UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA

SOUTH BEND DIVISION

MARGARET MARNOCHA, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

vs. ) CAUSE NO. 3:16-CV-592-PPS-JEM

)

CITY OF ELKHART, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

OPINION AND ORDER

Margaret Marnocha was fired from her position of Deputy City Attorney for the

City of Elkhart after a new mayor was elected. Marnocha alleges she was sacked for

exercising her First Amendment rights and because of her gender and age. Defendants

counter that this house-cleaning was entirely appropriate since Marnocha held a

policymaking position, and the next mayor was entitled to have his own team in place. 

They therefore seek summary judgment. Because I find that Marnocha, as the Deputy

City Attorney, held a policymaking position, the motion for summary judgment [DE 94]

will be GRANTED.

Background

As usual, I’ll start with the facts recounted in the light most favorable to

Marnocha. Although Marnocha was originally employed by the City of Elkhart as the

Utility Attorney on September 27, 2010, at the time of her termination in November

2015, her position was Deputy City Attorney. During her tenure as Utility Attorney,

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several other attorneys resigned and were not immediately replaced. Marnocha was

assigned additional duties, and she received a raise. [DE 60-5 at 58-59.] 

In May 2015, Marnocha transferred from the Utility Attorney position to the

Deputy City Attorney position in the law department. [Id. at 48; 60-7 at 12.] At that

time, there were only two lawyers for the City of Elkhart – Vlado Vranjes, Corporation

Counsel, and Marnocha, Deputy City Attorney. [DE 60-5 at 51; 60-14, ¶10; DE 4, ¶46.] 

The job description of the Deputy City Attorney, which was updated in May

2015 upon Marnocha’s transfer into the law department, summarized the position as

follows:

The Deputy City Attorney is responsible for assisting the

Corporation Counsel in providing legal counsel and representation

to public officials, employees, boards and commissions of the City

relating to municipal governance. He/she is also the labor and

employment attorney and is the litigation attorney for the City

handling all litigation before any courts, administrative bodies, and

arbitrators.

[DE 60-5 at 48; 60-6 at 1; 60-14, ¶9.] The Deputy City Attorney’s principal duties and

responsibilities, as listed in the job description, are:

- Provide legal counsel and representation to all municipal officials,

employees, boards and commissions of the City relating to municipal

governance.

- Provide employment law advice and representation of management in all

administrative and legal proceedings related to the employment context.

- Provide legal advice to the Human Relations Department in all matters

related to Housing and Employment discrimination.

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- Provide legal advice to the Human Resources Department in all matters

related to employment discrimination and other areas of employment

law.

- Represent the City’s interest in legal proceedings not covered by the City’s

insurance program, and prosecute or supervise the prosecution of

ordinance violations cases.

- Attend meetings of and provide legal counsel to any board or commission

assigned by the Corporation Counsel.

- Perform legal research on any legal matter presented to the Office of the

Corporation Counsel.

- Provide assistance to the Corporation Counsel in regard to any legal

matter relating to municipal governance.

[Id.] 

As indicated from this list, and in practice, Marnocha gave advice to department

heads and human resources, conducted legal research, assisted the Corporation

Counsel, attended some counsel meetings, attended every Board of Works meeting, and

represented the City’s interests in legal proceedings. [DE 60-5 at 38-42, 50-51.] 

According to Marnocha, “people would come to me because they’d want to know if

something was legal.” [Id. at 39.] 

Marnocha is a Democrat. [DE 4, ¶23.] She worked for Mayor Richard Lee Moore

(also a Democrat), who was the mayor for 8 years and whose term finished at the end of

2015. [DE 60-11 at 8; DE 4, ¶¶23-24.] Mayor Moore worked with Marnocha on

committees, and sometimes he sought legal advice from Marnocha. [DE 60-11 at 10-11.] 

According to Mayor Moore, he never formally appointed Marnocha, but it is clear that

she became the Deputy City Attorney during his administration. [Id. at 29-30.] 

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Mr. Neese is a Republican who became mayor in 2016. Neese first heard of

Marnocha’s name in the media in 2014, during a forced annexation. [DE 60-8 at 21, 27-

28.] Moore was the Mayor at that time, and Marnocha did legal work and coordination

with outside attorneys on the annexation project, and publically represented the Moore

administration’s position on annexation. [DE 60-10 at 25-28.] Annexation was a

controversial topic during the 2015 election, and Neese opposed annexation. [DE 60-3,

¶26; DE 60-8 at 80.] 

Marnocha attended various fundraising events for Mayor Moore. [DE 4, ¶24.] 

Sometime before the 2015 election, Vranjes (the City’s Corporation Counsel), told

Marnocha they were going to re-establish the City Attorney position, and that she

should be the City Attorney in 2016. [DE 60-14, ¶¶11-12; 60-5 at 52, 60-61.] However,

things did not turn out that way. 

After Mayor Neese won the election in November 2015, he began the usual

house cleaning of high-ranking City officials telling many of them that they would not

be retained in their positions. [DE 60-13 at 2-3.] Mayor Neese was opposed to

annexation and felt that Marnocha was a strong visible proponent of the issue. [DE 60-

3, ¶26; 60-8 at 80, 87-88, 97-99.] According to Mayor Neese, he did not want his

administration associated with annexation, and he believed that retaining Marnocha

would be a detriment to his administration. [DE 60-3, ¶26.] Mayor Neese decided to

terminate Marnocha’s employment on his own, and he did not discuss it with anyone

beforehand. [DE 60-8 at 109.] Neese assumed that Marnocha was a Democrat. [Id. at

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57-58.] According to Neese, on November 5, 2015, he received a list of the City’s

appointed positions from the human resources department, and Marnocha’s name and

the Deputy City Attorney position was included on that list. [Id. at 63-64; 72, 74-77; 95-

1.] 

A few days after the election, Mayor-Elect Neese went to Marnocha’s office to

talk with her. [DE 60-5 at 62.] According to Marnocha, he said, “I just want you to

know I’ve been where you are.” [Id. at 63.] Then, Neese told her, “I want you to know

you’re fired.” [Id.] Marnocha had a ready response. She told him she was immune

from termination because she was “not appointed.” [Id.] When she asked Neese why

she was being fired, Neese responded, “because I want to hire my own guy.” [Id.] 

Marnocha said, “Stop, stop right there. You need to consult an attorney.” [Id.] 

Marnocha then gave Neese a memorandum she had prepared about what positions

were subject to mayoral appointment. [Id. at 63-64; 60-9 at 37-38.] Neese told her he

had already spoken with an attorney; his decision was made. [DE 60-5 at 63-64.] Neese

proceeded to walk out of Marnocha’s office, and there was no further discussion about

the termination of her employment. [Id. at 63-64.] The termination of Marnocha’s

employment was effective December 31, 2015. [Id. at 62; 60-8 at 66.] Neese was sworn

into office on January 1, 2016. [DE 60-2 ¶9.]

Mayor Neese did keep some people from the previous administration. For

example, he reappointed City Engineer Machlan (a Republican) in 2016 because,

according to Neese, he was familiar with Machlan and knew him to be prepared and

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knowledgeable in his work for the City, and he thought he would be an asset. [DE 60-8

at 101-102; 60-10 at 32-33, 42; 60-13 ¶¶9-12.] Neese also reappointed Corporation

Counsel Vranjes (a Republican) in 2016, because of his longevity and a favorable

recommendation. [DE 60-8 at 159-60; 60-9 at 63.]

 Following Marnocha’s termination, the City hired two male attorneys to

perform the combined tasks formerly assigned to Marnocha. [DE 60-12 at 30.] The City

hired Lawrence Meteiver as City Attorney on January 1, 2016, and Randall Arndt as

Deputy City Attorney on March 14, 2016. [DE 60-15 at 30.] 

Discussion

Summary judgment must be granted when “there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P.

56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists when “the evidence is such that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Although employment discrimination cases often

turn on factual questions, they can nonetheless be amenable to summary judgment

when there is no genuine dispute of material fact or there is insufficient evidence to

demonstrate the presence of the alleged motive to discriminate. Cliff v. Board of Sch.

Comm’rs of City of Indianapolis, Ind., 42 F.3d 403, 409 (7th Cir. 1994). 

Generally speaking, “public employees may not be made to suffer adverse job

actions because of their political beliefs.” Carlson v. Gorecki, 374 F.3d 461, 464 (7th Cir.

2004) (citing Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62, 79 (1990); Elrod v. Burns, 427

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U.S. 347 (1976)). It is therefore “well established that hiring, firing, or transferring

government employees based on political motivation violates the First Amendment[.]” 

Hall v. Babb, 389 F.3d 758, 762 (7th Cir. 2004). But there are certain exceptions for

employees in policymaking or confidential positions. Id. Thus, the First Amendment

“forbids government officials to discharge or threaten to discharge public employees

solely for not being supporters of the political party in power, unless political affiliation

is an appropriate requirement for the position involved.” Rutan, 497 U.S. at 64. 

Although Defendants claim it is Marnocha’s burden to prove she was within the

scope of the protection of the First Amendment, this is incorrect. “The defendant bears

the burden of showing that the exception to the general rule against patronage

dismissals applies to the position in question.” Kline v. Hughes, 131 F.3d 708, 710 (7th

Cir. 1997). 

The principal issue is whether Marnocha was a “policymaker.” As described

more fully below, this label is just a shorthand way of describing those individuals who

are not protected by either federal employment discrimination statutes or the

Constitution when a new administration takes office. Before diving into the evidence,

let’s start with a look at the applicable legal framework. In addition to First

Amendment political patronage cases, the Seventh Circuit has widely applied the

policymaking exception to the ADEA and Title VII. See Opp v. Office of State’s Attorney

of Cook Cnty., 630 F.3d 616, 620 (7th Cir. 2010) (ADEA); Americanos v. Carter, 74 F.3d 138,

144 (7th Cir. 1996) (First Amendment, ADEA, and Title VII). This is because Title VII,

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the ADEA, and the Equal Pay Act (another claim brought by Marnocha) all include

carve outs for employees who are policymakers. For example, to be an “employee”

covered by the scope of the ADEA, that definition reads that the term: 

employee shall not include any person elected to public office in

any State or political subdivision of any State by the qualified

voters thereof, or any person chosen by such officer to be on such

officer’s personal staff, or an appointee on the policymaking level

or an immediate adviser with respect to the exercise of the

constitutional or legal powers of the office. 

29 U.S.C. § 630(f). 

The ADEA therefore excludes from coverage four types of people: (1) elected

officials; (2) the personal staff of an elected official; (3) appointees on the policymaking

level; and (4) an immediate adviser with respect to the exercise of the constitutional or

legal powers of the office. Opp, 630 F.3d at 619. Title VII contains the identical

definition of “employee” as the ADEA. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(f). Finally, the EPA, 29

U.S.C. § 206(d)(1), is subject to the definition of “employee” contained in the Fair Labor

Standards Act (“FLSA”), which is essentially the same in exempting policymaking or

confidential public employees from its scope. See 29 U.S.C. § 203. 

The Seventh Circuit applies a single test for determining whether someone is a

policymaker whether the legal theory is under the First Amendment, the ADEA, or

Title VII. Indeed, the Seventh Circuit has specifically declined “to draw a distinction

between how aggrieved individuals are interpreted as policymakers under the First

Amendment and under the ADEA [and Title VII].” Opp, 630 F.3d at 620. 

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All of which brings us to the principal issue in this appeal: what are the key

characteristics in determining whether someone occupies a position as a

“policymaker?” The analysis begins with the dual Supreme Court cases of Elrod v.

Burns, 427 U.S. 347 (1976), and Branti v. Finkel, 445 U.S. 507 (1980), which originally

established the inquiry for these types of patronage dismissal cases. In Elrod, the Court

provided that policymaking positions are those “with responsibilities that are not well

defined or are of broad scope” and stated that “consideration would also be given to

whether the employee acts as an adviser or formulates plans for the implementation of

broad goals.” Id. at 368. In Branti, the Court de-emphasized the labels “policymaker”

and “confidential” in lieu of a more functional approach, focusing on political loyalty

instead. Branti, 445 U.S. at 517-18. Yet the Seventh Circuit has recognized that,

“[d]espite the unusual cases contemplated in Branti . . . the terms ‘policymaking’ and

‘confidential’ do accurately describe the vast majority of offices that fall within the

realm of legitimate patronage under the Branti formulation.” Hagan v. Quinn, 867 F.3d

816, 824 (7th Cir 2017). 

Whether a position qualifies as policymaking is a determination that “may be

done without a finder of fact when the duties and responsibilities of a particular

position are clearly defined by law and regulations.” Opp, 630 F.3d at 620-21 (quotation

omitted). Aside from ordinances, a job description can also be relevant, “to the extent it

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is consistent with pertinent statutes or ordinances.” Davis v. Ockomon, 668 F.3d 473, 478

(7th Cir. 2012). 

In this case, Defendants do not argue that the official job description is

systemically unreliable or manipulated; therefore, I should “focus on the inherent

duties of the position as listed in the description.” Powers v. Richards, 549 F.3d 505, 510

(7th Cir. 2008); see also Riley v. Blagojevich, 425 F.3d 357, 361 (7th Cir. 2005) (citation

omitted) (“the idea that job performance (rather than job description) should control

Elrod-Branti analysis has been consistently rejected by this court and others”). In doing

this, I should consider factors such as whether the employee’s responsibilities “are not

well defined or are of broad scope” and whether the employee “acts as an adviser or

formulates plans for the implementation of broad goals.” Pleva v. Norquist, 195 F.3d 905,

912 (7th Cir. 1999) (quoting Elrod, 427 U.S. at 368). 

In considering Marnocha’s responsiblities, let’s look at the applicable statutes

first. The relevant Indiana statute provides for the City of Elkhart that the Corporation

Counsel is the head of the department of law, the Corporation Counsel’s first deputy is

the City Attorney, and the Corporation Counsel’s second deputy is the Assistant City

Attorney. Ind. Code § 36-4-9-11(a). In this case, because the City Attorney position

remained unfilled, Defendants argue that Marnocha was effectively Corporation

Counsel Vranjes’ first deputy, rather than his second deputy. [DE 60-14, ¶10; DE 95 at

13.] The statutes and Elkhart ordinances do not define the duties of the City Attorney

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or Assistant City Attorney; however, the state statute broadly describes the duties of the

Corporation Counsel to include managing the city’s legal affairs, advising the city and

its departments, commencing proceedings to protect or enforce the rights of the city or

of the public, and prosecuting ordinance violations. See Ind. Code § 36-4-9-12. 

In turning to the job description of the Deputy City Attorney, which was

specifically tailored for Marnocha when she transferred into that position, Marnocha

had the authority to provide legal counsel and representation to all municipal officials,

employees, boards, and commissions; the authority to represent the City in court

proceedings as the City’s litigation attorney; and the authority to provide assistance to

the Corporation Counsel on any municipal legal matters. [DE 60-5 at 48; 60-6 at 1; 60-

14, ¶9.] This job description seems in line with Elrod’s observation that “[a]n employee

with responsibilities that are not well defined or are of broad scope more likely

functions in a policymaking position.” Elrod, 427 U.S. at 368. Also, when considering

whether an employee “acts as an adviser or formulates plans for the implementation of

broad goals,” again, the Deputy City Attorney job description seems to fit into the

category of a policymaker. Id. 

The controlling Seventh Circuit cases in this area strongly support a finding that

Marnocha was a policymaker. Newcomb v. Brennan, 558 F.2d 825 (7th Cir. 1977), is

directly on point. There, the Seventh Circuit found that the deputy city attorney of

Milwaukee “functions in a highly discretionary role” and was a policymaker. Id. at 830. 

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The Court focused on the broad scope of duties which included “all the duties imposed

by law on the city attorney, including conducting all the law business of the city,

drafting ordinances, and supervising assistant city attorneys.” Id. at 829. The state

statutes in this case are similarly broad and don’t limit the scope of the Deputy City

Attorney’s duties, plus Marnocha’s job description was also quite expansive. Indeed,

Marnocha said in her deposition that as Deputy City Attorney, department heads

would come to her and ask, “This is what I want to do. How can I do it?” [DE 60-5 at

39.] 

There is a litany of Seventh Circuit cases all consistently falling into line with

Newcomb. I’m not going to go through all of those cases, but I will summarize a few for

illustrative purposes. In Livas v. Petka, the Seventh Circuit held that a Will County

Assistant State’s Attorney occupied a policymaking or confidential position. Livas v.

Petka, 711 F.2d 798, 800-01 (7th Cir. 1983). In Americanos, summary judgment was

granted against a former Indiana Deputy Attorney General, after questioning “whether

the position held by the individual authorizes, either directly or indirectly, meaningful

input into governmental decision-making on issues where there is room for principled

disagreement on goals or on their implementation.” Americanos, 74 F.3d at 141

(quotation omitted). And in Opp, an Assistant State’s Attorney for the Cook County

State’s Attorney’s Office was also found to have policymaking status. Opp, 630 F.3d at

619. 

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Marnocha argues that her case is different, because even though her written job

description was broad, in practice, she was not actually a policymaker. For starters, I’m

not so sure that’s the case since the former mayor testified that he and Marnocha

worked together on committees and sometimes he sought out her legal advice. But in

any event, as the Seventh Circuit has recognized, “Elrod requires [us] to examine the

‘powers inherent in a given office,’ rather than the actual functions the occupant of that

office performed.” Heck v. City of Freeport, 985 F.2d 305, 309 (7th Cir. 1993) (quoting

Tomczak v. City of Chicago, 765 F.2d 633, 641 (7th Cir. 1985)); see also Meeks v. Grimes, 779

F.2d 417, 420 n.2 (7th Cir. 1985) (“[O]ur focus is on the ‘inherent powers’ of the office,

not what any individual officeholder actually does.”). Marnocha’s position gave her

extensive duties, a high degree of discretion, and wide-ranging responsibilities. 

Other unavailing arguments put forth by Marnocha are that she was not disloyal,

Corporation Counsel thought she did a good job for the City and she should have been

retained, a male supporter of annexation who she argues was even more visible on the

issue was retained, and the City had to hire two male attorneys to ultimately fill

Marnocha’s shoes. But all of these arguments are completely beside the point. If she

was a policymaker, the new mayor had the right to replace Marnocha with a new

Deputy City Attorney of his choosing notwithstanding these facts.

Marnocha also tries to distinguish Newcomb and the Seventh Circuit cases by

arguing that because she was not directly “appointed” by Mayor Moore, she cannot fit

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the statutes’ language of an “appointee on the policymaking level.” I’m not sure I

understand the distinction to be drawn between “appointing” someone to a job, on the

one hand, and “hiring” someone for a job on the other. Pragmatically, they strike me as

the same thing. In either event, I just don’t think whether Marnocha was “hired” or

“appointed” to her position is relevant in deciding whether she has a policymaking

position under Title VII or the ADEA. As previously established, the powers of

Marnocha’s position are laid out by the applicable statutes and job descriptions, and “a

new administration should not be overly hamstrung in filling key positions with loyal

employees simply because of the way the prior administration operated.” Riley, 425

F.3d at 361 (quotation omitted). 

The parties concede that there is no Seventh Circuit case directly on point on the

issue of whether a direct appointment is required. And, it is also true that those

Seventh Circuit cases dealing with attorneys deemed policymakers all happen to deal

with attorneys who were directly appointed. See Levin v. Madigan, No. 07 C 4765, 2011

WL 2708341, at *9 (N.D. Ill. July 12, 2011) (“the Seventh Circuit has not had occasion to

define the exact parameters of what it means to be an ‘appointee’ for purposes of the

Title VII and ADEA exemptions because in all of the cases before it, the law clearly

stated that the plaintiff was appointed by a public official.”). 

Some appellate courts from other circuits and some district courts in this circuit

have therefore suggested a two-part analysis that requires both that the employee was

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an appointee of an elected official and that the employee was a policymaker. See

Anderson v. City of Albuquerque, 690 F.2d 796, 800-01 (10th Cir. 1982); Tranello v. Frey, 962

F.2d 244, 249-50 (2d Cir. 1992); O’Neill v. Indiana Comm’n of Pub. Records, 149 F.Supp.2d

582, 589-90 (S.D. Ind. 2001); Braaksma v. Wells Cmty. Hosp., 98 F.Supp.2d 1028-29 (N.D.

Ind. 2000). I disagree that direct appointment by an elected official is required. 

First, I fail to see the distinction between a person who is appointed by an officer

holder on the one hand and a person who is appointed by someone who was in turn

appointed by the office holder. Being one step removed should not make a difference. 

In this case, for example, Marnocha was placed in the position of Deputy City Attorney

by Corporation Counsel Vranjes who was himself plainly an appointee of the Mayor.

[DE 60-9 at 6-7, 22, 35-36.] To require the employee to be directly appointed by an

elected official seems to add an artificial label that does not add anything to the already

essential analysis of whether the employee has inherent powers of the office with the

ability to put forth meaningful input into governmental decision making. Whether

Marnocha was technically appointed by Mayor Moore, or just hired by the City of

Elkhart or the Corporation Counsel, does not alter the fact that she was in a position of

trust, and possessed a broad scope of duties that gave her the ability to provide

meaningful input into government decisions upon which people could have differing

opinions. 

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This case highlights how focusing on the “appointee” label is unhelpful. Neese

testified that before he fired Marnocha, he consulted a memorandum from the human

resources department that listed all of the appointed positions within the City,

Marnocha’s name was on the list, and Neese thought that he had the right to terminate

Marnocha at will. [DE 60-8 at 74-77.] The fact that previous-mayor Moore subsequently

stated in his deposition that Marnocha was not actually appointed by him cannot

possibly be the linchpin in the analysis of whether Marnocha held the position of a

policymaker. 

This sensible conclusion is bolstered by the fact that there is nothing in Elrod,

Branti, or the Seventh Circuit cases limiting their holdings to direct appointees of

elected officials. In addition, the Seventh Circuit has held that the phrase “appointee on

the policymaking level” in Title VII and the ADEA’s definition of “employee” is

interpreted identically to the First Amendment policymaker exemption, which does not

require a formal appointment by an elected official:

An individual is considered an appointee on the policymaking

level if “the position held by the individual authorizes, either

directly or indirectly, meaningful input into governmental

decision-making on issues where there is room for principled

disagreement on goals or their implementation.” Americanos v.

Carter, 74 F.3d 138, 141 (7th Cir. 1996) (quoting Heideman v. Wirsing,

7 F.3d 659, 663 (7th Cir. 1993)). We derived this test from a pair of

cases in which the Supreme Court permitted employee dismissals

of individuals holding policymaking positions based on political

affiliation. Id. at 144; [see Branti and Elrod]; Drawing from these

First Amendment political patronage cases, we articulated that in

ADEA cases “the test for determining if someone is an ‘employee’ .

. . is essentially indistinguishable from that applied in the political

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firing context under the Elrod/Branti doctrine.” Americanos, 74 F.3d

at 144 (citing Heck v. City of Freeport, 985 F.2d 305, 310 (7th Cir.

1993)). 

Opp, 630 F.3d at 619-20. 

But let’s assume for the moment that a public official must have been directly

appointed to be considered an “appointee on the policymaking level,” there are still

two other exclusions from the definition of “employee” under the statutes, including an

“immediate adviser with respect to the exercise of the constitutional or legal powers of

the office.” 29 U.S.C. § 630(f); Opp, 630 F.3d at 619. In looking at the plain language of

this prong, there definitely is no requirement for direct appointment to be an immediate

adviser with respect to constitutional or legal powers. In this case, the inherent powers

of the Elkhart Deputy City Attorney included providing legal counsel to “all municipal

officials . . . relating to municipal governance.” [DE 60-6 at 1.] This puts the Deputy

City Attorney in a position to have “access to h[er] political superiors’ confidential,

politically sensitive thoughts.” Davis, 668 F.3d at 477 (quotation omitted). Marnocha

acknowledged that Elkhart officials sought her legal advice and opinions about how to

accomplish certain actions. [DE 60-5 at 39.] As such, she also qualifies as an immediate

adviser with respect to constitutional or legal powers. And, a public official like Mayor

Neese is not required to “retain, in a confidential or policymaking job, persons who are

not his political friends and may be his political enemies.” Wilbur v. Mahan, 3 F.3d 214,

217-18 (7th Cir. 1993). 

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Because I find that Marnocha was in a policymaking position, she is exempt from

First Amendment protection. And, because the Seventh Circuit has declined to draw a

distinction between how employees are interpreted to be policymakers under the First

Amendment and the ADEA and Title VII, and the EPA has similar language, that same

test leads to the identical conclusion that Marnocha was a policymaker for purposes of

these statutes too. Consequently, summary judgment is warranted in favor of

Defendants.

Last, I note that even if I did not find that Marnocha was a policymaker, I still

would have granted summary judgment on the claims for age and sex discrimination. 

Aside from several holes in Marnocha’s prima facie cases under the ADEA and Title

VII, her real problem is that Defendants have put forth a legitimate, non-discriminatory

reason for firing Marnocha, and she has not come close to showing any pretext. As the

incoming mayor, Neese did not want Marnocha, who he perceived as a vocal

proponent of annexation, in his administration. Neese wanted to choose his own staff

instead. This is a pure, nondiscriminatory reason for Marnocha’s termination that has

nothing to do with any protected basis. Marnocha has not pointed to anything at all in

the record - no comments or anything else, to suggest she was fired on the basis of her

sex or age. Therefore, even if I had found that Marnocha was not a policymaker

entitled to that exemption, summary judgment would still be warranted on those

claims. 

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Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment [DE

94] is GRANTED. Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants, City of Elkhart and Tim Neese,

are HEREBY DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. Additionally, Defendants’ Motion to Bar

or Limit the Testimony of James A. O’Brien [DE 96] is DENIED AS MOOT. Finally, the

Clerk is ORDERED to CLOSE this case. 

SO ORDERED. 

ENTERED: August 27, 2019.

 /s/ Philip P. Simon 

PHILIP P. SIMON, JUDGE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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