2024 VOLUME 18 NUMBER 1

FOURTH QUARTER 

Quarterly Banking Profile 1

The Effects of Population Change on Community Bank 

Deposits and Loans 45

2023 Summary of Deposits Highlights 63

Quarterly

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

The FDIC Quarterly is published by the Division of Insurance and Research of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 

and contains a comprehensive summary of the most current financial results for the banking industry. Feature articles 

appearing in the FDIC Quarterly range from timely analysis of economic and banking trends at the national and regional 

level that may affect the risk exposure of FDIC-insured institutions to research on issues affecting the banking system and 

the development of regulatory policy.

Single copy subscriptions of the FDIC Quarterly can be obtained through the FDIC Public Information Center, 3501 Fairfax 

Drive, Room E-1002, Arlington, VA 22226. E-mail requests should be sent to publicinfo@fdic.gov. Change of address 

information also should be submitted to the Public Information Center. 

The FDIC Quarterly is available online by visiting the FDIC website at www.fdic.gov. To receive e-mail notification of the 

electronic release of the FDIC Quarterly and the individual feature articles, subscribe at www.fdic.gov/about/subscriptions/

index.html.

Chairman 

Martin J. Gruenberg

Director, Division of Insurance and Research

Patrick Mitchell

Executive Editor

John M. Anderlik

Managing Editors

Rosalind Bennett

Alexander L. Marshall

Michael Spencer

Editors

Clayton Boyce

Kathy Zeidler

Publication Manager

Lynne Montgomery

Media Inquiries

(202) 898-6993
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

QUARTERLY BANKING PROFILE: 

FOURTH QUARTER 2023

Net income for the 4,587 FDIC-insured commercial banks and savings institutions declined 

$30 billion (43.9 percent) from one quarter ago to $38.4 billion in fourth quarter 2023. 

Higher noninterest expense (up $26.6 billion, or 18.9 percent), lower noninterest income 

(down $6.5 billion, or 8.8 percent), and higher provision expense (up $5.2 billion, or 26.5 

percent) drove the decline in net income in the fourth quarter. However, it is estimated that 

70 percent of the decrease in net income was caused by specific, non-recurring, noninterest 

expenses at large banks. These expenses include the special assessment, goodwill 

impairment, and legal, reorganization, and other one-time costs at large banks. Higher 

provision expense occurred as the industry built reserves, primarily for credit card and 

commercial real estate loans. The banking industry reported a quarterly ROA of 0.65 percent 

in the fourth quarter, down from 1.17 percent in the previous quarter and 1.16 percent in the 

year-ago quarter. See page 1.

COMMUNITY BANK PERFORMANCE Community banks—which represent 90 percent of insured institutions—reported quarterly 

net income of $5.9 billion in fourth quarter 2023, a decline of $650.2 million (9.9 percent) 

from the prior quarter. Higher noninterest expense, increased provisions, and lower 

noninterest income more than exceeded higher net interest income and lower losses on the 

sale of securities. More than half (59.7 percent) of all community banks reported a decline 

in net income from third quarter 2023. The community bank pretax ROA declined 14 basis 

points from one quarter ago to 1.07 percent. See page 19.

INSURANCE FUND INDICATORS The Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) balance increased by $2.4 billion to $121.8 billion. The 

rise in the DIF was primarily driven by assessment income of $3.1 billion. Net investment 

income (including the effect of unrealized and realized gains and losses) added $0.8 billion. 

These gains were partially offset by provisions for insurance losses of $0.9 billion and 

operating expenses of $0.6 billion. One insured institution failed during the fourth quarter 

at an estimated cost to the Fund of $14.8 million. The DIF reserve ratio was 1.15 percent on 

December 31, 2023, up 2 basis points from the previous quarter and 10 basis points lower 

than the previous year. See page 31.

Featured Articles

THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION CHANGE ON COMMUNITY BANK DEPOSITS AND LOANS

For decades, U.S. rural county population generally declined while metropolitan county 

population grew robustly. The 2020 pandemic disrupted these trends, with potentially 

significant implications for community banks. Based on pre-pandemic data, community 

bank deposit growth correlated strongly with population growth. However, deposit 

growth kept pace with population in micropolitan counties but lagged in micropolitan 

and rural counties. The response of community bank loan portfolios to population 

growth also displayed different patterns among county types. Commercial real estate 

loan shares rose and residential loan shares fell, but at different rates. Commercial and 

industrial loan shares rose only in micropolitan counties. Agricultural loan shares rose 

only in metropolitan counties. If new population patterns persist, these relationships may 

materially affect the business models of community banks. See page 45.

2023 SUMMARY OF DEPOSITS HIGHLIGHTS

The 2023 Summary of Deposits article evaluates deposit and office trends by bank asset size 

group, community and noncommunity bank designation, and county type. Responses from 

the 2023 Summary of Deposits survey showed deposit declines of 4.8 percent between June 

2022 and June 2023, the first annual decline in nearly 30 years. Deposit declines were greatest 

at large banks, while community banks reported deposit growth. The survey also showed 

the office closure rate improved from a year earlier, and community banks opened offices in 

metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural counties. See page 63.
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

1 

INSURED INSTITUTION PERFORMANCE

Full-Year 2023 Net Income Declined but Remained Well Above Pre-Pandemic Levels 

Quarterly Net Income Fell 43.9 Percent From Third Quarter 2023, Driven by Higher Noninterest and Provision 

Expense and Lower Noninterest Income 

The Net Interest Margin Fell Three Basis Points From the Prior Quarter

Provision Expense Increased From the Prior Quarter

Unrealized Losses on Securities Declined to the Lowest Level Since Second Quarter 2022

Loan Balances Increased Modestly From Last Quarter and One Year Ago

Domestic Deposits Increased for the First Time in Seven Quarters

The Noncurrent Loan Rate Increased Modestly but Remained Below Pre-Pandemic Levels

The Net Charge-Off Rate Increased and Was Above Pre-Pandemic Levels

FULL-YEAR NET INCOME DECLINED 

IN 2023 BUT REMAINED WELL ABOVE 

PRE-PANDEMIC LEVELS

The banking industry reported full-year 2023 net income of $256.9 

billion, down $6 billion (2.3 percent) from the prior year but still well 

above the pre-pandemic average of $193.5 billion. The decrease occurred 

as higher noninterest expense (up $52.2 billion, or 9.7 percent), 

increased provision expense (up $34.7 billion, or 67.2 percent), and 

higher realized losses on securities (up $7.6 billion, or 194.3 percent) 

offset growth in net operating revenue (up $79.4 billion, or 8.6 percent). 

Higher net interest income drove the increase in net operating revenue. 

The full-year net interest margin increased to 3.30 percent, up 35 basis 

points from 2022. The return-on-assets (ROA) ratio decreased by 1 

basis point to 1.10 percent, modestly below the industry’s pre-pandemic 

average ROA of 1.14 percent.1 

1 The pre-pandemic average of quarterly items refers to the period first quarter 2015 through fourth quarter 2019 and for full-year items refers to the period full-year 2015 

through full-year 2019. Both periods are used consistently throughout this report. 

Chart 1

Full-Year Net Income

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

$ Billions

Source: FDIC.

Net Operating Income

Realized Securities Gains/Losses, Net

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Chart 2

Quarterly Net Income

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

$ Billions

Source: FDIC.

Net Operating Income

Realized Securities Gains/Losses, Net

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

2 

QUARTERLY NET INCOME FELL 43.9 

PERCENT FROM THIRD QUARTER 

2023, DRIVEN BY HIGHER 

NONINTEREST AND PROVISION 

EXPENSE AND LOWER NONINTEREST 

INCOME

Aggregate net income for the 4,587 FDIC-insured commercial banks and 

savings institutions declined $30 billion (43.9 percent) from the prior 

quarter to $38.4 billion. Higher noninterest expense (up $26.6 billion, 

or 18.9 percent), lower noninterest income (down $6.5 billion, or 8.8 

percent), and higher provision expense (up $5.2 billion, or 26.5 percent) 

drove the decline in net income in the fourth quarter. However, it is 

estimated that 70 percent of the decrease in net income was caused by 

specific, non-recurring, noninterest expenses at large banks.2 These 

expenses include the special assessment, goodwill impairment, and 

legal, reorganization, and other one-time costs at large banks. Higher 

provision expense occurred as the industry built reserves, primarily for 

credit card and commercial real estate loans. 

The banking industry reported a quarterly ROA of 0.65 percent in the 

fourth quarter. The share of unprofitable institutions increased to 10.9 

percent, the highest share of institutions since the 16.6 percent share 

reported in fourth quarter 2017. 

THE NET INTEREST MARGIN 

DECLINED FROM THE PRIOR 

QUARTER

The net interest margin (NIM) declined 3 basis points to 3.28 percent 

in the fourth quarter. NIM declined as the increase in deposit and 

non-deposit liability costs more than outpaced the increase in asset 

yields. Despite the quarterly decline, the industry NIM remained 3 basis 

points above the pre-pandemic average NIM of 3.25 percent.

2 After taking into account the estimated tax benefits of the expenses.

Chart 3

Source: FDIC.

Percent

Quarterly Net Interest Margin

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

 Assets > $250 Billion

 Assets $10 Billion - $250 Billion

 Assets $1 Billion - $10 Billion

 Assets $100 Million - $1 Billion

 Assets < $100 Million

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Industry

Chart 4

Source: FDIC.

Quarter-Over-Quarter Change

($ Billions)

Change in Quarterly Credit Loss Provisions

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

3 

NET OPERATING REVENUE 

DECLINED FOR THE THIRD 

CONSECUTIVE QUARTER

Net operating revenue (net interest income plus noninterest income) 

declined $7.1 billion (2.9 percent) from the third quarter to $242.2 

billion. While net interest income and noninterest income both fell, the 

decline in noninterest income drove the overall decline. The largest 

contributors to the decline in noninterest income were “all other” 

noninterest income (down $2.6 billion, or 7.5 percent), servicing fees 

(down $2.4 billion, or 75.7 percent), and trading revenue (down $1.5 

billion, or 11.3 percent).3 Net interest income decreased $0.6 billion 

(0.4 percent) to $174.6 billion. 

NON-RECURRING ITEMS DROVE 

NONINTEREST EXPENSE HIGHER

Noninterest expense increased to $167.6 billion during the quarter, 

driven by large non-recurring expenses. Due to the nature of the 

non-recurring items, the increase in expense was more substantial 

in larger banks. The efficiency ratio (noninterest expense to net 

operating revenue) of banks below $10 billion in total assets increased 

2.5 percentage points to 64.9 percent, while the efficiency ratio of banks 

above $10 billion in total assets increased 11.6 percentage points to 66.3 

percent.

3 All other noninterest income includes material write-in items as well as income related to wire transfers and ATM fees, bank card and credit card interchange fees, safe 

deposit box rent, printing and sale of checks, earnings on/increase in value of cash surrender value of life insurance, and other noninterest sources.

Chart 5

Source: FDIC.

Note: ASC Topics 810 and 860 resulted in the consolidation of large amounts of securitized loan balances 

back onto banks’ balance sheets in the first quarter of 2010. Although the amount consolidated cannot be

precisely quantified, the industry would have reported a decline in loan balances for the quarter absent 

this change in accounting standards.

$ Billions

Quarterly Change in Loan Balances

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

Quarterly Change (Le Axis)

12-Month Growth Rate (Right Axis)

Percent

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Chart 6

Quarterly Change in Deposits

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 20202021 2022 2023

$ Billions

Source: FDIC.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

4 

PROVISION EXPENSE INCREASED 

FROM THE PRIOR QUARTER

Provisions for credit losses were $24.7 billion in fourth quarter 2023, up 

$5.2 billion from the previous quarter and $3.9 billion from the yearago quarter. With the exception of the first and second quarters of 2020, 

this was the largest provision expense since fourth quarter 2010. The 

increase can be attributed to higher credit card balances and chargeoffs, greater risk in office properties, and increasing delinquency levels 

across loan portfolios. 

The reserve coverage ratio (the ratio of the allowance for credit losses to 

noncurrent loans) for the banking industry declined to 203.3 percent in 

fourth quarter 2023, down from 209.9 percent in the prior quarter. The 

decline in the ratio was due to noncurrent loan balances increasing at a 

faster pace than the allowance for credit losses.

UNREALIZED LOSSES ON 

SECURITIES DECLINED TO THE 

LOWEST LEVEL SINCE SECOND 

QUARTER 20224

The banking industry reported unrealized losses on securities of 

$477.6 billion in the fourth quarter, a decline of $206.3 billion (30.2 

percent) from third quarter 2023. Lower unrealized losses on residential 

mortgage-backed securities accounted for about two-thirds of the total 

decrease. The amount of unrealized losses on securities was the lowest 

reported since second quarter 2022 but remained elevated compared to 

historical levels.

4 Unrealized losses on securities reflect the difference between the market value as of quarter-end and the book value of non-equity securities. This calculation does not 

account for any unrealized gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income because these cannot be derived from Call Reports. 

Chart 8

-700

-625

-550

-475

-400

-325

-250

-175

-100

-25

50

125

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Source: FDIC.

Note: Insured Call Report filers only. Unrealized losses on securities solely reflect the dierence 

between the market value and book value of non-equity securities as of quarter end.

Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

$ Billions Held-to-Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale Securities

Chart 7

Source: FDIC.

Percent

Noncurrent Loan Rate and Quarterly Net Charge-O
 Rate

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

Quarterly Net Charge-O Rate

Noncurrent Rate

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

5 

BANKING INDUSTRY ASSETS 

INCREASED FROM THE PRIOR 

QUARTER

Total assets increased $259.9 billion (1.1 percent) from third quarter 

2023. Nearly three-quarters of all banks reported quarterly asset 

growth. Higher cash balances (up $143.2 billion, or 5.3 percent) and 

securities holdings (up $131.1 billion, or 2.5 percent) led the increase, 

while lower levels of trading assets (down $98.7 billion, or 11.5 percent) 

partially offset the growth. The increase in securities holdings resulted 

from both portfolio growth and improvement in the fair value of 

securities.

LOAN BALANCES INCREASED 

MODESTLY FROM LAST QUARTER 

AND FROM ONE YEAR AGO

Total loan and lease balances grew $107.5 billion (0.9 percent) from 

the previous quarter. This was the highest quarterly loan growth rate 

reported by the industry in 2023. An increase in credit card loans (up 

$63.1 billion, or 6 percent) drove quarterly loan growth. About threequarters of banks (75.5 percent) reported quarterly loan growth. 

Total loan and lease balances increased $225.1 billion (1.8 percent) from 

the prior year, led by credit card loans (up $107.4 billion, or 10.6 percent) 

and 1–4 family residential loans (up $85.4 billion, or 3.4 percent).

DOMESTIC DEPOSITS INCREASED 

FOR THE FIRST TIME IN SEVEN 

QUARTERS

Domestic deposits increased $186.9 billion (1.1 percent) from third 

quarter 2023, the first quarterly increase in the past seven quarters. 

Growth in time deposits led the increase in domestic deposits, while 

noninterest-bearing deposits declined for the seventh consecutive 

quarter. Estimated insured deposits (up $46.6 billion, or 0.4 percent) 

increased during the quarter. Reported uninsured deposits decreased 

during the quarter but would have increased for the first time in 

seven quarters had a large bank’s subsidiary transactions not affected 

reported data. Excluding that bank from the calculations, the industry’s 

uninsured deposits increased $92.4 billion, or 1.4 percent, in the 

quarter.

DELINQUENCY RATES CONTINUED 

TO INCREASE HIGHER BUT 

REMAINED BELOW THEIR PREPANDEMIC AVERAGE RATES

Noncurrent loans (loans 90 days or more past due or in nonaccrual 

status) increased to 0.86 percent of total loans, up 4 basis points from 

the prior quarter but well below the pre-pandemic average of 1.28 

percent. Credit card and nonfarm nonresidential commercial real estate 

loans drove the quarterly increase in the noncurrent rate. The share 

of total loans 30-89 days past due increased to 0.61 percent, up 7 basis 

points from the prior quarter but also below the pre-pandemic average.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

6 

THE NET CHARGE-OFF RATE 

INCREASED AND WAS ABOVE PREPANDEMIC LEVELS

The industry’s net charge-off rate increased 14 basis points from the 

prior quarter and 29 basis points from the prior year to 0.65 percent, 

17 basis points above its pre-pandemic average. Credit card loans led 

the annual increase in net charge-off balances. The net charge-off 

rate on credit card loans was 4.15 percent, the highest rate for this 

portfolio reported by the industry since first quarter 2012. Nonfarm 

nonresidential commercial real estate loans also contributed to the 

increase in net charge-offs, particularly among non-owner occupied 

properties in which the net charge-off rate of 0.51 percent was the 

highest level since fourth quarter 2012.

EQUITY CAPITAL INCREASED Equity capital increased $52.1 billion (2.3 percent) from third quarter 2023, 

as an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income (up $83.5 

billion) more than offset a decrease in retained earnings (down $33.8 

billion). The leverage capital ratio declined 12 basis points from third 

quarter 2023 to 9.14 percent, and the tier 1 risk-based capital ratio fell 9 

basis points to 13.92 percent. The number of institutions with capital ratios 

that did not meet Prompt Corrective Action requirements for the wellcapitalized category increased by one from the prior quarter to six.5

THE NUMBER OF PROBLEM BANKS 

INCREASED

The number of banks on the FDIC’s “Problem Bank List” increased by 

eight, rising from 44 to 52.6 These 52 banks represented 1.1 percent 

of total institutions by count. Total assets of problem institutions 

increased $12.8 billion quarter over quarter to $66.3 billion.

5 Prompt Corrective Action categories are assigned based on reported capital ratios only and do not include the effects of regulatory downgrades. 

6 Banks on the FDIC’s “Problem Bank List” have a CAMELS composite rating of “4” or “5” due to financial, operational, or managerial weaknesses, or a combination of such 

issues. It is common for banks to move on or off this list each quarter.

Chart 9

Number and Assets of Banks on the “Problem Bank List”

All FDIC-Insured Institutions

 Assets of Problem Banks (Right Axis)

 Number of Problem Banks (Le Axis) Number $ Billions

Source: FDIC.

Note: The asset values of insured financial institutions on the problem bank list are what were

on record as of the last day of the quarter.

0

100

200

300

400

500

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

7 

THE TOTAL NUMBER OF FDICINSURED INSTITUTIONS DECLINED

The number of FDIC-insured institutions that filed Call Reports 

declined from 4,614 in the third quarter to 4,587 in the fourth quarter. 

One bank opened, one bank failed, four banks did not file a Call Report 

after selling a majority of their assets, and 23 institutions merged with 

other banks during the fourth quarter.

Authors:

Nathan Hinton

Senior Financial Analyst 

Division of Insurance and Research

James K. Presley-Nelson

Acting Chief, Financial Analysis Section

Division of Insurance and Research
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

8 

TABLE I-A. Selected Indicators, All FDIC-Insured Institutions*

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017

Return on assets (%) 1.10 1.11 1.23 0.72 1.29 1.35 0.97

Return on equity (%) 11.50 11.82 12.21 6.85 11.38 11.98 8.60

Core capital (leverage) ratio (%) 9.14 8.97 8.73 8.82 9.66 9.70 9.63

Noncurrent assets plus other real estate owned to assets (%) 0.47 0.39 0.44 0.61 0.55 0.60 0.73

Net charge-offs to loans (%) 0.52 0.27 0.25 0.50 0.52 0.48 0.50

Asset growth rate (%) 0.30 -0.51 8.46 17.29 3.92 3.03 3.79

Net interest margin (%) 3.30 2.95 2.54 2.82 3.36 3.40 3.25

Net operating income growth (%) -0.33 -3.68 96.90 -38.77 -3.14 45.45 -3.27

Number of institutions reporting 4,587 4,706 4,839 5,002 5,177 5,406 5,670

 Commercial banks 4,026 4,127 4,232 4,375 4,518 4,715 4,918

 Savings institutions 561 579 607 627 659 691 752

Percentage of unprofitable institutions (%) 5.21 3.55 3.10 4.70 3.73 3.46 5.61

Number of problem institutions 52 39 44 56 51 60 95

Assets of problem institutions (in billions)** $66 $47 $170 $56 $46 $48 $14

Number of failed institutions 5 0 0 4 4 0 8

* Excludes insured branches of foreign banks (IBAs).

** Assets shown are what were on record as of the last day of the quarter.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

9 

TABLE II-A. Aggregate Condition and Income Data, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

(dollar figures in millions)

Number of institutions reporting 

4th Quarter

2023

3rd Quarter

2023

4th Quarter

2022

%Change 

22Q4-23Q4

4,587 4,614 4,706 -2.5

Total employees (full-time equivalent) 2,078,728 2,098,498 2,125,175 -2.2

CONDITION DATA

Total assets $23,668,802 $23,408,915 $23,598,511 0.3

 Loans secured by real estate 5,929,696 5,889,672 5,766,658 2.8

 1-4 Family residential mortgages 2,564,928 2,549,302 2,479,517 3.4

 Nonfarm nonresidential 1,815,994 1,805,204 1,778,030 2.1

 Construction and development 501,525 497,093 467,600 7.3

 Home equity lines 271,580 269,313 273,003 -0.5

 Commercial & industrial loans 2,482,326 2,487,090 2,532,551 -2.0

 Loans to individuals 2,135,617 2,096,290 2,070,576 3.1

 Credit cards 1,116,822 1,053,772 1,009,402 10.6

 Farm loans 82,523 79,489 76,748 7.5

 Other loans & leases 1,823,273 1,794,326 1,782,171 2.3

 Less: Unearned income 1,566 2,482 1,954 -19.8

 Total loans & leases 12,451,869 12,344,385 12,226,749 1.8

Less: Reserve for losses* 217,805 213,092 195,310 11.5

Net loans and leases 12,234,064 12,131,293 12,031,439 1.7

Securities** 5,434,911 5,303,798 5,883,844 -7.6

Other real estate owned 2,868 2,891 2,593 10.6

Goodwill and other intangibles 425,631 436,184 430,065 -1.0

 All other assets 5,571,328 5,534,749 5,250,569 6.1

Total liabilities and capital 23,668,802 23,408,915 23,598,511 0.3

 Deposits 18,813,298 18,553,521 19,214,548 -2.1

 Domestic office deposits 17,345,214 17,158,289 17,725,359 -2.1

 Foreign office deposits 1,468,084 1,395,232 1,489,189 -1.4

 Other borrowed funds 1,724,260 1,745,002 1,351,897 27.5

 Subordinated debt 57,881 57,206 65,187 -11.2

 All other liabilities 776,148 808,232 760,160 2.1

 Total equity capital (includes minority interests) 2,297,215 2,244,955 2,206,719 4.1

 Bank equity capital 2,294,660 2,242,554 2,204,533 4.1

Loans and leases 30-89 days past due 75,938 66,813 67,922 11.8

Noncurrent loans and leases 107,131 101,518 89,873 19.2

Restructured loans and leases 36,483 29,341 44,061 -17.2

Mortgage-backed securities 2,921,478 2,870,156 3,150,180 -7.3

Earning assets 21,484,053 21,178,582 21,399,960 0.4

FHLB Advances 584,292 602,642 587,575 -0.6

Unused loan commitments 9,742,329 9,829,084 9,569,487 1.8

Trust assets 33,219,254 31,142,480 18,093,860 83.6

Assets securitized and sold 446,023 436,928 388,397 14.8

Notional amount of derivatives 194,773,722 207,341,064 192,875,312 1.0

INCOME DATA

Full Year

2023

Full Year 

2022 %Change

4th Quarter

2023

4th Quarter

2022

%Change 

22Q4-23Q4

Total interest income $1,150,046 $750,894 53.2 $309,970 $242,249 28.0

Total interest expense 451,828 117,579 284.3 135,372 61,939 118.6

 Net interest income 698,218 633,315 10.3 174,598 180,311 -3.2

Provision for credit losses*** 86,324 51,628 67.2 24,676 20,803 18.6

Total noninterest income 305,378 290,855 5.0 67,602 62,940 7.4

Total noninterest expense 590,263 538,055 9.7 167,559 135,912 23.3

Securities gains (losses) -11,488 -3,903 N/M -3,848 -1,742 N/M

Applicable income taxes 59,131 67,275 -12.1 8,455 16,542 -48.9

Extraordinary gains, net**** 878 -233 N/M 825 28 2,819.9

 Total net income (includes minority interests) 257,269 263,076 -2.2 38,487 68,280 -43.6

 Bank net income 256,858 262,819 -2.3 38,392 68,215 -43.7

Net charge-offs 62,917 31,455 100.0 20,136 10,890 84.9

Cash dividends 213,079 152,362 39.9 72,239 57,165 26.4

Retained earnings 43,779 110,457 -60.4 -33,847 11,050 -406.3

 Net operating income 265,787 266,664 -0.3 40,841 69,859 -41.5

* For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, this item represents the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases held for investment and allocated transfer risk.

** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, securities are reported net of allowances for credit losses.

*** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, this item represents provisions for credit losses on a consolidated basis; for institutions that have not adopted ASU 2016-13, 

this item represents the provision for loan and lease losses.

**** See Notes to Users for explanation.

 N/M - Not Meaningful
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

10 

TABLE III-A. Full Year 2023, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

FULL YEAR

(The way it is...)

All Insured

Institutions

Asset Concentration Groups*

Credit 

Card

Banks

International

Banks

Agricultural

Banks

Commercial

Lenders

Mortgage

Lenders

Consumer

Lenders

Other

Specialized

<$1 Billion

All Other

<$1 Billion

All Other

>$1 Billion

Number of institutions reporting 4,587 10 5 1,016 2,503 326 40 225 395 67

 Commercial banks 4,026 9 5 1,005 2,275 95 31 208 342 56

 Savings institutions 561 1 0 11 228 231 9 17 53 11

Total assets (in billions) $23,668.8 $514.4 $5,855.9 $303.3 $8,417.1 $619.8 $393.3 $50.5 $94.6 $7,419.9

 Commercial banks 22,452.2 404.8 5,855.9 296.9 7,992.4 109.1 387.6 46.6 81.7 7,277.3

 Savings institutions 1,216.6 109.6 0.0 6.4 424.7 510.8 5.7 3.9 13.0 142.6

Total deposits (in billions) 18,813.3 391.8 4,457.0 255.9 6,775.6 507.0 322.3 42.0 81.1 5,980.5

 Commercial banks 17,830.9 308.3 4,457.0 252.1 6,443.5 87.4 317.5 39.5 70.6 5,854.9

 Savings institutions 982.4 83.5 0.0 3.8 332.1 419.6 4.9 2.5 10.5 125.6

Bank net income (in millions) 256,858 12,514 64,646 3,469 85,157 3,697 4,732 694 979 80,968

 Commercial banks 247,980 10,513 64,646 3,299 81,641 1,060 4,714 130 902 81,077

 Savings institutions 8,878 2,001 0 171 3,516 2,638 19 565 78 -108

Performance Ratios (%)

Yield on earning assets 5.43 14.12 5.38 4.96 5.28 3.23 6.97 4.18 4.56 5.19

Cost of funding earning assets 2.13 3.55 2.49 1.56 1.91 1.62 3.31 1.12 1.21 2.03

 Net interest margin 3.30 10.57 2.89 3.40 3.37 1.61 3.66 3.06 3.35 3.16

Noninterest income to assets 1.31 6.32 1.65 0.57 0.98 0.71 1.02 4.77 0.87 1.15

Noninterest expense to assets 2.53 9.01 2.44 2.32 2.49 1.45 2.14 4.86 2.72 2.30

Credit loss provision to assets** 0.37 4.04 0.30 0.07 0.23 0.01 0.73 0.18 0.08 0.37

Net operating income to assets 1.14 2.61 1.16 1.20 1.08 0.61 1.23 1.88 1.07 1.12

Pretax return on assets 1.35 3.39 1.42 1.33 1.26 0.75 1.59 1.97 1.17 1.32

Return on assets 1.10 2.61 1.11 1.18 1.03 0.58 1.23 1.31 1.05 1.10

Return on equity 11.50 25.24 11.99 13.24 10.30 9.01 14.73 11.82 11.83 11.50

Net charge-offs to loans and leases 0.52 3.61 0.59 0.06 0.21 0.03 1.02 0.72 0.08 0.62

Loan and lease loss provision to net 

charge-offs 136.29 133.83 138.84 178.56 162.24 123.26 95.62 99.61 177.49 128.03

Efficiency ratio 57.47 54.39 57.54 61.44 58.53 64.31 47.05 63.08 67.75 56.94

% of unprofitable institutions 5.21 0.00 0.00 2.07 4.12 18.10 17.50 10.67 5.32 5.97

% of institutions with earnings gains 47.70 60.00 40.00 53.74 46.42 32.52 45.00 59.56 46.84 43.28

Condition Ratios (%)

Earning assets to total assets 90.77 95.50 89.03 93.41 90.99 95.95 94.25 91.57 93.62 90.79

Loss Allowance to:

 Loans and leases 1.75 7.06 1.87 1.29 1.31 0.63 1.94 1.57 1.27 1.82

 Noncurrent loans and leases 203.31 424.19 258.49 265.39 173.07 139.28 311.27 232.61 218.80 168.01

Noncurrent assets plus other real estate 

owned to assets 0.47 1.40 0.27 0.35 0.53 0.17 0.47 0.21 0.35 0.52

Equity capital ratio 9.69 10.12 9.00 9.29 10.34 7.52 8.62 12.47 9.43 9.72

Core capital (leverage) ratio 9.14 10.85 8.04 10.79 9.74 10.60 9.87 15.78 11.59 8.88

Common equity tier 1 capital ratio*** 13.86 12.32 15.23 13.46 12.38 28.17 14.59 36.65 17.93 14.30

Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio*** 13.92 12.46 15.30 13.46 12.43 28.17 14.61 36.65 17.93 14.35

Total risk-based capital ratio*** 15.25 14.38 16.40 14.53 13.76 28.67 15.62 37.50 18.96 15.86

Net loans and leases to deposits 65.03 102.33 46.27 76.51 81.90 43.27 90.00 31.77 64.23 57.70

Net loans and leases to total assets 51.69 77.94 35.22 64.55 65.93 35.39 73.77 26.42 55.05 46.51

Domestic deposits to total assets 73.28 76.17 54.27 84.37 80.40 81.59 81.97 83.14 85.69 78.19

Structural Changes

 New reporters 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0

 Institutions absorbed by mergers 107 0 0 21 75 0 0 2 6 3

 Failed institutions 5 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 2

PRIOR FULL YEARS

(The way it was...)

Number of institutions 2022 4,706 10 5 1,054 2,501 320 35 300 410 71

 2020 5,002 11 5 1,163 2,667 291 36 277 485 67

 2018 5,406 12 5 1,346 2,866 401 69 227 431 49

Total assets (in billions) 2022 $23,598.5 $452.8 $5,745.9 $298.5 $8,138.9 $720.6 $590.4 $70.3 $95.9 $7,485.3

 2020 21,868.8 492.6 5,539.4 287.7 7,591.0 684.0 144.8 51.5 105.7 6,972.0

 2018 17,943.0 651.7 4,285.9 286.8 6,373.8 346.0 218.3 36.7 75.9 5,667.9

Return on assets (%) 2022 1.11 3.67 0.95 1.22 1.18 0.86 1.33 1.99 1.01 1.03

 2020 0.72 1.92 0.70 1.29 0.74 0.92 1.59 2.59 1.10 0.53

 2018 1.35 2.96 1.17 1.32 1.26 1.13 1.42 2.94 1.12 1.40

Net charge-offs to loans & leases (%) 2022 0.27 2.12 0.32 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.38 0.13 0.06 0.31

 2020 0.50 3.73 0.69 0.15 0.25 0.05 0.52 0.19 0.07 0.43

 2018 0.48 3.87 0.50 0.15 0.18 0.02 0.76 1.41 0.17 0.37

Noncurrent assets plus OREO 

to assets (%) 2022 0.39 1.06 0.23 0.35 0.48 0.15 0.34 0.22 0.33 0.42

 2020 0.61 0.92 0.38 0.69 0.76 0.30 0.26 0.34 0.56 0.66

 2018 0.60 1.26 0.39 0.83 0.63 1.28 0.49 0.43 0.73 0.62

Equity capital ratio (%) 2022 9.34 10.65 9.26 8.66 9.76 5.27 8.15 10.27 8.35 9.39

 2020 10.17 12.61 8.95 11.37 11.23 8.40 9.21 15.79 11.81 9.90

 2018 11.25 15.29 9.88 11.34 11.94 11.08 10.51 16.74 12.31 11.04

* See Table IV-A for explanations.

** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, the numerator represents provisions for credit losses on a consolidated basis; for institutions that have not adopted ASU 

2016-13, the numerator represents the provision for loan and lease losses.

*** Beginning March 2020, does not include institutions that have a Community Bank Leverage Ratio election in effect at the report date.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

11 

TABLE III-A. Full Year 2023, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

FULL YEAR

(The way it is...)

All Insured

Institutions

Asset Size Distribution Geographic Regions*

Less Than 

$100

Million

$100 

Million to 

$1 Billion

$1 Billion

to $10 

Billion

$10 Billion

to $250 

Billion

Greater

Than $250

Billion New York Atlanta Chicago

Kansas

City Dallas

San

Francisco

Number of institutions reporting 4,587 699 2,899 831 144 14 540 519 979 1,171 1,035 343

 Commercial banks 4,026 611 2,574 698 130 13 284 476 847 1,135 970 314

 Savings institutions 561 88 325 133 14 1 256 43 132 36 65 29

Total assets (in billions) $23,668.8 $42.9 $1,096.5 $2,336.8 $6,543.8 $13,648.7 $4,540.2 $4,871.1 $5,974.3 $4,225.4 $2,001.9 $2,055.8

 Commercial banks 22,452.2 37.9 963.8 2,005.5 6,100.8 13,344.2 4,172.8 4,856.8 5,899.1 4,166.8 1,472.8 1,884.0

 Savings institutions 1,216.6 5.1 132.7 331.3 443.0 304.5 367.4 14.4 75.2 58.6 529.2 171.8

Total deposits (in billions) 18,813.3 35.4 924.4 1,907.6 5,272.1 10,673.7 3,615.8 3,893.7 4,577.5 3,421.6 1,653.0 1,651.7

 Commercial banks 17,830.9 31.7 819.2 1,649.9 4,914.0 10,416.1 3,326.6 3,882.0 4,523.9 3,371.9 1,211.5 1,514.9

 Savings institutions 982.4 3.8 105.2 257.7 358.1 257.6 289.2 11.7 53.6 49.6 441.5 136.7

Bank net income (in millions) 256,858 384 11,722 25,741 79,309 139,701 43,962 55,966 71,832 42,065 18,328 24,706

 Commercial banks 247,980 357 10,284 23,582 74,962 138,795 41,497 55,875 70,694 41,291 16,665 21,958

 Savings institutions 8,878 27 1,439 2,159 4,348 906 2,465 90 1,138 774 1,664 2,747

Performance Ratios (%)

Yield on earning assets 5.43 4.89 5.01 5.40 5.95 5.22 5.62 5.23 5.15 5.50 4.77 6.76

Cost of funding earning assets 2.13 1.08 1.48 1.83 2.28 2.17 2.56 1.87 2.02 2.16 1.76 2.44

 Net interest margin 3.30 3.81 3.52 3.56 3.68 3.04 3.06 3.36 3.13 3.34 3.00 4.32

Noninterest income to assets 1.31 1.50 1.13 1.00 1.43 1.31 1.20 1.24 1.52 1.08 0.77 2.09

Noninterest expense to assets 2.53 3.88 2.98 2.63 2.69 2.39 2.36 2.47 2.47 2.48 2.28 3.54

Credit loss provision to assets** 0.37 0.08 0.11 0.22 0.53 0.34 0.35 0.43 0.26 0.36 0.15 0.81

Net operating income to assets 1.14 0.93 1.14 1.17 1.29 1.06 1.00 1.19 1.27 1.02 0.94 1.38

Pretax return on assets 1.35 1.06 1.29 1.41 1.52 1.27 1.23 1.35 1.53 1.24 1.09 1.60

Return on assets 1.10 0.91 1.09 1.13 1.23 1.03 0.98 1.17 1.22 1.00 0.91 1.22

Return on equity 11.50 7.20 11.52 11.58 12.66 10.94 9.74 11.95 12.98 10.63 10.91 12.62

Net charge-offs to loans and leases 0.52 0.08 0.09 0.25 0.59 0.59 0.49 0.62 0.36 0.50 0.19 0.97

Loan and lease loss provision to net 

charge-offs 136.29 183.01 166.24 128.73 141.48 132.92 135.70 131.65 153.76 137.57 149.37 125.79

Efficiency ratio 57.47 76.86 66.84 60.45 54.64 57.65 58.70 54.36 56.47 60.19 63.44 55.64

% of unprofitable institutions 5.21 12.16 4.35 2.65 3.47 7.14 8.33 6.74 5.52 2.22 4.35 9.91

% of institutions with earnings gains 47.70 58.51 48.43 38.15 36.11 42.86 37.22 54.53 46.27 45.60 53.82 46.65

Condition Ratios (%)

Earning assets to total assets 90.77 92.76 93.65 93.01 92.02 89.55 90.13 90.35 89.83 90.68 92.80 94.10

Loss Allowance to:

 Loans and leases 1.75 1.38 1.27 1.32 1.87 1.84 1.75 1.74 1.58 1.82 1.29 2.38

 Noncurrent loans and leases 203.31 176.07 240.36 202.62 210.26 196.26 176.02 202.26 215.59 195.31 147.62 308.44

Noncurrent assets plus other real 

estate owned to assets 0.47 0.48 0.39 0.49 0.58 0.42 0.55 0.46 0.37 0.48 0.51 0.53

Equity capital ratio 9.69 13.01 9.88 10.14 10.03 9.43 10.30 9.91 9.32 9.43 9.11 10.06

Core capital (leverage) ratio 9.14 14.50 11.32 10.60 9.64 8.45 9.50 8.71 8.58 8.95 10.18 10.32

Common equity tier 1 capital ratio*** 13.86 22.53 15.39 13.46 13.37 14.12 14.01 13.16 14.21 13.12 15.27 14.50

Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio*** 13.92 22.53 15.44 13.49 13.48 14.16 14.05 13.21 14.27 13.20 15.36 14.55

Total risk-based capital ratio*** 15.25 23.57 16.56 14.55 14.85 15.53 15.33 14.45 15.67 14.69 16.51 15.84

Net loans and leases to deposits 65.03 67.20 77.22 84.94 77.79 54.11 66.59 63.81 62.38 60.09 65.54 81.54

Net loans and leases to total assets 51.69 55.46 65.10 69.34 62.67 42.31 53.03 51.01 47.80 48.66 54.12 65.51

Domestic deposits to total assets 73.28 82.54 84.3 81.55 79.25 68.09 75.52 77.31 67.56 66.67 82.55 79.99

Structural Changes

 New reporters 6 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3

 Institutions absorbed by mergers 107 29 54 21 3 0 12 14 30 27 21 3

 Failed institutions 5 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 2

PRIOR FULL YEARS 

(The way it was...)

Number of institutions 2022 4,706 761 2,964 823 145 13 558 534 1,011 1,198 1,053 352

 2020 5,002 946 3,129 776 138 13 593 570 1,069 1,292 1,107 371

 2018 5,406 1,278 3,353 638 128 9 659 626 1,163 1,379 1,182 397

Total assets (in billions) 2022 $23,598.5 $46.3 $1,098.0 $2,277.3 $7,091.5 $13,085.5 $4,546.1 $4,614.2 $5,575.3 $4,243.2 $1,992.9 $2,626.9

 2020 21,868.8 57.2 1,101.4 2,069.8 6,358.4 12,282.0 4,015.1 4,485.2 5,205.7 4,134.1 1,792.6 2,236.1

 2018 17,943.0 75.9 1,108.6 1,734.8 6,202.3 8,821.4 3,362.0 3,677.0 4,042.6 3,670.8 1,133.1 2,057.6

Return on assets (%) 2022 1.11 0.84 1.18 1.30 1.25 1.01 1.03 1.15 1.09 0.97 1.12 1.49

 2020 0.72 0.84 1.21 1.11 0.71 0.61 0.62 0.59 0.87 0.49 0.98 1.03

 2018 1.35 1.01 1.23 1.33 1.46 1.29 1.22 1.44 1.26 1.25 1.40 1.74

Net charge-offs to loans & leases (%) 2022 0.27 0.06 0.05 0.15 0.28 0.32 0.26 0.34 0.18 0.27 0.09 0.43

 2020 0.50 0.13 0.12 0.22 0.66 0.51 0.48 0.54 0.41 0.53 0.31 0.70

 2018 0.48 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.70 0.43 0.59 0.55 0.23 0.50 0.24 0.73

Noncurrent assets plus OREO 

to assets (%) 2022 0.39 0.51 0.34 0.47 0.46 0.35 0.47 0.39 0.33 0.39 0.44 0.37

 2020 0.61 0.74 0.60 0.65 0.83 0.50 0.60 0.55 0.52 0.70 1.08 0.48

 2018 0.60 0.97 0.73 0.64 0.62 0.57 0.58 0.65 0.54 0.68 0.76 0.44

Equity capital ratio (%) 2022 9.34 12.37 9.22 9.65 9.50 9.20 9.84 9.73 9.24 9.21 7.83 9.38

 2020 10.17 13.43 11.27 10.94 10.84 9.58 10.49 10.78 9.59 9.83 10.08 10.44

 2018 11.25 13.57 11.50 11.91 12.08 10.49 12.53 12.07 10.35 10.23 11.81 11.02

* See Table IV-A for explanations.

** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, the numerator represents provisions for credit losses on a consolidated basis; for institutions that have not adopted ASU 

2016-13, the numerator represents the provision for loan and lease losses.

*** Beginning March 2020, does not include institutions that have a Community Bank Leverage Ratio election in effect at the report date.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

12 

TABLE IV-A. Fourth Quarter 2023, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

FOURTH QUARTER

(The way it is...)

All Insured 

Institutions

Asset Concentration Groups*

Credit 

Card

Banks

International

Banks

Agricultural

Banks

Commercial

Lenders

Mortgage

Lenders

Consumer

Lenders

Other

Specialized

<$1 Billion

All Other

<$1 Billion

All Other

>$1 Billion

Number of institutions reporting 4,587 10 5 1,016 2,503 326 40 225 395 67

 Commercial banks 4,026 9 5 1,005 2,275 95 31 208 342 56

 Savings institutions 561 1 0 11 228 231 9 17 53 11

Total assets (in billions) $23,668.8 $514.4 $5,855.9 $303.3 $8,417.1 $619.8 $393.3 $50.5 $94.6 $7,419.9

 Commercial banks 22,452.2 404.8 5,855.9 296.9 7,992.4 109.1 387.6 46.6 81.7 7,277.3

 Savings institutions 1,216.6 109.6 0.0 6.4 424.7 510.8 5.7 3.9 13.0 142.6

Total deposits (in billions) 18,813.3 391.8 4,457.0 255.9 6,775.6 507.0 322.3 42.0 81.1 5,980.5

 Commercial banks 17,830.9 308.3 4,457.0 252.1 6,443.5 87.4 317.5 39.5 70.6 5,854.9

 Savings institutions 982.4 83.5 0.0 3.8 332.1 419.6 4.9 2.5 10.5 125.6

Bank net income (in millions) 38,392 2,728 8,793 775 10,429 696 1,011 242 217 13,502

 Commercial banks 36,773 2,383 8,793 732 9,562 222 1,007 78 201 13,796

 Savings institutions 1,619 345 0 43 867 474 4 164 16 -294

Performance Ratios (annualized, %)

Yield on earning assets 5.82 14.77 5.91 5.33 5.59 3.40 7.32 4.47 4.90 5.53

Cost of funding earning assets 2.54 3.93 2.93 1.95 2.29 1.89 3.69 1.28 1.55 2.46

 Net interest margin 3.28 10.84 2.98 3.37 3.30 1.51 3.63 3.18 3.34 3.07

Noninterest income to assets 1.15 6.26 1.37 0.55 0.80 0.73 0.91 5.14 0.85 1.07

Noninterest expense to assets 2.85 9.04 2.82 2.40 2.87 1.57 2.30 5.25 2.83 2.57

Credit loss provision to assets** 0.42 4.80 0.40 0.09 0.22 0.01 0.73 0.08 0.11 0.40

Net operating income to assets 0.69 2.17 0.66 1.07 0.54 0.45 1.03 2.13 0.97 0.77

Pretax return on assets 0.80 2.79 0.73 1.17 0.65 0.60 1.30 2.55 1.00 0.85

Return on assets 0.65 2.17 0.60 1.03 0.50 0.45 1.03 1.93 0.93 0.73

Return on equity 6.77 21.38 6.54 11.55 4.92 6.23 12.18 16.45 10.26 7.59

Net charge-offs to loans and leases 0.65 4.17 0.76 0.08 0.28 0.03 1.46 0.32 0.10 0.77

Loan and lease loss provision to net 

charge-offs 120.25 137.64 123.02 160.98 123.87 82.29 66.28 97.88 194.32 113.64

Efficiency ratio 66.04 54.06 69.91 63.94 66.86 71.84 49.53 62.36 70.74 66.26

% of unprofitable institutions 10.88 10.00 20.00 8.96 8.47 26.38 20.00 20.00 11.14 16.42

% of institutions with earnings gains 32.00 40.00 0.00 35.73 30.68 23.01 40.00 38.22 34.68 28.36

Structural Changes

 New reporters 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

 Institutions absorbed by mergers 23 0 0 4 14 0 0 1 2 2

 Failed institutions 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

PRIOR FOURTH QUARTERS

(The way it was...)

Return on assets (%) 2022 1.16 3.13 1.03 1.20 1.29 0.87 1.02 2.72 1.02 1.02

2020 1.10 4.49 1.05 1.15 1.15 0.90 2.34 2.68 1.05 0.83

2018 1.33 3.36 1.03 1.22 1.26 1.12 1.32 3.96 1.11 1.42

Net charge-offs to loans & leases (%) 2022 0.36 2.54 0.40 0.11 0.15 0.02 0.55 0.22 0.15 0.44

2020 0.42 2.78 0.54 0.18 0.24 0.06 0.45 0.17 0.09 0.37

2018 0.50 3.85 0.49 0.21 0.21 0.06 0.80 0.25 0.22 0.39

*Asset Concentration Group Definitions (Groups are hierarchical and mutually exclusive):

Credit-card Lenders - Institutions whose credit-card loans plus securitized receivables exceed 50 percent of total assets plus securitized receivables.

International Banks - Banks with assets greater than $10 billion and more than 25 percent of total assets in foreign offices.

Agricultural Banks - Banks whose agricultural production loans plus real estate loans secured by farmland exceed 25 percent of the total loans and leases.

Commercial Lenders - Institutions whose commercial and industrial loans, plus real estate construction and development loans, plus loans secured by commercial real 

estate properties exceed 25 percent of total assets.

Mortgage Lenders - Institutions whose residential mortgage loans, plus mortgage-backed securities, exceed 50 percent of total assets.

Consumer Lenders - Institutions whose residential mortgage loans, plus credit-card loans, plus other loans to individuals, exceed 50 percent of total assets.

Other Specialized < $1 Billion - Institutions with assets less than $1 billion, whose loans and leases are less than 40 percent of total assets.

All Other < $1 billion - Institutions with assets less than $1 billion that do not meet any of the definitions above, they have significant lending activity with no identified 

asset concentrations.

All Other > $1 billion - Institutions with assets greater than $1 billion that do not meet any of the definitions above, they have significant lending activity with no 

identified asset concentrations.

** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, the numerator represents provisions for credit losses on a consolidated basis; for institutions that have not adopted 

ASU 2016-13, the numerator represents the provision for loan and lease losses.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

13 

TABLE IV-A. Fourth Quarter 2023, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

FOURTH QUARTER

(The way it is...)

All Insured

Institutions

Asset Size Distribution Geographic Regions*

Less

Than

$100 

Million

$100 

Million 

to $1 

Billion

$1 Billion

to $10 

Billion

$10 Billion 

to $250 

Billion

Greater

Than 

$250

Billion New York Atlanta Chicago

Kansas

City Dallas

San

Francisco

Number of institutions reporting 4,587 699 2,899 831 144 14 540 519 979 1,171 1,035 343

 Commercial banks 4,026 611 2,574 698 130 13 284 476 847 1,135 970 314

 Savings institutions 561 88 325 133 14 1 256 43 132 36 65 29

Total assets (in billions) $23,668.8 $42.9 $1,096.5 $2,336.8 $6,543.8 $13,648.7 $4,540.2 $4,871.1 $5,974.3 $4,225.4 $2,001.9 $2,055.8

 Commercial banks 22,452.2 37.9 963.8 2,005.5 6,100.8 13,344.2 4,172.8 4,856.8 5,899.1 4,166.8 1,472.8 1,884.0

 Savings institutions 1,216.6 5.1 132.7 331.3 443.0 304.5 367.4 14.4 75.2 58.6 529.2 171.8

Total deposits (in billions) 18,813.3 35.4 924.4 1,907.6 5,272.1 10,673.7 3,615.8 3,893.7 4,577.5 3,421.6 1,653.0 1,651.7

 Commercial banks 17,830.9 31.7 819.2 1,649.9 4,914.0 10,416.1 3,326.6 3,882.0 4,523.9 3,371.9 1,211.5 1,514.9

 Savings institutions 982.4 3.8 105.2 257.7 358.1 257.6 289.2 11.7 53.6 49.6 441.5 136.7

Bank net income (in millions) 38,392 73 2,646 5,790 13,207 16,675 7,668 3,086 13,327 5,359 3,192 5,760

 Commercial banks 36,773 70 2,287 5,307 12,446 16,663 7,114 3,072 13,040 5,144 3,223 5,180

 Savings institutions 1,619 3 359 483 761 12 554 13 287 215 -31 580

Performance Ratios (annualized, %)

Yield on earning assets 5.82 5.38 5.36 5.75 6.32 5.62 6.01 5.62 5.56 5.88 5.07 7.17

Cost of funding earning assets 2.54 1.42 1.86 2.24 2.68 2.59 3.00 2.32 2.41 2.55 2.11 2.81

 Net interest margin 3.28 3.96 3.50 3.51 3.65 3.03 3.00 3.30 3.15 3.33 2.96 4.36

Noninterest income to assets 1.15 1.55 1.13 0.95 1.22 1.15 1.18 0.92 1.32 0.90 0.68 2.11

Noninterest expense to assets 2.85 4.27 3.07 2.66 2.89 2.84 2.61 3.07 2.71 2.86 2.43 3.65

Credit loss provision to assets** 0.42 0.11 0.14 0.25 0.60 0.39 0.46 0.44 0.24 0.47 0.17 0.93

Net operating income to assets 0.69 0.71 1.02 1.06 0.88 0.52 0.66 0.29 0.96 0.54 0.69 1.27

Pretax return on assets 0.80 0.82 1.15 1.24 1.00 0.60 0.82 0.35 1.11 0.56 0.72 1.46

Return on assets 0.65 0.69 0.97 1.00 0.81 0.49 0.68 0.26 0.89 0.51 0.64 1.13

Return on equity 6.77 5.41 10.16 10.12 8.25 5.18 6.67 2.60 9.54 5.41 7.30 11.38

Net charge-offs to loans and leases 0.65 0.10 0.13 0.32 0.74 0.74 0.64 0.76 0.45 0.66 0.24 1.19

Loan and lease loss provision to net 

charge-offs 120.25 184.94 152.65 111.90 129.21 114.21 135.46 114.34 116.08 115.01 134.88 117.88

Efficiency ratio 66.04 81.63 68.66 62.60 62.24 68.54 66.70 65.31 64.90 72.63 70.21 57.70

% of unprofitable institutions 10.88 22.32 9.24 7.34 8.33 14.29 14.07 12.14 10.01 8.63 10.82 14.29

% of institutions with earnings gains 32.00 36.34 33.84 24.43 19.44 14.29 20.00 33.91 31.66 34.50 36.62 26.53

Structural Changes

 New reporters 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

 Institutions absorbed by mergers 23 5 14 4 0 0 4 1 4 9 4 1

 Failed institutions 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

PRIOR FOURTH QUARTERS

(The way it was...)

Return on assets (%) 2022 1.16 0.78 1.28 1.37 1.17 1.11 1.10 1.23 1.24 0.94 1.18 1.27

 2020 1.10 0.64 1.22 1.30 1.35 0.94 0.89 1.08 1.24 0.88 1.04 1.67

 2018 1.33 0.87 1.24 1.32 1.49 1.24 1.25 1.45 1.19 1.19 1.34 1.81

Net charge-offs to loans and 

leases (%) 2022 0.36 0.09 0.11 0.20 0.36 0.44 0.34 0.46 0.24 0.35 0.12 0.59

 2020 0.42 0.15 0.15 0.24 0.52 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.37 0.43 0.25 0.58

 2018 0.50 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.73 0.44 0.58 0.58 0.24 0.51 0.30 0.78

* Regions:

New York - Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico

Rhode Island, Vermont, U.S. Virgin Islands

Atlanta - Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia

Chicago - Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin

Kansas City - Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota

Dallas - Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas

San Francisco - Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Pacific Islands, Utah, Washington, Wyoming

** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, the numerator represents provisions for credit losses on a consolidated basis; for institutions that have not adopted ASU 

2016-13, the numerator represents the provision for loan and lease losses.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

14 

TABLE V-A. Loan Performance, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

December 31, 2023 All Insured 

Institutions

Asset Concentration Groups*

Credit 

Card

Banks

International

Banks

Agricultural

Banks

Commercial

Lenders

Mortgage

Lenders

Consumer

Lenders

Other

Specialized

<$1 Billion

All Other

<$1 Billion

All Other

>$1 

Billion

Percent of Loans 30-89 Days Past Due

All loans secured by real estate 0.46 0.39 0.35 0.47 0.47 0.41 0.17 0.86 0.83 0.52

 Construction and development 0.35 0.00 0.42 0.51 0.31 0.50 0.17 0.66 0.64 0.54

 Nonfarm nonresidential 0.24 0.14 0.23 0.36 0.23 0.22 0.04 0.63 0.51 0.31

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.24 0.00 0.45 0.23 0.22 0.12 0.04 1.04 0.13 0.07

 Home equity loans 0.60 0.31 0.82 0.53 0.60 0.42 0.46 0.93 0.63 0.58

 Other 1-4 family residential 0.69 0.41 0.35 0.82 0.92 0.44 0.19 1.12 1.05 0.63

Commercial and industrial loans 0.33 0.91 0.46 0.67 0.31 0.37 0.53 0.62 1.01 0.25

Loans to individuals 1.69 1.78 1.18 1.04 1.33 0.40 2.64 1.54 1.33 1.93

 Credit card loans 1.63 1.81 1.22 1.31 1.79 1.50 3.09 0.57 1.55 1.83

 Other loans to individuals 1.75 1.48 1.06 1.01 1.29 0.37 2.63 1.59 1.33 2.04

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.22 1.24 0.27 0.34 0.22 0.04 0.13 0.76 0.38 0.17

Total loans and leases 0.61 1.67 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.40 1.69 0.89 0.86 0.69

Percent of Loans Noncurrent**

All real estate loans 1.03 1.04 0.99 0.46 0.82 0.49 0.24 0.69 0.51 1.86

 Construction and development 0.50 0.00 1.18 0.38 0.43 0.53 0.36 0.29 0.22 0.74

 Nonfarm nonresidential 1.15 2.26 1.70 0.46 0.73 0.44 0.45 0.70 0.54 3.38

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.32 0.86 0.21 0.37 0.35 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.07 0.38

 Home equity loans 1.70 0.00 5.44 0.21 1.08 0.64 1.09 0.53 0.36 2.51

 Other 1-4 family residential 1.17 0.95 0.91 0.44 1.22 0.50 0.20 0.83 0.56 1.51

Commercial and industrial loans 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.84 0.83 0.41 0.47 0.81 0.74 0.57

Loans to individuals 1.13 1.79 1.03 0.36 0.62 0.17 0.85 0.56 0.49 1.21

 Credit card loans 1.70 1.89 1.25 0.45 1.66 1.12 3.92 0.13 0.37 1.91

 Other loans to individuals 0.52 0.56 0.22 0.35 0.54 0.14 0.80 0.58 0.49 0.45

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.20 0.55 0.16 0.39 0.23 0.02 0.01 0.30 1.45 0.19

Total loans and leases 0.86 1.67 0.72 0.49 0.76 0.46 0.62 0.67 0.58 1.08

Percent of Loans Charged-Off (net, YTD)

All real estate loans 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.00 -0.01 0.14 0.01 0.15

 Construction and development 0.04 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.08 -0.01 -0.02 0.01

 Nonfarm nonresidential 0.21 0.00 0.28 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.02 0.29 0.00 0.67

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.09

 Home equity loans -0.06 0.00 -0.26 0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.35 0.15 0.00 -0.12

 Other 1-4 family residential 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.10 0.01 0.01

Commercial and industrial loans 0.35 2.32 0.34 0.19 0.36 0.05 0.62 3.05 0.16 0.23

Loans to individuals 2.29 3.82 2.30 0.49 1.23 0.37 1.57 2.10 0.44 2.32

 Credit card loans 3.56 3.95 2.82 2.03 4.45 2.95 8.15 1.20 2.75 3.80

 Other loans to individuals 1.02 2.34 0.58 0.32 1.00 0.31 1.47 2.14 0.43 0.89

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.13 2.63 0.13 0.05 0.13 0.04 0.04 1.25 0.46 0.13

Total loans and leases 0.52 3.61 0.59 0.06 0.21 0.03 1.02 0.72 0.08 0.62

Loans Outstanding (in billions)

All real estate loans $5,929.7 $6.8 $700.0 $128.2 $3,544.1 $193.1 $62.5 $10.0 $40.9 $1,244.1

 Construction and development 501.5 0.1 23.2 9.7 398.0 5.2 0.6 1.1 3.1 60.6

 Nonfarm nonresidential 1,816.0 0.6 72.4 33.8 1,409.1 14.5 9.0 3.5 9.0 264.2

 Multifamily residential real estate 611.5 0.0 114.1 5.1 410.2 5.4 1.1 0.3 1.3 74.1

 Home equity loans 271.6 0.0 20.0 2.1 175.9 9.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 61.9

 Other 1-4 family residential 2,564.9 6.0 435.9 30.0 1,089.4 157.7 51.2 4.2 22.7 767.9

Commercial and industrial loans 2,482.3 43.2 361.3 23.8 1,230.2 6.2 41.2 1.6 4.4 770.5

Loans to individuals 2,135.6 379.7 450.5 6.7 353.8 14.7 176.2 1.2 4.6 748.2

 Credit card loans 1,116.8 349.1 351.3 0.7 25.2 0.4 2.7 0.1 0.0 387.4

 Other loans to individuals 1,018.8 30.6 99.2 6.1 328.6 14.3 173.4 1.2 4.6 360.8

All other loans and leases (including farm) 1,905.8 1.7 590.0 39.7 496.3 6.8 16.0 0.7 2.8 751.7

Total loans and leases (plus unearned income) 12,453.4 431.4 2,101.7 198.4 5,624.3 220.9 295.9 13.6 52.8 3,514.5

Memo: Other Real Estate Owned 

(in millions)

All other real estate owned 2,867.6 1.2 307.5 77.1 1,700.8 48.4 3.7 13.7 24.8 690.4

 Construction and development 427.0 0.0 9.0 7.8 345.4 12.3 0.9 4.3 10.3 37.1

 Nonfarm nonresidential 1,584.0 0.9 154.0 30.3 945.1 9.7 0.6 6.1 5.1 432.3

 Multifamily residential real estate 43.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 42.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

 1-4 family residential 746.8 0.3 138.5 11.5 334.4 26.4 2.3 3.2 9.0 221.0

 Farmland 59.9 0.0 0.0 26.5 33.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0

* See Table IV-A for explanations.

** Noncurrent loan rates represent the percentage of loans in each category that are past due 90 days or more or that are in nonaccrual status.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

15 

TABLE V-A. Loan Performance, All FDIC-Insured Institutions

December 31, 2023 All Insured

Institutions

Asset Size Distribution Geographic Regions*

Less Than

$100 

Million

$100 

Million to

$1 Billion

$1 Billion

to

$10 Billion

$10 Billion

to $250 

Billion

Greater

Than $250

Billion New York Atlanta Chicago

Kansas

City Dallas

San

Francisco

Percent of Loans 30-89 Days 

Past Due 

All loans secured by real estate 0.46 1.03 0.47 0.30 0.55 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.37 0.50 0.71 0.31

 Construction and development 0.35 1.02 0.47 0.31 0.31 0.44 0.44 0.23 0.27 0.43 0.31 0.52

 Nonfarm nonresidential 0.24 0.86 0.32 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.22 0.29 0.23 0.20

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.24 0.12 0.26 0.19 0.23 0.30 0.29 0.04 0.24 0.50 0.27 0.05

 Home equity loans 0.60 0.46 0.55 0.49 0.69 0.58 0.63 0.53 0.68 0.61 0.61 0.44

 Other 1-4 family residential 0.69 1.44 0.68 0.47 1.01 0.55 0.66 0.71 0.45 0.68 1.62 0.48

Commercial and industrial loans 0.33 1.16 0.60 0.60 0.29 0.29 0.17 0.29 0.40 0.26 0.40 0.72

Loans to individuals 1.69 1.93 1.37 1.95 1.64 1.71 1.53 2.32 1.03 1.53 1.04 2.06

 Credit card loans 1.63 4.04 4.35 3.73 1.69 1.55 1.95 2.00 1.13 1.39 0.75 1.79

 Other loans to individuals 1.75 1.92 1.28 1.53 1.59 1.97 1.16 2.66 0.92 1.86 1.12 2.33

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.22 0.34 0.33 0.43 0.22 0.20 0.27 0.14 0.30 0.16 0.23 0.15

Total loans and leases 0.61 1.02 0.51 0.45 0.68 0.62 0.56 0.73 0.46 0.54 0.65 0.88

Percent of Loans Noncurrent** 

All real estate loans 1.03 0.78 0.49 0.51 0.98 1.54 1.10 1.09 0.94 1.42 0.95 0.53

 Construction and development 0.50 0.47 0.42 0.47 0.38 0.82 0.98 0.36 0.56 0.30 0.27 0.59

 Nonfarm nonresidential 1.15 0.96 0.53 0.50 0.89 2.87 1.32 1.50 0.88 2.22 0.50 0.52

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.32 0.47 0.19 0.33 0.39 0.26 0.55 0.26 0.17 0.43 0.12 0.18

 Home equity loans 1.70 0.78 0.57 0.48 1.11 2.84 1.50 1.24 2.15 3.68 0.79 0.60

 Other 1-4 family residential 1.17 0.82 0.48 0.61 1.41 1.30 1.09 1.01 1.10 1.34 2.03 0.63

Commercial and industrial loans 0.73 1.10 0.84 1.14 0.84 0.57 0.99 0.59 0.77 0.48 0.83 0.89

Loans to individuals 1.13 0.69 0.44 1.27 1.12 1.15 1.24 1.33 0.70 1.19 0.73 1.29

 Credit card loans 1.70 1.76 1.98 4.00 1.78 1.59 2.06 2.07 1.10 1.48 1.19 1.85

 Other loans to individuals 0.52 0.68 0.40 0.64 0.55 0.47 0.52 0.56 0.27 0.44 0.59 0.71

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.20 0.55 0.52 0.52 0.16 0.18 0.36 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.34 0.13

Total loans and leases 0.86 0.78 0.53 0.65 0.89 0.94 1.00 0.86 0.73 0.93 0.87 0.77

Percent of Loans Charged-Off

(net, YTD) 

All real estate loans 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.05

 Construction and development 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.15

 Nonfarm nonresidential 0.21 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.18 0.59 0.26 0.35 0.19 0.28 0.05 0.10

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.05 -0.01 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01

 Home equity loans -0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.14 -0.03 -0.12 -0.09 -0.09 -0.01 0.02

 Other 1-4 family residential 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01

Commercial and industrial loans 0.35 0.27 0.34 0.36 0.49 0.27 0.24 0.35 0.36 0.18 0.42 0.89

Loans to individuals 2.29 0.52 0.85 2.85 2.26 2.30 2.38 2.41 1.54 2.73 1.13 2.74

 Credit card loans 3.56 13.72 4.53 9.17 3.71 3.33 4.21 3.81 2.55 3.40 2.21 4.04

 Other loans to individuals 1.02 0.42 0.74 1.44 1.08 0.92 0.92 1.08 0.60 1.20 0.82 1.49

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.13 0.04 0.17 0.18 0.10 0.14 0.09 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.27 0.08

Total loans and leases 0.52 0.08 0.09 0.25 0.59 0.59 0.49 0.62 0.36 0.50 0.19 0.97

Loans Outstanding (in billions) 

All real estate loans $5,929.7 $16.6 $567.6 $1,228.9 $2,073.6 $2,043.1 $1,276.8 $1,010.1 $1,341.8 $919.8 $750.4 $630.7

 Construction and development 501.5 1.1 58.7 136.2 208.3 97.2 90.3 76.9 87.1 72.3 125.1 49.8

 Nonfarm nonresidential 1,816.0 3.5 205.4 511.5 722.9 372.8 407.6 337.1 301.4 225.8 298.2 245.9

 Multifamily residential real estate 611.5 0.4 33.9 139.3 244.7 193.2 193.9 54.8 178.8 63.4 39.5 81.2

 Home equity loans 271.6 0.3 16.8 41.2 100.6 112.7 74.2 57.9 68.2 27.6 22.1 21.6

 Other 1-4 family residential 2,564.9 8.0 199.2 360.6 779.7 1,217.4 505.1 468.6 679.3 448.2 241.1 222.6

Commercial and industrial loans 2,482.3 2.8 85.4 247.6 812.7 1,333.8 419.7 635.5 594.2 433.8 196.2 203.0

Loans to individuals 2,135.6 1.6 28.3 93.8 823.9 1,188.1 401.4 489.3 428.6 319.1 83.3 413.8

 Credit card loans 1,116.8 0.0 0.8 17.8 385.2 713.0 187.5 250.8 220.2 229.2 19.4 209.8

 Other loans to individuals 1,018.8 1.6 27.4 76.0 438.7 475.0 213.9 238.5 208.5 90.0 63.9 204.0

All other loans and leases (including farm) 1,905.8 3.2 42.2 72.4 469.8 1,318.3 353.1 393.7 536.9 421.5 67.9 132.7

Total loans and leases (plus unearned income) 12,453.4 24.2 723.3 1,642.7 4,179.9 5,883.2 2,451.0 2,528.7 2,901.5 2,094.2 1,097.9 1,380.2

Memo: Other Real Estate Owned 

(in millions) 

All other real estate owned 2,867.6 17.4 388.3 618.8 778.5 1,064.6 427.4 603.0 549.9 542.7 528.5 216.2

 Construction and development 427.0 2.9 122.2 165.0 98.3 38.6 54.6 45.5 24.7 101.7 174.7 25.8

 Nonfarm nonresidential 1,584.0 8.0 163.9 329.2 365.5 717.4 155.1 428.4 285.5 361.5 247.5 106.0

 Multifamily residential real estate 43.3 0.2 11.3 15.4 15.6 0.7 11.4 0.0 5.5 6.6 12.0 7.8

 1-4 family residential 746.8 6.1 67.7 87.2 283.8 301.9 206.3 127.6 230.3 55.5 68.3 58.9

 Farmland 59.9 0.1 23.3 21.2 15.3 0.0 0.0 1.5 3.1 11.5 26.1 17.8

* See Table IV-A for explanations.

** Noncurrent loan rates represent the percentage of loans in each category that are past due 90 days or more or that are in nonaccrual status.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

16 

TABLE VI-A. Derivatives, All FDIC-Insured Call Report Filers

(dollar figures in millions;

notional amounts unless otherwise indicated)

4th 

Quarter

2023

3rd 

Quarter

2023

2nd

 Quarter

2023

1st 

Quarter

2023

4th 

Quarter

2022

%

Change

22Q4-

23Q4

Asset Size Distribution

Less 

Than

$100 

Million

$100 

Million

to $1 

Billion

$1 

Billion

to $10 

Billion

$10 

Billion

to $250 

Billion

Greater 

Than

$250 

Billion

ALL DERIVATIVE HOLDERS 

Number of institutions reporting derivatives 1,185 1,186 1,188 1,178 1,141 3.9 10 500 529 132 14

Total assets of institutions reporting derivatives $21,697,586 $21,461,772 $21,525,019 $21,778,642 $21,630,256 0.3 $650 $268,781 $1,687,519 $6,091,910 $13,648,727

Total deposits of institutions reporting derivatives 17,192,284 16,948,384 17,039,308 17,123,919 17,562,378 -2.1 474 224,162 1,377,982 4,915,946 10,673,720

Total derivatives 194,773,722 207,341,064 224,647,411 220,468,213 192,875,312 1.0 139 12,727 217,060 4,067,736 190,476,060

Derivative Contracts by Underlying 

Risk Exposure 

Interest rate 136,305,387 145,818,122 164,098,913 160,283,149 139,774,377 -2.5 139 12,531 212,183 2,134,796 133,945,739

Foreign exchange* 47,555,596 50,002,364 49,082,890 48,529,245 43,001,556 10.6 0 0 293 1,635,055 45,920,248

Equity 5,673,759 5,875,155 5,471,018 5,001,131 4,423,904 28.3 0 33 40 64,948 5,608,737

Commodity & other (excluding credit derivatives) 1,492,562 1,529,544 1,519,658 1,574,689 1,432,977 4.2 0 0 109 136,448 1,356,005

Credit 3,745,656 4,114,991 4,474,144 5,079,273 4,241,352 -11.7 0 19 3,816 96,489 3,645,332

Total 194,772,960 207,340,177 224,646,623 220,467,487 192,874,166 1.0 139 12,583 216,442 4,067,736 190,476,060

Derivative Contracts by Transaction Type 

Swaps 117,303,421 124,696,693 143,242,706 137,729,743 118,597,662 -1.1 0 1,721 155,723 2,539,568 114,606,409

Futures & forwards 31,806,329 34,215,361 33,316,618 34,501,963 28,748,264 10.6 0 653 6,827 1,005,474 30,793,375

Purchased options 19,595,099 20,220,077 20,127,902 20,067,871 19,695,467 -0.5 0 829 20,556 190,422 19,383,292

Written options 20,012,756 20,929,560 20,751,678 20,222,587 19,693,855 1.6 0 699 6,684 167,346 19,838,027

Total 188,717,605 200,061,690 217,438,904 212,522,163 186,735,249 1.1 0 3,902 189,790 3,902,811 184,621,102

Fair Value of Derivative Contracts 

Interest rate contracts 56,308 72,427 54,260 64,099 72,856 -22.7 0 40 1,014 169 55,086

Foreign exchange contracts -14,861 17,473 9,781 2,917 -14,981 N/M 0 0 1 -154 -14,708

Equity contracts -9,259 -2,176 -7,184 -5,957 4,403 -310.3 0 2 1 -547 -8,716

Commodity & other (excluding credit derivatives) 620 4,374 1,819 2,790 8,892 -93.0 0 0 2 213 405

Credit derivatives as guarantor** 21,218 11,961 15,417 12,909 5,346 296.9 0 2 8 -13 21,220

Credit derivatives as beneficiary** -27,003 -10,044 -17,352 -14,434 -4,002 N/M 0 0 -3 -710 -26,290

Derivative Contracts by Maturity*** 

 Interest rate contracts < 1 year 87,577,813 97,313,202 112,943,731 109,261,325 92,694,360 -5.5 0 883 20,933 990,520 86,565,475

 1-5 years 29,658,884 29,223,353 29,392,066 30,208,347 27,375,717 8.3 0 3,843 103,309 699,352 28,852,381

 > 5 years 21,811,911 21,228,573 21,500,253 21,259,200 20,667,400 5.5 0 2,274 66,682 319,252 21,423,702

 Foreign exchange and gold contracts < 1 year 34,341,088 36,129,454 35,713,450 34,845,359 31,270,416 9.8 0 0 175 1,505,125 32,835,788

 1-5 years 6,861,582 6,295,512 5,264,822 6,287,007 5,995,985 14.4 0 0 36 103,661 6,757,885

 > 5 years 3,501,034 3,277,686 3,320,695 3,271,833 3,145,766 11.3 0 0 0 6,610 3,494,424

 Equity contracts < 1 year 5,469,120 5,522,090 5,331,649 4,990,234 4,335,420 26.1 0 9 2 24,071 5,445,039

 1-5 years 1,304,408 1,435,442 1,142,298 1,150,946 999,329 30.5 0 24 9 35,468 1,268,907

 > 5 years 98,619 109,540 132,964 106,507 98,766 -0.1 0 0 0 1,011 97,608

 Commodity & other contracts (including 

 credit derivatives, excluding 

 gold contracts) < 1 year 2,680,052 2,842,842 2,903,697 3,102,480 2,743,038 -2.3 0 1 228 48,473 2,631,349

 1-5 years 2,517,059 2,637,051 3,038,310 3,290,726 2,844,783 -11.5 0 25 1,638 62,337 2,453,059

 > 5 years 238,812 437,927 270,488 487,503 272,418 -12.3 0 68 2,009 9,742 226,993

Risk-Based Capital: Credit Equivalent Amount 

Total current exposure to tier 1 capital (%) 12.6 16.1 14.4 13.0 14.9 0.0 0.5 2.1 3.6 19.1

Total potential future exposure to tier 1 capital (%) 31.7 30.5 31.6 32.0 31.9 0.0 0.2 1.0 5.3 50.6

Total exposure (credit equivalent amount)

to tier 1 capital (%) 44.3 46.5 46.0 45.1 46.8 0.0 0.8 3.1 8.9 69.8

Credit losses on derivatives  -25.0 -21.0 -13.0 -13.0 101.0 -124.8 0.0 1.0 7.0 0.0 -32.0

HELD FOR TRADING

Number of institutions reporting derivatives 151 156 153 157 164 -7.9 0 9 73 57 12

Total assets of institutions reporting derivatives 16,417,025 16,244,248 16,286,948 16,514,143 16,454,137 -0.2 0 4,577 339,414 3,096,031 12,977,003

Total deposits of institutions reporting derivatives 12,897,405 12,708,722 12,811,834 12,892,291 13,221,795 -2.5 0 3,783 279,892 2,501,309 10,112,421

Derivative Contracts by Underlying 

Risk Exposure 

Interest rate 131,458,549 140,720,039 157,949,351 155,617,474 135,502,070 -3.0 0 228 39,281 847,993 130,571,047

Foreign exchange 44,703,325 46,289,689 45,798,113 45,122,919 40,603,801 10.1 0 0 144 1,521,185 43,181,996

Equity 5,613,118 5,817,413 5,417,476 4,948,378 4,375,929 28.3 0 0 0 53,372 5,559,745

Commodity & other 1,427,211 1,482,346 1,476,394 1,532,080 1,391,961 2.5 0 0 17 104,466 1,322,729

Total 183,202,204 194,309,487 210,641,333 207,220,851 181,873,761 0.7 0 228 39,443 2,527,016 180,635,517

Trading Revenues: Cash & Derivative 

Instruments 

Interest rate**  6,018 641 3,479 5,728 4,623 30.2 0 0 1 56 5,961

Foreign exchange** 2,332 8,037 5,173 4,438 1,168 99.7 0 0 0 255 2,077

Equity** 3,602 2,262 3,995 5,335 3,099 16.2 0 0 0 431 3,172

Commodity & other (including credit derivatives)** -305 2,286 1,027 2,086 785 -138.9 0 0 0 -160 -144

Total trading revenues** 11,647 13,227 13,674 17,586 9,675 20.4 0 0 1 582 11,065

Share of Revenue

Trading revenues to gross revenues (%)** 4.6 5.2 5.6 7.6 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 5.5

Trading revenues to net operating revenues (%)** 48.2 25.7 27.0 33.5 20.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 10.1 63.7

HELD FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN TRADING 

Number of institutions reporting derivatives 550 548 547 547 529 4.0 0 101 308 127 14

Total assets of institutions reporting derivatives 20,916,735 20,678,631 20,738,061 20,874,613 20,709,426 1.0 0 55,645 1,238,904 5,973,459 13,648,727

Total deposits of institutions reporting derivatives 16,546,754 16,294,514 16,387,383 16,457,598 16,788,787 -1.4 0 46,182 1,009,512 4,817,340 10,673,720

Derivative Contracts by Underlying Risk 

Exposure 

Interest rate 4,815,184 5,069,794 6,123,182 4,642,802 4,253,101 13.2 0 3,641 150,068 1,286,784 3,374,691

Foreign exchange 574,225 577,469 577,582 563,149 519,396 10.6 0 0 147 45,452 528,626

Equity 60,641 57,742 53,542 52,752 47,975 26.4 0 33 40 11,575 48,992

Commodity & other 65,351 47,198 43,264 42,609 41,016 59.3 0 0 92 31,983 33,276

Total notional amount 5,515,401 5,752,203 6,797,570 5,301,313 4,861,488 13.5 0 3,675 150,347 1,375,795 3,985,585

All line items are reported on a quarterly basis. 

* Includes spot foreign exchange contracts. All other references to foreign exchange contracts in which notional values or fair values are reported exclude spot foreign exchange contracts.

** Does not include banks filing the FFIEC 051 report form, which was introduced in first quarter 2017.

*** Derivative contracts subject to the risk-based capital requirements for derivatives.

**** Credit losses on derivatives is applicable to all banks filing the FFIEC 031 report form and banks filing the FFIEC 041 report form that have $300 million or more in total assets, 

but is not applicable to banks filing the FFIEC 051 form. N/M - Not Meaningful 

 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

17 

TABLE VII-A. Servicing, Securitization, and Asset Sales Activities (All FDIC-Insured Call Report Filers)*

(dollar figures in millions)

4th 

Quarter

2023

3rd 

Quarter

2023

2nd

Quarter

2023

1st 

Quarter

2023

4th 

Quarter

2022

%

Change

22Q4-

23Q4

Asset Size Distribution

Less 

Than

$100 

Million

$100 

Million

to $1 

Billion

$1 

Billion

to $10 

Billion

$10 

Billion to

$250 

Billion

Greater 

Than

$250 

Billion

Assets Sold and Securitized with Servicing Retained or with 

Recourse or Other Seller-Provided Credit Enhancements 

Number of institutions reporting securitization activities 64 62 61 62 63 1.6 0 4 12 37 11

Outstanding Principal Balance by Asset Type** 

 1-4 family residential loans $299,981 $303,098 $251,654 $254,891 $257,043 16.7 $0 $3,044 $10,280 $63,345 $223,312

 Home equity loans 4 4 4 4 5 -20.0 0 0 0 4 0

 Credit card receivables 125 131 130 118 103 21.4 0 0 0 125 0

 Auto loans 3,649 2,110 1,336 1,237 1,102 231.1 0 0 0 2,747 902

 Other consumer loans 12,792 1,370 1,545 1,654 1,782 617.8 0 0 0 557 12,235

 Commercial and industrial loans 5,837 5,157 5,481 5,499 5,787 0.9 0 0 0 0 5,837

 All other loans, leases, and other assets 111,937 112,796 111,473 109,531 110,712 1.1 0 0 3,849 11,634 96,454

Total securitized and sold 434,325 424,666 371,623 372,936 376,533 15.3 0 3,044 14,129 78,412 338,740

Maximum Credit Exposure by Asset Type** 

 1-4 family residential loans 571 866 874 648 633 -9.8 0 0 0 360 211

 Home equity loans 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0

 Credit card receivables 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0

 Auto loans 112 45 12 12 19 489.5 0 0 0 81 31

 Other consumer loans 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0

 Commercial and industrial loans 276 259 210 207 219 26.0 0 0 0 0 276

 All other loans, leases, and other assets 1,737 2,790 2,767 2,783 2,790 -37.7 0 0 98 339 1,300

Total credit exposure 2,696 3,960 3,863 3,649 3,661 -26.4 0 0 98 780 1,818

Total unused liquidity commitments provided to 

institution’s own securitizations 211 199 229 251 236 -10.6 0 0 0 0 211

Securitized Loans, Leases, and Other Assets 30-89 Days 

Past Due (%)** 

 1-4 family residential loans 3.9 3.5 2.7 2.3 2.9 0.0 2.4 4.0 3.9 4.0

 Home equity loans 4.4 6.1 6.3 7.1 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0

 Credit card receivables 7.2 6.9 6.2 5.1 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 0.0

 Auto loans 4.4 4.4 4.5 2.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 1.1

 Other consumer loans 1.0 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.0

 Commercial and industrial loans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

 All other loans, leases, and other assets 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.4 0.7

Total loans, leases, and other assets 2.5 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.9

Securitized Loans, Leases, and Other Assets 

90 Days or More Past Due (%)** 

 1-4 family residential loans 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.9 1.6 2.1 1.1

 Home equity loans 27.4 25.5 27.0 28.6 28.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.4 0.0

 Credit card receivables 10.4 8.4 6.2 6.8 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 0.0

 Auto loans 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1

 Other consumer loans 0.3 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.2

 Commercial and industrial loans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

 All other loans, leases, and other assets 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.8 1.1

Total loans, leases, and other assets 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.9 1.4 1.8 1.0

Securitized Loans, Leases, and Other Assets 

Charged-Off (net, YTD, annualized, %)** 

 1-4 family residential loans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

 Home equity loans 2.9 2.9 1.2 0.1 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0

 Credit card receivables 24.8 16.0 10.0 4.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.8 0.0

 Auto loans 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2

 Other consumer loans 0.2 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2

 Commercial and industrial loans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

 All other loans, leases, and other assets 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.1

Total loans, leases, and other assets 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0

Seller’s Interests in Institution’s Own Securitizations 

- Carried as Securities or Loans***

 Home equity loans 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0

 Credit card receivables 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0

 Commercial and industrial loans 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0

Assets Sold with Recourse and Not Securitized 

Number of institutions reporting asset sales 309 310 307 307 311 -0.6 4 92 140 63 10

Outstanding Principal Balance by Asset Type 

 1-4 family residential loans 30,807 24,385 20,352 20,297 24,182 27.4 30 10,050 9,137 10,529 1,060

 All other loans, leases, and other assets 149,036 149,386 146,945 144,741 144,016 3.5 0 40 325 44,932 103,738

Total sold and not securitized 179,843 173,770 167,297 165,038 168,198 6.9 30 10,091 9,462 55,462 104,799

Maximum Credit Exposure by Asset Type 

 1-4 family residential loans 13,579 6,646 6,487 6,349 8,620 57.5 1 7,808 2,811 2,289 669

 All other loans, leases, and other assets 44,351 44,053 43,182 41,996 41,742 6.3 0 40 391 14,068 29,852

Total credit exposure 57,930 50,699 49,669 48,344 50,362 15.0 1 7,849 3,202 16,357 30,521

Support for Securitization Facilities Sponsored by 

Other Institutions 

Number of institutions reporting securitization facilities 

sponsored by others 34 34 33 34 36 -5.6 0 11 11 4 8

Total credit exposure 11,786 18,578 20,303 21,042 20,230 -41.7 0 35 108 574 11,069

Total unused liquidity commitments 1,915 2,415 2,722 3,049 3,165 -39.5 0 0 0 0 1,915

Other

Assets serviced for others  6,213,730 6,453,146 6,238,588 6,226,181 6,329,175 -1.8 2,781 221,341 407,563 1,482,563 4,099,483

Asset-backed commercial paper conduits 

 Credit exposure to conduits sponsored by institutions 

 and others 5,127 5,071 4,920 4,090 4,128 24.2 0 0 0 27 5,100

 Unused liquidity commitments to conduits 

 sponsored by institutions and others 68,403 68,303 69,682 59,759 60,714 12.7 0 0 0 33 68,370

Net servicing income (for the quarter) 769 3,164 2,391 1,755 1,412 -45.5 6 107 337 207 112

Net securitization income (for the quarter) 54 57 30 29 38 42.1 0 -1 11 21 23

Total credit exposure to Tier 1 capital (%)** *** 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 0.0 6.4 1.4 2.8 3.8

* Does not include banks filing the FFIEC 051 report form, which was introduced in first quarter 2017. 

** Beginning in June 2018, for banks that file the FFIEC 041 report form, all other loans include home equity loans, credit card receivables, auto loans, other consumer loans, and 

commercial and industrial loans.

*** Beginning in June 2018, only includes banks that file the FFIEC 031 report form.

  The amount of financial assets serviced for others, other than closed-end 1-4 family residential mortgages, is reported when these assets are greater than $10 million.

** *** Total credit exposure includes the sum of the three line items titled “Total credit exposure” reported above. N/M- Not Meaningful
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

18 

TABLE VIII-A. Trust Services (All FDIC-Insured Institutions)

(dollar figures in millions)

All Insured Institutions Asset Size Distribution

Dec. 31

2023

Dec. 31

2022

Dec. 31

2021

Dec. 31

2020

%

Change

2022-

2023

Less Than

$100 

Million

$100 

Million

to $1 

Billion

$1 

Billion

to $10 

Billion

$10 

Billion to

$250 

Billion

Greater 

Than

$250 

Billion

Number of institutions reporting 4,587 4,706 4,839 5,002 -2.5 699 2,899 831 144 14

Number of institutions with fiduciary powers 1,452 1,492 1,530 1,578 -2.7 92 833 414 100 13

 Commercial banks 1,347 1,383 1,418 1,461 -2.6 84 788 369 93 13

 Savings institutions 105 109 112 117 -3.7 8 45 45 7 0

Number of institutions exercising fiduciary powers 1,082 1,113 1,136 1,171 -2.8 57 598 324 90 13

 Commercial banks 999 1,026 1,048 1,079 -2.6 49 561 293 83 13

 Savings institutions 83 87 88 92 -4.6 8 37 31 7 0

Number of institutions reporting fiduciary activity 1,017 1,054 1,082 1,118 -3.5 51 549 315 89 13

 Commercial banks 943 975 1,002 1,034 -3.3 43 518 287 82 13

 Savings institutions 74 79 80 84 -6.3 8 31 28 7 0

Fiduciary and related assets - managed assets

Personal trust and agency accounts 768,263 724,569 829,466 744,217 6.0 7,018 89,381 90,904 281,614 299,346

Employee benefit and retirement-related trust and agency accounts: 

 Employee benefit - defined contribution 738,102 601,082 743,274 594,988 22.8 2,609 32,589 11,031 33,001 658,871

 Employee benefit - defined benefit 551,959 528,134 687,040 634,612 4.5 3,995 3,383 17,543 18,772 508,267

 Other employee benefit and retirement-related accounts 437,453 426,702 511,215 454,678 2.5 7,690 115,626 36,977 64,915 212,245

Corporate trust and agency accounts 19,837 22,118 23,800 27,836 -10.3 0 4,710 2,908 3,662 8,558

Investment management and investment advisory agency accounts 2,726,782 2,392,989 2,737,362 2,319,578 13.9 23,373 163,406 145,573 545,728 1,848,702

Other fiduciary accounts 647,429 617,246 631,969 553,382 4.9 3,440 15,213 21,285 93,859 513,633

Total managed fiduciary accounts: 

 Number of accounts 2,184,216 2,146,226 2,056,362 1,953,763 1.8 70,776 713,461 335,161 463,391 601,427

 Assets 5,889,825 5,312,840 6,164,126 5,329,291 10.9 48,125 424,309 326,221 1,041,549 4,049,620

 Noninterest-bearing deposits 1,430 3,217 5,748 4,917 -55.5 5 126 176 434 689

 Interest-bearing deposits 89,621 89,983 83,337 77,995 -0.4 104 4,498 9,481 16,478 59,060

 U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government agency obligations 237,718 199,351 128,256 131,620 19.2 1,860 14,158 18,081 82,860 120,759

 State, county and municipal obligations 254,304 233,460 237,909 252,130 8.9 2,832 12,924 16,755 82,145 139,647

 Money market mutual funds 206,469 169,195 163,650 156,493 22.0 2,049 19,450 21,717 66,361 96,893

 Other short-term obligations 246,600 272,614 182,995 160,426 -9.5 52 608 507 11,312 234,120

 Other notes and bonds 344,948 336,406 372,638 341,460 2.5 7,335 6,322 14,466 51,467 265,359

 Common and preferred stocks 4,304,795 3,793,986 4,768,256 4,009,783 13.5 31,939 339,339 223,339 666,920 3,043,258

 Real estate mortgages 1,492 1,754 1,777 2,048 -14.9 0 185 123 739 444

 Real estate 63,932 60,830 54,334 49,113 5.1 502 8,013 10,126 19,161 26,130

 Miscellaneous assets 138,518 152,046 165,226 143,307 -8.9 1,448 18,687 11,449 43,673 63,262

Fiduciary and related assets - non-managed assets

Personal trust and agency accounts 417,053 422,875 452,829 386,951 -1.4 10,196 33,907 25,220 137,618 210,112

Employee benefit and retirement-related trust and agency accounts: 

 Employee benefit - defined contribution 2,081,821 2,022,955 2,250,933 2,076,426 2.9 6,034 90,197 67,658 948,114 969,817

 Employee benefit - defined benefit 2,473,832 2,354,149 2,978,654 3,036,632 5.1 28 17,656 14,477 846,829 1,594,841

 Other employee benefit and retirement-related accounts 593,284 582,664 772,602 773,596 1.8 62,093 6,511 15,100 121,062 388,520

Corporate trust and agency accounts 4,291,916 4,023,734 4,157,683 3,846,196 6.7 2 96,735 289,987 305,763 3,599,428

Other fiduciary accounts 17,471,523 3,374,642 3,543,422 3,429,906 417.7 3,738 51,198 43,317 445,933 16,927,336

Total non-managed fiduciary accounts: 

 Assets 27,329,429 12,781,020 14,156,130 13,549,707 113.8 82,091 296,205 455,759 2,805,320 23,690,055

 Number of accounts 5,365,416 4,904,169 4,449,856 4,752,447 9.4 3,087,497 230,251 67,131 221,485 1,759,052

Custody and safekeeping accounts: 

 Assets 128,174,279 127,319,328 143,798,749 129,464,890 0.7 11,677 2,062,183 1,652,322 12,323,804 112,124,293

 Number of accounts 16,140,422 15,726,963 24,613,682 13,479,805 2.6 6,855 10,892,990 129,737 2,744,605 2,366,235

Fiduciary and related services income

Personal trust and agency accounts 4,908 5,037 5,238 4,700 -2.6 77 387 583 1,825 2,035

Retirement-related trust and agency accounts: 

 Employee benefit - defined contribution 1,032 1,051 1,128 1,030 -1.8 9 138 147 274 464

 Employee benefit - defined benefit 868 997 1,079 1,102 -12.9 9 20 23 237 579

 Other employee benefit and retirement-related accounts 2,519 2,716 2,700 2,243 -7.3 79 1,029 257 501 652

Corporate trust and agency accounts 1,678 1,581 1,736 1,885 6.1 0 139 182 498 859

Investment management agency accounts 11,148 11,018 11,134 9,585 1.2 114 1,107 1,033 3,476 5,418

Other fiduciary accounts 2,247 522 509 606 330.5 0 9 6 155 2,077

Custody and safekeeping accounts 15,185 17,048 17,752 16,127 -10.9 4 595 350 2,075 12,161

Other fiduciary and related services income 1,135 1,057 1,079 1,032 7.4 8 151 110 270 596

Total gross fiduciary and related services income 40,967 41,250 42,623 38,540 -0.7 301 3,685 2,784 9,357 24,841

 Less: Expenses 39,734 36,360 35,700 34,303 9.3 220 2,952 2,038 7,641 26,883

 Less: Net losses from fiduciary and related services 350 446 271 547 -21.5 1 3 9 65 272

 Plus: Intracompany income credits for fiduciary and related services 22,348 9,303 6,276 7,335 140.2 0 437 375 2,626 18,910

Net fiduciary and related services income 22,969 13,513 12,646 10,779 70.0 80 1,054 1,018 4,231 16,586

Collective investment funds and common trust funds 

(market value)

 Domestic equity funds 1,076,210 893,341 1,140,121 894,542 20.5 840 21,663 11,289 5,264 1,037,153

 International/global equity funds 360,540 296,903 344,854 312,134 21.4 0 22,566 41 2,207 335,726

 Stock/bond blend funds 191,920 166,117 225,365 209,306 15.5 603 1,947 0 17,826 171,544

 Taxable bond funds 96,719 82,052 157,802 153,517 17.9 0 5,514 1,805 3,425 85,975

 Municipal bond funds 1,505 1,589 2,030 2,106 -5.3 0 0 37 672 796

 Short-term investments/money market funds 159,176 143,746 165,770 156,498 10.7 0 2,998 0 1,895 154,283

 Specialty/other funds 52,886 66,439 70,819 62,117 -20.4 0 13,639 2 1,176 38,070

Total collective investment funds 1,942,097 1,653,795 2,111,006 1,794,996 17.4 1,521 68,840 14,174 33,202 1,824,360
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

19 

COMMUNITY BANK PERFORMANCE

Community banks are identified based on criteria defined in the FDIC’s 2012 Community Banking Study. When 

comparing community bank performance across quarters, prior-quarter dollar amounts are based on community 

banks designated as such in the current quarter, adjusted for mergers. In contrast, prior-quarter ratios are based on 

community banks designated during the previous quarter.

Full-Year Net Income Declined From Last Year

Quarterly Net Income Declined From a Quarter Ago and One Year Ago

The Net Interest Margin Was Unchanged From the Prior Quarter

Unrealized Losses on Securities Decreased From the Prior Quarter

Loan Growth Was Broad-Based Across Loan Categories 

Total Deposits Increased Quarter Over Quarter 

Asset Quality Metrics Remained Favorable Overall

FULL-YEAR NET INCOME DECLINED 

IN 2023

Community banks reported full-year net income of $26.6 billion, down 

$2 billion (7.1 percent) from 2022. The decrease resulted from higher 

noninterest expense (up $4.4 billion, or 7.0 percent), higher provision 

expense (up $849.6 million, or $35.5 percent), and larger realized losses 

on the sale of securities (up $203 million, or 27.7 percent) more than 

offsetting higher net interest income (up $2.6 billion, or 3.2 percent) 

and higher noninterest income (up $181 million, or 0.9 percent). The 

full-year net interest margin decreased to 3.39 percent, down 6 basis 

points from 2022. The pretax return-on-assets (ROA) ratio decreased 17 

basis point to 1.22 percent

Chart 1

Contributors to the Year-Over-Year Change in Income

FDIC-Insured Community Banks

$ Billions

Source: FDIC.

Net

Income

Net

Interest

Income

Loan Loss

Provisions

Noninterest

Income

Noninterest

Expense

Realized

Gains on

Securities

Income

Taxes

Positive Factor Negative Factor

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-6% 19% 6% 6% 535% -25%

-1.95 -1.24 0.17 0.27 0.93 -0.26 -0.41

-25%

Chart 2

Source: FDIC.

Percent

Net Interest Margin

Industry (3.27)

Community Banks (3.35)

2.25

2.50

2.75

3.00

3.25

3.50

3.75

4.00

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

20 

QUARTERLY NET INCOME DECREASED 

FROM THE PRIOR QUARTER AND ONE 

YEAR AGO

Net income for the 4,140 community banks declined $650.2 million 

(9.9 percent) in fourth quarter 2023 from the prior quarter to $5.9 

billion. Higher noninterest expense (up $647.9 million, or 3.9 percent), 

increased provisions (up $267.8 million, or 33.7 percent), and lower 

noninterest income (down $133.6 million, or 2.6 percent) more than 

exceeded higher net interest income (up $202.1 million, or 1 percent) 

and lower losses on the sale of securities (down $70.7 million, or 18.6 

percent). More than half (59.7 percent) of all community banks reported 

a decline in net income from third quarter 2023. 

The pretax ROA ratio at community banks declined 14 basis points from 

one quarter ago and 41 basis points from one year ago to 1.07 percent. 

The share of unprofitable community banks during the quarter was 11.0 

percent, up from 6.7 percent in the prior quarter. Net income decreased 

$1.9 billion (24.7 percent) from fourth quarter 2022, driven primarily by 

higher noninterest expense and lower net interest income.

THE NET INTEREST MARGIN WAS 

UNCHANGED FROM THE PRIOR 

QUARTER

The community bank net interest margin (NIM) was unchanged in fourth 

quarter 2023 from the prior quarter at 3.35 percent. The NIM was down 

36 basis points from the year-ago quarter because the yield on earning 

assets increased 88 basis points while the cost of funds increased 124 basis 

points.

Chart 4

Source: FDIC.

Share of Loan Portfolio Noncurrent

Percent

Noncurrent Loan Rates for FDIC-Insured Community Banks

C&D Loans

Nonfarm Nonresidential RE

1–4 Family RE

C&I Loans

Farm Loans

Home Equity

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

#

Chart 3

Change in Loan Balances and Unused Commitments 

FDIC-Insured Community Banks

Source: FDIC. Loan Balances

Unused

Commitments

Nonfarm

Nonresidential RE

Commercial

& Industrial

1–4 Family

Residential RE

Construction &

Development

Farm

Loans

Commercial RE

& Construction

Commercial

& Industrial

Change 4Q 2023 vs. 4Q 2022

Change 4Q 2023 vs. 3Q 2023

$ Billions #

7.2

5.0

10.1

8.4 6.5

-10.5

1.6 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.9 2.5

-4.5

0.7

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

21 

NET OPERATING REVENUE 

INCREASED SLIGHTLY IN THE 

FOURTH QUARTER DUE TO HIGHER 

NET INTEREST INCOME

Community bank net operating revenue (net interest income plus 

noninterest income) increased $68.6 million (0.3 percent) quarter 

over quarter as higher net interest income offset lower noninterest 

income. Interest expense increased in the fourth quarter—mainly from 

domestic time deposits—by a lesser amount than interest income, 

causing a $202.1 million (1.0 percent) increase in net interest income. 

Noninterest income declined $133.6 million (2.6 percent) from the 

prior quarter predominantly due to higher net losses on loan sales, net 

servicing fees, and “all other” noninterest income.1

Net operating revenue declined $966.9 million (3.6 percent) year over 

year, as a $271.7 million increase in noninterest income was more than 

offset by a $1.2 billion decrease in net interest income. Although interest 

income rose across all loan types, net interest income declined due to 

higher interest expense. Higher “all other” noninterest income drove 

the annual increase in noninterest income.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE INCREASED 

QUARTER OVER QUARTER AND YEAR 

OVER YEAR

Noninterest expense increased $647.9 million (3.9 percent) from 

a quarter ago and $926.0 million (5.7 percent) from a year ago to 

$17.3 billion. Higher salaries and benefits expense and “all other” 

noninterest expense led the quarterly and yearly increases in 

noninterest expense.2 The efficiency ratio (noninterest expense as a 

share of net operating revenue) increased 2.4 percentage points from a 

quarter ago to 66.3 percent, indicating that community banks were less 

efficient at generating revenue.

PROVISION EXPENSE INCREASED 

FROM THE PRIOR QUARTER AND ONE 

YEAR AGO

Quarterly provision expense of $1.1 billion was up $267.8 million (33.7 

percent) from a quarter ago and $171.7 million (19.3 percent) from a 

year ago. The reserve coverage ratio (the ratio of the allowance for 

credit losses to noncurrent loans) decreased 10.5 percentage points 

from a quarter ago and 47.6 percentage points from a year ago to 227.8 

percent, driven by higher noncurrent loan balances. Nevertheless, the 

community bank reserve coverage ratio was 27.0 percentage points 

higher than the reserve coverage ratio at noncommunity banks.

1 All other noninterest income includes material write-in items as well as income related to wire transfers and ATM fees, bank card and credit card interchange fees, safe 

deposit box rent, printing and sale of checks, earnings on/increase in value of cash surrender value of life insurance, and other noninterest sources.

2 All other noninterest expense includes material write-in items as well as expense related to data processing, advertising, and marketing; legal fees; and consulting and 

advisory fees.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

22 

UNREALIZED LOSSES ON SECURITIES 

DECREASED FROM THE PRIOR 

QUARTER3

Unrealized losses on securities totaled $53.4 billion in fourth quarter 

2023, down $22.9 billion (30.0 percent) from the prior quarter and $12.5 

billion (19.0 percent) from the prior year. Unrealized losses on heldto-maturity securities ($9.1 billion) and available-for-sale securities 

($44.2 billion) both decreased quarter over quarter and year over year. 

Nearly all community banks (96.0 percent) reported unrealized losses 

on securities.

TOTAL ASSETS WERE UP FROM A 

YEAR AGO AND QUARTER AGO

Total assets at community banks increased $45.6 billion (1.7 percent) 

quarter over quarter and $118.0 billion (4.6 percent) year over year. 

Quarterly growth in total loans and leases was $32.5 billion (1.8 percent) 

in fourth quarter 2023, similar to the $31.8 billion (1.7 percent) increase 

in third quarter 2023. Total loans and leases grew $134.3 billion (7.8 

percent) from a year ago. Securities balances increased $7.3 billion (1.4 

percent) quarter over quarter and fell $37.7 billion (6.5 percent) year over 

year. Cash and balances due from depository institutions increased $18.3 

billion (12.2 percent) year over year and $8.9 billion (5.6 percent) quarter 

over quarter.

LOAN GROWTH WAS BROAD BASED Loan and lease balances increased from one quarter ago across all major 

portfolios. Increases in 1–4 family residential real estate loans ($8.6 

billion, or 1.9 percent) and nonfarm nonresidential commercial real 

estate (CRE) loans ($9.1 billion, or 1.6 percent) led the quarter-overquarter loan growth. The majority of community banks (76.2 percent) 

reported quarterly growth in total loan balances.

Loan and lease balances also increased 7.9 percent from the prior year. 

Increases in 1–4 family residential real estate loans ($41.7 billion, or 

10.1 percent) and nonfarm nonresidential CRE loans ($38.2 billion, or 7.2 

percent) led the year-over-year loan growth.

DEPOSITS INCREASED FROM THE 

PREVIOUS QUARTER

Community banks reported an increase in total deposits of 1.2 percent 

($25.7 billion) during fourth quarter 2023, similar to an increase of 1.0 

percent reported in third quarter 2023. More than half of all community 

banks (59.9 percent) reported an increase in deposit balances from the 

prior quarter. Community banks reported growth in both insured ($11.6 

billion, or 0.7 percent) and uninsured deposit account balances ($14.9 

billion, or 2.2 percent). In the fourth quarter, growth in interest-bearing 

deposit balances ($35.5 billion, or 2.1 percent) was somewhat offset by 

a decline in noninterest-bearing deposits ($9.8 billion, or 1.8 percent). 

Total deposits increased 2.3 percent ($51.2 billion) from one year ago.

3 Unrealized losses on securities reflect the difference between the market value as of quarter-end and the book value of non-equity securities. This calculation does not 

account for any unrealized gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income because these cannot be derived from Call Reports.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

23 

THE NONCURRENT LOAN RATE AND 

NET CHARGE-OFF RATE INCREASED 

FROM THE PRIOR QUARTER

The share of loans and leases 90 days or more past due or in nonaccrual 

status increased 2 basis points from third quarter 2023 to 0.54 percent. 

Less than half of community banks (37.9 percent) reported quarterover-quarter increases in noncurrent loan balances. Noncurrent loan 

balances for all major loan portfolios except farm loans increased from 

one quarter ago.

The community bank net charge-off rate increased 7 basis points from 

one quarter ago and 6 basis points from one year ago to 0.18 percent. 

This ratio is 3 basis points higher than the pre-pandemic average. 

Approximately 26.0 percent of the annual increase in net charge-off 

volume occurred in consumer loans, a relatively small loan portfolio at 

community banks (4.0 percent of total loan balances). The net chargeoff rate for consumer loans increased 47 basis points from one year ago 

to 1.70 percent.

CAPITAL RATIOS REMAINED STABLE The tier one risk-based capital ratio for community banks that did not 

file the community bank leverage ratio (CBLR) was 13.78 percent, up 

2 basis points from the prior quarter, as reductions in risk-weighted 

assets outpaced tier 1 capital declines. The average CBLR for the 1,618 

community banks that elected to use the CBLR framework was 12.18 

percent, up 5 basis points from third quarter 2023. The leverage capital 

ratio for community banks was unchanged at 10.70 percent from a 

quarter ago.

ONE COMMUNITY BANK OPENED AND 

ONE FAILED IN FOURTH QUARTER 

2023

The number of community banks declined to 4,140 in the fourth 

quarter, down 26 from the previous quarter. One community bank 

opened and one failed. Several banks transitioned from community 

to noncommunity banks or vice versa, and 20 merged out of existence 

during the quarter.

Authors:

Joseph R. Harris III

Senior Financial Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research

Brian L. Webb

Senior Financial Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

25 

Table I-B. Selected Indicators, FDIC-Insured Community Banks*

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017

Return on assets (%) 1.01 1.15 1.26 1.09 1.20 1.19 0.96

Return on equity (%) 10.74 11.97 11.70 9.72 10.24 10.51 8.65

Core capital (leverage) ratio (%) 10.70 10.50 10.16 10.32 11.14 11.13 10.80

Noncurrent assets plus other real estate owned to assets (%) 0.40 0.33 0.40 0.60 0.65 0.71 0.79

Net charge-offs to loans (%) 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.16

Asset growth rate (%) -0.06 -2.05 8.86 12.15 2.55 0.23 0.36

Net interest margin (%) 3.39 3.44 3.28 3.39 3.66 3.73 3.62

Net operating income growth (%) -10.94 -4.38 29.70 -2.07 0.13 25.30 0.60

Number of institutions reporting 4,140 4,256 4,386 4,556 4,750 4,978 5,224

Percentage of unprofitable institutions (%) 5.24 3.62 3.26 4.54 3.96 3.66 5.72

* Excludes insured branches of foreign banks (IBAs).
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

26 

Table II-B. Aggregate Condition and Income Data, FDIC-Insured Community Banks

(dollar figures in millions)

4th Quarter

2023

3rd Quarter 

2023

4th Quarter 

2022

% Change

22Q4-23Q4

Number of institutions reporting 4,140 4,166 4,256 -2.7

Total employees (full-time equivalent) 365,131 368,184 374,611 -2.5

CONDITION DATA

Total assets $2,698,274 $2,682,213 $2,699,805 -0.1

 Loans secured by real estate 1,452,543 1,446,035 1,406,272 3.3

 1-4 Family residential mortgages 454,931 450,050 425,361 7.0

 Nonfarm nonresidential 571,351 568,023 567,583 0.7

 Construction and development 156,167 155,493 149,937 4.2

 Home equity lines 46,060 45,888 43,827 5.1

 Commercial & industrial loans 237,168 234,895 238,385 -0.5

 Loans to individuals 74,370 73,818 79,349 -6.3

 Credit cards 3,038 2,886 2,740 10.9

 Farm loans 51,823 49,839 48,070 7.8

 Other loans & leases 41,031 44,851 46,317 -11.4

 Less: Unearned income 736 846 760 -3.1

 Total loans & leases 1,856,198 1,848,590 1,817,633 2.1

 Less: Reserve for losses* 22,731 22,653 22,026 3.2

 Net loans and leases 1,833,467 1,825,937 1,795,607 2.1

 Securities** 542,970 538,500 597,409 -9.1

 Other real estate owned 777 746 789 -1.6

 Goodwill and other intangibles 18,115 18,719 18,531 -2.2

 All other assets 302,944 298,310 287,468 5.4

Total liabilities and capital 2,698,274 2,682,213 2,699,805 -0.1

 Deposits 2,247,599 2,245,043 2,293,221 -2.0

 Domestic office deposits 2,244,853 2,242,281 2,292,544 -2.1

 Foreign office deposits 2,746 2,761 677 305.4

 Brokered deposits 109,560 109,684 84,992 28.9

 Estimated insured deposits 1,573,495 1,580,497 1,550,768 1.5

 Other borrowed funds 157,374 157,557 130,354 20.7

 Subordinated debt 173 176 320 -45.8

 All other liabilities 28,544 29,744 25,390 12.4

 Total equity capital (includes minority interests) 264,583 249,693 250,519 5.6

 Bank equity capital 264,458 249,591 250,391 5.6

Loans and leases 30-89 days past due 8,310 7,034 6,480 28.2

Noncurrent loans and leases 9,979 9,505 7,997 24.8

Restructured loans and leases 2,802 2,762 3,950 -29.1

Mortgage-backed securities 223,353 218,740 242,060 -7.7

Earning assets 2,522,537 2,503,645 2,522,794 0.0

FHLB Advances 106,526 108,442 103,188 3.2

Unused loan commitments 394,931 409,528 424,657 -7.0

Trust assets 407,347 313,739 347,261 17.3

Assets securitized and sold 22,529 23,583 26,348 -14.5

Notional amount of derivatives 125,981 125,349 103,232 22.0

INCOME DATA

Full Year

 2023

Full Year

2022 % Change

4th Quarter 

2023

4th Quarter 

2022

% Change 

22Q4-23Q4

Total interest income $123,660 $95,812 29.1 $33,697 $28,274 19.2

Total interest expense 40,505 11,051 266.5 12,816 5,120 150.3

 Net interest income 83,155 84,761 -1.9 20,881 23,154 -9.8

Provision for credit losses*** 3,246 2,577 26.0 1,063 972 9.4

Total noninterest income 19,367 19,855 -2.5 4,940 4,846 2.0

Total noninterest expense 66,251 64,636 2.5 17,292 17,121 1.0

Securities gains (losses) -937 -789 18.7 -309 -61 403.1

Applicable income taxes 5,445 6,469 -15.8 1,221 1,721 -29.1

Extraordinary gains, net**** 5 23 N/M 0 27 N/M

 Total net income (includes minority interests) 26,648 30,169 -11.7 5,937 8,152 -27.2

 Bank net income 26,639 30,160 -11.7 5,933 8,154 -27.2

Net charge-offs 2,045 1,120 82.6 828 516 60.4

Cash dividends 12,437 12,346 0.7 3,897 3,805 2.4

Retained earnings 14,202 17,814 -20.3 2,035 4,349 -53.2

 Net operating income 27,449 30,821 -10.9 6,209 8,203 -24.3

* For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, this item represents the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases held for investment and allocated transfer risk.

** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, securities are reported net of allowances for credit losses.

*** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, this item represents provisions for credit losses on a consolidated basis; for institutions that have not adopted ASU 2016-13, 

this item represents the provision for loan and lease losses.

**** See Notes to Users for explanation. N/M - Not Meaningful
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

27 

Table II-B. Aggregate Condition and Income Data, FDIC-Insured Community Banks 

Prior Periods Adjusted for Mergers

(dollar figures in millions)

4th Quarter 

2023

3rd Quarter 

2023

4th Quarter 

2022

% Change 

22Q4-23Q4

Number of institutions reporting 4,140 4,139 4,129 0.3

Total employees (full-time equivalent) 365,131 366,127 363,614 0.4

CONDITION DATA

Total assets $2,698,274 $2,652,657 $2,578,042 4.7

 Loans secured by real estate 1,452,543 1,426,639 1,337,361 8.6

 1-4 Family residential mortgages 454,931 446,304 412,438 10.3

 Nonfarm nonresidential 571,351 562,219 532,843 7.2

 Construction and development 156,167 153,638 143,961 8.5

 Home equity lines 46,060 44,425 41,733 10.4

 Commercial & industrial loans 237,168 233,565 225,757 5.1

 Loans to individuals 74,370 74,052 70,457 5.6

 Credit cards 3,038 2,886 2,696 12.7

 Farm loans 51,823 49,527 47,339 9.5

 Other loans & leases 41,031 40,750 40,106 2.3

 Less: Unearned income 736 848 736 0.1

 Total loans & leases 1,856,198 1,823,685 1,720,282 7.9

 Less: Reserve for losses* 22,731 22,508 21,074 7.9

 Net loans and leases 1,833,467 1,801,178 1,699,209 7.9

 Securities** 542,970 535,690 580,289 -6.4

 Other real estate owned 777 745 767 1.2

 Goodwill and other intangibles 18,115 18,207 17,949 0.9

 All other assets 302,944 296,838 279,828 8.3

Total liabilities and capital 2,698,274 2,652,657 2,578,042 4.7

 Deposits 2,247,599 2,221,927 2,194,499 2.4

 Domestic office deposits 2,244,853 2,219,166 2,192,047 2.4

 Foreign office deposits 2,746 2,761 2,453 12.0

 Brokered deposits 109,560 105,337 75,018 46.0

 Estimated insured deposits 1,573,495 1,561,943 1,487,190 5.8

 Other borrowed funds 157,374 154,563 120,216 30.9

 Subordinated debt 173 176 181 -4.0

 All other liabilities 28,544 29,399 24,131 18.3

 Total equity capital (includes minority interests) 264,583 246,592 239,015 10.7

 Bank equity capital 264,458 246,490 238,897 10.7

Loans and leases 30-89 days past due 8,310 6,948 6,297 32.0

Noncurrent loans and leases 9,979 9,472 7,685 29.9

Restructured loans and leases 2,802 2,834 3,810 -26.4

Mortgage-backed securities 223,353 217,119 233,746 -4.4

Earning assets 2,522,537 2,476,022 2,407,656 4.8

FHLB Advances 106,526 106,212 94,021 13.3

Unused loan commitments 394,931 401,273 404,885 -2.5

Trust assets 407,347 320,736 367,926 10.7

Assets securitized and sold 22,529 22,788 25,024 -10.0

Notional amount of derivatives 125,981 119,308 90,225 39.6

INCOME DATA

Full Year 

2023

Full Year

2022 % Change

4th Quarter 

2023

4th Quarter 

 2022

% Change 

22Q4-23Q4

Total interest income $123,558 $90,726 36.2 $33,670 $26,804 25.6

Total interest expense 40,467 10,169 297.9 12,803 4,684 173.3

 Net interest income 83,091 80,557 3.1 20,867 22,120 -5.7

Provision for credit losses*** 3,245 2,396 35.4 1,063 891 19.3

Total noninterest income 19,357 19,186 0.9 4,937 4,669 5.7

Total noninterest expense 66,189 61,900 6.9 17,276 16,366 5.6

Securities gains (losses) -930 -734 26.8 -303 -49 523.2

Applicable income taxes 5,445 6,051 -10.0 1,222 1,634 -25.2

Extraordinary gains, net**** 5 23 N/M 0 27 N/M

 Total net income (includes minority interests) 26,644 28,685 -7.1 5,940 7,876 -24.6

 Bank net income 26,635 28,679 -7.1 5,935 7,879 -24.7

Net charge-offs 2,044 1,036 97.3 828 464 78.3

Cash dividends 12,435 11,761 5.7 3,896 3,648 6.8

Retained earnings 14,200 16,918 -16.1 2,038 4,231 -51.8

 Net operating income 27,439 29,289 -6.3 6,206 7,913 -21.6

* For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, this item represents the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases held for investment and allocated transfer risk.

** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, securities are reported net of allowances for credit losses.

*** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, this item represents provisions for credit losses on a consolidated basis; for institutions that have not adopted ASU 2016-13, 

this item represents the provision for loan and lease losses.

**** See Notes to Users for explanation. N/M - Not Meaningful
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

28 

Table III-B. Aggregate Condition and Income Data by Geographic Region, FDIC-Insured Community Banks

Fourth Quarter 2023

(dollar figures in millions) All Community 

Banks

Geographic Regions*

New York Atlanta Chicago Kansas City Dallas San Francisco

Number of institutions reporting 4,140 447 466 902 1,127 943 255

Total employees (full-time equivalent) 365,131 69,844 38,173 74,357 71,139 81,064 30,554

CONDITION DATA

Total assets $2,698,274 $624,091 $271,652 $493,908 $517,470 $533,905 $257,248

 Loans secured by real estate 1,452,543 380,906 145,749 257,888 258,988 274,026 134,987

 1-4 Family residential mortgages 454,931 144,857 45,184 78,829 74,587 81,127 30,347

 Nonfarm nonresidential 571,351 138,072 64,001 99,377 89,495 113,877 66,528

 Construction and development 156,167 27,770 17,756 24,269 28,735 45,794 11,842

 Home equity lines 46,060 11,367 5,911 10,140 6,224 5,953 6,465

 Commercial & industrial loans 237,168 44,343 23,186 49,665 52,923 47,405 19,645

 Loans to individuals 74,370 16,790 7,735 13,799 13,914 13,732 8,400

 Credit cards 3,038 417 120 198 1,050 263 990

 Farm loans 51,823 477 1,441 8,641 30,762 7,765 2,736

 Other loans & leases 41,031 11,423 2,418 8,696 8,140 7,587 2,768

 Less: Unearned income 736 114 88 75 131 195 134

 Total loans & leases 1,856,198 453,826 180,442 338,613 364,595 350,320 168,402

 Less: Reserve for losses** 22,731 4,555 2,254 4,209 4,637 4,546 2,531

 Net loans and leases 1,833,467 449,271 178,188 334,405 359,959 345,774 165,871

 Securities*** 542,970 106,486 55,717 104,594 103,569 116,396 56,208

 Other real estate owned 777 144 108 117 163 194 51

 Goodwill and other intangibles 18,115 4,429 771 3,946 3,517 3,500 1,953

 All other assets 302,944 63,760 36,869 50,846 50,262 68,041 33,165

Total liabilities and capital 2,698,274 624,091 271,652 493,908 517,470 533,905 257,248

 Deposits 2,247,599 502,361 233,975 411,747 429,814 456,687 213,015

 Domestic office deposits 2,244,853 501,628 233,975 411,747 429,814 456,687 211,002

 Foreign office deposits 2,746 733 0 0 0 0 2,013

 Brokered deposits 109,560 30,958 9,243 20,160 22,751 17,579 8,869

 Estimated insured deposits 1,573,495 353,754 162,168 298,808 318,930 305,180 134,655

 Other borrowed funds 157,374 49,588 9,259 30,173 33,981 20,493 13,880

 Subordinated debt 173 7 0 16 1 139 10

 All other liabilities 28,544 8,566 2,596 4,588 4,862 4,428 3,503

 Total equity capital (includes minority interests) 264,583 63,569 25,823 47,384 48,811 52,157 26,839

 Bank equity capital 264,458 63,564 25,825 47,272 48,810 52,149 26,838

Loans and leases 30-89 days past due 8,310 1,872 836 1,332 1,478 2,195 598

Noncurrent loans and leases 9,979 2,622 930 1,781 1,540 2,234 872

Restructured loans and leases 2,802 789 214 668 518 480 134

Mortgage-backed securities 223,353 55,800 22,558 38,726 33,686 43,143 29,440

Earning assets 2,522,537 584,118 254,470 460,782 483,947 498,641 240,578

FHLB Advances 106,526 37,373 6,418 21,926 23,411 10,303 7,094

Unused loan commitments 394,931 85,218 35,282 73,926 88,977 70,791 40,738

Trust assets 407,347 77,983 16,007 84,614 147,480 56,733 24,530

Assets securitized and sold 22,529 9,839 31 2,978 6,386 2,711 584

Notional amount of derivatives 125,981 52,805 8,952 17,328 28,408 9,854 8,634

INCOME DATA

Total interest income $33,697 $7,377 $3,807 $5,962 $6,382 $6,996 $3,173

Total interest expense 12,816 3,182 1,349 2,209 2,570 2,467 1,039

 Net interest income 20,881 4,195 2,458 3,753 3,812 4,529 2,134

Provision for credit losses  1,063 155 158 128 185 242 194

Total noninterest income 4,940 1,029 514 1,110 948 915 425

Total noninterest expense 17,292 3,734 1,979 3,061 3,217 3,623 1,677

Securities gains (losses) -309 16 -54 -55 -78 -87 -50

Applicable income taxes 1,221 312 142 291 149 175 152

Extraordinary gains, net** *** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Total net income (includes minority interests) 5,937 1,039 640 1,326 1,131 1,315 486

 Bank net income 5,933 1,039 639 1,324 1,131 1,315 486

Net charge-offs 828 143 111 106 149 194 125

Cash dividends 3,897 663 379 891 653 1,041 270

Retained earnings 2,035 376 260 432 478 274 215

 Net operating income 6,209 1,028 685 1,376 1,198 1,394 528

* See Table IV-A for explanation.

** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, this item represents the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases held for investment and allocated transfer risk.

*** For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, securities are reported net of allowances for credit losses.

  For institutions that have adopted ASU 2016-13, this item represents provisions for credit losses on a consolidated basis; for institutions that have not adopted ASU 2016-13, 

this item represents the provision for loan and lease losses.

** *** See Notes to Users for explanation.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

29 

Table IV-B. Fourth Quarter 2023, FDIC-Insured Community Banks

Performance ratios (annualized, %)

All Community Banks Fourth Quarter 2023, Geographic Regions*

4th Quarter 

 2023

3rd Quarter 

2023 New York Atlanta Chicago Kansas City Dallas San Francisco

Yield on earning assets 5.40 5.19 5.09 6.13 5.23 5.34 5.67 5.30

Cost of funding earning assets 2.05 1.84 2.20 2.17 1.94 2.15 2.00 1.73

 Net interest margin 3.35 3.35 2.90 3.96 3.29 3.19 3.67 3.56

Noninterest income to assets 0.74 0.77 0.66 0.78 0.91 0.74 0.69 0.66

Noninterest expense to assets 2.59 2.51 2.41 2.98 2.50 2.52 2.74 2.62

Loan and lease loss provision to assets 0.16 0.12 0.10 0.24 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.30

Net operating income to assets 0.93 1.05 0.66 1.03 1.12 0.94 1.06 0.82

Pretax return on assets 1.07 1.22 0.87 1.18 1.32 1.00 1.13 1.00

Return on assets 0.89 1.01 0.67 0.96 1.08 0.88 1.00 0.76

Return on equity 9.32 10.71 6.72 10.55 11.66 9.63 10.48 7.44

Net charge-offs to loans and leases 0.18 0.11 0.13 0.25 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.30

Loan and lease loss provision to net 

charge-offs 128.56 156.09 107.49 142.71 119.78 121.58 126.21 159.54

Efficiency ratio 66.28 63.86 70.88 66.29 62.47 67.11 65.13 65.03

Net interest income to operating revenue 80.87 80.19 80.31 82.70 77.18 80.09 83.20 83.39

% of unprofitable institutions 10.97 6.77 14.99 12.23 10.42 8.52 10.60 15.69

% of institutions with earnings gains 32.05 36.87 17.67 34.55 30.82 34.16 37.75 26.67

*See Table IV-A for explanation. 

Table V-B. Full Year 2023, FDIC-Insured Community Banks

Performance ratios (%)

All Community Banks Full Year 2023, Geographic Regions*

Full Year

 2023

Full Year

 2022 New York Atlanta Chicago Kansas City Dallas San Francisco

Yield on earning assets 5.04 3.89 4.83 5.31 4.92 4.99 5.32 5.02

Cost of funding earning assets 1.65 0.45 1.82 1.56 1.57 1.76 1.61 1.38

 Net interest margin 3.39 3.44 3.02 3.75 3.35 3.24 3.70 3.65

Noninterest income to assets 0.74 0.76 0.65 0.70 0.87 0.76 0.75 0.65

Noninterest expense to assets 2.52 2.46 2.39 2.69 2.51 2.47 2.65 2.56

Loan and lease loss provision to assets 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.15 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.22

Net operating income to assets 1.05 1.17 0.77 1.13 1.16 1.05 1.26 0.99

Pretax return on assets 1.22 1.40 0.98 1.34 1.35 1.13 1.40 1.25

Return on assets 1.01 1.15 0.76 1.10 1.11 0.99 1.23 0.97

Return on equity 10.74 11.97 7.60 12.29 12.05 10.87 13.16 9.65

Net charge-offs to loans and leases 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.13 0.21

Loan and lease loss provision to net 

charge-offs 155.85 225.29 133.65 165.36 178.54 157.91 156.18 158.52

Efficiency ratio 64.17 61.42 68.44 63.51 62.13 64.76 62.26 62.87

Net interest income to operating revenue 81.11 81.02 81.25 83.36 78.15 79.91 82.17 83.90

% of unprofitable institutions 5.24 3.62 9.40 6.87 5.88 2.31 4.03 10.20

% of institutions with earnings gains 47.97 55.78 34.68 56.01 45.68 45.70 55.46 47.06

*See Table IV-A for explanation. 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

30 

Table VI-B. Loan Performance, FDIC-Insured Community Banks

All Community 

Banks

Geographic Regions*

December 31, 2023 New York Atlanta Chicago Kansas City Dallas San Francisco

Percent of Loans 30-89 Days Past Due

All loans secured by real estate 0.38 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.38 0.51 0.22

 Construction and development 0.42 0.42 0.20 0.31 0.35 0.56 0.64

 Nonfarm nonresidential 0.24 0.23 0.28 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.17

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.23 0.25 0.09 0.20 0.35 0.38 0.05

 Home equity loans 0.51 0.66 0.44 0.52 0.45 0.50 0.36

 Other 1-4 family residential 0.58 0.43 0.67 0.66 0.59 0.81 0.27

Commercial and industrial loans 0.48 0.37 0.65 0.43 0.38 0.62 0.60

Loans to individuals 1.85 2.33 1.31 0.89 1.39 3.02 1.83

 Credit card loans 3.86 2.58 1.66 1.28 6.00 1.36 3.57

 Other loans to individuals 1.77 2.33 1.31 0.89 1.02 3.05 1.60

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.30 0.22 0.26 0.19 0.27 0.51 0.43

Total loans and leases 0.45 0.41 0.46 0.39 0.41 0.63 0.36

Percent of Loans Noncurrent

All loans secured by real estate 0.49 0.56 0.46 0.51 0.39 0.54 0.42

 Construction and development 0.45 0.56 0.17 0.34 0.50 0.41 0.92

 Nonfarm nonresidential 0.53 0.65 0.52 0.62 0.38 0.54 0.33

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.29 0.44 0.17 0.18 0.27 0.15 0.13

 Home equity loans 0.50 0.54 0.32 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.93

 Other 1-4 family residential 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.38 0.59 0.35

Commercial and industrial loans 0.79 0.86 0.79 0.71 0.64 0.96 0.86

Loans to individuals 0.68 0.54 0.72 0.27 0.52 1.27 0.86

 Credit card loans 2.62 1.99 0.34 0.41 2.75 0.85 3.94

 Other loans to individuals 0.59 0.50 0.73 0.27 0.33 1.28 0.44

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.46 0.12 0.66 0.48 0.32 0.82 1.05

Total loans and leases 0.54 0.58 0.52 0.53 0.42 0.64 0.52

Percent of Loans Charged-Off (net, YTD)

All loans secured by real estate 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01

 Construction and development 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00

 Nonfarm nonresidential 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.01

 Multifamily residential real estate 0.02 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00

 Home equity loans 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.09

 Other 1-4 family residential 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 -0.01

Commercial and industrial loans 0.27 0.30 0.41 0.17 0.20 0.35 0.27

Loans to individuals 1.37 1.19 1.09 0.38 1.61 1.44 3.11

 Credit card loans 9.39 4.60 1.91 1.67 15.98 1.68 8.72

 Other loans to individuals 1.04 1.10 1.08 0.37 0.44 1.44 2.47

All other loans and leases (including farm) 0.16 0.17 0.40 0.18 0.03 0.24 0.62

Total loans and leases 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.13 0.21

Loans Outstanding (in billions)

All real estate loans $1,452.5 $380.9 $145.7 $257.9 $259.0 $274.0 $135.0

 Construction and development 156.2 27.8 17.8 24.3 28.7 45.8 11.8

 Nonfarm nonresidential 571.4 138.1 64.0 99.4 89.5 113.9 66.5

 Multifamily residential real estate 136.9 56.7 8.1 25.8 19.9 10.6 15.9

 Home equity loans 46.1 11.4 5.9 10.1 6.2 6.0 6.5

 Other 1-4 family residential 454.9 144.9 45.2 78.8 74.6 81.1 30.3

Commercial and industrial loans 237.2 44.3 23.2 49.7 52.9 47.4 19.6

Loans to individuals 74.4 16.8 7.7 13.8 13.9 13.7 8.4

 Credit card loans 3.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.3 1.0

 Other loans to individuals 71.3 16.4 7.6 13.6 12.9 13.5 7.4

All other loans and leases (including farm) 92.9 11.9 3.9 17.3 38.9 15.4 5.5

Total loans and leases (plus unearned income) 1,856.9 453.9 180.5 338.7 364.7 350.5 168.5

Memo: Unfunded Commitments (in millions)

Total Unfunded Commitments 394,931 85,218 35,282 73,926 88,977 70,791 40,738

 Construction and development: 1-4 family 

 residential 31,851 5,417 4,461 4,401 5,205 10,231 2,138

 Construction and development: CRE and other 88,573 19,446 8,925 15,417 16,856 20,137 7,793

 Commercial and industrial 126,322 29,565 9,646 27,469 26,360 20,589 12,692

* See Table IV-A for explanation.

Note: Noncurrent loan rates represent the percentage of loans in each category that are past due 90 days or more or that are in nonaccrual status.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

31 

INSURANCE FUND INDICATORS

Deposit Insurance Fund Increases by $2.4 Billion

DIF Reserve Ratio Rises 2 Basis Points, Ends Fourth Quarter at 1.15 Percent

One Institution Fails During the Fourth Quarter

During the fourth quarter, the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) balance 

increased by $2.4 billion to $121.8 billion. The rise in the DIF was 

primarily driven by assessment income of $3.1 billion. Net investment 

income (including the effect of unrealized and realized gains and 

losses) added $0.8 billion. These gains were partially offset by 

provisions for insurance losses of $0.9 billion, and operating expenses 

of $0.6 billion. One insured institution failed during the fourth quarter 

at an estimated cost to the Fund of $14.8 million. 

The deposit insurance assessment base—average consolidated total 

assets minus average tangible equity—increased by 0.8 percent in the 

fourth quarter but fell by 0.6 percent compared to a year ago.1,2 

Total estimated insured deposits increased by 0.5 percent in the fourth 

quarter and 3.6 percent year over year. The DIF’s reserve ratio (the fund 

balance as a percent of insured deposits) was 1.15 percent on December 

31, 2023, up 2 basis points from the previous quarter and 10 basis points 

lower than the previous year.

The FDIC adopted a DIF Restoration Plan on September 15, 2020, to return 

the reserve ratio to 1.35 percent, the statutory minimum, by September 

2028 as required by law. Based on FDIC projections, the reserve ratio 

remains on track to reach 1.35 percent by the statutory deadline. The FDIC 

will continue to monitor factors affecting the reserve ratio, including 

but not limited to, insured deposit growth and potential losses due to bank 

failures and related reserves, as required under the current Restoration Plan.

Author:

Courtney Smith

Economic Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research

1 There are additional adjustments to the assessment base for banker’s banks and custodial banks.

2 Figures for estimated insured deposits and the assessment base include insured branches of foreign banks, in addition to insured commercial banks and savings institutions.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

32 

Table I-C. Insurance Fund Balances and Selected Indicators* 

 Deposit Insurance Fund**

(dollar figures in millions)

 4th

Quarter 

2023

3rd 

Quarter 

2023

2nd 

Quarter 

2023

 1st 

Quarter 

2023

 4th 

Quarter 

2022

3rd 

Quarter

 2022

 2nd 

Quarter 

2022

 1st 

Quarter 

2022

 4th 

Quarter 

2021

 3rd

Quarter 

2021

 2nd 

Quarter 

2021

 1st 

Quarter 

2021

 4th 

Quarter 

2020

Beginning Fund Balance $119,339 $116,968 $116,071 $128,218 $125,457 $124,458 $123,039 $123,141 $121,935 $120,547 $119,362 $117,897 $116,434

Changes in Fund Balance:

Assessments earned 3,107 3,225 3,127 3,306 2,142 2,145 2,086 1,938 1,967 1,662 1,589 1,862 1,884

Interest earned on investment 

securities 574 828 673 661 498 332 225 191 197 221 251 284 330

Realized gain on sale of 

investments -450 -272 96 -1,666 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Operating expenses 604 517 497 508 515 456 460 453 475 448 466 454 470

Provision for insurance losses 856 1,237 2,033 16,402 -48 -49 -86 100 8 -53 -42 -57 -48

All other income, net of 

expenses 30 4 3 12 114 6 29 8 61 65 2 1 9

Unrealized gain/(loss) on 

available-for-sale securities*** 638 340 -472 2,450 474 -1,077 -547 -1,686 -536 -165 -233 -285 -338

Total fund balance change 2,439 2,371 897 -12,147 2,761 999 1,419 -102 1,206 1,388 1,185 1,465 1,463

Ending Fund Balance 121,778 119,339 116,968 116,071 128,218 125,457 124,458 123,039 123,141 121,935 120,547 119,362 117,897

Percent change from four 

quarters earlier -5.02 -4.88 -6.02 -5.66 4.12 2.89 3.24 3.08 4.45 4.72 5.14 5.44 6.84

Reserve Ratio (%) 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.25 1.23 1.23 1.21 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.26 1.30

Estimated Insured Deposits 10,621,347 10,572,677 10,566,082 10,476,540 10,250,588 10,174,533 10,082,097 10,141,735 9,901,554 9,740,513 9,467,267 9,491,917 9,101,616

 Percent change from four 

quarters earlier 3.62 3.91 4.80 3.30 3.53 4.46 6.49 6.85 8.79 9.46 7.41 16.33 16.53

 Percent of Total Deposit 

Liabilites After Exclusions 59.96 59.70 59.59 58.77 56.19 55.26 54.35 53.73 52.97 53.68 53.55 54.44 54.23

Estimated Uninsured 

Deposits 7,092,691 7,138,166 7,166,271 7,350,969 7,990,618 8,237,106 8,467,915 8,733,003 8,789,753 8,406,506 8,210,729 7,944,581 7,682,682

Percent change from four 

quarters earlier -11.24 -13.34 -15.37 -15.83 -9.09 -2.02 3.13 9.92 14.41 15.44 14.19 20.03 30.80

Percent of Total Deposit 

Liabilites After Exclusions 40.04 40.30 40.41 41.23 43.81 44.74 45.65 46.27 47.03 46.32 46.45 45.56 45.77

Total Deposit Liabilities 

After Exclusions  17,714,038 17,710,843 17,732,353 17,827,509 18,241,205 18,411,639 18,550,012 18,874,738 18,691,306 18,147,019 17,677,996 17,436,499 16,784,297

Percent change from four 

quarters earlier -2.89 -3.81 -4.41 -5.55 -2.41 1.46 4.93 8.25 11.36 12.15 10.45 17.99 22.66

Assessment Base** *** 20,888,833 20,715,414 20,847,512 20,730,703 21,013,090 21,027,438 21,053,458 20,936,245 20,677,903 20,123,703 19,771,625 19,305,586 18,904,751

Percent change from four 

quarters earlier -0.59 -1.48 -0.98 -0.98 1.62 4.49 6.48 8.45 9.38 8.36 8.26 16.40 16.20

Number of Institutions 

Reporting 4,596 4,623 4,654 4,681 4,715 4,755 4,780 4,805 4,848 4,923 4,959 4,987 5,011

* Includes insured branches of foreign banks (IBAs) and any revisions to prior quarter data.

** Quarterly financial statement results are unaudited.

*** Includes unrealized postretirement benefit gain (loss).

  Does not equal total deposits and domestic office deposits in the tables above due to adjustments to align with the determination of deposit insurance coverage in the event 

of a bank failure.

** *** Average consolidated total assets minus tangible equity, with adjustments for banker's banks and custodial banks.

Table II-C. Problem Institutions and Failed Institutions

(dollar figures in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017

Problem Institutions

 Number of institutions 52 39 44 56 51 60 95

 Total assets* $66,279 $47,463 $170,172 $55,830 $46,190 $48,481 $13,939

Failed Institutions

 Number of institutions 5 0 0 4 4 0 8

 Total assets** $532,228 $0 $0 $455 $209 $0 $5,082

* Assets shown are what were on record as of the last day of the quarter.

** Total assets are based on final Call Reports submitted by failed institutions.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

33 

Deposit Insurance Fund Balance 

and Insured Deposits

($ Millions)

DIF 

Balance

DIF-Insured 

Deposits

12/20 $117,897 $9,101,616

3/21 119,362 9,491,917

6/21 120,547 9,467,267

9/21 121,935 9,740,513

12/21 123,141 9,901,554

3/22 123,039 10,141,735

6/22 124,458 10,082,097

9/22 125,457 10,174,533

12/22 128,218 10,250,588

3/23 116,071 10,476,540

6/23 116,968 10,566,082

9/23 119,339 10,572,677

12/23 121,778 10,621,347

Table III-C. Estimated FDIC-Insured Deposits by Type of Institution

(dollar figures in millions)

December 31, 2023

Number of

Institutions

Total

Assets

Domestic

Deposits*

Est. Insured

Deposits

Commercial Banks and Savings Institutions

 FDIC-Insured Commercial Banks 4,026 $22,452,226 $16,363,096 $9,755,825

 FDIC-Supervised 2,651 3,869,581 3,090,794 2,094,846

 OCC-Supervised 706 15,074,275 10,690,013 6,199,186

 Federal Reserve-Supervised 669 3,508,369 2,582,290 1,461,794

 FDIC-Insured Savings Institutions 561 1,216,577 982,118 815,717

 OCC-Supervised 245 528,042 419,578 355,124

 FDIC-Supervised 279 303,341 237,349 178,057

 Federal Reserve-Supervised 37 385,193 325,191 282,537

Total Commercial Banks and Savings Institutions 4,587 23,668,802 17,345,214 10,571,543

Other FDIC-Insured Institutions

 U.S. Branches of Foreign Banks 9 109,313 57,454 49,805

Total FDIC-Insured Institutions 4,596 23,778,115 17,402,668 10,621,347

* Excludes $1.5 trillion in foreign office deposits, which are not FDIC insured.

Table IV-C. Distribution of Institutions and Assessment Base by Assessment Rate Range 

Quarter Ending September 30, 2023 (dollar figures in billions)

Annual Rate in Basis Points

Number of

Institutions

Percent of Total

Institutions

Amount of

Assessment Base

Percent of Total

Assessment Base

2.50 - 5.00 2,786 60.3 $5,374.8 25.95

5.01 - 8.00 1,234 26.7 13,036.8 62.93

8.01 - 12.00 479 10.4 1,979.3 9.55

12.01 - 17.00 59 1.3 157.9 0.76

>17.00 65 1.4 166.5 0.80

DIF Reserve Ratios

Percent of Insured Deposits

1.30 1.26 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.23 1.23 1.25

1.11 1.11 1.13 1.15

12/20 3/21 6/21 9/21 12/21 3/22 6/22 9/22 12/22 3/23 6/23 9/23 12/23
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

34 

NOTES TO USERS

This publication contains financial data and other information for depository 

institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). These 

notes are an integral part of this publication and provide information regarding 

the comparability of source data and reporting differences over time.

TABLES I-A THROUGH VIII-A. The information presented in Tables I-A through VIII-A of the FDIC Quarterly 

Banking Profile is aggregated for all FDIC-insured Call Report filers, both 

commercial banks and savings institutions. Some tables are arrayed by 

groups of FDIC-insured institutions based on predominant types of asset 

concentration, while other tables aggregate institutions by asset size and 

geographic region. Quarterly and full-year data are provided for selected 

indicators, including aggregate condition and income data, performance ratios, 

condition ratios, and structural changes, as well as past due, noncurrent, and 

charge-off information for loans outstanding and other assets.

TABLES I-B THROUGH VI-B. The information presented in Tables I-B through VI-B is aggregated for 

all FDIC-insured commercial banks and savings institutions meeting the 

criteria for community banks that were developed for the FDIC’s Community 

Banking Study, published in December, 2012: https://www.fdic.gov/resources/

community-banking/cbi-study.html. 

The determination of which insured institutions are considered community 

banks is based on five steps.

The first step in defining a community bank is to aggregate all charter-level 

data reported under each holding company into a single banking organization. 

This aggregation applies both to balance-sheet measures and the number 

and location of banking offices. Under the FDIC definition, if the banking 

organization is designated as a community bank, every charter reporting under 

that organization is also considered a community bank when working with data 

at the charter level. 

The second step is to exclude any banking organization where more than 50 

percent of total assets are held in certain specialty banking charters, including: 

credit card specialists, consumer nonbank banks, industrial loan companies, trust 

companies, bankers’ banks, and banks holding 10 percent or more of total assets 

in foreign offices.

Once the specialty organizations are removed, the third step involves including 

organizations that engage in basic banking activities as measured by the total 

loans-to-assets ratio (greater than 33 percent) and the ratio of core deposits 

to assets (greater than 50 percent). Core deposits are defined as non-brokered 

deposits in domestic offices. Analysis of the underlying data shows that these 

thresholds establish meaningful levels of basic lending and deposit gathering 

and still allow for a degree of diversity in how individual banks construct their 

balance sheets.

The fourth step includes organizations that operate within a limited geographic 

scope. This limitation of scope is used as a proxy measure for a bank’s 

relationship approach to banking. Banks that operate within a limited market 

area have more ease in managing relationships at a personal level. Under this 

step, four criteria are applied to each banking organization. They include both 

a minimum and maximum number of total banking offices, a maximum level 

of deposits for any one office, and location-based criteria. The limits on the 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

35 

number of and deposits per office are adjusted upward quarterly. For banking 

offices, banks must have more than one office, and the maximum number of 

offices is 40 in 1985 and reached 104 in 2023. The maximum level of deposits 

for any one office is $1.25 billion in deposits in 1985 and reached $10.28 billion 

in deposits in 2023. The remaining geographic limitations are also based on 

maximums for the number of states (fixed at 3) and large metropolitan areas 

(fixed at 2) in which the organization maintains offices. Branch office data are 

based on the most recent data from the annual June 30 Summary of Deposits 

Survey that are available at the time of publication. 

Finally, the definition establishes an asset-size limit, also adjusted upward 

quarterly and below which the limits on banking activities and geographic scope 

are waived. The asset-size limit is $250 million in 1985 and reached $2.06 billion 

in 2023. This final step acknowledges the fact that most of those small banks 

that are not excluded as specialty banks meet the requirements for banking 

activities and geographic limits in any event.

SUMMARY OF FDIC RESEARCH 

DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY 

BANKING ORGANIZATIONS

Community banks are designated at the level of the banking organization.

(All charters under designated holding companies are considered community 

banking charters.)

Exclude: Any organization with:

— No loans or no core deposits

— Assets held in foreign branches ≥ 10% of total assets

— More than 50% of assets in certain specialty banks, including:

• credit card specialists

• consumer nonbank banks1

• industrial loan companies

• trust companies

• bankers’ banks

Include: All remaining banking organizations with:

— Total assets < indexed size threshold 2

— Total assets ≥ indexed size threshold, where:

• Loan to assets > 33%

• Core deposits to assets > 50%

• More than 1 office but no more than the indexed maximum number of 

offices.3

• Number of large MSAs with offices ≤ 2

• Number of states with offices ≤ 3

• No single office with deposits > indexed maximum branch deposit size.4

TABLES I-C THROUGH IV-C. A separate set of tables (Tables I-C through IV-C) provides comparative 

quarterly data related to the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF), problem 

institutions, failed institutions, estimated FDIC-insured deposits, as well as 

1 Consumer nonbank banks are financial institutions with limited charters that can make commercial loans or take deposits, but not both.

2 Asset size threshold indexed to equal $250 million in 1985 and $2.06 billion in 2023.

3 Maximum number of offices indexed to equal 40 in 1985 and 104 in 2023.

4 Maximum branch deposit size indexed to equal $1.25 billion in 1985 and $10.28 billion in 2023.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

36 

assessment rate information. Depository institutions that are not insured 

by the FDIC through the DIF are not included in the FDIC Quarterly Banking 

Profile. U.S. branches of institutions headquartered in foreign countries and 

non-deposit trust companies are not included unless otherwise indicated. 

Efforts are made to obtain financial reports for all active institutions. However, 

in some cases, final financial reports are not available for institutions that have 

closed or converted their charters.

DATA SOURCES The financial information appearing in this publication is obtained primarily 

from the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) 

Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income (Call Reports) and the OTS Thrift 

Financial Reports (TFR) submitted by all FDIC-insured depository institutions. 

(TFR filers began filing Call Reports effective with the quarter ending March 

31, 2012.) This information is stored on and retrieved from the FDIC’s Research 

Information System (RIS) database.

COMPUTATION METHODOLOGY Parent institutions are required to file consolidated reports, while their 

subsidiary financial institutions are still required to file separate reports. 

Data from subsidiary institution reports are included in the Quarterly Banking 

Profile tables, which can lead to double-counting. No adjustments are made for 

any double-counting of subsidiary data. Additionally, certain adjustments are 

made to the OTS Thrift Financial Reports to provide closer conformance with the 

reporting and accounting requirements of the FFIEC Call Reports. (TFR filers 

began filing Call Reports effective with the quarter ending March 31, 2012.)

All condition and performance ratios represent weighted averages, which is 

the sum of the individual numerator values divided by the sum of individual 

denominator values. All asset and liability figures used in calculating 

performance ratios represent average amounts for the period (beginning-ofperiod amount plus end-of-period amount plus any interim periods, divided 

by the total number of periods). For “pooling-of-interest” mergers, the assets 

of the acquired institution(s) are included in average assets, since the yearto-date income includes the results of all merged institutions. No adjustments 

are made for “purchase accounting” mergers. Growth rates represent the 

percentage change over a 12-month period in totals for institutions in the 

base period to totals for institutions in the current period. For the community 

bank subgroup, growth rates will reflect changes over time in the number and 

identities of institutions designated as community banks, as well as changes 

in the assets and liabilities, and income and expenses of group members. 

Unless indicated otherwise, growth rates are not adjusted for mergers or 

other changes in the composition of the community bank subgroup. When 

community bank growth rates are adjusted for mergers, prior period balances 

used in the calculations represent totals for the current group of community 

bank reporters, plus prior period amounts for any institutions that were 

subsequently merged into current community banks.

All data are collected and presented based on the location of each reporting 

institution’s main office. Reported data may include assets and liabilities 

located outside of the reporting institution’s home state. In addition, 

institutions may relocate across state lines or change their charters, resulting 

in an inter-regional or inter-industry migration; institutions can move their 

home offices between regions, savings institutions can convert to commercial 

banks, or commercial banks may convert to savings institutions.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

37 

ACCOUNTING CHANGES Financial accounting pronouncements by the Financial Accounting Standards 

Board (FASB) can result in changes in an individual bank’s accounting policies 

and in the Call Reports they submit. Such accounting changes can affect the 

aggregate amounts presented in the QBP for the current period and the periodto-period comparability of such financial data. 

The current quarter’s Financial Institution Letter (FIL) and related Call Report 

supplemental instructions can provide additional explanation to the QBP reader 

beyond any material accounting changes discussed in the QBP analysis.

https://www.fdic.gov/news/financial-institution-letters/2024/fil24001.html

https://www.fdic.gov/resources/bankers/call-reports/index.html

Further information on changes in financial statement presentation, income 

recognition and disclosure is available from the FASB. 

https://www.fasb.org/standards

DEFINITIONS 

(IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)

All other assets – total cash, balances due from depository institutions, 

premises, fixed assets, direct investments in real estate, investment in 

unconsolidated subsidiaries, customers’ liability on acceptances outstanding, 

assets held in trading accounts, federal funds sold, securities purchased 

with agreements to resell, fair market value of derivatives, prepaid deposit 

insurance assessments, and other assets.

All other liabilities – bank’s liability on acceptances, limited-life preferred 

stock, allowance for estimated off-balance-sheet credit losses, fair market 

value of derivatives, and other liabilities.

Assessment base – Effective April 1, 2011, the deposit insurance assessment 

base changed to “average consolidated total assets minus average tangible 

equity” with an additional adjustment to the assessment base for banker’s 

banks and custodial banks. Previously, the assessment base consisted of 

deposit liabilities after exclusions.

Assessment rate schedule – Initial base assessment rates for small institutions 

(except new institutions) are based on a combination of financial ratios and 

CAMELS component ratings. Initial rates for large institutions—generally 

those with at least $10 billion in assets—are also based on CAMELS component 

ratings and certain financial measures combined into two scorecards—one for 

most large institutions and another for the remaining very large institutions 

that are structurally and operationally complex or that pose unique challenges 

and risks in case of failure (highly complex institutions). The FDIC may take 

additional information into account to make a limited adjustment to a large 

institution’s scorecard results, which are used to determine a large institution’s 

initial base assessment rate.

Initial rates for small institutions are subject to minimums and maximums 

based on an institution’s CAMELS composite rating.

The current assessment rate schedule became effective January 1, 2023. Under 

the current schedule, initial base assessment rates range from 5 to 32 basis 

points. An institution’s total base assessment rate may differ from its initial 

rate due to three possible adjustments: (1) Unsecured Debt Adjustment: An 

institution’s rate may decrease by up to 5 basis points for unsecured debt. 

The unsecured debt adjustment cannot exceed the lesser of 5 basis points or 

50 percent of an institution’s initial base assessment rate (IBAR). Thus, for 

example, an institution with an IBAR of 5 basis points would have a maximum 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

38 

unsecured debt adjustment of 2.5 basis points and could not have a total base 

assessment rate lower than 2.5 basis points. (2) Depository Institution Debt 

Adjustment: For institutions that hold long-term unsecured debt issued by 

another insured depository institution, a 50 basis point charge is applied to the 

amount of such debt held in excess of 3 percent of an institution’s Tier 1 capital. 

(3) Brokered Deposit Adjustment: Rates for large institutions that are not well 

capitalized or do not have a composite CAMELS rating of 1 or 2 may increase 

(not to exceed 10 basis points) if their brokered deposits exceed 10 percent of 

domestic deposits.

The assessment rate schedule effective January 1, 2023, is shown in the 

following table:

Total Base Assessment Rates*

Established Small Banks Large and 

Highly Complex 

Institutions

CAMELS Composite

1 or 2 3 4 or 5

Initial Base Assessment Rate 5 to 18 8 to 32 18 to 32 5 to 32

Unsecured Debt Adjustment -5 to 0 -5 to 0 -5 to 0 -5 to 0

Brokered Deposit Adjustment N/A N/A N/A 0 to 10

Total Base Assessment Rate 2.5 to 18 4 to 32 13 to 32 2.5 to 42

* All amounts for all categories are in basis points annually. Total base rates that are not the minimum or 

maximum rate will vary between these rates. Total base assessment rates do not include the depository 

institution debt adjustment.

Each institution is assigned a risk-based rate for a quarterly assessment 

period near the end of the quarter following the assessment period. Payment 

is generally due on the 30th day of the last month of the quarter following the 

assessment period. Supervisory rating changes are effective for assessment 

purposes as of the examination transmittal date.

Assets securitized and sold – total outstanding principal balance of assets 

securitized and sold with servicing retained or other seller-provided credit 

enhancements.

Capital Purchase Program (CPP) – As announced in October 2008 under the 

TARP, the Treasury Department purchase of noncumulative perpetual preferred 

stock and related warrants that is treated as Tier 1 capital for regulatory capital 

purposes is included in “Total equity capital.” Such warrants to purchase 

common stock or noncumulative preferred stock issued by publicly-traded 

banks are reflected as well in “Surplus.” Warrants to purchase common stock or 

noncumulative preferred stock of not-publicly-traded bank stock are classified 

in a bank’s balance sheet as “Other liabilities.”

Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio – ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital 

to risk-weighted assets. Common equity Tier 1 capital includes common 

stock instruments and related surplus, retained earnings, accumulated other 

comprehensive income (AOCI), and limited amounts of common equity Tier 1 

minority interest, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. 

Items that are fully deducted from common equity Tier 1 capital include 

goodwill, other intangible assets (excluding mortgage servicing assets) and 

certain deferred tax assets; items that are subject to limits in common equity 

Tier 1 capital include mortgage servicing assets, eligible deferred tax assets, 

and certain significant investments. Beginning March 2020, this ratio does not 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

39 

include institutions that have a Community Bank Leverage Ratio election in 

effect at the report date.

Construction and development loans – includes loans for all property types 

under construction, as well as loans for land acquisition and development.

Core capital – common equity capital plus noncumulative perpetual preferred 

stock plus minority interest in consolidated subsidiaries, less goodwill and 

other ineligible intangible assets. The amount of eligible intangibles (including 

servicing rights) included in core capital is limited in accordance with 

supervisory capital regulations.

Cost of funding earning assets – total interest expense paid on deposits and 

other borrowed money as a percentage of average earning assets.

Credit enhancements – techniques whereby a company attempts to reduce 

the credit risk of its obligations. Credit enhancement may be provided by a 

third party (external credit enhancement) or by the originator (internal credit 

enhancement), and more than one type of enhancement may be associated with 

a given issuance.

Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) – the Bank (BIF) and Savings Association (SAIF) 

Insurance Funds were merged in 2006 by the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform 

Act to form the DIF.

Deposits liabilities after exclusions – amount equal to gross total deposit 

liabilities meeting the statutory definition of a deposit in Section 3(l) of 

the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, before deducting allowable exclusions. 

Deposit liabilities after exclusions may differ from amounts reported for total 

deposits or total domestic deposits due to adjustments made to align with the 

determination of deposit insurance coverage in the event of a bank failure, 

including reporting based on an unconsolidated single FDIC certificate number 

basis.

Derivatives notional amount – the notional, or contractual, amounts of 

derivatives represent the level of involvement in the types of derivatives 

transactions and are not a quantification of market risk or credit risk. Notional 

amounts represent the amounts used to calculate contractual cash flows to be 

exchanged.

Derivatives credit equivalent amount – the fair value of the derivative plus an 

additional amount for potential future credit exposure based on the notional 

amount, the remaining maturity and type of the contract.

Derivatives transaction types:

Futures and forward contracts – contracts in which the buyer agrees to 

purchase and the seller agrees to sell, at a specified future date, a specific 

quantity of an underlying variable or index at a specified price or yield. These 

contracts exist for a variety of variables or indices, (traditional agricultural 

or physical commodities, as well as currencies and interest rates). Futures 

contracts are standardized and are traded on organized exchanges which 

set limits on counterparty credit exposure. Forward contracts do not have 

standardized terms and are traded over the counter.

Option contracts – contracts in which the buyer acquires the right to buy 

from or sell to another party some specified amount of an underlying 

variable or index at a stated price (strike price) during a period or on a 

specified future date, in return for compensation (such as a fee or premium). 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

40 

The seller is obligated to purchase or sell the variable or index at the 

discretion of the buyer of the contract.

Swaps – obligations between two parties to exchange a series of cash flows 

at periodic intervals (settlement dates), for a specified period. The cash 

flows of a swap are either fixed, or determined for each settlement date by 

multiplying the quantity (notional principal) of the underlying variable or 

index by specified reference rates or prices. Except for currency swaps, the 

notional principal is used to calculate each payment but is not exchanged.

Derivatives underlying risk exposure – the potential exposure characterized 

by the level of banks’ concentration in particular underlying instruments, in 

general. Exposure can result from market risk, credit risk, and operational risk, 

as well as, interest rate risk.

Domestic deposits to total assets – total domestic office deposits as a percent 

of total assets on a consolidated basis.

Earning assets – all loans and other investments that earn interest or dividend 

income.

Efficiency ratio – noninterest expense less amortization of intangible assets as 

a percent of net interest income plus noninterest income. This ratio measures 

the proportion of net operating revenues that are absorbed by overhead 

expenses, so that a lower value indicates greater efficiency.

Estimated insured deposits – In general, insured deposits are total deposit 

liabilities after exclusions minus estimated uninsured deposits. Beginning 

September 30, 2009, insured deposits reflect an increase in the FDIC’s standard 

maximum deposit insurance amount from $100,000 to $250,000. From 

December 31, 2010, through December 31, 2012, insured deposits also include all 

funds held in noninterest-bearing transaction accounts, without limit.

Estimated uninsured deposits – In general, institutions with $1 billion or 

more in total assets report estimated uninsured deposits in domestic offices 

of the bank and in insured branches in Puerto Rico and U.S. territories and 

possessions, including related interest accrued and unpaid. For institutions 

that do not report estimated uninsured deposits, the FDIC calculates this 

amount as the amount of deposit and retirement accounts with balances greater 

than the standard maximum deposit insurance amount (SMDIA), currently 

$250,000, minus the portion that is insured. The amount that is insured is 

estimated by multiplying the number of accounts with balances greater than 

the SMDIA, as reported on the Call Report, by the SMDIA. For example, under 

the current SMDIA, if an institution reports a number and amount of deposit 

and retirement accounts with balances greater than $250,000 of 1,000 and $500 

million, respectively, estimated uninsured deposits as calculated by the FDIC 

would equal $250 million ($500,000,000 – 1,000 * $250,000).

Failed/assisted institutions – An institution fails when regulators take 

control of the institution, placing the assets and liabilities into a bridge bank, 

conservatorship, receivership, or another healthy institution. This action may 

require the FDIC to provide funds to cover losses. An institution is defined as 

“assisted” when the institution remains open and receives assistance in order 

to continue operating.

Fair Value – the valuation of various assets and liabilities on the balance 

sheet—including trading assets and liabilities, available-for-sale securities, 

loans held for sale, assets and liabilities accounted for under the fair value 

option, and foreclosed assets—involves the use of fair values. During periods of 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

41 

market stress, the fair values of some financial instruments and nonfinancial 

assets may decline.

FHLB advances – all borrowings by FDIC-insured institutions from the Federal 

Home Loan Bank System (FHLB), as reported by Call Report filers, and by TFR 

filers prior to March 31, 2012.

Goodwill and other intangibles – Intangible assets include servicing rights, 

purchased credit card relationships, and other identifiable intangible assets. 

Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair market value of the 

net assets acquired, less subsequent impairment adjustments. Other intangible 

assets are recorded at fair value, less subsequent quarterly amortization and 

impairment adjustments.

Liquidity ratio – liquid assets to total assets. Liquid assets include cash, federal 

funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and securities 

(including unrealized gains/losses on securities) less pledged securities.

Loans secured by real estate – includes home equity loans, junior liens secured 

by 1-4 family residential properties, and all other loans secured by real estate.

Loans to individuals – includes outstanding credit card balances and other 

secured and unsecured consumer loans.

Long-term assets (5+ years) – loans and debt securities with remaining 

maturities or repricing intervals of over five years.

Maximum credit exposure – the maximum contractual credit exposure 

remaining under recourse arrangements and other seller-provided credit 

enhancements provided by the reporting bank to securitizations.

Mortgage-backed securities – certificates of participation in pools of 

residential mortgages and collateralized mortgage obligations issued or 

guaranteed by government-sponsored or private enterprises. Also, see 

“Securities,” below.

Net charge-offs – total loans and leases charged off (removed from balance 

sheet because of uncollectability), less amounts recovered on loans and leases 

previously charged off.

Net interest margin – the difference between interest and dividends earned 

on interest-bearing assets and interest paid to depositors and other creditors, 

expressed as a percentage of average earning assets. No adjustments are made 

for interest income that is tax exempt.

Net loans to total assets – loans and lease financing receivables, net of 

unearned income, allowance and reserves, as a percent of total assets on a 

consolidated basis.

Net operating income – income excluding discretionary transactions such as 

gains (or losses) on the sale of investment securities and extraordinary items. 

Income taxes subtracted from operating income have been adjusted to exclude 

the portion applicable to securities gains (or losses).

Noncurrent assets – the sum of loans, leases, debt securities, and other assets 

that are 90 days or more past due, or in nonaccrual status.

Noncurrent loans & leases – the sum of loans and leases 90 days or more past 

due, and loans and leases in nonaccrual status.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

42 

Number of institutions reporting – the number of institutions that actually 

filed a financial report.

New reporters – insured institutions filing quarterly financial reports for the 

first time.

Other borrowed funds – federal funds purchased, securities sold with 

agreements to repurchase, demand notes issued to the U.S. Treasury, FHLB 

advances, other borrowed money, mortgage indebtedness, obligations under 

capitalized leases and trading liabilities, less revaluation losses on assets held 

in trading accounts.

Other real estate owned – primarily foreclosed property. Direct and indirect 

investments in real estate ventures are excluded. The amount is reflected net 

of valuation allowances. For institutions that filed a Thrift Financial Report

(TFR), the valuation allowance subtracted also includes allowances for other 

repossessed assets. Also, for TFR filers the components of other real estate 

owned are reported gross of valuation allowances. (TFR filers began filing Call 

Reports effective with the quarter ending March 31, 2012.)

Percent of institutions with earnings gains – the percent of institutions that 

increased their net income (or decreased their losses) compared to the same 

period a year earlier.

“Problem” institutions – Federal regulators assign a composite rating to each 

financial institution, based upon an evaluation of financial and operational 

criteria. The rating is based on a scale of 1 to 5 in ascending order of supervisory 

concern. “Problem” institutions are those institutions with financial, 

operational, or managerial weaknesses that threaten their continued financial 

viability. Depending upon the degree of risk and supervisory concern, they are 

rated either a “4” or “5.” The number and assets of “problem” institutions are 

based on FDIC composite ratings. Prior to March 31, 2008, for institutions whose 

primary federal regulator was the OTS, the OTS composite rating was used.

Recourse – an arrangement in which a bank retains, in form or in substance, 

any credit risk directly or indirectly associated with an asset it has sold (in 

accordance with generally accepted accounting principles) that exceeds a pro 

rata share of the bank’s claim on the asset. If a bank has no claim on an asset it 

has sold, then the retention of any credit risk is recourse.

Reserves for losses – the allowance for loan and lease losses on a consolidated 

basis.

Restructured loans and leases – loan and lease financing receivables with 

terms restructured from the original contract. Excludes restructured loans and 

leases that are not in compliance with the modified terms.

Retained earnings – net income less cash dividends on common and preferred 

stock for the reporting period.

Return on assets – bank net income (including gains or losses on securities and 

extraordinary items) as a percentage of average total (consolidated) assets. The 

basic yardstick of bank profitability.

Return on equity – bank net income (including gains or losses on securities and 

extraordinary items) as a percentage of average total equity capital.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

43 

Risk-weighted assets – assets adjusted for risk-based capital definitions which 

include on-balance-sheet as well as off-balance-sheet items multiplied by 

risk-weights that range from zero to 200 percent. A conversion factor is used 

to assign a balance sheet equivalent amount for selected off-balance-sheet 

accounts.

Securities – excludes securities held in trading accounts. Banks’ securities 

portfolios consist of securities designated as “held-to-maturity” (reported 

at amortized cost (book value)), securities designated as “available-forsale” (reported at fair (market) value), and equity securities with readily 

determinable fair values not held for trading.

Securities gains (losses) – realized gains (losses) on held-to-maturity and 

available-for-sale securities, before adjustments for income taxes. Thrift 

Financial Report (TFR) filers also include gains (losses) on the sales of assets 

held for sale. (TFR filers began filing Call Reports effective with the quarter 

ending March 31, 2012.)

Seller’s interest in institution’s own securitizations – the reporting bank’s 

ownership interest in loans and other assets that have been securitized, 

except an interest that is a form of recourse or other seller-provided credit 

enhancement. Seller’s interests differ from the securities issued to investors 

by the securitization structure. The principal amount of a seller’s interest is 

generally equal to the total principal amount of the pool of assets included 

in the securitization structure less the principal amount of those assets 

attributable to investors, i.e., in the form of securities issued to investors.

Small Business Lending Fund – The Small Business Lending Fund (SBLF) was 

enacted into law in September 2010 as part of the Small Business Jobs Act of 

2010 to encourage lending to small businesses by providing capital to qualified 

community institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. The SBLF Program 

is administered by the U.S. Treasury Department (https://home.treasury.gov/

policy-issues/small-business-programs/small-business-lending-fund).

Under the SBLF Program, the Treasury Department purchased noncumulative 

perpetual preferred stock from qualifying depository institutions and holding 

companies (other than Subchapter S and mutual institutions). When this stock 

has been issued by a depository institution, it is reported as “Perpetual preferred 

stock and related surplus.” For regulatory capital purposes, this noncumulative 

perpetual preferred stock qualifies as a component of Tier 1 capital. Qualifying 

Subchapter S corporations and mutual institutions issue unsecured subordinated 

debentures to the Treasury Department through the SBLF. Depository 

institutions that issued these debentures report them as “Subordinated notes 

and debentures.” For regulatory capital purposes, the debentures are eligible 

for inclusion in an institution’s Tier 2 capital in accordance with their primary 

federal regulator’s capital standards. To participate in the SBLF Program, an 

institution with outstanding securities issued to the Treasury Department under 

the Capital Purchase Program (CPP) was required to refinance or repay in full 

the CPP securities at the time of the SBLF funding. Any outstanding warrants 

that an institution issued to the Treasury Department under the CPP remain 

outstanding after the refinancing of the CPP stock through the SBLF Program 

unless the institution chooses to repurchase them.

Subchapter S corporation – A Subchapter S corporation is treated as a passthrough entity, similar to a partnership, for federal income tax purposes. It is 

generally not subject to any federal income taxes at the corporate level. This 

can have the effect of reducing institutions’ reported taxes and increasing their 

after-tax earnings.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

44 

Trust assets – market value, or other reasonably available value of fiduciary 

and related assets, to include marketable securities, and other financial and 

physical assets. Common physical assets held in fiduciary accounts include real 

estate, equipment, collectibles, and household goods. Such fiduciary assets are 

not included in the assets of the financial institution.

Unearned income and contra accounts – unearned income for Call Report

filers only.

Unused loan commitments – includes credit card lines, home equity lines, 

commitments to make loans for construction, loans secured by commercial 

real estate, and unused commitments to originate or purchase loans. (Excluded 

are commitments after June 2003 for originated mortgage loans held for sale, 

which are accounted for as derivatives on the balance sheet.)

Yield on earning assets – total interest, dividend, and fee income earned on 

loans and investments as a percentage of average earning assets.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

45 

THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION CHANGE ON 

COMMUNITY BANK DEPOSITS AND LOANS

OVERVIEW Over the past several decades, total U.S. population growth has been 

strong, but regional and county-level growth has varied widely. The 

county-level growth variability has had significant distributional 

effects, with population shifting both between regions of the country 

and within states, generally leading to more urban growth and rural 

population decline. This analysis summarizes recent population growth 

trends and estimates the impacts of population changes on bank 

deposits and loan portfolios for community banks based on data going 

back more than 20 years.1 These estimates may be useful to community 

bankers in planning for growth and allocating resources toward 

supplying loans to meet new demand, as the effects of population 

growth vary between counties of differing population densities.

Deposits across banks at the county level grow as populations expand. 

Bank branches in metropolitan counties see faster deposit growth than 

do branches in micropolitan and rural counties, in which deposits tend 

to lag population changes by about a year.2 Deposits in community 

banks in metropolitan counties tend to grow at roughly the same 

rate as population growth, while deposits in community banks in 

less-populous counties grow at a much slower rate. When population 

decreases, deposits still grow in community banks in metropolitan 

counties but decline in community banks in micropolitan and rural 

counties.

As with total deposits, population growth generally leads to higher 

loan volumes at local community banks.3 This analysis finds that the 

effects of population growth on loan portfolio composition also differ 

among metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural counties. For commercial 

and industrial (C&I) loans and agricultural loans, population growth 

is associated with greater loan concentrations in some county types 

but lower loan concentrations in other county types. For commercial 

real estate loans (CRE) and single-family residential loans, population 

growth positively correlates with increases in loan concentrations 

across all county types, but the magnitude of the effect differs between

1 Community banks are defined by asset size, business plan, geographic footprint, and number of branches. For the complete definition, see “FDIC Community Banking Study,” 

December 2012, https://www.fdic.gov/resources/community-banking/report/2012/2012-cbi-study-full.pdf.

2 County types are defined by Office of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties contain a core urban area of at least 50,000 or more in population. 

Micropolitan counties contain an urban core of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 in population. All other counties are rural.

3 Throughout this article, references to loans, loan volumes, and loan shares are always in terms of value.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

46 

county types. Some U.S. population growth patterns reversed during the 

pandemic as individuals fled densely populated cities for less-densely 

populated micropolitan and rural counties. These new population 

trends, if they persist, could significantly affect the deposits and loan 

portfolios of community banks, and community banks may need to 

adapt their business models to changing local conditions.

Long-term population trends have the potential to deeply affect 

community banks. Rural depopulation reduces deposit funding and 

can challenge bank lending in such communities. Previous FDIC 

studies have found that these trends extend well beyond the past 

two decades: more than one-third of rural counties reached their 

peak populations before 1930.4 This has led some community banks 

in counties with decreasing populations to focus on agricultural 

loans as demand for other loan types declined. In a self-reinforcing 

cycle, focus on agricultural loans can preclude the development of 

expertise in other loan types, consequently further restricting lending 

options for local communities. Alternatively, other banks opened 

branches in nearby micropolitan and metropolitan regions to diversify 

their loan portfolios.5 This study further investigates the effects of 

population change on deposits and lending in rural, micropolitan, and 

metropolitan counties and suggests implications for changes in these 

trends after the 2020 pandemic.

Banking data are drawn from the FDIC Summary of Deposits (SOD) for 

branch-level variables and FDIC Consolidated Reports of Condition 

and Income (Call Reports) for bank-level variables. County-level 

population data are drawn from the U.S. Census, while indicators for 

metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural counties are fixed at their year 

2000 designations and come from the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

(USDA). Other county-level control variables include average age and 

gender ratios (Census), employment (USDA), and personal income 

(Bureau of Economic Analysis). All data are annual spanning 2000 to 

2022, inclusive.

4 John M. Anderlik and Richard D. Cofer Jr., “Long-Term Trends in Rural Depopulation and Their Implications for Community Banks,” FDIC Quarterly 8, no. 2 (2014): 44–59, 

https://www.fdic.gov/analysis/quarterly-banking-profile/fdic-quarterly/2014-vol8-2/article2.pdf.

5 Jeffrey Walser and John Anderlik, “Rural Depopulation: What Does It Mean for the Future Economic Health of Rural Areas and the Community Banks That Support Them?” 

FDIC Banking Review 16, no.3 (2004): 57–95, https://archive.fdic.gov/view/fdic/9811.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

47 

DEPOSIT GROWTH RESPONSE TO 

POPULATION CHANGE VARIES 

AMONG COUNTY TYPES

Population changes have significant implications for deposits at 

community banks. In aggregate, a 1 percent change in population is 

correlated with a 0.6 percent change in deposits (Chart 1). However, 

this relationship changes significantly if we separately analyze 

population increases and population declines. Population decreases 

are not statistically correlated with any change in community bank 

deposits, but there is a strong correlation between population increase 

and deposit growth. Specifically, a 1 percent increase in population 

is strongly correlated with a 0.86 percent increase in community 

bank deposits. These results are robust across the range of values for 

population growth that is typical for counties in the past 20 years.6

The relationship between deposits and population growth becomes 

more nuanced when county types are disaggregated among 

metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural counties. Metropolitan counties 

respond most to population growth; deposit growth actually outpaces 

population growth, with a 1 percent increase in population generating 

1.12 percent growth in community bank deposits. In metropolitan 

counties with declining population, which included about a third of 

metropolitan counties over the five years ending in June 2022, total 

deposits at community banks were unaffected by population decreases.

6 Analysis of the counties that had the sharpest accelerations and decelerations in population growth or the strongest growth reversals revealed no significant additional 

relationship with deposits.

Deposits in Metropolitan Counties Increase More Sharply With Population

Growth but Are Uncorrelated With Population Decline

Chart 1

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core

populations greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

The coeicient is the multiplier eect of a 1 percentage point change in population growth on deposit growth.

*No statistically significant relationship between aggregate or metropolitan population declines and deposit growth.

Multiplier Eect of Population Change

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

All Population Changes Population Declines Population Increases

All Counties Metropolitan Micropolitan Rural

* * 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

48 

Deposits at community banks in micropolitan and rural counties grow 

significantly more slowly than population. In micropolitan counties, 

a 1 percent increase in population generates only 0.69 percent more 

deposits. In rural counties, the difference is even greater, as the same 

population increase is correlated with only 0.23 percent more deposits. 

This result may have implications for micropolitan and rural counties 

that have seen recent reversals in population growth trend, in that 

community banks may not see deposit growth commensurate with 

population increases. When population decreases in micropolitan and 

rural counties, total deposits in those counties typically decrease but at 

a slower rate than the rate of population decrease: for every 1 percent 

decrease in population, there is a 0.39 percent decrease in deposits in 

micropolitan counties and a 0.33 percent decrease in deposits in rural 

counties.

TIMING OF POPULATION CHANGES IS 

NOT A STRONG PREDICTOR OF 

TIMING OF DEPOSIT CHANGES

As county populations change, deposits in banks in those counties tend 

to also change: on average, a 1 percent change in population leads to 

between a 0.9 percent and 2 percent change in deposits. However, the 

speed at which deposits respond to population change differs across 

county types. In metropolitan counties, the strongest correlation 

suggests that population and deposits change simultaneously 

(Chart 2).7 In micropolitan and rural counties, the correlation between 

population growth and community bank deposit growth peaks 

following a one-year lag, suggesting that deposits do not move into 

micropolitan and rural counties as quickly as they do in metropolitan 

counties.

While metropolitan counties report the strongest correlation 

between community bank deposits and population changes several 

years before and after a population decline, the strength of the 

correlation is weak (Chart 3). For micropolitan counties, correlation 

peaks contemporaneously with population outflows, while in rural 

counties correlation peaks in the year following a population decrease. 

These correlations, however, are even weaker than correlations in 

metropolitan counties.

7 In the case of metropolitan counties, correlation is marginally stronger in the year preceding population growth, which may indicate depositors moving funds into a county 

before taking up residency, but which may also simply be an artifact of when in the year data are recorded. SOD data are recorded as of June 30 each year, while population data 

are gathered using surveys conducted throughout the year. 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

49 

Correlations between population changes and community bank 

deposits are generally very weak. This indicates that the timing of 

population increase or decrease is not a strong predictor for when 

deposits may follow suit. This relationship becomes even weaker when 

considering deposit outflows. The weakness may arise from the relative 

rarity of deposit decreases and the insensitivity of bank deposits to 

population declines, especially in metropolitan counties.

The Correlation of Deposits With Population Inflows 

Peaks Later in Rural Counties

Chart 2

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core populations 

greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Correlation

#

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3

Aggregate Metropolitan Micropolitan Rural

Preceding, Contemporaneous, and Subsequent Years

The Correlation of Deposits With Population Outflows 

Peaks Latest in Metropolitan Counties

Chart 3

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core populations 

greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Correlation

Aggregate Metropolitan Micropolitan Rural

Preceding, Contemporaneous, and Subsequent Years

#

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

T-3 T-2 T-1 T T+1 T+2 T+3
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

50 

RURAL COUNTIES HAVE MORE 

AGRICULTURAL LOANS; 

METROPOLITAN COUNTIES HAVE 

MORE CRE LOANS

The distribution of loans varies across community banks in rural, 

micropolitan, and metropolitan counties.8 Community banks with 

most of their deposits in rural counties have relatively more 

agricultural loans, about 30 percent of total loans by value. The share 

of agricultural loans by value falls to 17 percent for micropolitan 

banks and 5 percent for metropolitan banks (Charts 4 and 5). Banks in 

metropolitan counties have more CRE loans, on average accounting 

for 38 percent of loans by value. The share of CRE loans by value falls 

to 26 percent for micropolitan banks and to 18 percent for rural banks. 

Micropolitan banks have the highest share of residential loans by 

value, at 35 percent, though the share at metropolitan banks is only 

marginally lower at 33 percent. At community banks in rural counties, 

residential loans on average make up 27 percent of total loans by value. 

C&I loans typically represent 13 to 15 percent of total loans by value, 

regardless of county type.

8 Loan data are reported to the FDIC at the bank level, not the branch level, and so direct correlation between loans and county type is difficult. This study uses the approach 

of creating synthetic counties for each bank with characteristics constructed as the weighted average of all counties in which a bank has branches, with each county’s weight 

calculated as the local share of total bank deposits.

Banks With Deposits Mostly in Metropolitan Counties Concentrate

More on Commercial Real Estate Loans and Less on Agricultural Loans

Chart 4

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget.

Note: Horizontal axis categories indicate location of deposits. "Mostly" indicates at least 70 percent of deposits in referenced 

county type. Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core

populations greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Share of Loans

#

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

All Banks Mostly Metropolitan Mostly Micropolitan Mostly Rural

Agricultural Commercial & Industrial

Commercial Real Estate Residential
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

51 

POPULATION GROWTH CORRELATES 

WITH LOAN PORTFOLIO GROWTH 

BUT VARIES BY COUNTY TYPE

Loan volume growth is positively associated with population growth, 

with effects varying by geography. At community banks with deposits 

that are mostly in metropolitan counties, loan volume growth 

correlates with population growth at a one-to-one ratio: 1 percent 

population growth correlates to 0.98 percent growth in total loan value. 

In micropolitan counties, loan growth slightly exceeds population 

growth at 1.13 percent loan growth for every 1 percent growth in 

population. In rural counties, loan growth falls short of population 

growth, with 1 percent population growth correlated with only 0.68 

percent loan growth.

Population growth is associated with changes in loan portfolio 

composition at community banks, and these effects vary by county 

type, especially for agricultural loans and for C&I loans. In general, 

population growth is correlated with a decrease in agricultural loans 

as a share of total loans, with each percentage point growth in county 

population reducing the share of agricultural loans by 10 basis points 

(Chart 6). This reduction accelerates to 18 basis points in micropolitan 

and rural counties, but the direction reverses to a 10 basis point increase 

in metropolitan counties, which is an unexpected result.9 For aggregate 

C&I loans, there is no clear relationship between population

9 Possible explanations include larger population bases allowing for expansion of agricultural loans in metropolitan counties or that metropolitan county banks open branches 

along the metropolitan county periphery, where more agriculture is possible. The cause of this relationship is beyond the scope of this analysis but may be investigated in 

future research.

Banks With Deposits Across Diverse County Types 

Focus More on CRE and Residential Loans

Chart 5

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget.

Note: Horizontal axis categories indicate location of deposits. Categories with two county types reflect banks with 40 to 70 

percent of deposits in both referenced county types. "No Focus" reflects banks with less than 40 percent of deposits in each 

county type. Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core 

populations greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Share of Loans

#

Agricultural Commercial & Industrial

Commercial Real Estate Residential

#

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

Metropolitan &

Micropolitan

Metropolitan & Rural Micropolitan & Rural No Focus

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget.

Note: Horizontal axis categories indicate location of deposits. Categories with two county types reflect banks with 40 to 70 percent of deposits in 

both referenced county types. "No Focus" reflects banks with less than 40 percent of deposits in each county type. Counties defined by Oice of 

Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core populations greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 

to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

52 

changes and loan portfolio share; however, relationships emerge after 

differentiating by county types. In metropolitan and rural counties, a 1 

percent population increase is correlated with a 9 basis point decrease 

in loan portfolio share. In micropolitan counties, the relationship 

reverses to a 7 basis point increase.

For other loan types, the direction of the effect of population growth 

on loan portfolio shares is consistent across county types; only the 

magnitude differs. For CRE loans nationally, a 1 percent increase in 

population correlates with a 30 basis point increase in loan portfolio 

share. Banks in metropolitan and micropolitan counties experience a 

greater increase at 37 basis points. The increase is less pronounced for 

banks in rural counties at only 12 basis points. For residential loans 

nationally, a 1 percent increase in population correlates with a 19 basis 

point decline in loan portfolio share. This decline accelerates to 34 basis 

points in metropolitan and micropolitan counties; however, in rural 

counties the effect of population growth is negligible on residential 

loan share—a less than 1 basis point decline.

In summary, population growth generally is associated with higher CRE 

loan concentrations and consequently lower relative concentrations 

of agricultural, C&I, and residential loans. This relationship does not 

hold for agricultural loans in metropolitan counties, for C&I loans in 

micropolitan counties, and for residential loans in rural counties.

Population Growth Correlates to Lower Loan Shares of Agricultural and

Residential Loans and Higher Shares of Commercial Real Estate Loans

Chart 6

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core 

populations greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Coeicients on C&I loan shares are significant only at the 10 percent threshold. All others at 5 percent.

*On average, there is no significant eect of population growth on C&I loan share nationally or on residential loan 

share in rural counties.

Change in Loan Portfolio Share

Aer 1 Percent Population Growth

(Percent)

#

Agricultural Commercial &

Industrial

Commercial

Real Estate

Residential -0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40 All Counties Metropolitan

Micropolitan Rural

* *
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

53 

POPULATION GROWTH IN 2021 

DIVERGED FROM THE PRE-PANDEMIC 

PATTERN

A well-documented trend of rural depopulation has extended back 

to at least the 1970s.10 Rural counties are disproportionately likely 

to have declining populations, with more than 60 percent of rural 

counties shrinking between 2018 and 2020. Since 2010, aggregate 

rural population has fallen almost every year (Chart 7). In contrast, 

population growth in metropolitan counties has outpaced aggregate 

U.S. population growth, averaging nearly 1 percentage point growth 

annually since 2000. Micropolitan counties have also seen robust 

growth, although not nearly at the rates of metropolitan counties.

10 See Anderlik and Cofer, “Long-Term Trends in Rural Development,” and Kenneth M. Johnson and Daniel T. Lichter, “Rural Depopulation: Growth and Decline Processes Over 

the Past Century,” Rural Sociology 84, no. 1 (2019):3-27, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ruso.12266, among others.

Rural Populations Have Mostly Decreased Since 2010, While

Metropolitan County Populations Have Grown the Fastest

Chart 7

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core populations

greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Annual Percent

Change in Population

Metropolitan Micropolitan Rural

#

-1.00

-0.75

-0.50

-0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Some Long-Term Population Trends Reversed Aer the 2020 Pandemic

Chart 8

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core 

populations greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Annual Change

Percent 

#

Post-Pandemic

2021 to 2022

Pre-Pandemic

2010 to 2020

Post-Pandemic

2021 to 2022

Pre-Pandemic

2010 to 2020

All Counties Metropolitan Micropolitan Rural

Aggregate Population Growth County-Level Average Population Growth

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

54 

The 2020 pandemic spurred significant changes in population growth 

patterns. Dense urban centers, where maintaining social distancing 

was more difficult, became less desirable. Given the exigencies of the 

pandemic, 2020 may not be a representative year for population trends. 

Looking to 2021 may provide better insight into trends that could 

prove to be persistent. In 2021, the data reveal a complete reversal in 

pre-pandemic growth trends, with rural population growing faster 

than any other county type, followed by micropolitan counties, and 

finally metropolitan counties. Because aggregate statistics are often 

driven by the largest counties and may obscure trends in smaller 

“average” counties, Chart 8 compares growth trends both in total 

population and in averages across counties. The left side of the 

chart shows how aggregate metropolitan county population growth 

plummeted in 2021. However, the right side shows that the county 

average continued to grow at the same pace, which implies a reshuffling 

of growth from big cities to smaller cities and suburban counties. 

The largest metropolises were the most likely to see large population 

growth deceleration or outright declines: population declined in the top 

three most populous U.S. counties and eight of the ten most populous 

U.S. counties.11 Given these declines, smaller metropolitan counties may 

have benefited from flight from urban centers. Future data will reveal 

the extent to which these novel trends prove persistent.

In the two years before the pandemic, population growth was 

concentrated in metropolitan counties, and 69 percent (753 counties) 

of those counties expanded. This compares with 47 percent of 

micropolitan counties and 39 percent of rural counties. Growth was 

strongest in the West, Upper Midwest, Texas, Florida, and the Northeast 

(Map 1). After onset of the pandemic, population growth broadened. 

Generally the same regions of the country continued to grow, but 

counties that were farther from urban centers and were previously 

shrinking or were growing anemically reported robust growth 

comparable to metropolitan centers before the pandemic (Map 2).

In 2021, aggregate U.S. population growth fell sharply, but the number 

of counties that were growing increased, and the vast majority of newly 

growing counties were micropolitan or rural. The share of metropolitan 

counties with population growth was essentially flat at roughly 70 

percent, the number of growing counties ticking up only slightly from 

753 to 760 (Table 1). For rural counties, this share rose from 39 percent 

to 44 percent as the number of growing rural counties rose from 541 to 

603. Micropolitan counties saw the greatest gains: the share of growing 

counties rose from 47 percent to 58 percent as the number of growing 

micropolitan counties rose from 319 to 391.

11 U.S. Census and FDIC staff analysis.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

55 

Map 1

Pre-Pandemic Population Growth Was Concentrated 

Around Metropolitan Counties

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Decreasing indicates growth rate below 0 percent. Moderate growth indicates growth between

0 and 0.96 percent. High growth captures the top quartile of the entire 2018 to 2022 period with 

growth more than 0.96 percent.

Moderate Growth

Decreasing

High Growth

Population Growth Rates, 2018 to 2019

Map 2

Post-Pandemic Population Growth 

Was More Dispersed

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Decreasing indicates growth rate below 0 percent. Moderate growth indicates growth between

0 and 0.96 percent. High growth captures the top quartile of the entire 2018 to 2022 period with 

growth more than 0.96 percent.

Moderate Growth

Decreasing

High Growth

Population Growth Rates, 2020 to 2022

Table 1

County Population Growth Statistics Before and After 2020

Growth Decline

2018 to 2019 2020 to 2022 2018 to 2019 2020 to 2022

Count Share Count Share Count Share Count Share

Metropolitan 753 69.1 769 71.0 336 30.9 314 29.0

Micropolitan 319 47.3 365 54.2 356 52.7 308 45.8

Rural 541 39.3 599 43.4 837 60.7 780 56.6

Total 1,613 51.3 1,733 55.3 1,529 48.7 1,402 44.7

Sources: Office of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

56 

DEPOSITS SURGED AFTER 2020, AND 

GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS MIRRORED 

POPULATION GROWTH

Because of the unique nature of the 2020 pandemic, its attendant 

recession, and robust government support programs for households 

and businesses, deposits grew at unprecedented rates in banks across 

the country. Chart 9 shows that post-pandemic trends in deposit 

growth were not driven by outliers but were broadly experienced by 

counties of all population levels. Before the pandemic, metropolitan 

counties reported average annual deposit growth of 5.7 percent; after 

the pandemic, growth surged to 12.7 percent. Post-pandemic increases 

were even more dramatic in micropolitan and rural counties. From 2010 

to 2020, micropolitan counties reported average deposit growth of 4.2 

percent, which rose to 12.2 percent in 2021. For rural counties, average 

deposit growth rose from 4 percent to 11.8 percent. Post-pandemic, 

the average metropolitan county continued to see faster deposit 

growth than the average rural county, but deposit growth rates largely 

converged (Chart 10). In terms of aggregate deposit growth—as opposed 

to county-level averages—rural and micropolitan counties saw jumps 

in 2021 that exceeded growth in metropolitan counties.

Population Growth Accelerated in Northern and Great Plains Rural 

Counties and Western Micropolitan Counties 

Map 3

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: This map shows counties in the top quartile (across all counties) of post-pandemic acceleration in county population

growth rates, with acceleration exceeding 0.76 percentage points.

Moderate Growth

Decreasing

High Growth

Counties With High Acceleration in

Population Growth Rates Aer 2020

New population growth was not distributed evenly across the country. 

Among rural counties, population growth accelerated most sharply in 

counties in the North and in the Great Plains states in the Midwest (Map 3). 

Micropolitan counties reporting the greatest leaps in population growth 

were sprinkled throughout the United States but with slightly higher 

concentrations in the Northeast and the Mountain West. The biggest 

accelerations in population growth among metropolitan counties were 

concentrated in the Northeast.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

57 

All County Types Have Reported Long-Term Deposit Growth,

With Higher Growth Rates in Metropolitan Counties

Chart 9

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core

populations greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Annual Percent

Change in Deposits

Metropolitan Micropolitan Rural

0

5

10

15

20

25

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Community Bank Deposits Surged A
er the 2020 Pandemic

Chart 10

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Counties defined by Oice of Management and Budget guidelines. Metropolitan counties have urban core 

populations greater than 50,000; micropolitan counties have 10,000 to 50,000; rural counties have less than 10,000.

Annual Change

Percent 

#

Post-Pandemic

2021 to 2022

Pre-Pandemic

2010 to 2020

Post-Pandemic

2021 to 2022

Pre-Pandemic

2010 to 2020

All Counties Metropolitan Micropolitan Rural

County-Level Average Community Bank

Deposits Growth

Aggregate Community Bank

Deposits Growth

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

58 

Map 4

Pre-Pandemic Growth in Deposits Was Strongest in the

Mountain West and South

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Decreasing indicates growth rate below 0 percent. Moderate growth indicates growth between

0 and 4.56 percent. High growth captures the top quartile with growth more than 4.56 percent.

Moderate Growth

Decreasing

No Data

High Growth

Total County Deposits

Growth Rates, 2018 to 2019

Map 5

Post-Pandemic Growth in Deposits Broadened to Include 

More Rural Counties

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: Moderate growth indicates growth between 0 and 12.42 percent. High growth captures the top 

quartile with growth more than 12.42 percent.

Moderate Growth

No Data

High Growth

Total County Deposits

Growth Rates, 2020 to 2022

Table 2

County-Level Deposits Growth Statistics Before and After 2020

Growth Decline

2018 to 2019 2020 to 2022 2018 to 2019 2020 to 2022

Count Share Count Share Count Share Count Share

Metropolitan 909 83.8 1,062 97.8 176 16.2 24 2.2

Micropolitan 531 79.0 661 98.4 141 21.0 11 1.6

Rural 1,011 74.8 1,311 96.9 341 25.2 42 3.1

Total 2,451 78.8 3,034 97.5 658 21.2 77 2.5

Sources: Office of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Deposit growth was far more common than population growth before 

the pandemic. From 2018 to 2019, about half of all counties were 

growing in population, but over the same period almost 80 percent of 

counties—2,451 counties—saw total deposits across local community 

bank branches rise (Table 2). From 2020 to 2021, the share of counties 

with growing deposits jumped to 98 percent. The geography of deposit 

growth broadened to include more counties, with rural counties 

representing the bulk of this broadening (Maps 4 and 5).
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

59 

The counties in which deposit growth accelerated the most do not 

match the counties in which population growth accelerated the most. 

For rural counties, deposit growth increased the most in the North and 

Great Plains but also in the Mountain West (Map 5). In micropolitan 

counties, deposit growth acceleration was most pronounced in the 

Mountain West but also along the coast in Northern California and 

Southern Oregon as well as upstate New York (Map 6). For metropolitan 

counties, deposit growth concentrations occurred in the Southwest and 

Northwest, despite greater population growth in the Northeast.

Growth in Deposits Accelerated Most in Northern Rural Counties and 

Western Micropolitan Counties 

Map 6

Sources: FDIC, Oice of Management and Budget, U.S. Census.

Note: This map shows counties in the top quartile (across all counties) of post-pandemic acceleration in total county

deposit growth rates, with acceleration exceeding 11.46 percentage points. 

Micropolitan

Rural

Metropolitan

Counties With High Acceleration in

Total Deposit Growth Rates Aer 2020
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

60 

CONCLUSION As population has grown and shifted across the United States over 

the past several decades, community bank managers, executives, and 

boards have had to consider the implications of population changes on 

their business models. Among these considerations are how to prepare 

for changes in deposits and how to allocate resources toward offering 

different types of loans. This analysis has attempted to quantify the 

impact of population growth on deposits and loans and to show how 

these relationships differ between metropolitan, micropolitan, and 

rural counties. While the results reflect relationships existing over two 

decades in the 2000s before the 2020 pandemic, they may yet be useful 

in considering effects of future changes in population.

The 2020 pandemic significantly altered pre-existing patterns of 

population growth across the country. If these changes persist in 

coming years, they may meaningfully affect both deposit growth and 

loan portfolios at community banks. Given the time delays and lower 

multiplier effects of population changes on deposits, banks in rural 

counties could see deposits continue to rise even if population growth 

decelerates or reverses, while banks in more populous counties may 

see sharper adjustments. Population changes may be associated with 

increasing loan concentrations. Community banks in rural counties 

may encounter greater relative demand for nonagricultural loans. The 

share of CRE loans in bank portfolios may rise in growing counties, 

while the relative demand for residential loans will likely fall. If the 

historical relationships outlined in this study continue to hold in 

coming years, changes in population growth patterns may require 

community banks to adjust their loan offerings and business practices 

to meet new demands.

Author:

Jared Rothman

Senior Financial Economist

Division of Insurance and Research
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

61 

APPENDIX: REPORTING STANDARDS 

FOR LOCATION OF BRANCH-LEVEL 

DEPOSITS

The Summary of Deposits Survey includes the main office and each 

branch office location operating on June 30 of the survey year and 

requires institutions to report the deposits assigned to each office 

location.12 However, banks are allowed significant discretion in how 

they determine the location of deposits and are encouraged to report 

these locations in a way consistent with their existing internal recordkeeping practices. Common systems for assigning deposit locations 

include

y office in closest proximity to the accountholder’s address

y office with highest level of account activity

y office where the original deposit account was opened

y office chosen based on branch manager compensation guidelines.

These conditions imply a significant caveat to any geographical analysis 

of deposits. Banks are not required to shift deposits between branches 

as accountholders move around the country. Accounts may remain at 

the original branch long after the accountholder has left; may be moved 

to where the accountholder is most often using banking services, even 

if the accountholder lives in another county; or may be assigned to a 

branch for reasons independent of the location of the accountholder. 

Results reported in this analysis should be understood in context of 

these data limitations, which may affect the magnitude of correlations 

and multiplier coefficients.

12 FDIC, “Summary of Deposits Reporting Instructions,” June 30, 2022, https://www.fdic.gov/resources/bankers/call-reports/call-summary-of-deposits.html.
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

63 

2023 SUMMARY OF DEPOSITS HIGHLIGHTS

INTRODUCTION •	 Domestic deposits declined 4.8 percent in the year 

ending June 2023

•	 Deposit declines were greatest at large banks

•	 Community banks reported deposit growth over 

the year

•	 Community banks opened offices in metro, micro, 

and rural counties

Responses to the Summary of Deposits (SOD) Survey for the year ending 

June 30, 2023, reflected a decline in deposits following extraordinary 

growth in the years ending June 2020 and June 2021, and more moderate 

growth in the year ending June 2022. The surge in deposits from the 

fiscal and monetary stimulus during the pandemic, coupled with 

decreased consumer spending, began to decline in 2022. These deposits 

began leaving as interest rates increased, and again in the weeks 

following three bank failures in early 2023. Total domestic deposits of 

FDIC-insured institutions decreased 4.8 percent in the year ending June 

2023, the first annual decline in deposits since 1995, while the number 

of banks decreased 2.6 percent.1 The largest rate of deposit decline 

occurred at institutions with assets greater than $250 billion and 

institutions located in metropolitan counties. Deposit outflows largely 

subsided by second quarter 2023, declining slightly from $18.7 trillion 

to $18.6 trillion between March 31, 2023, and June 30, 2023. By June 30, 

2023, deposit levels were still 9.2 percent above where they would have 

been using the pre-pandemic (June 2010 to June 2019) average annual 

growth rate of 5.4 percent.

The SOD Survey also showed a deceleration in office closures. Between 

June 2022 and June 2023, the number of offices fell 1.7 percent, 

continuing a 14-year trend of decline. This was a slower rate of office 

closures than the 3.8 percent in 2021 and the 3.2 percent in 2022. Banks 

located in metropolitan counties reported the largest decline in offices, 

a 1.9 percent decrease. Community banks reported a 0.3 percent increase 

in offices, while noncommunity banks reported a 2.7 percent decrease.

1 An annual decline in deposits refers to a net decline in domestic deposits over the previous four quarters. The last annual decline in deposits occurred in March 1995, when 

deposits declined 0.1 percent between March 31, 1994, and March 31, 1995. The last quarterly decline in deposits—0.2 percent—occurred in second quarter 2018.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

64 

TOTAL DEPOSITS DECLINED FOR THE 

FIRST TIME SINCE 1995

Between June 2022 and June 2023, deposits decreased $874.1 billion to 

$17.2 trillion (4.8 percent).2 This was the first year-over-year decrease 

in deposits since 1995 and a notable shift in deposit trends since the 

2008 financial crisis (Chart 1). The increase in deposit balances in 

2020 and 2021 followed changes in consumer behavior and fiscal and 

monetary responses stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, 

by 2022, fiscal and monetary assistance had waned and deposit 

growth neared its pre-pandemic rate. The annual decline in deposits 

in 2023 followed a decline that began in second quarter 2022 and had 

moderated by second quarter 2023.

2 Quarterly deposit data come from the FDIC Quarterly Banking Profile, which has published Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income (Call Report) data since 1984. 

SUMMARY OF DEPOSITS OVERVIEW

The Summary of Deposits (SOD) Survey is a unique source of information about the number and physical locations 

of the tens of thousands of bank offices across the United States. The SOD data also include a dollar amount of 

domestic deposits for each bank office. While SOD data are informative, they have some limitations due to the 

varying methods used by banks for attributing deposits to bank offices, as described below.

The full reporting instructions for the survey can be found at https://www.fdic.gov/resources/bankers/call-reports/

summary-of-deposits/summary-of-deposits-reporting-instructions.pdf.

The relevant reporting instructions are summarized below.

Institutions should assign deposits to each office in a manner consistent with their existing internal record-keeping 

practices. 

The following are examples of procedures for assigning deposits to offices:

yDeposits assigned to the office in closest proximity to the accountholder’s address

yDeposits assigned to the office where the account is most active

yDeposits assigned to the office where the account was opened

yDeposits assigned to offices for manager compensation or similar purposes

Other methods for assigning deposits to offices may also be used. Certain classes of deposits and deposits of certain 

types of customers may be assigned to a single office for reasons of convenience or efficiency. However, deposit 

allocations that diverge from the financial institution’s internal record-keeping systems and misstate or distort the 

deposit gathering of an office should not be used.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

65 

A confluence of factors contributed to the decline in deposits. Higherthan-normal inflation in late 2021 led to contractionary monetary 

policy beginning in early 2022. From January 2022 to June 2023, the 

federal funds rate increased 500 basis points while the overall cost of 

deposits increased only 166 basis points.3 Lower yields on deposit rates 

lagged other market interest rates, such as those paid by money market 

funds, contributing to the decline in deposits. The rate of deposit 

decline increased following three bank failures in the first half of 2023, 

causing the largest quarterly decline in deposits since Consolidated 

Reports of Condition and Income (Call Report) data collection began in 

1984.4 Most of the quarterly deposit decline was in uninsured deposits, 

which include deposits in excess of the standard deposit insurance 

coverage limit of $250,000 per depositor, per FDIC-insured bank, per 

ownership category.5

3 The cost of deposits represents annualized total interest expense on deposits as a percentage of average deposits. The cost of deposits was 0.12 percent in fourth quarter 2021 

and 1.78 percent in second quarter 2023. Source: Call Report data from December 31, 2021, to June 30, 2023.

4 Quarterly Call Report data and annual SOD data became more standardized in 1984.

5 “Insured Institution Performance,” FDIC Quarterly 17, no. 2 (2023):1–7, https://www.fdic.gov/analysis/quarterly-banking-profile/qbp/2023mar/qbp.pdf#page=1.

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

-4

0

4

8

12

16

20

2007 2011 2015 2019 2023

Deposits (Le Axis)

Percent Change in Deposits From the Previous Year (Right Axis)

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2007, to June 30, 2023.

$ Trillions Percent

Deposits Declined in 2023 Aer a Near-Record Increase in 2020

Chart 1
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

66 

DEPOSIT DECLINES WERE GREATEST 

AT LARGE BANKS

Banks with assets greater than $10 billion reported deposit declines in 

2023, while banks with less than $10 billion in assets reported slight 

growth or no growth (Table 1).6 Banks with total assets greater than 

$250 billion reported the largest decline in deposits, $675 billion or 

6.8 percent. These 14 institutions represented about 77.5 percent of the 

total decline in the industry’s deposits in the year ending June 30, 2023. 

Banks with assets between $1 billion and $10 billion reported 1.2 percent 

deposit growth, and the smallest banks reported slight deposit declines 

of 0.1 percent. 

Despite the deposit declines from second quarter 2022 through second 

quarter 2023, the five-year trend in deposit growth remained strong 

across bank asset size categories, with average annual compoundadjusted deposit growth of more than 6.5 percent between 2018 and 

2023 for all size categories. Banks with total assets less than $1 billion 

reported deposit growth at a cumulative 47.6 percent, and banks with 

total assets between $1 billion and $10 billion reported deposit growth 

at a cumulative 56.1 percent. The largest institutions reported the 

slowest cumulative deposit growth, 37.1 percent.

6 All growth rates for deposits and offices are merger-adjusted unless specified otherwise.

Table 1

Large Bank and Noncommunity Bank Deposit Growth Fell Behind Other Groups

Bank Size Year-Over-Year Deposit Growth, Adjusted for Mergers (Percent)

Number of 

Banks

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2018 to 2023 2023

Assets Greater Than $250 Billion 3.1 24.5 9.6 4.6 –6.8 37.1 14

Assets $10 Billion to $250 Billion 4.9 19.6 11.4 4.8 –4.1 40.5 142

Assets $1 Billion to $10 Billion 6.3 18.4 12.7 8.8 1.2 56.1 840

Assets Less Than $1 Billion 4.5 16.0 13.5 7.3 –0.1 47.6 3,649

Bank Designation

Noncommunity Banks 3.9 22.6 10.3 4.8 –5.6 38.9 455

Community Banks 5.5 16.5 13.5 8.4 1.0 52.8 4,190

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2018, to June 30, 2023. 

Note: Bank count is as of the June 30, 2022, to June 30, 2023, period.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

67 

DEPOSIT GROWTH WAS SUSTAINED 

FOR COMMUNITY BANKS

Community banks continued to report deposit growth in 2023, while 

noncommunity banks reported a decline in deposits. Community bank 

year-over-year deposit growth was 1 percent or $22.4 billion, and 

noncommunity bank deposits fell 5.6 percent or $892.8 billion year 

over year. Community banks are smaller institutions, generally under 

$1 billion in total assets, with a business model focused on a limited 

geographic area.7 By contrast, noncommunity banks are defined as 

banks with nontraditional business models or banks that serve three or 

more Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) or four or more states. As 

of June 30, 2023, there were 4,196 community banks holding 13 percent 

of total domestic deposits and 457 noncommunity banks holding 87 

percent of total domestic deposits. Over the five-year period from 2018 

to 2023, both noncommunity and community banks reported average 

annual deposit growth of more than 5 percent, resulting in 38.9 percent 

cumulative deposit growth for noncommunity banks and 52.8 percent 

cumulative deposit growth for community banks.

METROPOLITAN AND RURAL BANKS 

REPORTED DEPOSIT DECLINES

Annual deposit growth rates in micropolitan areas slowed for the year 

ending June 30, 2023, while deposits declined in metropolitan and rural 

areas (Table 2).8 Growth rates for offices in metropolitan areas declined 

5.2 percent after increasing 5.2 percent one year earlier, and growth 

rates in rural areas decreased 2.5 percent after increasing 4.3 percent 

the previous year. Growth rates in micropolitan areas slowed from 5.9 

percent to 1.1 percent.

From 2018 to 2023, offices in metropolitan areas reported the highest 

deposit growth rate of the three county types, with a 40.8 percent 

cumulative increase in deposits. Banks in micropolitan areas had the 

second-highest five-year growth at 40.5 percent. Banks in rural areas 

had the lowest cumulative deposit growth at 30.9 percent. As of 2023, 

offices in metropolitan areas continued to hold the majority of total 

deposits ($15.8 trillion or 91.6 percent of total deposits), followed by 

offices in micropolitan areas ($796.3 billion or 4.6 percent of total 

deposits) and rural areas ($653.4 billion or 3.8 percent of total deposits).9

7 Community banks are defined by the 2012 FDIC Community Banking Study, https://www.fdic.gov/resources/community-banking/report/2012/2012-cbi-study-full.pdf. 

The definition encompasses small banks and larger banks that focus on traditional lending and deposit-taking activities.

8 The U.S. Census Bureau defines micropolitan Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) as statistical areas that consist of one or more counties “associated with at least one urban 

cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population.” Metropolitan CBSAs consist of one or more counties that “contain a city of 50,000 or more inhabitants, or contain a 

Census Bureau-defined urbanized area (UA) and have a total population of at least 100,000.”

9 CBSAs were redrawn in 2023, such that geographical coverage differed between 2023 and 2020. The 2023 SOD metro-micro-rural designations reflect the new 2023 census 

delineations, while 2020–2022 SOD reports used the 2020 census delineations. Therefore, reported 2023 findings cannot be cross-compared with previous years.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

68 

NUMBER OF BANKS AND OFFICES 

CONTINUED TO DECREASE

Between June 2022 and June 2023, the number of banks declined 

from 4,771 to 4,645 and the number of offices declined from 79,214 to 

77,786 (Table 3). Although the number of banks and offices continued 

to decrease, offices per bank have remained relatively stable because 

the rate of office consolidation has not outpaced the rate of bank 

consolidation. Banks that acquire other banks will often keep some 

office locations to retain depositors of the acquired bank.

A 4.8 percent decline in deposits outpaced the 2.6 percent decline in 

the number of banks, resulting in a 2.3 percent decline in deposits per 

institution. The average balance of deposits per office decreased 3.1 

percent in 2023 to $221.3 million.

Table 2

Deposits in Micropolitan Counties Rose and Deposits in Metropolitan and Rural Counties Fell in 2023

County Type Year-Over-Year Change (Percent)

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2018 to 2023

Metropolitan 3.9 4.2 22.5 10.6 5.2 –5.2 40.8

Micropolitan 3.7 3.9 14.6 10.1 5.9 1.1 40.5

Rural 2.1 3.0 12.7 11.0 4.3 –2.5 30.9

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2018, to June 30, 2023. 

Note: Data are not adjusted for mergers.

Table 3

Deposits Decreased While Offices Per Bank Remained Stable in 2023

Year

Number of 

Banks

Number of 

Offices

Offices Per 

Bank

Deposits

($ Billions)

Deposits 

Per Institution

($ Millions)

Deposits 

Per Office

($ Thousands)

2018 5,541 88,065 15.9 12,262 2,213 139,242

2019 5,303 86,382 16.3 12,772 2,408 147,854

2020 5,066 84,972 16.8 15,546 3,069 182,958

2021 4,950 81,781 16.5 17,196 3,474 210,271

2022 4,771 79,214 16.6 18,091 3,792 228,385

2023 4,645 77,786 16.7 17,217 3,706 221,333

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2023. 

Note: Data are not adjusted for mergers.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

69 

THE RATE OF OFFICE CLOSURES 

CONTINUED TO DECLINE AND 

RETURNED TO PRE-PANDEMIC 

LEVELS

The rate of office decline was stable from 2012 to 2020, ranging from 

0.9 percent to 2.2 percent. The rate increased after 2020 to 3.8 percent in 

2021 and 3.2 percent in 2022. The number of offices declined 1.7 percent 

between June 2022 and June 2023, slightly above the pre-pandemic 

average decline of 1.4 percent (Chart 2).10 Only 482 (10.4 percent) banks 

reported net office closures in 2023, while 293 (6.3 percent) reported net 

office openings, and 3,861 (83.1 percent) reported no net change in office 

count.

LARGE BANKS REPORTED THE 

LARGEST REDUCTION IN OFFICES

The largest banks reported the largest decline in offices in the year 

ending June 30, 2023, a reduction of 3.5 percent or 843 offices (Table 4). 

Banks with assets between $10 billion and $250 billion reported an 

annual office reduction of 2.7 percent or 590 offices. Conversely, banks 

with assets between $1 billion and $10 billion reported no change, and 

the smallest banks reported a year-over-year increase in offices of 0.7 

percent or 108 offices. From 2018 to 2023, banks with assets between $10 

billion and $250 billion reported a total decline in offices of 17.9 percent 

and banks with assets over $250 billion reported a total decline in 

offices of 20.6 percent, while the smallest banks increased their number 

of offices 4.2 percent. Banks with assets between $1 billion and $10 

billion reported a modest decline in offices from 2018 to 2023, closing a 

net of only six offices in 2023 and reporting a cumulative reduction of 

just 2.9 percent or 545 offices over the five-year period.

10 The period June 2010 to June 2019 is used throughout this article as the pre-pandemic average period. It begins one year after the end of the Great Recession and ends in the 

final SOD Survey period before the onset of the pandemic in early 2020. See Angela Hinton, Michael Hoffman, Caitlyn R. Kasper, and Joycelyn Lu, “2022 Summary of Deposits 

Highlights,” FDIC Quarterly 17 no. 1, (2023):48–55, https://www.fdic.gov/analysis/quarterly-banking-profile/fdic-quarterly/2023-vol17-1/fdic-v17n1-4q2022.pdf.

The Rate of Oice Closures Slowed A	er a Record Rate of Decline in 2021

Chart 2

-100,000

-50,000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

2007 2011 2015 2019 2023

Number of Oices (Le Axis)

Percent Change in Oices From the Previous Year (Right Axis)

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2007, to June 30, 2023.

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

-6

Number of Oices Percent
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

70 

COMMUNITY BANKS OPENED OFFICES 

IN ALL CENSUS CATEGORIES IN 2023

In the year ending June 30, 2023, community banks opened a net 82 

offices, with net office increases reported in all three county types 

(Table 5). Community banks increased offices by 1.5 percent between 

2018 and 2023. On the other hand, noncommunity banks closed 1,413 

offices in 2023, resulting in an annual decline of 2.7 percent across 

the three county types. Noncommunity banks reduced offices by 17.5 

percent between 2018 and 2023.

ALMOST ALL COUNTIES IN THE 

UNITED STATES HAVE AT LEAST ONE 

OFFICE OF AN FDIC-INSURED 

INSTITUTION

Office locations of FDIC-insured institutions are geographically 

widespread, with offices in 99 percent of the counties in the United 

States. Of all U.S. counties with an office presence, 4.7 percent have a 

single office. Most counties with a single office are rural (76.5 percent) 

and a majority of these counties are served by a community bank (65.8 

percent). Of the 1,279 rural counties with an office presence, 65 percent 

are served by at least one community bank, underscoring the ongoing 

importance of community banks in rural areas.

Table 4

When Adjusting for Mergers and the Movement of Banks Between Size Groups,

the Smallest Banks Opened Offices on Net From 2018 to 2023

Bank Size Year-Over-Year Office Growth, Adjusted for Mergers (Percent)

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2018 to 2023

Assets Greater Than $250 Billion –3.9 –2.5 –6.9 –5.6 –3.5 –20.6

Assets $10 Billion to $250 Billion –3.7 –3.6 –4.6 –4.8 –2.7 –17.9

Assets $1 Billion to $10 Billion 0.1 0.0 –2.0 –1.0 0.0 –2.9

Assets Less Than $1 Billion 1.4 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 4.2

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2018, to June 30, 2023. 

Table 5

Community Banks Added Offices in 2023 and From 2018 to 2023, While Noncommunity Bank Offices Declined

County 

Type Year-Over-Year Change in Offices, Adjusted for Mergers (Percent)

Number of 

Offices

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2018 to 2023 2023

Metropolitan Noncommunity Banks –3.2 –2.5 –5.4 –4.6 –2.6 –17.0 44,207

Community Banks 1.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.6 15,760

Micropolitan Noncommunity Banks –4.3 –3.1 –6.5 –5.6 –2.7 –20.4 3,821

Community Banks 0.3 0.0 –0.6 –0.3 0.5 –0.1 5,108

Rural Noncommunity Banks –3.5 –4.3 –5.8 –5.8 –3.7 –21.1 3,006

Community Banks 0.2 –0.2 –0.2 –0.3 0.4 –0.1 5,884

All Noncommunity Banks –3.3 –2.6 –5.5 –4.7 –2.7 –17.5 51,034

Community Banks 0.9 0.5 –0.2 –0.1 0.3 1.5 26,752

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2018, to June 30, 2023. 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

71 

NON-MERGER-ADJUSTED ANALYSIS Data that are non-merger-adjusted provide value by showing shifts 

in industry composition. In this raw non-merger-adjusted data, the 

smallest banks and the largest banks reported declining deposit 

balances in 2023, while banks with assets between $1 billion and $10 

billion reported marginal deposit growth (Table 6). Banks with more 

than $250 billion in assets in June 2023 reported 67.5 percent growth in 

deposits between 2018 and 2023, while banks with less than $1 billion in 

assets reported a 4.2 percent decline in deposits during that period.

MERGER ADJUSTING OVERVIEW

Merger adjusting Summary of Deposits (SOD) data is a way to analyze annual SOD data while holding the underlying 

set of institutions constant within designated categories like size groupings or community bank status. Nonmerger-adjusted SOD growth rates reflect the effects of changes in the universe of banks that fall into each category. 

For example, an unadjusted SOD deposit growth rate between June 30, 2019, and June 30, 2020, would compare the 

deposits of the 9 banks with more than $250 billion in assets that existed as of June 30, 2019, with the 13 that existed 

as of June 30, 2020. Without adjusting for mergers and organic asset growth that can contribute to the change in the 

number of banks in this size group, it might appear that the largest banks are winning the competition for deposits 

or that small banks are losing their deposit base. However, over time, some smaller bank deposits “become” larger 

bank deposits as some smaller banks are acquired by larger banks, two smaller banks merge to form a larger bank, 

or some smaller banks cross the threshold into a larger asset size group. Without controlling for the change in bank 

categorization in these instances, some smaller banks’ deposits would contribute to the growth of the larger bank 

category and subtract from the growth of the smaller bank category.

To control for these effects, bank deposit data can be “merger adjusted” to identify the changes in deposit growth 

that resulted solely from the organic growth of deposits, as opposed to changes resulting from the effects of mergers 

or movement between designated categories. In such an analysis, the specific banks in each asset size group are 

identified as of the most recent quarter. Then, the banks that those banks acquired over the period being analyzed 

are identified, and the deposits of the acquired banks are added to the deposits of the acquiring bank in the previous 

period.

In this article, merger adjusting is conducted in one-year increments. For example, the merger-adjusted growth 

rate of the largest institutions (those with more than $250 billion in assets) between 2022 and 2023 depicts the 

growth over that year of the combined deposits of the June 30, 2022, cohort of the largest institutions and the 

deposits of all the institutions they acquired between 2022 and 2023. Any bank that was not involved in a merger, 

but became a bank with more than $250 billion in assets in that time period, is assigned to the $250 billion group in 

the previous period. The same process is conducted for each increment of one year. The five-year growth rate is the 

compounded growth rate based on each growth rate between 2018 and 2023.

For a comprehensive primer on the process of merger adjusting bank data, read Eric C. Breitenstein and Derek K. 

Thieme, “Merger Adjusting Bank Data: A Primer,” FDIC Quarterly 13, no. 1 (2019):31–49, https://www.fdic.gov/

analysis/quarterly-banking-profile/fdic-quarterly/2019-vol13-1/fdic-v13n1-4q2018-article.pdf.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

72 

Community banks and noncommunity banks reported deposit 

declines of 4.8 percent in the year ending June 30, 2023. From 2018 to 

2023, community banks reported deposit growth of 24.5 percent and 

noncommunity banks reported deposit growth of 43.2 percent. Much 

of the deposit growth for noncommunity banks was a result of merger 

activity and re-designations in 2020, when there were 57 community 

banks acquired by noncommunity banks and 33 community banks 

re-designated as noncommunity banks.

On a non-merger-adjusted basis, the smallest banks reported the 

largest net decline from 2018 to 2023 in the offices they operated. This 

contrasts with the merger-adjusted results for offices operated by the 

smallest banks, which increased over this timeframe. Banks with less 

than $1 billion in assets as of June 2023 reported a 26.1 percent decline 

in offices between 2018 and 2023 (Table 7). Banks with assets between 

$1 billion and $10 billion increased offices, reporting a 4.1 percent 

increase over this period.

Table 7

The Smallest Banks Reported the Largest Decline in Offices From 2018 to 2023 on a Non-Merger-Adjusted Basis

Bank Size Year-Over-Year Office Growth, Not Adjusted for Mergers (Percent)

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2018 to 2023

Assets Greater Than $250 Billion –3.9 10.2 –6.9 –3.0 2.6 –2.0

Assets $10 Billion to $250 Billion 0.8 –9.4 –1.4 –3.8 –6.8 –19.3

Assets $1 Billion to $10 Billion 0.0 5.0 –0.2 –1.9 1.1 4.1

Assets Less Than $1 Billion –4.6 –10.6 –6.1 –4.0 –3.8 –26.1

All Banks –1.9 –1.6 –3.8 –3.2 –1.7 –11.7

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2018, to June 30, 2023. 

Table 6

Large Banks Reported the Largest Deposit Growth From 2018 to 2023 on a Non-Merger-Adjusted Basis

Bank Size Year-Over-Year Deposit Growth, Not Adjusted for Mergers (Percent)

Number of 

Banks

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2018 to 2023 2023

Assets Greater Than $250 Billion 3.9 41.2 9.6 5.5 –1.3 67.5 14

Assets $10 Billion to $250 Billion 7.0 3.1 13.8 6.0 –12.5 16.5 142

Assets $1 Billion to $10 Billion 1.4 18.9 10.1 3.4 1.5 39.2 840

Assets Less Than $1 Billion –2.8 –0.7 3.9 1.2 –5.6 –4.2 3,649

Bank Designation

Noncommunity Banks 4.5 23.9 10.4 5.3 –4.8 43.2 455

Community Banks 2.2 8.9 12.1 4.8 –4.8 24.5 4,190

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2018, to June 30, 2023. 

Note: Bank count is as of the June 30, 2022, to June 30, 2023, period.
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

73 

Table 7 illustrates how non-merger-adjusted data for offices can be 

volatile as banks move in and out of asset size groups due to asset 

growth, mergers, or acquisitions. For example, the number of offices 

operated by banks with more than $250 billion in assets grew 2.6 

percent between June 2022 and June 2023, while the number of offices 

of banks with between $10 billion and $250 billion in assets declined 6.8 

percent. This shift was heavily influenced by two banks in the smaller 

size group merging to form one bank with more than $250 billion in 

assets, shifting their offices into the larger size group. The numbers in 

Table 7 reflect not just openings and closures of offices, but shifts in the 

ownership of offices resulting from mergers and asset growth.

OFFICE CLOSINGS WERE RELATIVELY 

LESS FREQUENT IN RURAL COUNTIES

The number of offices across all county types, and between community 

and noncommunity banks, continued to decline through June 30, 2023. 

Among the three county types, both the number and the rate of net office 

closures were highest in metropolitan areas, followed by micropolitan 

areas and then rural areas.

Metropolitan areas contain the vast majority of bank offices, roughly 

60,000 of 78,000 total offices, or 77.1 percent. Between 2018 and 2023, 

banks reduced offices in metropolitan areas by 8,558 (12.5 percent). 

Community banks reduced offices in metropolitan areas at a slightly 

higher rate (14.5 percent) than did noncommunity banks (11.8 percent) 

(Table 8). As these figures are not adjusted for mergers, this does 

not mean that community banks closed 14.5 percent of offices in 

metropolitan counties in that time, but rather that 14.5 percent of 

their offices closed or became offices of noncommunity banks through 

mergers or re-designations.

Table 8

The Number of Offices in All County Types Has Declined Over the Past Five Years

County Type Year-Over-Year Change in Offices, Not Adjusted for Mergers (Percent)

Number of 

Offices

2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 to 2023 2023

Metropolitan Noncommunity Banks –1.7 –1.1 –4.9 –3.4 –1.2 –11.8

Community Banks –2.9 –3.3 –1.7 –3.6 –3.8 –14.5

All Banks –2.1 –1.7 –4.1 –3.4 –1.9 –12.5

Micropolitan Noncommunity Banks –2.7 –0.5 –3.7 –3.0 0.5 –9.2

Community Banks –0.9 –2.0 –2.8 –2.4 –2.1 –9.8

All Banks –1.7 –1.4 –3.2 –2.6 –1.0 –9.5

Rural Noncommunity Banks –0.7 –0.8 –2.0 –3.0 0.4 –6.0

Community Banks –1.4 –2.1 –2.2 –1.8 –2.0 –9.1

All Banks –1.1 –1.7 –2.1 –2.2 –1.2 –8.1

All Noncommunity Banks –1.7 –1.0 –4.7 –3.3 –1.0 –11.2

Community Banks –2.2 –2.8 –2.0 –3.0 –3.1 –12.5

Source: FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 30, 2018, to June 30, 2023. 
QUARTERLY 2024 VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1

74 

Micropolitan and rural county types fared slightly better than 

metropolitan areas in net office closings. Community banks serve 

micropolitan and rural areas with more offices than do noncommunity 

banks—66.2 percent of the office locations in rural areas and 57.2 

percent of the office locations in micropolitan areas are of community 

banks.

CONCLUSION Large banks and small banks, community banks and noncommunity 

banks, and banks in metropolitan areas and rural areas all reported 

deposit declines and office closures in 2023. Banks with less than 

$1 billion in assets and community banks maintained or grew their 

deposits between June 30, 2022, and June 30, 2023. Banks with more 

than $10 billion in assets reported the largest deposit declines, driven 

by declines in uninsured deposits.

Smaller institutions reported net office openings in the year ending 

June 30, 2023, while larger institutions continued to close offices. 

Community banks also reported net office openings in all census 

categories, while noncommunity banks reported office closings in 

all census categories. Community banks continue to operate more 

offices than noncommunity banks in rural counties and have closed 

offices at slower rates in those counties. The relatively large presence 

of community banks in rural counties reflects their important role in 

serving local communities.

After adjusting for mergers, banks growing into and out of asset 

categories, and census re-designations, banks of all sizes, community 

and noncommunity banks, and banks in metropolitan, micropolitan, 

and rural areas all reported strong deposit growth over the past five 

years. The banking industry continues to shift due to mergers and 

acquisitions, new bank charters, bank failures, and re-designations of 

geographical areas. 

Authors:

Michael Hoffman

Economic Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research

Camille Keith

Financial Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research

Joycelyn Lu

Financial Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research

LaShawn Reed-Butler

Financial Analyst

Division of Insurance and Research