IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-11-00250-CR

DONTAY DENON THOMAS,

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

From the 85th District Court

Brazos County, Texas

Trial Court No. 10-01143-CRF-85

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A jury found Appellant Dontay Thomas guilty of the offenses of manufacture or 

delivery of a controlled substance, cocaine, one gram or more but less than four grams, 

and possession of marihuana, five pounds or less but more than four ounces. The trial 

court assessed Thomas’s punishment, enhanced by two prior felony convictions, at 

twenty-seven and twenty years’ confinement respectively. This appeal ensued.
Thomas v. State Page 2

Motion to Suppress

In his first issue, Thomas contends that the trial court erred in denying his 

motion to suppress because the initial traffic stop, which then led to the search of his 

vehicle and his arrest, was not lawful.

The relevant evidence presented at the hearing on Thomas’s motion to suppress 

was as follows: On the evening of December 16, 2009, Bryan Police Officer Britton Guss 

was on patrol with his partner Officer Brady Rocket when Officer Randell Hall radioed 

them that he had seen a vehicle that had run from Guss and Hall a few days earlier. 

Guss testified that, following Hall’s directions, he and Rocket found the vehicle and 

followed it for about a half mile before making a traffic stop. When initially asked by 

the prosecutor what the basis of the stop was, Guss replied, “The vehicle failed to signal 

its left-hand turn within a hundred feet.” Guss then further explained that Thomas, the 

driver of the vehicle, did signal but that he only signaled “just prior or during his turn,” 

which is a traffic violation. When asked how many feet there were between Thomas’s

activating his turn signal and turning, Guss replied that it was “0 [zero] feet. He was in 

the process of turning when he signaled.” The in-car video recording was also 

admitted, but Guss stated that he had a better vantage point inside his vehicle that night 

than can be seen on the video. Later, when watching the video, Guss stated that one 

can see at least two blinks of the turn signal before the vehicle turned but that whether 

the vehicle signaled as it was turning or a few feet before it turned, it still failed to signal

the required one hundred feet before the turn. 
Thomas v. State Page 3

Rocket testified that after he and Guss had pulled in behind Thomas’s car, the 

vehicle “failed to signal within a hundred feet” of making a left-hand turn, which is a 

traffic violation. Rocket explained that the vehicle did signal but that it “[w]asn’t within 

the required distance.” When asked on cross-examination when the blinker turned on 

for the left-hand turn, Rocket replied, “Almost immediately at the turn. Probably 

within 1 to 2 feet approximately of the actual turn.” On the other hand, Thomas 

testified that he knew the police were following him that evening and that he turned on 

his signal more than one hundred feet from the turn where Guss and Rocket claimed he 

failed to properly signal.

The trial court denied Thomas’s motion to suppress and entered findings of fact 

and conclusions of law. The trial court determined that Guss’s and Rocket’s testimony 

was credible and reliable but that Thomas’s testimony was not. The trial court found 

that, before the stop, Thomas “signaled less than one-hundred feet before turning.” The 

trial court therefore concluded that Thomas committed a violation of section 545.104(b) 

of the Transportation Code in Guss’s and Rocket’s presence and the officers had 

“probable cause” to stop the vehicle Thomas was driving. 

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a 

bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2007). In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we do not engage in our own factual 

review. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Best v. State, 118 

S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). The trial judge is the sole trier of 

fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their 
Thomas v. State Page 4

testimony. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Ross, 32 

S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), modified on other grounds by State v. Cullen, 195 

S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Therefore, we give almost total deference to the trial 

court’s rulings on (1) questions of historical fact, even if the trial court’s determination 

of those facts was not based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor; and (2) 

application-of-law-to-fact questions that turn on an evaluation of credibility and 

demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108-09 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2006); Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652-53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). But 

when application-of-law-to-fact questions do not turn on the credibility and demeanor 

of the witnesses, we review the trial court’s rulings on those questions de novo. 

Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Johnson, 68 S.W.3d at 652-53.

When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we must view 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 

24; Kelly v. State, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). When the trial court 

makes explicit fact findings, we determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the 

light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those fact findings. Kelly, 204 

S.W.3d at 818-19. We then review the trial court’s legal ruling de novo unless its explicit 

fact findings that are supported by the record are also dispositive of the legal ruling. Id. 

at 819.

Transportation Code section 545.104(b) states: “An operator intending to turn a 

vehicle right or left shall signal continuously for not less than the last 100 feet of 

movement of the vehicle before the turn.” TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 545.104(b) (West 
Thomas v. State Page 5

2011). Thomas argues that the statute does not say “failure to signal within 100 feet of a 

turn,” and, therefore, the trial court erred by concluding that he committed a violation 

of section 545.104(b) by signaling less than one-hundred feet before turning. 

An effort should be made to reconcile conflicts in findings of fact. See Grossnickle 

v. Grossnickle, 935 S.W.2d 830, 841 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1996, writ denied). The same 

rule is applied to conflicts between findings of fact and conclusions of law. See id. And 

when two possible interpretations exist, the interpretation should be chosen that will 

harmonize the judgment with the findings of fact and conclusions of law upon which it 

is based. See id. 

The trial court’s findings of fact, conclusions of law, and ruling denying 

Thomas’s motion to suppress can be reconciled here by interpreting the finding that, 

before the stop, Thomas “signaled less than one-hundred feet before turning” to mean 

that, before the stop, Thomas first activated his blinker less than one-hundred feet 

before turning. The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s 

ruling, supports this finding. And if Thomas first activated his blinker within the onehundred feet before turning, then he could not have been signaling continuously for the 

entire last one hundred feet of the vehicle’s movement before the turn, as required by 

section 545.104(b). See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 545.104(b). We thus conclude that the 

trial court did not err in denying Thomas’s motion to suppress, and we overrule his first 

issue.
Thomas v. State Page 6

Jury Instruction

In his second issue, Thomas contends that the trial court abused its discretion in 

denying his request for a jury charge instruction under Article 38.23(a), which provides:

No evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any 

provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the 

Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in 

evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case.

In any case where the legal evidence raises an issue hereunder, the jury 

shall be instructed that if it believes, or has a reasonable doubt, that the 

evidence was obtained in violation of the provisions of this Article, then 

and in such event, the jury shall disregard any such evidence so obtained.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(a) (West 2005).

A defendant’s right to the submission of jury instructions under Article 38.23(a) 

is limited to disputed issues of fact that are material to his claim of a constitutional or 

statutory violation that would render evidence inadmissible. Madden v. State, 242 

S.W.3d 504, 509-10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The three requirements that a defendant 

must meet before he is entitled to the submission of a jury instruction under Article 

38.23(a) are as follows:

(1) The evidence heard by the jury must raise an issue of fact;

(2) The evidence on that fact must be affirmatively contested; and

(3) That contested factual issue must be material to the lawfulness of the 

challenged conduct in obtaining the evidence.

Id. at 510. 

To raise a disputed fact issue warranting an Article 38.23(a) jury instruction, 

there must be some affirmative evidence that puts the existence of that fact into 
Thomas v. State Page 7

question. Id. at 513. In other words, a cross examiner cannot create a factual dispute for 

purposes of an Article 38.23(a) instruction merely by his questions or argument. 

Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 

514. It is only the answers that are evidence and may create a dispute. Madden, 242 

S.W.3d at 514.

The relevant evidence presented at trial, as opposed to the suppression hearing,

was as follows: Officer Guss testified that on the evening of December 16, 2009, he and 

Officer Rocket were on patrol when Officer Hall radioed them that he had seen a 

vehicle that had evaded an attempted traffic stop by Guss and Hall a few days earlier. 

Following Hall’s directions, Guss and Rocket found the vehicle and followed it for 

about a half mile when Guss observed the vehicle make a left-hand turn without 

“signal[ing] with its turn signal indicator a hundred feet from the intersection -- from 

the turn,” which is a violation of the traffic code. Guss explained that Thomas, the 

driver of the vehicle, did signal but that he turned on his signal “just prior if not while 

he was turning,” which is not the distance required by law. Guss and Rocket therefore 

initiated a traffic stop.

Guss stated that once he and Rocket had made the stop, Rocket approached the 

driver’s side of the vehicle while he approached the passenger’s side. Rocket identified 

Thomas and returned to the patrol car to run his information through dispatch. At that 

time, Hall and Officer Casey Horsley arrived. Hall approached the driver’s side of the 

vehicle and began talking to Thomas. Guss then observed Thomas lower his head in a 

defeated manner, nod, and begin to open the center console of the car. 
Thomas v. State Page 8

Guss testified that Horsley then detained Thomas while he, Hall, and Rocket 

searched the car. On cross-examination, Guss stated that he did not smell marijuana 

outside the vehicle but that he did smell marijuana when he was searching the car. He 

did not recall whether it was the smell of burning marijuana or fresh marijuana. The 

search of the vehicle ultimately revealed no drug paraphernalia, but “a slab or partial 

cookie of crack cocaine” was found in a tray in the center console of the car. A plastic 

bag containing marijuana was found underneath the tray in the console, and a crack 

rock was found under the driver’s seat of the car. Jeffrey Keverline, a controlled 

substance analyst for the Texas Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory in 

Austin, testified that the “cookie” of crack cocaine weighed 1.50 grams, the crack rock 

weighed 0.06 grams, and both did in fact contain cocaine. 

Hall testified that on the night of December 16, 2009, he and Horsley were 

patrolling when he saw a vehicle that had evaded him and Guss several days earlier. 

He notified Guss and Rocket that he had spotted the vehicle and then began following it

until Guss and Rocket were able to locate the vehicle and begin following. Once Guss 

and Rocket had stopped the vehicle, Hall and Horsley went to that location. Hall 

approached the driver’s side. He stated that he could smell the odor of burnt marijuana 

emanating from the interior of the vehicle through the open driver’s side window. Hall 

asked Thomas, the driver, if there were any narcotics in the vehicle, specifically 

marijuana. Thomas put his head down, “kind of nodded yes,” and tried to open the 

center console. At that time, Hall had Thomas exit the vehicle and placed him in 

handcuffs.
Thomas v. State Page 9

Hall then helped search the vehicle. He stated that as soon as he opened the 

center console, he found a “couple gram piece of crack cocaine inside a plastic bag there 

in plain view.” During the search, the officers also located another smaller crack rock 

underneath the driver’s seat and a large amount of marijuana in the car. Hall later 

weighed the marijuana at 8.125 ounces or 227.5 grams. A search of Thomas’s person 

also revealed $2,047 in cash, which seemed to Hall like an amount of cash a narcotics 

dealer would have in his possession.

Rocket testified that on December 16, 2009, he and Guss were alerted by Hall and 

Horsley about a vehicle that had previously run from Guss and Hall when they had 

tried to stop it. Rocket and Guss located the vehicle and pulled in behind it. They then 

stopped the vehicle after it failed to properly signal a left-hand turn. Rocket explained 

that Thomas, the driver, did signal but not until the actual turn was being made, which 

was a violation of the Transportation Code.

Rocket stated that once the vehicle was stopped, Guss approached on the 

passenger’s side while he approached the driver’s side and identified Thomas, the sole 

occupant of the car. When Rocket started talking to Thomas, the driver’s side window 

was down, but he did not smell the odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle at that 

time. Rocket later explained, however, “It was a cold night. I was probably a little 

stuffed up.” Rocket took Thomas’s identification and returned to the patrol car to check 

if the driver’s license was valid and if Thomas had any warrants. By that time, Hall and 

Horsley had arrived, and Rocket saw them getting Thomas out of the car.
Thomas v. State Page 10

Rocket also helped search the vehicle. He stated that once he got inside the 

vehicle, he started noticing that the smell of marijuana permeated the seats and the 

carpet. The smell was probably a mixture of burnt and fresh marijuana. The officers 

found a “cookie” of crack, some marijuana, and a crack rock in the vehicle, but no drug 

paraphernalia was located in the car.

Horsley also testified that on December 16, 2009, he was patrolling with Hall 

when Hall noticed a vehicle matching the description of a vehicle that had evaded a 

traffic stop several days earlier. The officers began to follow the vehicle. They then 

alerted Guss and Rocket that they were going to pass the vehicle so that the driver of 

the vehicle, later identified as Thomas, would think that they were not following him 

anymore and so that Guss and Rocket could then follow the vehicle to see if Thomas 

made a traffic violation.

Shortly thereafter, Horsley heard on the radio that Guss and Rocket observed a 

traffic violation and were going to initiate a traffic stop. He and Hall headed to where 

Guss and Rocket had stopped Thomas. When they arrived, Guss was on the 

passenger’s side of the vehicle, and Rocket was speaking with Thomas through the 

open driver’s side window. Horsley approached Guss to see if he needed any 

assistance while Rocket took Thomas’s driver’s license and began to check his 

information. Hall then stepped around the vehicle to the driver’s side window. 

At some point, Horsley also stepped around from the passenger’s side of the 

vehicle to the driver’s side where Hall was. Horsley stated that as soon as he stepped 

around to the open driver’s side window, he could smell the strong odor of marijuana 
Thomas v. State Page 11

coming from inside the car. The odor was a mixture of both burnt and fresh marijuana. 

Horsley also explained that it was easier for someone on the driver’s side to smell the 

marijuana as opposed to the passenger’s side because the passenger side window was 

closed.

Horsley testified that Hall asked Thomas if there was marijuana in the car. 

Thomas immediately dropped his head and began to shake it affirmatively, indicating 

that there were in fact narcotics in the car. Thomas then reached toward the center 

console of the vehicle, but Hall told him to stop. Horsley then removed Thomas from 

the vehicle and placed him in handcuffs. Horsley searched Thomas and found over 

$2,000 (mostly $20 bills) in Thomas’s pants’ pocket. Horsley suspected that amount of 

cash was the proceeds from selling narcotics.

In addition to the foregoing testimony, the in-car video recordings from both 

Hall’s and Horsley’s patrol car and Guss’s and Rocket’s patrol car were admitted.

Thomas argues that the trial court erred in denying his request for a jury charge 

instruction under Article 38.23(a) because the evidence raised contested fact issues as to 

whether he “did or did not properly signal before his turn, giving Officer Guss 

reasonable suspicion to stop him, and whether marijuana was or was not smelled at the 

time of the stop, allowing his continued detention, search of the vehicle, and probable 

cause to arrest him.” 

First, regarding the validity of the initial stop, Guss and Rocket both provided 

unequivocal testimony that they saw Thomas fail to properly signal before the turn. 

Both officers acknowledged that Thomas signaled but that he signaled just before or as 
Thomas v. State Page 12

the turn was being made rather than continuously for not less than the last 100 feet of 

movement before the turn as required by the Transportation Code. See TEX. TRANSP.

CODE ANN. § 545.104(b). Although defense counsel attempted to cast doubt on the 

credibility of the officers’ version of events through his cross-examination questions, the 

officers’ testimony did not raise a fact issue that was affirmatively contested. 

Thomas argues that, besides the cross-examination of the officers, the in-car 

video from Guss and Rocket’s patrol car affirmatively contested the officers’ version of 

events because it disputed the officers’ ability to have witnessed whether he had 

properly signaled. Faced with the same argument in Madden, the court of criminal 

appeals stated, “Only if the video clearly showed that appellant affirmatively did not do 

something that [the trooper] said that he did do, and the video clearly would have 

shown that conduct if it had occurred, would there be some affirmative evidence of a 

disputed historical fact.” Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 516. Such is not the case here. The incar video recording from Guss and Rocket’s patrol car shows the officers following 

Thomas’s car. As Thomas’s car approaches the turn, the headlights from an oncoming 

vehicle prevent one from determining whether the car’s blinker is signaling. The 

blinker of Thomas’s car only becomes visible once the oncoming vehicle passes 

Thomas’s car, well within 100 feet from the turn, at which time the blinker of Thomas’s 

car blinks two times and the car then makes the turn. Thus, the in-car video recording 

is not conclusive and does not contradict the officers’ testimony. Furthermore, Rocket 

testified that he possessed a better vantage point of the traffic violation from the patrol 

car on that night than is shown in the video. Thus, the evidence did not raise an 
Thomas v. State Page 13

affirmatively contested fact issue as to whether Thomas properly signaled before 

making the turn.

Likewise, the evidence did not raise an affirmatively contested fact issue 

regarding whether marijuana was smelled at the time of the stop, allowing for 

Thomas’s continued detention. See Haas v. State, 172 S.W.3d 42, 52 (Tex. App.—Waco 

2005, pet. ref’d) (“If, during a valid traffic stop and detention, the officer develops 

reasonable suspicion that the detainee is engaged in criminal activity, prolonged or 

continued detention is justified.”). Hall testified that when he approached the driver’s 

side of the vehicle, he could smell the odor of burnt marijuana emanating through the 

open window. Horsley also stated that as soon as he stepped around to the open 

driver’s side window, he could smell the odor of marijuana coming from inside the car. 

Thomas argues that this evidence is affirmatively contested because Guss

testified that he smelled marijuana once he was inside the vehicle but not from outside

the vehicle; Guss stated that he found no evidence inside the car related to the smoking 

of marijuana; and Rocket testified that he did not smell marijuana when he originally 

approached the driver’s side window and talked to Thomas. But Thomas overlooks 

other testimony in asserting that these statements affirmatively contested the testimony 

that Hall and Horsley smelled marijuana through the driver’s side window. First, 

although Guss said he did not smell marijuana outside the vehicle, all the officers stated 

that Guss approached the vehicle on the passenger’s side, and Horsley confirmed that 

the passenger’s side window was closed. Second, the absence of drug paraphernalia 

inside the car does not mean that the smell of burnt marijuana was also absent from the 
Thomas v. State Page 14

car. Rocket explained that the smell of the marijuana permeated the seats and the 

carpet. Finally, although Rocket did not smell marijuana when he originally 

approached the driver’s window and talked to Thomas, he offered an explanation for 

this when he stated, “It was a cold night. I was probably a little stuffed up.” And, like 

Guss, Rocket testified that once he was inside the vehicle, he did notice the smell of 

marijuana. Thus, the evidence regarding whether marijuana was smelled at the time of 

the stop was not affirmatively contested. The evidence was also undisputed that 

Thomas acknowledged possessing marijuana in response to Hall’s question.

We thus conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Thomas’s request for a jury charge instruction under Article 38.23(a), and we overrule 

his second issue.

Motion to Reopen

In his third issue, Thomas contends that the trial court abused its discretion in 

denying his motion to reopen the evidence to allow him to testify.

Before resting, defense counsel had the following exchange with the trial court 

outside the jury’s presence: 

[Defense Counsel]: Judge, my next issue depends on whether or 

not you will grant me part of a jury charge. As part of the jury charge I’d 

ask for --

THE COURT: I’m not negotiating with you.

[Defense Counsel]: Okay. Well, then I’d ask for -- at this time, 

Judge, we have no evidence.
Thomas v. State Page 15

When the jury returned to the courtroom, the defense then rested without Thomas 

testifying, and the trial court released the jury for the night. The trial court then held a 

charge conference. Thomas requested that an Article 38.23 jury instruction be included 

in the charge. The trial court denied the request.

The next morning, before the jury was charged and arguments of counsel made, 

defense counsel made the following record with Thomas:

Q Dontay, yesterday afternoon the Judge -- around 5:00 o’clock 

we finished with the jury charge; and I made a request for what’s called a 

38.23 charge requesting that the Judge include in the instructions to the 

jury that they disregard some evidence, that they find factually beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the search was illegal. Do you understand that?

A Uh-huh.

Q The Judge denied including that in the charge. You 

understand that?

A Uh-huh.

. . . .

Q When he denied that, it keeps me from arguing that the stop 

and the search was illegal. You understand that?

A Yes.

Q The only way that the Judge can allow that to come in is if 

there’s a factual dispute, and he believes there’s not. You understand 

that?

A Yes.

Q My recommendation to you, because he made that ruling 

late yesterday afternoon at 5:00 o’clock, was, this morning, to make a 

motion to reopen our case and call you to the stand. You understand 

that?
Thomas v. State Page 16

A Yes.

[Defense Counsel]: And, for the record, I’m relying on 36.02 

of the Code of Criminal Procedure. I have a case Peak [sic] v. State.

Q . . . Now, what I would be asking the Judge to do at this stage in 

the game would be to allow us to reopen, call you to testify -- and you’re 

present to testify; correct?

A Yes.

Q You could testify?

A Yes.

Q Correct? We have not started the final arguments of this 

case and the charge has not yet been read to the jury. What I would call 

you to testify to was that you -- driving that night you did use your turn 

signal more than a hundred feet continuously before you made the turn; is 

that right?

A Yes.

Q I would call and ask you that do you recall any smell of 

marijuana in the -- inside or outside the car that day.

A No.

Q Do you recall there was no smell of marijuana? Is that 

correct?

A There wasn’t.

Q I would also ask you whether or not you recall when Officer 

Hall asked you if there was any narcotics or marijuana inside the car did 

you affirmatively nod your head yes.

A No.

Q And I would also ask you did you ever reach for and try and 

open the center console of that vehicle while the officers were outside 

your vehicle.
Thomas v. State Page 17

A No.

[Defense Counsel]: And, finally, Judge, it’s apparent that the 

motion that I would move is -- the purpose of it is not to frustrate the due 

administration of justice.

Q . . . Now, understand everything that we talked about -- you and 

I discussed this, and my recommendation to you is to make this motion 

and have you testify; correct?

A Correct.

Q You, though, do not want to testify; is that right?

A Correct.

Q Understanding that by not testifying you’re -- the Judge is 

going to read the charge as it is right now; correct?

A Correct.

Q And we will not be able to argue that the stop was illegal or 

the search was illegal. You understand that? You understand that?

A Can we back up?

Q Sure. What part? As it is right now we cannot argue that 

the stop or the search was illegal. You understand that?

A I understand that.

Q What we can argue is knowledge or lack of knowledge that 

the drugs were -- that you knew about the drugs in the car at this point. 

You understand that?

A Correct.

Q But we cannot argue anything about the stop and the search. 

And that’s why I want you to testify, so there is a -- some sort of factual 

dispute based on your testimony that you just testified that you would 

testify to if you were to testify. You understand that?

A I understand that.
Thomas v. State Page 18

Q But you do not wish to testify in this case; is that correct?

A I might have to testify.

Q I’m sorry?

A I might have to testify.

Q You do want to testify?

A Yeah.

At that point, Thomas made a motion to reopen his case. The trial court 

denied the motion, stating:

Because I am not of a mind to apply 36.02 in a mechanism such as 

the way that you are asking me to do because what you are doing is 

getting an advisory ruling from the Court and then coming back and 

changing your mind afterwards. That is exactly what you have done here. 

You tried to get the Court to tell you before you made the decision 

whether or not to testify whether or not I was going to give a 38.23 

instruction. I declined to do that. Now you have chosen to try to reopen 

the case after you know that I’m going to deny the 38.23 instruction, and 

that is simply a technical mechanism you’re trying to use to get an 

advisory ruling from the Court. That is not due administration of justice. 

You chose to not testify when the time came. Live with it.

The decision to reopen a case is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. 

Thompson v. State, 480 S.W.2d 624, 629 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); Kennerson v. State, 984 

S.W.2d 705, 707 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d). Article 36.02 of the 

Code of Criminal Procedure provides, “The court shall allow testimony to be 

introduced at any time before the argument of a cause is concluded, if it appears that it 

is necessary to a due administration of justice.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.02 

(West 2007). A “due administration of justice” means that a trial court should reopen 
Thomas v. State Page 19

the case if the evidence would materially change the case in the proponent’s favor. Peek 

v. State, 106 S.W.3d 72, 79 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). The proffered evidence must be more 

than just relevant; it must actually make a difference in the case. Id. Among the factors 

to be considered in determining the materiality of evidence proffered in a request to 

reopen under article 36.02 are the weight of the evidence, its probative value, the issue 

upon which it is offered, and whether it is cumulative. See id. at 77-79 (noting that such 

factors were not to be considered under Vital v. State, 523 S.W.2d 662 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1975) and overruling Vital); see also Birkholz v. State, 278 S.W.3d 463, 464 (Tex. App.—San 

Antonio 2009, no pet.) (holding that evidence must actually make a difference in the 

case and not be cumulative, citing Peek).

In this case, Thomas’s proffered testimony that there was no smell of marijuana 

that night would be highly suspect given that marijuana was actually found in the car. 

And the officers in this case had probable cause to search Thomas’s vehicle after 

detecting the smell of marijuana, even without considering his admission. See Moulden 

v. State, 576 S.W.2d 817, 819-20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978); Small v. State, 977 S.W.2d 771, 

774 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, no pet.). Furthermore, Thomas’s proffered testimony 

would not have introduced facts exculpating him from the offense, such as an innocent 

explanation for the contraband. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in implicitly ruling that the proffered evidence would not have materially 

changed the case in Thomas’s favor and therefore the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in denying Thomas’s request to reopen the evidence to permit him to testify.
Thomas v. State Page 20

Moreover, to the extent Thomas is complaining in this issue that the trial court 

denied him his constitutional right to a fair trial or right to testify, Thomas made no 

such complaints in the trial court and thus has failed to preserve those constitutional 

complaints for review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). We overrule Thomas’s third issue. 

Closing Argument

In his fourth issue, Thomas contends that the trial court erred in denying his 

objections to the State’s closing argument. Thomas argues that “the State repeatedly 

tried to shift the State’s burden to prove the offense beyond a reasonable doubt onto the 

defense, and commented multiple times on the failure of the defendant to testify.”

We review a trial court’s rulings on objections to argument for abuse of 

discretion. York v. State, 258 S.W.3d 712, 717 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. ref’d). Proper 

jury argument falls within one of four general areas: (1) summation of evidence; (2) 

reasonable deductions from the evidence; (3) answers to arguments of opposing 

counsel; and (4) pleas for law enforcement. Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 602, 619 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1997). Jury argument must be extreme or manifestly improper or inject new 

and harmful facts into evidence to constitute reversible error. Shannon v. State, 942 

S.W.2d 591, 597 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Furthermore, in most cases, if error occurs, an 

instruction to disregard will cure any error committed. Id.

Thomas first complains of the following portion of the State’s argument:

[Prosecutor]: . . .

You essentially have to believe that four police officers are lying --
Thomas v. State Page 21

[Defense Counsel]: Judge, I object to that. The State’s burden to 

prove beyond a reasonable doubt -- didn’t say they’re lying. Just may not 

believe particular parts of their testimony beyond a reasonable doubt.

THE COURT: Overruled.

A complaint on appeal that differs from the objection before the trial court has 

not been preserved for our review. Rezac v. State, 782 S.W.2d 869, 870 (Tex. Crim. App.

1990). Thomas’s objection at trial appears to be that the State’s argument 

mischaracterized his argument. But on appeal Thomas complains that the State’s 

argument attempted to shift the burden of proof onto the defense and commented on 

his failure to testify. Thomas therefore failed to preserve his complaint for our review 

because his complaint on appeal does not comport with his objection at trial. See id.

Thomas next complains about the following portion of the State’s argument:

[Prosecutor]: . . .

And don’t you know if four trained officers smell it, that the 

defendant does? This is not a light odor in a confined space.

[Defense Counsel]: Judge, I object. Not what the evidence shows. 

At least one officer never said he smelled fresh marijuana.

THE COURT: Overruled.

But again, Thomas failed to preserve his complaint for our review because his 

complaint on appeal does not comport with his objection at trial. See id. 

Thomas then complains about the following portion of the State’s argument:

[Prosecutor]: . . .

. . . You know -- where is mama to testify that all these people 

borrow her car? Because her and Dontay are the only drivers just as he 

told you on the video, just as the video shows. Whether the accused was 

the operator of the automobile where the contraband was found. Here 

sole occupant/operator of the automobile. Whether the accused was 
Thomas v. State Page 22

found with a large amount of cash at the time of the arrest and whether 

the conduct of the accused indicated a consciousness of guilt. And if his 

behavior doesn’t indicate a consciousness of guilt, ladies and gentlemen, 

then I don’t know what does.

Intent to deliver. We’ve got high narcotics area, a large amount of 

cash -- and at least $1500 of that is in 20-dollar bills consistent with selling 

crack rocks which value $20. There’s nothing over 20-dollar bills. We’ve 

got some 10s and 1s, but the majority of that is $20 which tells you what 

you already know: He’s out there selling crack rocks, breaking them off 

that cookie like officers told you what he was and selling the 20-dollar 

crack rocks. We’ve got the dealer amount of cocaine, partial cookie; no 

drug paraphernalia; five officers’ sworn testimony that’s consistent -- that 

it’s consistent with dealing based on the totality of the circumstances. 

And an expert is included in that. And there is nothing to dispute it.

The defense can call witnesses just as the State.

[Defense Counsel]: Object to trying to shift the burden. It’s her --

THE COURT: That objection is overruled.

It is a well-settled rule that the State may comment in argument on the failure of 

a defendant to call competent and material witnesses. Ellis v. State, 877 S.W.2d 380, 384-

85 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d) (citing Carrillo v. State, 566 S.W.2d 

902, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)). The State may also argue that the reason for such 

failure is that any such testimony would be unfavorable to the defense. Id. We 

therefore hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Thomas’s 

objection that the State was attempting to shift the burden of proof onto the defense. 

Moreover, Thomas failed to preserve his complaint that the State commented on his 

failure to testify because he made no such objection in the trial court. See TEX. R. APP. P.

33.1(a). 

Thomas next complains about the following portion of the State’s argument:

[Prosecutor]: . . .
Thomas v. State Page 23

Where is his -- where is somebody say where is he employed or his 

paystub?

[Defense Counsel]: Object; she’s shifting the burden, trying to get 

us to put up a defense. It’s her burden to prove the case beyond a 

reasonable doubt.

[Prosecutor]: Judge, they can present any evidence.

[Defense Counsel]: She’s also striking at the defendant for not 

testifying because that would be where that evidence would come from.

THE COURT: To the extent the prosecutor’s last comment could be 

construed to be a comment upon the defendant’s failure to testify, I’ll 

instruct the jury that the charge is quite specific that you’re not to consider 

the failure of the defendant to testify in this case as any evidence 

whatsoever. And I’ll instruct you to limit any interpretation of the 

prosecutor’s last comment where it does not include any such reference.

[Defense Counsel]: Ask the jury to disregard.

THE COURT: Otherwise overruled.

Again, because it is a well-settled rule that the State may comment in argument 

on the failure of a defendant to call competent and material witnesses, we hold that the 

trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Thomas’s objection that the State 

was attempting to shift the burden of proof onto the defense. See Ellis, 877 S.W.2d at 

384-85. Regarding Thomas’s complaint that the State commented on his failure to 

testify, we presume that the jury followed the trial court’s instruction and that the

limiting instruction cured any harm. See Moore v. State, 882 S.W.2d 844, 847 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1994); Vega v. State, 255 S.W.3d 87, 105 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2007, no pet.). 

Thomas states that the instruction was vague and insufficient to cure the harm, but we 

disagree.
Thomas v. State Page 24

Finally, Thomas complains that the following portion of the State’s argument

struck him over the shoulders of his defense counsel:

[Prosecutor]: . . .

You’re to decide this case based on the application paragraph, and 

anything else that [defense counsel] is asking you to decide it on would be 

a violation of your oath.

[Defense Counsel]: Objection, Judge; trying to strike at me --

unethical argument. No evidence that I did.

[Prosecutor]: I said if [defense counsel] is requiring you or asking 

you to decide --

THE COURT: Objection overruled.

Argument that strikes at a defendant over the shoulders of defense counsel is improper. 

Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). But even assuming that the 

prosecutor’s comment was inappropriate, we conclude that Thomas was not harmed by 

the prosecutor’s argument. We overrule Thomas’s fourth issue.

Conclusion

Having overruled all of Thomas’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

REX D. DAVIS

Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Davis, and

Justice Scoggins

(Chief Justice Gray dissenting with a note)*

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed June 6, 2013

Do not publish

[CRPM]
Thomas v. State Page 25

* (Chief Justice Gray dissents. A separate opinion will not issue but I note that the 

defense was based on an argument regarding the validity of the stop and resulting 

suppression of the evidence. When the defendant’s requested 38.23 instruction was 

denied, purportedly because the evidence necessary to create the factual dispute was 

determined to not be present, the defendant moved to reopen evidence and made a bill. 

The bill, without question, presented testimony that would create the necessary 

disputed facts to be entitled to the 38.23 instruction in the charge. Because the trial 

court denied the defendant’s motion to reopen evidence, the record does not present the 

disputed fact, and the instruction, and therefore the only real defense, was taken from 

the defendant. I would hold the trial court abused its discretion in overruling the 

motion to reopen evidence, that the error was harmful, and remand this proceeding for 

a new trial.)