UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA

FORT WAYNE DIVISION

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA )

)

v. ) CASE NO.: 1:13-CR-46-HAB

) 1:20-CV-211

CHRISTOPHER R. SEALS )

OPINION AND ORDER

The Defendant, Christopher R. Seals, is serving a sentence for armed bank robbery, 18 

U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d), brandishing, carrying and using a firearm during and in relation to a 

crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), and possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, 18 U.S.C. § 

922(g). The Defendant now seeks to vacate his conviction and sentence under § 924(c). His Motion 

to Vacate Sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (ECF No. 166) is predicated on the Supreme Court’s 

decision in United States v. Davis, 139 S.Ct. 2319 (2019), which held that that the residual clause 

in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B) is unconstitutionally vague. Encompassed within his petition are three 

assertions: first, that Davis demands that his § 924(c) conviction be vacated as unconstitutionally 

vague and/or that bank robbery is not a crime of violence under the statute’s “force clause”;second, 

that he was improperly sentenced for brandishing; and third, that the Court failed to properly 

instruct the jury about aiding and abetting in his accomplices’ brandishing of firearms. It is to 

these assertions the Court turns now.

DISCUSSION

a. Procedural Background

As set out in the opening paragraph, Seals was charged in a three-count indictment with 

armed bank robbery (Count 1), brandishing (or using or carrying) a firearm during the bank 

robbery (Count II) and illegally possessing a firearm as a convicted felon (Count 3). These charges 

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were preceded by the Valentine’s Day 2013 robbery by Seals and his two accomplices of the PNC 

Bank on Coventry Lane in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Surveillance video showed all three robbers 

armed with handguns. Video further revealed that Seals, while gathering money under the bank’s 

control, dropped his gun behind the teller line. The gun was eventually recovered by the authorities 

and Seals’ DNA was recovered from the ammunition of the firearm. Seals proceeded to trial and 

was convicted of all counts. The jury specifically found as to Count 2 that Seals brandished, 

carried, and used a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence.

Thereafter, the Court sentenced Seals to 188 months imprisonment on Count 1, a 

consecutive 84 months of imprisonment on Count 2 and a concurrent 120 months on Count 3. 

Seals filed a direct appeal challenging the trial testimony and several of the guideline 

enhancements. United States v. Seals, 813 F.3d 1038, 1043-48 (7th Cir. 2016). The Seventh Circuit 

upheld Seals’ conviction but remanded for resentencing relating to two of Seals’ guideline 

challenges. 

On May 16, 2017, the Court re-sentenced Seals to 121 months imprisonment on Count 1, 

a consecutive 84 months on Count 2, and a concurrent 120 months on Count 3. Seals filed a second 

direct appeal, which the Court of appeals decided on January 8, 2018. United States v. Seals, 708 

Fed.Appx. 286 (7th Cir. 2018). The Defendant did not file for a writ of certiorari and thus, his 

conviction became final 90 days after the Seventh Circuit’s decision. The Defendant then filed his 

instant § 2255 petition on May 29, 2020.

b. Timeliness of Seals’ claims under Davis

A one-year limitation period governs petitions to vacate, set aside, or correct a sentence. 

28 U.S.C. § 2255(f); Narvaez v. United States, 674 F.3d (7th Cir. 2011). The one-year period is 

triggered by the latest of four events and typically runs from “the date on which the judgment of 

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conviction becomes final.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1); Clay v. United States, 537 U.S. 522 (2003). 

Seal’s judgment of conviction became final 90 days after the Seventh Circuit decided his second 

appeal, around April 18, 2018. Thus, at least at first glance, Seal’s petition, was filed over a year 

from that date and is untimely.

However, the one-year filing period may be triggered by the events enumerated in 28 

U.S.C. § 2255 (f)(2)-(4). For example, a petitioner who has not yet previously filed a § 2255 

petition may bring one within 1 year of a new Supreme Court decision under certain circumstances. 

28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3). Under this subsection, the limitation period shall run from the latest of: (3) 

“the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if that right 

has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on 

collateral review.” Id.

Seals’ petition asserts, in part, that the Supreme Court’s decision in Davis provides him 

relief from his conviction and sentence for the § 924(c) charge. The decision in Davis was 

delivered on June 24, 2019. Seals filed his § 2255 petition on May 29, 2020, and thus, his petition 

was timely filed within one year of that decision. The Government, however, contends that Seals’ 

petition is untimely because the holding in Davis is inapplicable to Seals’ case and thus, Seals 

“appears to be using Davis as a vehicle to avoid the timeliness problem for his claims.” (ECF No. 

169, at 5-6).

In Davis, the Supreme Court held that the residual clause in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B) is 

unconstitutionally vague. Section 924(c)(1)(A) provides for enhanced penalties for a person who 

uses or carries a firearm “during and in relation to,” or who possesses a firearm “in furtherance 

of,” any federal “crime of violence or drug trafficking crime.” Section 924(c)(3) defines the term 

“crime of violence” as “an offense that is a felony” and:

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(A) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force 

against the person or property of another, [the “elements clause”]1 or

(B) that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the 

person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the 

offense [the “residual clause”].

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3). After Davis, only a crime of violence that fits the definition set out in the 

“elements clause” of § 924(c)(3)(A) will support an enhanced penalty.

The Government asserts that Seals’ enhanced penalties fell within the definition in the 

elements clause, not within the residual clause; thus, it concludes Davis is inapposite and renders 

Seals’ petition untimely. However, this rationale impermissibly conflates the issue of timeliness 

with the resolution of the right asserted on the merits. See Cross v. United States, 892 F.3d 288, 

293-294 (7th Cir. 2018). In Cross, the Government made a similar argument to the one raised here, 

but with regard to the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 2551 

(2015). There, the Defendants brought their § 2255 challenge within a year of the ruling in 

Johnson. The Government asserted a timeliness defense claiming that the holding in Johnson

failed to extend to the Defendants. The Seventh Circuit rejected that argument:

The government’s approach suffers from a fundamental flaw. It improperly reads a 

merits analysis into the limitations period. Section 2255(f)(3) runs from “the date 

on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court.” 28 

U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3) (emphasis added). It does not say that the movant must 

ultimately prove that the right applies to his situation; he need only claim the benefit 

of a right that the Supreme Court has recently recognized. An alternative reading 

would require that we take the disfavored step of reading “asserted” out of the 

statute. 

Cross, 892 F.3d at 293-94 (internal citations omitted).

A similar scenario presents itself here. Seals asserts that the holding in Davis implicates

his conviction and the sentence he received on the § 924(c) charge. This is sufficient under 

1 The “elements clause” is often referred to interchangeably as the “force clause.”

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§2255(f)(3) to permit his claim to be timely considered, even if he ultimately does not prevail on 

his theory. There is no requirement for the Defendant to prove success on the merits before this 

Court can deem his petition timely. Accordingly, the Court finds that Seals has timely “asserted a 

right” based on the Supreme Court’s decision in Davis.

2

c. Timeliness and Procedural Default of the remaining claims

Seals is not so fortunate with respect to the other two assertions in his petition, neither of 

which even arguably implicate the decision in Davis. Seals contends that the jury “did not find 

expressly or even implicitly, that defendant was responsible for ‘brandishing’ firearms in the 

robbery.” (ECF No. 166 at 11). Seals also claims that the Court failed to instruct the jury about 

aiding and abetting liability for the § 924(c) charge. Both of these arguments were available to 

Seals on direct appeal and Seals failed to raise them.

If a § 2255 petitioner does not raise a claim on direct appeal, that claim is barred from the 

Court’s collateral review unless the petitioner can demonstrate cause for the procedural default

and actual prejudice from the failure to appeal, or that enforcing the procedural default would lead 

to a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Lund v. United States, 913 F.3d 665, 667 (7th Cir. 2019); 

Farmer v. United States, 867 F.3d 837, 842 (7th Cir. 2017). Seals sets forth neither cause for the 

procedural default nor prejudice. He provides no rationale for why these arguments were not raised 

in either of his two direct appeals.

2 The Government further argues that Seals procedurally defaulted on his Davis claim because well before 

the Supreme Court decided Davis, the Seventh Circuit invalidated the residual clause in § 924(c)(3)(B) on 

vagueness grounds. United States v. Cardena, 842 F.3d 959, 996 (7th Cir. 2016). Indeed, the Seventh Circuit 

expressly found that the residual clause in § 924(c) indistinguishable from the residual clause invalidated 

in Johnson. Id. at 996. The Government contends that when Seals was resentenced in 2017, he had the 

benefit of the Cardena case and could have raised the issue in his second direct appeal. While the Court 

agrees that Seals may very well be procedurally defaulted, because the merits of the claim are clear, the 

Court chooses to rule on the merits rather than on a procedural technicality.

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Moreover, enforcing procedural default does not lead to a fundamental miscarriage of 

justice because, as the Government points out, contrary to the Defendant’s argument, the jury 

specifically answered Verdict Form No. 3 in the affirmative. That form asked the jurors: “Do you 

find that the government has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the offense involved 

brandishing the firearm?” (ECF No. 67, emphasis in original). That form also asked if the 

government proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the offense involved using or carrying a 

firearm. For each question, the jury answered affirmatively. Thus, there is no question that the jury 

made the requisite findings.

Further, the Government did not instruct the jury as to aiding and abetting because Seals 

was prosecuted as a principal. As the facts at trial made clear, all three bank robbers entered in the 

bank with firearms and all three displayed/brandished the firearms. There was simply no need to 

provide the jury with an aiding and abetting instruction. Given this record, Seals has pointed to no 

fundamental miscarriage of justice that occurs by enforcing the procedural default rules. Thus, the 

Court finds that all of Seals’ non-Davis arguments are untimely and have been procedurally 

defaulted.

d. Merits of the Defendant’s challenge under Davis

In his motion, Seals argues that his armed bank robbery conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 

2113(a) and (d) fails to qualify as a “crime of violence” based on the Supreme Court’s decision in 

Davis. Unfortunately for Seals, he reads Davis too broadly. As noted above, the Davis decision 

only invalidated the “residual clause” of § 924(c)(3)(B). However, a conviction under § 2113 is a 

crime of violence under the still-valid “elements clause” of § 924(c)(3)(A). United States v. 

Armour, 840 F.3d 904 (7th Cir. 2016). As the Seventh Circuit has explained, § 2113(a) and (d) 

“have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person 

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or property of another and thus qualify as crimes of violence under § 924(c).” Armour, 840 F.3d 

at 909. Moreover, the Seventh Circuit has concluded that bank robbery “fits easily” into the 

elements clause definition of crime of violence “because even when committed ‘by intimidation,’ 

it has ‘as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person 

or property of another.’” United States v. Williams, 864 F.3d 826, 827 (7th Cir. 2017); see e.g.

United States v. Jackson, 918 F.3d 467, 486 (6th Cir. 2019) (“We have held that § 2113 bank

robbery—which, just like carjacking, requires that the robbery be committed ‘by force and 

violence, or by intimidation’—constitutes a crime of violence under both the Guidelines and under 

§ 924(c)'s elements clause”); Richardson v. United States, 752 F. App'x 950, 951 (11th Cir. 2019) 

(per curiam) (“Richardson's predicate offense of bank robbery is categorically a crime of violence 

under the elements clause of section 924(c)”).

Therefore, even though Davis invalidated § 924(c)(3)(B)’s residual clause, armed bank

robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), is still a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)(A)’s 

elements clause and constitutes a valid predicate crime of violence for the purposes of Seals’

conviction. Seals has presented nothing to suggest that his conviction was not based on the 

elements clause. The Defendant is thus not entitled to relief.

e. Denial of Certificate of Appealability

A habeas petitioner does not have the absolute right to appeal a district court’s denial of 

his habeas petition. Rather, he must first request a certificate of appealability. See Miller-El v. 

Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 335 (2003); Peterson v. Douma, 751 F.3d 524, 528 (7th Cir. 2014). 

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 22(b), Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing § 2255 

proceedings, and 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), the Court finds that Seals has failed to show that reasonable 

jurists would find “it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a 

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constitutional right” and “debatable whether [this Court] was correct in its procedural ruling.” 

Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). The Court therefore denies a certificate of 

appealability.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed, the Court DENIES Defendant’s Motion to Vacate Sentence 

under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (ECF No. 166) and DECLINES to issue a certificate of appealability.

SO ORDERED on December 2, 2020.

s/ Holly A. Brady 

JUDGE HOLLY A. BRADY

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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