2021 IL 126507 

IN THE 

SUPREME COURT 

OF 

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 

(Docket No. 126507) 

THOMAS ITTERSAGEN, Appellant, v. ADVOCATE HEALTH AND HOSPITALS 

CORPORATION et al., Appellees. 

Opinion filed November 18, 2021. 

JUSTICE MICHAEL J. BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with 

opinion. 

Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Garman, Theis, Overstreet, and 

Carter concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

Justice Neville took no part in the decision. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 Plaintiff, Thomas Ittersagen, brought a medical malpractice action against 

defendants Advocate Health and Hospitals Corporation, doing business as 

Advocate Medical Group (Advocate Medical), and one of its doctors, Anita 
 

 

 

 

Thakadiyil, M.D. Plaintiff alleged that defendants negligently failed to diagnose 

him with sepsis and treat him appropriately. The matter proceeded to a trial, and a 

jury was impaneled and sworn. 

¶ 2 More than halfway through the trial, the Cook County circuit court received a 

note from a juror, who reported that he had a business relationship with what he 

called “the Advocate Health Care System Endowment.” The juror said he believed 

the endowment was affiliated with but separate from Advocate Medical. He 

explained that his connection to Advocate Medical was so attenuated that he forgot 

to mention it during jury selection. The juror insisted that the outcome of the trial 

would not affect him financially and that he could remain fair and impartial. 

¶ 3 Plaintiff asked the trial court to remove the juror for actual bias or implied bias 

and to replace him with an alternate juror. The trial court denied the request, and 

the jury ultimately returned a verdict for defendants. The appellate court rejected 

plaintiff’s claim of juror bias and affirmed the judgment for defendants. 2020 IL 

App (1st) 190778, ¶ 63. 

¶ 4 On appeal, plaintiff seeks a new trial on the sole ground that the juror should 

have been removed for implied bias. Plaintiff contends the juror’s business 

relationship with the endowment created a presumption of bias against defendants 

that cannot be rebutted by the juror’s claims of impartiality. Defendants respond 

that, without evidence of the affiliation between the endowment and Advocate 

Medical, plaintiff failed to show a disqualifying relationship between the juror and 

defendants. Based on the limited evidence and the unique circumstances presented, 

we agree with defendants and affirm. 

¶ 5 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 6 On the first day of the 11-day trial, juror William Glascott was impaneled and 

sworn as a member of the jury. At the beginning of the seventh day, the trial judge 

received a note from juror Glascott. The judge summoned the attorneys outside the 

presence of the jury and read the note, which stated: 

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“Although I don’t believe it would bias me, I thought I should disclose that 

my firm has a business relationship with Advocate. I apologize. I did not realize 

or think of this until last night. Bill Glascott.” 

¶ 7 Plaintiff’s counsel immediately asked to strike juror Glascott for cause, arguing 

that, if this information had been disclosed during voir dire, counsel would have 

had the opportunity to strike the juror for cause or exercise a peremptory challenge. 

The trial judge elected to investigate the business relationship rather than excuse 

the juror summarily. However, the parties did not request a continuance to gather 

and present additional evidence on the alleged bias. The trial court’s decision not 

to strike juror Glascott was based solely on a colloquy among the trial judge, the 

parties’ attorneys, and the juror. 

¶ 8 A. Green Courte Partners and the Endowment 

¶ 9 Juror Glascott attempted to explain his employment and how it related to the 

endowment and defendants. Juror Glascott reported that he was employed by Green 

Courte Partners (Green Courte), a private equity company that raises funds to invest 

in real estate. He described Green Courte as a “general partner” that creates 

investment funds on behalf of its clients, whom he called “limited partners.” As 

many as 50 limited partners may invest in any given fund. One such limited partner 

was something juror Glascott called “the Advocate Health Care System 

Endowment.” Neither Advocate Medical nor the doctor was a limited partner. 

¶ 10 Green Courte charged its limited partners an asset management fee, depending 

on the amount invested. Green Courte used the fees to pay its employees’ salaries 

and bonuses and other operational expenses. Green Courte also received a portion 

of the return if the firm met incentive thresholds. 

¶ 11 Juror Glascott was the chief investment officer of Green Courte, and his role 

was to “oversee all of the new investments that we make.” His annual compensation 

consisted of a salary and bonuses tied to the aggregate investment in the firm’s 

funds. He also had the opportunity to invest his own money alongside the firm’s 

limited partners. 

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¶ 12 Juror Glascott insisted that he believed the verdict would not affect his 

compensation in any way because “the decision makers who pay me and the way 

my compensation is structured is not at all dependent on a medical malpractice suit 

***. The people we interface with don’t even know about it.” 

¶ 13 Juror Glascott conceded to plaintiff’s counsel that Green Courte, as the general 

partner, owed a fiduciary duty to its limited partners, including the endowment. He 

expressly stated, “I have a fiduciary responsibility to the endowment of Advocate.” 

But he insisted that neither he nor his employer owed a fiduciary duty to defendants. 

¶ 14 When asked why he did not disclose his fiduciary duty to the endowment 

sooner, he explained that he “didn’t make the connection” because “there wasn’t a 

specific question” during jury selection about business relationships with the 

parties.1 He recalled that the questioning had been limited to whether he had been 

a patient of Advocate Medical or was familiar with its operation. 

¶ 15 Juror Glascott described his “connection” to defendants as “several layers 

removed.” The link did not even occur to him until an e-mail jogged his memory. 

The night before he sent the note to the trial judge, juror Glascott received an 

automated e-mail from LinkedIn, a professional network platform. The message 

announced a job promotion for someone the juror was “connected to at Advocate.” 

He did not specify whether “Advocate” referred to the endowment, defendant 

Advocate Medical, or some other entity. 

¶ 16 B. The Endowment and Advocate Medical 

¶ 17 Juror Glascott told the court that he believed Advocate Medical’s business was 

separate from the endowment. He explained his firm’s client was “the overall $6 

billion endowment” and not “the medical group that’s here.” He also agreed with 

defense counsel’s statement that “the endowment people are separate from the 

Medical Group per se, and you understand that this [defendant] is Advocate Health 

1

The record does not contain a transcript, a bystander’s report, or an agreed statement of facts 

concerning jury selection. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 323 (eff. July 1, 2017). 

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and Hospitals, Advocate Medical Group, and one of its doctors.” Juror Glascott 

also stated he did not know and had never met the doctor. 

¶ 18 Juror Glascott did not know whether the endowment “paid” defendants in any 

way. He did say “the endowment raises money for the growth and expansion of the 

hospital system overall. So they have a pool of money that they invest to grow the 

hospital system.” But otherwise, he said he did not know who owned the 

endowment or “where that money goes.” Juror Glascott said, “I believe the 

endowment’s purpose is to grow by [adding] hospitals, grow hospitals, you know, 

fund growth of—you know, build buildings, that type of thing.” 

¶ 19 Defense counsel then interjected—without comment from plaintiff’s counsel, 

the trial judge, or the juror—that “the salaries and compensation for [the] Medical 

Group comes specifically from Medical Group operations. They do not come from 

any other endowment, and that’s part of the employment contract.” 

¶ 20 According to juror Glascott, the endowment did not have anything to do with 

malpractice liability, “other than they own hospitals and I assume they earn money 

in some capacity from the defendant, one of their affiliates do.” 

¶ 21 C. Alleged Actual Bias 

¶ 22 Juror Glascott asserted repeatedly, beginning with his note, that his business 

relationship with the endowment would not prevent him from serving as an 

impartial juror. He told the court he could “stay neutral and unbiased to both 

parties” and that his employment would not color his view of the evidence. The 

juror insisted he could remain “fair and unbiased.” 

¶ 23 D. The Trial Court’s Ruling 

¶ 24 The trial court denied plaintiff’s request to excuse juror Glascott for actual bias, 

stating, 

“This ruling is based just really completely on the demeanor of the juror and 

what he says. When he says that he does not believe that he would be biased, 

he was pretty adamant that he could be fair all the way through. It just seemed 

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to me that in an abundance of caution, he decided to disclose this information 

now after he got reminded of it with this LinkedIn e-mail. I find that he has 

not—there is no directed [sic] fiduciary duty between this juror and either of 

the defendants in the case. He’s not someone who is responsible for Advocate 

[Medical] or managing the money. Advocate [Medical] is not responsible for 

him anyway. So he didn’t even know about this at all, and it really is not 

something that he believes would even factor into his decision. So in really 

scrutinizing this juror, this is the reason why I had him come back here so that 

I could really take a good look at him. If I thought that he couldn’t be fair or 

that there was a risk with his demeanor that he couldn’t be fair, I would have 

excused him right away, but I find that he could be fair and that he would be 

fair and will be fair. So the motion to excuse him for cause is denied, so the said 

juror will continue to serve.” 

¶ 25 In her initial ruling, the trial judge did not mention implied bias. However, in 

denying plaintiff’s motion for a new trial, she reiterated that she found juror 

Glascott was not biased and that “if there were any type of business relationship 

with the defendant, it was extremely attenuated.” According to the trial judge, 

“After extensively questioning the juror, the court believed that any relationship 

was remotely attenuated. It was the court’s impression that the relationship was so 

insignificant to this juror that he didn’t even recall it at the time of voir dire ***.” 

The trial judge “closely scrutinized” juror Glascott’s demeanor and found him 

“clearly credible when he responded that he would be truthful, fair and unbiased.” 

The court further explained, 

“It’s the court’s impression that [juror Glascott] was embarrassed that he 

forgot to volunteer the information during voir dire because the information 

was so insignificant to [him] that he did not think to do so as he did not recall it 

then. It was apparent that he did not know which Advocate entity was involved 

with the endowment or exactly which fiduciary responsibilities he might have 

had. Whatever they were, they were extremely attenuated to the point they were 

insignificant to the juror. Moreover, his compensation was not impacted in any 

way by the case or defendants.” 

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¶ 26 E. The Appellate Decision 

¶ 27 In the appellate court, plaintiff argued, inter alia, that juror Glascott’s 

relationship with Advocate Medical was prejudicial and warranted a new trial. He 

claimed that the trial court’s finding that no fiduciary duty existed between juror 

Glascott and Advocate Medical was incorrect as a matter of law. 2020 IL App (1st) 

190778, ¶ 56. The appellate court interpreted this line of argument as a claim of 

implied bias. Id. ¶ 58. 

¶ 28 Plaintiff asserted that juror Glascott admitted a direct relationship with 

Advocate Medical. Id. Therefore, plaintiff argued, the decision not to remove juror 

Glascott for cause was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. ¶ 56. Based 

on the record, the appellate court concluded, 

“plaintiff has failed to demonstrate juror Glascott’s relationship with defendant 

Advocate Medical rises to the level of presumed bias. No evidence was 

presented to the trial court regarding the relationship between defendant 

Advocate Medical and the Advocate endowment. Juror Glascott himself did not 

know the nature and extent of the relationship. It was his understanding, 

however, that he would not be affected financially by the result of this lawsuit. 

In addition, defense counsel represented that the salaries and compensation for 

Advocate Medical came from Advocate Medical operations not from the 

endowment. She further indicated that this information could be found in the 

physicians’ employment contracts. In sum, the evidence was insufficient to 

demonstrate any express fiduciary relationship between juror Glascott and 

defendant Advocate Medical.” Id. ¶ 63. 

¶ 29 The appellate court also held the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not 

excusing juror Glascott for cause. Id. ¶ 66. 

¶ 30 Plaintiff filed a petition for leave to appeal, which we allowed pursuant to 

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315 (eff. Oct. 1, 2020). We granted the Illinois Trial 

Lawyers Association leave to submit a brief amicus curiae in support of plaintiff, 

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010). 

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¶ 31 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 32 On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court’s decision not to excuse juror 

Glascott and replace him with an alternate juror denied plaintiff his right to a trial 

by an unbiased jury. Plaintiff abandons his argument that juror Glascott displayed 

actual bias, but he renews his implied-bias argument. 

¶ 33 Plaintiff also argues the appellate court erred by denying his motion to take 

judicial notice of a tax form that Advocate Medical purportedly filed with the 

Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Plaintiff claims the return shows that Advocate 

Medical and the endowment were a single entity at the time of the trial and, 

therefore, juror Glascott’s fiduciary duty owed to the endowment extended to 

Advocate Medical. 

¶ 34 Defendants respond that plaintiff forfeited the issue by seeking judicial notice 

for the first time after the appellate court ruled in defendants’ favor. In the 

alternative, defendants argue the tax form is not subject to judicial notice because 

it is evidence open to interpretation and not an adjudicative fact beyond dispute. 

Defendants offer a competing interpretation of the tax form, claiming it shows 

Advocate Medical had no endowment, either separate or direct. Therefore, 

defendants conclude, there could be no relationship between defendants and juror 

Glascott. 

¶ 35 A. Request to Strike 

¶ 36 Initially, we address defendants’ argument that we should strike certain sections 

of plaintiff’s brief for noncompliance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h) (eff. 

Oct. 1, 2020). Specifically, defendants urge us to strike plaintiff’s nature of the case, 

the issues presented, the statutes construed, and the statement of facts. Rule 

341(h)(2) requires an introductory paragraph that is intended to be a statement of 

the nature of the action and the judgment and whether any question is raised on the 

pleadings. Plaintiff’s brief contains a three-paragraph recitation of the underlying 

facts instead. Rule 341(h)(3) requires a brief statement of the issues without detail, 

but plaintiff’s issues incorporate favorable facts and omit unfavorable ones, 

crossing the line into argument. Rule 341(h)(5) requires that the brief set out 

verbatim any statute, constitutional provision, treaty, ordinance, or regulation at 

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issue, but defendants argue that plaintiff’s brief cites a statute and a supreme court 

rule that are not “at issue” because they were not argued in the trial court. Finally, 

Rule 341(h)(6) requires a statement of “the facts necessary to an understanding of 

the case, stated accurately and fairly without argument or comment.” Defendants 

argue that plaintiff’s statement of facts “contains numerous inaccuracies, and a 

great deal of argument and comment not supported by the [r]ecord.” Indeed, 

plaintiff paraphrases the transcript to give the false impression that it is undisputed 

that Advocate Medical and the endowment are a single entity. In his reply brief, 

plaintiff generally denies any noncompliance with the briefing requirements of 

Rule 341(h). 

¶ 37 We remind the parties that the Illinois Supreme Court rules are not suggestions; 

they have the force of law and must be followed. People v. Campbell, 224 Ill. 2d 

80, 87 (2006). Where a brief has failed to comply with the rules, we may strike 

portions of the brief or dismiss the appeal, should the circumstances warrant. Hall 

v. Naper Gold Hospitality LLC, 2012 IL App (2d) 111151, ¶ 9. Plaintiff’s violations 

do not hinder our review to the point that dismissal of the appeal would be 

appropriate, but we will disregard the noncompliant portions of plaintiff’s brief. We 

also admonish counsel to carefully follow the supreme court rules in future 

submissions. 

¶ 38 B. Implied Bias 

¶ 39 Plaintiff argues juror Glascott was not qualified to serve on the jury because his 

fiduciary duty to the endowment created a presumption of bias against defendants. 

The United States Supreme Court has long held that “ ‘[a litigant] is entitled to a 

fair trial but not a perfect one,’ for there are no perfect trials.” Brown v. United 

States, 411 U.S. 223, 231-32 (1973) (quoting Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 

135 (1968)). “Trials are costly, not only for the parties, but also for the jurors 

performing their civic duty and for society which pays the judges and support 

personnel who manage the trials.” McDonough Power Equipment, Inc. v. 

Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 553 (1984). 

¶ 40 However, “our system of law has always endeavored to prevent even the 

probability of unfairness. To this end no man can be a judge in his own case and no 

man is permitted to try cases where he has an interest in the outcome.” In re 

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Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955). Accordingly, this court has held that the 

discovery of juror bias might compel the reversal of a judgment and a remand for a 

new trial. City of Naperville v. Wehrle, 340 Ill. 579, 584 (1930). “The bias of a 

prospective juror may be actual or implied; that is, it may be bias in fact or bias 

conclusively presumed as [a] matter of law.” United States v. Wood, 299 U.S. 123, 

133 (1936). Implied bias is “a bias attributable in law to the prospective juror 

regardless of actual partiality.” Id. at 134; Fields v. Brown, 503 F.3d 755, 770 (9th 

Cir. 2007) (bias is implied in those extreme situations where the relationship 

between a prospective juror and some aspect of the litigation is such that it is highly 

unlikely that the average person could remain impartial in his deliberations under 

the circumstances). 

¶ 41 In Wehrle, we restated the Supreme Court’s description of the direct 

relationships that create a presumption of juror bias: 

“[O]ne is not a competent juror in a case if he is master, servant, steward, 

counselor or attorney of either party. In such case a juror may be challenged for 

principal cause as an absolute disqualification of the juror. *** This rule applies 

as well to criminal as to civil cases. *** [A] clerk or employé of a private party 

or of a corporation is not qualified to sit as a juror in such a case, over the 

objection of the opposite side. *** Modern methods of doing business and 

modern complications resulting therefrom have not wrought any change in 

human nature itself, and therefore have not lessened or altered the general 

tendency among men, recognized by the common law, to look somewhat more 

favorably, though perhaps frequently unconsciously, upon the side of the person 

or corporation that employs them, rather than upon the other side. Bias or 

prejudice is such an elusive condition of the mind that it is most difficult, if not 

impossible, to always recognize its existence, and it might exist in the mind of 

one (on account of his relations with one of the parties) who was quite positive 

that he had no bias, and said that he was perfectly able to decide the question 

wholly uninfluenced by anything but the evidence. The law therefore most 

wisely says that with regard to some of the relations which may exist between 

the juror and one of the parties, bias is implied, and evidence of its actual 

existence need not be given.” Crawford v. United States, 212 U.S. 183, 195-96 

(1909). 

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See Wehrle, 340 Ill. at 582-83. 

¶ 42 More than 40 years later, in People v. Cole, 54 Ill. 2d 401, 413 (1973), we 

reiterated the principle that bias can be presumed from a juror’s relationship with a 

party: 

“At common law a juror was presumed to be biased and therefore 

disqualified if he was related to a party to the litigation through blood or 

sanguinity or through certain indirect personal relationships. *** [T]here are 

certain relationships which may exist between a juror and a party to the 

litigation which are so direct that a juror possessing the same will be presumed 

to be biased and therefore disqualified. In such a case it is not necessary to 

establish that bias or partiality actually exists.” 

¶ 43 1. Standard of Review 

¶ 44 Plaintiff does not quarrel with the trial court’s finding that juror Glascott was 

credible and did not display actual bias. But plaintiff disputes the trial court’s 

characterization of the juror’s relationship with Advocate Medical and argues the 

court erred as a matter of law. Defendants respond that the decision not to excuse 

the juror was not an abuse of discretion. We take this opportunity to clarify and 

contrast the standards of review that apply to judicial findings concerning actual 

bias and implied bias. 

¶ 45 In Cole, the defendant appealed the trial court’s decision not to remove a juror 

for actual bias. We stated, 

“[t]he determination of whether or not the prospective juror possesses the 

state of mind which will enable him to give to an accused a fair and impartial 

trial rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge. His determination should 

not be set aside unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. at 

414. 

We explained, “[t]he determination of impartiality is not purely an objective 

determination ***. The statement of the juror is proper for the court to consider as 

evidence of his state of mind to be given the weight to which it is entitled under the 

circumstances.” Id. 

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¶ 46 Deciding whether a juror is qualified to serve is a judicial determination, and 

“like the determination of any other issue of fact, must be made from the evidence. 

[Citations.] Mere suspicion of bias is not evidence.” Id. at 415; see also Dennis v. 

United States, 339 U.S. 162, 168 (1950) (“[W]hile impaneling a jury the trial court 

has a serious duty to determine the question of actual bias, and a broad discretion 

in its rulings on challenges therefor.”). 

¶ 47 In certain extraordinary situations, a juror’s bias may be implied from his or her 

relationship with a party or other trial participant. Whether the relationship supports 

a presumption of bias is a question of law. Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 222 n* 

(1982) (O’Connor, J., concurring) (“In those extraordinary situations involving 

implied bias, state-court proceedings resulting in a finding of ‘no bias’ are by 

definition inadequate to uncover the bias that the law conclusively presumes.”). The 

standard of review on questions of law is de novo. Forsythe v. Clark USA, Inc., 224 

Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2007). 

¶ 48 2. Fiduciary Duty 

¶ 49 Plaintiff argues that juror Glascott’s fiduciary duty to the endowment is the type 

of relationship between a juror and a party that requires application of the 

presumption of juror bias. Plaintiff advocates a rule prohibiting a prospective juror 

from serving if the juror owes a party a fiduciary duty. Owing a fiduciary duty 

arguably qualifies as the type of direct relationship that would create a presumption 

of juror bias. 

“ ‘A fiduciary relationship exists where there is special confidence reposed 

in one who, in equity and good conscience, is bound to act in good faith and 

with due regard to the interests of the one reposing the confidence. It exists 

where confidence is reposed on one side and resulting superiority and influence 

is found on the other. [Citations.] The relationship may exist as a matter of law 

between attorney and client, guardian and ward, principal and agent, and the 

like, or it may be moral, social, domestic, or even personal. Where the 

relationship does not exist as a matter of law or is sought to be established by 

parol evidence, the proof must be clear, convincing, and so strong, unequivocal, 

and unmistakable as to lead to but one conclusion.’ ” Martin v. Heinold 

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Commodities, Inc., 163 Ill. 2d 33, 45-46 (1994) (quoting Kolze v. Fordtran, 412 

Ill. 461, 468 (1952)). 

¶ 50 Plaintiff asserts that juror Glascott’s fiduciary duty to the endowment triggers 

the same duty to Advocate Medical. Plaintiff’s position is based on the factual 

assertion that the two are a single entity, despite the juror’s statements to the 

contrary. 

¶ 51 We recognized in Cole that rooting out juror bias necessarily involves assessing 

the juror’s credibility, which is especially significant when, as here, the juror is the 

sole source of evidence. Regardless of whether the objecting party alleges actual 

bias or implied bias, the juror’s relationship to the parties is a question of fact to be 

answered from the evidence, and the court’s finding regarding the relationship 

should not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In 

other words, presuming bias based on a juror’s status is a question of law, but 

determining the juror’s status remains a question of fact. 

¶ 52 We note that plaintiff has not provided a record of the jury selection process, 

where the trial court presumably questioned the venire about potential biases. The 

incompleteness of the record will be construed against plaintiff, the appellant. 

Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 392 (1984). Thus, our review is confined to the 

midtrial colloquy among the trial judge, the attorneys, and the juror. 

¶ 53 The record in this case shows the trial judge heard disorganized and imprecise 

testimony concerning the juror’s connection to defendants. On the one hand, juror 

Glascott stated he owed a fiduciary duty to the endowment. He said the endowment 

raises a “pool of money” to expand the “hospital system overall.” The endowment 

“own[s] hospitals” and possibly “earn[s] money in some capacity from the 

defendant, one of their affiliates.” He believed the endowment’s purpose was to 

expand the hospital system by funding the construction of medical buildings. 

¶ 54 On the other hand, juror Glascott stated emphatically that he believed Advocate 

Medical’s business operation was separate from the endowment and that “the 

endowment people are separate from the Medical Group per se.” Juror Glascott 

also stated he did not know and had never met the doctor. He stated the endowment 

did not have anything to do with malpractice liability and the endowment’s 

“decision makers” would not even be aware of plaintiff’s action. Juror Glascott 

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insisted that he believed the verdict would not affect his compensation in any way. 

This testimony, which the trial court found credible, dispelled the court’s concern 

of implied bias. 

¶ 55 Defense counsel represented that the salaries and compensation for Advocate 

Medical came from Advocate Medical’s operations and not from the endowment. 

Counsel further indicated that this financial information could be found in the 

physicians’ employment contracts. Plaintiff argues the trial court should have 

disregarded defense counsel’s representations. Although the better practice would 

have been to ask juror Glascott to confirm counsel’s statements, the juror did not 

disagree with them. Moreover, plaintiff’s counsel did not object or attempt to refute 

the comments when the court was deciding whether to excuse the juror. 

¶ 56 The trial court found that plaintiff failed to demonstrate that juror Glascott and 

Advocate Medical had a direct relationship that indicated implied bias as a matter 

of law. Juror Glascott reported a fiduciary duty to the endowment, but the trial court 

heard no evidence of a direct link between the juror and Advocate Medical from 

which bias could be presumed. 

¶ 57 Most significantly, juror Glascott was adamant that the endowment and 

defendants were separate, he did not owe Advocate Medical a fiduciary duty, and 

the trial’s outcome would not affect him financially. We agree with the appellate 

court that “the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate any express fiduciary 

relationship between juror Glascott and defendant Advocate Medical.” 2020 IL 

App (1st) 190778, ¶ 63. 

¶ 58 Plaintiff had the burden to show bias but did not refute the juror’s testimony 

with evidence of a relationship with Advocate Medical. The trial court’s finding of 

an attenuated relationship between the juror and Advocate Medical was not against 

the manifest weight of the evidence, and the court’s decision not to excuse the juror 

for implied bias was not erroneous as a matter of law. 

¶ 59 Our conclusion is supported by People v. Porter, 111 Ill. 2d 386, 396-97 (1986), 

where the defendant filed a motion for a new trial on the ground that he was denied 

an impartial jury. He supported the motion with an affidavit claiming a juror knew 

and went to church with the mother of the victim. Id. at 402. When the juror entered 

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the room for deliberations, she allegedly declared to the rest of the jury, “ ‘they 

could vote guilty right then.’ ” Id. 

¶ 60 We explained that, to obtain a new trial, the defendant had the burden to support 

the allegations of his posttrial motion. It was incumbent upon him “to determine 

the nature of the relationship between the juror and [the victim’s] mother,” but 

nothing in the record supported his suspicion that the juror was a friend of the 

victim’s mother. Id. at 403. The record showed that the juror “learned or realized” 

during the trial that she knew the victim’s mother as someone who attended the 

same church that she attended, but the record did not even disclose the name of the 

victim’s mother or whether the juror knew her name. Id. at 404. The juror 

recognized the victim’s mother only after the trial had begun, which suggested they 

did not have a close relationship. Id. at 405. Similar to the juror in Porter, juror 

Glascott did not recognize his connection to Advocate Medical until part way 

through the trial, which indicated an attenuated relationship. 

¶ 61 Furthermore, we agree with the appellate court that plaintiff’s reliance on 

Wehrle, Cole, and Marcin v. Kipfer, 117 Ill. App. 3d 1065 (1983), is misplaced. 

Those decisions illustrate that implied bias exists when there is “a direct 

relationship between the juror and one of the parties to the litigation.” 2020 IL App 

(1st) 190778, ¶ 64. 

¶ 62 The juror in Wehrle was “a commissioner whose duty it was to assess benefits 

against the property of the corporation of which he was an officer and from which 

he was receiving compensation.” Wehrle, 340 Ill. at 583. This court held the juror 

was neither “ ‘competent’ ” nor “ ‘disinterested’ ” and that his relationship to the 

party “would seem too clear *** to require discussion.” Id. 

¶ 63 In contrast to the commissioner in Wehrle, juror Glascott stated he was not 

compensated by Advocate Medical. He believed his employment income was 

derived from his work for the endowment, and he denied owing Advocate Medical 

a fiduciary duty. 

¶ 64 Plaintiff’s position is also undermined by Cole, 54 Ill. 2d at 411, where the trial 

court denied the defendant’s request to remove a juror for actual bias. This court 

held the decision was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, despite the 

juror’s prior contacts with several trial participants. Id. at 415. At the time of the 

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voir dire examination of the juror, a Springfield businessman, the defense had 

exhausted its 20 peremptory challenges. Id. at 411. The juror disclosed that he knew 

both the state’s attorney and assistant state’s attorney. About a year prior to the trial, 

the juror had talked to one of the deceased men about buying a pool table from him. 

A witness for the State used to live next door to the juror and had been his family 

physician. Another witness for the State had a sister who was married to the juror’s 

son. The juror and the sheriff were friends. Id. 

¶ 65 The juror in Cole stated that he had no opinion as to the defendant’s guilt, he 

would disregard anything he might have heard outside the courtroom about the 

case, and his prior contacts with the state’s attorney, assistant state’s attorney, the 

sheriff, and the witnesses would not influence him. Id. at 414. The juror stated he 

would give the testimony of these witnesses no greater weight than he would give 

the testimony of others. Id. “The trial court was apparently convinced of the truth 

of these statements,” and we held that the juror’s contacts “were not such as to 

require us to say that the trial court could not believe his statement on voir dire 

examination.” Id. at 414-15. In other words, we deferred to the trial court’s 

credibility determination concerning the juror’s relationships. Like the contacts 

between the juror and the prosecution in Cole, the relationship between juror 

Glascott and Advocate Medical was indirect. 

¶ 66 In Marcin, 117 Ill. App. 3d at 1067, two prospective jurors were identified 

during voir dire as patients of the defendant doctor. The trial court denied the 

plaintiff’s challenge of the jurors for cause. Id. The appellate court reversed and 

remanded for a new trial. Id. at 1069. In deciding that the jurors should have been 

removed for cause, the appellate court focused upon the close relationship between 

the jurors and the defendant. The relationship between patient and doctor has 

traditionally been one of trust and confidence. A patient may be reluctant to find 

against his personal physician for fear of damaging the doctor’s reputation. Id. at 

1067-68. Given this, and considering the nature of the case, the court found that the 

jurors should have been discharged. Id. at 1068. 

¶ 67 The Marcin court was careful to limit its holding, making it clear that only the 

very close relationship of the two jurors with their doctor required their exclusion. 

Recognizing that it would be difficult in some communities to find jurors who did 

not know a particular physician, the court stated that nothing in its decision should 

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be taken to mean that others knowing the defendant doctor should be kept off the 

jury. Id.; cf. Roach v. Springfield Clinic, 157 Ill. 2d 29, 48 (1993) (“We are 

unwilling to extend the Marcin holding to the spouses of defendant doctors’ 

patients ***.”). In contrast to the close patient-doctor relationship in Marcin, juror 

Glascott’s relationship to Advocate Medical was so remote that he did not even 

recall the connection until the trial was more than half completed. 

¶ 68 Marcin, Cole, and Roach can be reconciled based on the degree of closeness of 

the relationships in those cases. They illustrate that an allegation of juror bias 

depends on the totality of the circumstances. The circumstances presented in this 

case indicate the court did not err in denying plaintiff’s request to remove juror 

Glascott for implied bias. 

¶ 69 C. Judicial Notice 

¶ 70 Plaintiff next argues the appellate court erred in refusing to take judicial notice 

of a tax form that Advocate Medical filed with the IRS. The appellate court initially 

ruled against plaintiff on the juror bias issue when, on May 14, 2020, it issued its 

decision under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(b) (eff. Apr. 1, 2018). Plaintiff filed 

a petition for rehearing. While the petition was pending, plaintiff filed a motion on 

August 14, 2020, asking the appellate court to take judicial notice of the form, 

which purportedly supported plaintiff’s allegation of a relationship between juror 

Glascott and defendants. 

¶ 71 The form was a publicly available copy of IRS Form 990 that was completed 

and submitted to the IRS by “Advocate Health and Hospitals Corp.” in Downers 

Grove for the 2018 tax year. Form 990 is a return that must be filed by certain 

organizations exempt from federal income tax. Line 10 of part IV of the form asked, 

“Did the organization, directly or through a related organization, hold assets in 

temporarily restricted endowments, permanent endowments, or quasiendowments?” The box for “No” was checked. 

¶ 72 Plaintiff argues that, because Advocate Medical’s return did not report the 

existence of a separate endowment, the endowment and Advocate Medical must be 

the same entity. Defendants respond that the document actually shows that 

Advocate Medical did not have an endowment at all, either separate or direct. 

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Defendants infer from the form that the assets in the endowment must have been 

held by an organization other than Advocate Medical. The parties’ opposing 

interpretations of the return illustrate the complexity of the relationships among the 

organizations under the Advocate umbrella and why we defer to the trial judge’s 

findings on the attenuated relationship between juror Glascott and defendants. 

¶ 73 On August 31, 2020, the appellate court denied the petition for rehearing and 

entered an order finding that plaintiff had forfeited his request for judicial notice of 

the tax return. The court concluded that the “the document in question that this 

Court is now being asked to consider could have easily been acquired at the time 

of the hearing and considered by the trial court.” The court also observed that 

plaintiff failed to cite authority allowing a party to supplement his argument by 

requesting a reviewing court to take judicial notice of evidentiary matters that were 

not presented to the trial court. See People v. James, 2019 IL App (1st) 170594 

(appellate court declined to take judicial notice of Department of Corrections 

records that were not properly presented as evidence at trial). 

¶ 74 The record supports the appellate court’s ruling that plaintiff forfeited his 

argument concerning Advocate Medical’s 2018 Form 990. In the trial court, 

plaintiff could have supplemented his motion to reconsider with a form filed by 

Advocate Medical in a prior year. In fact, defendants point out that plaintiff made 

a reference in the trial court to one of Advocate Medical’s Form 990 returns as far 

back as November 2013. 

¶ 75 Furthermore, the 2018 Form 990 was signed on November 15, 2019, which 

predated several of plaintiff’s filings in the appellate court. Plaintiff filed his reply 

brief on March 13, 2020, and the appellate court’s original decision was entered on 

May 14, 2020. Plaintiff filed his petition for rehearing on June 24, 2020, but did not 

mention the tax return. Plaintiff finally asked the appellate court to take judicial 

notice of the return on August 14, 2020, after the court had already ruled on the 

juror bias issue. 

¶ 76 Plaintiff forfeited his argument concerning the tax document by failing to raise 

it in the trial court, and he compounded the forfeiture by waiting until the eleventh 

hour to present it to the appellate court. See Village of Lake Villa v. Stokovich, 211 

Ill. 2d 106, 121 (2004) (issues not raised in the trial court are forfeited and may not 

be raised on appeal). The forfeiture obviates the need to address whether the tax 

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document is subject to judicial notice. 

¶ 77 

¶ 78 

III. CONCLUSION 

The trial court did not err in ruling that the juror did not owe Advocate Medical 

a fiduciary duty and did not have any other direct relationship with defendants that 

would create a presumption of juror bias as a matter of law. For the preceding 

reasons, the judgments of the appellate court and circuit court are affirmed. 

¶ 79 Judgments affirmed. 

¶ 80 JUSTICE NEVILLE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 

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