FI L ED

U.S. COURT OF APPEAL S

EL EVENTH CI RCUI T

J UL Y 9, 2009

THOMAS K. KAH

N

CL ERK [ P U B L I S H ]

I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C I R C U I T

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

N o

. 0 8

- 1 1 8 4 8

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

D

. C

. D o c k e t N o

. 0 6

- 0 0 2 2 3

- C V

- T

- 2 6

- M S S

S T

. L U K E ' S C A T A R A C T A N D L A S E R I N S T I T U T E

, P

. A

. ,

P l a i n t i f f

- C o u n t e r

D e f e n d a n t

- A p p e l l a n t

C r o s s

- A p p e l l e e

,

v e r s u s

J A M E S C

. S A N D E R S O N

, i n d i v i d u a l l y

,

J A M E S C

. S A N D E R S O N

, M

. D

. , L L C

,

D e f e n d a n t s

- C o u n t e r

C l a i m a n t s

- A p p e l l e e s

C r o s s

- A p p e l l a n t

,

M A R K E R I C K S O N

,

D e f e n d a n t

- C o u n t e r

C l a i m a n t

._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A p p e a l s f

r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C o u r t

f o r t h e M i d d l e D i s t r i c t o f F l o r i d a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( J u l y 9

, 2 0 0 9 )

B e f o r e C A R N E S

, H U L L a n d C O X

, C i r c u i t J u d g e s

.

H U L L

, C i r c u i t J u d g e :

T h i s a p p e a l a r i s e s o u t o f a n i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y d i s p u t e b e t w e e n P l a i n t i f f

S t

. L u k e ’ s C a t a r a c t a n d L a s e r I n s t i t u t e

, P

. C

. ( “ S t

. L u k e ’ s ” ) a n d D e f e n d a n t s D r

.

J a m e s C

. S a n d e r s o n a n d J a m e s C

. S a n d e r s o n

, M

. D

. , L L C ( “ D r

. S a n d e r s o n ” )

r e g a r d i n g t h e o w n e r s h i p a n d u s e o f t w o I n t e r n e t d o m a i n n a m e s ( l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

a n d l a s e r e y e l i d

. c o m ) a n d a n I n t e r n e t w e b s i t e ( “ t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e ” )

. 1

T h e d o m a i n n a m e s a n d w e b s i t e w e r e u s e d t o a d v e r t i s e a n d p r o m o t e S t

. L u k e ’ s

c o s m e t i c s u r g e r y s e r v i c e s w h i l e D r

. S a n d e r s o n w o r k e d f o r S t

. L u k e ’ s

.

S t

. L u k e ’ s c o m p l a i n t a l l e g e d t h a t

, a f t e r h e r e s i g n e d f

r o m S t

. L u k e ’ s

, D r

.

S a n d e r s o n i m p r o p e r l y u s e d t h e d o m a i n n a m e s a n d w e b s i t e t o a d v e r t i s e a n d

p r o m o t e h i s s o l o p r a c t i c e

, J a m e s C

. S a n d e r s o n

, M

. D

. , L L C

. A f t e r a t h r e e

- w e e k 2

t r i a l

, t h e j u r y f

o u n d i n f a v o r o f D r

. S a n d e r s o n o n S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t i n f r i n g e m e n t

The pa rties re fer to the domain names using all lower c ase le tters and to the we bsite 1

using both c apital and lowe r ca se letters. Thus, w e will use the same spelling he re.

St. L uke’s a lso named for mer St. L uke’s we bmaster Ma rk Eric kson as a de fenda

nt in its 2

complaint. At trial, St. L uke’s dismissed its claims ag ainst Erickson.

2c l a i m

, b u t f o u n d i n f a v o r o f S t

. L u k e ’ s o n i t s s i x o t h e r c l a i m s

, w h i c h i n c l u d e d

s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t

, c y b e r p i r a c y

, a n d u n f a i r c o m p e t i t i o n

. T h e j u r y a w a r d e d

S t

. L u k e ’ s a t o t a l o f $ 1 5 0

, 0 0 0 i n p r o f i t s a n d a c t u a l

, s t a t u t o r y

, a n d p u n i t i v e

d a m a g e s

, b u t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t l a t e r r e d u c e d t h e j u r y ’ s a w a r d t o $ 9 8

, 0 0 0 a f t e r

c o n c l u d i n g s o m e d a m a g e s w e r e d u p l i c a t i v e

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a l s o a w a r d e d S t

.

L u k e ’ s $ 5 5 0

, 1 3 4

. 0 0 i n a t t o r n e y ’ s f e e s a n d $ 3 7

, 3 0 7

. 4 9 i n c o s t s

. 3

O n a p p e a l

, S t

. L u k e ’ s a r g u e s t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t e r r e d b y : ( 1 ) d e n y i n g i t s

m o t i o n f o r a n e w t r i a l o n i t s c o p y r i g h t i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m ; ( 2 ) l i m i t i n g t h e s c o p e o f

i t s c o p y r i g h t t o t h e 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e ; ( 3 ) f i n d i n g

t h a t t h e d a m a g e s a w a r d e d o n i t s c y b e r p i r a c y a n d s e r v i c e m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m s

w e r e d u p l i c a t i v e ; a n d ( 4 ) f a i l i n g t o e x c l u d e t h e t e s t i m o n y o f D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s

e x p e r t w i t n e s s P a t r i c i a P e r z e l

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n c r o s s

- a p p e a l s a n d c h a l l e n g e s : ( 1 ) t h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s d e n i a l o f h i s m o t i o n f o r j u d g m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w o n S t

. L u k e ’ s

s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t a n d u n f

a i r c o m p e t i t i o n c l a i m s ; ( 2 ) t h e s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e

e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t t h e a w a r d o f p r o f i t s

, p u n i t i v e d a m a g e s

, a n d a t t o r n e y ’ s f e e s t o

S t

. L u k e ’ s ; a n d ( 3 ) t h e n u m b e r o f a t t o r n e y h o u r s i n t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s a t t o r n e y ’ s

Additionally , the district court de termined that Dr . Sanderson wa s the preva iling par ty 3

on St. L uke’s c opy

rig ht infring ement cla im and awa rded him $318,224.35 in statutory attorney ’s

fee s and $30,490.14 in costs under 17 U .S.C. § 505. This district court orde r is the subject of a

separ ate a ppeal be tween the same pa rties pre sently

befor e this Court in Appeal No. 08-16030

and is not discussed in this opini on.

3f

e e s a w a r d

. A f

t e r r e v i e w a n d o r a l a r g u m e n t

, w e v a c a t e a n d r e m a n d a s t o t h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d u p l i c a t i v e d a m a g e s

, b u t a f f i r m a s t o a l l o t h e r

i s s u e s r a i s e d i n S t

. L u k e ’ s a p p e a l a n d D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s c r o s s

- a p p e a l

.

I

. T R I A L E V I D E N C E

W e b e g i n b y r e c i t i n g t h e t r i a l e v i d e n c e

. B e c a u s e o n e o f S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t

r e g i s t r a t i o n s a t i s s u e c a m e a f t e r i t s c o m p l a i n t w a s f

i l e d

, w e o u t l i n e t h e f

a c t s i n

c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r

, p l a c i n g t h e c o m p l a i n t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e f a c t u a l e v e n t s

.

A

. W e b s i t e L a u n c h d u r i n g D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s E m p l o y m e n t w i t h S t

. L u k e ’ s

S t

. L u k e ’ s i s a p r i v a t e l y o w n e d e y e c a r e a n d a m b u l a t o r y s u r g e r y c e n t e r

. I n

A u g u s t 1 9 9 3

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n j o i n e d S t

. L u k e ’ s a s a g e n e r a l o p h t h a l m o l o g i s t t o

p e r f o r m e y e c a r e a n d c a t a r a c t s u r g e r y

. I n 1 9 9 4

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n l e f t S t

. L u k e ’ s t o

c o m p l e t e a f

e l l o w s h i p i n o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y o f t h e f a c e a n d e y e s

.

I n J a n u a r y 1 9 9 5

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n r e j o i n e d S t

. L u k e ’ s a s a f

u l l

- t i m e e m p l o y e e

a n d s t a r t e d a n o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y p r a c t i c e

, w h i c h w a s c a l l e d t h e S t

. L u k e ’ s

C o s m e t i c L a s e r C e n t e r

. A t t h e t i m e

, S t

. L u k e ’ s d i d n o t h a v e a n y o t h e r d o c t o r s 4

w h o p e r f o r m e d c o s m e t i c s u r g e r y

. S t

. L u k e ’ s p a i d f o r t h e e q u i p m e n t a n d s t a f f t h a t

Dr. Sande rson was the only doctor a t St. L uke’s who pr actice d in the St. L uke’s 4

Cosmetic L aser

Center. St. L uke’s r eg istered the f ictitious name “St. L uke’s Cosmetic L aser

Center” with the Florida

Secre tary of State and listed the owne r of the na me as St. L uke’s

Catara ct and L aser

I nstitut e, not Dr. Sande rson. Dr. Sande rson sig ned and dated the re g istration

form.

4D r

. S a n d e r s o n n e e d e d t o e s t a b l i s h a n o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y p r a c t i c e a n d a d v e r t i s e d

D r

. S a n d e r s o n a s i t s r e s i d e n t s p e c i a l i s t i n o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y

. H o w e v e r

, S t

. 5

L u k e ’ s i n f

o r m e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n t h a t h e w o u l d n e e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a d v e r t i s i n g a n d

p r o m o t i n g t h e p r a c t i c e a s w e l l

.

I n 1 9 9 8

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n w o r k e d w i t h S t

. L u k e ’ s w e b m a s t e r M a r k E r i c k s o n t o

c r e a t e a n I n t e r n e t w e b s i t e t o p r o m o t e D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y p r a c t i c e

a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

. E r i c k s o n r e g i s t e r e d t h e d o m a i n n a m e s l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. c o m a n d

l a s e r e y e l i d

. c o m t o u s e f o r t h e w e b s i t e

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n w a s l i s t e d a s t h e r e g i s t r a n t

w i t h a S t

. L u k e ’ s p h y s i c a l a d d r e s s

. S t

. L u k e ’ s p a i d t h e d o m a i n n a m e r e g i s t r a t i o n

a n d I n t e r n e t h o s t i n g f

e e s w h i l e D r

. S a n d e r s o n w o r k e d a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

. E r i c k s o n

r e g u l a r l y p r o v i d e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n w i t h b a c k u p d i s k s c o n t a i n i n g t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

.

S t

. L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e c o n t a i n e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t S t

.

L u k e ’ s

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g

, t h e s u r g i c a l p r o c e d u r e s t h a t D r

.

S a n d e r s o n p e r f

o r m e d

, b e f

o r e a n d a f

t e r p h o t o g r a p h s o f p a t i e n t s

, s u r g i c a l v i d e o s

,

a n d o t h e r i n f

o r m a t i o n f

o r p r o s p e c t i v e p a t i e n t s

. S t

. L u k e ’ s e m p l o y e e s t o o k a n d

At his deposition, Dr. Sanderson de fined oc uloplastics as “a n abbre viation for 5

ophthalmic plastic and re constructive sur g ery , which is a fie ld of ophthalmology that orig inally

had to do with the pra ctice of surg ery on the ey ebrow s and the e y elids and the lowe r ey elids and

the orbit tissues around the e y e, the tea ring sy stem, down into the nose.” Dr . Sanderson

explained that oculoplastics had expanded ove r time to include fa cial plastic surg ery and lase r

skin resurf

acing

.

5e d i t e d s o m e o f t h e s e p h o t o g r a p h s a n d v i d e o s

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n w r o t e t h e t e x t f o r t h e

w e b s i t e

. E r i c k s o n w r o t e t h e c o m p u t e r c o d e f o r t h e w e b s i t e

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n a n d

E r i c k s o n c o l l a b o r a t e d o n t h e g r a p h i c s a n d l a y o u t o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e

. E r i c k s o n p l a c e d a c o p y r i g h t n o t i c e o n e a c h p a g e o f S t

. L u k e ’ s

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e t h a t s t a t e d “ C o p y r i g h t © [ Y e a r ] S t

. L u k e ’ s C o s m e t i c

L a s e r C e n t e r

, A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d

. ”

I n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 0 0

, E r i c k s o n a n d D r

. S a n d e r s o n a d d e d t o t h e w e b s i t e a

s t y l i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e “ L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m ” n a m e i n a b l u e a n d g o l d c o l o r

s c h e m e w i t h a “ s w o o s h ” d e s i g n t o t h e r i g h t o f t h e n a m e

, a s s h o w n b e l o w

.

T h i s l o g o a p p e a r e d o n t h e u p p e r l e f t c o r n e r o f e a c h p a g e o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. T h e l o g o s e r v e d a s a c o m m o n n a v i g a t i o n a l t o o l t h a t

l i n k e d t h e u s e r t o S t

. L u k e ’ s h o m e p a g e w h e n c l i c k e d

.

T h e w e b s i t e o r i g i n a l l y w a s l o c a t e d a t t h e l a s e r e y e l i d

. c o m d o m a i n n a m e b u t

l a t e r w a s m o v e d t o t h e l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. c o m d o m a i n n a m e i n 1 9 9 8

. T h e 6

The pa rties stipulated that Dr. Sande rson beg an wor king w ith Erickson to cre ate the 6

website in 1998, but they did not specify

the pre cise da te that the we bsite was launc hed. B ut we

do know that, in 1998, St. L uke’s ha d a L aser Specialist.com website.

6l a s e r e y e l i d

. c o m d o m a i n n a m e t h e n w a s “ p a r k e d ” t o t h e l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. c o m d o m a i n

n a m e s o t h a t a n y u s e r v i s i t i n g t h e l a s e r e y e l i d

. c o m d o m a i n n a m e w o u l d b e

a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e d i r e c t e d t o S t

. L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. S t

. L u k e ’ s

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e w a s l i n k e d t o S t

. L u k e ’ s p r i m a r y w e b s i t e

. O t h e r

r e g i s t e r e d d o m a i n n a m e s u s e d t o p r o m o t e S t

. L u k e ’ s s p e c i f i c p r a c t i c e s w e r e

s i m i l a r l y l i n k e d t o S t

. L u k e ’ s p r i m a r y w e b s i t e

.

D r

. S a n d e r s o n w o r k e d a t S t

. L u k e ’ s f o r o v e r e i g h t y e a r s f

r o m 1 9 9 5 t o 2 0 0 3

.

S t

. L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e a n d l o g o

, a s w e l l a s i t s t w o d o m a i n n a m e s

,

w e r e p a r t o f S t

. L u k e ’ s o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y s e r v i c e f o r o v e r f i v e y e a r s f

r o m 1 9 9 8

t o 2 0 0 3

.

B

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n L e a v e s S t

. L u k e ’ s , O p e n s S o l o P r a c t i c e , a n d R e l a u n c h e s

t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m W e b s i t e

I n 2 0 0 3

, S t

. L u k e ’ s e m p l o y e e s b e g a n t o h e a r r u m o r s t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n w a s

p l a n n i n g t o l e a v e S t

. L u k e ’ s t o o p e n h i s o w n o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y p r a c t i c e

. S t

.

L u k e ’ s w a s c o n c e r n e d b e c a u s e i t w a s p l a n n i n g a m a j o r r e n o v a t i o n a n d e x p a n s i o n

o f i t s f a c i l i t i e s u s e d b y D r

. S a n d e r s o n

. I n M a y 2 0 0 3

, D r

. J a m e s G i l l s

, S t

. L u k e ’ s

f o u n d e r

, a n d B r a d l e y H o u s e r

, S t

. L u k e ’ s a d m i n i s t r a t o r

, m e t w i t h D r

. S a n d e r s o n t o

d i s c u s s t h e r e n o v a t i o n p l a n s

. T h e y a s k e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n a b o u t t h e r u m o r s t h a t h e

w a s p l a n n i n g t o l e a v e

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n d e n i e d t h e r u m o r s a n d d i d n o t i n f o r m t h e m

t h a t h e w a s m a k i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s t o o p e n h i s o w n p r a c t i c e

. B y t h e t i m e o f t h e i r

7M a y 2 0 0 3 m e e t i n g

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n a l r e a d y h a d i n c o r p o r a t e d J a m e s C

. S a n d e r s o n

M

. D

. , L L C a n d h a d b e g u n n e g o t i a t i n g a l e a s e f o r o f f i c e s p a c e f

o r h i s o w n p r a c t i c e

.

L e s s t h a n a m o n t h l a t e r

, o n J u n e 1 3

, 2 0 0 3

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n t e n d e r e d h i s l e t t e r

o f r e s i g n a t i o n t o S t

. L u k e ’ s

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s l e t t e r r e q u e s t e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s p a y

h i m 5 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e a c c o u n t s r e c e i v a b l e f o r s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d a s o f M a y 3 1

,

2 0 0 3

. A c c o r d i n g t o a d m i n i s t r a t o r H o u s e r

, S t

. L u k e ’ s a c c o u n t s r e c e i v a b l e w a s

c o m p r i s e d p r i m a r i l y o f c l a i m s f r o m i n s u r e d p a t i e n t s f

o r w h o m S t

. L u k e ’ s g e n e r a l l y

r e c e i v e d p a y m e n t o f o n l y 4 0 t o 5 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e a m o u n t o w e d

. H o u s e r t o l d D r

.

S a n d e r s o n t h a t h i s r e q u e s t w a s “ o u t l a n d i s h

, ” b u t D r

. S a n d e r s o n d e m a n d e d t h a t S t

.

L u k e ’ s a g r e e t h a t d a y t o p a y h i m t h e r e q u e s t e d a m o u n t

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n a l s o

r e q u e s t e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s s e n d l e t t e r s t o a l l o f h i s p a t i e n t s a n d p o s t n o t i c e s i n S t

.

L u k e ’ s l o b b y a n n o u n c i n g t h a t h e w a s l e a v i n g S t

. L u k e ’ s t o s t a r t h i s o w n p r a c t i c e

a n d p r o v i d i n g h i s n e w c o n t a c t i n f o r m a t i o n

. S t

. L u k e ’ s d e n i e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s

r e q u e s t s

.

D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s J u n e 1 3

, 2 0 0 3 r e s i g n a t i o n l e t t e r s t a t e d t h a t h e w o u l d w o r k

f o r t w o m o r e w e e k s

. H o w e v e r

, h e s t o p p e d w o r k i n g a t S t

. L u k e ’ s o n J u n e 1 3

, e v e n

t h o u g h h e h a d a s u r g e r y s c h e d u l e d t h a t d a y

. S t

. L u k e ’ s i m m e d i a t e l y b e g a n

s e a r c h i n g f

o r D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s r e p l a c e m e n t b u t d i d n o t h i r e a n e w o c u l o p l a s t i c

s u r g e o n u n t i l n e a r l y t w o y e a r s l a t e r

.

8C

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s W e b s i t e L a u n c h i n O c t o b e r 2 0 0 3

A f t e r D r

. S a n d e r s o n r e s i g n e d f r o m S t

. L u k e ’ s

, h e s o u g h t t o t r a n s f e r t h e

a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n t a c t i n f o r m a t i o n f

o r t h e d o m a i n n a m e s a n d w e b s i t e t o h i s n e w

s o l o p r a c t i c e

. A t D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s r e q u e s t

, t h e r e g i s t r a r o f t h e d o m a i n n a m e s

,

R e g i s t e r

. c o m

, I n c

. , s e n t a n e m a i l n o t i c e t o S t

. L u k e ’ s w e b m a s t e r E r i c k s o n s t a t i n g

t h a t i t h a d r e c e i v e d a r e q u e s t t o c h a n g e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n t a c t i n f o r m a t i o n f

o r

t h e d o m a i n n a m e s f

r o m E r i c k s o n t o D r

. S a n d e r s o n

. E r i c k s o n a p p r o v e d t h i s c h a n g e

b y c l i c k i n g o n c e r t a i n l i n k s i n t h e e m a i l

, w h i c h e f f e c t i v e l y g a v e D r

. S a n d e r s o n a l l

c o n t r o l o f t h e d o m a i n n a m e s

. T h e r e g i s t r a r r e s p o n d e d i n a n e m a i l t o E r i c k s o n

,

“ T h a n k y o u f

o r c o n t a c t i n g R e g i s t e r

. c o m

. T h e t r a n s f e r o f R e g i s t r a n t f

o r t h e d o m a i n

n a m e s l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. c o m a n d l a s e r e y e l i d

. c o m h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y c o m p l e t e d

.

T h e n e w R e g i s t r a n t i s : J a m e s S a n d e r s o n P

. O

. B o x 1 6 7 O d e s s a

, F l 3 3 5 5 6 U S P h o n e

7 2 7

- 9 3 8

- 1 2 4 7 E m a i l : t o d o 4 3 2 0 0 0 @ y a h o o

. c o m

. ”

D r

. S a n d e r s o n a l s o c h a n g e d I n t e r n e t h o s t i n g c o m p a n i e s a n d d i r e c t e d t h e

d o m a i n n a m e s t o a n e w I n t e r n e t h o s t i n g c o m p a n y o v e r w h i c h D r

. S a n d e r s o n h a d

c o n t r o l

. A n d t h e f

o r m e r I n t e r n e t h o s t i n g c o m p a n y u s e d b y S t

. L u k e ’ s f o r i t s

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e d e l e t e d t h a t w e b s i t e c o n t e n t 3 0 d a y s a f t e r D r

.

S a n d e r s o n m a d e t h e c h a n g e

. 7

There is some testimony

that St. L uke’s we bsite content stay ed on St. L uke’s se rver s. 7

Howeve r, there is also evidence that, afte r Dr. Sande rson left, St. L uke’s did not have a copy of

9D r

. S a n d e r s o n u s e d a b a c k u p c o p y o f S t

. L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e c o n t e n t

, w h i c h h e o b t a i n e d f r o m E r i c k s o n w h i l e a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

, t o c r e a t e a

w e b s i t e f o r h i s n e w p r a c t i c e

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n h i r e d J e f f F u l t z t o m a k e c h a n g e s t o

t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e b a c k u p c o p y o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e s o i t c o u l d b e

r e l a u n c h e d

. F u l t z u p d a t e d t h e c o n t a c t i n f o r m a t i o n f

o r D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s p r a c t i c e a n d

r e m o v e d t h e r e f

e r e n c e s t o S t

. L u k e ’ s

. F u l t z c h a n g e d t h e w a t e r m a r k o n t h e v i d e o s

t o d i s p l a y D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s n a m e a n d c h a n g e d t h e c o p y r i g h t d i s c l a i m e r t o s t a t e t h a t

t h e w e b s i t e w a s c o p y r i g h t e d b y D r

. S a n d e r s o n

. T h e r e s t o f t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e

b a c k u p c o p y o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e w a s l e f t t h e s a m e a s i t w a s w h e n

D r

. S a n d e r s o n w o r k e d a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n s t o r e d t h i s r e v i s e d c o n t e n t f o r

t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e o n t h e s e r v e r o f t h e n e w I n t e r n e t h o s t i n g c o m p a n y

a n d r e d i r e c t e d t h e d o m a i n n a m e s t o t h a t s e r v e r

.

I n O c t o b e r 2 0 0 3

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n r e l a u n c h e d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

f o r h i s s o l o p r a c t i c e u s i n g t h e l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. c o m a n d l a s e r e y e l i d

. c o m d o m a i n

n a m e s

. I n 2 0 0 4

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n m a d e c o s m e t i c c h a n g e s t o t h e c o l o r a n d l a y o u t a n d

a d d e d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e t o t h e b u s i n e s s c a r d s h e u s e d t o a d v e r t i s e

h i s s o l o p r a c t i c e

. A t t r i a l

, S t

. L u k e ’ s c o u n s e l a s k e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n

, “ [ D ] i d y o u

c o n t a c t a n y b o d y a t S t

. L u k e ’ s a f t e r y o u l e f

t S t

. L u k e ’ s a s k i n g w h e t h e r i t w o u l d b e

the website a

nd had to obtain a c opy

from an I nterne t arc hive.

10a c c e p t a b l e f o r y o u t o h a v e t h e l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. c o m d o m a i n n a m e a n d t h e w e b s i t e

t r a n s f e r r e d t o y o u ? ” D r

. S a n d e r s o n r e s p o n d e d

, “ I d i d n o t c o n t a c t s o m e o n e t o a s k

f o r p e r m i s s i o n f

o r m y d o m a i n n a m e a n d

- - n o

. ”

S o m e t i m e a f

t e r D r

. S a n d e r s o n r e s i g n e d

, S t

. L u k e ’ s r e a l i z e d t h a t D r

.

S a n d e r s o n w a s u s i n g t h e d o m a i n n a m e s a n d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

c o n t e n t o n h i s p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e w e b s i t e

. S p e c i f i c a l l y

, i n t h e S p r i n g o f 2 0 0 5

, a S t

.

L u k e ’ s e m p l o y e e a d v i s e d a d m i n i s t r a t o r H o u s e r t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n w a s u s i n g t h e

d o m a i n n a m e s a n d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e f o r h i s o w n p r a c t i c e a n d t h a t

S t

. L u k e ’ s m a i n w e b s i t e w a s s t i l l l i n k e d t o t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. S t

.

L u k e ’ s a d m i n i s t r a t o r H o u s e r e x p l a i n e d

, “ W h e n D r

. S a n d e r s o n l e f t

, w e h a d n o

o c u l o p l a s t i c s p r a c t i c e

, s o w e w e r e n o t m a r k e t i n g a n o c u l o p l a s t i c s p r a c t i c e a n d I

h a d n o o c c a s i o n t o g o t o t h e l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

, a n d a p p a r e n t l y n o n e o f

o u r s t a f f h a d o c c a s i o n t o g o t o t h e l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t w e b s i t e e i t h e r

. ” A l t h o u g h S t

.

L u k e ’ s a t t e m p t e d t o r e m o v e t h e l i n k s b e t w e e n t h e t w o w e b s i t e s

, s o m e l i n k s w e r e

n o t d i s c o v e r e d u n t i l t h i s l i t i g a t i o n w a s p e n d i n g

. A n d i t w a s o v e r t h r e e y e a r s a f t e r

D r

. S a n d e r s o n l e f

t a n d o v e r t w o y e a r s a f

t e r D r

. S a n d e r s o n l a u n c h e d h i s o w n

w e b s i t e t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s a p p l i e d t o r e g i s t e r a c o p y r i g h t i n i t s o w n

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. A s e x p l a i n e d b e l o w

, S t

. L u k e ’ s f i r s t r e g i s t e r e d t h e

2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n o f i t s w e b s i t e i n J a n u a r y 2 0 0 6 a n d l a t e r r e g i s t e r e d t h e 2 0 0 0 v e r s i o n o f

11i t s w e b s i t e i n A u g u s t 2 0 0 6

.

D

. T h e F i r s t C o p y r i g h t R e g i s t r a t i o n : 2 0 0 3 V e r s i o n o f W e b s i t e

S p e c i f i c a l l y

, i n J a n u a r y 2 0 0 6

, S t

. L u k e ’ s s u b m i t t e d a n a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e t o r e g i s t e r a c o p y r i g h t i n t h e F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3

v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e ( t h e “ F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n ” )

. S t

. L u k e ’ s

l i s t e d i t s e l f a s t h e a u t h o r a n d c l a i m e d t h a t t h e w e b s i t e w a s a “ w o r k m a d e f o r h i r e

. ”

T h e c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r m a s k s t h e a p p l i c a n t t o “ [ b ] r i e f l y d e s c r i b e n a t u r e o f

m a t e r i a l c r e a t e d b y t h i s a u t h o r i n w h i c h c o p y r i g h t i s c l a i m e d

. ” ( E m p h a s i s a d d e d )

.

S t

. L u k e ’ s c l a i m e d t h e “ [ e ] n t i r e w e b s i t e

. ”

T h e c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r m a l s o h a s a s e c t i o n e n t i t l e d “ D e r i v a t i v e W o r k

O r C o m p i l a t i o n ” t h a t a s k s t h e a p p l i c a n t t o “ [ i ] d e n t i f y a n y p r e e x i s t i n g w o r k o r

w o r k s t h a t t h i s w o r k i s b a s e d o n o r i n c o r p o r a t e s

. ” S t

. L u k e ’ s a n s w e r e d

, “ P r e v i o u s

v e r s i o n i n w h i c h c l a i m a n t

, S t

. L u k e ’ s C a t a r a c t a n d L a s e r I n s t i t u t e

, i s o w n e r a n d

a u t h o r

. ” O n t h e f

o l l o w

- u p q u e s t i o n a s k i n g t h e a p p l i c a n t t o “ [ g ] i v e a b r i e f

, g e n e r a l

s t a t e m e n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l t h a t h a s b e e n a d d e d t o t h i s w o r k a n d i n w h i c h c o p y r i g h t

i s c l a i m e d

, ” S t

. L u k e ’ s w r o t e o n l y

, “ E d i t o r i a l r e v i s i o n s

. ”

A c c o r d i n g t o S t

. L u k e ’ s

, i t c h o s e t o r e g i s t e r t h e F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n o f

t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e b e c a u s e i t w a n t e d t o u s e t h e l a s t v e r s i o n o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n e d i t e d b e f o r e h e r e s i g n e d f

r o m S t

.

12L u k e ’ s i n J u n e 2 0 0 3

. S t

. L u k e ’ s d i d n o t h a v e a c o p y o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e c o n t e n t b e c a u s e i t a l r e a d y h a d b e e n d e l e t e d f r o m t h e I n t e r n e t h o s t i n g

c o m p a n y t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s u s e d a n d E r i c k s o n h a d g i v e n D r

. S a n d e r s o n t h e b a c k u p

d i s k s

. T h e r e f

o r e

, S t

. L u k e ’ s u s e d a n I n t e r n e t a r c h i v e c a l l e d t h e “ W a y b a c k

M a c h i n e ” t o o b t a i n t h e c o p y o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e t h a t i t f i l e d w i t h i t s

c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n

. 8

S t

. L u k e ’ s a d m i n i s t r a t o r H o u s e r t e s t i f i e d t h a t h e w a s i n v o l v e d i n t h e 2 0 0 6

c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n p r o c e s s

. H o u s e r r e v i e w e d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s u b m i t t e d i n t h e

F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n b e c a u s e h e “ w a n t e d t o m a k e s u r e t h a t [ w h a t ] w e w e r e s a y i n g w a s

a c c u r a t e

. ” H o u s e r s a i d S t

. L u k e ’ s c l a i m e d a c o p y r i g h t o v e r t h e “ [ e ] n t i r e w e b s i t e ”

i n t h e F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n b e c a u s e “ [ a ] t t h e t i m e

, w e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e e n t i r e w e b s i t e

w a s o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l

. ” H o u s e r c o n c e d e d

, h o w e v e r

, t h a t s e v e r a l t h i n g s o n t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e w e r e n o t o r i g i n a l

, s u c h a s s t o c k p h o t o g r a p h s

, D r

.

S a n d e r s o n ’ s t h e s i s p a p e r

, a n d m a p s a n d d i r e c t i o n s f r o m t h e I n t e r n e t w e b s i t e

m a p q u e s t

. c o m

. I n f

a c t

, H o u s e r

, w h o w a s d e s i g n a t e d a s S t

. L u k e ’ s c o r p o r a t e

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a t t r i a l

, d i d n o t k n o w w h i c h p h o t o g r a p h s o n S t

. L u k e ’ s

A copy rig ht reg istrant is require d to deposit with the Copy rig ht Office two complete 8

copies of the best edition of a published wor k with a re g istration application. 17 U.S.C. §

408(b); see also Geosc an, I nc. v. Ge otrac e Te chs., I nc., 226 F .3d 387, 393 (5th Cir. 2000) (“ I n

order to obtain a valid copy

rig ht reg istration for a published w ork, the a pplicant must submit two

complete c opies of the wor k.”).

13L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e w e r e s t o c k p h o t o g r a p h s a n d w h i c h w e r e o r i g i n a l

.

H o u s e r a l s o d i d n o t k n o w t h e s c o p e o f S t

. L u k e ’ s o w n e r s h i p c l a i m i n p a r t s o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

, s u c h a s t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y p a g e t h a t c o n t a i n e d D r

.

S a n d e r s o n ’ s p h o t o g r a p h a n d b i o g r a p h y

. H o u s e r a d m i t t e d t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n a n d

E r i c k s o n u s e d l i t e r a t u r e f r o m B o t o x t o d r a f

t t h e B o t o x p a g e o n S t

. L u k e ’ s

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e a n d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s w a s n o t c l a i m i n g a c o p y r i g h t i n

t h e m a p s a n d d i r e c t i o n s f r o m m a p q u e s t

. c o m

, e v e n t h o u g h S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t

r e g i s t r a t i o n c l a i m e d o w n e r s h i p o f t h e e n t i r e w e b s i t e

.

H o u s e r a l s o c o n c e d e d t h a t s e v e r a l p a r t s o f t h e d e p o s i t c o p y

, s u b m i t t e d w i t h

t h e F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n

, d i d n o t m a t c h t h e d a t e o f p u b l i c a t i o n l i s t e d o n t h e

a p p l i c a t i o n

. F o r e x a m p l e

, H o u s e r t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e p a g e o n C y m e t r a i n j e c t i o n s w a s

d a t e d D e c e m b e r 6

, 2 0 0 3 b y t h e W a y b a c k M a c h i n e I n t e r n e t a r c h i v e a n d t h u s w a s

n o t o n S t

. L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e o n F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3

. H o u s e r

a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e C y m e t r a i n j e c t i o n s p a g e w a s p u t o n t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e i n D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 3

, w e l l a f t e r D r

. S a n d e r s o n l e f

t S t

. L u k e ’ s i n J u n e 2 0 0 3

.

H o u s e r d e s c r i b e d t h i s a s a “ c l e r i c a l m i s t a k e ” i n t h e F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n

. H o u s e r a l s o

t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e d a t e s o n t h e p a g e s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e W a y b a c k M a c h i n e I n t e r n e t

a r c h i v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t s o m e o f t h e p a g e s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e w e r e

d a t e d f r o m e a r l i e r t h a n F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3

. W h e n a s k e d a b o u t o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e

14w e b s i t e

, H o u s e r e x p l a i n e d

, “ I t h i n k w h a t w e c l a i m e d

. . . w a s t h e l a y o u t o f t h e p a g e

a n d t h e w a y t h a t i t w a s p u t t o g e t h e r

. I b e l i e v e t h a t c o n s t i t u t e s

- - a g a i n

, I ’ m n o t a

c o p y r i g h t e x p e r t

, b u t I b e l i e v e t h a t c o n s t i t u t e s s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u c a n c l a i m w i t h

c o p y r i g h t

. ”

O n J a n u a r y 3 0

, 2 0 0 6

, t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e r e g i s t e r e d S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t i n

t h e F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e ( t h e “ F i r s t

R e g i s t r a t i o n ” )

.

E

. S t

. L u k e ’ s C o m p l a i n t a n d M o t i o n f o r a P r e l i m i n a r y I n j u n c t i o n

A f e w d a y s l a t e r

, o n F e b r u a r y 9

, 2 0 0 6

, S t

. L u k e ’ s f i l e d a c o m p l a i n t a g a i n s t

D r

. S a n d e r s o n b a s e d o n h i s c o n d u c t r e g a r d i n g t h e d o m a i n n a m e s a n d t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. S t

. L u k e ’ s a l l e g e d t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n : ( 1 ) i n f r i n g e d

S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t i n t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

, i n v i o l a t i o n o f t h e F e d e r a l

C o p y r i g h t A c t

, 1 7 U

. S

. C

. § 5 0 1 ( a ) ; ( 2 ) r e m o v e d t h e c o p y r i g h t p r o t e c t i o n

i n f o r m a t i o n f

r o m t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

, i n v i o l a t i o n o f t h e f e d e r a l

D i g i t a l M i l l e n i u m C o p y r i g h t A c t ( “ D M C A ” )

, 1 7 U

. S

. C

. § 1 2 0 2 ( c ) ; ( 3 ) i n f r i n g e d

S t

. L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m s e r v i c e m a r k

, i n v i o l a t i o n o f t h e L a n h a m A c t

, 1 5

U

. S

. C

. § 1 1 2 5 ( a ) ; ( 4 ) c o m m i t t e d c y b e r p i r a c y b y r e g i s t e r i n g a n d u s i n g t h e t w o 9

Section 1125(a) was e nacte d as par t of the Tra demar

k Act of 1946, § 43, 60 Stat. 441, 9

which is also known as the L anham Ac t. The Anticy bersqua tting Consumer Protec tion Act of

1999, Pub. L . No. 106-113, § 3002(a ), 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-545–546, ame nded the L anham

Act to include § 1125( d).

15d o m a i n n a m e s

, i n v i o l a t i o n o f t h e A n t i c y b e r s q u a t t i n g C o n s u m e r P r o t e c t i o n A c t

( “ A C P A ” )

, 1 5 U

. S

. C

. § 1 1 2 5 ( d ) ; ( 5 ) m i s a p p r o p r i a t e d a n d c o n v e r t e d S t

. L u k e ’ s t w o

d o m a i n n a m e s u n d e r F l o r i d a c o m m o n l a w ; ( 6 ) v i o l a t e d t h e F l o r i d a D e c e p t i v e a n d

U n f a i r T r a d e P r a c t i c e s A c t ( “ F D U T P A ” )

, i n v i o l a t i o n o f F l a

. S t a t

. § 5 0 1

. 2 0 1

- 2 1 3 ;

a n d ( 7 ) p a r t i c i p a t e d i n u n f a i r c o m p e t i t i o n u n d e r F l o r i d a c o m m o n l a w

. 1 0

D r

. S a n d e r s o n a n s w e r e d a n d c o u n t e r c l a i m e d f o r a d e c l a r a t o r y j u d g m e n t t h a t

S t

. L u k e ’ s F i r s t R e g i s t r a t i o n w a s i n v a l i d a n d u n e n f o r c e a b l e

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n a l s o

t o o k d o w n h i s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e a f t e r S t

. L u k e ’ s f

i l e d i t s c o m p l a i n t

.

A f t e r f i l i n g i t s c o m p l a i n t

, S t

. L u k e ’ s f i l e d a m o t i o n s e e k i n g a p r e l i m i n a r y

i n j u n c t i o n

. S t

. L u k e ’ s r e q u e s t e d t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ( 1 ) o r d e r D r

. S a n d e r s o n t o

r e t u r n t h e d o m a i n n a m e s

, w e b s i t e c o n t e n t

, a n d c o d e t o S t

. L u k e ’ s a n d ( 2 ) e n j o i n

D r

. S a n d e r s o n f

r o m u s i n g a n y o f t h e c o p y r i g h t e d c o n t e n t f r o m t h e w e b s i t e a n d

f r o m a c c e s s i n g S t

. L u k e ’ s c o m p u t e r s y s t e m s i n a n y w a y

.

T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t g r a n t e d i n p a r t a n d d e n i e d i n p a r t S t

. L u k e ’ s m o t i o n

. T h e 1 1

d i s t r i c t c o u r t a l l o w e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n t o r e t a i n p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e t w o d o m a i n n a m e s

a n d u s e c e r t a i n w e b s i t e c o n t e n t t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s s t i p u l a t e d w a s o u t s i d e o f i t s c l a i m e d

St. L uke’s a lso broug ht claims of servic e mar k dilution and injury

to business reputation 1 0

but voluntarily

dismiss ed those c laims before trial.

The pa rties conse nted to have a

mag istrate judg e conduc t all proce eding s in the district 1 1

court, including the trial, entry of a f inal judgme nt, and all post-trial proc eeding s. Thus, all

ruling s in this case we re by the mag istrate judg e pursua nt to this consent.

16c o p y r i g h t

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t w a r n e d

, h o w e v e r

, t h a t a n y s u c h r e t e n t i o n o r u s e c o u l d

b e c o n s i d e r e d l a t e r i n a w a r d i n g d a m a g e s i f S t

. L u k e ’ s p r e v a i l e d i n t h e l i t i g a t i o n

.

T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d i r e c t e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n t o d e l e t e f r o m h i s w e b s i t e c e r t a i n c o n t e n t

t h a t w a s i d e n t i f

i e d b y t h e p a r t i e s a s l i k e l y o w n e d b y S t

. L u k e ’ s

.

F

. T h e S e c o n d C o p y r i g h t R e g i s t r a t i o n : 2 0 0 0 V e r s i o n o f W e b s i t e

O n A u g u s t 3 0

, 2 0 0 6

, s e v e n m o n t h s a f t e r f i l i n g i t s c o m p l a i n t

, S t

. L u k e ’ s f i l e d

a n o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n w i t h t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e t o r e g i s t e r a c o p y r i g h t i n t h e J u n e 9

,

2 0 0 0 v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e ( t h e “ S e c o n d A p p l i c a t i o n ” )

. S t

.

L u k e ’ s S e c o n d A p p l i c a t i o n a g a i n l i s t e d i t s e l f a s t h e a u t h o r a n d c l a i m e d t h a t t h e

w e b s i t e w a s a “ w o r k m a d e f o r h i r e

. ” S t

. L u k e ’ s S e c o n d A p p l i c a t i o n

, h o w e v e r

,

d i f f e r e d i n s e v e r a l o t h e r r e s p e c t s f r o m t h e F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n

.

F i r s t

, t h e s e c o n d c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r m

, a s d i d t h e f

i r s t r e g i s t r a t i o n

f o r m

, a s k e d t h e a p p l i c a n t t o “ [ b ] r i e f l y d e s c r i b e [ t h e ] n a t u r e ” o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n

w h i c h c o p y r i g h t i s c l a i m e d

. S t

. L u k e ’ s r e s p o n d e d

, “ T e x t

, c o m p i l a t i o n

, p h o t o s &

a u d i o v i s u a l e x c l u d i n g t h i r d

- p a r t y p h o t o s

, t e x t

, m a r k s a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s

, ” a s o p p o s e d

t o i t s c l a i m o f t h e “ [ e ] n t i r e w e b s i t e ” i n t h e F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n

. S e c o n d

, u n l i k e t h e

F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n

, S t

. L u k e ’ s d i d n o t p r o v i d e a n y r e s p o n s e t o q u e s t i o n s 6 A o r B i n

t h e s e c t i o n t i t l e d “ D e r i v a t i v e W o r k O r C o m p i l a t i o n

. ”

I n r e s p o n s e t o t h e q u e s t i o n

, “ H a s r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r t h i s w o r k

, o r f

o r a n e a r l i e r

17v e r s i o n o f t h i s w o r k

, a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e i n t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e ? ” i n t h e s e c t i o n

t i t l e d “ P r e v i o u s R e g i s t r a t i o n

, ” S t

. L u k e ’ s a n s w e r e d

, “ N o

. ” A l t h o u g h t h e 2 0 0 0 a n d

2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n s o f t h e w e b s i t e w e r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m i l a r

, S t

. L u k e ’ s d i d n o t m e n t i o n

i t s F i r s t R e g i s t r a t i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

.

O n S e p t e m b e r 1

, 2 0 0 6

, S t

. L u k e ’ s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e a

d e p o s i t c o p y o f t h e J u n e 9

, 2 0 0 0 v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e t h a t i t

o b t a i n e d f

r o m D r

. S a n d e r s o n d u r i n g d i s c o v e r y

. I n i t s t r a n s m i t t a l l e t t e r t o t h e

C o p y r i g h t O f

f i c e

, S t

. L u k e ’ s s t a t e d

, “ T h e s a m p l e s u b m i t t e d w i t h t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n

a p p l i c a t i o n i s t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e c o p y o f t h e c o p y r i g h t a b l e m a t e r i a l a n d r e p r e s e n t s

,

a t b e s t e s t i m a t i o n

, o v e r 9 0

- 9 5 % o f t h e c o p y r i g h t a b l e c o n t e n t a s i t w a s d i s p l a y e d o n

t h e d a t e i n d i c a t e d i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n

. W e h a v e b e e n u n a b l e t o l o c a t e a n o r i g i n a l

c o p y a f t e r d i l i g e n t s e a r c h

. ” O n S e p t e m b e r 5

, 2 0 0 6

, t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e r e g i s t e r e d

S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t i n t h e J u n e 9

, 2 0 0 0 v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

( t h e “ S e c o n d R e g i s t r a t i o n ” )

.

S t

. L u k e ’ s a m e n d e d i t s c o m p l a i n t t o i n c l u d e t h e S e c o n d R e g i s t r a t i o n i n i t s

c o p y r i g h t i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n r e s p o n d e d t h a t t h e S e c o n d

R e g i s t r a t i o n

, l i k e t h e F i r s t R e g i s t r a t i o n

, w a s i n v a l i d

.

A t t r i a l

, H o u s e r r e v i e w e d t h e F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3 a n d t h e J u n e 9

, 2 0 0 0

v e r s i o n s o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e a n d s t a t e d t h a t t h e t w o v e r s i o n s w e r e

18“ s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m i l a r

, ” e x c e p t f o r c h a n g e s i n t h e p r i c e s

. W h e n a s k e d b y D r

.

S a n d e r s o n ’ s c o u n s e l

, “ S o

, i t ’ s t r u e

, i s n ’ t i t

, t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s h a s r e g i s t e r e d t w o

c o p i e s o f t h e s a m e w e b s i t e t h a t a r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y t h e s a m e b u t s a i d t h a t

. . . o n e i s

a F e b r u a r y 1 5 t h

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n a n d t h e o t h e r i s a J u n e 9 t h

, 2 0 0 0 v e r s i o n

, c o r r e c t ? ”

,

H o u s e r r e s p o n d e d

, “ Y e s

. ”

G

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n a n d E x p e r t W i t n e s s e s

A t t r i a l

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n t e s t i f i e d t h a t h e o w n e d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e a n d t h e t w o d o m a i n n a m e s b e c a u s e h e c r e a t e d t h e w e b s i t e c o n t e n t a n d p a i d

t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n f

e e s f o r t h e d o m a i n n a m e s w h i l e a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

. H o w e v e r

, s e v e r a l

S t

. L u k e ’ s e m p l o y e e s t e s t i f i e d t h a t

, d u r i n g D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s e m p l o y m e n t

, S t

.

L u k e ’ s p a i d f

o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

, t h e

r e g i s t r a t i o n f

e e s f o r t h e d o m a i n n a m e s

, a n d t h e o t h e r f e e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

w e b s i t e

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n c o n c e d e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s p a i d t h e s e b i l l s b u t a r g u e d t h a t

S t

. L u k e ’ s c h a r g e d t h e s e c o s t s b a c k t o h i m a s p a r t o f t h e o v e r h e a d e x p e n s e s

d e d u c t e d f

r o m h i s p a y

. B o t h p a r t i e s p r e s e n t e d c o n f l i c t i n g e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g S t

.

L u k e ’ s s y s t e m o f c h a r g i n g f o r o v e r h e a d c o s t s a n d w h e t h e r S t

. L u k e ’ s a c t u a l l y

c h a r g e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n f o r t h e c o s t s o f t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e s a n d t h e w e b s i t e i n t h e

o v e r h e a d c h a r g e s

.

S e v e r a l e x p e r t s t e s t i f

i e d a b o u t d a m a g e s a n d a t t e m p t e d t o q u a n t i f y t h e v a l u e

19o f t h e d o m a i n n a m e s a n d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. T h e e v i d e n c e s h o w e d

t h a t r e v e n u e s f

r o m D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s p r a c t i c e a t S t

. L u k e ’ s w e r e f l a t i n t h e t w o y e a r s

p r e c e d i n g t h e o r i g i n a l l a u n c h o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e ( 1 9 9 7 a n d 1 9 9 8 )

.

A f t e r t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e w a s l a u n c h e d

, t h e r e v e n u e s f r o m D r

.

S a n d e r s o n ’ s p r a c t i c e a t S t

. L u k e ’ s i n c r e a s e d b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 6 t o 2 9 p e r c e n t f o r

t h e n e x t t w o y e a r s ( 1 9 9 9 a n d 2 0 0 0 )

. T h e e v i d e n c e a l s o s h o w e d t h a t r e v e n u e s f r o m

D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s s o l o p r a c t i c e d e c r e a s e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n 2 0 0 6 a f t e r h e t o o k d o w n

t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e t h a t h e l a u n c h e d i n O c t o b e r 2 0 0 3

.

I n d e f e n s e

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n p r e s e n t e d s u r v e y d a t a s u g g e s t i n g t h a t n o t m a n y o f

h i s p a t i e n t s a t S t

. L u k e ’ s w e r e r e f e r r e d t o h i s o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y p r a c t i c e f r o m t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. W h i l e a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n a s k e d h i s p a t i e n t s

h o w t h e y w e r e r e f

e r r e d t o h i s p r a c t i c e i n a q u e s t i o n n a i r e g i v e n t o t h e m b e f o r e t h e i r

f i r s t a p p o i n t m e n t a n d i n p e r s o n d u r i n g t h e i r v i s i t

. I n 1 9 9 9

, o n l y 1 1 o f D r

.

S a n d e r s o n ’ s 9 3 7 p a t i e n t s s a i d t h e y w e r e r e f e r r e d b y t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e

.

D u r i n g t h e c h a r g e c o n f

e r e n c e

, t h e p a r t i e s d i s c u s s e d t h e i s s u e o f o v e r l a p p i n g

d a m a g e s

. S t

. L u k e ’ s a r g u e d t h a t t h e j u r y s h o u l d b e i n s t r u c t e d t o c o n s i d e r e a c h

c l a i m a n d s h o u l d n o t b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h d u p l i c a t i v e r e m e d i e s

. D u r i n g i t s c l o s i n g

a r g u m e n t

, S t

. L u k e ’ s a d v i s e d t h e j u r y t h a t t h e c o u r t w o u l d r e c t i f y a n y i s s u e o f

20d u p l i c a t i v e d a m a g e s

, a s f o l l o w s :

N o w

, y o u ’ l l n o t i c e s o m e o f t h e s e c l a i m s a r e s i m i l a r a n d t h e r e l i e f

w e ’ r e s e e k i n g o n s o m e o f t h e s e c l a i m s i s s i m i l a r

, a n d t h e C o u r t w i l l

–

t h e C o u r t w i l l d e c i d e l a t e r

, a f t e r y o u m a k e w h a t e v e r a w a r d y o u t h i n k

i s a p p r o p r i a t e

, t o m a k e s u r e t h a t w e d o n ’ t g e t m o r e t h a n o n e r e c o v e r y

. W e c a n ’ t g e t m o r e t h a n o n e r e c o v e r y

. T h a t w i l l b e t a k e n c a r e o f b y

t h e C o u r t a f

t e r t r i a l

.

H

. J u r y V e r d i c t

T h e j u r y r e t u r n e d a v e r d i c t i n f a v o r o f S t

. L u k e ’ s o n a l l o f i t s c l a i m s e x c e p t

i t s c o p y r i g h t i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

. W h i l e t h e j u r y f o u n d t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n

i n f r i n g e d S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t i n p o r t i o n s o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

, i t

a l s o f o u n d t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n p r o v e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s F i r s t a n d S e c o n d

R e g i s t r a t i o n s w e r e i n v a l i d

. B a s e d o n t h e j u r y ’ s f i n d i n g s

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t e n t e r e d

j u d g m e n t f

o r D r

. S a n d e r s o n o n S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

. 1 2

T h e j u r y a w a r d e d S t

. L u k e ’ s d a m a g e s o n i t s o t h e r c l a i m s i n t h e a m o u n t o f :

( 1 ) $ 5 0

, 0 0 0 i n a c t u a l d a m a g e s a n d $ 1 3

, 0 0 0 i n p r o f i t s o n i t s s e r v i c e m a r k

i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m u n d e r t h e L a n h a m A c t ; ( 2 ) $ 2 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s o n i t s

f e d e r a l D M C A c l a i m ; ( 3 ) $ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s o n i t s c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m

u n d e r t h e f

e d e r a l A C P A ; ( 4 ) n o d a m a g e s o n i t s m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n a n d c o n v e r s i o n

The ve rdict for

m included sepa

rate lines for finding s about whethe r the F irst and 1 2

Second Reg istrations were invalid. The ver dict form instructed the jury that if it found that the

First and Sec ond Reg istrations were invalid, then it should not answe r the que stions on damag es

from the c opy

rig ht infring ement and should move on to the ne x t claim. This was consistent with

the re quirement that a

plaintiff must have a

valid cer tificate of copy rig ht reg istration in order to

bring a copy

rig ht infring ement ca

use of a ction.

21c l a i m u n d e r F l o r i d a l a w ; ( 5 ) $ 7

, 0 0 0 i n a c t u a l d a m a g e s o n i t s F D U T P A c l a i m u n d e r

F l o r i d a l a w ; a n d ( 6 ) $ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n a c t u a l d a m a g e s a n d $ 4 0

, 0 0 0 i n p u n i t i v e d a m a g e s

o n i t s u n f

a i r c o m p e t i t i o n c l a i m u n d e r F l o r i d a l a w

.

I I

. P O S T

- V E R D I C T M O T I O N S

W e n e x t o u t l i n e t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s p o s t

- v e r d i c t r u l i n g s o n t h e f o u r m o t i o n s

b e i n g c h a l l e n g e d o n a p p e a l a n d c r o s s

- a p p e a l

.

A

. S t

. L u k e ’ s M o t i o n f o r a N e w T r i a l

S t

. L u k e ’ s f

i l e d a w r i t t e n m o t i o n f

o r a n e w t r i a l o n i t s c o p y r i g h t

i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

, w h i c h t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d e n i e d

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t o b s e r v e d

t h a t t h e r e w a s e v i d e n c e a n d t e s t i m o n y f r o m w h i c h t h e j u r y c o u l d f i n d t h a t S t

.

L u k e ’ s f a l s e l y r e p r e s e n t e d i n i t s i n i t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e t h a t i t

o w n e d t h e e n t i r e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e a n d i t s c o n t e n t s

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t

n o t e d t h a t t h e p a r t i e s d i s p u t e d S t

. L u k e ’ s k n o w l e d g e o f t h e l a c k o f o r i g i n a l i t y o f

m u c h o f t h e c o n t e n t o n t h e w e b s i t e a n d t h a t t h e j u r y a p p a r e n t l y r e s o l v e d t h a t

d i s p u t e i n f

a v o r o f D r

. S a n d e r s o n

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e j u r y w a s

i n s t r u c t e d t h a t i t h a d t o f i n d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s i n t e n t i o n a l l y o r p u r p o s e f u l l y c o n c e a l e d

r e l e v a n t i n f

o r m a t i o n w i t h t h e i n t e n t o f m i s l e a d i n g t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e

. T h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t n o t e d t h a t t h e j u r y h e a r d t h e t r i a l t e s t i m o n y a n d h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y

t o r e v i e w t h e t r i a l e x h i b i t s

, w h i c h c o n s i s t e d o f t h e t w o r e g i s t r a t i o n s a n d t h e d e p o s i t

22m a t e r i a l s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e “ a s w e l l a s e x e m p l a r s d e m o n s t r a t i n g

t h a t m a n y a s p e c t s o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e n o t o r i g i n a l t o P l a i n t i f f a n d c o u l d n o t

h a v e b e e n c o n s t r u e d t o b e

. ” T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e j u r y ’ s

d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t b o t h o f S t

. L u k e ’ s r e g i s t r a t i o n s w e r e i n v a l i d w a s n o t a g a i n s t t h e

g r e a t w e i g h t o f t h e e v i d e n c e

.

B

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s T w o M o t i o n s

D r

. S a n d e r s o n f

i l e d a w r i t t e n m o t i o n f

o r j u d g m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w o n a l l

o f S t

. L u k e ’ s c l a i m s a n d a l s o o r a l l y m o v e d t o d e m a n d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s e l e c t a m o n g

t h e r e m e d i e s a w a r d e d b y t h e j u r y

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d e n i e d D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s

m o t i o n f o r j u d g m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w b u t o r d e r e d S t

. L u k e ’ s t o e l e c t b e t w e e n t h e

d a m a g e s a w a r d s

. O v e r S t

. L u k e ’ s o b j e c t i o n s

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t f o u n d t h a t ( 1 ) t h e

$ 2 5

, 0 0 0 i n a c t u a l d a m a g e s o n t h e f e d e r a l s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

o v e r l a p p e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l d a m a g e s o n t h e s t a t e u n f a i r c o m p e t i t i o n c l a i m a n d ( 2 )

t h e $ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s o n t h e f e d e r a l A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m

o v e r l a p p e d w i t h t h e $ 7

, 0 0 0 i n a c t u a l d a m a g e s o n t h e s t a t e F D U T P A c l a i m

. 1 3

G i v e n t h e s e r u l i n g s b y t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t

, S t

. L u k e ’ s e l e c t e d t o r e c e i v e ( 1 ) t h e

$ 2 5

, 0 0 0 i n a c t u a l d a m a g e s o n t h e s e r v i c e m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m a n d ( 2 ) t h e

The district cour

t also rejec ted Dr. Sande rson’s ar g ument that the punitive damag es 1 3

awa rd of $40,000 on the sta te unfa ir competition claim and the pr ofits awar d of $13,000 on the

fede ral ser

vice mar k infring ement cla im were duplicative bec ause the claims had diff ere nt

standards of

proof.

23$ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s o n t h e f e d e r a l A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m

. O n a p p e a l

,

h o w e v e r

, S t

. L u k e ’ s d o e s n o t c h a l l e n g e t h e s e t w o f i n d i n g s

. 1 4

R a t h e r

, i t c h a l l e n g e s t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s t h i r d f i n d i n g t h a t t h e $ 2 5

, 0 0 0 i n

a c t u a l d a m a g e s o n t h e f e d e r a l s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m w e r e a l s o

d u p l i c a t i v e o f t h e $ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s o n t h e A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m

.

I n t h e e n d

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t e n t e r e d f i n a l j u d g m e n t o f $ 9 8

, 0 0 0 f o r S t

. L u k e ’ s

,

c o n s i s t i n g o f : ( 1 ) $ 2 5

, 0 0 0 i n a c t u a l d a m a g e s a n d $ 1 3

, 0 0 0 i n p r o f i t s o n t h e f

e d e r a l

s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m ; ( 2 ) $ 2 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s f o r t h e f e d e r a l

D M C A c l a i m ; a n d ( 3 ) $ 4 0

, 0 0 0 i n p u n i t i v e d a m a g e s o n t h e s t a t e u n f a i r c o m p e t i t i o n

c l a i m

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d i d n o t e n t e r j u d g m e n t o n t h e $ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y

1 5

d a m a g e s o n t h e f

e d e r a l A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m b e c a u s e o f i t s f i n d i n g t h a t t h e y

w e r e d u p l i c a t i v e

.

St. L uke’s c oncede d that the $50,000 in actua l damag es aw arde d on the fe dera l service 1 4

mark infr inge ment claim and the $10,000 in a ctual dama g es on the state unf air c ompetition

claim wer e duplicative. H oweve r, St. L uke’s sug g ested that the da mag es aw ards on both cla ims

could survive, in par

t, beca use it sought only

$25,000 as dama g es for

the loss of use of both

domain names a

nd thus the jury

could have split i ts damag e aw ard be tween the fede ral a nd state

claims. Neve rtheless, St. L uke’s noted tha t it elected to re ceive the ac tual damag es aw arde d on

the fe dera l service mark infr inge ment claim, which it conc eded should be reduc ed fr om $50,000

to $25,000.

The district cour

t rejec ted St. L uke’s a

rg ument that the jury

intended to split it s damag es

awa rd betwe en the two c laims beca use (1) at St. L uke’s r equest, the district c ourt dec lined to

instruct the jury

to adjust its damage s awa rd to avoid double re cover y and (2) St. L uke’s a dvised

the jury that it should not adjust its award to a void double rec overy

.

The district cour

t denied St. L uke’s motion for r econside ration of its damag es 1 5

deter mination.

24C

. S t

. L u k e ’ s M o t i o n f o r A t t o r n e y ’ s F e e s

S t

. L u k e ’ s m o v e d f

o r a t t o r n e y ’ s f

e e s a n d c o s t s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i t s s e r v i c e

m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t a n d f

e d e r a l D M C A c l a i m s

. S t

. L u k e ’ s s t a t e d t h a t i t s a t t o r n e y ’ s

f e e s t o t a l e d $ 1

, 6 4 5

, 8 9 5

. S t

. L u k e ’ s r e q u e s t e d t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a w a r d

$ 1

, 1 5 2

, 1 2 6

. 5 0

, w h i c h r e f l e c t e d a 3 0 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e a t t o r n e y

w o r k p e r f

o r m e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i t s c o p y r i g h t i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

.

T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t g r a n t e d S t

. L u k e ’ s m o t i o n f o r a t t o r n e y ’ s f

e e s

. A s t o S t

.

L u k e ’ s f e d e r a l s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d e t e r m i n e d t h a t

t h i s w a s a n “ e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e

. ” T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t r e l i e d o n t h e j u r y ’ s f i n d i n g o n

t h e s t a t e u n f

a i r c o m p e t i t i o n c l a i m

, w h i c h w a s g o v e r n e d b y t h e s a m e s t a n d a r d a s t h e

s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

, t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s h a d p r o v e n b y c l e a r a n d

c o n v i n c i n g e v i d e n c e t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s a c t i o n s w e r e c o m m i t t e d w i t h m a l i c e o r

r e c k l e s s i n d i f

f e r e n c e t o S t

. L u k e ’ s r i g h t s

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a l s o f o u n d t h a t S t

.

L u k e ’ s w a s a p r e v a i l i n g p a r t y o n i t s f e d e r a l D M C A c l a i m

.

A s t o t h e a m o u n t o f a t t o r n e y ’ s f e e s

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t r e d u c e d t h e h o u r l y

r a t e s o f S t

. L u k e ’ s o u t

- o f

- t o w n c o u n s e l t o t h e r a t e s c h a r g e d b y S t

. L u k e ’ s l o c a l

c o u n s e l

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a g r e e d w i t h S t

. L u k e ’ s t h a t i t s a t t o r n e y h o u r s s h o u l d b e

r e d u c e d b y 3 0 p e r c e n t t o e x c l u d e c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r c l a i m s f

o r w h i c h S t

. L u k e ’ s d i d

n o t r e c o v e r

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t n o t e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t a n d s e r v i c e m a r k

25i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m s w e r e t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t c l a i m s a n d t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t o f

t h e t r i a l w a s d e d i c a t e d t o e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e v a l i d i t y o f S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t

. T h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t a l s o d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a n a t t o r n e y ’ s f e e s a w a r d o f $ 1

. 3 m i l l i o n w o u l d

b e e x c e s s i v e i n l i g h t o f t h e r e c o v e r y i n i t i a l l y s o u g h t b y S t

. L u k e ’ s ( o v e r $ 2

m i l l i o n )

, t h e a t t o r n e y ’ s f e e s i t r e q u e s t e d

, a n d S t

. L u k e ’ s u l t i m a t e r e c o v e r y o f a t o t a l

o f o n l y $ 9 8

, 0 0 0

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t t h u s r e d u c e d S t

. L u k e ’ s h o u r s b y a n a d d i t i o n a l

3 0 p e r c e n t

, f

o r a t o t a l r e d u c t i o n o f 6 0 p e r c e n t

, a n d a w a r d e d i t $ 5 5 0

, 1 3 4

. 0 0 i n

a t t o r n e y ’ s f

e e s

.

I I I

. D I S C U S S I O N

O n a p p e a l

, t h e p a r t i e s p r e s e n t s e v e r a l c h a l l e n g e s t o t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s t r i a l

a n d p o s t

- v e r d i c t r u l i n g s

. S t

. L u k e ’ s a r g u e s t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t e r r e d i n : ( 1 )

d e n y i n g i t s m o t i o n f

o r a n e w t r i a l o n t h e c o p y r i g h t i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m ; ( 2 ) 1 6

l i m i t i n g t h e s c o p e o f S t

. L u k e ’ s c o p y r i g h t o v e r t h e 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e ; ( 3 ) f i n d i n g t h a t t h e j u r y ’ s d a m a g e s a w a r d o n i t s

f e d e r a l A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m w a s d u p l i c a t i v e o f t h e a w a r d o n i t s s e r v i c e m a r k

We reviewa district cour t’s denial of a

motion for a new

trial for a n abuse of

discretion. 1 6

L amber t v. Fulton County , 253 F.3d 588, 595 ( 11th Cir. 2001). “This level of de fer ence is

particula rly appropr iate whe re a

new tria l is denied and the jury ’s ver dict is left undisturbed.”

Rosenfield v. Wellington L eisure Prods., I nc., 827 F .2d 1493, 1498 (11th Cir. 1987). “[N]ew

trials should not be g rante d on evidentiar y g rounds unless, at a minimum, the verdic t is ag ainst

the g rea t—not merely

the g rea ter—we ight of

the evidenc e.” L ipphardt v. Dura ng o Steakhouse

of B randon, Inc., 267 F .3d 1183, 1186 (11th Cir. 2001) (c itation and internal quotation marks

omitted).

26i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m ; a n d ( 4 ) a d m i t t i n g t h e t e s t i m o n y o f D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s e x p e r t 1 7

w i t n e s s P a t r i c i a P e r z e l

. I n t h e c r o s s

- a p p e a l

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n a r g u e s t h a t : ( 1 ) t h e 1 8

d i s t r i c t c o u r t e r r e d i n d e n y i n g h i s m o t i o n f o r j u d g m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w o n S t

.

L u k e ’ s s e r v i c e m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t a n d u n f

a i r c o m p e t i t i o n c l a i m s ; ( 2 ) t h e e v i d e n c e 1 9

w a s i n s u f

f i c i e n t t o s u p p o r t t h e a w a r d o f p r o f i t s o n t h e s e r v i c e m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t

c l a i m

, p u n i t i v e d a m a g e s o n t h e s t a t e u n f a i r c o m p e t i t i o n c l a i m

, a n d a t t o r n e y ’ s f e e s

o n t h e s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t a n d D M C A c l a i m s ; a n d ( 3 ) t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t

a w a r d e d a n u n r e a s o n a b l e n u m b e r o f h o u r s t o S t

. L u k e ’ s i n i t s a t t o r n e y ’ s f e e s

We reviewa district cour t’s deter mination reg arding duplicative dama g es for clea r 1 7

err or. See Me ader

By and Throug h L ong v. United States, 881 F.2d 1056, 1060 ( 11th Cir. 1989)

(re viewing district court’s da mag es aw ard of future me dical expenses for clea r er ror whe re the

g overnme nt arg ued that the a war d was “ excessive and duplica tive” (quota tion marks omitted));

see a lso Morrison Knudsen Corp. v. Gr ound I mprovement Te chniques, I nc., 532 F .3d 1063,

1077 (10th Cir. 2008) (“ Whether an a war d is duplicative is a question of fa ct, which we revie w

for c lear err or.”) ; Blac k v. Ry der/P.I .E. Nationwide, I nc., 15 F .3d 573, 580 (6th Cir. 1994) (“ We

conclude that the question whethe r dama g e aw ards a re duplica tive is one of fa ct, and we will

there fore revie w the district cour t's de termination for c lear err or.”)

.

We reviewa district cour t’s ruling s on the admissibili ty of expert testimony

for a n 1 8

abuse of discretion. See U nited States v. Fra zier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1258 (11th Cir. 2004) ( en

banc)

.

We reviewde novo a district c ourt’s denia l of a motion for judg ment as a ma tter of law

.

1 9

Goldsmith v. Bag by

Elevator Co., I nc., 513 F .3d 1261, 1275 (11th Cir. 2008); Millennium

Partners, L .P. v. Col mar Storag e, L L C, 494 F.3d 1293, 1299-1300 ( 11th Cir. 2007). “‘I n

considering the suffic iency of the e vidence that supports the jury ’s ver dict, we r eview the

evidenc e in the lig ht most favorable to, and with all rea sonable infe renc es in favor of, the

nonmoving pa

rty .’ I f re asonable and fa ir-minded per sons in the exercise of impar tial judgment

might re ach dif

fer ent conc lusions based on the evide nce pr esente d, the motion should be

denied.” Millennium P artne rs, L .P., 494 F.3d at 1299-1300 ( quoting Montg omery v. Nog a, 168

F.3d 1282, 1289 ( 11th Cir. 1999)) (interna l quotation marks omitted). “We will rever se only if

the fa cts and infe renc es point overwhe lmingly in favor of

one par ty , such that re asonable people

could not arr ive at a c ontrary verdic t.” Goldsmith, 513 F.3d at 1275 (inter nal quotation marks

omitted).

27a w a r d

. 2 0

A f t e r o r a l a r g u m e n t a n d a t h o r o u g h r e v i e w o f t h e r e c o r d

, w e a f f i r m t h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t i n a l l r e s p e c t s e x c e p t f o r i t s d e t e r m i n a t i o n r e g a r d i n g d u p l i c a t i v e

d a m a g e s

. O n l y t h r e e i s s u e s

— t h e d e n i a l o f S t

. L u k e ’ s m o t i o n f o r a n e w t r i a l o n t h e

c o p y r i g h t i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

, t h e e l e c t i o n a m o n g d u p l i c a t i v e d a m a g e s

, a n d t h e

d e n i a l o f D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s m o t i o n f o r j u d g m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w

— w a r r a n t f u r t h e r

d i s c u s s i o n

.

A

. S t

. L u k e ’ s M o t i o n f o r a N e w T r i a l o n t h e C o p y r i g h t I n f r i n g e m e n t C l a i m

C o p y r i g h t p r o t e c t i o n a t t a c h e s a t t h e t i m e o f a n a u t h o r ’ s c r e a t i o n o f a n

o r i g i n a l w o r k s u s c e p t i b l e t o c o p y r i g h t u n d e r 1 7 U

. S

. C

. § 1 0 2 ( a )

. H o w e v e r

, a n

o w n e r c a n n o t b r i n g a c a u s e o f a c t i o n f o r c o p y r i g h t i n f

r i n g e m e n t u n t i l t h e o w n e r

h a s c o m p l i e d w i t h t h e c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s i n 1 7 U

. S

. C

. § 4 1 1 ( a )

,

w h i c h i n c l u d e p a y m e n t o f f e e s a n d d e p o s i t o f c o p i e s o f t h e w o r k

. T h i s C o u r t h a s

r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e c o n s e n s u s a m o n g f e d e r a l c o u r t s

, i n c l u d i n g t h i s c i r c u i t

, i s t h a t §

4 1 1 ( a ) ’ s r e g i s t r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t i s a j u r i s d i c t i o n a l p r e r e q u i s i t e t o a c o p y r i g h t

i n f r i n g e m e n t s u i t

. S t u a r t W e i t z m a n

, L L C v

. M i c r o c o m p u t e r R e s

. , I n c

. , 5 4 2 F

. 3 d 2 1

We reviewan aw ard of

attorney ’s fe es and c osts for abuse of discre tion. Gray ex rel. 2 0

Alexander v. B ostic, __ F.3d __, No. 08- 15152, 2009 WL 1636625, at *1 (11th Cir. J une 12,

2009); Tire K ingdom, I nc. v. Morg an Tire & A uto, I nc., 253 F .3d 1332, 1335 (11th Cir. 2001);

ACL U v. B arne s, 168 F.3d 423, 427 (11th Cir. 1999).

The Supreme Court gr anted c ertiora ri in a Second Circ uit case, In re L iterar y Works in 2 1

Electronic Databa ses Copy rig ht L itigation, 509 F .3d 116 (2d Cir. 2007), to consider the

288 5 9

, 8 6 3 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 8 )

. A v a l i d c e r t i f i c a t e o f r e g i s t r a t i o n s a t i s f i e s t h i s

j u r i s d i c t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t a n d i s “ p r i m a f a c i e e v i d e n c e o f t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e

c o p y r i g h t a n d o f t h e f

a c t s s t a t e d i n t h e c e r t i f

i c a t e ” w h e n t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n i s f i l e d

w i t h i n f i v e y e a r s a f

t e r t h e f i r s t p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e w o r k

. 1 7 U

. S

. C

. § 4 1 0 ( c )

.

A c e r t i f i c a t e o f r e g i s t r a t i o n s a t i s f i e s t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t i n § 4 1 1 ( a )

“ r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r t h e c e r t i f i c a t e c o n t a i n s a n y i n a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n

, u n l e s s

. . . ( A ) t h e i n a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n w a s i n c l u d e d o n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n f o r c o p y r i g h t

r e g i s t r a t i o n w i t h k n o w l e d g e t h a t i t w a s i n a c c u r a t e ; a n d ( B ) t h e i n a c c u r a c y o f t h e

i n f o r m a t i o n

, i f k n o w n

, w o u l d h a v e c a u s e d t h e R e g i s t e r o f C o p y r i g h t s t o r e f u s e

r e g i s t r a t i o n

. ” I d

. § 4 1 1 ( b ) ( 1 )

. “ [ O ] m i s s i o n s o r m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n a c o p y r i g h t

a p p l i c a t i o n c a n r e n d e r t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n i n v a l i d ” w h e r e t h e r e h a s b e e n “ i n t e n t i o n a l o r

p u r p o s e f u l c o n c e a l m e n t o f r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n

. ” O r i g i n a l A p p a l a c h i a n A r t w o r k s

,

I n c

. v

. T o y L o f

t

, I n c

. , 6 8 4 F

. 2 d 8 2 1

, 8 2 8 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 1 9 8 2 )

. T h u s

, t h e r e m u s t b e a

s h o w i n g o f “ s c i e n t e r ” i n o r d e r t o i n v a l i d a t e a c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n

. I d

. “ I n

g e n e r a l

, a n e r r o r i s i m m a t e r i a l i f i t s d i s c o v e r y i s n o t l i k e l y t o h a v e l e d t h e

C o p y r i g h t O f

f i c e t o r e f u s e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n

. ” D a t a G e n

. C o r p

. v

. G r u n m a n S y s

.

S u p p o r t C o r p

. , 3 6 F

. 3 d 1 1 4 7

, 1 1 6 1 ( 1 s t C i r

. 1 9 9 4 )

.

question: “Does 17 U.S.C. § 411(a) restric t the subject matter jur isdiction of the fede ral c ourts

over c opy rig ht infring ement ac tions? ” Ree d Elsevier, I nc. v. Muchnic k, 129 S. Ct . 1523 (2009).

Whether § 411(a ) is a jurisdictional re quirement or simply a pre condition to suit does not aff ect

this case. Thus, we need not wa it for the Supreme Court’s decision.

29S t

. L u k e ’ s a r g u e s t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n d e n y i n g i t s

m o t i o n f o r a n e w t r i a l b e c a u s e t h e j u r y ’ s f i n d i n g t h a t i t s F i r s t a n d S e c o n d

R e g i s t r a t i o n s w e r e i n v a l i d w a s a g a i n s t t h e g r e a t w e i g h t o f t h e e v i d e n c e

. W e

d i s a g r e e b e c a u s e t h e r e w a s e v i d e n c e f r o m w h i c h t h e j u r y c o u l d h a v e i n f e r r e d t h a t

S t

. L u k e ’ s m a d e i n t e n t i o n a l

, m a t e r i a l m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n t h e F i r s t a n d S e c o n d

A p p l i c a t i o n s a n d t h e d e p o s i t c o p i e s i t s u b m i t t e d t o t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e

.

T h e t e s t i m o n y f

r o m B r a d l e y H o u s e r

, S t

. L u k e ’ s a d m i n i s t r a t o r a n d

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a t t r i a l

, r e v e a l e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s m a d e n u m e r o u s m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

a b o u t a u t h o r s h i p a n d o r i g i n a l i t y o n i t s c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n a p p l i c a t i o n s

. F o r

e x a m p l e

, o n t h e F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n

, S t

. L u k e ’ s s t a t e d t h a t i t c l a i m e d a c o p y r i g h t o v e r

t h e e n t i r e F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. H o w e v e r

,

H o u s e r a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e c o n t a i n e d n u m e r o u s t h i n g s t h a t w e r e n o t o r i g i n a l

, s u c h a s s t o c k

p h o t o g r a p h s

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s t h e s i s p a p e r

, a n d m a p s a n d d i r e c t i o n s t h a t w e r e

o b t a i n e d f

r o m t h e w e b s i t e m a p q u e s t

. c o m

. I n f a c t

, H o u s e r s t i l l d i d n o t k n o w w h i c h

p h o t o g r a p h s w e r e s t o c k a n d w h i c h w e r e o r i g i n a l w h e n h e t e s t i f i e d

. D e s p i t e t h e

m a n y i t e m s w h o s e o r i g i n a l i t y w a s q u e s t i o n a b l e

, a n d o t h e r s t h a t c l e a r l y w e r e

o b t a i n e d f

r o m o t h e r I n t e r n e t s o u r c e s

, H o u s e r i n d i c a t e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s d i d n o t m a k e

a n y i n q u i r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s o u r c e o f t h e s e q u e s t i o n a b l e i t e m s

. M o r e i m p o r t a n t l y

,

30S t

. L u k e ’ s d i d n o t d i s c l o s e i n i t s F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n t h a t i t w a s u n s u r e w h e t h e r s o m e

o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e w e b s i t e w a s o r i g i n a l o r f r o m t h i r d p a r t i e s

. R a t h e r

, S t

.

L u k e ’ s r e p r e s e n t e d t h a t t h e “ [ e ] n t i r e w e b s i t e ” w a s c r e a t e d b y S t

. L u k e ’ s

.

T h e d e p o s i t c o p y s u b m i t t e d w i t h t h e F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n r e v e a l e d f u r t h e r

m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

. H o u s e r a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e d e p o s i t c o p y c o n t a i n e d a p a g e o n

C y m e t r a i n

j e c t i o n s t h a t w a s a d d e d t o t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e a f t e r D r

.

S a n d e r s o n r e s i g n e d f

r o m S t

. L u k e ’ s a n d w a s n o t o n t h e w e b s i t e o n F e b r u a r y 1 5

,

2 0 0 3

. I n a d d i t i o n

, H o u s e r a c k n o w l e d g e d t h a t t h e d a t e o n s e v e r a l p a g e s o f t h e

d e p o s i t c o p y s h o w e d t h a t t h e y a p p e a r e d o n t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e b e f o r e

F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3

. N e v e r t h e l e s s

, S t

. L u k e ’ s r e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e i n

i t s F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n t h a t t h e d a t e o f t h e f i r s t p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e w o r k b e i n g

r e g i s t e r e d w a s F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3

. T h e d a t e o f t h e f i r s t p u b l i c a t i o n i s h i g h l y

r e l e v a n t b e c a u s e i t a f

f e c t s w h e t h e r t h e f

i v e

- y e a r p r e s u m p t i o n o f v a l i d i t y a p p l i e s

.

T h e S e c o n d A p p l i c a t i o n a l s o c o n t a i n e d m a t e r i a l m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

. F o r

e x a m p l e

, S t

. L u k e ’ s r e s p o n d e d “ N o ” t o t h e q u e s t i o n o n t h e c o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o n

f o r m a s k i n g

, “ H a s r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r t h i s w o r k

, o r f

o r a n e a r l i e r v e r s i o n o f t h i s w o r k

,

a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e i n t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e ? ” S t

. L u k e ’ s p r o v i d e d t h i s a n s w e r e v e n

t h o u g h 9 0 t o 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o n t e n t o n t h e J u n e 9

, 2 0 0 0 v e r s i o n o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e w a s t h e s a m e a s t h e F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n

31c o v e r e d b y t h e F i r s t R e g i s t r a t i o n

. A t t r i a l

, d e f e n s e c o u n s e l s h o w e d H o u s e r b o t h

v e r s i o n s o f t h e w e b s i t e

, a n d H o u s e r t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e y w e r e “ s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m i l a r

. ”

D e f e n s e c o u n s e l a s k e d H o u s e r

, “ S o

, i t ’ s t r u e

, i s n ’ t i t

, t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s h a s r e g i s t e r e d

t w o c o p i e s o f t h e s a m e w e b s i t e t h a t a r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y t h e s a m e b u t s a i d t h a t t h e y

a r e

— o n e i s a F e b r u a r y 1 5 t h

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n a n d t h e o t h e r i s a J u n e 9 t h

, 2 0 0 0

v e r s i o n

, c o r r e c t ? ” H o u s e r r e s p o n d e d

, “ Y e s

. ” E v e n t h o u g h S t

. L u k e ’ s

a c k n o w l e d g e s t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e J u n e 9

, 2 0 0 0 a n d

F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n s

, i t f a i l e d t o a d v i s e t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e o f t h e F i r s t

R e g i s t r a t i o n w h e n a s k e d i f r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r “ t h i s w o r k ” a l r e a d y h a d b e e n m a d e

.

W h i l e t h e r e w e r e s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o r e g i s t e r e d v e r s i o n s o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

, t h e j u r y w a s f r e e t o d e c i d e a s a q u e s t i o n o f f a c t

w h e t h e r t h e s e w e r e f

u n d a m e n t a l l y t h e s a m e v e r s i o n s o f t h e w e b s i t e a n d w h e t h e r i t

w a s a m a t e r i a l o m i s s i o n f o r S t

. L u k e ’ s n o t t o d i s c l o s e t h a t i t h a d r e g i s t e r e d

s u b s t a n t i a l l y t h e s a m e v e r s i o n o f t h e w e b s i t e s e v e r a l m o n t h s e a r l i e r

.

S t

. L u k e ’ s c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e s e d i s c r e p a n c i e s a s “ c l e r i c a l e r r o r s ” a n d c o n t e n d s

t h a t t h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e t h a t a n y m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o r o m i s s i o n i n t h e F i r s t a n d

S e c o n d A p p l i c a t i o n s o r t h e d e p o s i t c o p i e s w a s i n t e n t i o n a l o r p u r p o s e f u l

. H o w e v e r

,

t h e j u r y c o u l d h a v e i n f

e r r e d s u c h i n t e n t f

r o m t h e e v i d e n c e d i s c u s s e d a b o v e

. A s t o

t h e F i r s t R e g i s t r a t i o n

, t h e j u r y c o u l d h a v e i n f e r r e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s k n e w t h a t t h e r e

32w e r e p a r t s o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e t h a t w e r e n o t o r i g i n a l a n d

i n t e n t i o n a l l y m i s r e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e i n i t s F i r s t A p p l i c a t i o n t h a t i t

h a d a c o p y r i g h t t o t h e e n t i r e F e b r u a r y 1 5

, 2 0 0 3 v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e

. S i m i l a r l y

, t h e j u r y c o u l d h a v e i n f e r r e d t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s i n t e n d e d t o 2 2

m i s l e a d t h e C o p y r i g h t O f f i c e i n i t s S e c o n d A p p l i c a t i o n b y f a i l i n g t o d i s c l o s e t h a t i t

h a d r e g i s t e r e d a v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e o n l y a f e w m o n t h s

e a r l i e r t h a t w a s 9 0 t o 9 5 p e r c e n t s i m i l a r i n c o n t e n t

. T h e j u r y h e a r d t h e t r i a l

t e s t i m o n y a n d h a d c o p i e s o f b o t h r e g i s t r a t i o n s a n d d e p o s i t c o p i e s i n i t s

d e l i b e r a t i o n

. I t w a s w i t h i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f t h e j u r y t o c o n c l u d e t h a t H o u s e r ’ s

c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s w a s n o t c r e d i b l e

.

I n l i g h t o f t h i s e v i d e n c e

, w e c a n n o t s a y t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a b u s e d i t s

d i s c r e t i o n i n d e n y i n g S t

. L u k e ’ s m o t i o n f o r a n e w t r i a l

. 2 3

Whil e this point is not the foc us of Dr. Sande rson’s ar g uments, we a lso note that St. 2 2

L uke’s f irst answer

in the section entitled “D eriva tive Work or Compil ation” wa s not responsive

and wa s misleading in that St. L uke’s wa s not the “owne r and a uthor” of a ll of the content in the

Fe bruar y 15, 2003 version of the L aser Specialist.com website.

I n its reply

brief, St. Luke’s a cknowledg es that the issue of whether the district court 2 3

improperly

limit ed the sc ope of its copy rig ht in the 2003 version of the L aser Specialist.com

website should be a ddresse d only if we c onclude that the district c ourt err ed in deny ing St.

L uke’s motion for a

new tria l. See Appellant’ s Reply Br . at 23 (“ St. L uke’s doe s not appea l this

issue as g rounds for a

new tria l. Rather, should this court reve rse the D istrict Court’s Order

deny ing St. Luke’s Motion for N ew Tr ial, St. L uke’s se eks an or der r ever sing the District

Court’s order , allowing St. L uke’s to ar g ue to the jury that the scope of the c opy rig ht in the 2003

version of the website is broa der tha n the limits set by

the District Court’s er

roneous or der . . .

.”). B eca use we conclude that the district court did not err in deny ing St. L uke’s motion for a

new tria l, we ac cording ly decline to a ddress this issue.

33B

. D u p l i c a t i v e D a m a g e s

S t

. L u k e ’ s a l s o a r g u e s t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t e r r e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t t h e

j u r y ’ s a w a r d o f $ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s o n S t

. L u k e ’ s A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y

c l a i m o v e r l a p p e d w i t h t h e j u r y ’ s a w a r d o f a c t u a l c o m p e n s a t o r y d a m a g e s o n S t

.

L u k e ’ s f e d e r a l s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

. T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a s

i n s t r u c t e d t h a t “ t h e c o u r t s c a n a n d s h o u l d p r e c l u d e d o u b l e r e c o v e r y b y a n

i n d i v i d u a l

. ” G e n

. T e l

. C o

. v

. E E O C

, 4 4 6 U

. S

. 3 1 8

, 3 3 3

, 1 0 0 S

. C t

. 1 6 9 8

, 1 7 0 8

( 1 9 8 0 )

. I t i s c l e a r t h a t “ n o d u p l i c a t i n g r e c o v e r y o f d a m a g e s f o r t h e s a m e i n

j u r y

m a y b e h a d

. ” W h i t e v

. U n i t e d S t a t e s

, 5 0 7 F

. 2 d 1 1 0 1

, 1 1 0 3 ( 5 t h C i r

. 1 9 7 5 ) ; s e e 2 4

a l s o C o n w a y v

. I c a h n & C o

. , 1 6 F

. 3 d 5 0 4

, 5 1 1 ( 2 d C i r

. 1 9 9 4 ) ( “ W h e r e a p l a i n t i f f

s e e k s r e c o v e r y f

o r t h e s a m e d a m a g e s u n d e r d i f f e r e n t l e g a l t h e o r i e s

, o n l y a s i n g l e

r e c o v e r y i s a l l o w e d

. ” )

.

H e r e

, w e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t e r r e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

c o u l d n o t r e c o v e r d a m a g e s u n d e r b o t h t h e A C P A a n d t h e L a n h a m A c t f o r s e v e r a l

r e a s o n s

. F i r s t

, t h e s t a t u t o r y t e x t o f t h e A C P A e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e s t h a t a c y b e r p i r a c y

d a m a g e s a w a r d i s “ i n a d d i t i o n t o ” a n y o t h e r c i v i l r e m e d i e s o t h e r w i s e a v a i l a b l e

. 1 5

U

. S

. C

. § 1 1 2 5 ( d ) ( 3 )

. S p e c i f i c a l l y

, § 1 1 2 5 ( d ) ( 3 ) s t a t e s t h a t “ [ t ] h e c i v i l a c t i o n

e s t a b l i s h e d u n d e r [ 1 5 U

. S

. C

. § 1 1 2 5 ( d ) ( 1 ) ]

. . . a n d a n y r e m e d y a v a i l a b l e u n d e r

. . .

Fifth Circuit dec isions rendere d on or bef ore Septe mber 30, 1981, a re binding prec edent 2 4

on this court. See B onner v. City of Prichar d, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 ( 11th Cir. 1981) (en ba nc).

34s u c h a c t i o n

, s h a l l b e i n a d d i t i o n t o a n y o t h e r c i v i l a c t i o n o r r e m e d y o t h e r w i s e

a p p l i c a b l e

. ” I d

. ; s e e a l s o S p o r t y ’ s F a r m L

. L

. C

. v

. S p o r t s m a n ’ s M k t

. , I n c

. , 2 0 2 F

. 3 d

4 8 9

, 5 0 0 ( 2 d C i r

. 2 0 0 0 ) ( s t a t i n g t h a t a p a r t y m i g h t “ b e e l i g i b l e f o r d a m a g e s u n d e r

t h e [ F e d e r a l T r a d e m a r k D i l u t i o n A c t ] s i n c e t h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n t h e A C P A t h a t

p r e c l u d e s

, i n c y b e r s q u a t t i n g c a s e s

, t h e a w a r d o f d a m a g e s u n d e r a n y p r e

- e x i s t i n g

l a w ” a n d c i t i n g 1 5 U

. S

. C

. § 1 1 2 5 ( d ) ( 3 ) )

. T h u s

, C o n g r e s s

, b y s t a t u t e

, h a s

p r e s c r i b e d r e c o v e r y u n d e r t h e A C P A e v e n i f i t i s d u p l i c a t i v e o f o t h e r d a m a g e s

a w a r d e d

. A n d n o p a r t y a r g u e s t h a t t h i s s t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n i s u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l

.

I n a n y e v e n t

, t h e d a m a g e a w a r d s f o r S t

. L u k e ’ s s e r v i c e m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t

a n d A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m s a r e n o t d u p l i c a t i v e b e c a u s e t h e s t a t u t o r y e l e m e n t s

o f t h e t w o c l a i m s a r e d i f f e r e n t a n d

, a s a r e s u l t

, t h e t w o d a m a g e s a w a r d s s e r v e d

d i f f e r e n t p u r p o s e s

, i

. e

. , c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r S t

. L u k e ’ s i n

j u r y v e r s u s a s a n c t i o n t o

d e t e r D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s w r o n g f u l c o n d u c t

. A n A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m

, u n l i k e a

s e r v i c e m a r k i n f

r i n g e m e n t c l a i m

, r e q u i r e s a s h o w i n g o f a “ b a d f a i t h i n t e n t t o

p r o f i t ” f r o m a p r o t e c t e d d o m a i n n a m e

. C o m p a r e 1 5 U

. S

. C

. § 1 1 2 5 ( d ) ( 1 ) ( A )

, 2 5 2 6

We note that Dr. Sande rson does not ar g ue that a show ing of bad fa ith is an element of 2 5

a ser vice mar k infring ement cla im.

Section 1125(d)( 1)(A) provides: 2 6

(1)( A) A pe rson shall be liable in a civil a ction by the owner of a mark, including a

persona l na

me which is pr otected as a mark under this section, if, without r eg ard to

the g oods or servic es of the pa rties, that per son

(i) has a bad faith intent to profit from that mark, including a persona l

name whic h is protected a s a mark unde r this section; and

35w i t h 1 5 U

. S

. C

. § 1 1 2 5 ( a )

. I n d e e d

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t i n s t r u c t e d t h e j u r y t h a t i t 2 7

m u s t f i n d t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n a c t e d i n b a d f a i t h a n d t h a t t h e j u r y m a y a w a r d

s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s o f “ n o t l e s s t h a n $ 1

, 0 0 0

, a n d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 1 0 0

, 0 0 0

, i n y o u r

d i s c r e t i o n a g a i n s t a n y D e f e n d a n t s y o u h a v e f

o u n d t o h a v e v i o l a t e d t h e A C P A t h a t

y o u f i n d i s n e c e s s a r y t o p e n a l i z e t h e D e f e n d a n t s a n d d e t e r f

u t u r e v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e

(ii) re g isters, traf

fics in, or uses a

domain name that—

(I ) in the case of a ma

rk that is distinctive a t the time

of regi stration of the domain name, is identical or

confusing ly

simil ar to that mar

k;

(I I ) in the case of a famous mark that is famous at the

time of reg istration of t h e domain name, is identical

or confusingly simil ar to or diluti ve of tha t mark; or

(I I I ) is a trade mark, word, o r name protec ted by

rea son of section 706 of Title 18 or section 220506 of

Title 36.

15 U.S.C. § 1125(d)(1)( A). Sec tion 1125(d)(1)( B) has a non- exhaustive list of nine fa ctors that a

court may consider in de termining whether a per son has the bad f

aith intent require d under

§ 1125(d)( 1)(A) (i). I d. § 1125(d)( 1)(B ).

Section 1125(a) (1) pr ovides: 2 7

(1) Any person who, on or in connec tion with any g oods or service s, or any container

for g oods, uses in commerc e any wor d

, t erm, name, sy mbol, or device

, or any

comb i n at ion there of, or any false desig nation of orig in, false or misleading

descr iption of fact, or

false or misleading repr esenta tion of fac t, which—

(A) is likely

to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or t o dece ive as to the

aff iliation, connec tion, or association of such person with another person, or

as to the orig in, sponsorship, or approva l of his or her g oods, service s, or

commerc ial activities by

another person, or

(B ) in commerc ial adver tising or promotion, misrepre sents the n at u re,

char acte ri s t i cs, qualities, or g eog raphic orig in of his or her or another

person’ s g oods, service s, or commer cial ac tiviti es,

sh al l b e l i ab l e in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is

likely to be damag ed by

such ac t.

15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)

.

36[ A C P A ] b y t h e m

. ” T h e s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s o n S t

. L u k e ’ s A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y 2 8

c l a i m t h u s s e r v e d t o s a n c t i o n o r p u n i s h D r

. S a n d e r s o n f o r h i s b a d f

a i t h c o n d u c t i n

o r d e r t o d e t e r f

u t u r e v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e A C P A b y h i m

. I n c o n t r a s t

, t h e a c t u a l 2 9

d a m a g e s o n i t s s e r v i c e m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m c o m p e n s a t e d S t

. L u k e ’ s f o r i t s

o w n i n j u r i e s a n d l o s s e s

. T h u s

, S t

. L u k e ’ s w a s n o t c o m p e n s a t e d t w i c e f o r t h e 3 0

s a m e i n j u r y b e c a u s e t h e A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s a w a r d w a s f o c u s e d

On appe al, Dr. Sande rson does not ar g ue that the district cour t erre d in instructing the 2 8

jury that it may

consider the need to pe nalize him and deter f uture violations of the ACPA in

deter mining its statutory

damag es aw ard.

The statutory

damag es provision for a

cy berpira cy claim states: 2 9

I n a case involving a violation of s ec t i o n 1 125(d)( 1) of this title, the plaintiff may

elec t, at any time befor e final j u d gm en t is rende red by the trial court, to rec over,

instead of actua l damag es and profits, an awa rd of statutory damag es in the amount

of not less than $1,000 and not more than $100,000 per domain name, as the court

considers just.

15 U.S.C. § 1117(d) (empha sis added).

The da mag es provision for a service mark infr inge ment claim under 15 U.S.C. § 3 0

1125(a) provides:

When

. . . a violation under section 1125(a)

. . . shall have been established i n any

civil action arising under this chapte r, the plaintiff shall be entitled

. . . to rec over (1)

defe ndant’s pr o fi ts, (2) any damag es sus tained by the pl aintiff, and (3) the costs of

the ac tion. The court sha ll assess such prof its and damag es or c ause the same to be

assessed under its direc tion. I n assessing profits the plaintiff shall be required to

prove defe ndant’s sales only ; defe ndant must prove all elements of cost or deduction

claimed. I n assessing damag es the court may en ter judgme nt, acc ording to the

circ umstances of

the ca se, for

any sum above the amount found as a ctual dama g es,

not exceeding three times such amount. I f the court shall find that the amount of the

rec overy b as ed o n p rofits is either inadequa te or excessive the court may in its

discretion enter j udg ment for such sum as t he court shall find to be jus t

, ac cording

to the circ umstances of the case

. Such sum in either of the above circ umstances shall

constitute compensa tion and not a penalty

. The court in exceptional case s may awa rd

rea sonable a ttorney

fee s to the preva iling par ty

. 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a).

37o n p u n i s h i n g D r

. S a n d e r s o n f o r h i s c o n d u c t

, n o t c o m p e n s a t i n g S t

. L u k e ’ s f o r i t s

i n j u r y

.

W e b a s e t h i s d e t e r r e n c e

- d a m a g e s d i s t i n c t i o n n o t m e r e l y o n t h e p a r t i c u l a r

j u r y c h a r g e g i v e n i n t h i s c a s e b u t o n t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e A C P A ’ s s t a t u t o r y

d a m a g e s p r o v i s i o n a n d t h e s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s p r o v i s i o n i n c o p y r i g h t l a w

, w h i c h

h a s b e e n c o n s t r u e d t o d e t e r a n d t o s a n c t i o n w r o n g f u l c o n d u c t

. M o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y

,

t h e s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s p r o v i s i o n i n t h e A C P A

, 1 5 U

. S

. C

. § 1 1 1 7 ( d )

, i s s i m i l a r t o

t h e s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s p r o v i s i o n i n c o p y r i g h t l a w

, 1 7 U

. S

. C

. § 5 0 4 ( c ) ( 1 )

- ( 2 )

, i n 3 1

t h a t i t a l l o w s a p l a i n t i f

f t o e l e c t t o r e c e i v e s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s w i t h i n a p r e s c r i b e d

r a n g e i n s t e a d o f a c t u a l d a m a g e s a n d p r o f i t s

. S e e E

. & J

. G a l l o W i n e r y v

. S p i d e r

W e b s L t d

. , 2 8 6 F

. 3 d 2 7 0

, 2 7 8 ( 5 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 2 ) ( “ T h e s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s p r o v i s i o n s

i n t h e A C P A

, w h i c h i s r e l a t i v e l y n e w

, a r e a k i n t o t h e s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s p r o v i s i o n s

o f t h e c o p y r i g h t l a w s

. ” )

. I n t h e c o p y r i g h t c o n t e x t

, w e h a v e r e c o g n i z e d t h a t

“ [ g ] e n e r a l l y

, s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s a r e a w a r d e d w h e n n o a c t u a l d a m a g e s a r e p r o v e n

,

Section 504(c) (1) a

nd (2) pr ovide that: 3 1

(1) Ex cept as provided by clause (2) of this subs ec t i o n

, the copy rig ht owner may

elec t, at any tim e b ef

o re final judgme nt is rende red, to rec over, instead of actua l

damag es and profits, an award of st atutory damag es for all infring ements i nvolved

in the action, with respe ct to any one work, for which any one infringer is liable

individually

, or for which any two or more infring ers are liable jointly and sever ally

, in a sum of not less than $750 or more than $30,000 as the court considers just.

. . . (2) I n a case wher e the copy rig ht owner sustains the burden of proving

, and the court

finds, that infring ement was commit ted willfully

, the court in its discretion may

incre ase the awa

rd of statutory

damag es to a sum of not more tha n $150,000.

17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1) -(2)

.

38o r a c t u a l d a m a g e s a n d p r o f i t s a r e d i f

f i c u l t o r i m p o s s i b l e t o c a l c u l a t e

. ”

C a b l e / H o m e C o m m c ’ n C o r p

. v

. N e t w o r k P r o d s

. , I n c

. , 9 0 2 F

. 2 d 8 2 9

, 8 5 0 ( 1 1 t h C i r

.

1 9 9 0 )

. B u t w e h a v e a l s o s t r e s s e d t h a t “ w h e n t h e i n f r i n g e m e n t i s w i l l f

u l

, d e t e r r e n c e

o f f u t u r e v i o l a t i o n s i s a l e g i t i m a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n b e c a u s e d e f e n d a n t s m u s t n o t b e

a b l e t o s n e e r i n t h e f

a c e o f c o p y r i g h t o w n e r s a n d c o p y r i g h t l a w s

. ” I d

. a t 8 5 1

( i n t e r n a l q u o t a t i o n m a r k s o m i t t e d ) ( c i t i n g

, i n t e r a l i a

, F

. W

. W o o l w o r t h C o

. v

.

C o n t e m p o r a r y A r t s

, I n c

. , 3 4 4 U

. S

. 2 2 8

, 2 3 3

, 7 3 S

. C t

. 2 2 2

, 2 2 5 ( 1 9 5 2 ) )

. L i k e w i s e

,

i n t h e c o p y r i g h t c o n t e x t

, t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a s e x p l a i n e d t h a t d e t e r r e n c e i s a

p r o p e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n a s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s a w a r d i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e s t a t u t e ’ s

g o a l s

, a s f

o l l o w s :

[ A ] r u l e o f l i a b i l i t y w h i c h m e r e l y t a k e s a w a y t h e p r o f i t s f r o m a n

i n f r i n g e m e n t w o u l d o f

f e r l i t t l e d i s c o u r a g e m e n t t o i n f r i n g e r s

. I t w o u l d

f a l l s h o r t o f a n e f

f e c t i v e s a n c t i o n f

o r e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e c o p y r i g h t

p o l i c y

. T h e s t a t u t o r y r u l e

, f o r m u l a t e d a f

t e r l o n g e x p e r i e n c e

, n o t

m e r e l y c o m p e l s r e s t i t u t i o n o f p r o f i t a n d r e p a r a t i o n f

o r i n j u r y b u t a l s o

i s d e s i g n e d t o d i s c o u r a g e w r o n g f u l c o n d u c t

. T h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e

c o u r t i s w i d e e n o u g h t o p e r m i t a r e s o r t t o s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s f o r s u c h

p u r p o s e s

. E v e n f

o r u n i n j u r i o u s a n d u n p r o f

i t a b l e i n v a s i o n s o f

c o p y r i g h t t h e c o u r t m a y

, i f i t d e e m s i t j u s t

, i m p o s e a l i a b i l i t y w i t h i n

s t a t u t o r y l i m i t s t o s a n c t i o n a n d v i n d i c a t e t h e s t a t u t o r y p o l i c y

.

F

. W

. W o o l w o r t h C o

. , 3 4 4 U

. S

. a t 2 3 3

, 7 3 S

. C t

. a t 2 2 5

. T h i s C o u r t s i m i l a r l y h a s

s t a t e d t h a t a d i s t r i c t c o u r t

, i n a w a r d i n g s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s i n a c o p y r i g h t

i n f r i n g e m e n t a c t i o n

, “ m a y t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e a t t i t u d e a n d c o n d u c t o f t h e p a r t i e s ”

a n d “ s h o u l d c o n s i d e r b o t h t h e w i l l f u l n e s s o f t h e d e f

e n d a n t ’ s c o n d u c t a n d t h e

39d e t e r r e n t v a l u e o f t h e s a n c t i o n i m p o s e d

. ” C a b l e / H o m e C o m m c ’ n C o r p

. , 9 0 2 F

. 2 d

a t 8 5 2 ( q u o t a t i o n m a r k s o m i t t e d )

.

I n l i g h t o f t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s i n t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e s e t w o s t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n s

a n d C o n g r e s s ’ s i n t e n t t o d e t e r c y b e r p i r a c y

, o t h e r c i r c u i t s h a v e i n t e r p r e t e d t h e 3 2

A C P A ’ s s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s p r o v i s i o n t o c o n t a i n a d e t e r r e n c e e l e m e n t s i m i l a r t o

c o p y r i g h t l a w

. S e e

, e

. g

. , E

. & J

. G a l l o W i n e r y

, 2 8 6 F

. 3 d a t 2 7 8 ( n o t i n g t h a t t h e

c o p y r i g h t s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s p r o v i s i o n “ ‘ i s d e s i g n e d t o d i s c o u r a g e w r o n g f u l

c o n d u c t ’ ” a n d a f

f i r m i n g s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s a w a r d o f $ 2 5

, 0 0 0 u n d e r t h e A C P A

,

e v e n t h o u g h p l a i n t i f

f d i d n o t s u f

f e r a n y a c t u a l i n

j u r y ( q u o t i n g F

. W

. W o o l w o r t h

C o

. , 3 4 4 U

. S

. a t 2 3 3

, 7 3 S

. C t

. a t 2 2 5 ) )

. W e a g r e e a n d c o n c l u d e t h a t a n A C P A

s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s a w a r d

, w h i c h s e r v e s a s a s a n c t i o n t o d e t e r w r o n g f u l c o n d u c t

, i s

n o t d u p l i c a t i v e o f a s e r v i c e m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t a c t u a l d a m a g e s a w a r d

, w h i c h s e r v e s

t o c o m p e n s a t e a p l a i n t i f f f o r h i s i n j u r i e s

.

B a s e d o n a l l o f t h e s e r e a s o n s

, w e v a c a t e t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s j u d g m e n t a n d

r e m a n d w i t h i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t t o r e i n s t a t e t h e j u r y ’ s a w a r d o f

$ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s i n f a v o r o f S t

. L u k e ’ s o n i t s A C P A

- c y b e r p i r a c y

I n draf ting the A CPA, Congre ss stated that “leg islation is needed to clar ify the rig hts of 3 2

trade mark owne rs with respe ct to bad fa ith, abusive domain name r eg istration prac tices, to

provide c lear

deter renc e to pre vent bad f

aith and abusive conduct, a nd to provide ade quate

reme dies for tra demar

k owner s in those case s where it does occur .” S. Rep. 106-140, at 7- 8

(1999) ( emphasis adde d).

40c l a i m

. 3 3

C

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s M o t i o n f o r J u d g m e n t a s a M a t t e r o f L a w

I n h i s c r o s s

- a p p e a l

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t e r r e d i n

d e n y i n g h i s m o t i o n f

o r j u d g m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w o n S t

. L u k e ’ s f e d e r a l s e r v i c e

m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t c l a i m a n d i t s s t a t e u n f a i r c o m p e t i t i o n c l a i m

. B o t h c l a i m s

r e q u i r e d S t

. L u k e ’ s t o p r o v e t h a t ( 1 ) i t s s e r v i c e m a r k w a s e n t i t l e d t o p r o t e c t i o n a n d

( 2 ) D r

. S a n d e r s o n u s e d a s i m i l a r o r i d e n t i c a l m a r k t h a t w a s l i k e l y t o c o n f u s e

c o n s u m e r s

. W e l d i n g S e r v s

. , I n c

. v

. F o r e m a n

, 5 0 9 F

. 3 d 1 3 5 1

, 1 3 5 6 ( 1 1 t h C i r

.

2 0 0 7 )

. A s e r v i c e m a r k i s d e f i n e d a s “ a n y w o r d

, n a m e

, s y m b o l

, o r d e v i c e

, o r a n y

c o m b i n a t i o n t h e r e o f

. . . u s e d b y a p e r s o n

. . . t o i d e n t i f y a n d d i s t i n g u i s h t h e

s e r v i c e s o f o n e p e r s o n

, i n c l u d i n g a u n i q u e s e r v i c e

, f r o m t h e s e r v i c e s o f o t h e r s a n d

t o i n d i c a t e t h e s o u r c e o f t h e s e r v i c e s

, e v e n i f t h a t s o u r c e i s u n k n o w n

. ” 1 5 U

. S

. C

. 3 4

§ 1 1 2 7

. V i e w i n g t h e e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i g h t m o s t f a v o r a b l e t o

, a n d d r a w i n g a l l

r e a s o n a b l e i n f

e r e n c e s i n f

a v o r o f

, t h e j u r y ’ s v e r d i c t

, w e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t

c o u r t d i d n o t e r r i n i t s r u l i n g s

.

F i r s t

, S t

. L u k e ’ s p r e s e n t e d s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t t h e j u r y ’ s f i n d i n g

Be cause we r eac h this conclusion, we nee d not addre ss St. L uke’s a rg ument that the 3 3

jury may have split its damag es aw ard be tween the se cla ims.

Be cause St. L uke’s, throug h its former e mploy ee D r. Sander son, provided a se rvice 3 4

rathe r than g oods, L aser Specialist.com is a servic e mar k. See L eig h v. Warner B ros., I nc., 212

F.3d 1210, 1217 n.5 ( 11th Cir. 2000) (“Where as trade marks identify the source of g oods for sale

, service marks identify

the provider

of ser vices.” ).

41t h a t i t s “ L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m ” n a m e w a s a s e r v i c e m a r k e n t i t l e d t o p r o t e c t i o n u n d e r

§ 1 1 2 7

. S t

. L u k e ’ s u s e d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m n a m e o n e a c h p a g e o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. S t

. L u k e ’ s f o c u s e d t h e w e b

- u s e r ’ s a t t e n t i o n o n t h a t

n a m e b y h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e n a m e w i t h b l u e a n d y e l l o w l e t t e r i n g a n d a “ s w o o s h

. ”

S e v e r a l w i t n e s s e s d e s c r i b e d t h i s s t y l i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m n a m e

a s t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m “ l o g o

. ” M o r e o v e r

, t h i s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m l o g o w a s

s t r a t e g i c a l l y p l a c e d i n t h e u p p e r l e f t c o r n e r o f e a c h p a g e

. S t

. L u k e ’ s p r e s e n t e d

t e s t i m o n y f

r o m e x p e r t w i t n e s s J o h n P e l l m a n

, a m a r k e t i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l w h o h a d

b e e n i n v o l v e d i n t h e d e s i g n o f o v e r 4 0 0 w e b s i t e s f o r c o s m e t i c s u r g e o n s

, t h a t

c o m m e r c i a l w e b s i t e s

, i n c l u d i n g t h o s e f o r c o s m e t i c s u r g e r y p r a c t i c e s

, g e n e r a l l y a r e

b r a n d e d a n d t h a t b r a n d s t y p i c a l l y a r e p l a c e d i n t h e u p p e r l e f t c o r n e r

. P e l l m a n

e x p l a i n e d :

E n g l i s h

, a n d m o s t l a n g u a g e s

, a r e r e a d f r o m t o p t o b o t t o m

, l e f

t t o r i g h t

. S o

, t h e e y e o f a v i s i t o r t o a w e b s i t e i s i m m e d i a t e l y d r a w n t o t h e u p p e r

l e f t

- h a n d c o r n e r

. I t b e c o m e s a p l a c e m e n t m a r k o f w h e r e y o u k n o w

w h e r e y o u a r e

, ‘ c a u s e y o u c a n h a v e m u l t i p l e w e b b r o w s e r s o p e n e d t o

d i f f e r e n t w e b s i t e s a t t h e s a m e t i m e

. S o

, w h e n y o u g o b a c k t o t h a t

p a r t i c u l a r b r o w s e r a n d y o u l o o k i n t h e u p p e r l e f t

- h a n d c o r n e r

, y o u ’ l l

f i n d t h e n a m e o f

t e n o f t h e c o m p a n y o r t h e w e b s i t e t h a t y o u ’ r e l o o k i n g

a t

.

T h i s s a m e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m n a m e

, i n a s t y l i z e d v e r s i o n

, a l s o s e r v e d a s a “ h o t

s p o t ” t h a t l i n k e d u s e r s t o t h e h o m e p a g e o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. I n

a d d i t i o n t o t h e b r a n d i n g o n t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

, S t

. L u k e ’ s u s e d t h e

42L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m n a m e i n n u m e r o u s a d v e r t i s e m e n t s t o m a r k e t t h e s e r v i c e s o f

t h e S t

. L u k e ’ s C o s m e t i c L a s e r C e n t e r a n d S t

. L u k e ’ s e m p l o y e e D r

. S a n d e r s o n

.

B a s e d o n t h i s e v i d e n c e

, t h e j u r y r e a s o n a b l y c o u l d h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m n a m e w a s u s e d t o i d e n t i f y S t

. L u k e ’ s a s a s o u r c e o f

o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e r y

.

A n d S t

. L u k e ’ s p r e s e n t e d s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e f

o r t h e j u r y t o c o n c l u d e t h a t S t

.

L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k w a s e n t i t l e d t o p r o t e c t i o n

. S e r v i c e m a r k

p r o t e c t i o n i s o n l y a v a i l a b l e t o m a r k s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t i v e

, i

. e

. , “ m a r k s t h a t s e r v e t h e

p u r p o s e o f i d e n t i f

y i n g t h e s o u r c e o f t h e g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s

. ” W e l d i n g S e r v s

. , I n c

. ,

5 0 9 F

. 3 d a t 1 3 5 7

. T h e f o u r c a t e g o r i e s o f d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s i n s e r v i c e m a r k l a w

, l i s t e d

i n d e s c e n d i n g o r d e r o f s t r e n g t h

, a r e ( 1 ) f a n c i f u l o r a r b i t r a r y

, ( 2 ) s u g g e s t i v e

, ( 3 )

d e s c r i p t i v e

, a n d ( 4 ) g e n e r i c

. I d

. T h i s C o u r t h a s n o t e d t h a t “ [ t ] h e d e m a r c a t i o n

b e t w e e n e a c h c a t e g o r y i s m o r e b l u r r e d t h a n i t i s d e f i n i t e

. ” C o a c h H o u s e R e s t

. , I n c

.

v

. C o a c h a n d S i x R e s t s

. , I n c

. , 9 3 4 F

. 2 d 1 5 5 1

, 1 5 5 9 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 1 9 9 1 )

.

“ D i s t i n c t i v e n e s s i s a q u e s t i o n o f f a c t

, w h e t h e r t h e q u e s t i o n i s i n h e r e n t

d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s o r a c q u i r e d d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s

. ” W e l d i n g S e r v s

. , I n c

. , 5 0 9 F

. 3 d a t

1 3 5 7

.

A l t h o u g h t h e j u r y d i d n o t m a k e a s p e c i f i c f i n d i n g r e g a r d i n g t h e c a t e g o r y o f

d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s i n w h i c h S t

. L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k f a l l s

, t h e e v i d e n c e

43w a s s u f

f i c i e n t t o f

i n d t h a t t h e m a r k w a s

, a t a m i n i m u m

, s u g g e s t i v e

. A s u g g e s t i v e

m a r k “ r e f

e r s t o s o m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e g o o d s

, b u t r e q u i r e s a l e a p o f t h e

i m a g i n a t i o n t o g e t f

r o m t h e m a r k t o t h e p r o d u c t

. ” I d

. a t 1 3 5 7

- 5 8

. “ B e c a u s e a

s u g g e s t i v e s e r v i c e m a r k i s i n h e r e n t l y d i s t i n c t i v e

, n o p r o o f o f s e c o n d a r y m e a n i n g i s

r e q u i r e d f

o r i t t o b e p r o t e c t a b l e

. ” C o a c h H o u s e R e s t

. , I n c

. , 9 3 4 F

. 2 d a t 1 5 6 0

.

S t

. L u k e ’ s p r e s e n t e d t e s t i m o n y f r o m P e l l m a n t h a t h e h a d n e v e r h e a r d o f a

c o s m e t i c s u r g e o n i d e n t i f i e d a s a “ l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t ” o r e v e r r e f e r r e d t o a c o s m e t i c

s u r g e o n a s a “ l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t ” o n a n y o f t h e w e b s i t e s h e h a d d e s i g n e d

. P e l l m a n

c o m m e n t e d t h a t t h e t e r m “ l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t ” c o u l d r e f e r t o a L a s i k s u r g e o n o r a

d e r m a t o l o g i s t

. I n a d d i t i o n

, S t

. L u k e ’ s a d m i n i s t r a t o r H o u s e r t e s t i f i e d t h a t h e h a d

n e v e r h e a r d o f a n o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e o n r e f e r r e d t o a s a “ l a s e r s p e c i a l i s t

. ” T h e j u r y

r e a s o n a b l y c o u l d h a v e c o n c l u d e d f r o m t h i s e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

m a r k w a s s u g g e s t i v e b e c a u s e i t d o e s n o t i m m e d i a t e l y c o n v e y t h e n a t u r e o f t h e

s e r v i c e s o f

f e r e d a n d r e q u i r e s a l e a p o f t h e i m a g i n a t i o n t o d e d u c e t h a t a “ l a s e r

s p e c i a l i s t ” i s a o c u l o p l a s t i c s u r g e o n

. T h u s

, t h e j u r y c o u l d h a v e d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k w a s i n h e r e n t l y d i s t i n c t i v e a n d p r o t e c t e d b a s e d o n t h i s

e v i d e n c e a l o n e

.

E v e n i f t h e j u r y d i d n o t f i n d t h a t t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k w a s

s u g g e s t i v e

, t h e e v i d e n c e w a s s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e j u r y t o f

i n d t h a t i t w a s a p r o t e c t e d

,

44d e s c r i p t i v e m a r k

. A d e s c r i p t i v e m a r k “ i d e n t i f i e s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o r q u a l i t y o f t h e

s e r v i c e o r p r o d u c t

. ” W e l d i n g S e r v s

. , I n c

. , 5 0 9 F

. 3 d a t 1 3 5 8

. P e l l m a n t e s t i f i e d t h a t

a d o m a i n n a m e c a n a f

f e c t t h e a m o u n t o f t r a f

f i c a w e b s i t e r e c e i v e s a n d i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y e f

f e c t i v e i f i t i s e a s y t o r e m e m b e r o r d e s c r i b e s a p a r t i c u l a r p r o d u c t o r

c o m p a n y

. I n e x p l a i n i n g w h y h e b e l i e v e d t h a t L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w a s a n e f f e c t i v e

d o m a i n n a m e f

o r a c o s m e t i c s u r g e r y p r a c t i c e

, P e l l m a n s t a t e d t h a t “ t h e s e a r c h t e r m s

t h a t p e o p l e m i g h t t y p e i n t o G o o g l e o r Y a h o o w o u l d o f t e n i n c l u d e t h o s e t w o w o r d s

,

p e r h a p s a m o n g a f

e w o t h e r w o r d s t h a t t h e y e n t e r i n

, b u t i t ’ s

- - i f i t ’ s a c o s m e t i c

s u r g e r y p r a c t i c e a n d t h e y ’ r e w o r k i n g w i t h l a s e r s f o r s u r g e r y o r f

o r m i c r o

- - o r f

o r

s k i n c o n d i t i o n s

, t h e n i t ’ s s y n o n y m o u s w i t h t h a t t y p e o f p r a c t i c e

. ” T h i s e v i d e n c e

w a s s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p o r t a f

i n d i n g t h a t t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k d e s c r i b e d a

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s e r v i c e s p e r f o r m e d w i t h a l a s e r b y D r

. S a n d e r s o n a t t h e S t

.

L u k e ’ s C o s m e t i c L a s e r C e n t e r

, s u c h a s e y e l i d s u r g e r y a n d h a i r r e m o v a l

.

I f t h e j u r y f

o u n d t h a t t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k w a s d e s c r i p t i v e

, i t a l s o

h a d t o f i n d t h a t t h e m a r k h a d a c q u i r e d s e c o n d a r y m e a n i n g i n o r d e r f o r i t t o b e

p r o t e c t e d

. S e e C o a c h H o u s e R e s t

. , I n c

. , 9 3 4 F

. 2 d a t 1 5 6 0 ( “ I f a c o u r t f i n d s t h a t t h e

t e r m i s d e s c r i p t i v e

, a n d h e n c e n o t i n h e r e n t l y d i s t i n c t i v e

, p e t i t i o n e r m u s t e s t a b l i s h

t h a t a s e c o n d a r y m e a n i n g a t t a c h e d b e f o r e r e g i s t r a n t b e g a n u s i n g t h e l o g o i n o r d e r

t o o b t a i n t r a d e i d e n t i t y r i g h t s

. ” )

. “ A n a m e h a s a c q u i r e d s e c o n d a r y m e a n i n g w h e n

45t h e p r i m a r y s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e t e r m i n t h e m i n d s o f t h e [ c o n s u m i n g ] p u b l i c i s n o t

t h e p r o d u c t b u t t h e p r o d u c e r

. ” W e l d i n g S e r v s

. , I n c

. , 5 0 9 F

. 3 d a t 1 3 5 8 ( q u o t i n g

A m

. T e l e v i s i o n & C o m m c ’ n s C o r p

. v

. A m

. C o m m c ’ n s & T e l e v i s i o n

, I n c

. , 8 1 0

F

. 2 d 1 5 4 6

, 1 5 4 9 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 1 9 8 7 ) ) ( i n t e r n a l q u o t a t i o n m a r k s o m i t t e d ) ( a l t e r a t i o n i n

o r i g i n a l )

. T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w h e t h e r a m a r k h a s a c q u i r e d s e c o n d a r y m e a n i n g

d e p e n d s o n “ t h e l e n g t h a n d n a t u r e o f t h e n a m e ’ s u s e

, t h e n a t u r e a n d e x t e n t o f

a d v e r t i s i n g a n d p r o m o t i o n o f t h e n a m e

, t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e p r o p r i e t o r t o p r o m o t e a

c o n s c i o u s c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e n a m e a n d t h e b u s i n e s s

, a n d t h e d e g r e e o f a c t u a l

r e c o g n i t i o n b y t h e p u b l i c t h a t t h e n a m e d e s i g n a t e s t h e p r o p r i e t o r ’ s p r o d u c t o r

s e r v i c e

. ” I d

. T h e e x i s t e n c e o f a s e c o n d a r y m e a n i n g i s a q u e s t i o n o f f a c t

. C o a c h

H o u s e R e s t

. , I n c

. , 9 3 4 F

. 2 d a t 1 5 6 0

.

T h e e v i d e n c e w a s a l s o s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e j u r y t o f

i n d t h a t t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k h a d a c q u i r e d s e c o n d a r y m e a n i n g

. F o r n e a r l y f i v e y e a r s

b e f o r e D r

. S a n d e r s o n r e s i g n e d

, S t

. L u k e ’ s u s e d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m n a m e t o

a d v e r t i s e a n d p r o m o t e D r

. S a n d e r s o n i n t h e S t

. L u k e ’ s C o s m e t i c L a s e r C e n t e r

. T h e

s t y l i z e d L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m “ l o g o ” a p p e a r e d o n e v e r y p a g e o f t h e

L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e f o r t h e l a t t e r t h r e e y e a r s o f t h a t f i v e

- y e a r t i m e p e r i o d

.

S t

. L u k e ’ s l i s t e d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e o n n u m e r o u s m a r k e t i n g m a t e r i a l s

f o r D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s p r a c t i c e a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

, i n c l u d i n g b i l l b o a r d s

, f l i e r s

, b r o c h u r e s

,

46a n d n e w s p a p e r a d v e r t i s e m e n t s

.

I n a d d i t i o n

, J e n n i f

e r C o r r o w

, D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s f o r m e r c o s m e t i c s u r g e r y

a s s i s t a n t a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

, t e s t i f i e d t h a t D r

. S a n d e r s o n t o l d h e r t o r e f e r h i s c o s m e t i c

s u r g e r y p a t i e n t s t o t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w e b s i t e

. W h e n p a t i e n t s c a l l e d i n

,

C o r r o w w o u l d r e f

e r t o t h e w e b s i t e

. C o r r o w t e s t i f i e d t h a t a l o t o f t h e p a t i e n t s w o u l d

s a y t h a t t h e y a l r e a d y h a d c h e c k e d o u t t h e w e b s i t e

. I n f a c t

, t h e r e w a s e v i d e n c e t h a t

t h e w e b s i t e r e c e i v e d s i g n i f i c a n t t r a f f i c w h i l e D r

. S a n d e r s o n w a s a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

. T h e

j u r y c o u l d h a v e i n f

e r r e d t h a t t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m n a m e a c q u i r e d a s e c o n d a r y

m e a n i n g o f a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h S t

. L u k e ’ s i n t h e m i n d o f t h e p u b l i c b a s e d o n t h e

e v i d e n c e o f t h e l e n g t h a n d n a t u r e o f t h e u s e o f t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k b y S t

.

L u k e ’ s t o p r o m o t e D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s p r a c t i c e

. T h u s

, t h e e v i d e n c e w a s s u f f i c i e n t f o r

t h e j u r y t o f

i n d t h a t L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m w a s p r o t e c t e d e i t h e r a s a s u g g e s t i v e o r

d e s c r i p t i v e m a r k

.

F i n a l l y

, S t

. L u k e ’ s p r e s e n t e d s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e f

o r t h e j u r y t o f

i n d a

l i k e l i h o o d o f c o n f

u s i o n b e t w e e n S t

. L u k e ’ s L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m m a r k a n d t h e

i d e n t i c a l n a m e u s e d b y D r

. S a n d e r s o n

. T h e l i k e l i h o o d o f c o n f u s i o n i s a s s e s s e d b y

e x a m i n i n g s e v e n f

a c t o r s : “ ( 1 ) d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s o f t h e m a r k a l l e g e d t o h a v e b e e n

i n f r i n g e d ; ( 2 ) s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e i n f r i n g e d a n d i n f

r i n g i n g m a r k s ; ( 3 ) s i m i l a r i t y

b e t w e e n t h e g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s o f f e r e d u n d e r t h e t w o m a r k s ; ( 4 ) s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e

47a c t u a l s a l e s m e t h o d s u s e d b y t h e t w o p a r t i e s

, s u c h a s t h e i r s a l e s o u t l e t s a n d

c u s t o m e r b a s e ; ( 5 ) s i m i l a r i t y o f a d v e r t i s i n g m e t h o d s ; ( 6 ) i n t e n t o f t h e a l l e g e d

i n f r i n g e r t o m i s a p p r o p r i a t e t h e p r o p r i e t o r ’ s g o o d w i l l ; a n d ( 7 ) e x i s t e n c e a n d e x t e n t

o f a c t u a l c o n f

u s i o n i n t h e c o n s u m i n g p u b l i c

. ” W e l d i n g S e r v s

. , I n c

. , 5 0 9 F

. 3 d a t

1 3 6 0

.

H e r e

, t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f c o n f u s i o n w a s c l e a r

. T h i s i s n o t a c a s e w h e r e o n e

p a r t y u s e d a m a r k t h a t i s a r g u a b l y s i m i l a r t o a m a r k o w n e d b y a n o t h e r p a r t y

. D r

.

S a n d e r s o n u s e d t h e s a m e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m n a m e

, t h e s a m e w e b s i t e

, a n d t h e

s a m e l o g o i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r

, i n b a s i c a l l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t

, f o r t h e s a m e

g e o g r a p h i c a l m a r k e t t o t a r g e t t h e s a m e c u s t o m e r s f o r t h e s a m e s e r v i c e s p r e v i o u s l y

p r o v i d e d a t S t

. L u k e ’ s

. D r

. S a n d e r s o n m e r e l y r e m o v e d t h e r e f e r e n c e s t o S t

.

L u k e ’ s

, c h a n g e d t h e c o n t a c t i n f o r m a t i o n

, a n d r e l a u n c h e d t h e L a s e r S p e c i a l i s t

. c o m

w e b s i t e f o r h i s o w n p r o m o t i o n

. T h e s e f a c t s w e r e m o r e t h a n s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e j u r y

t o f i n d t h a t t h e r e w a s a l i k e l i h o o d o f c o n f u s i o n i n t h e p u b l i c b e t w e e n S t

. L u k e ’ s

p r o t e c t e d m a r k a n d t h e n a m e u s e d b y D r

. S a n d e r s o n

.

F o r a l l t h e s e r e a s o n s

, w e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e r e w a s s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o

s u p p o r t t h e j u r y ’ s v e r d i c t i n f a v o r o f S t

. L u k e ’ s o n i t s s e r v i c e m a r k i n f r i n g e m e n t

c l a i m a n d t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t t h u s d i d n o t e r r i n d e n y i n g D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s m o t i o n

48f

o r j u d g m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w

. 3 5

I V

. C O N C L U S I O N

I n s u m

, w e r e v e r s e t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s j u d g m e n t a n d r e m a n d w i t h

i n s t r u c t i o n s f

o r t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t t o r e i n s t a t e t h e j u r y ’ s a w a r d o f $ 1 0

, 0 0 0 i n

s t a t u t o r y d a m a g e s i n f

a v o r o f S t

. L u k e ’ s o n i t s c y b e r p i r a c y c l a i m

. W e a f f i r m t h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t a s t o a l l o t h e r c l a i m s r a i s e d i n S t

. L u k e ’ s a p p e a l a n d D r

. S a n d e r s o n ’ s

c r o s s

- a p p e a l

.

A F F I R M E D I N P A R T

, R E V E R S E D I N P A R T

, A N D R E M A N D E D

W I T H I N S T R U C T I O N S

.

I n his cross-a

ppeal, Dr . Sanderson a lso claims that the evidenc e wa s insufficient to 3 5

support St. L uke’s c laim for prof its and punitive damag es. Howe ver, D r. Sander son failed to

raise this cla im in his Fe dera l Rule of Civil Procedur e 50(a ) motion for par tial judgment a s a

matter of la

w at the c lose of St. L uke’s c ase. A lthough Dr . Sanderson c halleng ed the suff iciency

of the e vidence to support these dama g es in his Fede ral Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b) motion for

judgme nt as a matter

of law f iled afte r the jury ’s ver dict, this Court has stated, “A Rule 50(b)

motion is a re newa l of a Rule 50(a ) motion. This Court repeate dly has made clea

r that any

rene wal of a

motion for judgme nt as a matter of law unde r Rule 50(b) must be ba sed upon the

same g rounds as the or igina l reque st for judg ment as a ma tter of law made unde r Rule 50(a ) at

the close of

the evidenc e and pr ior to the ca se being submitt ed to the jury .” Doe v. Celebrity

Cruises, I nc., 394 F .3d 891, 903 (11th Cir. 2004) (c itation omit ted). “ I f a pa rty asser ts new

g rounds in its renewe d motion for judgme nt as a matter of law tha t it did not asser t in its initial

motion for judgme nt as a matter of law, a court ‘ma

y not rely on the new g rounds to set aside the

jury ' s verdict.’ ” Shannon v. B ellsouth Telecomms., I nc., 292 F .3d 712, 717 n.3 (11th Cir. 2002)

(quoting Ross v. Rhodes Furniture, I nc., 146 F .3d 1286, 1289 (11th Cir. 1998)). Ac cording ly

, Dr. Sande rson’s cha lleng e to the suff iciency of the e vidence to support these dama g es is not

prese rved f

or appe al and will not be addr essed.

49