, and an altercation ensued 

which ended in the rival’s death. Id. This Court reversed the defendant’s 

conviction because the trial court’s provocation qualification “was not 

supported by the evidence.” Id. at 585. We reasoned that the defendant’s

attempt to covertly slash his rival’s tires “was not a confrontational provocation, 

such as the instruction anticipates.” Id. at 587 (quoting Barker, 341 S.W.3d at 

114). “The mere intent to make someone angry out of revenge, in and of itself, 

is insufficient to warrant a provocation-qualification instruction.” Id. at 588.

In this case, however, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

tendering a provocation qualification instruction to the jury. Alexander’s 

statement to the police, taken within hours of May 3 events, indicated that 

Nelson walked off Alexander’s property and made a waving hand motion 

towards Smith. When Nelson did so, it was his second time leaving the trailer 

and interacting with Smith—the two had already traded a heated exchange—

and Nelson was armed with a spring-loaded knife. These facts certainly 

suggest a more confrontational engagement with the victim than occurred in 

Barker. 

Nelson’s decision to leave the trailer a second time while armed, with 

knowledge that Smith remained in the parking lot across the street, along with 

his decision to walk up to that parking lot, were sufficient evidence for the trial 

court to determine a reasonable jury could find an intent to kill or cause 
11

serious injury all along. In addition to the aforementioned facts, Alexander’s 

testimony that Nelson waved his arm towards Smith likewise constituted 

sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that Nelson provoked Smith. 

While Smith ignored requests to leave from both Nelson and Jacobs, Smith had 

no duty to leave a public parking lot and was first approached by Nelson in 

that same parking lot. 

Both the first and second elements of the Barker test were met. The trial 

court did not, therefore, abuse its discretion in tendering a provocation 

qualification instruction to the jury. 

IV. Conclusion.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Jefferson Circuit Court’s 

judgment in all respects.

All sitting. All concur. 

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Yvette De La Guardia

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel J. Cameron

Attorney General of Kentucky

Joseph A. Beckett

Assistant Attorney General