United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 16-3523

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Darrell Frederick, Personal Representative

of the Estate of Fallon Frederick, Deceased

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

Vince Motsinger, et al.

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Western District of Arkansas - Fayetteville

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 Submitted: June 8, 2017

 Filed: October 17, 2017 

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Before LOKEN, MURPHY, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

Police officers called to a convenience store in Rogers, Arkansas, confronted

Fallon Frederick, holding a four-inch folding knife and erratically pacing back and

forth in a corner near two restrooms. Frederick refused to complywith Sergeant Scott

Clifton’s repeated commands to drop the knife. Officer Nick Torkelson discharged
his taser but Frederick blocked one probe with her purse and charged the officers. 

Officer Vence Motsinger, providing cover for Torkelson, shot and killed her. 1

The representative of Frederick’s Estate, Darrell Frederick, filed this action

against the City of Rogers and Officers Motsinger, Clifton, and Torkelson asserting

excessive force Fourth Amendment claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; false arrest and

assault and battery claims under state law; and claims under the Arkansas Wrongful

Death Statute (AWDS) and Arkansas Civil Rights Act (ACRA). Defendants moved

for summary judgment on the merits, also asserting the defense of qualified immunity

from Fourth Amendment damage claims against the individual officers. In response,

the Estate withdrew its official capacity claims against the officers and the City. The

district court, applying Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989), to the Fourth 2

Amendment and ACRA excessive force claims, granted summary judgment

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dismissing all remaining claims. The Estate appeals dismissal of the excessive force

claims. Reviewing the grant of summary judgment de novo and viewing the facts in

the light most favorable to the Estate as the non-moving party, we affirm. Brossart

v. Janke, 859 F.3d 616, 620 (8th Cir. 2017) (standard of review). 

I.

Frederick entered the convenience store just after 10:30 a.m. on August 1,

2011. A store surveillance video captured the tragic events of the next ten minutes,

and Officer Torkelson’s microphone audio-recorded events after he arrived. Holding

a four-inch folding knife, Frederick told store clerk Elida Sandoval to call 911. From

The case caption misspells Motsinger’s first name as “Vince.” 1

The Honorable Timothy L. Brooks, United States District Judge for the

2

Western District of Arkansas. 

The parties agree with the district court that Arkansas courts analyze ACRA 3

excessive force claims under Graham’s objective reasonableness standard. 

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behind a counter, the frightened Sandoval handed Frederick the phone. Frederick

dialed 911. Audio of the call records her asking the operator to send police because

she was “being followed.” The operator asked for more detail; Frederick hung up and

dialed again. A second operator asked what was happening. Frederick responded,

“I really would like to say, but I would like a police officer to show up, please.” The

operator told Frederick police were en route to the store. Dispatchers notified police

that the caller at the store was “irate,” “not listening,” and unable to answer questions

about who was following her. 

Officer Motsinger was dispatched to the scene. Sergeant Clifton was near the

store, heard the dispatch, and went to the store to comfort the caller until Motsinger

arrived. Clifton entered the store’s northwest corner and saw Frederick, who had

walked to the northeast corner, next to doors to two restrooms. Frederick demanded,

“I want to see your badge number.” Clifton stated it. Frederick excitedly announced

she had a knife, which Clifton could see. Clifton backed away from Frederick, drew

his firearm, and radioed for assistance, stating “I’ve got one at gunpoint; she’s got a

knife inside the store.” Frederick said she did not believe Clifton was a police officer,

again asked his badge number, and demanded to know where his backup was, making

quick, impatient movements. A customer rushed out of the store. Clifton, concerned

someone might exit the restrooms, told Frederick to drop the knife, saying, “I’m here

to help you. Nobody has to get hurt.” Frederick did not comply.

Officer Nick Torkelson arrived one minute after Clifton requested backup. 

When Torkelson entered, Frederick asked his badge number. Clifton responded. 

Frederick asked why Clifton knew Torkelson’s badge number. Clifton explained he

was a supervisor on the force. Torkelson told Clifton he had a beanbag shotgun in

his patrol car; Clifton directed Torkelson to use his taser instead. Torkelson

proceeded down the aisle toward Frederick, who was holding the knife “in a stabbing

position” or “pick style.” Like Clifton, Torkelson was unable to assess who else was

in the store. Frederick told Torkelson, “I do not believe that you’re a police officer,”

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and “I’m a paranoid schizophrenic.” Torkelson said, “I’m gonna have to tase you if

you don’t drop the knife, okay? I need you to drop the knife.”

At this point, Motsinger entered the store and saw thatClifton’s gun was drawn

and Torkelson was deploying his taser at Frederick. Motsinger proceeded down the

aisle to provide Torkelson lethal cover. Torkelson and Clifton again asked Frederick

to drop the knife but she did not. Torkelson waited until Frederick’s blade wasfacing

down, so she would not fall on it, and discharged his taser. One probe struck

Frederick in the chest but the other lodged in her purse, so the probes did not

complete an electrical circuit and Frederick was not incapacitated. She paused for a

moment, then yelled, raised her knife, and charged toward Torkelson in an apparent

effort to stab him. The store video confirms that Frederick charged with her knife in

a stabbing position. Torkelson testified he “was in fear that she was going to stab

me.” Motsinger testified that he feared for Torkelson’s life when Frederick started

charging toward him. As Torkelson retreated, Motsinger threw him out of the line

of fire and fired three shots at Frederick, who succumbed to the wounds. 

Both Clifton and Torkelson testified that throughout this encounter they

believed Frederick wasimpaired by methamphetamine orsome other stimulant, asshe

was moving erratically and expressing illogical thoughts. Both officers were dressed

in police attire, with name tags, firearms, patches, and duty belts, but Frederick

repeatedly questioned whether they were police officers. After the incident, store

clerk Sandoval told police that Frederick appeared to be “on drugs,” as she was

shaking and sweating in an abnormal manner. Toxicology tests confirmed that

Frederick was under the influence of methamphetamine at the time. 

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II.

In the district court, the parties debated when Frederick was seized for Fourth

Amendment purposes. Defendants argued seizure occurred when Frederick wasshot. 

The Estate focused on the events preceding the shooting, including Torkelson’s

attempted tasing. The district court concluded that Clifton seized Frederick when he

held her at gunpoint and she submitted to that authority until after the attempted

tasing, when she charged at Torkelson with her knife. The district court concluded

that the officers were objectively reasonable in tasing Frederick and then shooting her

when she charged them, and that the officers are entitled to qualified immunity

because they did not violate Frederick’s clearlyestablished Fourth Amendment rights. 

On appeal, the Estate’s Brief argued that summary judgment was improperly

granted because the officers’ use of excessive force in tasing Frederick violated the

Fourth Amendment and proximately caused Frederick’s killing because it provoked

her violent reaction that gave rise to Motsinger’s use of deadly force. The Estate

relied on the Ninth Circuit’s “provocation rule” -- “Where an officer intentionally or

recklessly provokes a violent confrontation, if the provocation is an independent

Fourth Amendment violation, he may be held liable for his otherwise defensive use

of deadly force.” Glenn v. Wash. Cty., 673 F.3d 864, 879 (9th Cir. 2011); contra

Schulz v. Long, 44 F.3d 643, 648-49 (8th Cir. 1995) (evidence officers created need

for use of deadly force irrelevant to reasonableness issue). 

With this appeal awaiting oral argument, the Supreme Court rejected the Ninth

Circuit’s provocation rule, agreeing with other circuits that its “fundamental flaw is

that it uses another constitutional violation to manufacture an excessive force claim

where one would not otherwise exist.” Cty. of L.A. v. Mendez, 137 S. Ct. 1539, 1546

(2017). The Court made clear that “the objective reasonableness analysis must be

conducted separately for each search orseizure that is alleged to be unconstitutional.” 

Id. at 1547. If the use of deadly force was objectively reasonable under Graham,

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based on what the officers knew when the force was applied, “it may not be found

unreasonable by reference to some separate constitutional violation.” Id. at 547 n.*. 

The Estate’s Brief did not argue that it was objectively unreasonable for Officer

Motsinger to use deadly force against a suspect who was charging a fellow officer

with a knife raised in a stabbing position. Our prior cases support the district court’s

conclusion that Motsinger’s use of deadly force in thissituation wasreasonable. See

Aipperspach v. McInerney, 766 F.3d 803, 806 (8th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct.

1415 (2015); Estate of Morgan v. Cook, 686 F.3d 494, 497 (8th Cir. 2012); accord

City & Cty. of S.F. v. Sheehan, 135 S. Ct. 1765, 1775 (2015). Consistent with this

precedent, counsel for the Estate conceded at oral argument that, applying Mendez,

the shooting of Frederick did not in itself give rise to a Fourth Amendment violation. 

At oral argument, the Estate argued that the attempted tasing was objectively

unreasonable, and this was a distinct Fourth Amendment claim raised and argued in

the district court and vigorously pursued on appeal. The Supreme Court in Mendez

noted “the principle that plaintiffs can -- subject to qualified immunity -- generally

recover damages that are proximately caused by any Fourth Amendment

violation. . . . The harm proximately caused by . . . two [Fourth Amendment] torts

may overlap, but the two claims should not be confused.” 137 S. Ct. at 1548. Thus,

we must address the Fourth Amendment tasing claim. 

III.

The Fourth Amendment’s objective reasonableness standard governs claims

that officers “used excessive force in the course of making an arrest, investigatory

stop, or other ‘seizure.’” Graham, 490 U.S. at 388. The inquiry “requires careful

attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular case, including the severity

of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of

the officers or others, and whether [s]he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to

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evade arrest by flight.” Id. at 396. Courts must consider “the reasonableness of a

particular use of force . . . from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene,

rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Mendez, 137 S. Ct. at 1546

(quotation omitted). We assess the reasonableness of each individual officer’s

conduct, because “§ 1983 liability is personal.” Doran v. Eckold, 409 F.3d 958, 965

(8th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1032 (2005). Contrary to the Estate’s 4

contention, whether the officers’ use of force was constitutionally excessive is an

issue of law for the court. Brossart, 859 F.3d at 624. 

Numerous cases have upheld use oftasersto control potentially violent, defiant

detainees who pose a safety risk to the officers or others, particularly when the officer

warns that a taser will be used, as Officer Torkelson did here. See Id. at 625; De

Boise v. Taser Int’l, Inc., 760 F.3d 892, 896 (8th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct.

2348 (2015). On the other hand, we have held that it is “unlawful to Taser a

nonviolent, suspected misdemeanant who was not fleeing or resisting arrest, who

posed little to no threat to anyone’s safety, and whose only noncompliance with the

officer’s commands was to disobey two orders to end her phone call to a 911

operator.” Brown v. City of Golden Valley, 574 F.3d 491, 499 (8th Cir. 2009),

followed in Shekleton v. Eichenberger, 677 F.3d 361, 366 (8th Cir. 2012). In this

case, we agree with the district court that Officer Torkelson’s decision to use nonlethal force, his taser, in an attempt to disarm Frederick after she refused repeated

warnings to drop a four-inch knife was objectively reasonable -- Frederick was in a

small commercial space, in front of restrooms that might have been occupied, and

brandishing a weapon that posed a danger to the officers and store customers. 

The Estate argues that Frederick had not directly threatened the officers with

her knife before she was tased. But she was acting erratically, expressing irrational

Officer Motsinger entered the store only seconds before Torkelson discharged 4

his taser, so Motsinger cannot be personally liable for this use of force. 

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thoughts, holding a knife in a stabbing position, challenging the officers’ authority, 

and disobeying commands to drop her knife. While Frederick did not lunge at the

officers prior to being tased, Torkelson and Clifton reasonably perceived she was

ready to use her knife against them or others. As in Scott v. Harris, “it is clear from

the videotape that [Frederick] posed an actual and imminent threat” of harm to the

officers and others in the store. 550 U.S. 372, 384 (2007). The officers did not need

to wait until Frederick attacked them. “[I]t is reasonable for police to move quickly

if delay would gravely endanger their lives or the lives of others.” Sheehan, 135 S.

Ct. at 1775 (quotation omitted). Even if she was suffering from mental illness or

other impairment, the relevant inquiry is whether she posed a threat, not what

prompted her threatening conduct. See Morgan, 686 F.3d at 498 (intoxication);

Hayek v. City of St. Paul, 488 F.3d 1049, 1055 (8th Cir. 2007) (mental illness);

Hassan v. City of Minneapolis, 489 F.3d 914, 919 (8th Cir. 2007) (mental illness);

Sanders v. City of Minneapolis, 474 F.3d 523, 527 (8th Cir. 2007) (mental illness). 

The district court also held that the officers are entitled to qualified immunity

because “it was certainly not clearly established that tasing a person standing in a

public area who refused several commandsto drop a knife would violate that person’s

constitutional rights.” We agree. What is “clearly established law should not be

defined at a high level of generality . . . [but] must be particularized to the facts of the

case.” White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 552 (2017) (quotation omitted). Although the

Supreme Court “does not require a case directly on point for a right to be clearly

established, existing precedent must have placed the . . . constitutional question

beyond debate” at the time the officers acted. Id. at 551 (quotation omitted). As the

above-cited Eighth Circuit cases demonstrate, existing precedent did not place

“beyond debate” that the officers violated Frederick’s Fourth Amendment rights when

they discharged a taser at Frederick in these circumstances.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 

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