FDIC Quarterly

Quarterly Banking Profile:

Fourth Quarter 2010

Microenterprise 

Development: A Primer

2011, Volume 5, Number 1
Chairman Sheila C. Bair

Director, Division of Insurance Arthur J. Murton

and Research

Executive Editors Rae-Ann Miller

Maureen E. Sweeney

Managing Editors Richard A. Brown

Diane L. Ellis

Paul H. Kupiec

Christopher J. Newbury

Editor Kathy Zeidler

Publication Manager Lynne Montgomery

Media Inquiries (202) 898-6993

The FDIC Quarterly is published by the Division of Insurance and Research of the Federal Deposit 

Insurance Corporation and contains a comprehensive summary of the most current financial results 

for the banking industry. Feature articles appearing in the FDIC Quarterly range from timely analysis 

of economic and banking trends at the national and regional level that may affect the risk exposure of 

FDIC-insured institutions to research on issues affecting the banking system and the development of 

regulatory policy.

Single copy subscriptions of the FDIC Quarterly can be obtained through the FDIC Public Information Center, 3501 Fairfax Drive, Room E-1002, Arlington, VA 22226. E-mail requests should be 

sent to publicinfo@fdic.gov. Change of address information also should be submitted to the Public 

Information Center. 

The FDIC Quarterly is available online by visiting the FDIC Web site at www.fdic.gov. To receive 

e-mail notification of the electronic release of the FDIC Quarterly and the individual feature articles,

subscribe at www.fdic.gov/about/subscriptions/index.html.
2011, Volume 5, Number 1

FDIC Quarterly

The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect official positions of the Federal Deposit Insurance 

Corporation. Some of the information used in the preparation of this publication was obtained from publicly available sources 

that are considered reliable. However, the use of this information does not constitute an endorsement of its accuracy by the 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Articles may be reprinted or abstracted if the publication and author(s) are credited. 

Please provide the FDIC’s Division of Insurance and Research with a copy of any publications containing reprinted material.

Quarterly Banking Profile: Fourth Quarter 2010

FDIC-insured institutions reported an aggregate profit of $21.7 billion in the fourth quarter of 2010, a $23.5 

billion improvement from the $1.8 billion net loss the industry reported in the fourth quarter of 2009. This is 

the sixth consecutive quarter that earnings registered a year-over-year increase. Almost two-thirds of all institutions (62 percent) reported improvements in their quarterly net income from a year ago. The average return on 

assets (ROA) rose to 0.65 percent, from negative 0.06 percent a year ago. See page 1.

Insurance Fund Indicators

Estimated insured deposits (based on $250,000 coverage) increased by 14.7 percent during the fourth quarter 

of 2010. The Deposit Insurance Fund reserve ratio was -0.12 percent on December 31, 2010, up from -0.15 

percent on September 30, 2010, and -0.39 percent one year earlier. Thirty FDIC-insured institutions failed 

during the quarter. See page 15.

Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program

As of December 31, 2010, approximately $114 billion in non-interest-bearing transaction accounts was 

guaranteed under the Transaction Account Guarantee Program, and $267 billion in senior unsecured debt, 

issued by 66 entities and guaranteed under the Debt Guarantee Program, was outstanding. Both TLGP 

programs have ended. All noninterest-bearing transaction deposit accounts are temporarily insured under 

the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. See page 21.

Microenterprise Development: A Primer 

This article begins with a background on small businesses, small business lending, and the challenges small 

companies face in the current economic environment. It then focuses on the poverty alleviation aspect of 

entrepreneurship through microenterprise development—helping a segment of underserved small business 

owners create or expand their business. The article describes the scope of microenterprise development and 

the benefits to small business owners and their communities and includes case studies of organizations that 

participate in microenterprise development activities. It also describes the benefits to banks that participate 

in these activities. See page 33.

FDIC Quarterly 1 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile Fourth Quarter 2010

Fourth Quarter Earnings Contrast Favorably with 

Year-Earlier Net Loss

Lower expenses for troubled loans continued to boost 

the earnings of insured commercial banks and savings 

institutions in fourth quarter 2010. The 7,657 institutions filing year-end reports posted quarterly net income 

of $21.7 billion, a substantial improvement over the 

$1.8 billion net loss in fourth quarter 2009 and the 

second-highest quarterly total reported since second 

quarter 2007. The greatest year-over-year improvement 

in earnings occurred at the largest banks, but almost 

two out of every three institutions (62 percent) reported 

better net income than a year ago. One in four institutions reported a net loss in the fourth quarter, an 

improvement from a year ago when more than one in 

three (35 percent) were unprofitable.

Provisions Fall to Lowest Level in More than 

Three Years

Insured institutions set aside $31.6 billion in provisions 

for loan losses in the fourth quarter, almost 50 percent 

less than the $62.9 billion they set aside a year earlier. 

This is the smallest quarterly loss provision for the 

industry since third quarter 2007. Much of the yearover-year reduction in provisions was concentrated 

among some of the largest banks. Seven large institutions accounted for more than half of the $31.3 billion 

reduction. However, a majority of insured institutions 

(54 percent) reduced their provisions in the fourth 

quarter compared to a year ago.

■ Banks Earned $21.7 Billion in Fourth Quarter as Recovery Continues

■ Full-Year Net Income of $87.5 Billion Is Highest Since 2007

■ Asset Quality Improves for Third Consecutive Quarter

■ Institutions Set Aside Half as Much for Loan Losses as a Year Earlier

■ 157 Insured Institutions Failed during 2010

INSURED INSTITUTION PERFORMANCE

The Industry Posted a Fourth Consecutive

Protable Quarter

Billions of Dollars

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1 234123412341234123 4

Securities and Other Gains/Losses, Net

Net Operating Income

36.9 38.0 38.0 35.3 35.6 36.8

28.7

0.5

19.3

4.8 0.9

-37.8

-6.5

-12.7

2006 2007 2008 2009

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2010

17.7 21.3 24.7 21.7

Chart 1 Chart 2

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More Than 60 Percent of Institutions Continue to

Report Improvement in Earnings

Percent of Institutions with Year-over-Year Increases in Quarterly Net Income

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Note to Readers: Amended financial reports resulted in large changes to industry earnings totals for three different quarters. 

First quarter 2009 net income declined from a previously reported $7.6 billion profit to a $6.5 billion net loss; second quarter 

2009 net income declined from a $3.7 billion net loss to a $12.7 billion net loss; and third quarter 2010 net income increased 

from a $14.5 billion profit to a $24.7 billion profit. Full year 2009 net income declined from a $12.5 billion profit to a $10.6 

billion net loss. Most of the revisions resulted from changes in expenses for goodwill impairment at one large institution.
FDIC Quarterly 2 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Chart 4

3.81

3.70

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Margins Shrank Slightly in the Fourth Quarter

Quarterly Net Interest Margin

(Percent)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Assets > $1 Billion

Assets < $1 Billion

Revenue Growth Slows

Revenue growth was sluggish in the fourth quarter. 

Net operating revenue (net interest income plus total 

noninterest income) was $163.6 billion, only $2.8 

billion (1.7 percent) higher than a year earlier and $2.1 

billion (1.3 percent) less than in third quarter 2010. 

This is the second-smallest year-over-year increase in 

quarterly net operating revenue in the past two years 

(after the $911 million year-over-year increase in 

second quarter 2010). Despite the small size of the 

aggregate increase, revenues were up at almost twothirds of all institutions (62.4 percent).

Fee Income Declines

Among the notable areas of noninterest revenue 

weakness, service charge income on deposit accounts 

at banks filing Call Reports was $2.1 billion (20.7 

percent) lower than a year earlier. This is the second 

consecutive quarter that deposit account fees have 

declined by 20 percent or more from the prior year. 

Asset servicing income was $2.2 billion (32.3 percent) 

lower, and securitization income was down by $1.5 

billion (90.7 percent). Both declines were primarily 

the result of changes in accounting rules that affected 

financial reporting in 2010.1 The new accounting rules 

also were responsible for much of the $7.5 billion (7.5 

percent) year-over-year increase in quarterly net interest income. A majority of institutions (59.8 percent) 

reported higher net interest margins than a year ago, 

but fourth quarter margins were lower than third quarter margins at 55 percent of institutions.

1

 See FASB Statements 166 and 167 in Notes to Users.

Higher Asset Values Contribute to Income Improvement

The industry’s bottom line also benefited from improvement in asset values. Gains on sales of loans and other 

assets totaled $4 billion in the fourth quarter, more 

than three times the $1.3 billion in gains that sales 

produced in fourth quarter 2009. Realized gains on 

securities totaled $2.3 billion, compared to $5 million 

in realized losses a year earlier.

Full-Year Earnings Represent Sharp Improvement 

from Revised 2009 Loss

Full-year 2010 net income totaled $87.5 billion, 

compared to a revised net loss of $10.6 billion in 2009. 

This is the highest full-year earnings total for the industry since 2007. More than two out of every three institutions (67.5 percent) reported higher earnings in 2010 

than in 2009. The proportion of unprofitable institutions 

fell from 30.6 percent in 2009 to 21 percent in 2010. 

This is the first time in six years that the percentage of 

institutions reporting full-year net losses has declined. 

The largest factor in the improvement in the industry’s 

net income was a $92.6 billion (37.1 percent) reduction 

in loan-loss provisions. The second-largest source of 

improvement was a $28.7 billion decline in charges for 

goodwill impairment.2 An additional contribution came 

from realized gains on securities and other assets, which 

were $10.8 billion higher. The improvement in full-year 

earnings was limited by increased income taxes, which 

were $32.2 billion higher than in 2009. Overall net 

operating revenue growth was relatively weak in 2010. 

The $10.8 billion (1.6 percent) increase was the second2

 Amendments to prior financial reports received from one large institution resulted in a $10.4 billion reduction in expenses for goodwill 

impairment in third quarter 2010 and $20.3 billion in increased 

expenses for goodwill impairment in the first two quarters of 2009.

Chart 3

Lower Loan-Loss Provisions Were a Key Element

in Earnings Gains

Billions of Dollars

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12341234123412341234123 4

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

*Net operating revenue = net interest income + noninterest income

Quarterly Net Operating Revenue*

Quarterly Loan-Loss

Provision
FDIC Quarterly 3 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

Nonperforming Asset Balances Fall for Third 

Consecutive Quarter

The amount of loan and lease balances that were noncurrent (90 days or more past due or in nonaccrual status) 

fell for a third consecutive quarter, declining by $17.9 

billion (4.7 percent). Noncurrent balances declined in 

all major loan categories, led by real estate construction 

loans (down $7.4 billion), C&I loans (down $3.2 

billion), multifamily residential real estate loans (down 

$2.1 billion), and closed-end one-to-four family residential real estate loans (down $2 billion). The industry’s 

inventory of other real estate owned (primarily property 

acquired through foreclosure) declined for the first time 

since fourth quarter 2005, falling by $374 million. At the 

end of 2010, noncurrent assets and other real estate 

owned represented 3.11 percent of total industry assets, 

the lowest share since the end of third quarter 2009.

Reserve Balances Shrink as Loss Provisions Trail 

Net Charge-Offs

Reserves for loan and lease losses declined for a third 

consecutive quarter, falling by $11.1 billion (4.6 

percent), as net charge-offs of $41.9 billion exceeded 

loss provisions of $31.6 billion. Four large banks 

accounted for more than half of the decline in industry 

reserves, as more than a third of all institutions (39.4 

percent) reduced their loss reserve balances in the fourth 

quarter. However, owing to the decline in noncurrent 

loans, the industry’s “coverage ratio” of reserves to 

noncurrent loans and leases remained essentially 

unchanged from the previous quarter, at 64.2 percent. 

More than half of all institutions (52.3 percent) 

increased their coverage ratios in the fourth quarter, 

while 39.3 percent reported coverage ratio declines.

worst year-over-year change in the past 16 years, after 

the $20.4 billion decline registered in 2008. Noninterest 

income from service charges on deposit accounts was 

$5.5 billion (13.1 percent) lower than in 2009. This is 

the first time in the 69 years that these data have been 

collected that full-year service charge income has 

declined. Insured institutions paid $53.9 billion in dividends in 2010, an increase of $6.7 billion (14.3 percent) 

over 2009, but less than half the annual record of $110.3 

billion paid in 2007. Retained earnings totaled $33.6 

billion, marking the first year since 2006 that the industry as a whole has reported internal capital growth.

Loan Losses Continue to Decline Across Most 

Major Categories

Net loan and lease charge-offs (NCOs) totaled $41.9 

billion in the fourth quarter, a decline of $13 billion 

(23.7 percent) compared to fourth quarter 2009. With 

the exception of credit cards (which reflected the application of new accounting rules in 2010), almost all 

major loan categories posted year-over-year declines in 

quarterly charge-offs. Real estate construction and 

development loan charge-offs were $4.2 billion lower, 

while charge-offs of commercial and industrial (C&I) 

loans were down by $4 billion. Closed-end one-to-four 

family residential real estate NCOs were $3.1 billion 

lower, and home equity line of credit NCOs fell by $1.5 

billion. NCOs of nonfarm nonresidential real estate 

loans were only $101 million higher than a year earlier. 

Reported credit card NCOs were $2.9 billion higher due 

to the inclusion in 2010 of NCOs on securitized credit 

card balances that were not included in prior years. 

Even with the reporting change, the year-over-year 

increase in quarterly credit card NCOs was the smallest 

in two years. On a consecutive-quarter basis, credit card 

NCOs have fallen in each of the past three quarters.

Chart 5

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1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

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Annual ROE

 (Percent)

Full-Year Profitability Increased for the

First Time Since 2003

Annual ROA

(Percent)

ROE

ROA

Chart 6

Asset Quality Indicators Show Further Improvement

Billions of Dollars

Quarterly Change in Noncurrent Loans

Quarterly Net Charge-Offs

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1234123412341234

2007 2008 2009 2010
FDIC Quarterly 4 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

second consecutive quarterly increase, rising by $11.8 

billion (1 percent). Loan balances fell at almost 60 

percent of insured institutions in the fourth quarter.

Deposit Growth Remains Strong

Deposits grew strongly for a second consecutive quarter, 

rising by $149.3 billion (1.6 percent), after a $132.7 

billion (1.5 percent) increase in the third quarter. 

Noninterest-bearing deposits in domestic offices 

increased by $81.6 billion (5.1 percent). Nondeposit 

liabilities fell by $200.4 billion (7.8 percent), as Federal 

Home Loan Bank advances declined by $15.9 billion 

(4 percent), other secured borrowings dropped by $64.9 

billion (14.3 percent), and liabilities in trading accounts 

fell by $30.2 billion (9.5 percent). At year end, deposits 

funded 70.7 percent of total industry assets, the highest 

proportion since the end of first quarter 1996.

Failures Reached an 18-Year High in 2010

The number of insured institutions reporting quarterly 

financial results fell from 7,761 to 7,657 in the fourth 

quarter. Thirty insured institutions failed during the 

quarter and an additional 73 were absorbed in mergers. 

There were three new charters added in the quarter. For 

all of 2010, mergers absorbed 197 institutions, while 157 

insured commercial banks and savings institutions failed. 

This is the largest annual number of bank failures since 

1992, when 181 institutions failed. Only 11 new reporters were added during 2010, the smallest annual total in 

the FDIC’s 77-year history. The number of institutions 

on the FDIC’s “Problem List” increased from 860 to 884 

in the fourth quarter. Total assets of “problem” institutions increased from $379 billion to $390 billion.

Author: Ross Waldrop, Sr. Banking Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research

(202) 898-3951

Tier 1 Capital Posts Small Increase

Equity capital fell by $8.5 billion (0.6 percent) in the 

fourth quarter, the first quarterly decline since fourth 

quarter 2008. The drop was caused by a $16.2 billion 

(71.9 percent) decline in unrealized gains on securities 

held for sale. In contrast, insured institution Tier 1 

leverage capital, which is not affected by changes in 

securities values, increased by $3.4 billion (0.3 percent). 

Total regulatory capital declined by $616 million, 

reflecting the reduction in loan-loss reserves in the 

fourth quarter. At the end of 2010, almost 96 percent of 

all insured institutions, representing more than 99 

percent of all insured institution assets, met or exceeded 

the minimum requirements of the highest regulatory 

capital category, according to the calculations used for 

purposes of Prompt Corrective Action.

Loan Balances Decline at a Majority of Institutions

Total assets of insured institutions declined by $51.8 

billion (0.4 percent) in the fourth quarter. Assets in 

trading accounts fell by $43.1 billion (5.6 percent), 

while total loan and lease balances dropped by $13.6 

billion (0.2 percent). The largest reductions in loan 

portfolios occurred in real estate construction and 

development loans, where balances fell by $32.5 billion 

(9.2 percent); non-credit card consumer loans (down 

$29 billion, or 4.9 percent); and home equity lines of 

credit, where drawn balances shrank by $11 billion (1.7 

percent). Securities portfolios rose by $26.1 billion (1 

percent), as institution holdings of mortgage-backed 

securities increased by $42.7 billion (3 percent). Among 

loan categories that posted increases during the quarter, 

credit cards had a seasonal increase of $18.1 billion (2.6 

percent); one-to-four family residential mortgage loans 

increased for the second quarter in a row, rising by $17 

billion (0.9 percent); and C&I loans also posted a 

Chart 7

Contraction in Loan Balances Persists

43.4

188.9

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Quarterly Change in Reported Total Loans Outstanding

(Billions of Dollars)

2007 2008 2009 2010

*FASB Statements 166 and 167 resulted in the consolidation of large amounts of securitized loan balances

back onto banks' balance sheets in the first quarter of 2010. Although the total amount consolidated cannot

be precisely quantified, the industry would have reported a decline in loan balances for the quarter absent 

this change in accounting standards.

Chart 8

Failures and “Problem” Banks Reached

Multiyear Highs in 2010 

3 8 11 14 27

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2007 2008 2009 2010

Quarterly Failures

Net Quarterly Change in 

Number of Problem Banks
FDIC Quarterly 5 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

TABLE I-A. Selected Indicators, All FDIC-Insured Institutions* 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004

Return on assets (%)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 0.66 -0.08 0.03 0.81 1.28 1.

Return on equity (%)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5.99 -0.77 0.35 7.75 12.30 12.4

Core capital (leverage) ratio (%) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8.90 8.62 7.47 7.97 8.22 8.

Noncurrent assets plus other real estate owned to assets (%) ������������������������������������ 3.11 3.36 1.91 0.95 0.54 0.

Net charge-offs to loans (%) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2.54 2.52 1.29 0.59 0.39 0.

Asset growth rate (%) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.79 -5.45 6.19 9.88 9.03 7.6

Net interest margin (%)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3.76 3.47 3.16 3.29 3.31 3.

Net operating income growth (%)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,440.82 -163.94 -90.71 -27.59 8.52 11.

Number of institutions reporting������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7,657 8,012 8,305 8,534 8,680 8,833 8,976

Commercial banks��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6,529 6,839 7,086 7,283 7,401 7,526 7,631

Savings institutions ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,128 1,173 1,219 1,251 1,279 1,307 1,345

Percentage of unprofitable institutions (%)�������������������������������������������������������������������� 21.01 30.79 24.89 12.09 7.94 6.

Number of problem institutions �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 884 702 252 76 50 52 80

Assets of problem institutions (in billions) ��������������������������������������������������������������������� $390 $403 $159 $22 $8 $7 $28

Number of failed institutions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157 140 25 3 0 0 4

Number of assisted institutions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0 8 5 0 0 0 0

* Excludes insured branches of foreign banks (IBAs)

TABLE II-A. Aggregate Condition and Income Data, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

(dollar figures in millions) 4th Quarter

2010

3rd Quarter

2010

4th Quarter

2009

%Change 

09Q4-10Q4

Number of institutions reporting������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7,657 7,761 8,012 -4.

Total employees (full-time equivalent)��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2,086,357 2,042,030 2,062,950 1.

CONDITION DATA

Total assets��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� $13,321,383 $13,373,219 $13,087,156 1.

Loans secured by real estate���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4,266,621 4,302,278 4,462,265 -4.

 1-4 family residential mortgages ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,897,556 1,880,546 1,915,796 -1.

 Nonfarm nonresidential������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1,070,654 1,072,714 1,091,197 -1.

 Construction and development 321,556 354,077 450,747 -28.

 Home equity lines��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 636,903 647,919 661,564 -3.

Commercial & industrial loans �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,186,440 1,174,667 1,222,394 -2.

Loans to individuals������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,317,851 1,328,862 1,058,115 24.

 Credit cards ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 702,016 683,911 421,488 66.

Farm loans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59,336 58,893 59,535 -0.

Other loans & leases����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 547,811 526,601 483,258 13.

Less: Unearned income ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2,439 2,127 3,765 -35.

Total loans & leases ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7,375,620 7,389,175 7,281,801 1.

Less: Reserve for losses����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 230,762 241,899 228,464 1.

Net loans and leases����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7,144,858 7,147,276 7,053,337 1.

Securities����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2,667,707 2,641,584 2,500,420 6.

Other real estate owned������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 52,802 53,177 41,202 28.

Goodwill and other intangibles ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 393,853 384,171 408,038 -3.

All other assets�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3,062,163 3,147,011 3,084,158 -0.

Total liabilities and capital ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13,321,383 13,373,219 13,087,156 1.

Deposits������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9,422,943 9,273,670 9,226,774 2.

 Domestic office deposits���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7,873,120 7,738,082 7,696,799 2.

 Foreign office deposits������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,549,823 1,535,588 1,529,974 1.

Other borrowed funds ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,717,604 1,866,211 1,782,253 -3.

Subordinated debt��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 146,833 150,823 156,947 -6.

All other liabilities ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 520,341 568,154 476,291 9.

Total equity capital (includes minority interests)���������������������������������������������������� 1,513,661 1,514,363 1,444,891 4.

 Bank equity capital������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,486,801 1,495,318 1,424,381 4.

Loans and leases 30-89 days past due������������������������������������������������������������������������� 118,767 124,253 140,214 -15.

Noncurrent loans and leases ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 359,558 377,460 395,957 -9.

Restructured loans and leases �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 87,540 79,947 58,133 50.

Mortgage-backed securities ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1,482,687 1,439,947 1,395,254 6.

Earning assets���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11,555,789 11,547,679 11,267,455 2.

FHLB Advances�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 386,476 402,398 533,216 -27.

Unused loan commitments��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5,658,126 6,062,386 5,965,767 -5.

Trust assets��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19,327,408 18,591,198 18,115,615 6.

Assets securitized and sold**����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 983,028 1,012,556 1,392,540 -29.

Notional amount of derivatives**������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 232,211,601 236,386,429 215,449,008 7.

INCOME DATA

Full Year 

2010

Full Year

 2009 %Change

4th Quarter 

2010

4th Quarter 

2009

%Change 

09Q4-10Q4

Total interest income ������������������������������������������������������������������� $536,907 $541,132 -0.8 $131,884 $131,054 0

Total interest expense ����������������������������������������������������������������� 106,839 145,458 -26.6 24,818 31,473 -21

Net interest income �������������������������������������������������������������� 430,068 395,675 8.7 107,065 99,581 7

Provision for loan and lease losses �������������������������������������������� 156,901 249,501 -37.1 31,621 62,884 -49

Total noninterest income ������������������������������������������������������������� 236,795 260,368 -9.1 56,492 61,194 -7

Total noninterest expense ����������������������������������������������������������� 392,664 405,269 -3.1 103,819 98,728 5

Securities gains (losses)������������������������������������������������������������� 9,138 -1,627 N/M 2,273 -5 N/M

Applicable income taxes ������������������������������������������������������������� 37,834 5,677 566.5 8,642 697 1,139

Extraordinary gains, net�������������������������������������������������������������� -450 -3,787 88.1 59 -162 N/

Total net income (includes minority interests)��������������������� 88,152 -9,818 N/M 21,808 -1,702 N/M

 Bank net income������������������������������������������������������������ 87,498 -10,619 N/M 21,656 -1,836 N/M

Net charge-offs���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 187,150 188,825 -0.9 41,923 54,969 -23

Cash dividends ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53,926 47,189 14.3 23,304 13,768 69

Retained earnings ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 33,572 -57,808 N/M -1,649 -15,604 89.

Net operating income����������������������������������������������������������� 81,554 -6,082 N/M 19,849 -1,710 N/M

** Call Report filers only. N/M - Not Meaningf
FDIC Quarterly 6 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

TABLE III-A. Full Year 2010, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

Asset Concentration Groups*

Full Ye

(The way it is...)

All Insured 

Institutions

Credit 

Card 

Banks

International 

Banks

Agricultural 

Banks

Commercial 

Lender

Mortgage 

Lender

Consumer 

Lender

Other 

Specialized 

<$1 Billion

All Other 

<$1 Billion

All Other 

>$1 Billion

Number of institutions reporting����������������������� 7,657 22 4 1,559 4,087 716 73 315 813 68

Commercial banks������������������������������������� 6,529 18 4 1,555 3,640 182 59 287 730 54

Savings institutions ����������������������������������� 1,128 4 0 4 447 534 14 28 83 14

Total assets (in billions)������������������������������������ $13,321.4 $705.2 $3,038.1 $199.9 $4,098.8 $788.9 $114.4 $43.1 $132.

Commercial banks������������������������������������� 12,067.6 677.8 3,038.1 199.3 3,632.2 235.3 49.7 37.5 109

Savings institutions ����������������������������������� 1,253.8 27.4 0.0 0.5 466.6 553.6 64.7 5.6 

Total deposits (in billions)��������������������������������� 9,422.9 297.2 2,009.5 165.9 3,147.8 543.9 91.1 33.6 110

Commercial banks������������������������������������� 8,514.3 281.4 2,009.5 165.5 2,822.3 132.2 38.2 29.5 91

Savings institutions ����������������������������������� 908.7 15.8 0.0 0.4 325.5 411.7 52.9 4.1

Bank net income (in millions) ��������������������������� 87,498 12,041 21,828 1,920 10,077 5,332 1,430 623 936 33,311

Commercial banks������������������������������������� 79,166 10,940 21,828 1,917 7,599 2,702 923 363 989 31,905

Savings institutions ����������������������������������� 8,332 1,101 0 3 2,478 2,629 508 259 -53 1,406

Performance Ratios (%

Yield on earning assets������������������������������������ 4.70 13.57 3.42 5.22 4.89 4.36 5.80 3.79

Cost of funding earning assets ������������������������ 0.93 1.48 0.71 1.30 1.13 1.34 1.37 0.98

Net interest margin������������������������������������ 3.76 12.09 2.71 3.93 3.76 3.02 4.43 2.81

Noninterest income to assets��������������������������� 1.79 2.98 2.00 0.65 1.28 0.76 1.88 6.64

Noninterest expense to assets������������������������� 2.97 4.63 2.82 2.69 3.05 1.78 2.78 7.23

Loan and lease loss provision to assets���������� 1.19 6.32 0.62 0.46 1.23 0.75 1.29 0.22

Net operating income to assets ����������������������� 0.62 1.76 0.64 0.97 0.19 0.67 1.28 1.28

Pretax return on assets ������������������������������������ 0.95 2.73 0.95 1.13 0.39 1.08 2.01 1.94

Return on assets����������������������������������������������� 0.66 1.81 0.72 0.99 0.25 0.69 1.28 1.48

Return on equity ����������������������������������������������� 5.99 11.81 8.08 8.92 2.18 6.97 11.93 9.10

Net charge-offs to loans and leases���������������� 2.54 10.83 2.29 0.58 1.89 1.14 2.31 0.64

Loan and lease loss provision to 

net charge-offs ������������������������������������������ 83.84 69.06 75.96 122.11 95.62 109.93 74.31 124.35 11

Efficiency ratio �������������������������������������������������� 57.22 31.89 65.16 62.60 64.40 49.17 44.95 77.77 7

% of unprofitable institutions���������������������������� 21.01 9.09 0.00 6.67 30.49 15.64 5.48 14.29 

% of institutions with earnings gains���������������� 67.52 100.00 75.00 66.07 68.46 72.49 83.56 50.48 6

Condition Ratios (%

Earning assets to total assets �������������������������� 86.75 88.78 84.36 91.61 88.76 93.53 96.17 90.97 9

Loss allowance to:

Loans and leases �������������������������������������� 3.13 8.19 3.96 1.56 2.46 1.44 2.50 1.84

Noncurrent loans and leases �������������������� 64.18 372.36 62.79 85.19 56.78 33.65 173.47 87.79 6

Noncurrent assets plus

other real estate owned to assets������������� 3.11 1.90 2.38 1.61 3.72 2.92 1.22 0.81

Equity capital ratio�������������������������������������������� 11.16 14.96 8.93 10.87 11.44 10.06 11.02 16.32 1

Core capital (leverage) ratio ���������������������������� 8.90 12.75 6.96 9.93 9.63 9.38 10.52 14.68 

Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio��������������������������� 12.71 14.24 11.87 13.99 12.62 19.17 14.15 34.62 1

Total risk-based capital ratio ���������������������������� 15.29 16.91 15.03 15.14 14.62 20.23 15.32 35.66 1

Net loans and leases to deposits��������������������� 75.82 188.43 50.17 74.86 86.26 84.64 92.75 33.84 6

Net loans to total assets ���������������������������������� 53.63 79.42 33.18 62.15 66.25 58.35 73.86 26.41 5

Domestic deposits to total assets �������������������� 59.10 37.92 33.27 83.03 75.38 68.85 79.51 76.71 8

Structural Changes

New charters ��������������������������������������������� 11 0 0 0 6 1 0 2 0 2

Institutions absorbed by mergers ������������� 197 0 0 35 119 28 0 0 6 9

Failed institutions �������������������������������������� 157 0 0 3 143 6 1 1 2 1

PRIOR Full 

(The way it was...)

Number of institutions ����������������������������� 2009 8,012 23 4 1,568 4,453 766 83 289 770 56

������������������������������������� 2007 8,534 27 5 1,592 4,773 784 109 373 815 56

������������������������������������� 2005 8,833 33 4 1,685 4,617 886 125 425 995 63

Total assets (in billions)��������������������������� 2009 $13,087.2 $501.6 $3,107.1 $182.0 $4,546.9 $810.1 $96.5 $38.1 $116.

������������������������������������� 2007 13,033.9 479.2 2,784.4 157.5 4,619.0 1,328.1 94.9 37.8 110

������������������������������������� 2005 10,879.3 359.1 1,851.2 142.3 4,257.3 1,647.2 117.3 47.7 128

Return on assets (%)������������������������������� 2009 -0.08 -4.50 0.08 0.81 -0.42 0.65 0.33 0.74

������������������������������������� 2007 0.81 3.35 0.58 1.20 0.83 0.03 1.26 2.56

������������������������������������� 2005 1.28 2.90 0.86 1.27 1.36 1.07 1.55 2.18

Net charge-offs to loans & leases (%) ���� 2008 2.52 9.77 3.07 0.65 2.02 1.24 2.74 0.78

������������������������������������� 2006 0.59 3.95 0.77 0.22 0.35 0.40 0.87 0.29

������������������������������������� 2004 0.49 4.64 0.87 0.18 0.23 0.12 1.44 0.26

Noncurrent assets plus 

OREO to assets (%) ������������������������� 2009 3.36 2.40 2.75 1.55 3.87 3.17 1.45 0.69

������������������������������������� 2007 0.95 1.54 0.68 0.83 1.10 1.52 1.64 0.23

������������������������������������� 2005 0.50 1.32 0.46 0.61 0.48 0.56 0.51 0.24

Equity capital ratio (%)����������������������������� 2009 10.88 21.50 8.75 10.95 10.48 9.48 11.15 17.74 1

������������������������������������� 2007 10.34 21.26 8.01 11.17 11.00 8.38 12.62 19.98 1

������������������������������������� 2005 10.28 21.51 8.30 10.55 10.83 9.40 10.11 19.47 

* See Table IV-A (page 8) for explanations
FDIC Quarterly 7 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

TABLE III-A. Full Year 2010, All FDIC-Insured Institutions 

Asset Size Distribution Geographic Regions

Full Ye

(The way it is...)

All Insured 

Institutions

Less than

$100 

Million

$100 

Million to 

$1 Billion

$1 Billion 

to 

$10 Billion

Greater 

than 

$10 Billion New York Atlanta Chicago

Kansas 

City Dallas

San 

Francisco

Number of institutions reporting����������������������������� 7,657 2,622 4,368 560 107 948 1,022 1,602 1,825 1,601 659

Commercial banks������������������������������������������� 6,529 2,325 3,694 424 86 492 905 1,320 1,728 1,484 600

Savings institutions ����������������������������������������� 1,128 297 674 136 21 456 117 282 97 117 59

Total assets (in billions)������������������������������������������ $13,321.4 $148.5 $1,291.7 $1,431.7 $10,449.5 $2,695.0 $2,930.6 $2,950.5 $1,686.4 $789

Commercial banks������������������������������������������� 12,067.6 131.9 1,058.6 1,090.4 9,786.6 2,027.0 2,807.3 2,825.2 1,635.6 69

Savings institutions ����������������������������������������� 1,253.8 16.5 233.1 341.3 662.9 667.9 123.4 125.3 50.8

Total deposits (in billions)��������������������������������������� 9,422.9 125.2 1,068.7 1,102.4 7,126.6 1,809.1 2,128.2 2,033.9 1,245.4 63

Commercial banks������������������������������������������� 8,514.3 112.0 884.0 841.9 6,676.3 1,338.0 2,036.0 1,939.9 1,206.2 56

Savings institutions ����������������������������������������� 908.7 13.2 184.7 260.5 450.3 471.1 92.2 94.0 39.2

Bank net income (in millions) ��������������������������������� 87,498 479 4,236 3,423 79,361 20,501 10,987 17,909 14,232 5,499 18,370

Commercial banks������������������������������������������� 79,166 465 3,550 2,015 73,137 16,381 10,909 18,061 14,004 4,729 15,081

Savings institutions ����������������������������������������� 8,332 14 686 1,408 6,224 4,120 78 -152 227 769 3,289

Performance Ratios (%

Yield on earning assets������������������������������������������ 4.70 5.18 5.17 4.90 4.60 5.40 4.39 3.80 5.7

Cost of funding earning assets ������������������������������ 0.93 1.30 1.38 1.24 0.82 1.12 0.88 0.79 0.8

Net interest margin������������������������������������������ 3.76 3.89 3.79 3.65 3.77 4.28 3.51 3.01 4.9

Noninterest income to assets��������������������������������� 1.79 1.28 0.97 1.27 1.97 1.67 1.65 2.02 2.2

Noninterest expense to assets������������������������������� 2.97 3.90 3.21 2.95 2.93 2.86 2.91 3.03 3.5

Loan and lease loss provision to assets���������������� 1.19 0.53 0.82 1.16 1.24 1.42 1.23 0.88 1.7

Net operating income to assets ����������������������������� 0.62 0.29 0.27 0.21 0.72 0.75 0.30 0.52 0.8

Pretax return on assets ������������������������������������������ 0.95 0.42 0.47 0.50 1.08 1.13 0.56 0.83 1.2

Return on assets����������������������������������������������������� 0.66 0.33 0.33 0.24 0.77 0.77 0.37 0.61 0.8

Return on equity ����������������������������������������������������� 5.99 2.72 3.23 2.17 6.87 6.23 3.26 6.92 7.4

Net charge-offs to loans and leases���������������������� 2.54 0.77 1.08 1.79 2.93 3.57 2.42 2.02 2.8

Loan and lease loss provision to 

net charge-offs ������������������������������������������������ 83.84 113.70 114.07 101.19 80.20 71.54 90.32 90.03 90.00 1

Efficiency ratio �������������������������������������������������������� 57.22 80.51 71.49 62.12 54.82 51.17 61.13 64.64 50.72 

% of unprofitable institutions���������������������������������� 21.01 22.04 20.44 22.32 12.15 15.30 42.95 19.41 14.30 

% of institutions with earnings gains���������������������� 67.52 62.97 69.55 71.07 77.57 75.63 64.38 68.60 66.58 

Condition Ratios (%

Earning assets to total assets ��������������������������������� 86.75 91.11 91.59 90.63 85.55 87.33 84.50 86.50 87.48 

Loss allowance to:

Loans and leases ��������������������������������������������� 3.13 1.70 1.88 2.26 3.49 3.30 3.07 3.15 3.4

Noncurrent loans and leases ��������������������������� 64.18 65.13 52.74 50.44 67.33 93.53 50.67 57.57 64.54 

Noncurrent assets plus

other real estate owned to assets�������������������� 3.11 2.37 3.43 3.62 3.02 2.14 3.93 2.98 4.2

Equity capital ratio��������������������������������������������������� 11.16 11.75 10.21 11.24 11.26 12.59 11.62 8.72 11.34 

Core capital (leverage) ratio ����������������������������������� 8.90 11.32 9.70 9.85 8.63 9.89 8.29 7.17 9.13

Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio���������������������������������� 12.71 17.77 14.16 14.47 12.24 14.42 11.51 10.71 11.29 

Total risk-based capital ratio ����������������������������������� 15.29 18.89 15.38 15.80 15.16 16.70 14.67 13.91 13.77 

Net loans and leases to deposits���������������������������� 75.82 70.10 78.05 80.62 74.85 80.42 75.41 66.84 89.15 

Net loans to total assets ����������������������������������������� 53.63 59.11 64.58 62.08 51.05 53.99 54.76 46.08 65.84 

Domestic deposits to total assets ��������������������������� 59.10 84.33 82.66 76.44 53.45 59.39 63.90 54.42 67.97 

Structural Changes

New charters ��������������������������������������������������� 11 2 2 6 1 2 3 1 2 2 1

Institutions absorbed by mergers ������������������� 197 69 108 18 2 22 44 17 43 52 19

Failed institutions �������������������������������������������� 157 36 102 18 1 14 56 25 18 7 37

PRIOR Full 

(The way it was...)

Number of institutions ����������������������������������� 2009 8,012 2,848 4,492 565 107 986 1,121 1,647 1,879 1,660 719

��������������������������������������������2007 8,534 3,440 4,424 551 119 1,043 1,221 1,763 1,986 1,742 779

��������������������������������������������2005 8,833 3,864 4,339 512 118 1,110 1,227 1,874 2,070 1,791 761

Total assets (in billions)��������������������������������� 2009 $13,087.2 $158.9 $1,354.4 $1,461.6 $10,112.3 $2,567.4 $3,427.4 $2,934.4 $1,145.6 $784

��������������������������������������������2007 13,033.9 181.9 1,308.8 1,422.0 10,121.2 2,441.0 3,329.6 2,842.5 976.3 73

��������������������������������������������2005 10,879.3 200.8 1,247.6 1,394.3 8,036.7 2,769.2 2,683.9 2,505.8 803.7 60

Return on assets (%)������������������������������������� 2009 -0.08 -0.05 -0.10 -0.36 -0.04 -0.83 -0.01 0.18 0.77

��������������������������������������������2007 0.81 0.74 0.97 0.96 0.77 0.77 0.81 0.86 1.4

��������������������������������������������2005 1.28 0.99 1.24 1.28 1.29 1.21 1.36 0.99 1.6

Net charge-offs to loans & leases (%) ���������� 2008 2.52 0.88 1.25 1.90 2.87 2.76 2.29 2.36 2.4

������������������������������������������� 2006 0.59 0.24 0.25 0.42 0.68 0.90 0.33 0.47 0.7

������������������������������������������� 2004 0.49 0.20 0.19 0.24 0.60 0.80 0.23 0.33 0.5

Noncurrent assets plus 

OREO to assets (%) ������������������������������� 2009 3.36 2.24 3.29 3.58 3.36 2.33 4.16 3.20 4.2

��������������������������������������������2007 0.95 0.96 1.07 1.09 0.92 0.81 0.81 0.94 1.3

��������������������������������������������2005 0.50 0.69 0.52 0.44 0.50 0.44 0.30 0.54 0.8

Equity capital ratio (%)����������������������������������� 2009 10.88 11.96 9.86 10.73 11.03 12.53 11.66 8.59 10.70 

��������������������������������������������2007 10.34 13.73 10.49 11.34 10.12 12.06 10.30 9.23 9.74 

��������������������������������������������2005 10.28 12.16 10.20 10.66 10.18 10.53 9.80 9.23 10.45 

* See Table IV-A (page 9) for explanations
FDIC Quarterly 8 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

TABLE IV-A. Fourth Quarter 2010, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

Asset Concentration Groups*

Fourth Qu

(The way it is...)

All Insured 

Institutions

Credit 

Card 

Banks

International 

Banks

Agricultural 

Banks

Commercial 

Lender

Mortgage 

Lender

Consumer 

Lender

Other 

Specialized 

<$1 Billion

All Other 

<$1 Billion

All Other 

>$1 Billion

Number of institutions reporting����������������������������������������� 7,657 22 4 1,559 4,087 716 73 315 813 68

Commercial banks������������������������������������������������������� 6,529 18 4 1,555 3,640 182 59 287 730 54

Savings institutions ����������������������������������������������������� 1,128 4 0 4 447 534 14 28 83 14

Total assets (in billions)������������������������������������������������������ $13,321.4 $705.2 $3,038.1 $199.9 $4,098.8 $788.9 $114.4 $43.1 $132.

Commercial banks������������������������������������������������������� 12,067.6 677.8 3,038.1 199.3 3,632.2 235.3 49.7 37.5 109

Savings institutions ����������������������������������������������������� 1,253.8 27.4 0.0 0.5 466.6 553.6 64.7 5.6 

Total deposits (in billions)��������������������������������������������������� 9,422.9 297.2 2,009.5 165.9 3,147.8 543.9 91.1 33.6 110

Commercial banks������������������������������������������������������� 8,514.3 281.4 2,009.5 165.5 2,822.3 132.2 38.2 29.5 91

Savings institutions ����������������������������������������������������� 908.7 15.8 0.0 0.4 325.5 411.7 52.9 4.1

Bank net income (in millions) ��������������������������������������������� 21,656 4,847 4,593 435 2,568 1,219 416 131 233 7,213

Commercial banks������������������������������������������������������� 19,474 4,565 4,593 434 1,584 704 284 28 216 7,067

Savings institutions ����������������������������������������������������� 2,181 282 0 1 984 516 132 103 17 146

Performance Ratios (annualized, %

Yield on earning assets������������������������������������������������������ 4.57 12.05 3.32 5.13 4.85 4.24 5.64 3.50

Cost of funding earning assets ������������������������������������������ 0.86 1.26 0.73 1.18 1.02 1.23 1.19 0.87

Net interest margin������������������������������������������������������ 3.71 10.79 2.60 3.95 3.83 3.00 4.45 2.64

Noninterest income to assets��������������������������������������������� 1.69 2.83 1.86 0.68 1.33 0.34 1.90 7.03

Noninterest expense to assets������������������������������������������� 3.11 4.75 2.92 2.85 3.26 1.34 2.94 7.65

Loan and lease loss provision to assets���������������������������� 0.95 3.60 0.60 0.48 1.10 0.85 0.87 0.31

Net operating income to assets ����������������������������������������� 0.60 2.72 0.46 0.87 0.19 0.60 1.45 0.90

Pretax return on assets ������������������������������������������������������ 0.91 4.10 0.69 0.98 0.43 0.99 2.32 1.81

Return on assets����������������������������������������������������������������� 0.65 2.77 0.60 0.88 0.25 0.62 1.44 1.19

Return on equity ����������������������������������������������������������������� 5.81 18.72 6.68 7.92 2.18 6.19 13.28 7.29

Net charge-offs to loans and leases���������������������������������� 2.27 7.68 2.25 0.71 1.96 1.04 2.10 0.75

Loan and lease loss provision to net charge-offs�������������� 75.43 54.20 76.44 105.79 82.75 138.88 55.22 156.64 10

Efficiency ratio �������������������������������������������������������������������� 61.36 36.02 71.56 65.52 65.79 41.88 47.03 79.23 7

% of unprofitable institutions���������������������������������������������� 25.09 13.64 0.00 14.05 32.35 20.67 12.33 24.76 1

% of institutions with earnings gains���������������������������������� 61.77 95.45 75.00 58.88 64.47 61.45 69.86 48.25 5

Structural Changes

New charters ��������������������������������������������������������������� 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Institutions absorbed by mergers ������������������������������� 73 0 0 17 28 27 0 0 1 0

Failed institutions �������������������������������������������������������� 30 0 0 0 28 2 0 0 0 0

PRIOR Fourth 

(The way it was...)

Return on assets (%)��������������������������������������������������2009 -0.06 0.58 0.29 0.54 -0.84 0.65 0.32 1.25

��������������������������������������������������������2007 0.01 2.01 -0.20 1.07 0.23 -1.97 0.62 2.08

��������������������������������������������������������2005 1.21 2.16 0.79 1.12 1.32 1.02 1.35 3.75

Net charge-offs to loans & leases (%) �����������������������2009 3.00 9.50 3.59 1.04 2.59 1.34 2.66 0.77

��������������������������������������������������������2007 0.84 4.24 1.09 0.32 0.62 0.67 1.03 0.26

��������������������������������������������������������2005 0.60 6.16 0.86 0.26 0.29 0.19 1.67 0.36

* Asset Concentration Group Definitions (Groups are hierarchical and mutually exclusive):

Credit-card Lenders - Institutions whose credit-card loans plus securitized receivables exceed 50 percent of total assets plus securitized receivables

International Banks - Banks with assets greater than $10 billion and more than 25 percent of total assets in foreign offices

Agricultural Banks - Banks whose agricultural production loans plus real estate loans secured by farmland exceed 25 percent of the total loans and leases

Commercial Lenders - Institutions whose commercial and industrial loans, plus real estate construction and development loans, plus loans secured by commercial real estate properties 

exceed 25 percent of total assets

Mortgage Lenders - Institutions whose residential mortgage loans, plus mortgage-backed securities, exceed 50 percent of total assets

Consumer Lenders - Institutions whose residential mortgage loans, plus credit-card loans, plus other loans to individuals, exceed 50 percent of total assets

Other Specialized < $1 Billion - Institutions with assets less than $1 billion, whose loans and leases are less than 40 percent of total assets

All Other < $1 billion - Institutions with assets less than $1 billion that do not meet any of the definitions above, they have significant lending activity with no identified asset concentrations

All Other > $1 billion - Institutions with assets greater than $1 billion that do not meet any of the definitions above, they have significant lending activity with no identified asset concentrations
FDIC Quarterly 9 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

TABLE IV-A. Fourth Quarter 2010, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

Asset Size Distribution Geographic Regions

Fourth Qu

(The way it is...)

All Insured 

Institutions

Less than

$100 Million

$100 Million 

to 

$1 Billion

$1 Billion 

to 

$10 Billion

Greater 

than 

$10 Billion New York Atlanta Chicago

Kansas 

City Dallas

San 

Francisco

Number of institutions reporting��������������������� 7,657 2,622 4,368 560 107 948 1,022 1,602 1,825 1,601 659

Commercial banks����������������������������������� 6,529 2,325 3,694 424 86 492 905 1,320 1,728 1,484 600

Savings institutions ��������������������������������� 1,128 297 674 136 21 456 117 282 97 117 59

Total assets (in billions)���������������������������������� $13,321.4 $148.5 $1,291.7 $1,431.7 $10,449.5 $2,695.0 $2,930.6 $2,950.5 $1,686.4 $789

Commercial banks����������������������������������� 12,067.6 131.9 1,058.6 1,090.4 9,786.6 2,027.0 2,807.3 2,825.2 1,635.6 69

Savings institutions ��������������������������������� 1,253.8 16.5 233.1 341.3 662.9 667.9 123.4 125.3 50.8

Total deposits (in billions)������������������������������� 9,422.9 125.2 1,068.7 1,102.4 7,126.6 1,809.1 2,128.2 2,033.9 1,245.4 63

Commercial banks����������������������������������� 8,514.3 112.0 884.0 841.9 6,676.3 1,338.0 2,036.0 1,939.9 1,206.2 56

Savings institutions ��������������������������������� 908.7 13.2 184.7 260.5 450.3 471.1 92.2 94.0 39.2

Bank net income (in millions) ������������������������� 21,656 11 502 581 20,561 6,215 1,132 4,144 4,256 1,173 4,735

Commercial banks����������������������������������� 19,474 13 297 273 18,891 4,963 1,105 4,287 4,226 1,006 3,888

Savings institutions ��������������������������������� 2,181 -2 204 308 1,671 1,252 28 -143 30 167 847

Performance Ratios (annualized, %

Yield on earning assets���������������������������������� 4.57 5.06 5.05 4.84 4.46 5.08 4.32 3.72 5.5

Cost of funding earning assets ���������������������� 0.86 1.17 1.25 1.11 0.77 1.05 0.75 0.76 0.7

Net interest margin���������������������������������� 3.71 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.69 4.03 3.57 2.96 4.8

Noninterest income to assets������������������������� 1.69 1.29 1.06 1.34 1.83 1.69 1.40 2.05 2.3

Noninterest expense to assets����������������������� 3.11 4.12 3.38 3.16 3.06 2.97 3.27 3.15 3.6

Loan and lease loss provision to assets�������� 0.95 0.63 0.92 1.13 0.93 0.92 1.04 0.89 1.3

Net operating income to assets ��������������������� 0.60 0.01 0.11 0.14 0.72 0.95 0.03 0.42 1.0

Pretax return on assets ���������������������������������� 0.91 0.11 0.29 0.44 1.06 1.27 0.26 0.76 1.5

Return on assets��������������������������������������������� 0.65 0.03 0.16 0.16 0.79 0.92 0.15 0.56 1.0

Return on equity ��������������������������������������������� 5.81 0.26 1.51 1.44 6.98 7.32 1.33 6.32 8.9

Net charge-offs to loans and leases�������������� 2.27 0.98 1.30 1.95 2.50 2.96 2.16 1.95 2.5

Loan and lease loss provision to net 

charge-offs ���������������������������������������������� 75.43 105.85 107.20 91.44 70.62 55.73 85.78 95.04 78.13 

Efficiency ratio ������������������������������������������������ 61.36 84.56 73.24 63.72 59.39 55.14 69.88 67.24 52.65 

% of unprofitable institutions�������������������������� 25.09 29.29 23.17 22.68 13.08 20.25 45.69 22.10 19.84 

% of institutions with earnings gains�������������� 61.77 55.87 64.40 66.25 75.70 62.03 59.39 64.61 59.34 

Structural Changes

New charters ������������������������������������������� 3 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0

Institutions absorbed by mergers ����������� 73 18 52 3 0 8 7 4 13 35 6

Failed institutions ������������������������������������ 30 9 20 1 0 3 12 3 5 1 6

PRIOR Fourth 

(The way it was...)

Return on assets (%)����������������������������� 2009 -0.06 -0.50 -0.67 -0.55 0.10 0.17 -0.44 0.06 0.79

����������������������������������� 2007 0.01 0.44 0.68 0.60 -0.16 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.98

����������������������������������� 2005 1.21 0.80 1.25 1.18 1.22 1.09 1.30 0.96 1.4

Net charge-offs to loans & leases (%) �� 2009 3.00 1.23 1.98 2.42 3.32 2.96 2.78 2.98 2.7

����������������������������������� 2007 0.84 0.37 0.46 0.63 0.95 1.00 0.56 0.75 1.1

����������������������������������� 2005 0.60 0.31 0.26 0.28 0.73 0.89 0.26 0.44 0.6

* Regions

New York - Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Vermont, 

U.S. Virgin Island

Atlanta - Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia

Chicago - Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin

Kansas City - Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota

Dallas - Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas

San Francisco - Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Pacific Islands, Utah, Washington, Wyoming
FDIC Quarterly 10 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

TABLE V-A. Loan Performance, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

Asset Concentration Groups*

December 31, 2010 All Insured 

Institutions

Credit 

Card 

Banks

International 

Banks

Agricultural 

Banks

Commercial 

Lender

Mortgage 

Lender

Consumer 

Lender

Other 

Specialized 

<$1 Billion

All Other 

<$1 

Billion

All Other 

>$1 

Billion

Percent of Loans 30-89 Days Past Du

All loans secured by real estate ��������������������������������������� 1.94 1.73 2.88 1.04 1.48 1.69 1.27 1.67

Construction and development��������������������������������� 1.97 0.00 1.16 1.09 1.92 2.61 0.72 1.78

Nonfarm nonresidential��������������������������������������������� 1.05 0.00 0.80 1.06 1.06 1.37 0.36 1.09

Multifamily residential real estate ����������������������������� 1.10 0.00 0.61 0.58 1.11 1.11 0.04 2.12

Home equity loans����������������������������������������������������� 1.19 2.02 1.68 0.80 0.89 0.76 1.17 0.72

Other 1-4 family residential��������������������������������������� 2.84 1.93 4.41 1.81 2.17 1.80 1.64 2.13

Commercial and industrial loans ������������������������������������� 0.68 2.90 0.49 1.12 0.74 0.83 1.08 0.99

Loans to individuals���������������������������������������������������������� 1.95 1.98 2.02 1.87 1.81 1.19 1.65 2.06

Credit card loans ������������������������������������������������������� 1.93 1.94 2.49 1.29 1.27 2.03 1.06 1.50

Other loans to individuals ����������������������������������������� 1.98 2.85 1.78 1.88 1.89 1.08 1.92 2.12

All other loans and leases (including farm) ��������������������� 0.38 0.01 0.30 0.37 0.51 1.19 0.47 0.84

Total loans and leases������������������������������������������������������ 1.61 1.97 1.82 0.94 1.31 1.65 1.52 1.59

Percent of Loans Noncurrent*

All real estate loans ���������������������������������������������������������� 7.04 5.67 10.25 2.34 5.47 4.51 2.03 2.41

Construction and development.................................. 16.01 0.00

Nonfarm nonresidential��������������������������������������������� 4.28 0.00 5.92 3.00 4.05 4.02 3.14 2.56

Multifamily residential real estate ����������������������������� 3.74 0.00 3.00 2.53 3.99 2.40 7.20 0.78

Home equity loans����������������������������������������������������� 1.91 3.93 2.27 1.04 1.55 1.04 1.12 0.76

Other 1-4 family residential��������������������������������������� 9.44 7.61 16.87 1.62 5.09 4.77 2.50 2.05 

Commercial and industrial loans ������������������������������������� 2.46 2.46 4.56 2.13 2.22 1.68 0.72 1.89

Loans to individuals���������������������������������������������������������� 1.77 2.25 1.94 0.68 1.29 0.66 1.25 0.88

Credit card loans ������������������������������������������������������� 2.21 2.22 2.23 0.60 2.05 2.03 1.15 1.06

Other loans to individuals ����������������������������������������� 1.27 3.08 1.79 0.68 1.18 0.50 1.30 0.86

All other loans and leases (including farm) ��������������������� 1.13 0.02 1.61 0.61 1.20 0.82 0.05 1.61

Total loans and leases������������������������������������������������������ 4.87 2.20 6.30 1.83 4.33 4.29 1.43 2.10

Percent of Loans Charged-off (net, YTD

All real estate loans ���������������������������������������������������������� 1.96 5.23 2.74 0.56 2.00 1.02 1.84 0.48

Construction and development��������������������������������� 5.45 0.00 2.70 3.06 6.24 4.35 1.84 1.32

Nonfarm nonresidential��������������������������������������������� 1.22 0.00 1.46 0.72 1.31 0.67 0.74 0.40

Multifamily residential real estate ����������������������������� 1.24 0.00 1.23 0.59 1.34 0.68 3.62 0.82

Home equity loans����������������������������������������������������� 2.64 6.82 2.72 0.77 1.47 2.74 2.53 0.36

Other 1-4 family residential��������������������������������������� 1.62 5.28 3.47 0.36 1.39 0.84 1.29 0.40

Commercial and industrial loans ������������������������������������� 1.75 14.35 1.45 1.30 1.66 1.31 5.19 1.03

Loans to individuals���������������������������������������������������������� 6.07 11.01 3.54 0.65 1.95 4.39 2.26 0.96

Credit card loans ������������������������������������������������������� 10.08 10.95 6.47 1.98 7.26 17.43 5.10 3.92

Other loans to individuals ����������������������������������������� 2.05 12.02 2.41 0.61 1.24 1.32 1.03 0.66

All other loans and leases (including farm) ��������������������� 0.62 0.01 0.55 0.00 1.03 0.45 2.69 0.99

Total loans and leases������������������������������������������������������ 2.54 10.83 2.28 0.58 1.89 1.14 2.29 0.64

Loans Outstanding (in billions

All real estate loans ���������������������������������������������������������� $4,266.6 $0.1 $497.9 $75.1 $1,912.0 $437.3 $23.2 $8.0 $54.

Construction and development��������������������������������� 321.6 0.0 7.3 4.4 217.4 8.0 0.5 0.

Nonfarm nonresidential��������������������������������������������� 1,070.7 0.0 28.8 21.9 752.6 28.3 2.0 2.6 

Multifamily residential real estate ����������������������������� 214.8 0.0 38.5 1.8 128.1 9.2 0.4 0.

Home equity loans����������������������������������������������������� 636.9 0.0 116.3 1.6 203.1 35.5 10.2 0.2

Other 1-4 family residential��������������������������������������� 1,897.6 0.0 256.4 19.7 577.5 355.1 10.1 3.9 

Commercial and industrial loans ������������������������������������� 1,186.4 29.4 194.4 15.9 535.9 12.2 4.1 1.5

Loans to individuals���������������������������������������������������������� 1,317.9 562.9 161.0 6.3 201.0 15.2 59.7 1.5

Credit card loans ������������������������������������������������������� 702.0 537.8 55.4 0.1 26.1 1.6 18.4 0.

Other loans to individuals ����������������������������������������� 615.8 25.1 105.5 6.2 174.8 13.5 41.3 1.3

All other loans and leases (including farm) ��������������������� 607.1 17.7 197.1 28.8 135.8 2.5 0.3 0.7

Total loans and leases (plus unearned income)�������������� 7,378.1 610.0 1,050.5 126.2 2,784.6 467.1 87.2 11.6 73

Memo: Other Real Estate Owned (in millions

All other real estate owned����������������������������������������������� 52,802.3 -18.8 4,513.8 879.8 31,482.8 2,971.8 91.5 101.6 607.

Construction and development��������������������������������� 18,182.7 0.0 5.0 327.2 15,226.1 426.1 18.4 35.2 174

Nonfarm nonresidential��������������������������������������������� 10,232.6 0.0 159.0 279.3 7,669.3 209.7 28.2 32.6 170

Multifamily residential real estate ����������������������������� 2,606.3 0.0 799.0 34.1 1,187.6 43.1 8.1 3.3 

1-4 family residential ������������������������������������������������� 14,049.8 0.2 1,311.8 165.1 6,490.8 1,677.6 36.6 28.8 222

Farmland�������������������������������������������������������������������� 411.3 0.0 0.0 73.8 296.9 8.5 0.3 1.7

GNMA properties������������������������������������������������������� 7,113.1 0.0 2,031.0 0.2 593.8 607.6 0.0 0.0 0

* See Table IV-A (page 8) for explanations

** Noncurrent loan rates represent the percentage of loans in each category that are past due 90 days or more or that are in nonaccrual status
FDIC Quarterly 11 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

TABLE V-A. Loan Performance, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

Asset Size Distribution Geographic Regions

December 31, 2010 All Insured 

Institutions

Less than

$100 

Million

$100 

Million to 

$1 Billion

$1 Billion 

to 

$10 Billion

Greater 

than 

$10 Billion New York Atlanta Chicago

Kansas 

City Dallas

San 

Francisco

Percent of Loans 30-89 Days Past Due

All loans secured by real estate ������������������������������ 1.94 1.75 1.52 1.30 2.18 1.55 2.12 1.90 2.3

Construction and development������������������������ 1.97 1.69 1.91 1.84 2.06 2.47 1.71 2.10 2.2

Nonfarm nonresidential������������������������������������ 1.05 1.48 1.29 0.97 0.95 1.15 1.17 1.11 0.8

Multifamily residential real estate �������������������� 1.10 1.50 1.13 1.15 1.07 1.13 1.29 0.95 1.4

Home equity loans�������������������������������������������� 1.19 0.87 0.87 0.84 1.24 0.70 1.44 1.32 1.1

Other 1-4 family residential������������������������������ 2.84 2.37 1.92 1.68 3.18 1.90 3.00 2.81 3.9

Commercial and industrial loans ���������������������������� 0.68 1.39 1.16 0.79 0.60 1.03 0.53 0.75 0.8

Loans to individuals������������������������������������������������� 1.95 2.37 1.89 1.99 1.95 1.93 2.12 1.65 2.4

Credit card loans ���������������������������������������������� 1.93 1.74 2.17 2.05 1.93 1.81 2.00 1.69 2.4

Other loans to individuals �������������������������������� 1.98 2.38 1.87 1.97 1.98 2.39 2.19 1.64 2.5

All other loans and leases (including farm) ������������ 0.38 0.49 0.41 0.50 0.37 0.38 0.30 0.51 0.5

Total loans and leases��������������������������������������������� 1.61 1.61 1.44 1.25 1.69 1.52 1.72 1.51 1.9

Percent of Loans Noncurrent**

All real estate loans ������������������������������������������������� 7.04 3.08 4.07 5.36 8.20 4.80 8.83 7.98 8.2

Construction and development������������������������ 16.01 10.34 13.04 16.94 16.99 17.83 17.29 14.80 15.22 

Nonfarm nonresidential������������������������������������ 4.28 3.34 3.42 4.14 4.82 3.85 4.81 4.42 4.4

Multifamily residential real estate �������������������� 3.74 3.52 3.39 4.11 3.70 2.67 5.68 4.00 3.1

Home equity loans�������������������������������������������� 1.91 1.33 1.31 1.98 1.95 1.27 1.93 1.87 2.7

Other 1-4 family residential������������������������������ 9.44 2.32 2.86 4.08 11.46 4.89 11.97 12.81 12.0

Commercial and industrial loans ���������������������������� 2.46 2.55 2.38 2.61 2.44 2.57 1.75 2.65 2.2

Loans to individuals������������������������������������������������� 1.77 1.00 0.83 1.24 1.84 2.07 1.45 1.44 2.1

Credit card loans ���������������������������������������������� 2.21 0.99 1.58 1.94 2.22 2.19 2.23 2.48 2.4

Other loans to individuals �������������������������������� 1.27 1.00 0.77 0.99 1.34 1.59 1.01 1.15 1.5

All other loans and leases (including farm) ������������ 1.13 0.72 0.86 1.15 1.15 0.37 0.56 1.19 0.8

Total loans and leases��������������������������������������������� 4.87 2.60 3.56 4.47 5.18 3.52 6.05 5.47 5.3

Percent of Loans Charged-off (net, YTD)

All real estate loans ������������������������������������������������� 1.96 0.71 1.00 1.81 2.25 1.16 2.56 2.15 1.8

Construction and development������������������������ 5.45 3.37 3.57 6.07 5.96 5.50 6.34 6.35 3.9

Nonfarm nonresidential������������������������������������ 1.22 0.64 0.68 1.30 1.47 0.99 1.44 1.62 0.8

Multifamily residential real estate �������������������� 1.24 0.94 0.92 1.39 1.27 0.81 1.71 1.40 0.8

Home equity loans�������������������������������������������� 2.64 0.84 0.75 1.25 2.89 0.87 3.69 1.99 3.5

Other 1-4 family residential������������������������������ 1.62 0.42 0.64 1.02 1.90 0.81 1.80 2.00 1.5

Commercial and industrial loans ���������������������������� 1.75 1.47 1.59 1.57 1.80 2.75 1.32 1.74 1.8

Loans to individuals������������������������������������������������� 6.07 0.87 1.42 2.44 6.49 9.69 4.09 2.62 7.9

Credit card loans ���������������������������������������������� 10.08 3.85 7.20 7.11 10.18 11.31 9.16 7.53 12.4

Other loans to individuals �������������������������������� 2.05 0.83 1.04 0.98 2.24 4.26 1.54 1.33 1.8

All other loans and leases (including farm) ������������ 0.62 0.00 0.58 0.78 0.62 0.36 0.44 0.89 0.6

Total loans and leases��������������������������������������������� 2.54 0.77 1.08 1.79 2.92 3.57 2.42 2.02 2.8

Loans Outstanding (in billions)

All real estate loans ������������������������������������������������� $4,266.6 $61.8 $663.5 $668.4 $2,873.0 $825.0 $1,034.6 $824.9 $635.8 $3

Construction and development������������������������ 321.6 4.5 71.3 74.5 171.2 47.0 99.2 52.0 45.

Nonfarm nonresidential������������������������������������ 1,070.7 18.4 260.6 271.1 520.6 224.5 235.6 193.7 150.4 

Multifamily residential real estate �������������������� 214.8 1.9 31.1 43.1 138.7 61.4 29.9 63.1 19

Home equity loans�������������������������������������������� 636.9 2.0 36.7 48.6 549.6 89.7 182.8 159.4 112.

Other 1-4 family residential������������������������������ 1,897.6 26.7 230.0 219.0 1,421.9 396.6 477.3 341.9 282.4 

Commercial and industrial loans ���������������������������� 1,186.4 11.5 108.3 135.6 931.1 182.2 281.3 243.6 171.0

Loans to individuals������������������������������������������������� 1,317.9 6.2 39.5 73.2 1,199.0 405.0 225.4 182.9 227.9

Credit card loans ���������������������������������������������� 702.0 0.1 2.5 19.0 680.4 317.9 80.7 40.7 141.9

Other loans to individuals �������������������������������� 615.8 6.1 37.0 54.1 518.6 87.2 144.7 142.2 86.0

All other loans and leases (including farm) ������������ 607.1 9.8 39.2 33.0 525.1 92.7 114.6 152.4 115.5

Total loans and leases (plus unearned income)����� 7,378.1 89.3 850.5 910.2 5,528.1 1,505.0 1,655.8 1,403.8 1,150.2 50

Memo: Other Real Estate Owned (in millions)

All other real estate owned�������������������������������������� 52,802.3 1,170.1 13,917.7 10,976.6 26,737.9 4,577.7 14,737.0 10,973.4 9,797.7 5,98

Construction and development������������������������ 18,182.7 395.4 6,574.3 5,627.2 5,585.9 1,244.8 5,838.2 2,459.5 3,114.8 3,02

Nonfarm nonresidential������������������������������������ 10,232.6 359.4 3,635.4 2,610.1 3,627.7 1,112.8 2,265.2 2,116.4 1,977.8 1,34

Multifamily residential real estate �������������������� 2,606.3 40.6 487.6 393.3 1,684.8 221.0 469.0 471.8 363.4 

1-4 family residential ���������������������������������������� 14,049.8 342.3 2,951.2 2,150.8 8,605.5 1,716.9 4,171.0 2,865.9 2,768.1 1,27

Farmland����������������������������������������������������������� 411.3 32.2 222.5 114.8 41.7 13.0 64.7 72.0 78.2

GNMA properties���������������������������������������������� 7,113.1 0.5 47.9 81.3 6,983.4 249.9 1,928.9 2,988.2 1,495.6

* See Table IV-A (page 9) for explanations

** Noncurrent loan rates represent the percentage of loans in each category that are past due 90 days or more or that are in nonaccrual status
FDIC Quarterly 12 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

TABLE VI-A. Derivatives, All FDIC-Insured Commercial Banks and State-Chartered Savings Banks

Asset Size Distribution

(dollar figures in millions;

notional amounts unless otherwise indicated)

4th Quarter

2010

3rd Quarter

2010

2nd Quarter 

2010

1st Quarter 

2010

4th Quarter 

2009

% Change 

09Q4-

10Q4

Less

than $100 

Million

$100 

Million to 

$1 Billion

$1 Billion 

to $10 

Billion

Greater than 

$10 Billion

ALL DERIVATIVE HO

Number of institutions reporting derivatives����������������� 1,167 1,207 1,158 1,148 1,129 3.4 95 702 290 8

Total assets of institutions reporting derivatives ���������� $10,833,465 $10,888,637 $10,650,415 $10,746,074 $10,547,632 2.7 $6,738 $287,915 $849,907 $9,688,90

Total deposits of institutions reporting derivatives������� 7,544,151 7,402,157 7,248,575 7,281,782 7,341,133 2.8 5,684 234,414 660,847 6,643,20

Total derivatives������������������������������������������������������������� 232,211,601 236,386,429 225,427,590 218,715,022 215,449,008 7.8 207 19,995 72,683 232,118,71

Derivative Contracts by Underlying Risk Exposur

Interest rate�������������������������������������������������������������������� 193,499,288 196,549,809 188,613,987 182,641,534 181,454,493 6.6 201 19,591 68,862 193,410,63

Foreign exchange*��������������������������������������������������������� 22,002,926 22,531,799 20,245,402 19,202,392 17,299,787 27.2 0 49 2,998 21,999,87

Equity ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,363,760 1,679,128 1,615,062 1,570,974 1,685,227 -19.1 5 109 627 1,363,01

Commodity & other (excluding credit derivatives)�������� 1,195,150 1,153,316 1,076,212 941,687 978,922 22.1 0 22 159 1,194,96

Credit������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14,150,478 14,472,378 13,876,928 14,358,435 14,030,580 0.9 0 225 38 14,150,21

Total�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 232,211,601 236,386,429 225,427,590 218,715,022 215,449,008 7.8 207 19,995 72,683 232,118,71

Derivative Contracts by Transaction Type 

Swaps ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149,258,058 146,953,909 141,420,345 136,333,735 139,137,539 7.3 27 9,498 47,495 149,201,03

Futures & forwards �������������������������������������������������������� 35,712,257 39,643,697 36,793,865 34,747,283 29,651,792 20.4 78 4,967 13,210 35,694,00

Purchased options��������������������������������������������������������� 16,174,116 16,911,328 15,399,619 15,759,306 15,986,712 1.2 21 733 4,517 16,168,84

Written options��������������������������������������������������������������� 15,904,185 16,697,372 15,898,210 15,910,886 15,897,582 0.0 82 4,571 7,261 15,892,27

Total�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 217,048,615 220,206,306 209,512,039 202,751,210 200,673,626 8.2 207 19,770 72,483 216,956,15

Fair Value of Derivative Contracts 

Interest rate contracts���������������������������������������������������� 92,053 107,170 98,102 94,739 97,184 -5.3 0 4 266 91,78

Foreign exchange contracts������������������������������������������ 12,340 -7,464 -4,874 1,329 9,511 29.7 0 0 -3 12,34

Equity contracts������������������������������������������������������������� -2,126 -1,777 311 -849 1,236 N/M 0 3 7 -2,136

Commodity & other (excluding credit derivatives)�������� -1,068 -721 -503 1,064 1,661 N/M 0 4 2 -1,074

Credit derivatives as guarantor������������������������������������� -68,238 -131,313 -222,427 -121,494 -161,114 -57.6 0 0 1 -68,23

Credit derivatives as beneficiary����������������������������������� 82,769 150,796 242,490 141,389 189,531 -56.3 0 3 -3 82,76

Derivative Contracts by Maturity** 

Interest rate contracts ����������������������������� < 1 year 90,842,744 90,918,718 89,000,799 84,010,725 81,236,262 11.8 46 6,461 13,611 90,822,62

 ������������������������������������������ 1-5 years 33,496,837 35,138,751 33,347,773 33,334,968 33,970,247 -1.4 16 5,584 24,838 33,466,39

 ������������������������������������������ > 5 years 24,306,848 24,550,151 23,099,484 24,121,171 26,373,563 -7.8 28 2,472 16,478 24,287,87

Foreign exchange contracts ������������������� < 1 year 14,467,374 13,362,678 11,959,585 11,092,119 10,416,223 38.9 0 46 2,049 14,465,27

 ������������������������������������������ 1-5 years 2,432,756 2,582,310 2,356,096 2,440,019 2,448,723 -0.7 0 2 52 2,432,70

 ������������������������������������������ > 5 years 1,289,279 1,431,627 1,306,940 1,329,332 1,345,678 -4.2 0 0 170 1,289,10

Equity contracts��������������������������������������� < 1 year 296,198 352,002 326,743 320,739 312,066 -5.1 1 12 64 296,12

 ������������������������������������������ 1-5 years 190,861 217,579 205,295 220,454 227,854 -16.2 0 48 266 190,54

 ������������������������������������������ > 5 years 84,629 86,713 80,595 84,000 81,647 3.7 0 1 13 84,61

Commodity & other contracts ����������������� < 1 year 382,507 311,897 324,203 287,660 261,429 46.3 0 7 74 382,42

 ������������������������������������������ 1-5 years 239,847 241,288 207,019 177,250 223,654 7.2 0 5 43 239,80

 ������������������������������������������ > 5 years 26,176 33,836 30,459 31,220 34,250 -23.6 0 0 0 26,17

Risk-Based Capital: Credit Equivalent Amount

Total current exposure to tier 1 capital (%)������������������� 41.3 48.4 44.9 41.2 45.9 0.0 0.6

Total potential future exposure to tier 1 capital (%)������ 84.0 82.8 82.9 88.9 83.3 0.1 0.2

Total exposure (credit equivalent amount) 

to tier 1 capital (%)�������������������������������������������������� 125.2 131.1 127.7 130.2 129.2 0.1 0.7 

Credit losses on derivatives***���������������������������������� 668.0 555.0 259.0 100.0 767.0 -12.9 0.0 0.0 

HELD FOR TRAD

Number of institutions reporting derivatives����������������� 196 200 189 195 197 -0.5 9 71 58 5

Total assets of institutions reporting derivatives ���������� 8,969,145 9,001,853 8,882,957 8,949,291 8,873,915 1.1 626 32,072 240,573 8,695,87

Total deposits of institutions reporting derivatives������� 6,279,418 6,139,846 6,078,628 6,095,318 6,145,572 2.2 518 25,747 187,698 6,065,45

Derivative Contracts by Underlying Risk Exposur

Interest rate�������������������������������������������������������������������� 191,773,882 194,576,807 186,774,376 180,761,592 179,606,768 6.8 14 1,354 15,315 191,757,19

Foreign exchange���������������������������������������������������������� 20,853,441 20,699,946 18,086,768 17,462,757 16,439,507 26.8 0 0 2,092 20,851,34

Equity ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,357,525 1,672,913 1,608,817 1,563,707 1,677,767 -19.1 0 0 126 1,357,39

Commodity & other�������������������������������������������������������� 1,184,245 1,145,723 1,070,966 934,851 974,849 21.5 0 0 71 1,184,17

Total�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 215,169,093 218,095,389 207,540,928 200,722,908 198,698,891 8.3 14 1,354 17,605 215,150,12

Trading Revenues: Cash & Derivative Instruments

Interest rate�������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,447 4,198 155 304 707 104.7 0 0 66 1,38

Foreign exchange���������������������������������������������������������� 1,891 -1,066 4,299 3,906 671 181.8 0 0 2 1,88

Equity ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 335 371 378 965 144 132.6 0 0 -2 33

Commodity & other (including credit derivatives) �������� -233 574 1,878 3,004 417 N/M 0 0 9 -242

Total trading revenues��������������������������������������������������� 3,440 4,077 6,710 8,178 1,940 77.3 0 0 75 3,36

Share of Revenue

Trading revenues to gross revenues (%) ���������������������� 2.9 3.4 5.5 6.6 1.6 0.0 0.

Trading revenues to net operating revenues (%)���������� 28.6 26.7 46.3 74.0 108.1 0.0 0.0 

HELD FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN

Number of institutions reporting derivatives����������������� 1,055 1,085 1,045 1,032 1,008 4.7 86 639 254 7

Total assets of institutions reporting derivatives ���������� 10,473,165 10,535,161 10,261,893 10,324,307 10,191,444 2.8 6,112 260,500 728,957 9,477,59

Total deposits of institutions reporting derivatives������� 7,330,160 7,198,569 7,015,215 7,035,314 7,098,321 3.3 5,166 212,378 563,976 6,548,63

Derivative Contracts by Underlying Ris

Exposure 

Interest rate�������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,725,406 1,973,002 1,839,611 1,879,942 1,847,725 -6.6 187 18,237 53,547 1,653,43

Foreign exchange���������������������������������������������������������� 136,977 124,108 120,010 134,258 115,478 18.6 0 49 743 136,18

Equity ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6,235 6,214 6,244 7,268 7,459 -16.4 5 108 501 5,62

Commodity & other�������������������������������������������������������� 10,905 7,593 5,246 6,835 4,073 167.7 0 22 88 10,79

Total notional amount ���������������������������������������������������� 1,879,522 2,110,917 1,971,111 2,028,303 1,974,735 -4.8 192 18,416 54,879 1,806,03

All line items are reported on a quarterly basis. N/M - Not Meaningfu

* Include spot foreign exchange contracts. All other references to foreign exchange contracts in which notional values or fair values are reported exclude spot foreign exchange contract

** Derivative contracts subject to the risk-based capital requirements for derivatives

*** The reporting of credit losses on derivatives is applicable to all banks filing the FFIEC 031 report form and to those banks filing the FFIEC 041 report form that have $300 million or more 

in total assets
FDIC Quarterly 13 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

TABLE VII-A. Servicing, Securitization, and Asset Sales Activities (All FDIC-Insured Commercial Banks and State-Chartered 

Savings Banks)

Asset Size Distribution

(dollar figures in millions)

4th 

Quarter

2010

3rd 

Quarter

2010

2nd 

Quarter 

2010

1st 

Quarter 

2010

4th 

Quarter 

2009

% Change 

09Q4-

10Q4

Less than

$100 

Million

$100 

Million to 

$1 Billion

$1 Billion 

to $10 

Billion

Greater 

than $10 

Billion

Assets Sold and Securitized with Servicing Retained or with Recourse or Other Seller-Provided Credit Enhancement

Number of institutions reporting securitization activities ����������������������������������������� 139 136 126 126 141 -1.4 21 69 21 2

Outstanding Principal Balance by Asset Type 

1-4 family residential loans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� $768,341 $776,031 $774,791 $778,241 $784,748 -2.1 $375 $699 $2,538 $764,72

Home equity loans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0 0 0 15 5,947 -100.0 0 0 0 

Credit card receivables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13,748 14,320 15,452 16,133 363,486 -96.2 0 781 0 12,96

Auto loans ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 298 329 486 600 7,182 -95.9 0 0 49 24

Other consumer loans ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4,234 4,333 5,021 5,610 24,692 -82.9 0 0 0 4,23

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 4,014 7,339 3,796 4,127 7,649 -47.5 0 10 30 3,97

All other loans, leases, and other assets* �������������������������������������������������������� 192,394 210,204 206,675 192,853 198,835 -3.2 1 38 118 192,23

Total securitized and sold������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 983,028 1,012,556 1,006,221 997,578 1,392,540 -29.4 376 1,528 2,735 978,38

Maximum Credit Exposure by Asset Type 

1-4 family residential loans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4,683 4,834 4,953 5,166 5,868 -20.2 2 46 55 4,58

Home equity loans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0 0 0 14 1,023 -100.0 0 0 0 

Credit card receivables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 609 574 664 730 134,193 -99.5 0 220 0 38

Auto loans ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 6 6 6 637 -99.2 0 0 5 

Other consumer loans ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 185 207 245 237 1,410 -86.9 0 0 0 18

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 16 94 95 225 -96.0 0 0 0 

All other loans, leases, and other assets���������������������������������������������������������� 439 1,142 248 257 287 53.0 0 4 0 43

Total credit exposure ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5,930 6,779 6,210 6,506 143,643 -95.9 2 269 60 5,59

Total unused liquidity commitments provided to institution's own securitizations ��� 208 211 166 162 387 -46.3 1 0 1 20

Securitized Loans, Leases, and Other Assets 30-89 Days Past Due (%

1-4 family residential loans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5.8 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.8 3.4 0.

Home equity loans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.

Credit card receivables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 2.7 0.0 2.

Auto loans ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 2.3 0.0 0.

Other consumer loans ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3.8 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.9 0.0 0.

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 2.3 0.0 16.

All other loans, leases, and other assets���������������������������������������������������������� 1.1 1.5 2.6 2.2 3.5 0.0 0.

Total loans, leases, and other assets ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.2 3.4 1.

Securitized Loans, Leases, and Other Assets 90 Days or More Past Due (%

1-4 family residential loans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10.1 11.5 11.8 13.1 12.2 2.4 0.1

Home equity loans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.

Credit card receivables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 3.0 0.0 3.

Auto loans ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.

Other consumer loans ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7 3.6 0.0 0.

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.

All other loans, leases, and other assets���������������������������������������������������������� 7.3 9.8 8.5 7.5 4.3 55.2 0.

Total loans, leases, and other assets ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 9.4 10.9 10.9 11.7 8.3 2.5 1.

Securitized Loans, Leases, and Other Assets Charged-of

(net, YTD, annualized, %) 

1-4 family residential loans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 1.5 0.0 0.

Home equity loans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.

Credit card receivables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7.9 6.2 4.2 2.2 10.2 0.0 11.

Auto loans ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.3 2.5 0.0 0.

Other consumer loans ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.8 1.4 0.9 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 0.0 0.

All other loans, leases, and other assets���������������������������������������������������������� 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.

Total loans, leases, and other assets ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.3 3.6 0.0 5.

Seller's Interests in Institution's Own Securitizations - Carried as Loans

Home equity loans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0 0 0 0 316 -100.0 0 0 0 

Credit card receivables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7,350 6,073 5,088 4,831 62,235 -88.2 0 55 0 7,29

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 2 3 4 894 -99.8 0 2 0 

Seller's Interests in Institution's Own Securitizations - Carried as Securities 

Home equity loans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0 0 0 0 1 -100.0 0 0 0 

Credit card receivables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0 0 0 0 789 -100.0 0 0 0 

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 

Assets Sold with Recourse and Not Securitized

Number of institutions reporting asset sales ���������������������������������������������������� 854 847 835 819 827 3.3 164 530 119 4

Outstanding Principal Balance by Asset Type 

1-4 family residential loans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64,187 60,984 62,747 62,207 66,988 -4.2 1,260 13,519 6,072 43,33

Home equity, credit card receivables, auto, and other consumer loans ��������� 1,455 41 41 40 908 60.2 0 7 18 1,42

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 379 445 537 669 2,654 -85.7 1 57 21 30

All other loans, leases, and other assets���������������������������������������������������������� 53,860 52,950 52,435 48,635 48,736 10.5 9 83 316 53,45

Total sold and not securitized������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 119,881 114,420 115,760 111,551 119,286 0.5 1,270 13,666 6,427 98,51

Maximum Credit Exposure by Asset Type 

1-4 family residential loans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15,609 14,996 14,196 13,705 16,536 -5.6 168 2,218 3,537 9,68

Home equity, credit card receivables, auto, and other consumer loans ��������� 132 20 21 21 100 32.0 0 4 3 12

Commercial and industrial loans����������������������������������������������������������������������� 90 77 77 62 1,934 -95.3 1 46 21 2

All other loans, leases, and other assets���������������������������������������������������������� 13,115 12,899 12,749 10,429 10,391 26.2 3 59 10 13,04

Total credit exposure ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28,947 27,991 27,043 24,217 28,961 0.0 173 2,327 3,571 22,87

Support for Securitization Facilities Sponsored by Other Institutions 

Number of institutions reporting securitization facilities sponsored by others ������� 163 154 128 79 58 181.0 27 84 37 1

Total credit exposure ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29,571 28,311 9,259 6,445 4,297 588.2 26 249 146 29,15

Total unused liquidity commitments ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 514 504 418 846 545 -5.7 0 0 0 51

Other

Assets serviced for others**�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5,782,925 5,891,882 5,956,566 5,995,635 6,011,088 -3.8 4,443 86,185 100,910 5,591,38

Asset-backed commercial paper conduits 

Credit exposure to conduits sponsored by institutions and others������������������ 10,009 11,649 10,699 10,653 15,953 -37.3 5 0 61 9,94

Unused liquidity commitments to conduits sponsored by institutions 

 and others �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61,339 82,137 83,062 87,156 170,373 -64.0 0 0 1,222 60,11

Net servicing income (for the quarter)���������������������������������������������������������������������� 4,657 3,097 3,576 5,164 6,876 -32.3 36 155 242 4,22

Net securitization income (for the quarter)��������������������������������������������������������������� 150 164 156 13 1,615 -90.7 1 5 10 13

Total credit exposure to Tier 1 capital (%)***������������������������������������������������������������ 5.5 5.4 3.7 3.3 15.9 1.20 2.30 

* Line item titled “All other loans and all leases” for quarters prior to March 31, 2006

** The amount of financial assets serviced for others, other than closed-end 1-4 family residential mortgages, is reported when these assets are greater than $10 million

*** Total credit exposure includes the sum of the three line items titled “Total credit exposure” reported above
FDIC Quarterly 14 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

TABLE VIII-A. Trust Services (All FDIC-Insured Institutions)

All Insured Institutions Asset Size Distribution

(dollar figures in millions)

Dec 31

2010

Dec 31

2009

Dec 31

2008

Dec 31

2007

% Change 

2009-2010

Less

Than $100 

Million

$100 

Million to 

$1 Billion

$1 Billion 

to 

$10 Billion

Greater 

Than 

$10 Billion

Number of institutions reporting������������������������������������������������ 7,657 8,012 8,305 8,534 -4.4 2,622 4,368 560 10

Number of institutions with fiduciary powers���������������������������� 2,183 2,243 2,320 2,410 -2.7 404 1,365 338 7

Commercial banks�������������������������������������������������������������� 2,012 2,063 2,126 2,216 -2.5 386 1,273 285 6

Savings institutions ������������������������������������������������������������ 171 180 194 194 -5.0 18 92 53 

Number of institutions exercising fiduciary powers������������������ 1,632 1,675 1,723 1,785 -2.6 254 1,027 283 6

Commercial banks�������������������������������������������������������������� 1,499 1,534 1,571 1,633 -2.3 238 959 241 6

Savings institutions ������������������������������������������������������������ 133 141 152 152 -5.7 16 68 42 

Number of institutions reporting fiduciary activity�������������������� 1,556 1,593 1,634 1,695 -2.3 235 981 274 6

Commercial banks�������������������������������������������������������������� 1,427 1,456 1,488 1,552 -2.0 219 916 233 5

Savings institutions ������������������������������������������������������������ 129 137 146 143 -5.8 16 65 41 

Fiduciary and related assets - managed assets 

Personal trust and agency accounts ���������������������������������������� 620,727 611,854 616,799 800,662 1.5 9,210 60,597 67,793 483,12

Noninterest-bearing deposits*������������������������������������������� 7,356 4,705 16 -53 N/M 22 770 63 6,500

Interest-bearing deposits*�������������������������������������������������� 27,460 27,687 11,909 11,549 -0.8 365 5,509 6,017 15,56

U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency obligations* �� 112,932 115,292 26,760 31,633 -2.0 1,621 6,903 18,259 8

State, county and municipal obligations* �������������������������� 191,758 197,910 65,278 67,110 -3.1 1,939 11,673 24,257 153,88

Money market mutual funds* ��������������������������������������������� 102,875 156,309 56,914 51,260 -34.2 1,852 6,610 14,018 80,39

Other short-term obligations*��������������������������������������������� 221,933 236,104 9,722 21,935 -6.0 54 112 2,522 219,24

Other notes and bonds* ����������������������������������������������������� 382,693 412,098 23,322 25,486 -7.1 1,757 12,384 14,982 353,57

Common and preferred stocks*����������������������������������������� 2,051,666 2,062,207 348,324 522,943 -0.5 163,445 117,071 131,960 1,639,19

Real estate mortgages*������������������������������������������������������ 4,477 2,263 1,565 1,529 97.8 26 298 384 3,77

Real estate* ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 41,095 42,314 36,045 33,942 -2.9 754 6,602 4,598 29,14

Miscellaneous assets* ������������������������������������������������������� 90,761 105,653 37,113 33,305 -14.1 19,943 7,772 6,929 56,11

Employee benefit and retirement-related trust and 

agency accounts:**

Employee benefit - defined contribution**������������������������� 368,116 364,923 283,179 328,898 0.9 73,774 37,240 11,574 245,52

Employee benefit - defined benefit**��������������������������������� 612,512 679,194 691,568 1,060,288 -9.8 53,943 10,550 17,778 530,24

Other employee benefit and retirement-related 

 accounts** ������������������������������������������������������������������� 214,839 187,187 330,034 414,627 14.8 9,516 10,433 14,208 180,68

Corporate trust and agency accounts**������������������������������������ 20,294 17,912 27,834 25,165 13.3 10 645 7,283 12,35

Investment management and investment advisory 

agency accounts**�������������������������������������������������������������� 1,174,311 1,275,688 1,228,758 1,544,249 -7.9 53,796 48,252 90,508 981,75

Other fiduciary accounts**�������������������������������������������������������� 224,490 232,373 164,799 235,080 -3.4 2,356 8,081 14,339 199,71

Total managed fiduciary accounts: 

Assets ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3,235,289 3,369,131 3,342,971 4,408,969 -4.0 202,606 175,798 223,483 2,633,40

Number of accounts ����������������������������������������������������������� 1,354,280 1,379,517 1,439,103 1,523,997 -1.8 96,334 188,185 226,858 842,90

Fiduciary and related assets - nonmanaged assets 

Personal trust and agency accounts ���������������������������������������� 253,258 242,320 307,018 355,356 4.5 3,994 13,475 31,674 204,11

Employee benefit and retirement-related trust and 

agency accounts: 

Employee benefit - defined contribution���������������������������� 2,089,148 1,911,303 1,606,669 1,822,997 9.3 713,411 25,124 132,008 1,218,60

Employee benefit - defined benefit������������������������������������ 4,450,368 4,052,565 3,990,826 5,333,411 9.8 8,381 33,341 68,640 4,340,00

Other employee benefit and retirement-related accounts �� 1,527,022 1,287,793 1,544,038 2,098,523 18.6 698,920 12,315 52,328 763,45

Corporate trust and agency accounts��������������������������������������� 3,805,202 3,919,706 3,887,788 4,428,561 -2.9 1,726 13,350 568,669 3,221,45

Other fiduciary accounts ����������������������������������������������������������� 3,967,121 3,332,797 2,595,184 3,360,231 19.0 2,779 17,872 24,710 3,921,76

Total nonmanaged fiduciary accounts: 

Assets ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16,092,119 14,746,484 13,931,523 17,399,080 9.1 1,429,212 115,478 878,029 13,669,39

Number of accounts ����������������������������������������������������������� 13,183,957 14,686,535 18,671,945 16,446,703 -10.2 9,184,609 336,760 253,270 3,409,31

Custody and safekeeping accounts: 

Assets ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67,840,740 56,876,762 50,499,372 58,167,543 19.3 21,423 835,708 563,882 66,419,72

Number of accounts ����������������������������������������������������������� 10,155,337 9,839,109 10,676,228 11,327,070 3.2 52,778 7,896,347 293,721 1,912,49

Fiduciary and related services income 

Personal trust and agency accounts ���������������������������������������� 4,306 4,580 4,894 5,766 -6.0 67 285 455 3,49

Retirement-related trust and agency accounts: 

Employee benefit - defined contribution���������������������������� 1,129 1,176 1,095 1,183 -4.0 203 59 215 65

Employee benefit - defined benefit������������������������������������ 1,461 1,450 1,997 1,803 0.8 163 51 42 1,20

Other employee benefit and retirement-related accounts �� 974 991 1,004 1,036 -1.7 35 67 108 76

Corporate trust and agency accounts��������������������������������������� 1,730 2,080 2,529 2,439 -16.8 0 19 344 1,36

Investment management agency accounts������������������������������ 4,748 4,136 4,450 4,155 14.8 289 233 520 3,70

Other fiduciary accounts ����������������������������������������������������������� 2,044 1,851 2,161 2,151 10.4 3 31 12 1,99

Custody and safekeeping accounts������������������������������������������ 8,188 6,920 8,337 8,165 18.3 12 273 496 7,40

Other fiduciary and related services income���������������������������� 2,071 2,308 3,272 2,424 -10.3 10 63 102 1,89

Total gross fiduciary and related services income������������������� 26,817 25,690 30,017 29,281 4.4 787 1,201 2,313 22,51

Less: Expenses ������������������������������������������������������������������ 20,077 19,243 20,564 20,587 4.3 751 845 1,851 16,63

Less: Net losses from fiduciary and related services ������� 242 574 944 364 -57.8 1 1 6 23

Plus: Intracompany income credits for fiduciary and 

 related services����������������������������������������������������������� 2,983 2,770 3,497 4,549 7.7 0 33 360 2,58

Net fiduciary and related services income ������������������������������� 9,311 8,446 11,728 12,714 10.2 29 267 798 8,21

Collective investment funds and common trust funds 

(market value) 

Domestic equity funds�������������������������������������������������������� 291,222 260,074 220,444 352,834 12.0 15,823 1,640 10,637 263,12

International/global equity funds ��������������������������������������� 128,949 110,116 94,391 182,128 17.1 7,647 3,925 2,992 114,38

Stock/bond blend funds ����������������������������������������������������� 95,007 90,245 127,218 215,849 5.3 10,677 278 2,018 82,03

Taxable bond funds������������������������������������������������������������ 199,794 171,755 159,443 160,339 16.3 8,956 45,979 3,832 141,02

Municipal bond funds ��������������������������������������������������������� 6,154 7,127 7,029 8,328 -13.7 51 430 674 5,00

Short-term investments/money market funds ������������������� 213,954 251,756 249,266 336,721 -15.0 2,029 7,789 589 203,54

Specialty/other funds ��������������������������������������������������������� 89,392 95,044 97,791 121,568 -5.9 31,023 2,099 3,445 52,82

Total collective investment funds���������������������������������������������� 1,024,472 986,117 955,583 1,377,767 3.9 76,204 62,139 24,186 861,94

* After 2008, includes personal trust and agency accounts, investment management agency accounts, employee benefit accounts, retirement-related accounts, and all other managed 

asset accounts

** After 2008, included in managed assets, above. N/M - Not Meaningfu
FDIC Quarterly 15 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

Total assets of the nation’s 7,657 FDIC-insured 

commercial banks and savings institutions decreased by 

0.4 percent ($51.8 billion) during fourth quarter 2010. 

Total deposits increased by 1.6 percent ($149.3 billion), 

domestic office deposits increased by 1.7 percent 

($135.0 billion), and foreign office deposits increased 

by 0.9 percent ($14.2 billion). Domestic noninterestbearing deposits increased by 5.1 percent ($81.8 billion) 

and savings deposits and interest bearing checking 

accounts increased by 4.1 percent ($167.2 billion), 

while domestic time deposits decreased by 5.4 percent 

($113.9 billion). For all of 2010, total domestic deposits 

grew by 2.3 percent ($176.3 billion), with domestic 

noninterest-bearing deposits rising by 8.8 percent 

($136.9 billion) and domestic interest-bearing deposits 

increasing by 0.6 percent ($39.4 billion).

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer 

Protection Act (Dodd-Frank), enacted July 21, 2010, 

provides temporary unlimited deposit insurance coverage 

for noninterest-bearing transaction accounts from 

December 31, 2010, through December 31, 2012, regardless of the balance in the account and the ownership 

capacity of the funds. The unlimited coverage is available to all depositors, including consumers, businesses, 

and government entities. The coverage is separate from, 

and in addition to, the insurance coverage provided for 

a depositor’s other accounts held at an FDIC-insured 

bank. Beginning December 31, 2010, the entire balances 

of noninterest-bearing transaction accounts will be 

included in estimated insured deposits used to calculate 

the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) reserve ratio. 

Primarily as a result of the coverage change, estimated 

insured deposits at all FDIC-insured institutions 

increased sharply—by $799.4 billion (14.7 percent)—

in fourth quarter 2010. For institutions existing at the 

start and end of the fourth quarter, insured deposits 

increased during the quarter at 5,591 institutions (73 

percent), decreased at 2,033 institutions (27 percent), 

and remained unchanged at 30 institutions. 

The DIF balance increased by $657 million during the 

fourth quarter to -$7.4 billion (unaudited), the fourth 

consecutive quarterly increase following seven quarters 

of decline. The increased amount included $3.5 billion 

from accrued assessment income and $87 million from 

interest on securities and other revenue. Additional loss 

provisions of $2.4 billion offset much of the boost to 

the fund from revenue. Unrealized losses on availablefor-sale securities and operating expenses also reduced 

the fund by $482 million. 

The DIF’s reserve ratio was -0.12 percent on December 

31, 2010, up from -0.15 percent at September 30, 2010, 

and up from -0.39 percent one year earlier. Thirty 

FDIC-insured institutions with combined assets of 

$8.8 billion failed during fourth quarter 2010. For all 

of 2010, 157 insured institutions with combined assets 

of $92.1 billion failed.

Changes to Deposit Insurance Fund Management 

and Risk-Based Assessments

On December 14, 2010, the FDIC Board of Directors 

(Board) adopted a final rule increasing the Designated 

Reserve Ratio (DRR) of the DIF to 2 percent of estimated insured deposits, using new authority provided by 

Dodd-Frank. On February 7, 2011, the Board adopted a 

final rule, effective April 1, 2011, that redefines the 

deposit insurance assessment base as required by DoddFrank, changes assessment rates adjustments and DIF 

dividend rules, finalizes new assessment rate schedules, 

and revises the risk-based assessment system for large 

insured depository institutions (generally, those institutions with at least $10 billion in total assets). 

■ Insured Deposits Grow by 14.7 Percent Due Primarily to Temporary Change 

in Coverage for Certain Deposits

■ DIF Reserve Ratio Rises Three Basis Points to -0.12 Percent

■ 30 Institutions Fail during Fourth Quarter

■ Final Rule Adopted in December 2010 Sets the Designated Reserve Ratio 

at 2 Percent

■ Final Rule Adopted in February 2011 Establishes a New Assessment Base, 

Changes Assessment Rates and Deposit Insurance Fund Dividend Provisions, 

and Revises Risk-Based Pricing for All Large Insured Depository Institutions 

INSURANCE FUND INDICATORS
FDIC Quarterly 16 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Table 1 compares the distribution of the current and 

estimated new assessment bases by institution asset size, 

using data as of December 31, 2010. The new assessment base, which will take effect April 1, 2011, will 

require collection of some data not yet available. The 

table therefore provides only an estimate of what the 

assessment base would be if it were in effect as of 

December 31, 2010. 

Dodd-Frank requires that, for at least five years, the 

FDIC must make available to the public the reserve 

ratio and the DRR using both estimated insured 

deposits and the new assessment base. As explained 

in the footnotes to Table 1, the new assessment base 

will require some changes in reporting, so only an 

estimate is available at this time. As of December 31, 

2010, the FDIC reserve ratio would have been -0.06 

percent using the new assessment base (compared to 

-0.12 percent using estimated insured deposits), and the 

2 percent DRR based on estimated insured deposits 

would have been 1.0 percent using the estimated new 

assessment base.

Adjustments to Assessment Rates

The current assessment rate schedule incorporates 

adjustments for types of funding that either pose heightened risk to the DIF or that help offset risk to the DIF. 

Because the magnitude of these adjustments is calibrated to a domestic deposit assessment base, the final 

rule recalibrates the unsecured debt and brokered 

deposit adjustments, and eliminates the secured liability 

adjustment.2 The final rule also adds a depository institution debt adjustment for institutions that hold the 

long-term unsecured debt of other insured depository 

2

 The final rule changes the assessment rate reduction for long-term 

unsecured liabilities so that the effect of the assessment system on 

an institution’s cost of borrowing long-term unsecured debt will 

remain unchanged. The final rule changes the cap on the adjustment 

from 5 basis points to the lesser of 5 basis points or 50 percent of an 

institution’s initial base assessment rate to ensure that no institution’s 

assessment rate is zero or close to zero. In addition, the final rule 

removes Qualified Tier 1 capital from the definition of long-term unsecured liabilities for small institutions, since it is already deducted from 

the assessment base. The final rule also eliminates debt that is 

redeemable within one year of the reporting date from qualifying as 

long-term, since such a redemption option negates the benefit to the 

DIF of long-term debt. The final rule retains the brokered deposit 

adjustment of 25 basis points times the ratio of brokered deposits in 

excess of 10 percent of domestic deposits to the new assessment 

base. For small institutions, the adjustment would continue to apply 

only to institutions in Risk Categories II, III, and IV. For large institutions, the final rule provides an exemption from the adjustment for 

institutions that are well-capitalized and have a composite CAMELS 

rating of 1 or 2. The final rule maintains the 10 basis points cap on the 

brokered deposit adjustment. 

Designated Reserve Ratio

The FDIC must set a DRR each year. Dodd-Frank 

raised the minimum DRR to 1.35 percent from 1.15 

percent of estimated insured deposits. It also removed 

the upper limit (formerly 1.5 percent) on the DRR. In 

December 2010, the Board adopted a final rule setting 

the DRR at 2 percent. The FDIC views this target as a 

long-term minimum goal for the fund. An analysis 

conducted by FDIC staff found that a 2 percent target 

would significantly improve the chances that the FDIC 

could maintain stable, moderate insurance assessment 

rates through economic or banking cycles while also 

maintaining a positive DIF balance even during a serious economic or banking downturn.

Change in the Assessment Base

Dodd-Frank required the FDIC to amend its regulations to 

define the assessment base as average consolidated total 

assets minus average tangible equity, rather than total 

domestic deposits (the assessment base, with minor adjustments, that has been in place since 1935). The final rule 

requires that all insured depository institutions report average daily balances of consolidated total assets during the 

quarter. However, existing institutions with assets of less 

than $1 billion may report average weekly balances, unless 

they choose to report daily averages. Once an institution 

reports using daily averages, however, it would have to 

continue to do so. Under the final rule, Tier 1 capital is 

the measure for tangible equity. Institutions will report 

the average of month-end balances of Tier 1 capital, but 

existing institutions with less than $1 billion in average 

consolidated total assets could report the end-of-quarter 

amount of Tier 1 capital. As allowed by Dodd-Frank, the 

final rule deducts low-risk, liquid assets from the assessment base for banker’s banks and custodial banks.1

1

 A banker’s bank could deduct the sum of its average balances due from 

Federal Reserve Banks (reserve balances) plus its average federal funds 

sold. The amount of this deduction, however, could not exceed the sum 

of the bank’s average deposit liabilities from commercial banks and other 

depository institutions in the United States plus its average federal funds 

purchased. Funds resulting from government capital infusion programs, 

FDIC stock ownership, and employee compensation plan stock ownership will not disqualify a bank from being considered a banker’s bank. 

The final rule defines a custodial bank as an insured depository institution having previous calendar year-end fiduciary account and custody 

and safekeeping account assets of at least $50 billion or an insured 

depository institution deriving at least 50 percent of its revenue from 

fiduciary accounts and custody and safekeeping accounts over the previous calendar year. Low-risk assets would be assets with a Basel risk 

weighting of 0 percent, regardless of maturity, plus 50 percent of those 

assets with a Basel risk weighting of 20 percent, again regardless of 

maturity, subject to the limitation that the value of these assets could not 

exceed the daily or weekly average value of those deposits classified as 

transaction accounts and identified by the institution as being directly 

linked to a fiduciary or custody and safekeeping account. 
FDIC Quarterly 17 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

Assessment Rate Schedules

The final rule adopts the assessment rate schedules, 

shown in Table 2 above. Initial and total base assessment rates become effective April 1, 2011.4

This rate schedule should result in approximately the 

same assessment revenue that the FDIC would otherwise have collected using the assessment rate schedule 

under the Restoration Plan adopted by the Board on 

October 19, 2010.

Effective beginning the quarter after the fund reserve 

ratio first meets or exceeds 1.15 percent, initial base 

assessment rates would range from 3 basis points to 30 

basis points. Under these rates, the average assessment 

rate would approximately equal the long-term moderate, steady assessment rate—5.3 basis points—that 

4

 The final rule would allow the Board to adopt actual rates that are 

higher or lower than total base assessment rates without the necessity 

of further notice-and-comment rulemaking, provided that the Board 

could not increase or decrease rates from one quarter to the next by 

more than 2 basis points (down from 3 basis points in the current 

rule), and cumulative increases and decreases could not be more than 

2 basis points (down from 3 basis points in the current rule) higher or 

lower than the total base assessment rates.

institutions above a certain threshold.3 These changes 

should more accurately reflect the risk that these funding sources pose to the DIF.

Dividends

To increase the probability that the fund reserve ratio 

will reach a level sufficient to withstand a future crisis, 

the final rule suspends dividends indefinitely, consistent 

with the FDIC’s long-term, comprehensive plan for 

fund management. In lieu of dividends, the final rule 

would adopt progressively lower assessment rate schedules when the reserve ratio exceeds 2 percent and 2.5 

percent, as discussed below.

3

 The final rule creates a new adjustment (the Depository Institution 

Debt Adjustment) that applies a 50 basis point charge to every dollar 

of long-term unsecured debt held by an insured depository institution 

that was issued by another insured depository institution. This adjustment is intended to offset the benefit received by institutions that issue 

long-term, unsecured liabilities when those liabilities are held by other 

insured depository institutions, since the risk of this debt remains in 

the banking system. Under the final rule, however, the FDIC will 

exclude the first 3 percent of an institution’s Tier 1 capital from the 

amount of debt reported when calculating the adjustment.

Table 1: Distribution of the Assessment Base for FDIC-Insured Commercial Banks and Savings Institutions 

by Asset Size ($ Billions)*

Data as of December 31, 2010

Asset Size

Number of 

Institutions

Percent of Total 

Institutions

Current 

Assessment 

Base**

Percent of 

Current Base

Estimated New 

Assessment 

Base***

Percent of 

Estimated 

New Base

Less than $1 Billion 6,990 91.3% 1,195 15.2% 1,305 10

$1 - $10 Billion 560 7.3% 1,100 14.0% 1,298 10

$10 - $50 Billion 70 0.9% 896 11.4% 1,217 9

$50 - $100 Billion 18 0.2% 763 9.7% 1,088 8

Over $100 Billion 19 0.2% 3,913 49.7% 7,331 59

 Total 7,657 100.0% 7,867 100.0% 12,239 100

* Excludes ten insured U.S. branches of foreign ban

** The current assessment base is derived from domestic deposits

*** The estimates are derived from average quarterly assets as reported on the Call Report or Thrift Financial Report for December 31, 2010. Institutions currently report

their quarterly average assets as an average of either daily or weekly amounts. The estimates also rely on quarter-end Tier 1 capital as reported for December 3

In addition, the estimated amounts do not account for the adjustments permitted for banker’s banks or custodial banks

Table 2: Initial and Total Base Assessment Rates*

Risk

Category I

Risk

Category II

Risk

Category III

Risk

Category IV

Large and Highly Comple

Institutions

Initial base assessment rate 5–9 14 23 35 5–35

Unsecured debt adjustment** -4.5–0 -5–0 -5–0 -5–0 -5–

Brokered deposit adjustment — 0–10 0–10 0–10 0–10

Total Base Assessment Rate 2.5–9 9–24 18–33 30–45 2.5–

* Total base assessment rates do not include the depository institution debt adjustment

** The unsecured debt adjustment could not exceed the lesser of 5 basis points or 50 percent of an institution’s initial base assessment rate (IBAR). Thus, for example,

an institution with an IBAR of 5 basis points would have a maximum unsecured debt adjustment of 2.5 basis points and could not have a total base assessment rate lower

than 2.5 basis point
FDIC Quarterly 18 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Large Bank Pricing

The final rule eliminates risk categories for large institutions.5

 In addition, as required by Dodd-Frank, the final 

rule no longer uses long-term debt issuer ratings to 

calculate assessment rates for large institutions. The 

new large bank pricing rule combines CAMELS ratings 

and certain forward-looking financial measures into two 

scorecards—one for most large institutions and another 

for the remaining very large institutions that are structurally and operationally complex or that pose unique 

challenges and risks in case of failure (highly complex 

institutions).6 The FDIC retains its ability to take additional information into account to make a limited 

adjustment to an institution’s total score (the large 

bank adjustment), which will be used to determine an 

institution’s initial base assessment rate.

Author: Kevin Brown, Sr. Financial Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research

(202) 898-6817 

5

 Generally, these are institutions with at least $10 billion in assets.

6

 In general, a highly complex institution is an institution (other than a 

credit card bank) with more than $50 billion in total assets that is 

controlled by a parent or intermediate parent company with more than 

$500 billion in total assets or a processing bank or trust company with 

total fiduciary assets of $500 billion or more.

would have been needed to maintain a positive fund 

balance throughout past crises.

The final rule also sets out two assessment rate 

schedules that would take effect without further action 

by the Board when the fund reserve ratio meets or 

exceeds 2 percent and 2.5 percent. Historical analysis 

by FDIC staff revealed that reducing the 5.3 basis point 

weighted average assessment rate by 25 percent when 

the reserve ratio reached 2 percent and by 50 percent 

when the reserve ratio reached 2.5 percent would have 

allowed the fund to remain positive during prior banking crises and would have successfully limited rate 

volatility.
FDIC Quarterly 19 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

DIF Reserve Ratios

Percent of Insured Deposits

1.22 1.19

1.01

0.76

0.36

0.27 0.22

-0.16 -0.39 -0.38 -0.28 -0.15 -0.12

12/07 6/08 12/08 6/09 12/09 6/10 12/10

Table I-B. Insurance Fund Balances and Selected Indicators

(dollar figures in millions)

Deposit Insurance Fund*

4th 

Quarter 

2010

3rd 

Quarter 

2010

2nd 

Quarter 

2010

1st 

Quarter 

2010

4th 

Quarter 

2009

3rd 

Quarter 

2009

2nd 

Quarter 

2009

1st 

Quarter 

2009

4th 

Quarter 

2008

3rd 

Quarter 

2008

2nd 

Quarter 

2008

1st 

Quarter 

2008

4th 

Quarter 

2007

Beginning Fund Balance ..... -$8,009 -$15,247 -$20,717 -$20,862 -$8,243 $10,368 $13,007 $17,276 $34,588 $45,217 $52,843 $52,413 $51,754

Changes in Fund Balance:

Assessments earned .............. 3,498 3,592 3,242 3,278 3,042 2,965 9,095 2,615 996 881 640 448 239

Interest earned on 

investment securities ...... 39 40 64 62 76 176 240 212 277 526 651 618 585

Realized gain on sale of

investments ...................... 0 0 0 0 0 732 521 136 302 473 0 0 0

Operating expenses ............... 452 414 382 345 379 328 298 266 290 249 256 238 262

Provision for insurance 

losses ............................... 2,446 -3,763 -2,552 3,021 17,766 21,694 11,615 6,637 19,163 11,930 10,221 525 39

All other income, 

net of expenses ............... 48 94 55 22 2,721 308 375 2 15 16 1 0 -2

Unrealized gain/(loss) on 

available-for-sale 

securities ......................... -30 163 -61 149 -313 -770 -957 -331 551 -346 1,559 127 138

Total fund balance change ..... 657 7,238 5,470 145 -12,619 -18,611 -2,639 -4,269 -17,312 -10,629 -7,626 430 659

Ending Fund Balance ........... -7,352 -8,009 -15,247 -20,717 -20,862 -8,243 10,368 13,007 17,276 34,588 45,217 52,843 52,413

Percent change from 

four quarters earlier ......... NM NM NM NM NM NM -77.07 -75.39 -67.04 -33.17 -11.73 4.

Reserve Ratio (%) ................. -0.12 -0.15 -0.28 -0.38 -0.39 -0.16 0.22 0.27 0.36 0.76

Estimated Insured 

Deposits** .............................. 6,221,127 5,421,701 5,437,753 5,472,251 5,407,733 5,315,912 4,817,784 4,831,749 4,750,783 4,545,198 4,468,087 4,438,256 4,292,211

Percent change from 

four quarters earlier ......... 15.04 1.99 12.87 13.26 13.83 16.96 7.83 8.87 10.68 7.13 5

Domestic Deposits ............... 7,887,730 7,753,382 7,681,261 7,702,420 7,705,329 7,561,309 7,561,998 7,546,999 7,505,409 7,230,328 7,036,267 7,076,719 6,921,678

Percent change from 

four quarters earlier ......... 2.37 2.54 1.58 2.06 2.66 4.58 7.47 6.65 8.43 7.15 5

Number of institutions 

reporting ......................... 7,667 7,771 7,840 7,944 8,022 8,109 8,205 8,257 8,315 8,394 8,462 8,505 8,545

Deposit Insurance Fund Balance 

and Insured Deposits

($ Millions)

DIF 

Balance

DIF-Insured 

Deposits

12/07 $52,413 $4,292,211

3/08 52,843 4,438,256

6/08 45,217 4,468,087

9/08 34,588 4,545,198

12/08 17,276 4,750,783

3/09 13,007 4,831,749

6/09 10,368 4,817,784

9/09 -8,243 5,315,912

12/09 -20,862 5,407,733

3/10 -20,717 5,472,251

6/10 -15,247 5,437,753

9/10 -8,009 5,421,701

12/10 -7,352 6,221,127

Table II-B. Problem Institutions and Failed/Assisted Institutions

(dollar figures in millions) 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004

Problem Institutions

Number of institutions ������������������������������������������������ 884 702 252 76 50 52 80

Total assets����������������������������������������������������������������� $390,017 $402,782 $159,405 $22,189 $8,265 $6,607 $28,250

Failed Institutions

Number of institutions ������������������������������������������������ 157 140 25 3 0 0 4 

Total assets����������������������������������������������������������������� $92,085 $169,709 $371,945 $2,615 $0 $0 $170

Assisted Institutions***

Number of institutions ������������������������������������������������ 0 8 5 0 0 0 0

Total assets����������������������������������������������������������������� $0 $1,917,482 $1,306,042 0 0 0 0

* Quarterly financial statement results are unaudited. NM - Not meaningf

** Beginning in the third quarter of 2009, estimates of insured deposits are based on a $250,000 general coverage limit. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and

Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank) temporarily provides unlimited coverage for noninterest bearing transaction accounts for two years beginning December 31, 2010

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2010, estimates of insured deposits include the entire balance of noninterest bearing transaction accounts

*** Assisted institutions represent five institutions under a single holding company that received assistance in 2008, and eight institutions under a different single holding company that 

received assistance in 2009
FDIC Quarterly 20 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Table III-B. Estimated FDIC-Insured Deposits by Type of Institution

(dollar figures in millions) 

December 31, 2010

Number of 

Institutions

Total 

Assets

Domestic 

Deposits*

Est. Insured 

Deposits

Commercial Banks and Savings Institutions

FDIC-Insured Commercial Banks ����������������������������������������������� 6,529 $12,067,603 $6,964,671 $5,396,467

 FDIC-Supervised ������������������������������������������������������������������� 4,317 1,938,319 1,471,937 1,196,616 

 OCC-Supervised�������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,383 8,432,251 4,463,256 3,415,813 

 Federal Reserve-Supervised������������������������������������������������� 829 1,697,034 1,029,478 784,038 

FDIC-Insured Savings Institutions ���������������������������������������������� 1,128 1,253,780 908,449 811,092 

 OTS-Supervised Savings Institutions������������������������������������ 730 933,026 671,611 600,521 

 FDIC-Supervised State Savings Banks��������������������������������� 398 320,754 236,838 210,571 

Total Commercial Banks and Savings Institutions ���������������������� 7,657 13,321,383 7,873,120 6,207,559

Other FDIC-Insured Institutions

U.S. Branches of Foreign Banks ������������������������������������������������� 10 30,475 14,611 13,5

Total FDIC-Insured Institutions���������������������������������������������������� . 7,667 13,351,857 7,887,730 6,221,1

* Excludes $1.5 trillion in foreign office deposits, which are uninsure

Table IV-B. Distribution of Institutions and Domestic Deposits Among Risk Categories

Quarter Ending September 30, 2010

(dollar figures in billions)

Annual 

Rate in

Basis Points*

Number of 

Institutions

Percent 

of Total 

Institutions

Domestic 

Deposits

Percent 

of Total 

Domestic 

Deposits

Risk Category 

 7.00-12.00 1,813 23.33 $715 

12.01- 14.00 1,502 19.33 1,669 2

14.01- 15.99 1,784 22.96 1,909 2

 16.00-24.00 364 4.68 432 

Risk Category I

 17.00-22.00 1,196 15.39 2,276 2

 22.01-43.00 244 3.14 452 

Risk Category II

 27.00-32.00 538 6.92 172 

 32.01-58.00 149 1.92 74 

Risk Category IV 40.00-45.00 137 1.76 42

 45.01-77.50 44 0.57 13 

Note: Institutions are categorized based on supervisory ratings, debt ratings and financial data as of September 30, 2010

* See 12 CFR Part 327 for factors determining risk categories and risk based assessment rates
FDIC Quarterly 21 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

FDIC Responds to Market Disruptions with TLGP

The FDIC Board of Directors (Board) approved the 

Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program (TLGP) on 

October 13, 2008, as major disruptions in credit markets 

blocked access to liquidity for financial institutions.1

The TLGP improved access to liquidity through two 

programs: the Transaction Account Guarantee Program 

(TAGP), which fully guarantees noninterest-bearing 

transaction deposit accounts above $250,000, regardless 

of dollar amount; and the Debt Guarantee Program 

(DGP), which guarantees eligible senior unsecured debt 

issued by eligible institutions.

All insured depository institutions were eligible to 

participate in the TAGP. Institutions eligible to participate in the DGP were insured depository institutions, 

U.S. bank holding companies, certain U.S. savings and 

loan holding companies, and other affiliates of insured 

depository institutions that the FDIC designated as 

eligible entities.

FDIC Extends Guarantee Programs

Although financial markets improved significantly in 

the first half of 2009, portions of the industry were still 

affected by the recent economic turmoil. To facilitate 

the orderly phase-out of the TLGP, and to continue 

access to FDIC guarantees where they were needed, the 

Board extended both the DGP and TAGP.

On March 17, 2009, the Board voted to extend the 

deadline for issuance of guaranteed debt from June 30, 

2009, to October 31, 2009, and to extend the expiration date of the guarantee to the earlier of maturity of 

the debt or December 31, 2012, from June 30, 2012. 

The Board adopted a final rule on October 20, 2009, 

that allowed the DGP to expire on October 31, 2009.2

1

 The FDIC invoked the systemic risk exception pursuant to section 

141 of the Federal Deposit Improvement Act of 1991, 12 U.S.C 

1823(c)(4) on October 13, 2008. For further information on the TLGP, 

see http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/resources/TLGP/index.html. 2

 See http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/federal/2009/09final

AD37Oct23.pdf. 

A final rule extending the TAGP six months, to 

June 30, 2010, was adopted on August 26, 2009. On 

June 22, 2010, the Board adopted a final rule extending 

the TAGP for another six months, through December 

31, 2010.

Noninterest-Bearing Transaction Accounts Fully 

Insured under Dodd-Frank Reform Bill

According to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform 

and Consumer Protection Act, noninterest-bearing 

transaction accounts at all FDIC-insured institutions 

will be fully insured for two years. This amendment 

became effective on December 31, 2010. Coverage of 

noninterest-bearing transaction accounts is separate 

from the regular insurance limit of $250,000. Assessments for noninterest-bearing transaction accounts will 

be included in the regular assessments for insured 

institutions.3

Program Funded by Industry Fees and Assessments

The TLGP did not rely on taxpayer funding or the 

Deposit Insurance Fund. Both the TAGP and the DGP 

were paid for by direct user fees. As of March 31, 2010, 

fees totaling $10.4 billion had been assessed under the 

DGP. A total of $1.1 billion in fees had been collected 

under the TAGP by December 31, 2010.

A Majority of Eligible Entities Chose to Participate 

in the TLGP

About 74 percent of FDIC-insured institutions opted in 

to the TAGP extension through December 31, 2010. 

More than half of all eligible entities opted in to the 

DGP. Lists of institutions that opted out of the 

guarantee programs are posted at http://www.fdic.gov/

regulations/resources/TLGP/optout.html.

3

 See http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/reform/summary.html. 

■ Debt Guarantee Program Ended October 31, 2009

■ Transaction Account Guarantee Program Ended December 31, 2010

■ All Noninterest-Bearing Transaction Deposit Accounts Insured under 

Dodd-Frank Reform Bill

■ $267 Billion Outstanding in Debt Guarantee Program

TEMPORARY LIQUIDITY GUARANTEE PROGRAM
FDIC Quarterly 22 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Debt outstanding at December 31, 2010, had longer 

terms at issuance, compared with debt outstanding at 

year-end 2008. Over 90 percent matures more than two 

years after issuance, compared with 39 percent at 

December 31, 2008. Among types of debt instruments, 

92 percent was in medium-term notes, compared with 

44 percent at year-end 2008. The share of outstanding 

debt in commercial paper fell to 0 percent from 43 

percent at year-end 2008.

Author: Katherine Wyatt

Chief, Financial Analysis Section

Division of Insurance and Research

(202) 898-6755

$114 Billion in Transaction Accounts over 

$250,000 Guaranteed

According to fourth quarter 2010 Call and Thrift 

Financial Reports, insured institutions participating in 

the TAGP reported an average of 198,361 noninterestbearing transaction accounts over $250,000 during the 

quarter. The average deposit balances in these accounts 

totaled $164 billion, of which $114 billion was guaranteed under the TAGP. More than 5,100 FDIC-insured 

institutions reported TAGP accounts.4

$267 Billion in FDIC-Guaranteed Debt Was 

Outstanding at December 31, 2010

Sixty-six financial entities—39 insured depository institutions and 27 bank and thrift holding companies and 

nonbank affiliates—had $267 billion in guaranteed debt 

outstanding at the end of fourth quarter 2010. Some 

banking groups issued FDIC-guaranteed debt at both 

the subsidiary and holding company level, but most 

guaranteed debt was issued by holding companies or 

nonbank affiliates of depository institutions. Bank and 

thrift holding companies and nonbank affiliates issued 

85 percent of FDIC-guaranteed debt outstanding at 

December 31, 2010.

4

 Insured institutions participating in the TAGP reported the average 

daily amount in TAGP accounts and the average daily number of TAGP 

accounts in their September 30, 2010, and December 31, 2010, Call 

and Thrift Financial Reports.
FDIC Quarterly 23 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

Table I-C. Participation in Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program

December 31, 2010 Total Eligible Entities Number Opting In Percent Opting In

Transaction Account Guarantee Program Extension to 

December 31, 2010

Depository Institutions with Assets <= $10 Billion�������������������������������� 7,558 5,631 74.5

Depository Institutions with Assets > $10 Billion ���������������������������������� 108 33 30.6

Total Depository Institutions*���������������������������������������������������������� 7,666 5,664 73.9

Debt Guarantee Program

Depository Institutions with Assets <= $10 Billion�������������������������������� 7,558 3,954 52.3

Depository Institutions with Assets > $10 Billion ���������������������������������� 108 95 88.0

Total Depository Institutions*���������������������������������������������������������� 7,666 4,049 52.8

Bank and Thrift Holding Companies and Non-Insured Affiliates ��������� 5,992 3,363 56.1

All Entities���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13,658 7,412 54.3

* Depository institutions include insured branches of foreign banks (IBAs)

Table IV-C. Debt Outstanding in Guarantee Program 

December 31, 2010

(dollar figures in millions) Number Debt Outstanding Cap* for Group

Debt Outstanding 

Share of Cap

Insured Depository Institutions

Assets <= $10 Billion ��������������������������������������������������������� 27 $1,586 $1,665 95.3

Assets > $10 Billion ����������������������������������������������������������� 12 37,566 106,317 35.3

Bank and Thrift Holding Companies, Noninsured Affiliates ��� 27 227,915 386,223 59.0

All Issuers������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 267,066 494,205 54.0

* The amount of FDIC-guaranteed debt that can be issued by each eligible entity, or its “cap,” is based on the amount of senior unsecured debt outstanding as of 

September 30, 2008� The cap for a depository institution with no senior unsecured debt outstanding at September 30, 2008, is set at 2 percent of total liabilities� See 

http://www5�fdic�gov/qbp/2008dec/tlgp2c�html for more information� 

Table III-C. Transaction Account Guarantee Program

(dollar figures in millions) Dec. 31, 

2009

Mar. 31, 

2010

June 30, 

2010

Sep. 30, 

2010*

Dec. 31, 

2010*

% Change 

10Q3-10Q4

Number of Noninterest-Bearing Transaction Accounts 

over $250,000�������������������������������������������������������������� 687,854 308,911 320,164 183,533 198,361 8.1

Amount in Noninterest-Bearing Transaction Accounts 

over $250,000�������������������������������������������������������������� $1,006,463 $355,492 $344,473 $155,200 $163,837 5.6

Amount Guaranteed ���������������������������������������������������������� $834,499 $278,265 $264,432 $109,317 $114,247 4.5

*Banks participating in TAGP reported daily averages for the amount in and number of noninterest-transaction accounts over $250,000 in their September 30 and 

December 31, 2010, Call and Thrift Financial Reports

Table II-C. Cap on FDIC-Guaranteed Debt for Opt-In Entities

December 31, 2010

(dollar figures in millions)

Opt-In Entities with Senior Unsecured

Debt Outstanding at 9/30/2008

Opt-In Depository Institutions 

with no Senior Unsecured

Debt at 9/30/2008

Number 

 Debt Amount 

as of 

9/30/2008 Initial Cap Number

2% Liabilities

as of 

9/30/2008

Total 

Entities

Total Initial 

Cap 

Depository Institutions with Assets 

<= $10 Billion*������������������������������������ 109 $3,362 $4,203 3,845 $29,372 3,954 $33,574

Depository Institutions with Assets 

> $10 Billion*�������������������������������������� 39 269,228 336,535 56 23,320 95 359,855

Bank and Thrift Holding 

Companies, Noninsured Affiliates����������� 81 397,714 497,143 3,282 N/A 3,363 497,143

Total��������������������������������������������������������� 229 670,305 837,881 7,183 52,692 7,412 890,572

* Depository institutions include insured branches of foreign banks (IBAs). N/A - Not applicab
FDIC Quarterly 24 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Table V-C. Fees Assessed Under TLGP

(dollar figures in millions)

Debt Guarantee Program

Transaction Account 

Guarantee Program*

Total Fees Assessed Surcharges Total Fee Amount Fees Collected

Fourth Quarter 2008��������������������������������������������������� $3,437 $3,437

First Quarter 2009 ������������������������������������������������������ 3,433 3,433 90

Second Quarter 2009 ������������������������������������������������� 1,413 385 1,797 179

Third Quarter 2009 ����������������������������������������������������� 691 280 971 182

Fourth Quarter 2009��������������������������������������������������� 503 207 709 188

First Quarter 2010**���������������������������������������������������� 14 14 207

Second Quarter 2010 ������������������������������������������������� 115

Third Quarter 2010������������������������������������������������������ 111

Fourth Quarter 2010 ��������������������������������������������������� 48

Total���������������������������������������������������������������������� $9,491 $872 $10,363 $1,120

* Prorated payment in arrears

** A review of data systems led us to recognize a nominal fee amount that had been dropped in error from previously reported amounts

Table VI-C. Term at Issuance of Debt Instruments Outstanding

December 31, 2010

(dollar figures in millions)

Commercial 

Paper

Interbank

Eurodollar

Deposits

Medium 

Term Notes

Other 

Interbank 

Deposits

Other 

Senior 

Unsecured

Debt

Other 

Term Note All Debt

Share 

by Term

Term at Issuance

90 days or less�������������������������������������� $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 0.0%

91-180 days������������������������������������������� 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

181-364 days����������������������������������������� 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

1-2 years ����������������������������������������������� 0 0 24,400 0 0 16 24,416 9.1%

Over 2-3 years �������������������������������������� 0 0 80,447 0 3,352 6,002 89,801 33.6%

Over 3 years������������������������������������������ 0 0 139,982 4 3,713 9,151 152,849 57.2%

Total������������������������������������������������ 0 0 244,829 4 7,064 15,170 267,066

Share of Total���������������������������������������� 0.0% 0.0% 91.7% 0.0% 2.6% 5.7%
FDIC Quarterly 25 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

periods, divided by the total number of periods). For “poolingof-interest” mergers, the assets of the acquired institution(s) 

are included in average assets since the year-to-date income 

includes the results of all merged institutions. No adjustments 

are made for “purchase accounting” mergers. Growth rates 

represent the percentage change over a 12-month period in 

totals for institutions in the base period to totals for institutions in the current period.

All data are collected and presented based on the location of 

each reporting institution’s main office. Reported data may 

include assets and liabilities located outside of the reporting 

institution’s home state. In addition, institutions may relocate 

across state lines or change their charters, resulting in an 

inter-regional or inter-industry migration, e.g., institutions 

can move their home offices between regions, and savings 

institutions can convert to commercial banks or commercial 

banks may convert to savings institutions.

ACCOUNTING CHANGES

Extended Net Operating Loss Carryback Period – The Worker, 

Homeownership, and Business Assistance Act of 2009, which 

was enacted on November 6, 2009, permits banks and other 

businesses, excluding those banking organizations that received 

capital from the U.S. Treasury under the Troubled Asset Relief 

Program, to elect a net operating loss carryback period of 

three, four, or five years instead of the usual carryback period 

of two years for any one tax year ending after December 31, 

2007, and beginning before January 1, 2010. For calendar year 

banks, this extended carryback period applies to either the 

2008 or 2009 tax year. The amount of the net operating loss 

that can be carried back to the fifth carryback year is limited 

to 50 percent of the available taxable income for that fifth 

year, but this limit does not apply to other carryback years.

Under generally accepted accounting principles, banks may 

not record the effects of this tax change in their balance 

sheets and income statements for financial and regulatory 

reporting purposes until the period in which the law was 

enacted, i.e., the fourth quarter of 2009. Therefore, banks 

should recognize the effects of this fourth quarter 2009 tax 

law change on their current and deferred tax assets and liabilities, including valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, in 

their Call Reports for December 31, 2009. Banks should not 

amend their Call Reports for prior quarters for the effects of 

the extended net operating loss carryback period.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, 

which was enacted on February 17, 2009, permits qualifying 

small businesses, including FDIC-insured institutions, to elect 

a net operating loss carryback period of three, four, or five 

years instead of the usual carryback period of two years for any 

tax year ending in 2008 or, at the small business’s election, 

any tax year beginning in 2008. Under generally accepted 

accounting principles, institutions may not record the effect of 

this tax change in their balance sheets and income statements 

for financial and regulatory reporting purposes until the period 

in which the law was enacted, i.e., the first quarter of 2009.

Troubled Debt Restructurings – Many institutions are restructuring or modifying the terms of loans to provide payment relief 

for those borrowers who have suffered deterioration in their 

financial condition. Such loan restructurings may include, but 

are not limited to, reductions in principal or accrued interest, 

reductions in interest rates, and extensions of the maturity 

date. Modifications may be executed at the original contractuNotes to Users

This publication contains financial data and other information 

for depository institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). These notes are an integral part of 

this publication and provide information regarding the comparability of source data and reporting differences over time.

Tables I-A through VIII-A.

The information presented in Tables I-A through V-A of the 

FDIC Quarterly Banking Profile is aggregated for all FDICinsured institutions, both commercial banks and savings institutions. Tables VI-A (Derivatives) and VII-A (Servicing, 

Securitization, and Asset Sales Activities) aggregate information only for insured commercial banks and state-chartered 

savings banks that file quarterly Call Reports. Table VIII-A 

(Trust Services) aggregates Trust asset and income information collected annually from all FDIC-insured institutions. 

Some tables are arrayed by groups of FDIC-insured institutions based on predominant types of asset concentration, 

while other tables aggregate institutions by asset size and 

geographic region. Quarterly and full-year data are provided 

for selected indicators, including aggregate condition and 

income data, performance ratios, condition ratios, and structural changes, as well as past due, noncurrent, and charge-off 

information for loans outstanding and other assets.

Tables I-B through IV-B.

A separate set of tables (Tables I-B through IV-B) provides 

comparative quarterly data related to the Deposit Insurance 

Fund (DIF), problem institutions, failed/assisted institutions, 

estimated FDIC-insured deposits, as well as assessment rate 

information. Depository institutions that are not insured by 

the FDIC through the DIF are not included in the FDIC 

Quarterly Banking Profile. U.S. branches of institutions headquartered in foreign countries and non-deposit trust companies 

are not included unless otherwise indicated. Efforts are made 

to obtain financial reports for all active institutions. However, 

in some cases, final financial reports are not available for institutions that have closed or converted their charters.

DATA SOURCES

The financial information appearing in this publication is 

obtained primarily from the Federal Financial Institutions 

Examination Council (FFIEC) Consolidated Reports of 

Condition and Income (Call Reports) and the OTS Thrift 

Financial Reports submitted by all FDIC-insured depository 

institutions. This information is stored on and retrieved from 

the FDIC’s Research Information System (RIS) data base.

COMPUTATION METHODOLOGY

Parent institutions are required to file consolidated reports, 

while their subsidiary financial institutions are still required 

to file separate reports. Data from subsidiary institution 

reports are included in the Quarterly Banking Profile tables, 

which can lead to double-counting. No adjustments are made 

for any double-counting of subsidiary data. Additionally, certain adjustments are made to the OTS Thrift Financial Reports

to provide closer conformance with the reporting and 

accounting requirements of the FFIEC Call Reports.

All asset and liability figures used in calculating performance 

ratios represent average amounts for the period (beginning-ofperiod amount plus end-of-period amount plus any interim 
FDIC Quarterly 26 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Financial Assets (formerly paragraph 16 of FASB Statement 

No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity 

Securities); FASB Staff Position (FSP) FAS 115-1 and FAS 

124-1, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and 

Its Application to Certain Investments; FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 

124-2, Recognition and Presentation of Other-Than-Temporary 

Impairments; paragraph 6 of Accounting Principles Board 

Opinion No. 18, The Equity Method of Accounting for 

Investments in Common Stock; Emerging Issues Task Force 

(EITF) Issue No. 99-20, Recognition of Interest Income and 

Impairment on Purchased Beneficial Interests and Beneficial 

Interests That Continue to Be Held by a Transferor in Securitized 

Financial Assets; and FSP EITF 99-20-1, Amendments to the 

Impairment Guidance of EITF Issue No. 99-20. Under ASC 

Topic 320, if an institution intends to sell a debt security or it 

is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the debt 

security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, an otherthan-temporary impairment has occurred and the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair 

value at the balance sheet date must be recognized in earnings. In these cases, the fair value of the debt security would 

become its new amortized cost basis. In addition, under ASC 

Topic 320, if the present value of cash flows expected to be 

collected on a debt security is less than its amortized cost 

basis, a credit loss exists. In this situation, if an institution 

does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely 

than not that the institution will be required to sell the debt 

security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any 

current-period credit loss, an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. The amount of the total other-thantemporary impairment related to the credit loss must be 

recognized in earnings, but the amount of the total impairment related to other factors must be recognized in other 

comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.

ASC Topic 805 (formerly Business Combinations and Noncontrolling 

(Minority) Interests) – In December 2007, the FASB issued 

Statement No. 141 (Revised), Business Combinations FAS 

141(R)), and Statement No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in 

Consolidated Financial Statements (FAS 160). Under FAS 

141(R), all business combinations, including combinations of 

mutual entities, are to be accounted for by applying the acquisition method. FAS 160 defines a noncontrolling interest, also 

called a minority interest, as the portion of equity in an institution’s subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the 

parent institution. FAS 160 requires an institution to clearly 

present in its consolidated financial statements the equity 

ownership in and results of its subsidiaries that are attributable 

to the noncontrolling ownership interests in these subsidiaries. 

FAS 141(R) applies prospectively to business combinations for 

which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the 

first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 

15, 2008. Similarly, FAS 160 is effective for fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2008. Thus, for institutions 

with calendar year fiscal years, these two accounting standards 

take effect in 2009. Beginning in March 2009, Institution 

equity capital and Noncontrolling interests are separately 

reported in arriving at Total equity capital and Net income.

ASC Topic 820 (formerly FASB Statement No. 157 Fair Value 

Measurements issued in September 2006) and ASC Topic 825 

(formerly FASB Statement No. 159 The Fair Value Option for 

Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities) issued in February 2007 – 

both are effective in 2008 with early adoption permitted in 

2007. FAS 157 defines fair value and establishes a framework 

al interest rate on the loan, a current market interest rate, or a 

below-market interest rate. Many of these loan modifications 

meet the definition of a troubled debt restructuring (TDR).

The TDR accounting and reporting standards are set forth in 

ASC Subtopic 310-40, Receivables—Troubled Debt 

Restructurings by Creditors (formerly FASB Statement No. 

15, “Accounting by Debtors and Creditors for Troubled Debt 

Restructurings,” as amended). This guidance specifies that a 

restructuring of a debt constitutes a TDR if, at the date of 

restructuring, the creditor for economic or legal reasons related to a debtor’s financial difficulties grants a concession to 

the debtor that it would not otherwise consider.

In the Call Report, until a loan that is a TDR is paid in full 

or otherwise settled, sold, or charged off, it must be reported 

in the appropriate loan category, as well as identified as a performing TDR loan, if it is in compliance with its modified 

terms. If a TDR is not in compliance with its modified terms, 

it is reported as a past due and nonaccrual loan in the appropriate loan category, as well as distinguished from other past 

due and nonaccrual loans. To be considered in compliance 

with its modified terms, a loan that is a TDR must not be in 

nonaccrual status and must be current or less than 30 days 

past due on its contractual principal and interest payments 

under the modified repayment terms. A loan restructured in a 

TDR is an impaired loan. Thus, all TDRs must be measured 

for impairment in accordance with ASC Subtopic 310-10, 

Receivables—Overall (formerly FASB Statement No. 114, 

“Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” as amended), and the Call report Glossary entry for “Loan Impairment.”

Accounting for Loan Participations – Amended ASC Topic 860 

(formerly FAS 166) modified the criteria that must be met in 

order for a transfer of a portion of a financial asset, such as a 

loan participation, to qualify for sale accounting. These 

changes apply to transfers of loan participations on or after the 

effective date of amended ASC Topic 860 (discussed above), 

including advances under lines of credit that are transferred 

on or after the effective date of amended ASC Topic 860 even 

if the line of credit agreements were entered into before this 

effective date. Therefore, banks with a calendar year fiscal year 

must account for transfers of loan participations on or after 

January 1, 2010, in accordance with amended ASC Topic 

860. In general, loan participations transferred before the 

effective date of amended ASC Topic 860 (January 1, 2010, 

for calendar year banks) are not affected by this new accounting standard. Therefore, loan participations transferred before 

the effective date of amended ASC Topic 860 that were 

properly accounted for as sales under former FASB Statement 

No. 140 will continue to be reported as having been sold.

Under amended ASC Topic 860, if a transfer of a portion of 

an entire financial asset meets the definition of a “participating interest,” then the transferor (normally the lead lender) 

must evaluate whether the transfer meets all of the conditions 

in this accounting standard to qualify for sale accounting.

Other-Than-Temporary Impairment – When the fair value of an 

investment in a debt or equity security is less than its cost 

basis, the impairment is either temporary or other-thantemporary. To determine whether the impairment is otherthan-temporary, an institution must apply other pertinent 

guidance in ASC Topic 320 , Investments-Debt and Equity 

Securities—Overall; ASC Subtopic 325-20, InvestmentsOther—Cost Method Investments; and ASC Subtopic 325-

40, Investments-Other—Beneficial Interests in Securitized 
FDIC Quarterly 27 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

Call Report purposes. The SOP does not apply to the loans 

that a bank has originated, prohibits “carrying over” or creation of valuation allowances in the initial accounting, and 

any subsequent valuation allowances reflect only those losses 

incurred by the investor after acquisition.

GNMA Buy-back Option – If an issuer of GNMA securities has the 

option to buy back the loans that collateralize the GNMA securities, when certain delinquency criteria are met, ASC Topic 

860 (formerly FASB Statement No. 140) requires that loans 

with this buy-back option must be brought back on the issuer’s 

books as assets. The rebooking of GNMA loans is required 

regardless of whether the issuer intends to exercise the buy-back 

option. The banking agencies clarified in May 2005 that all 

GNMA loans that are rebooked because of delinquency should 

be reported as past due according to their contractual terms.

ASC Topics 860 & 810 (formerly FASB Statements 166 & 167) – 

In June 2009, the FASB issued Statement No. 166, 

Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets (FAS 166), and 

Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 

46(R) (FAS 167), which change the way entities account for 

securitizations and special purpose entities. FAS 166 revised 

FASB Statement No. 140, Accounting for Transfers and 

Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities, by 

eliminating the concept of a “qualifying special-purpose entity,” creating the concept of a “participating interest,” changing the requirements for derecognizing financial assets, and 

requiring additional disclosures. FAS 167 revised FASB 

Interpretation No. 46(R), Consolidation of Variable Interest 

Entities, by changing how a bank or other company determines when an entity that is insufficiently capitalized or is 

not controlled through voting or similar rights, i.e., a “variable interest entity” (VIE), should be consolidated. Under 

FAS 167, a bank must perform a qualitative assessment to 

determine whether its variable interest or interests give it a 

controlling financial interest in a VIE. If a bank’s variable 

interest or interests provide it with the power to direct the 

most significant activities of the VIE, and the right to receive 

benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE, the bank is the primary beneficiary of, and therefore must consolidate, the VIE.

Both FAS 166 and FAS 167 take effect as of the beginning of 

each bank’s first annual reporting period that begins after 

November 15, 2009, for interim periods therein, and for interim and annual reporting periods thereafter (i.e., as of January 

1, 2010, for banks with a calendar year fiscal year). Earlier 

application is prohibited. Banks are expected to adopt FAS 

166 and FAS 167 for Call Report purposes in accordance with 

the effective date of these two standards. Also, FAS 166 has 

modified the criteria that must be met in order for a transfer of 

a portion of a financial asset, such as a loan participation, to 

qualify for sale accounting. These changes apply to transfers of 

loan participations on or after the effective date of FAS 166. 

Therefore, banks with a calendar year fiscal year must account 

for transfers of loan participations on or after January 1, 2010, 

in accordance with FAS 166. In general, loan participations 

transferred before the effective date of FAS 166 (January 1, 

2010, for calendar year banks) are not affected by this new 

accounting standard and pre-FAS 166 participations that 

were properly accounted for as sales under FASB Statement 

No. 140 will continue to be reported as having been sold.

ASC Topic 740 (formerly FASB Interpretation No. 48 on Uncertain 

Tax Positions) – FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for 

for developing fair value estimates for the fair value measurements that are already required or permitted under other 

standards. FASB FSP 157-4, issued in April 2009, provides 

additional guidance for estimating fair value in accordance 

with FAS 157 when the volume and level of activity for the 

asset or liability have significantly decreased. The FSP also 

includes guidance on identifying circumstances that indicate a 

transaction is not orderly. The FSP is effective for interim and 

annual reporting periods ending after June 15, 2009, with early 

adoption permitted for periods ending after March 15, 2009.

Fair value continues to be used for derivatives, trading securities, and available-for-sale securities. Changes in fair value go 

through earnings for trading securities and most derivatives. 

Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities are 

reported in other comprehensive income. Available-for-sale 

securities and held-to-maturity debt securities are written down 

to fair value if impairment is other than temporary and loans 

held for sale are reported at the lower of cost or fair value.

FAS 159 allows institutions to report certain financial assets 

and liabilities at fair value with subsequent changes in fair 

value included in earnings. In general, an institution may 

elect the fair value option for an eligible financial asset or liability when it first recognizes the instrument on its balance 

sheet or enters into an eligible firm commitment.

ASC Topic 715 (formerly FASB Statement No. 158 Employers’ 

Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement 

Plans) – issued in September 2006 requires a bank to recognize 

in 2007, and subsequently, the funded status of its postretirement plans on its balance sheet. An overfunded plan is recognized as an asset and an underfunded plan is recognized as a 

liability. An adjustment is made to equity as accumulated 

other comprehensive income (AOCI) upon application of 

FAS 158, and AOCI is adjusted in subsequent periods as net 

periodic benefit costs are recognized in earnings.

ASC Topic 860 (formerly FASB Statement No. 156 Accounting for 

Servicing of Financial Assets) – issued in March 2006 and effective in 2007, requires all separately recognized servicing assets 

and liabilities to be initially measured at fair value and allows 

a bank the option to subsequently adjust that value by periodic revaluation and recognition of earnings or by periodic 

amortization to earnings.

ASC Topic 815 (formerly FASB Statement No. 155 Accounting for 

Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments) – issued in February 2006, 

requires bifurcation of certain derivatives embedded in interests in securitized financial assets and permits fair value measurement (i.e., a fair value option) for any hybrid financial 

instrument that contains an embedded derivative that would 

otherwise require bifurcation under FASB Statement No. 133, 

Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

(FAS 133). In addition, FAS 155 clarifies which interest-only 

and principal-only strips are not subject to FAS 133.

Purchased Impaired Loans and Debt Securities – ASC Topic 310 

(formerly Statement of Position 03-3, Accounting for Certain Loans 

or Debt Securities Acquired in a Transfer) – The SOP applies to 

loans and debt securities acquired in fiscal years beginning 

after December 15, 2004. In general, this Statement of 

Position applies to “purchased impaired loans and debt securities” (i.e., loans and debt securities that a bank has purchased, 

including those acquired in a purchase business combination, 

when it is probable, at the purchase date, that the bank will 

be unable to collect all contractually required payments 

receivable). Banks must follow Statement of Position 03-3 for 
FDIC Quarterly 28 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Assets securitized and sold – total outstanding principal balance 

of assets securitized and sold with servicing retained or other 

seller- provided credit enhancements.

Capital Purchase Program (CPP) – As announced in October 

2008 under the TARP, the Treasury Department purchase of 

noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related warrants 

that is treated as Tier 1 capital for regulatory capital purposes 

is included in “Total equity capital.” Such warrants to purchase common stock or noncumulative preferred stock issued 

by publicly-traded banks are reflected as well in “Surplus.” 

Warrants to purchase common stock or noncumulative preferred stock of not-publicly-traded bank stock classified in a 

bank’s balance sheet as “Other liabilities.”

Construction and development loans – includes loans for all property types under construction, as well as loans for land acquisition and development.

Core capital – common equity capital plus noncumulative perpetual preferred stock plus minority interest in consolidated 

subsidiaries, less goodwill and other ineligible intangible 

assets. The amount of eligible intangibles (including servicing 

rights) included in core capital is limited in accordance with 

supervisory capital regulations.

Cost of funding earning assets – total interest expense paid on 

deposits and other borrowed money as a percentage of average 

earning assets.

Credit enhancements – techniques whereby a company attempts 

to reduce the credit risk of its obligations. Credit enhancement may be provided by a third party (external credit 

enhancement) or by the originator (internal credit enhancement), and more than one type of enhancement may be 

associated with a given issuance.

Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) – The Bank (BIF) and Savings 

Association (SAIF) Insurance Funds were merged in 2006 by 

the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act to form the DIF.

Derivatives notional amount – The notional, or contractual, 

amounts of derivatives represent the level of involvement in 

the types of derivatives transactions and are not a quantification of market risk or credit risk. Notional amounts represent 

the amounts used to calculate contractual cash flows to be 

exchanged.

Derivatives credit equivalent amount – the fair value of the 

derivative plus an additional amount for potential future credit exposure based on the notional amount, the remaining 

maturity and type of the contract.

Derivatives transaction types:

Futures and forward contracts – contracts in which the buyer 

agrees to purchase and the seller agrees to sell, at a specified future date, a specific quantity of an underlying variable or index at a specified price or yield. These contracts 

exist for a variety of variables or indices, (traditional agricultural or physical commodities, as well as currencies and 

interest rates). Futures contracts are standardized and are 

traded on organized exchanges which set limits on counterparty credit exposure. Forward contracts do not have 

standardized terms and are traded over the counter.

Option contracts – contracts in which the buyer acquires the 

right to buy from or sell to another party some specified 

amount of an underlying variable or index at a stated price 

(strike price) during a period or on a specified future date, 

in return for compensation (such as a fee or premium). 

Uncertainty in Income Taxes (FIN 48), was issued in June 2006 

as an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, Accounting 

for Income Taxes. Under FIN 48, the term “tax position” refers

to “a position in a previously filed tax return or a position 

expected to be taken in a future tax return that is reflected in 

measuring current or deferred income tax assets and liabilities.” FIN 48 further states that a “tax position can result in

a permanent reduction of income taxes payable, a deferral of 

income taxes otherwise currently payable to future years, or 

a change in the expected realizability of deferred tax assets.”

FIN 48 was originally issued effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006. Banks must adopt FIN 48 for 

Call Report purposes in accordance with the interpretation’s 

effective date except as follows. On December 31, 2008, the 

FASB decided to defer the effective date of FIN 48 for eligible nonpublic enterprises and to require those enterprises to 

adopt FIN 48 for annual periods beginning after December 

15, 2008. A nonpublic enterprise under certain conditions is 

eligible for deferral, even if it opted to issue interim or quarterly financial information in 2007 under earlier guidance 

that reflected the adoption of FIN 48.

ASC Topic 718 (formerly FASB Statement No. 123 (Revised 2004) 

and Share-Based Payments – refer to previously published 

Quarterly Banking Profile notes: http://www5.fdic.gov/qbp/

2008dec/qbpnot.html

ASC Topic 815 (formerly FASB Statement No. 133 Accounting for

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities) – refer to previously published Quarterly Banking Profile notes: http://www5.fdic.

gov/qbp/2008dec/qbpnot.html

Accounting Standards Codification – In June 2009, the FASB 

issued Statement No. 168, The FASB Accounting Standards 

CodificationTM and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted 

Accounting Principles (FAS 168), to establish the FASB 

Codification as the single source of authoritative nongovernmental U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. 

GAAP). The FASB Codification reorganizes existing U.S. 

accounting and reporting standards issued by the FASB and 

other related private-sector standard setters, and all guidance

contained in the FASB Codification carries an equal level of 

authority. All previously existing accounting standards documents are superseded as described in FAS 168. All other

accounting literature not included in the FASB Codification 

is nonauthoritative. The FASB Codification can be accessed 

at http://asc.fasb.org/. The FASB Codification is effective for 

interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. 

This is an FFIEC reference guide at http://www.ffiec.gov/pdf/

ffiec_forms/CodificationIntroduction_201006.pdf.

DEFINITIONS (in alphabetical order)

All other assets – total cash, balances due from depository 

institutions, premises, fixed assets, direct investments in real 

estate, investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries, customers’ 

liability on acceptances outstanding, assets held in trading 

accounts, federal funds sold, securities purchased with agreements to resell, fair market value of derivatives, prepaid 

deposit insurance assessments, and other assets.

All other liabilities – bank’s liability on acceptances, limited-life 

preferred stock, allowance for estimated off-balance-sheet credit 

losses, fair market value of derivatives, and other liabilities.

Assessment base – assessable deposits consist of DIF deposits 

(deposits insured by the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund) in 

banks’ domestic offices with certain adjustments.
FDIC Quarterly 29 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

Long-term assets (5+ years) – loans and debt securities with 

remaining maturities or repricing intervals of over five years.

Maximum credit exposure – the maximum contractual credit 

exposure remaining under recourse arrangements and other 

seller-provided credit enhancements provided by the reporting bank to securitizations.

Mortgage-backed securities – certificates of participation in 

pools of residential mortgages and collateralized mortgage 

obligations issued or guaranteed by government-sponsored or 

private enterprises. Also, see “Securities,” below.

Net charge-offs – total loans and leases charged off (removed 

from balance sheet because of uncollectibility), less amounts 

recovered on loans and leases previously charged off.

Net interest margin – the difference between interest and dividends earned on interest-bearing assets and interest paid to 

depositors and other creditors, expressed as a percentage of 

average earning assets. No adjustments are made for interest 

income that is tax exempt.

Net loans to total assets – loans and lease financing receivables, net of unearned income, allowance and reserves, as a 

percent of total assets on a consolidated basis.

Net operating income – income excluding discretionary transactions such as gains (or losses) on the sale of investment securities and extraordinary items. Income taxes subtracted from 

operating income have been adjusted to exclude the portion 

applicable to securities gains (or losses).

Noncurrent assets – the sum of loans, leases, debt securities, 

and other assets that are 90 days or more past due, or in nonaccrual status.

Noncurrent loans & leases – the sum of loans and leases 90 days 

or more past due, and loans and leases in nonaccrual status.

Number of institutions reporting – the number of institutions 

that actually filed a financial report.

New charters – insured institutions filing quarterly financial 

reports for the first time.

Other borrowed funds – federal funds purchased, securities sold 

with agreements to repurchase, demand notes issued to the 

U.S. Treasury, FHLB advances, other borrowed money, mortgage indebtedness, obligations under capitalized leases and 

trading liabilities, less revaluation losses on assets held in 

trading accounts.

Other real estate owned – primarily foreclosed property. Direct 

and indirect investments in real estate ventures are excluded. 

The amount is reflected net of valuation allowances. For institutions that file a Thrift Financial Report (TFR), the valuation 

allowance subtracted also includes allowances for other repossessed assets. Also, for TFR filers the components of other real 

estate owned are reported gross of valuation allowances.

Percent of institutions with earnings gains – the percent of institutions that increased their net income (or decreased their 

losses) compared to the same period a year earlier.

“Problem” institutions – federal regulators assign a composite 

rating to each financial institution, based upon an evaluation 

of financial and operational criteria. The rating is based on a 

scale of 1 to 5 in ascending order of supervisory concern. 

“Problem” institutions are those institutions with financial, 

operational, or managerial weaknesses that threaten their 

continued financial viability. Depending upon the degree of 

risk and supervisory concern, they are rated either a “4” or 

“5.” The number and assets of “problem” institutions are 

based on FDIC composite ratings. Prior to March 31, 2008, 

The seller is obligated to purchase or sell the variable or 

index at the discretion of the buyer of the contract.

Swaps – obligations between two parties to exchange a 

series of cash flows at periodic intervals (settlement dates), 

for a specified period. The cash flows of a swap are either 

fixed, or determined for each settlement date by multiplying the quantity (notional principal) of the underlying 

variable or index by specified reference rates or prices. 

Except for currency swaps, the notional principal is used 

to calculate each payment but is not exchanged.

Derivatives underlying risk exposure – the potential exposure 

characterized by the level of banks’ concentration in particular underlying instruments, in general. Exposure can result 

from market risk, credit risk, and operational risk, as well as, 

interest rate risk.

Domestic deposits to total assets – total domestic office deposits 

as a percent of total assets on a consolidated basis.

Earning assets – all loans and other investments that earn 

interest or dividend income.

Efficiency ratio – noninterest expense less amortization of 

intangible assets as a percent of net interest income plus noninterest income. This ratio measures the proportion of net 

operating revenues that are absorbed by overhead expenses, 

so that a lower value indicates greater efficiency.

Estimated insured deposits – in general, insured deposits are total 

domestic deposits minus estimated uninsured deposits. Beginning March 31, 2008, for institutions that file Call reports, 

insured deposits are total assessable deposits minus estimated 

uninsured deposits. Beginning September 30, 2009, insured 

deposits include deposits in accounts of $100,000 to $250,000 

that are covered by a temporary increase in the FDIC’s standard maximum deposit insurance amount (SMDIA).

Failed/assisted institutions – an institution fails when regulators 

take control of the institution, placing the assets and liabilities into a bridge bank, conservatorship, receivership, or 

another healthy institution. This action may require the 

FDIC to provide funds to cover losses. An institution is 

defined as “assisted” when the institution remains open and 

receives assistance in order to continue operating.

Fair Value – the valuation of various assets and liabilities on 

the balance sheet—including trading assets and liabilities, 

available-for-sale securities, loans held for sale, assets and 

liabilities accounted for under the fair value option, and foreclosed assets—involves the use of fair values. During periods 

of market stress, the fair values of some financial instruments 

and nonfinancial assets may decline.

FHLB advances – all borrowings by FDIC insured institutions 

from the Federal Home Loan Bank System (FHLB), as reported by Call Report filers and by TFR filers.

Goodwill and other intangibles – intangible assets include 

servicing rights, purchased credit card relationships, and other 

identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill is the excess of the 

purchase price over the fair market value of the net assets 

acquired, less subsequent impairment adjustments. Other 

intangible assets are recorded at fair value, less subsequent 

quarterly amortization and impairment adjustments.

Loans secured by real estate – includes home equity loans, 

junior liens secured by 1-4 family residential properties, and 

all other loans secured by real estate.

Loans to individuals – includes outstanding credit card balances 

and other secured and unsecured consumer loans.
FDIC Quarterly 30 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Effective April 1, 2009, the initial base assessment rates are 

12 to 45 basis points. An institution’s total assessment rate 

may be less than or greater than its initial base assessment 

rate as a result of additional risk adjustments.

The base assessment rates for most institutions in Risk 

Category I are based on a combination of financial ratios and 

CAMELS component ratings (the financial ratios method).

For large institutions in Risk Category I (generally those with 

at least $10 billion in assets) that have long-term debt issuer 

ratings, assessment rates are determined by equally weighting 

the institution’s CAMELS component ratings, long-term debt 

issuer ratings, and the financial ratios method assessment rate. 

For all large Risk Category I institutions, additional risk factors are considered to determine whether assessment rates 

should be adjusted. This additional information includes 

market data, financial performance measures, considerations 

of the ability of an institution to withstand financial stress, 

and loss severity indicators. Any adjustment is limited to no 

more than one basis point.

Effective April 1, 2009, the FDIC introduced three possible 

adjustments to an institution’s initial base assessment rate: 

(1) a decrease of up to 5 basis points for long-term unsecured 

debt and, for small institutions, a portion of Tier 1 capital; 

(2) an increase not to exceed 50 percent of an institution’s 

assessment rate before the increase for secured liabilities in 

excess of 25 percent of domestic deposits; and (3) for nonRisk Category I institutions, an increase not to exceed 10 

basis points for brokered deposits in excess of 10 percent of 

domestic deposits. After applying all possible adjustments, 

minimum and maximum total base assessment rates for each 

risk category are as follows:

Total Base Assessment Rates*

Risk 

Category 

I

Risk 

Category 

II

Risk 

Category 

III

Risk 

Category 

IV

Initial base 

assessment rate 12–16 22 32 45

Unsecured debt 

adjustment -5 –0 -5–0 -5 –0 -5–0

Secured liability 

adjustment 0 –8 0 –11 0 –16 0 –22.5

Brokered deposit 

adjustment – 0 –10 0 –10 0 –10

Total base 

assessment rate 7–24.0 17–43.0 27–58.0 40–77.5

*All amounts for all risk categories are in basis points annually. Total base rates that are 

not the minimum or maximum rate will vary between these rates. 

Beginning in 2007, each institution is assigned a risk-based 

rate for a quarterly assessment period near the end of the 

quarter following the assessment period. Payment is generally 

due on the 30th day of the last month of the quarter following the assessment period. Supervisory rating changes are 

effective for assessment purposes as of the examination 

transmittal date. For institutions with long-term debt issuer 

ratings, changes in ratings are effective for assessment purposes as of the date the change was announced.

Special Assessment – On May 22, 2009, the FDIC board 

approved a final rule that imposed a 5 basis point special 

assessment as of June 30, 2009. The special assessment was 

for institutions whose primary federal regulator was the OTS, 

the OTS composite rating was used.

Recourse – an arrangement in which a bank retains, in form or 

in substance, any credit risk directly or indirectly associated 

with an asset it has sold (in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles) that exceeds a pro rata share of the 

bank’s claim on the asset. If a bank has no claim on an asset 

it has sold, then the retention of any credit risk is recourse.

Reserves for losses – the allowance for loan and lease losses on 

a consolidated basis.

Restructured loans and leases – loan and lease financing receivables with terms restructured from the original contract. 

Excludes restructured loans and leases that are not in compliance with the modified terms.

Retained earnings – net income less cash dividends on common and preferred stock for the reporting period.

Return on assets – bank net income (including gains or losses 

on securities and extraordinary items) as a percentage of average total (consolidated) assets. The basic yardstick of bank 

profitability.

Return on equity – bank net income (including gains or losses 

on securities and extraordinary items) as a percentage of average total equity capital.

Risk-based capital groups – definition:

(Percent)

Total 

Risk-Based 

Capital*

Tier 1

Risk-Based 

Capital*

Tier 1 

Leverage

Tangible

Equity

Well-capitalized ≥10 and ≥6 and ≥5 –

Adequately 

capitalized ≥8 and ≥4 and ≥4 –

Undercapitalized ≥6 and ≥3 and ≥3 –

Significantly 

undercapitalized <6 or <3 or <3 and >2

Critically 

undercapitalized – – – ≤2

* As a percentage of risk-weighted assets.

Risk Categories and Assessment Rate Schedule – The current risk 

categories became effective January 1, 2007. Capital ratios 

and supervisory ratings distinguish one risk category from 

another. The following table shows the relationship of risk 

categories (I, II, III, IV) to capital and supervisory groups as 

well as the initial base assessment rates (in basis points), 

effective April 1, 2009, for each risk category. Supervisory 

Group A generally includes institutions with CAMELS 

composite ratings of 1 or 2; Supervisory Group B generally 

includes institutions with a CAMELS composite rating of 3; 

and Supervisory Group C generally includes institutions with 

CAMELS composite ratings of 4 or 5. For purposes of riskbased assessment capital groups, undercapitalized includes 

institutions that are significantly or critically undercapitalized.

Capital Category

Supervisory Group

A B C

1. Well Capitalized I

12–16 bps II

22 bps

III

32 bps 2. Adequately Capitalized II

22 bps

3. Undercapitalized III

32 bps

IV

45 bps
FDIC Quarterly 31 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Quarterly Banking Profile

2010. On April 13, 2010 the FDIC Board adopted an 

interim rule extending the TAG program for six months 

through December 31, 2010, with a possibility of an additional 12-month extension, through December 31, 2011. 

(Section 343 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and 

Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) provides 

temporary unlimited insurance coverage to noninterestbearing transaction accounts at all FDIC-insured institutions. The separate coverage for these accounts becomes 

effective on December 31, 2010, and ends on December 

31, 2012.)

Debt Guarantee Program (DGP) provides a full guarantee of 

senior unsecured debt1 issued by eligible institutions after 

October 14, 2008. Initially, debt issued before June 30, 

2009, and maturing on or before June 30, 2012, could be 

guaranteed. On March 17, 2009, the deadline for issuance 

under the program was extended to October 31, 2009, and 

the expiration of the guarantee was set at the earlier of 

maturity of the debt or December 31, 2012. Institutions 

eligible for participation in the debt guarantee program 

include insured depository institutions, U.S. bank holding 

companies, certain U.S. savings and loan holding companies, and other affiliates of an insured depository institution that the FDIC designates as eligible entities. The 

FDIC Board adopted a final rule on October 20, 2009, 

that established a limited six-month emergency guarantee 

facility upon expiration of the DGP.

Trust assets – market value, or other reasonably available 

value of fiduciary and related assets, to include marketable 

securities, and other financial and physical assets. Common 

physical assets held in fiduciary accounts include real estate, 

equipment, collectibles, and household goods. Such fiduciary 

assets are not included in the assets of the financial 

institution.

Unearned income & contra accounts – unearned income for Call 

Report filers only.

Unused loan commitments – includes credit card lines, home 

equity lines, commitments to make loans for construction, 

loans secured by commercial real estate, and unused commitments to originate or purchase loans. (Excluded are 

commitments after June 2003 for originated mortgage loans 

held for sale, which are accounted for as derivatives on the 

balance sheet.)

Volatile liabilities – the sum of large-denomination time deposits, foreign-office deposits, federal funds purchased, securities 

sold under agreements to repurchase, and other borrowings.

Yield on earning assets – total interest, dividend, and fee 

income earned on loans and investments as a percentage of 

average earning assets.

1

 Senior unsecured debt generally includes term Federal funds 

purchased, promissory notes, commercial paper, unsubordinated 

unsecured notes, certificates of deposit (CDs) standing to the credit of 

a bank, and U.S. dollar denominated bank deposits owed to an insured 

depository institution.

levied on each insured depository institution’s assets minus its 

Tier 1 capital as reported in its report of condition as of June 

30, 2009. The special assessment was collected September 30, 

2009, at the same time that the risk-based assessment for the 

second quarter of 2009 was collected. The special assessment 

for any institution was capped at 10 basis points of the institution’s assessment base for the second quarter of 2009 riskbased assessment.

Prepaid Deposit Insurance Assessments – In November 2009, the 

FDIC Board of Directors adopted a final rule requiring insured 

depository institutions (except those that are exempted) to 

prepay their quarterly risk-based deposit insurance assessments 

for the fourth quarter of 2009, and for all of 2010, 2011, and 

2012, on December 30, 2009. Each institution’s regular riskbased deposit insurance assessment for the third quarter of 

2009, which is paid in arrears, also is payable on December 

30, 2009.

Risk-weighted assets – assets adjusted for risk-based capital 

definitions which include on-balance-sheet as well as offbalance-sheet items multiplied by risk-weights that range from 

zero to 200 percent. A conversion factor is used to assign a 

balance sheet equivalent amount for selected off-balancesheet accounts.

Securities – excludes securities held in trading accounts. 

Banks’ securities portfolios consist of securities designated 

as “held-to-maturity,” which are reported at amortized cost 

(book value), and securities designated as “available-for-sale,” 

reported at fair (market) value.

Securities gains (losses) – realized gains (losses) on held-tomaturity and available-for-sale securities, before adjustments 

for income taxes. Thrift Financial Report (TFR) filers also 

include gains (losses) on the sales of assets held for sale.

Seller’s interest in institution’s own securitizations – the reporting 

bank’s ownership interest in loans and other assets that have 

been securitized, except an interest that is a form of recourse 

or other seller-provided credit enhancement. Seller’s interests 

differ from the securities issued to investors by the securitization structure. The principal amount of a seller’s interest is 

generally equal to the total principal amount of the pool of 

assets included in the securitization structure less the principal amount of those assets attributable to investors, i.e., in the 

form of securities issued to investors.

Subchapter S Corporation – a Subchapter S corporation is treated as a pass-through entity, similar to a partnership, for federal income tax purposes. It is generally not subject to any 

federal income taxes at the corporate level. This can have the 

effect of reducing institutions’ reported taxes and increasing 

their after-tax earnings.

Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program (TLGP) – was approved 

by the FDIC Board on October 13, 2008. The TLGP was 

designed to help relieve the crisis in the credit markets by 

giving banks access to liquidity during a time of global financial distress. Participation in the TLGP is voluntary. The 

TLGP has two components:

Transaction Account Guarantee Program (TAGP) provides a full 

guarantee of non-interest-bearing deposit transaction 

accounts above $250,000, at depository institutions that 

elected to participate in the program. On August 26, 

2009, the FDIC Board voted to extend the TAGP six 

months beyond its original expiration date to June 30, 

FDIC Quarterly 33 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

businesses employ just over half of all private sector 

employees and have generated 64 percent of net new 

jobs over the past 15 years.2 Small firms also tend to fill 

underserved niches in the labor market that often have 

higher rates of unemployment. For example, compared 

with large firms, small firms employ a higher percentage 

of individuals with a high school degree or less, teens 

and people age 65 and older, disabled workers, Latinos, 

and rural residents.3

Like other firms, small businesses have been significantly challenged by current macroeconomic trends 

such as high unemployment, low consumer confidence, 

and volatility in consumer spending as households 

deleverage and repair their balance sheets. In two 

recent surveys, small business owners cited depressed 

sales as the principal operating problem with the 

current economic environment. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) Research Foundation found that 51 percent of small business owners 

cited slowing or lost sales as the most important immediate problem facing their businesses.4

 Similarly, the 

National Small Business Association (NSBA) found 

that 64 percent of survey respondents reported a net 

decrease in sales in 2009, the most recent full year of 

data available.5 These surveys also showed that small 

business owners are concerned about many other issues, 

including uncertainty in business conditions and access 

to affordable credit.

2

 SBA, Office of Advocacy, FAQs: How important are small businesses 

to the US Economy? http://www.sba.gov/advocacy/7495/8420. 3

 Brian Headd, “An Analysis of Small Business and Jobs,” SBA, Office of 

Advocacy, March 2010, http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs359tot.pdf. 4

 William Dennis, Jr., “Small Business Credit in a Deep Recession,” 

NFIB Research Foundation, Washington, DC, February 2010. The Gallup 

Organization collected data for this survey between mid-November and 

mid-December 2009 from 750 firms with no fewer than one employee, 

in addition to the owner, and no more than 250 employees.

5

 NSBA, 2009 Year-End Economic Report, http://www.nsba.biz/docs/

10eoy_survey.pdf. This survey was conducted between December 14 

and 31, 2009, and indicates that 450 small business owners were 

polled. The size of the firms interviewed is not detailed in the report.

Introduction

Entrepreneurship is commonly viewed as an avenue to 

personal and national economic prosperity in the 

United States. Encouraging entrepreneurship through 

small business formation and expansion is a prominent 

public policy goal, as small businesses provide the 

majority of new jobs. During periods of high unemployment, many individuals turn to self-employment. 

Others view self-employment as a pathway out of 

poverty; it can provide cash flow and the opportunity 

for income growth that may not otherwise be feasible.

This article begins with a background on small businesses and small business lending and the challenges 

small businesses face in the current economic environment. It then focuses on the poverty alleviation aspect 

of entrepreneurship through microenterprise development. Microenterprise development refers to helping a 

segment of small business owners—low- and moderateincome (LMI) individuals, those who lack full access to 

mainstream financial services, and other disadvantaged 

people—create or expand a small business.

This article describes the scope of microenterprise 

development and the benefits to small business owners 

and their communities, and includes case studies of 

organizations that participate in microenterprise development activities. It also describes the benefits to banks 

of participating in microenterprise development, including how they may receive positive consideration under 

the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) for microenterprise development activities.

The Current Economic Environment Is Difficult for 

Small Businesses

Of the estimated 27.8 million businesses in the United 

States in 2007, 27.7 million were small businesses, 

which the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) 

defines as firms with fewer than 500 employees.1 Small 

1

 US Small Business Administration (SBA), Office of Advocacy, Statistics of US Businesses and Nonemployer Statistics, http://www.sba.

gov/advo/research/data.html#us.

Feature Article:

Microenterprise Development: A Primer

Authors’ Note: Examples of banks, companies, nonprofits, and products are used in this article for illustrative purposes only. 

The FDIC does not endorse specific entities or products.
FDIC Quarterly 34 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

easing of C&I loan standards for small firms as the 

economy began to recover.7

In addition, as evidenced by sharp increases in bank failures and problem banks, the recession has negatively 

affected the ability of some individual banks to lend as 

they focus on correcting existing problems. Further, 

balance sheets of small business owners have been 

adversely affected by the cumulative effects of declining 

sales as well as falling real estate values, which can restrict 

borrowing capacity; 95 percent of small business owners 

own real estate.8 Depressed sales and profits also have 

contributed to a decline in small business loan demand. 

Indeed, loan officers have reported declining demand 

for small business C&I loans since fourth quarter 2006.9

7

 Information about loan officers’ views regarding lending standards 

was derived from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 

System (Federal Reserve Board), “Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey 

on Bank Lending Practices,” October 2010, http://www.federalreserve.

gov/boarddocs/snloansurvey/. The survey defines small businesses as 

those with annual sales of less than $50 million.

8

 Dennis, “Small Business Credit in a Deep Recession.”

9

 Federal Reserve Board, “Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey,” 

October 2010.

Small Business Lending

Banks are the largest source for small business credit, 

including term loans, credit cards, credit lines, commercial mortgages, and capital leases.6

 Responses from an 

NSBA survey question—“What type of financing has 

your company used within the past 12 months to meet 

your capital needs?”—show that for the approximately 

four out of five respondents who use credit to finance 

their businesses, dependence on bank credit is high, 

although less than in the recent past (see table).

Bank Call Report data show that the general category 

of commercial and industrial (C&I) lending has 

rebounded somewhat to $1.2 trillion as of third quarter 

2010 but remains significantly lower than two years ago. 

With respect to small business lending, no single 

measure directly demonstrates trends. Banks do not 

report loans to small businesses separately on Call 

Reports, but they do report on business loans less than 

$1 million and farm loans less than $500,000. Using 

these data as a proxy for small business lending suggests 

that small business lending by FDIC-insured financial 

institutions has declined (see Chart 1).

A number of interrelated reasons account for the 

decline in small business lending, including the general 

dislocation in overall credit availability related to the 

recent mortgage crisis. The ensuing tightening of credit 

terms by banks adversely affected virtually all credit 

types, including small business lending. Loan officers 

reported tightened C&I loan standards for small firms 

in 2007 through 2009. At perhaps the peak of the crisis, 

in fourth quarter 2008, nearly three-quarters of loan 

officers reported tightened standards for small business 

loans. In 2010, loan officers began to report a slight 

6

 Congressional Oversight Panel, “The Small Business Credit Crunch 

and the Impact of the TARP,” May 13, 2010. 

Chart 1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2006Q2 2007Q2 2008Q2 2009Q2 2010Q2 2010Q3

Agriculture Loans

Commercial and Industrial Loans

Loans Outstanding

Billions of Dollars

Small Loans to Businesses, Originated by Banks,

Have Continued to Decrease

Source: FDIC.

Notes: Agriculture loans are less than $500,000, and C&I loans are less than $1 million. 

FDIC Call Reports were modified to collect these data quarterly beginning in 3Q10; 

however, the latest year-over-year data available are from 2Q10. 

Banks Are the Primary Source for Small Business Credit

Funding Source August 2008 December 2008 July 2009 December 2009 July 2010

Credit Cards 41% 49% 43% 41% 39%

Bank Loans 50% 44% 53% 46% 43%

Vendor Credit 22% 27% 29% 24% 20%

No Financing 17% 22% 16% 21% 21%

Private Loans (friend or family) 12% 16% 20% 18% 19%

SBA 5% 3% 4% 4% 4%

Source: National Small Business Association 2010 Mid-Year Economic Report.

Note: Response data do not sum to 100 percent because respondents could choose more than one answer.
FDIC Quarterly 35 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Microenterprise Development

•	 State Small Business Lending Programs – Various 

states also have enacted laws and policy changes to 

encourage more small business lending and investment, by, among other things, increasing guarantees 

and streamlining access to state loan funds, establishing loan loss reserve pools for banks participating 

in state-sponsored small business lending programs, 

and directing deposits and other state-funded investments to qualified small business lenders.13

In addition to government policies and programs, 

bank regulatory agencies have taken the following steps 

to encourage banks to continue making sound small 

business loans and working with financially distressed 

borrowers:

•	 Examination Guidance Regarding Small Business 

Lending – Bank regulators issued guidance on 

underwriting standards for lending conducted pursuant to the $30 billion SBLF and on promoting 

prudent small business lending and workouts of 

problem loans.14

•	 FDIC Forum on Overcoming Obstacles to Small 

Business Lending – Held on January 13, 2011, this 

forum explored ways to make credit more accessible 

to the small business sector by bringing together 

policymakers, regulators, small business owners, 

lenders, and other stakeholders to identify key issues 

and focus on solutions. Speakers included FDIC 

Chairman Sheila C. Bair; Chairman of the Board of 

Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Ben S. 

Bernanke; Senator Mark R. Warner; Thomas D. Bell, 

Jr., Chairman of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce; 

and Karen Mills, Administrator of the Small Business Administration.15

13 Congressional Oversight Panel, May 13, 2010. This report cites 

examples of small business lending programs and policies in Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, 

Ohio, and Virginia.

14 See FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of the Comptroller 

of the Currency (OCC), and the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS), 

“Underwriting Standards for Small Business Loans Originated under 

the Small Business Lending Fund Program,” December 2010, 

http://www.fdic.gov/news/news/financial/2010/fil10090.html; and 

FDIC, Federal Reserve Board, OCC, OTS, National Credit Union 

Administration, and Conference of State Bank Supervisors, “Interagency Statement on Meeting the Credit Needs of Creditworthy Small 

Business Borrowers,” February 5, 2010, http://www.fdic.gov/news/

news/press/2010/pr10029.html. The February 2010 guidance also 

references other guidance issued in 2008 and 2009 that broadly 

addresses prudent lending and loan administration, including for 

small business borrowers.

15 FDIC Forum on Overcoming Obstacles to Small Business Lending, 

http://www.fdic.gov/news/conferences/sbl.html.

Efforts to Spur Small Business Lending

Multiple efforts have been under way to counter the 

many issues facing small businesses. For example, several 

banks have made public pledges and announced specific 

programs with the goal of increasing small business lending.10 In addition, the government has initiated various 

policies and programs specifically to spur small business 

lending and investment, including the following:

•	 The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 

2009 (Recovery Act) – Enacted on February 17, 

2009, the Recovery Act, among other things, 

attempted to make small business lending under the 

SBA’s most popular 7(a) and 504 loan programs 

more attractive to banks and borrowers. Specifically, 

the Recovery Act temporarily increased the maximum guarantee for 7(a) loans from 85 percent to 

90 percent and eliminated borrower fees for the 7(a) 

program and both borrower and lender fees for the 

504 programs.11

•	 The Small Business Jobs and Credit Act of 2010 

(Jobs Act) – Enacted on September 27, 2010, the 

Jobs Act, among other things:

− Established a $30 billion Small Business Lending 

Fund (SBLF) to provide low-cost funding to 

banks with assets of $10 billion or less in order to 

increase small business lending.

− Extended through 2010 the temporary guarantee 

increases and fee reductions on the SBA’s 7(a) 

and 504 loan programs.

− Increased the size limits for borrowers eligible for 

SBA-guaranteed loans and the maximum amount 

of the loans.

− Established a grant program for states that 

encourage small business lending.

− Provided a mix of temporary and permanent tax 

benefits to encourage small business owners to 

increase investment and hiring.12

10 John Tozzi, “Big Banks’ Small-Business Lending Promises,” 

Bloomberg Businessweek, May 4, 2010, http://www.businessweek.

com/print/smallbiz/content/may2010/sb2010053_204200.htm. 11 Public Law 111-5, 123 Stat. 115, 151-161 (2009). The SBA does not 

directly originate 7(a) or 504 loans but provides guarantees to lenders 

that participate in the program. Proceeds from 7(a) loans can be used 

for any purpose, while proceeds from 504 loans primarily are used for 

real estate purchases and improvements.

12 Public Law 111-240, 124 Stat. 2504 (2010). The Jobs Act affects 

many areas of small business that are beyond the scope of this article. 

For more information about the Jobs Act, see the SBA’s Web site at 

http://www.sba.gov/content/small-business-jobs-act-2010.
FDIC Quarterly 36 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Microenterprise development refers to helping small 

business owners most at risk—namely LMI and other 

disadvantaged individuals who do not typically have 

access to the full range of mainstream financial services—

create or expand their small business. Microenterprise 

development involves providing these business owners 

with loans, capital, deposit accounts, budgeting services, 

tax preparation services, business-specific technical 

assistance, and other support. Microenterprise development is a poverty alleviation strategy intended to generate income and build assets for LMI or disadvantaged 

and underserved business owners and increase employment in their communities.

Entrepreneurship has long been key to the vibrancy and 

resilience of the U.S. economy, and encouraging small 

business ownership is a prominent public policy goal. 

However, microenterprise development in the United 

States is relatively new; it is commonly thought to have 

emerged in the early 1980s as a response to limited 

earnings and business ownership potential for women 

and as an option for countering high unemployment 

through self-employment.21

Microenterprise development in the United States was 

also influenced by international microenterprise strategies in the developing world, such as the micro loan 

program instituted by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh 

and elsewhere (see text box on page 41). Although 

important parallels exist between international and 

U.S. microenterprise development, the scale of loans 

and capital investments tends to be much larger in the 

United States, given the size and complexity of the 

U.S. economy and banking system; the breadth of the 

public safety net; the lower poverty rate; and the 

nation’s more mature physical, technological, and social 

infrastructures. For example, in the United States, a 

“microloan” has been generally defined as a business 

loan of $35,000 or less, whereas in the developing 

world, microlending often refers to loans in the 

hundreds of dollars or even less.

Microenterprise Development Organizations

Clearly, not all of the more than 25 million U.S. microenterprises are owned by LMI or otherwise disadvantaged individuals, nor are all LMI and disadvantaged 

entrepreneurs receiving microenterprise assistance. To 

understand the general size of microenterprise development and coverage areas, FIELD, a microenterprise 

policy project of the nonprofit Aspen Institute, 

21 Edgcomb and Klein, “Opening Opportunities, Building Ownership.”

• FDIC Hotline for Small Businesses – In recognition of the importance of making credit available

to small businesses, the FDIC created a dedicated,

toll-free hotline for small business owners to make

inquiries of FDIC officials or to register concerns

about the availability of credit. The FDIC will

respond to inquiries about policies and financial

institutions it regulates as well as make referrals to

other governmental agencies where appropriate.16

Microenterprises and Microenterprise Development

A number of positive efforts are beginning to counter 

the effects of the sluggish pace of economic growth on 

U.S. businesses. Yet, the very smallest businesses—

microenterprises—tend to be affected most deeply by 

business cycles, given their size and limited access to 

the capital markets and other funding options. A microenterprise is commonly defined as a business with five 

or fewer employees that requires no more than $35,000 

in start-up capital.17 Although it is difficult to quantify 

how many businesses need $35,000 or less of capital, 

the vast majority of all U.S. businesses—25.4 million 

out of a total 27.8 million in 2007—employ fewer than 

five employees.18

To illustrate the effects of economic problems on microenterprises, 25.6 percent of the smallest businesses in 

the NFIB Survey indicated that they were unable to 

obtain any of the credit they wanted in the past year, 

compared with 19.2 percent for medium-sized companies and 14 percent for the largest companies in the 

survey.19 In addition, 2.4 percent of the smallest companies in the survey indicated that they are unbanked in 

that they do not use a financial institution for business 

purposes, including for deposit accounts.20

16 FDIC, “FDIC Announces Hotline for Small Businesses Regarding 

Availability of Credit,” news release, January 13, 2011, http://www.

fdic.gov/news/news/press/2011/pr11005.html. The FDIC small business Web page also provides a Business Assistance Form, available at 

https://ask.fdic.gov/FDICBusinessAssistanceForm/, for small 

business owners who prefer to inquire in writing.

17 Elaine L. Edgcomb and Joyce A. Klein, “Opening Opportunities, 

Building Ownership: Fulfilling the Promise of Microenterprises in the 

United States,” FIELD, February 2005, http://www.fieldus.org/

publications/FulfillingthePromise.pdf.

18 SBA, Office of Advocacy, Statistics of U.S. Businesses and Nonemployer Statistics, http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/data.html#us. 19

Dennis, “Small Business Credit in a Deep Recession.” The survey 

showed three groups of companies by employment: those with 1 to 9 

employees, 10 to 19 employees, and more than 20 to 250 employees.

20 Ibid.
FDIC Quarterly 37 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Microenterprise Development

services tend to be female, minorities, and in the LMI 

income band:

•	 Fifty-nine percent of individuals served by MDOs 

were women.

•	 Sixty percent were people of color or members of 

traditionally disadvantaged racial or ethnic groups.

•	 Sixty-eight percent of the people served were LMI, 

in that they had household incomes at or below 80 

percent of the Housing and Urban Development 

median for their location.23

Microenterprise Development Impacts and Costs

Over a five-year period, clients of MDOs have reported 

that their businesses have had positive effects on household income and their communities, such as the 

following:

•	 The median revenue for business owners increased 

60 percent, from about $50,000 at program intake to 

just over $82,000.

•	 The median “draw,” or the amount business owners 

take for personal compensation, more than doubled, 

from about $11,000 to $25,000.

•	 The median contribution of draw to household 

income increased from 52 percent to 71 percent.

•	 For the approximately 40 percent of business owners 

who employed workers other than the owner, the 

number of paid workers more than doubled, from 2.1 

workers per business to 5.6.24

The average cost to service a microenterprise is about 

$2,700, and MDOs recoup only approximately onefifth of their costs through interest and fees on loans 

and other income sources. MDOs derive the remainder 

of their funding from a mix of public and private 

sources, as shown in Chart 2 and described on the 

following page.

23 FIELD, “Microtest Measures 2008 Data,” http://fieldus.org/

MicroTest/FY08PerformanceOverview.pdf. Microtest measures are 

benchmarks to assess performance across the MDO industry and are 

based on data gathered in the FIELD survey of MDOs described in 

footnote 22.

24 Tamra Thetford, Elaine Edgcomb, and Ilgar Alisultanov, “At the 

Five-Year Mark: Outcomes Reported by US Microenterprise Clients,” 

FIELD, March 2010, http://www.fieldus.org/Publications/Multiyear

DataRpt09.pdf.

conducts periodic surveys of groups that serve microenterprises, called microenterprise development organizations (MDOs).

MDOs are generally nonprofit organizations, but they 

perform many of the same functions on behalf of 

microenterprises as banks, private equity funds, and 

financial planners, such as lending, capital investments, 

budgeting, and financial advisory services. In addition, 

they provide a range of business-specific technical training, coaching and mentoring, counseling, legal assistance, and other types of nonfinancial services. Some 

MDOs exist solely to conduct microenterprise development activities, and some are part of larger organizations with broader missions. The text box on page 42 

describes the operations of four U.S. MDOs: Grameen 

America, ACCION USA, Washington CASH, and the 

Lakota Funds.

A FIELD survey conducted in 2009, using data as of 

2008, estimated the scope of microenterprise development activities as follows:

•	 Nearly 700 MDOs in the United States served more 

than 274,000 individuals.

•	 More than 300 of these MDOs engaged in microlending and originated over 9,000 loans totaling 

more than $100 million.

•	 MDOs held an estimated $174 million in outstanding loans and $235 million in microenterprise 

capital.

•	 The most common services provided by MDOs were 

“microloans,” business loans of $35,000 or less, and 

general technical assistance; more than 90 percent 

of MDOs provide these services.22

MDOs serve entrepreneurs in a wide variety of businesses. For example, Web sites for the MDOs profiled 

in the text box on page 42 feature clients with catering 

businesses, hair salons, clothing designers, child care 

providers, and others. Demographic information gathered through the 2009 survey also showed that, on 

average, recipients of microenterprise development 

22 FIELD, “U.S. Microenterprise Census Highlights FY 2008 Data,” 

July 13, 2010, http://fieldus.org/Publications/HighlightsFY2008.pdf. 

This study identified 696 MDOs; it presents data provided by 369 

MDOs that completed a survey in 2009 detailing information on 

programs, products, and customer demographics. 
FDIC Quarterly 38 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

underserved entrepreneurs. Grants up to $250,000 can 

be awarded to fund direct assistance to customers of 

MDOs or to build the MDO’s own resources or research 

capabilities. The SBA awarded approximately $8 

million in PRIME grants to 92 recipients in 2010.27

The U.S. Department of the Treasury also provides 

funding for microenterprise through administration of 

the Community Development Financial Institution 

(CDFI) Fund. The CDFI Fund has various programs 

that provide grants, tax credit allocations, and other 

monetary awards that further public policy goals such as 

job creation, business development, commercial real 

estate development, affordable housing development 

and homeownership, financial education, and provision 

of basic banking services.

To participate in most of the CDFI Fund programs, an 

entity must be certified by the Fund as either a CDFI or 

a community development entity (CDE). As of August 

31, 2010, the CDFI Fund had certified 900 CDFIs, 

including approximately 70 insured banks and thrifts. 

Many MDOs also carry the CDFI or CDE designations 

and receive CDFI funding. CDFI funding that supports 

microenterprise development is not separately reported, 

but, overall, since its creation in 1994, the CDFI Fund 

has awarded $1.11 billion to community development 

organizations and financial institutions and $26 billion 

in tax credits related to private-sector investments.28

State Programs. Several states also provide funding 

for MDOs through Capital Access Programs (CAPs), 

which are lending partnerships between participating 

financial institutions, the state, and small businesses. 

CAPs operate slightly differently in each state. 

However, in general, the financial institution and 

the borrower each pay an upfront insurance premium, 

typically between 3 and 7 percent of the loan amount, 

into a reserve fund held at the originating bank that 

can be tapped in the event of a loan default. The state 

then matches the contribution. The reserve fund allows 

a lending bank to originate loans for microenterprises 

that otherwise would not qualify for a regular small 

business loan because of their risk profile.29

27 Information on the PRIME program was derived from the SBA 

Web site, http://www.sba.gov/content/prime-program-0. 28 Information regarding the CDFI Fund was derived from their Web 

site, http://www.cdfifund.gov/. 29 Information about CAPs was derived from Alan Berube, “Capital 

Access Programs: A Summary of Nationwide Performance,” US Department of the Treasury, January 2001. 

Federal MDO funding sources. With respect to public 

funding, MDOs primarily use the federal programs 

offered by the SBA and the U.S. Department of the 

Treasury. SBA’s Microloan Program provides funds to 

specially designated intermediary lenders, which are 

generally nonprofit community-based MDOs with 

experience in lending and providing technical assistance to microenterprise owners. The loan amount to 

each microloan recipient has been capped at $35,000, 

although it was recently raised to $50,000 pursuant to 

the Jobs Act, and the average loan is about $13,000. 

For fiscal year 2010, the SBA budget provided $25 

million for the Microloan Program.25

The SBA also recently introduced two new loan 

programs—Small Loan Advantage and Community 

Advantage—aimed at increasing the availability of loans 

in underserved communities by offering a streamlined 

application process for SBA-guaranteed 7(a) loans up to 

$250,000. Small Loan Advantage is available through 

existing SBA preferred lenders, including many FDICinsured banks. The Community Advantage Program is 

a three-year pilot program that will allow MDOs and 

other lenders that focus on underserved populations 

to access the SBA 7(a) program. The programs are 

targeted to be launched in first quarter 2011.26

The SBA’s Program for Investment in MicroEntrepreneurs (PRIME) is a grant program available to 

MDOs and other nonprofit organizations that help 

25 US Small Business Administration, “Small Business Jobs Act of 

2010,” September 27, 2010, http://www.sba.gov/jobsact/. 26 Information about the SBA’s Small Loan Advantage and Community 

Advantage Programs was derived from the SBA Web site, http://www.

sba.gov/advantage.

Chart 2

Most Funding for Microenterprise Development

Comes from Outside Sources 

Source: MicroTest, “FY 2008 Performance Data Reports, Costs and Efficiencies,” April 2010.

Federal

30%

Private

29%

Earned Income

16%

Local

12%

Other

5%

State

8%
FDIC Quarterly 39 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Microenterprise Development

offer savings accounts to LMI owners of microenterprises (see text box on page 42).34

In another example, Northeast Bank, a community 

bank headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, has 

partnered with the Minneapolis Community Planning 

and Economic Development Agency in the Microloan 

Program, which provides loans of up to $25,000 for 

small businesses in LMI neighborhoods.35 Other banks 

participate in microenterprise loan pools. For example, 

Kent County, Michigan, partnered with 18 banks in its 

Micro Business loan program, which combined small 

business loans of up to $15,000 with a small business 

resource center that provided technical assistance and 

counseling to small business owners.36

Banks that participate in microenterprise development 

can benefit in a number of ways. Operationally, banks 

benefit from revenue from loans, introduction to new 

and potentially profitable business customers, and goodwill created by serving the community. Also, banks 

could potentially obtain positive consideration for 

microenterprise development as community development activities under the CRA regulations.37 The 

opportunity for CRA credit would vary based on applicable size-based examination procedures. Banks could 

potentially receive positive consideration for microloan 

originations, investments in microloan pools, or for 

other activities to support these qualifying small businesses, such as by volunteering on bank time to lend 

financial expertise with MDOs and other organizations 

that benefit small businesses.

Microenterprise Development through Alternative 

Delivery Channels

Although banks have historically been the largest 

provider of direct small business funding, nonbank 

financial entities have recently increased efforts to lend 

to small business customers. One innovative form of 

34 Business Wire, “Grameen America and Citi Partner to Open More 

Than 2,500 Savings Accounts for Low-Income Entrepreneurs,” 

September 20, 2010, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/

20100920006842/en/Grameen-America-Citi-Partner-Open-2500-

Savings. 35 Metropolitan Consortium of Community Developers, 

http://mccdmn.org/. 36 Kent Area Micro Business Loan Services. 

37 See 13 CFR 121.301. The CRA regulations define community development as “Activities that promote economic development by financing businesses or farms that meet the size eligibility standards of the 

Small Business Administration’s Development Company or Small Business Investment Company programs or have gross annual revenues of 

$1 million or less.”

Private Donors. Private donors are another important 

source of MDO funding and sometimes provide staff 

assistance and other support to MDOs. Although data 

are not available on the aggregate amount of private 

support for MDOs, numerous foundations and other 

philanthropic groups fund MDOs. For example, the 

Laurie M. Tisch Illumination Fund granted $1.5 million 

for microloans and technical assistance to support 

ACCION USA’s Green Cart program in New York 

City, which helps fruit and vegetable cart vendors from 

low-income neighborhoods.30 Also, the Ford Foundation provided grant funding to ACCION USA to 

develop a standardized lending scorecard for underserved microenterprises with impaired or no credit 

history.31

Banks Support Microenterprise Development

Banks contribute to microenterprise development in 

many of the same ways as nonprofit MDOs. They often 

make microloans directly to microenterprises; invest in 

microenterprise loan pools; make capital investments; 

and provide budgeting, financial education, account 

management, and other types of assistance to microentrepreneurs and MDOs. The Association for Enterprise 

Opportunity, an MDO trade association, has banks and 

credit unions among its members, although it does not 

report specific membership statistics.

A number of banks also have philanthropic foundations 

that support MDOs and others focused on underserved 

entrepreneurs. Other banks directly participate in 

microenterprise development through corporate partnerships with MDOs. For example, the Citi Foundation 

has provided more than $1 million in grants to MDO 

ACCION Texas.32 At the same time, the corporate 

entity, Citibank, has agreed to purchase $30 million in 

microloans from ACCION Texas over five years as an 

additional source of funding for the MDO.33 Citibank 

has also partnered with MDO Grameen America to 

30 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, “NYC 

Green Cart,” 2010, http://prtl-drprd-web.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/cdp/

green_carts_resources.shtml, accessed October 20, 2010. 31 FIELD, “Scaling-Up Services,” http://www.fieldus.org/projects/

scale.html, accessed October 21, 2010. 32 Citi, “Citi and ACCION Texas Report Significant Progress Helping 

Microentrepreneurs through Economic Downturn,” news release, 

December 8, 2009, http://www.citigroup.com/citi/press/2009/

091208c.htm. 33 Citi, “Citi Agrees to Purchase up to $30 Million in New Loans from 

ACCION Texas,” August 19, 2008.
FDIC Quarterly 40 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Conclusion

Small businesses are crucial to the health of the U.S. 

economy, but they can be especially vulnerable to an 

economic downturn. The smallest businesses, microenterprises, are especially challenged, given their limited 

resources and funding options, which are further exacerbated for business owners who do not have access to 

mainstream financial services. Microenterprise development is an effective strategy to help LMI, underserved, 

or otherwise disadvantaged entrepreneurs create or 

expand small businesses that have significant positive 

effects on the owner’s financial well-being and the 

community at large. Participation in microenterprise 

development provides several benefits to banks, including new sources of revenue and customer relationships, 

community goodwill, and the potential for positive 

CRA consideration.

Authors: Rae-Ann Miller, Special Advisor to the Director

Division of Insurance and Research

 Heather Gratton, Senior Financial Analyst

Division of Depositor and Consumer Protection

 Luke Reynolds, Chief, Outreach and Program 

Development Section

Division of Depositor and Consumer Protection

 Disha Shah, Former Economic Assistant

Division of Insurance and Research

 Kathy Zeidler, Technical Writer-Editor

Division of Insurance and Research

nonbank lending that has emerged in recent years is 

peer-to-peer lending, which involves an Internet-based 

platform that directly connects borrowers and lenders. 

Kiva is a peer-to-peer lending Web site specifically 

devoted to matching borrowers and lenders in the 

microfinance area. Kiva operates in 207 countries, 

including the United States; it has facilitated the 

origination of more than $165 million in loans, with an 

average size of US$381, and reports a repayment rate of 

98.9 percent.38

Other nonbank entities, such as finance companies, 

suppliers, and even retailers, lend to microenterprises. 

For example, Wal-Mart Inc.’s Sam’s Club warehouse 

chain is testing the concept of offering online small 

business loans up to $25,000 to club members, focusing 

on businesses owned by racial and ethnic minorities, 

women, and veterans. Sam’s Club identified a need for 

credit among its members after a November 2009 

survey indicated that nearly 15 percent of its business 

members reported being denied loans elsewhere.39

38 Data on Kiva were obtained from its Web site, http://www.kiva.org/. 39 Karen Talley, “Sam’s Club to Offer Loans Up to $25,000,” Wall 

Street Journal, July 6, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_

PUB:SB10001424052748704862404575350813891562150.html.
FDIC Quarterly 41 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Microenterprise Development

International Microfinance

Internationally, microfinance is a concept that refers to 

providing basic financial services, such as savings 

accounts, credit products, money transfer services, and 

insurance, as a poverty alleviation strategy to very poor 

families who lack access to traditional financial institutions. Typical microfinance clients are very low-income 

individuals in rural areas who engage in farming or small 

trade or processing transactions with farmers. The Rural 

Development Institute estimates that the world’s poorest 

1.4 billion people, 75 percent of whom live in rural areas, 

subsist on less than $1.25 per day.1

The roots of microfinance are often traced to government-sponsored rural development programs of the 1950s 

that offered subsidized loans targeted to specific communities. Problems arose because funds did not always reach 

the intended targets and repayment rates were low. Beginning in the 1970s, private firms in Bangladesh (Grameen 

Bank), Brazil (ACCION International), and other countries began to experiment with extending very small business loans, often to women in small groups. This became 

known as solidarity lending, where members of the group 

apply “soft” pressure to borrower-members to encourage 

loan payment.2

These programs and other products targeted to the poor 

were expanded through the 1980s and 1990s. The 

Grameen Bank model is likely the oldest and most wellknown of the microfinance models. The bank and its 

founder, Mohammed Yunus, were awarded the Nobel 

Peace Prize in 2006. Grameen Bank is owned primarily by 

1

 Rural Development Institute. The demographic data are for 2005. 

2

 Background information about international finance was derived 

from the CGAP Web site, http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/home/, and 

the Global Envision Web site, http://www.globalenvision.org/

library/4/1051/. 

its poor borrowers, who hold a 95 percent share; the 

government of Bangladesh owns the remaining 5 percent. 

The bank has 8.3 million borrowers, 97 percent of whom 

are women. Grameen Bank loans are unsecured, and no 

legal documents evidencing the loan are required. The 

bank’s average microenterprise loan is about US$400, 

and the average loan yield is about 19 percent.3

In 2009, 1,884 international microfinance companies 

reported holding $26.8 billion in deposits and making 

$64.8 billion in loans with an average balance of about 

US$522 and an average yield of 21.7 percent.4 As the 

number of organizations providing international microfinance has grown, some have begun to criticize the usefulness of microfinance as a poverty alleviation strategy in 

light of high interest charged in some countries, which 

can exceed an annual percentage rate of 100 percent.

Concerns about microfinance stem from different political, economic, legal, and cultural circumstances in various countries. However, as the microfinance industry 

matures internationally, industry experts have acknowledged that improvements could include development of 

a credit bureau to reduce overlending, emphasis on client 

poverty reduction rather than lender profit to measure 

success, and expansion of other mainstream financial 

products beyond loans, such as savings accounts.5

3

 Grameen Bank Web site, “Grameen Bank at a Glance,” http://www.

grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26

&Itemid=175. 4

 Microfinance Information Exchange, “Microfinance at a Glance,” 

http://www.mixmarket.org/. 5

 See Vikas Bajaj, “Microlenders, Honored With Nobel, Are Struggling,” New York Times, January 5, 2011; Eric Bellman and Arlene 

Chang, “India’s Major Crisis in Microlending,” Wall Street Journal, 

October 29, 2010; and Neil MacFarquhar, “Banks Making Big Profits 

From Tiny Loans,” New York Times, April 13, 2010.
FDIC Quarterly 42 2011, Volume 5, No. 1

Microenterprise Development Organizations in the United States

Leaders in International Microfinance Operate 

U.S. MDOs

Two of the largest and best known organizations in international microfinance, Grameen and ACCION, apply 

many of their lessons learned abroad to promoting microenterprise development in the United States. Grameen 

America began operating in the United States in January 

2008 and has four branches in New York City and one in 

Omaha, Nebraska, with other offices planned for major 

cities. Grameen’s customers fall below the poverty line, 

and many are single mothers and recent immigrants.

To simulate the “solidarity” approach to international 

microfinance, Grameen America requires borrowers to 

form groups, receive financial training, and open a savings 

account before receiving a loan to start or expand a small 

business. Thereafter, the groups meet weekly for follow-up 

training and support. The basic loan is capped at $1,500 

per year for 6 or 12 months, with a 15 percent interest 

rate. Higher amounts and lower rates are available for 

borrowers who perform satisfactorily on their initial loans. 

As of August 2010, Grameen America reported serving a 

total of 4,000 borrowers with a nearly 99 percent repayment rate and that borrowers were successful in establishing or improving their credit scores. It also reported that 

customers accumulated more than $500,000 in savings in 

accounts held at Citibank.1

ACCION USA is one of the largest and most established 

U.S. MDOs. Since 1991, it has originated more than 

19,000 microloans totaling more than $119 million. It 

currently has 2,300 active borrowers; 61 percent are 

Hispanic or Latino, 27 percent are African American, and 

40 percent are female. ACCION USA provides loans ranging from $500 to $50,000, with a $30,000 cap for firms that 

have been in operation for less than six months. ACCION 

USA also provides technical advice and other support, 

such as seminars on how to raise credit scores and write a 

business plan. One-on-one credit training is provided 

during the loan process, online resources and group workshops reinforce credit-building skills, and repayment histories are reported to credit bureaus. ACCION USA measures 

its success in terms of impact on the community and reports 

that each loan contributes to the creation or retention of 

2.4 jobs, not including that of the borrower.2

1

 Information about Grameen America was obtained from its Web 

site, http://www.grameenamerica.com/. Citibank is participating in 

the FDIC Model Safe Accounts Pilot with the Grameen America 

accounts. The pilot launched on January 1, 2011, and is a one-year 

case study designed to evaluate the feasibility of insured institutions 

offering safe, low-cost transactional and savings accounts. See 

http://www.fdic.gov/consumers/template/. 2

 Information about ACCION USA was derived from their Web site, 

http://www.ACCIONusa.org/, and ACCION USA, “Sustaining Businesses and Jobs Amid the Financial Crisis: Outcomes Data in the 

ACCION USA Footprint, 2007–2008,” January 11, 2009.

Local MDOs Benefit Their Communities

Washington Community Alliance for Self-Help 

(CASH) is an MDO in the state of Washington that 

provides access to capital and business development 

training to low-income individuals. CASH provides loans 

ranging from $1,000 to $35,000 and charges an interest 

rate of 4 percent above local bank prime rates. In addition to loans, CASH provides technical business assistance, business consulting, mentoring, marketing 

assistance, Individual Development Accounts, and access 

to a peer support network.

The average CASH client supports a family of three on 

$20,400 annually when starting the program. Sixty-six 

percent of CASH clients are women, 63 percent are people 

of color, and 95 percent have low incomes. One year after 

graduation, CASH clients experience, on average, a 73 

percent increase in their household income. Moreover, 

82 percent of Washington CASH clients’ income levels 

were above the poverty line within 18 months of receiving 

services. Also, 18 months after graduation, 71 percent of 

clients are still in business. As of November 2009, approximately 2,800 low-income entrepreneurs had participated 

in CASH’s business development courses, and more than 

800 businesses had opened or expanded. In addition, 

CASH had extended 383 loans, totaling $802,000; these 

loans have a repayment rate of 96 percent.3

Lakota Funds is a Native American community development financial institution serving the Oglala Lakota 

Nation in South Dakota. This group, primarily located in 

an area known as the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, has 

an unemployment rate of more than 70 percent. The 

median household income of residents is 58 percent lower 

than the rest of South Dakota and 52 percent lower than 

the national average. Lakota Funds helps promote 

economic development by providing access to capital, 

business-specific technical assistance, financial education, home ownership counseling, mentoring, and assistance in overcoming bureaucratic hurdles to land access 

on the Lakota reservation.

From 1986 to 2009, Lakota Funds originated more than 

660 small business loans totaling over $4.7 million, 

provided training to more than 1,200 people, and helped 

create more than 1,000 permanent jobs in a community 

of fewer than 40,000 people. In addition, this organization 

developed the first Native American-owned, tax creditfinanced housing project in the nation and co-founded 

the first Native American Chamber of Commerce on an 

Indian reservation in the United States.4

3

 Information about Washington Cash was derived from its Web site, 

http://washingtoncash.org/what-we-do/program-overview. 4

 Lakota Funds, “Lakota Fund’s Mission – Accomplishments and 

Challenges,” http://www.lakotafunds.org/mission.html, and Red Cloud 

Indian School, “Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Demographics,” http://

www.redcloudschool.org/history/072409_PineRidge_FactSheet.pdf.

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