Filed 6/10/21 Nijjar v. Nijjar CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

PARMINDER KAUR NIJJAR,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

SAWARN SINGH NIJJAR, as represented, etc.,

Defendant and Respondent.

F078265

(Super. Ct. No. 8009802)

OPINION

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Stanislaus County. Alan K. 

Cassidy, Judge.

Law Office of P. Fateh K. Sahota and P. Fateh K. Sahota for Plaintiff and 

Appellant.

Law Office of Daniel A. Presher, Daniel A. Presher for Heather Fisher, 

Conservator of the Estate of Sawarn Singh Nijjar; Broderick Legal Group and William 

Broderick-Villa for Rani Nijjar, Conservator of the Person of Sawarn Singh Nijjar, for 

Defendant and Respondent.

-ooOoo-
2.

After the court in a separate conservatorship action denied appellant Parminder 

Kaur Nijjar’s (also known as Parminder Kaur Phagura) (Parminder’s)

1 claim that she was 

married to respondent, conservatee Sawarn Singh Nijjar (Sawarn), Parminder filed her 

petition in this proceeding seeking a determination that she is Sawarn’s putative spouse 

(petition or putative spouse petition). Heather Fisher (Fisher), the conservator of 

Sawarn’s estate, filed a motion for sanctions, asserting the petition was legally and 

factually frivolous and was filed for an improper purpose. The trial court granted 

Fisher’s motion, dismissed the petition, and imposed monetary sanctions against 

Parminder’s attorney. Parminder appeals. We affirm, finding no abuse of discretion in 

the trial court’s imposition of sanctions.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Parminder claimed to be the wife of conservatee Sawarn. In the conservatorship 

action, the trial court ordered Parminder to provide it with written proof that she and 

Sawarn were married in a certified marriage in Punjab, India; if she was not able to do so, 

Sawarn’s daughter from his first marriage, Rani Nijjar (Rani), who is the conservator of 

Sawarn’s person, was authorized to deny the existence of a valid marriage. When 

Parminder failed to provide any written proof of the alleged marriage, a trial of that issue 

was held in the conservatorship action. In its ruling in that action, the trial court 

summarized the testimony of the witnesses; multiple witnesses produced by Parminder 

testified they attended the wedding of Parminder and Sawarn in May 1997, at a Sikh 

temple in Parminder’s village in Punjab, India. Parminder testified she married Sawarn 

at the Sikh temple in her village on May 24, 1997, with friends and family members 

present. The trial court noted “[t]his testimony was in stark contrast to [Parminder]’s 

testimony at a prior hearing several months ago, in which she told the Court that the 

1 We refer to some parties by their first names for clarity and convenience, because they

share a last name. No disrespect is intended.
3.

wedding ceremony was ‘in secret’ because both she and [Sawarn had] previously been 

married and that ‘no one except the priest’ attended the service.” On cross-examination 

at the trial, Parminder testified she married Sawarn in 1996; she referred to the contrary

testimony as “a pack of lies.” She stated she married Sawarn before he became a United 

States citizen; after he became a citizen, “he and [Parminder] wrote a false date on the 

immigration papers so that [Parminder]’s application would be handled more quickly.” 

The trial court found it had no competent evidence before it that a legal marriage took 

place, and Parminder had failed to meet her burden of proving she was married to 

Sawarn.

Subsequently, Parminder filed the petition for determination that she is the 

putative spouse of Sawarn. In her verified petition, Parminder stated she and Sawarn 

were married on May 12, 1996, in a Sikh religious ceremony, before a Sikh priest, in 

Punjab, India. She subsequently used Sawarn’s last name; the couple resided together in 

a neighboring town for a few months, until Sawarn returned to the United States, where 

he was a legal resident.2 Sawarn became a United States citizen on February 28, 1997; in 

September 1998, Sawarn filed for Parminder’s immigration visa with documents 

indicating she was his wife. On May 15, 1999, Parminder moved to the United States, 

where she and Sawarn lived together as husband and wife until 2015, when Rani, as 

conservator of Sawarn’s person, moved him into Rani’s home. From 1999 through 2014 

or 2015, Parminder and Sawarn filed joint tax returns, held joint bank accounts, and 

represented to others that they were husband and wife.

The petition stated the Indian marriage certificate (apparently the only marriage 

certificate proffered by either party) showed a marriage date of May 24, 1997; the 

certificate was authenticated by Sawarn when he submitted it with Parminder’s 

immigration documents, but there was no certified copy of it in India. Parminder alleged 

2 She stated Sawarn was then a citizen of “England/United Kingdom.”
4.

that, at the trial to determine her marital status, due to the inconsistency between the date 

on the marriage certificate and the actual date of marriage, “[Parminder] was compelled 

to ‘choose’ a date.” At that trial, she failed to prove she was actually married to Sawarn, 

either on May 24, 1997 or in May 1996. The petition asserted she had no reason to 

believe she was not married to Sawarn and “no recourse but to seek the status of 

[p]utative spouse.”

On February 13, 2018, after the putative spouse petition was filed, the conservator 

of Sawarn’s estate, Fisher, served on Parminder’s counsel a motion seeking an award of 

sanctions pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 128.7,3including monetary 

sanctions against Parminder’s attorney and dismissal of the petition. The motion was 

based on assertions that the petition was frivolous and filed for improper purposes. 

Parminder took no action in response to service of the motion within the statutory 21-day 

period for withdrawing or correcting the challenged pleading; Fisher then re-served and 

filed the motion with a hearing date of June 19, 2018. Parminder filed opposition. After 

a hearing, the trial court granted the motion; it dismissed the petition and imposed 

monetary sanctions against Parminder’s attorney. Parminder appeals from the sanctions 

order.

DISCUSSION

I. Appealability

“The existence of an appealable judgment is a jurisdictional prerequisite to an 

appeal. A reviewing court must raise the issue on its own initiative whenever a doubt 

exists as to whether the trial court has entered a final judgment or other order or judgment 

made appealable by Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1.” (Jennings v. Marralle

(1994) 8 Cal.4th 121, 126.)

3 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise 

indicated.
5.

According to her notice of appeal, Parminder is appealing from an August 6, 2018 

order, pursuant to section 904.1, subdivision (a)(3) through (13). Her appellant’s 

appendix (the appendix), however, does not include any order bearing that date. The 

only document listed in the appendix’s index with that date is a notice of entry of a 

minute order that was entered on June 19, 2018. Parminder’s opening brief asserts she is 

appealing from the June 19, 2018 order granting dismissal of her putative spouse petition 

and imposing monetary sanctions. The statement of appealability in her brief does not 

indicate under what statutory provision the order is appealable. Fisher “agrees” with 

Parminder that the order appealed from is an appealable order, citing section 904.1, 

subdivision (a)(10).

Section 904.1, subdivision (a)(10), makes an order appealable if it is “made 

appealable by the Probate Code or the Family Code.” The parties have not cited any 

provision of the Probate Code or Family Code that makes the sanctions order appealable.

Section 904.1, subdivision (a)(11) and (12) makes appealable an order or 

interlocutory judgment directing payment of monetary sanctions in excess of $5,000. 

The award of monetary sanctions in this case, however, was $3,617.50, an amount less 

than $5,000; therefore, it was not immediately appealable under either of those 

subdivisions.

The order granting dismissal and awarding monetary sanctions would be 

reviewable as part of an appeal from the judgment of dismissal. The appendix, however, 

does not contain any judgment of dismissal.

The California Rules of Court allow us to “treat a notice of appeal filed after the 

superior court has announced its intended ruling, but before it has rendered judgment, as 

filed immediately after entry of judgment.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(d)(2).) 

Here, however, the record does not reflect that a judgment of dismissal was ever entered. 

Nonetheless, Fisher has not moved to dismiss the appeal, but expressly agreed that the 

order was appealable. The substantive issues on appeal have been fully briefed by the
6.

parties. In the interests of justice and to prevent unnecessary delay, we deem the June 19, 

2018 order granting dismissal of Parminder’s putative spouse petition and imposing 

monetary sanctions as incorporating a judgment of dismissal, and treat Parminder’s

notice of appeal as applying to the judgment. (See Nowlon v. Koram Ins. Center, Inc.

(1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 1437, 1440–1441.)

The monetary sanctions award was imposed only against Parminder’s attorney. 

When sanctions are imposed against the party and their attorney, the better practice is for 

the sanctioned attorney to file a separate notice of appeal. We may, however, liberally 

construe the notice of appeal to include the attorney who filed the appeal on behalf of the 

party. (Kane v. Hurley (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 859, 861, fn. 4; Eichenbaum v. Alon

(2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 967, 974; see Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.100(a)(2).) We so 

construe the notice of appeal, and review the monetary sanctions order applicable to the 

attorney, in addition to the dismissal sanction applicable to Parminder.

II. Standard of Review

“We review a Code of Civil Procedure section 128.7 sanctions award under the 

abuse of discretion standard. [Citation.] We presume the trial court’s order is correct and 

do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. [Citation.] To be entitled to 

relief on appeal, the court’s action must be sufficiently grave to amount to a manifest 

miscarriage of justice.” (Peake v. Underwood (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 428, 441 (Peake).)

“When applying the deferential abuse of discretion standard, ‘the trial court’s 

findings of fact are reviewed for substantial evidence, its conclusions of law are reviewed 

de novo, and its application of the law to the facts is reversible only if arbitrary and 

capricious.’ ” (In re C.B. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 102, 123.)

III. Standards for Imposition of Sanctions

The monetary and dismissal sanctions in this case were imposed pursuant to 

section 128.7. Section 128.7, subdivision (a), requires that every pleading be signed by 
7.

the attorney for a represented party, and subdivision (b) explains the effect of signing and 

filing a pleading with the court:

“(b) By presenting to the court, whether by signing, filing, submitting, or 

later advocating, a ... petition, ... an attorney ... is certifying that to the 

best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an 

inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, all of the following conditions 

are met:

“(1) It is not being presented primarily for an improper purpose, 

such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase 

in the cost of litigation.

“(2) The claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are 

warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the 

extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the 

establishment of new law.

“(3) The allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary 

support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary 

support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or 

discovery.” (§ 128.7, subd. (b)(1), (2), (3).)

The statute provides that sanctions may be imposed on an attorney or party who 

violates subdivision (b), after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond. (§ 128.7, 

subd. (c).) It requires that a motion for such sanctions be served on the party to be 

sanctioned at least 21 days before it is filed with the court. (§ 128.7, subd. (c)(1).) The 

motion may only be filed with the court if the challenged pleading or paper is not 

withdrawn or appropriately corrected within the 21-day period. (Ibid.)

“The purpose of section 128.7 is to deter frivolous filings. That purpose is 

advanced by allowing the offending party to withdraw or amend a sanctionable paper 

after being alerted to the violation.” (In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2008) 

164 Cal.App.4th 814, 826.) If the party who filed a challenged pleading dismisses it 

within the 21-day “safe harbor” period, the motion for sanctions may not be filed and no 

sanctions may be imposed. If, however, the party does not dismiss the challenged 

pleading, the court has authority to grant the motion and impose sanctions on the party or 
8.

the attorney for presenting an improper pleading. (Eichenbaum v. Alon, supra, 

106 Cal.App.4th at p. 975.) “By providing this safe harbor period, the Legislature 

designed the statute to be ‘remedial, not punitive.’ [Citation.] When a party does not 

take advantage of the safe harbor period, the ‘statute enables courts to deter or punish 

frivolous filings which disrupt matters, waste time, and burden courts’ and parties’

resources.’ ” (Peake, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 441.)

Fisher’s motion for sanctions was based on the three grounds described in the 

statute above: (1) the petition was brought primarily for an improper purpose, to harass 

or cause unnecessary delay; (2) the petition was legally frivolous; and (3) the petition was 

factually frivolous in that it lacked evidentiary support. “A claim is factually frivolous if 

it is ‘not well grounded in fact’ and is legally frivolous if it is ‘not warranted by existing 

law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.’ 

[Citation.] In either case, to obtain sanctions, the moving party must show the party’s

conduct in asserting the claim was objectively unreasonable. [Citation.] A claim is 

objectively unreasonable if ‘any reasonable attorney would agree that [it] is totally and 

completely without merit.’ ” (Bucur v. Ahmad (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 175, 189.)

IV. Legally or Factually Frivolous

Parminder sought a determination pursuant to Family Code section 2251 that she 

is the putative spouse of Sawarn. Family Code section 2251 provides, in pertinent part: 

“If a determination is made that a marriage is void or voidable and the court finds that 

either party or both parties believed in good faith that the marriage was valid, the court 

shall: [¶] (1) Declare the party or parties, who believed in good faith that the marriage 

was valid, to have the status of a putative spouse.” (Fam. Code, § 2251, subd. (a)(1).) 

Thus, to bring herself within the statute, Parminder would be required to prove (1) a 

marriage that was void or voidable and (2) her good faith belief that the marriage was 

valid.
9.

A. Void, voidable, or invalid marriage

The Family Code defines incestuous, bigamous, and polygamous marriages as 

void; it defines certain other marriages, such as those involving an underage party, a party 

of unsound mind, or a party whose consent was obtained by fraud, as voidable. (Fam. 

Code, §§ 2200, 2201, 2210.) Parminder’s claim to putative status is not based on a claim 

of a void or voidable marriage.

While Family Code section 2251 by its express terms “requires a threshold 

determination of a void or voidable marriage,” the statute merely codified prior 

substantive case law. (In re Marriage of Vryonis (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 712, 718, 

disapproved on another ground in Ceja v. Rudolph & Sletten, Inc. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 

1113, 1128, fn. 12 (Ceja).) Under prior law, “it was well settled the essential basis of a 

putative marriage was a belief in the existence of a valid marriage.” (Ibid.) 

“[C]odification of the putative marriage doctrine ... was not intended to narrow the 

application of the doctrine only to parties to a void or voidable marriage. Instead, the 

Legislature contemplated the continued protection of innocent parties who believe[d]

they were validly married.” (Id. at p. 719.) Accordingly, the statute simply requires “a 

threshold determination that a legal infirmity in the formation renders a marriage 

invalid.” (Ibid.)

Putative spouse status has often been conferred when parties attempted to marry, 

but unknown to one party, the other was still married to someone else. (Ceja, supra,

56 Cal.4th 1113; In re Marriage of Guo & Sun (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1491, 

disapproved on another ground in Ceja, at p. 1128, fn. 12; In re Marriage of Tejeda

(2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 973.) As one court stated: “[I]n the majority of cases, the de 

facto wife attempted to meet the requisites of a valid marriage, and the marriage proved 

invalid only because of some essential fact of which she was unaware, such as the earlier 

undissolved marriage of one of the parties [citations], a consanguineous relation between 

the parties [citations], or the failure to meet the requirement of solemnization.” (Vallera 
10.

v. Vallera (1943) 21 Cal.2d 681, 684.) A putative marriage has also been found where 

the parties attempted to marry in Mexico, but the marriage was invalid because it was 

never recorded as required by Mexican law (Estate of Leslie (1984) 37 Cal.3d 186).

Parminder’s petition for determination of her putative spouse status did not allege 

a void, voidable, or invalid marriage. It stated she and Sawarn were married in a Sikh 

religious ceremony in Punjab, India “on or about May 12, 1996.” It was the second 

marriage of both parties; Sawarn’s first wife had passed away many years earlier, and 

Parminder had obtained a legal divorce from her first husband prior to her marriage to 

Sawarn. Sawarn became a United States citizen on February 28, 1997, and in September 

1998 applied for an immigration visa for Parminder, indicating she was his wife. 

Parminder came to the United States on May 15, 1999, and she and Sawarn lived together 

as husband and wife from then until 2015. The petition asserted “Sawarn’s own 

biological siblings, and nieces, and other relatives will testify that [Parminder] and 

Sawarn were lawfully married and were and are husband and wife.” Thus, the petition 

alleged an actual marriage in 1996, and did not identify any facts making it void, 

voidable, or invalid due to legal infirmity.

Fisher’s motion for sanctions asserted, among other things, that the facts pled were 

insufficient to prove the existence of a putative marriage, and there were no facts that 

would allow Family Code section 2251 to apply to Parminder. Fisher argued that the 

facts stated in the petition failed to state a claim under the statute, and they lacked 

evidentiary support because “for the most part the facts stated would not be admissible at 

a hearing or trial because the Court already found in a separate matter that is res judicata 

to this, that such facts do not exist.” Fisher discussed the prior trial in the conservatorship 

action, which resulted in an order finding Parminder had failed to prove that she was in 

fact married to Sawarn; this court affirmed the order. Fisher concluded the question of 

whether Sawarn and Parminder were married had been ruled on and was res judicata as to 

the parties, so Parminder could not again assert that the parties were actually married. 
11.

Fisher then pointed out Parminder had not identified any grounds on which her purported 

marriage was void or voidable.

After receiving Fisher’s motion for sanctions, Parminder did not take advantage of 

the safe harbor period to withdraw or amend her petition. She did not add any facts 

showing how her purported marriage was void, voidable, or otherwise invalid. In her 

opposition to the motion for sanctions, Parminder asserted that the marriage need not be 

void or voidable in order for Family Code section 2251 to apply; it was sufficient if the 

marriage was found invalid due to some legal infirmity. Neither the putative spouse 

petition nor the opposition to the sanctions motion, however, included any facts showing 

the purported marriage was, or was found to be, invalid due to some legal infirmity. 

Parminder’s opposition asserted, without citation to legal authority, that the court’s 

determination in the conservatorship action—that she failed to prove the fact of her 

marriage to Sawarn—was a sufficient basis on which to apply the provisions of Family 

Code section 2251. The trial court in the conservatorship action, however, did not find 

there was an attempted or purported marriage that was invalid due to some legal 

infirmity. It simply found Parminder failed to prove there was an actual marriage.

As Fisher contended, the order denying the fact of marriage is res judicata and the 

existence of an actual marriage cannot be relitigated. “ ‘The doctrine of res judicata 

prohibits a second suit between the same parties on the same cause of action.’ ” (Patel v. 

Crown Diamonds, Inc. (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 29, 37.) “ ‘ “The doctrine of res judicata 

rests upon the ground that the party to be affected ... has litigated, or had an opportunity 

to litigate the same matter in a former action in a court of competent jurisdiction, and 

should not be permitted to litigate it again to the harassment and vexation of [their]

opponent.” ’ ” (Ibid.) Res judicata includes concepts of claim preclusion and issue 

preclusion. (In re Marriage of Garcia (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 1334, 1344.) “Claim 

preclusion, sometimes referred to as res judicata, ‘ “prevents relitigation of the same 

cause of action in a second suit between the same parties or parties in privity with 
12.

them.” ’ [Citation.] Issue preclusion, which is also known as collateral estoppel, 

‘prohibits the relitigation of issues argued and decided in a previous case, even if the 

second suit raises different causes of action’ and can be asserted only against a party or 

one in privity with a party to the first lawsuit.” (Id. at p. 1345.)

“The prerequisite elements of res judicata in its claim preclusion form are (1) the 

claim in the present action must be identical to a claim litigated or that could have been 

litigated in a prior proceeding; (2) the prior proceeding resulted in a final judgment on the 

merits; and (3) the party against whom the doctrine is being asserted was a party or in 

privity with a party to the prior proceeding.” (Bucur v. Ahmad, supra, 244 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 185.) “ ‘If the matter was within the scope of the action, related to the subject-matter 

and relevant to the issues, so that it could have been raised, the judgment is conclusive on 

it despite the fact that it was not in fact expressly pleaded or otherwise urged. The reason 

for this is manifest. A party cannot by negligence or design withhold issues and litigate 

them in consecutive actions. Hence the rule is that the prior judgment is res judicata on 

matters which were raised or could have been raised, on matters litigated or litigable.’ ” 

(Ibid.)

In the conservatorship action, Parminder claimed she and Sawarn were married in 

Punjab, India, and later came to California, where they lived as a married couple. The 

petition for determination that Parminder is the putative spouse of Sawarn was based on 

the same claim. It did not assert Sawarn and Parminder had a void, voidable, or invalid 

marriage that they, in good faith, believed was legal. Rather, it asserted they actually 

married, although on a date different from the date claimed at the trial in the 

conservatorship action; it also asserted Parminder had witnesses who would testify to the 

marriage.

Thus, the claim presented by the putative spouse petition was identical to the claim 

litigated in the conservatorship action, or was one that could have been litigated in that 

trial. The putative spouse petition stated that Rani attacked the validity of Parminder’s 
13.

claimed marriage to Sawarn based upon an Indian marriage certificate that reflected a 

marriage date of May 24, 1997, the same date set out in Parminder’s immigration 

application. Sawarn authenticated the marriage certificate before a California notary in 

December 1999. Parminder asserted that, “[d]ue to the inconsistent dates set forth in the 

uncertified marriage certificate and the actual date of [Parminder] and Sawarn’s marriage, 

[Parminder] was compelled to ‘choose’ a date.” Parminder chose to base her marriage 

claim on the May 24, 1997 date, which she later admitted was false.

After testifying at the conservatorship trial that the marriage took place in 1997, on 

cross-examination, Parminder testified she and Sawarn were married in 1996. “When 

questioned about the discrepancy in the date of marriage, Parminder turned to the Court 

and said, ‘Do you want me to tell you the truth, or just continue to tell a pack of lies?’ ” 

After being encouraged to tell the truth, Parminder testified she married Sawarn in 1996, 

before he became a United States citizen. “After he became a citizen, he and [Parminder] 

wrote a false date on the immigration papers so that [Parminder]’s application would be 

handled more quickly. Then [Parminder] admitted that everyone who said she was 

married in 1997 was not telling the truth.”

The putative spouse petition alleges the Parminder and Sawarn were married in 

1996, rather than 1997. Whether and when they married, however, were issues presented 

and decided in the conservatorship trial that resulted in an order denying the fact of 

marriage. Parminder appealed that denial, we affirmed the order, and the order is now 

final. The same parties—Sawarn through his conservators and Parminder—litigated the 

trial in the conservatorship action. Accordingly, the order denying the fact of a marriage 

between Parminder and Sawarn is a final determination and Parminder may not relitigate 

that issue in the guise of seeking a determination that she is Sawarn’s putative spouse.

Parminder contends the trial court erroneously determined res judicata barred her 

petition for putative spouse status because the trial court cited the wrong order as the 

prior order with res judicata effect. The ruling on the motion for sanctions stated that 
14.

“the denial of [Parminder]’s putative spouse petition” in the conservatorship action on 

February 9, 2018, involved the same parties and the same issue, and was terminated on 

the merits adversely to Parminder, and therefore barred the putative spouse petition based 

on res judicata. The record does not include any order dated February 9, 2018, from the 

conservatorship action.

The sanctions motion asserted Parminder’s putative spouse petition was barred by 

res judicata based on the August 15, 2016 order in the conservatorship action denying the 

fact of marriage. “Whether res judicata or collateral estoppel applies under the facts of a 

particular case poses a question of law.” (Patel v. Crown Diamonds, Inc., supra,

247 Cal.App.4th at p. 37.) Although the trial court’s reference to the prior 

conservatorship order was inaccurate, we conclude the trial court was correct in its 

determination that the putative spouse petition was barred by res judicata; it presented the 

same issue that the same parties had litigated already in the trial at which Parminder 

failed to prove she was actually married to Sawarn. In that proceeding, Parminder had an 

opportunity to present whatever evidence she had to prove a legal marriage between her 

and Sawarn. She chose to attempt to prove that the marriage occurred on May 24, 1997, 

which she later admitted was a false date. She could have, but did not, attempt to prove a 

legal marriage on May 12, 1996, if, as she now contends, that was the true date of their 

marriage. The question whether Parminder was in fact legally married to Sawarn has 

been litigated to a final determination and is res judicata.

B. Good faith belief in legality of marriage

The motion for sanctions asserted the petition for putative spouse status failed to 

allege a good faith belief in the legality of Sawarn and Parminder’s marriage. In order 

for the court to find that a party is a putative spouse, that party must have “believed in 

good faith that the marriage was valid.” (Fam. Code, § 2251, subd. (a).) This means the 

party must have had a good faith belief the marriage was lawful, not just that it was valid 

according to the party’s religious beliefs. (In re Marriage of Vryonis, supra, 
15.

202 Cal.App.3d at pp. 719, 724.) Thus, the petition for a determination that Parminder 

was a putative spouse was required to assert Parminder’s belief that she and Sawarn were 

lawfully married in accordance with Indian law,4 but the petition did not. After Fisher 

served the motion for sanctions on Parminder, Parminder did not amend her petition 

during the safe harbor period to cure this defect.

The opposition to the sanctions motion did not present any evidence of 

Parminder’s good faith belief in a valid marriage between her and Sawarn, that proved to 

be invalid due to some legal infirmity. The opposition was supported only by the 

declaration of Parminder’s attorney, which is unsigned in the record before us. There 

was no declaration of Parminder attesting to her good faith belief.

Parminder contends the finding that she lacked a good faith belief in the validity of 

the marriage was not supported by substantial evidence, because the trial court applied 

the wrong standard. She argues the test of good faith is a subjective standard, 

determining whether the party actually believed there was a lawful marriage, rather than 

an objective standard applying a reasonable person test, and the subjective test must be 

applied in light of the totality of the circumstances. Parminder complains the trial court 

applied an objective test and denied her the opportunity to prove all the relevant 

circumstances.

In In re Marriage of Vryonis, the trial court determined Fereshteh was the putative 

spouse of Speros. (In re Marriage of Vryonis, supra, 202 Cal.App.3d at p. 714.) The 

parties had participated in a private marriage ceremony at Fereshteh’s apartment, after 

which they kept the marriage a secret, did not live together, and did not hold themselves 

out as husband and wife. (Id. at p. 715.) “According to Fereshteh, the marriage 

4 A foreign marriage is valid in California if it “would be valid by laws of the jurisdiction 

in which the marriage was contracted.” (Fam. Code, § 308.)
16.

conformed to the requirements of a time-specified ‘Muta’ marriage, authorized by the 

Moslem sect of which she was an adherent.” (Ibid.)

The reviewing court reversed the trial court’s decision, stating: “A proper 

assertion of putative spouse status must rest on facts that would cause a reasonable person 

to harbor a good faith belief in the existence of a valid marriage. Where there has been 

no attempted compliance with the procedural requirements of a valid marriage, and 

where the usual indicia of marriage and conduct consistent with a valid marriage are 

absent, a belief in the existence of a valid marriage, although sincerely held, would be 

unreasonable and therefore lacking in good faith.” (In re Marriage of Vryonis, supra, 

202 Cal.App.3d at p. 721.)

The Supreme Court subsequently rejected the reasonable person standard. (Ceja, 

supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 1116.) In the context of determining whether a party was the 

decedent’s putative spouse for purposes of bringing a wrongful death action, it 

interpreted the phrase “ ‘believed in good faith that the marriage to the decedent was 

valid,’ ” as used in section 377.60, subdivision (b). (Ceja, at pp. 1115–1116.) The court 

held:

“We conclude section 377.60 contemplates a subjective standard that 

focuses on the alleged putative spouse’s state of mind to determine whether 

he or she maintained a genuine and honest belief in the validity of the 

marriage. Good faith must be judged on a case-by-case basis in light of all 

the relevant facts, such as the efforts made to create a valid marriage, the 

alleged putative spouse’s background and experience, and the 

circumstances surrounding the marriage, including any objective evidence 

of the marriage’s invalidity. Under this standard, the reasonableness of the 

claimed belief is a factor properly considered along with all other 

circumstances in assessing the genuineness of that belief. The good faith 

inquiry, however, does not call for application of a reasonable person test, 

and a belief in the validity of a marriage need not be objectively 

reasonable.” (Ceja, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 1116.)

After quoting Ceja’s rejection of the reasonable person standard, and its statement 

that “objective circumstances pointing to a marriage’s invalidity is a factor properly 
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considered as part of the totality of the circumstances in determining whether the belief 

was genuinely and honestly held” (Ceja, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 1115), the trial court 

opined that Parminder’s admission during the conservatorship trial of telling a pack of 

lies under oath was a concession that she knew the marriage certificate offered as proof 

of a solemnized wedding was not authentic. The trial court concluded Parminder could 

not “reasonably claim a subjective good faith belief in the validity of the marriage as a 

matter of law”; and “no reasonable person—whether party or attorney—could claim 

otherwise.” Based on these statements, Parminder argues the trial court imposed an 

objective test of good faith, contrary to the rule set out by the Supreme Court in Ceja.

The issue the trial court was considering, however, was not whether Parminder 

had proven she was a putative spouse of Sawarn. The issue was whether she had brought 

a factually or legally frivolous claim when she filed her putative spouse petition. That 

issue presents the question whether “ ‘the party’s conduct in asserting the claim was 

objectively unreasonable. [Citation.] A claim is objectively unreasonable if “any 

reasonable attorney would agree that [it] is totally and completely without merit.” ’ ” 

(McCluskey v. Henry (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 1197, 1205.)

In any event, substantial evidence supported the trial court’s finding that the 

petition was factually frivolous. The conservatorship court had already determined no 

actual marriage had been proven, and Parminder was not entitled to relitigate that claim. 

The verified petition did not state that Parminder believed in good faith that she had 

entered into a valid marriage to Sawarn; it also did not identify any legal infirmity, not 

known to Parminder at the time, that rendered the marriage invalid. “Because a trial 

court has broad discretion in ruling on a sanctions motion, it is incumbent on the party 

opposing the motion to proffer all factual and legal theories showing the party’s 

challenged assertions were not frivolous and had at least some merit.” (Peake, supra, 

227 Cal.App.4th at p. 443.) The opposition to the motion for sanctions only needed to 

present sufficient evidence to show there was a nonfrivolous basis for the petition. It 
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failed to present any evidence of a good faith belief in the validity of the claimed 

marriage, or of a legal infirmity rendering an apparently valid marriage invalid.

We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions 

against Parminder and her attorney for bringing a legally and factually frivolous petition 

to determine Parminder’s status as a putative spouse. The petition alleged only an actual 

marriage, not a putative marriage that Parminder believed in good faith was valid, but 

that was invalid due to some legal infirmity. Further, in opposition to the motion, she 

failed to proffer any evidence supporting either element of her claim, to demonstrate the 

claim was not frivolous.

V. Improper Purpose

Another ground on which the trial court imposed sanctions was its finding that the 

petition was brought for an improper purpose. It found the petition was filed “to cause 

unnecessary delay—specifically, to permit the filing of a lis pendens so as to prevent the 

residence sale” in the conservatorship action, “and to needlessly increase the costs of 

litigation, despite [Parminder]’s knowledge that funds of the estate are scarce.” 

Parminder contends substantial evidence does not support the finding of an improper 

purpose.

“An appealed judgment is presumed correct, and the appellant must affirmatively 

demonstrate error. [Citation.] An appellant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence

to support the judgment must cite the evidence in the record supporting the judgment and 

explain why such evidence is insufficient as a matter of law. [Citations.] An appellant 

who fails to cite and discuss the evidence supporting the judgment cannot demonstrate 

that such evidence is insufficient. The fact that there was substantial evidence in the 

record to support a contrary finding does not compel the conclusion that there was no 

substantial evidence to support the judgment.” (Rayii v. Gatica (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 

1402, 1408.)
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Parminder’s brief failed to cite and discuss all the evidence supporting the trial 

court’s finding. In fact, the record does not contain all the evidence that was before the 

trial court. The order on the sanctions motion includes an order granting Fisher’s request 

for judicial notice, which it stated was “proper and unopposed.” The request for judicial 

notice and the subject documents are not included in the appendix. Additionally, on its 

own motion, the trial court took judicial notice of identified documents in the 

conservatorship case and in another related case, but some of those documents are not 

included in the record. Because Parminder has not included all the evidence before the 

trial court in the record on appeal, she cannot show the evidence supporting the 

challenged order lacked substantiality.

Further, the documents that are included in the record (from the current action and 

the conservatorship action) demonstrate Parminder may have had a history of filing 

repetitive motions, petitions, and motions for reconsideration, to reargue matters already 

determined. The trial court may have considered those as evidence of Parminder’s 

improper purpose in filing the putative spouse petition.

We conclude Parminder has failed to demonstrate that the trial court’s finding of 

an improper purpose for filing the petition was not supported by substantial evidence. 

Consequently, the sanctions order is also supported by the finding of an improper 

purpose.

In closing, we note the extreme difficulty we encountered in trying to follow the 

record in this case, due to the incorrect manner in which the appendix was prepared. 

First, and most importantly, the documents contained in the appendix were not presented 

in chronological order, in violation of California Rules of Court, rules 8.124(d)(1) and 

8.144(b)(2)(C).

Additionally, half of the documents contained in the appendix were from the 

related conservatorship case, which was filed in the trial court under a separate case 

number. “An appendix may contain only accurate copies of documents filed with the 
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superior court in the matter or matters under appeal. [Citation.] By filing an appendix, 

counsel represent, under risk of sanctions, that the appendix ‘consists of accurate copies 

of documents in the superior court file’ in the matter under review.” (Aixtron, Inc. v.

Veeco Instruments, Inc. (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 360, 381, italics added; see Cal. Rules of 

Court, rule 8.124(g).) Documents from the conservatorship case were not filed in the 

case under review. If they were presented to the trial court in the current case, Parminder

did not present them to us in the manner in which they were presented to the trial court. 

For example, if the documents were submitted with the motion under review, as 

documents from another court case that were the subject of a request for judicial notice, 

the request for judicial notice, along with the accompanying documents, should have 

been presented to us as part of that motion. We note Parminder also did not present them 

to us as documents from a related case, and request that we take judicial notice of them in 

this appeal, pursuant to Evidence Code section 459.

The appendix also improperly includes a document described as a reporter’s 

transcript, in violation of California Rules of Court, rule 8.124(b)(3)(B). Parminder’s 

designation of the record on appeal indicated she elected to proceed without a reporter’s 

transcript. We have disregarded the purported reporter’s transcript.

Finally, the appendix contains what appear to be random evidentiary documents, 

not attached to or accompanied by a declaration or other document filed with the trial 

court. They were listed in the index under the date the document bore or the date of 

preparation, not the date they were filed with the trial court.

The rules for presentation of an appellant’s appendix to the reviewing court were 

created to establish an orderly means of presenting the record to the court on appeal, as 

an alternative to a clerk’s transcript. When an appellant elects to proceed by using an 

appendix, the trial court clerk “must promptly send a copy of the register of actions, if 

any, to the attorney of record for each party.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.124(a)(2).) 

This requirement “is intended to assist appellate counsel in preparing an appendix by 
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providing them with the list of pleadings and other filings found in the register of actions 

or ‘docket sheet’ in those counties that maintain such registers.” (Advisory Com. com., 

23 pt. 3 West’s Ann. Codes, Rules (2021 supp.) foll. rule 8.124, p. 74.) Parminder’s 

attorney apparently did not use the register of actions as a guide in determining which 

documents were filed in this case and were appropriate for inclusion in the appendix.

DISPOSITION

The June 19, 2018 order dismissing Parminder’s petition and imposing monetary 

sanctions against her attorney is affirmed. Sawarn is entitled to costs on appeal.

HILL, P.J.

WE CONCUR:

DETJEN, J.

PEÑA, J.