UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CITIZENS UNITED,

 Plaintiff,

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

STATE,

Defendant.

 Civil Action No. 18-1862 (RDM)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This case concerns a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, request

submitted by Citizens United to the Department of State (“the Department”) seeking records 

related to an October 2016 meeting between Department officials and Christopher Steele. 

Citizens United v. Dep’t of State, 460 F. Supp. 3d 12, 15 (D.D.C. 2020) (“Citizens United I”). 

The Department has released four documents in full, released four documents with redactions, 

and withheld one document in full. In the Court’s prior opinion in this case, it denied Citizens 

United’s motion for summary judgment and granted the Department’s cross-motion for summary 

judgment as to most of the withholdings. Id. But the Court denied the Department’s motion for 

summary judgment with respect to two of the partially redacted documents, concluding that the 

Department had failed to explain why the redactions were proper. Id. at 24. The Court also 

denied summary judgment with respect to the document withheld in full because the Department 

had failed to explain why no part of the document could be released. Id. at 27. Seeking to 

address these deficiencies, the Department has now filed a renewed motion for summary 

judgment, supported by supplemental declarations providing additional detail about the 
2

withholdings. Dkt. 24. Citizens United opposes that motion and seeks in camera review of each 

of the redacted materials. Dkt. 25. In light of the additional detail and explanation that the 

Department has provided, the Court will GRANT the Department’s renewed motion for 

summary judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

Prompted by a press report that Steele “visited the State Department [in October 2016]

[and] brief[ed] officials” there, Citizens United sent the Department a FOIA request in June 2018 

seeking records relating to that meeting. Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 15 (quoting Dkt.

1-2 at 2). After the Department failed to provide a timely, substantive response, Citizens United 

brought this action to compel the release of responsive materials. Id. at 16; Dkt. 1. Several 

months later, the Department informed Citizens United that it had located nine responsive 

records, four of which it released in full, four of which it released with redactions, and one of 

which it withheld in full. Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 15; Dkt. 13-5 at 3 (1st Stein Decl. 

¶¶ 8–10). Because several of the documents included “FBI information/equities,” the 

Department consulted the FBI about those records and withheld some content at the FBI’s 

request. Dkt. 13-4 at 3 (1st Seidel Decl. ¶ 6). In June 2019, Citizens United moved for summary 

judgment to compel the release of the withheld materials, Dkt. 11, and the Department crossmoved for summary judgment, Dkt. 13.

The Court denied Citizens United’s motion for summary judgment and granted partial 

summary judgment in favor of the Department. The Court denied the Department’s motion for 

summary judgment, however, with respect to Documents 4, 7, and 9. Documents 4 and 9 are 

notes from an October 11, 2016 meeting attended by Deputy Assistant Secretary of State 

Kathleen Kavalec, Steele, and Tatyana Duran of Orbis Security. Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 
3

3d at 23; Dkt. 13-4 at 6 (Vaughn index). The Department made redactions to both sets of notes. 

Dkt. 11-6 at 18–19, 22, 26. In support of these redactions, the Department invoked three FOIA 

Exemptions: Exemption 1, which protects records authorized to be kept secret pursuant to 

executive order, 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1); Exemption 3, which protects records “exempted from 

disclosure by statute,” id. § 552(b)(3); and Exemption 7(E), which protects records “compiled for 

law enforcement purposes,” the disclosure of which would reveal “techniques and procedures for 

law enforcement investigations or prosecutions” or would reveal guidelines that could allow 

circumventing the law, id. § 552(b)(7)(E). The Court concluded that the Department had “failed 

to provide a sufficiently detailed explanation for these withholdings,” and, indeed, “aside from 

describing the documents,” had failed to offer any “explanation or justification for its decisions.” 

Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 24. That lack of detail prevented the Court from engaging 

in the de novo review that FOIA requires. The Court could not determine, for example, whether 

the material withheld from Documents 4 and 9 is, in fact, “properly classified pursuant to an 

executive order or whether [it] falls within the ambit of” a statute forbidding disclosure—as 

relevant here, the National Security Act of 1947 as amended by the Intelligence Reform and 

Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1) (collectively, the “National Security 

Act”). Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 24. 

The Court had different concerns about Document 7. “Document 7 is ‘a five-page 

research document prepared by a third party (not Christopher Steele) about a technical subject,’” 

containing “‘potential leads of investigative interest to the FBI related to the investigation of 

Russia’s interference in the 2016 Presidential election.’” Id. at 18 (quoting Dkt. 18-1 at 4 (Hardy 

Decl. ¶ 7)). Document 7 was “‘transmitted for law enforcement purposes from [the State 

Department] to the FBI.’” Id. The Department withheld this document in full pursuant to 
4

Exemptions 3 and 7(E), and the Court concluded that the withholding was permissible under 

Exemption 3 and the National Security Act. Id. at 17–20. But the Court could not ascertain on 

the record before it whether all of Document 7 was properly withheld, or whether the 

Department could reasonably segregate the confidential portions of the document and release any 

non-confidential portions. Id. at 27. Although this issue presented “a close question,” the Court 

concluded that the Department had failed to carry its burden with respect to segregability. Id. In 

particular, the declaration the Department offered in support of its motion—a declaration by 

Assistant Section Chief of the Record/Information Dissemination Section, Information 

Management Division, FBI, Michael G. Seidel, Dkt. 13-4 at 1 (Seidel Decl. ¶ 1)—offered only a 

“generic” explanation, did “little to explain specifically why no meaningful, non-exempt 

information in Document 7 could not be segregated and released, and appear[ed] to turn on the 

assessment that any non-exempt material ‘would have minimal or no informational content.’” 

Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 27 (quoting Dkt. 13-4 at 21 (Seidel Decl. ¶ 50)) (emphasis 

added in opinion). In other words, the declaration suggested that some “minimal informational 

. . . content” could be segregated and released. Id. (quoting Dkt. 13-4 at 21 (Seidel Decl. ¶ 50)). 

Indeed, the declaration seemed “to acknowledge that entire ‘sentences’ might be segregable.” Id. 

(quoting same). “To resolve any doubts about the possible release of any non-exempt portions of 

Document 7,” the Court denied summary judgment on the issue without prejudice. Id.

In response, the Department renewed its motion for summary judgment and filed two 

supplemental declarations. Dkt. 24; Dkt. 24-3; Dkt. 24-4. But, having received further input 

from the FBI, the Department receded—at least in part—from its contention that all of the 

redactions to Document 4 were justified, and, on July 21, 2020, it re-released that document 

“with additional information unredacted.” Dkt. 24-1 at 5. Despite that concession, however, 
5

Citizens United opposes the Department’s motion. Dkt. 25. The Court must now decide

whether the Department’s more robust justifications for the remaining withholdings pass muster. 

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Agencies must disclose records requested pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act

unless those records fall within one of nine exclusive statutory exemptions. Milner v. Dep’t of 

Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 565 (2011). “[T]he vast majority of FOIA cases can be resolved on 

summary judgment.” Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 16 (quoting Brayton v. Off. of U.S. 

Trade Rep., 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011)). To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, 

the movant must demonstrate “that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and [that it] 

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). To meet its burden in a FOIA 

case, an agency must submit declarations that are “relatively detailed and non-conclusory,” 

SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991), and that “describe the 

justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information 

withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary 

evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 

857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d 773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1984)).

An agency “is entitled to summary judgment if no material facts are in dispute and if it 

demonstrates ‘that each document that falls within the class requested either has been produced 

. . . or is wholly exempt from [FOIA's] inspection requirements.’” Students Against Genocide v. 

Dep't of State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 352 

(D.C. Cir. 1978)). The Court reviews the agency's decision de novo, and the agency bears the 

burden of sustaining its action. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).
6

III. ANALYSIS

A. Redactions in Documents 4 and 9

Document 4 is a two-page, typed set of notes, with one paragraph-sized redaction and 

two smaller, additional redacted blocks of text, Dkt. 27-1 at 3–4, and Document 9 is an elevenpage, handwritten set of notes with a roughly two-line redaction and a half-line redaction, Dkt. 

11-6 at 22–32. The State Department made all of the redactions at the behest of the FBI, except 

for one redaction on the second page of Document 4. Dkt. 24-4 at 2–3 (Weetman Decl. ¶¶ 4–

10). As noted above, upon the FBI’s review, the Department has released a version of Document 

4 that reveals some of the material that it had previously redacted. Dkt. 23 at 1; Dkt. 24-1 at 5; 

Dkt. 24-3 at 7 n.5; Dkt. 24-4 at 3 (Weetman Decl. ¶ 8). In particular, the recently released 

version of Document 4 no longer withholds the following three sentences: “He says he shared 

this information with the A/Legat. He noted that he had offered it to the A/Legat [redacted], but 

at the time the A/Legat said he ‘didn’t know what to do with it.’ Later on, the A/Legat said he 

was interested.” Dkt. 27-1 at 3; see also Dkt. 11-6 at 18.

Beyond releasing this additional material for Document 4, the Department now offers a 

more complete explanation for its withholdings from Documents 4 and 9. Previously, the 

Department’s justifications for the redactions made to Documents 4 and 9 consisted—in total—

of the following: (1) Document 4 “is a two-page typed set of notes purporting to be derived from 

a meeting [between Kathleen Kavalec,] Christopher Steele[,] and Tatyana Duran of Orbis 

Security on October 11, 2016,” from which the Department redacted (a) “one sentence on the 

second page” that revealed “the place and date of issuance of an individual’s U.S. visa [and] the 

visa’s status,” and (b) “additional information . . . on behalf of the FBI under FOIA Exemption 3, 

. . . pursuant to the National Security Act of 1947,” under FOIA Exemption 1, and under FOIA 
7

Exemption 7(E). Dkt. 13-5 at 11–12 (Stein Decl. ¶¶ 40–42); see also Dkt. 13-4 at 6 (Seidel Decl. 

¶ 11). (2) Document 9 “is an eleven-page set of handwritten notes from a meeting with 

Christopher Steele and Tatyana Duran of Orbis Business Intelligence on October 11, 2016,” 

which “were taken by Department employee Kathleen Kavalec,” and which “[t]he Department 

withheld” in part “on behalf of the FBI under FOIA Exemption 3, . . . pursuant to the National 

Security Act of 1947,” classified information pursuant to “FOIA Exemption 1,” and additional 

information pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(E). Dkt. 13-5 at 13 (Stein Decl. ¶¶ 48–49); see also

Dkt. 13-4 at 6 (Stein Decl. Vaughn Index).

The Department now clarifies that Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Kavalec is the 

author of both documents, which record the same October 11, 2016 meeting between herself, 

Steele, and Orbis Security. Dkt. 24-3 at 5 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 5). Document 4 is “the 

typewritten,” “more cogent, fulsome” version of her handwritten notes compiled in Document 9. 

Id. For the most part, the redactions in each document—and the justifications underlying them—

correspond to one another. The Court will therefore consider the redactions of each document, 

and the Department’s justifications, together.

1. Non-Public Information About the Engagement of an Intelligence Source

“The redaction on page 5 of Document 9 corresponds to the second redaction block on 

Document 4.” Dkt. 24-3 at 5 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 7). The Department made these redactions at the 

FBI’s behest, id. (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 6), and it describes the redacted material as “non-public 

information about the engagement of an intelligence source (Steele) by the FBI, including where 

and when that engagement occurred,” id. (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 7). According to the FBI declarant, 

this information is protected by Executive Order 13,526, 75 Fed. Reg. 707 (Dec. 29, 2009)

(“E.O. 13,526”), which authorizes, subject to certain conditions, the classification of information 
8

that pertains to, inter alia, “intelligence activities (including covert action), intelligence sources 

or methods, or cryptology,” the disclosure of which “could reasonably be expected to cause . . .

damage to the national security,” id. at 708. As a result, according to the Department, the 

redacted material is properly classified pursuant to E.O. 13,526, and it is thus protected from 

disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 1. That exemption shields records “specifically 

authorized under criteria established by an [e]xecutive order to be kept secret in the interest of 

national defense or foreign policy,” so long as the records “are in fact properly classified 

pursuant to such [e]xecutive order.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1); Dkt. 24-3 at 6 (2d Seidel Decl.

¶ 7(b)). 

The Department further posits that “the FBI’s engagement with an intelligence source” 

constitutes “an intelligence method that the National Security Act . . . requires the FBI . . . to 

protect from disclosure.” Dkt. 24-3 at 5–6 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 7(a)); 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1) (“The 

Director of National Intelligence shall protect intelligence sources and methods from 

unauthorized disclosure.”). On this ground, the Department invokes FOIA Exemption 3, which 

shields records “specifically exempted from disclosure by statute” if the relevant statute 

“requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion 

on the issue . . . [or] establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of 

matters to be withheld.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3)(A); Dkt. 24-3 at 5–6 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 7(a)). 

Finally, the Department contends that the withheld information would “reveal non-public 

details about the FBI’s reliance on sources in national security investigations,” Dkt. 24-3 at 7 (2d 

Seidel Decl. ¶ 7(c)), and that, as a result, the information qualifies for protection under

Exemption 7(E). That exemption safeguards records “compiled for law enforcement purposes” 

that “would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or 
9

prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for [the same] if such disclosure could reasonably be 

expected to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E); Dkt. 24-3 at 6–7 (2d Seidel 

Decl. ¶ 7(c)).

“Although the Department has invoked several exemptions to justify its withholdings, it 

is sufficient if it properly invoked one exemption for each withholding.” Citizens United I, 460 

F. Supp. 3d at 16–17. Because the Department permissibly relied on Exemption 1, the Court

need not consider whether its reliance on Exemptions 3 or 7(E) was also permissible.

Under Exemption 1, an agency may withhold “matters that are . . . specifically authorized 

under criteria established by an [e]xecutive order to be kept secret in the interest of national 

defense or foreign policy,” which “are in fact properly classified pursuant to such [e]xecutive 

order.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1). Here, E.O. 13,526 authorizes the classification of information if: 

(1) an original classification authority is classifying the information;

(2) the information is owned by, produced by or for, or is under the control 

of the United States Government;

(3) the information falls within one or more of the categories of information 

listed in section 1.4 of [E.O. 13,526]; and

(4) the original classification authority determines that the unauthorized 

disclosure of the information reasonably could be expected to result in 

damage to the national security, which includes defense against 

transnational terrorism, and the original classification authority is able to 

identify or describe the damage.

E.O. 13,526 § 1.1. Section 1.4(c), in turn, establishes categories of information that qualify for 

classification, and those include “intelligence activities . . . , intelligence sources[,] or methods” 

the release of which “could reasonably be expected to cause identifiable or describable damage 

to the national security.” 
10

Accordingly, to invoke Exemption 1, the agency must offer evidence, in the form of a 

declaration or otherwise, showing that the information at issue was classified by an authorized 

official; that the information is owned by or is under the control of the federal government; that it 

relates to a covered subject matter, such as an intelligence activity or intelligence sources or 

methods; and that the classifying authority has determined that disclosure could reasonably “be 

expected to result in damage to the national security.” As the D.C. Circuit has recognized,

“[t]his burden is not especially demanding; ‘little proof or explanation is required beyond a 

plausible assertion that [the] information is properly classified,’ and courts must accord 

‘substantial weight’ to the agency’s declaration ‘concerning the details of the classified status of 

the disputed record.’” Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 21 (quoting Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 

1108, 1124 (D.C. Cir. 2007)).

Particularly when considered in light of the deferential standard that governs judicial 

review of executive branch classification determinations, the Court is persuaded that the first set 

of redactions are protected under Exemption 1. To start, the information at issue was designated 

as classified by an authorized official. Michael Seidel, who served as the Section Chief of the 

FBI’s Record/Information Dissemination Section (“RIDS”) at the relevant time, was “designated 

by the Attorney General of the United States as an original classification authority . . . pursuant 

to Executive Order 13526.” Dkt. 24-3 at 2 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 2). According to Seidel, the 

withheld “intelligence source and method information was . . . determined to be classified by an 

FBI Original Classification Authority” and “is currently and properly classified at the SECRET 

level.” Id. at 6 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 7(b)); see also 13-5 at 3–4 (Stein Decl. ¶ 12). This satisfies the 

executive order’s requirement that “an original classification authority is classifying the 

information.” E.O. 13,526 § 1.1. The information at issue, moreover, was owned or controlled 
11

by the United States. Documents 4 and 9 are State Department records, created by a State 

Department official in the course of her employment, thus satisfying the second prong of the 

classification test. 

As to the third and fourth prongs, Seidel explains “the information redacted on page 5 of 

Document 9 and in the second redaction block of Document 4 is intelligence method information 

about the FBI’s engagement with an intelligence source” and “that disclosure of this intelligence 

source and method information could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to 

national security.” Dkt. 24-3 at 6 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 7(b)). He then explains that “[p]ieces of 

information like this about how or where the FBI engaged an intelligence source could be used, 

along with other publicly-available information about this and other sources, to form a mosaic 

picture about the FBI’s engagement with intelligence sources that could be exploited to 

undermine FBI source interactions in the future.” Id.

This explanation suffices for purposes of Exemption 1 and, for that matter, would suffice 

under Exemption 3 as well. As the declaration recognizes, “bits and pieces of data may aid in 

piecing together bits of other information even when the individual piece is not of obvious 

importance in itself.” CIA v. Sims, 471 US. 159, 178 (1985) (internal quotation marks and 

citation omitted). Moreover, the nature of the subject matter limits an agency’s ability to offer 

the type of detail that courts often require to justify invocation of other FOIA exemptions. But 

“[g]iven the constraints of dealing with classified information and the need to avoid the 

disclosure of even ‘innocuous information’ that might form ‘bits and pieces’ of a ‘mosaic’ 

revealing information damaging to national security,” the Court concludes that the Second Seidel 

declaration is “sufficiently detailed and [is] entitled to the presumption of good faith.” Citizens 

United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 22 (quoting Sims, 471 U.S. at 178).
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Citizens United offers little in response to this showing. It merely asserts, without 

citation to any precedent and only a passing reference to an Office of Inspector General Report, 

Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI’s Crossfire Hurricane 

Investigation (2019), available at https://www.justice.gov/storage/120919-examination.pdf

(“OIG Report”), that “[t]here is already public information regarding Steele’s ‘engagement’ by 

the FBI;” that the “FBI uses the term ‘engagement,’” and the OIG Report refers to Steele as a 

“confidential human source,” while Steele characterized the relationship as “contractual;” and 

that “the FBI has acknowledged that the relationship was ‘unorthodox and groundbreaking.’” 

Dkt. 25 at 2. But, even if the Court were to accept Citizens United’s factual representations, the 

Department’s invocation of Exemption 1 would stand. Citizen United does not, and cannot, 

dispute that the information at issue was properly classified and that disclosure could reasonably 

cause damage to national security by, for example, allowing adversaries of the United States to 

discern how the FBI engages with intelligence sources. 

To the extent that Citizens United maintains that the Department has officially 

acknowledged the redacted information and has therefore waived Exemption 1’s protection, a 

FOIA requester bears the burden of showing that: (1) “the information requested [is] as specific 

as the information previously released;” (2) the information sought “match[es] the information 

previously disclosed;” and (3) that information has “already . . . been made public through an 

official and documented disclosure.” Leopold v. CIA, 987 F.3d 163, 170 (D.C. Cir. 2021) 

(quoting Fitzgibbon v. CIA, 911 F.2d 755, 765 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). Citizens United does not even 

attempt to satisfy this demanding standard.

In the alternative, Citizens United urges the Court to “direct the [Department] to provide 

the documents for in camera review to ensure that the withheld information is not similar to what 
13

has already been disclosed.” Id. This argument fails on multiple levels. Most notably, 

“[a]lthough Congress provided district courts the option to conduct in camera review under 

FOIA, the statute does not compel the exercise of that option;” to the contrary, such review “is 

neither necessary nor appropriate” “[w]hen the agency meets its burden by means of affidavits.” 

ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, 628 F.3d 612, 626 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks 

and citation omitted); see also Hayden v. NSA, 608 F.2d 1381, 1387 (D.C. Cir. 1979). For the 

reasons already explained, the Department has satisfied its burden as to the applicability of 

Exemption 1 and thus it is “neither necessary nor appropriate” for the Court to conduct the in 

camera review that Citizens United requests.

The Court will, accordingly, grant summary judgment in favor of the Department as to 

the redacted information in Documents 4 and 9 relating to engaging an intelligence source.

1

2. Non-Public Information that Could Potentially Identify an Intelligence Source

“The redaction on page 1 of Document 9 and the third redaction block on Document 4 

. . . correspond to one another” and were also made at the behest of the FBI. Dkt. 24-2 at 4 

(Def.’s SUMF ¶ 17); Dkt. 24-3 at 7 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 8); Dkt. 24-1 at 5. Seidel attests that these 

redactions involve “non-public information about an intelligence source (not Steele) that could 

potentially identify the source.” Dkt. 24-3 at 7 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 8). The same goes for the first 

redaction block on Document 4, which “includes a description of this intelligence source, 

including profession, location, and contacts that could potential identify the source.” Id. These 

1

In most cases, the agency must also show that it “reasonably foresees that disclosure would 

harm an interest protected by [the] exemption.” Machado Amadis v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 971 

F.3d 364, 370 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I)). However, “reasonably 

foreseeable harm need not be shown if ‘disclosure is prohibited by law.’” Hall & Assocs. v. 

EPA, No. 18-cv-1749, 2021 WL 1226668, at *3 n.3 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2021) (quoting 5 U.S.C. 

§ 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(II)). Thus, if information is properly withheld under Exemptions 1 or 3, the 

agency need not make a separate foreseeable harm showing.
14

redactions, in the Department’s view, were therefore proper under Exemption 3 and the National 

Security Act and under Exemption 7(E). Dkt. 24-1 at 14; Dkt. 24-3 at 8 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 8(a), 

(b)). The Court agrees.

As the Court explained in Citizens United I, “Exemption 3 differs from other FOIA 

exemptions in that its applicability depends less on the detailed factual contents of specific 

documents; the sole issue for decision is the existence of a relevant statute and the inclusion of 

withheld material within the statute’s coverage.” Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 17 

(quoting DiBacco v. U.S. Army, 795 F.3d 178, 197 (D.C. Cir. 2015)). Here, the Department 

relies on the National Security Act to support its withholdings on behalf of the FBI. The

National Security Act, in relevant part, requires the Director of National Intelligence to “protect 

intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure.” 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1). 

Because the information at issue “is about an intelligence source[] and could identify the 

source,” the Department explains, “the FBI was required to protect it.” Dkt. 24-1 at 14; Dkt. 24-

3 at 8 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 8(a)).

“The D.C. Circuit has repeatedly held that the National Security Act ‘is a valid 

Exemption 3 statute,’” Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 17 (quoting DiBacco, 795 F.3d at 

183), and it has read the statute broadly to cover not only the names of intelligence sources but

also, more generally, information related to such sources, id. at 19; Cable News Network, Inc. v. 

FBI, 384 F. Supp. 3d 19, 30–31 (D.D.C. 2019), rev’d in part on other grounds, 984 F.3d 114 

(D.C. Cir. 2021). That precedent is dispositive with respect to the first redacted block on 

Document 4. The Court is required to afford the Seidel declaration a presumption of good faith, 

SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1200, and Seidel attests that the redacted material includes “a 

description of [the undisclosed] intelligence source, including profession, location, and contacts.” 
15

Dkt. 24-3 at 7 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 8). The Seidel declaration also explains that disclosure would 

violate the National Security Act’s requirement to “protect intelligence sources . . . from 

unauthorized disclosure.” 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1). The Court has little doubt that revealing such

information could reasonably disclose the intelligence source. But, in any event, the Court must 

defer to the FBI’s determination, because “[t]he judiciary ‘is in an extremely poor position to 

second-guess’ the predictive judgments made by the government’s intelligence agencies 

regarding” the risk of disclosure or the harm posed by such disclosure. Larson, 565 F.3d at 865

(quoting Ctr. for Nat’l Sec. Stud. v. Dep’t of Justice, 331 F.3d 918, 928 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). 

The Department’s redactions on page 1 of Document 9 and the third redacted block on 

Document 4 present a slightly closer question. “Although the FBI’s reliance on the [National 

Security Act] is entitled to substantial deference,” the Department is not entitled to summary 

judgment if the declarations it provides are “too broad and conclusory to allow the Court to 

perform the type of ‘searching de novo review’ required by the governing precedent.” Shapiro v. 

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 239 F. Supp. 3d 100, 123 (D.D.C. 2017) (emphasis added) (quoting 

Church of Scientology of Cal., Inc. v. Turner, 662 F.2d 784, 786 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). The 

Department does not detail how the redacted information relates to the intelligence source but,

instead, asserts that the withholdings concern non-public information about an intelligence 

source other than Steele and that the release of this information could potentially identify that 

source. Dkt. 24-3 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 8). The Court is nonetheless persuaded that the Department 

has carried its burden. Seidel explains that the specific redactions in question contain

information about a particular intelligence source—other than Steele—and he also identifies the 

consequences of disclosure: publicly identifying that intelligence source. That is enough, 

although just enough, to satisfy the requirements of Exemption 3. Compare Church of 
16

Scientology, 662 F.2d at 786 (holding that CIA carried its burden by submitting affidavits 

attesting that disclosure could reveal an intelligence source and discussing withheld information 

at the paragraph-by-paragraph level) with Shapiro, 239 F. Supp. 3d at 123 (holding the FBI’s 

declarations insufficient because they referred in an unduly broad manner to the importance of 

shielding information pursuant to Exemption 3). In light of the “deferential framework” for 

assessing the Department’s invocation of Exemption 3 and the National Security Act and the 

inherent limitations on the detail that the Department can offer regarding matters of national 

security, the Court is persuaded that the redactions on the first page of Document 9 and the third 

block of redactions on Document 4 were proper. Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 19.

Citizens United’s response is, once again, exceedingly thin, the substance of which 

appears in a single sentence: “Plaintiff does not believe that the protection of intelligence 

sources extends to the protection of persons pushing political opposition research about a 

presidential candidate in an effort to influence a presidential election.” Dkt. 25 at 3. But

Citizens United cites no case law or relevant evidence, and its characterization of the undisclosed 

source amounts to the same kind of “unsupported speculation about the redacted information” 

that the Court previously deemed insufficient to overcome FOIA exemptions. Citizens United I, 

460 F. Supp. 3d at 22. Citizens United also seeks in camera review, but, as with the other 

redactions and for the same reasons, such review is neither necessary nor appropriate.

The Court will, accordingly, grant summary judgment in the Department’s favor with 

respect to the withholdings regarding the undisclosed intelligence source in Documents 4 and 9.

3. Visa Information

Finally, on its own initiative, the Department “withheld one sentence on the second page 

of [Document 4] because it consists of information regarding the issuance or refusal of a visa.” 
17

Dkt. 24-4 at 2 (Weetman Decl. ¶ 5); Dkt. 24-1 at 14. According to the Department, this 

withholding is consistent with Exemption 3 and the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”),

which provides in relevant part that: 

The records of the Department of State and of diplomatic and consular offices 

of the United States pertaining to the issuance or refusal of visas or permits to 

enter the United States shall be considered confidential and shall be used only 

for the formulation, amendment, administration, or enforcement of the 

immigration, nationality, and other laws of the United States, except that . . . in 

the discretion of the Secretary of State certified copies of such records may be 

made available to a court which certifies that the information contained in such 

records is needed by the court in the interest of the ends of justice in a case 

pending before the court.

8 U.S.C. § 1202(f). Because the statute requires the Department to maintain the confidentiality 

of records relating to the issuance or refusal of visas, the Department contends that it properly 

withheld the information at issue pursuant to Exemption 3. Dkt. 24-1 at 15.

Citizens United says nothing about this withholding, see generally Dkt. 25; see also Dkt. 

25-1 at 3 (Response to SUMF ¶ 22), and thus arguably concedes the point. In any event, that 

concession is well taken. In considering Exemption 3 and the same provision of the INA at issue 

here—8 U.S.C. § 1202(f)—the D.C. Circuit has opined that § 1202(f) qualifies under Exemption 

3 and that it broadly protects “information pertaining to visa issuances and denials.” MedinaHincapie v. Dep’t of State, 700 F.2d 737, 742–44 (D.C. Cir. 1983); see also Soto v. U.S. Dep’t of 

State, 118 F. Supp. 3d 355, 365 (D.D.C. 2015). Here, the Deputy Director of the State 

Department’s Office of Information Programs and Services attests that the redacted information 

“describes the place of issuance, date of issuance, and current status of an individual’s U.S. 

visa.” Dkt. 24-4 at 2 (Weetman Decl. ¶ 5). That is sufficient.

The Court will, accordingly, grant summary judgment in favor of the Department with 

respect to the redaction on the second page of Document 4.
18

B. Segregability

“FOIA requires that ‘[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to 

any person requesting such [a] record after deletion of portions which are exempt.’” Taylor 

Energy Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Mgmt., 271 F. Supp. 3d 73, 97 

(D.D.C. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting Morley, 508 F.3d at 1123). To satisfy its 

segregability obligation, an “agency must provide a ‘detailed justification’ for . . . nonsegregability,” Johnson v. Exec. Off. for U.S. Atty’s, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting 

Mead Data Ctr., Inc. v. Dep’t of the Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 261 (D.C. Cir. 1977)) , such as 

“describing the materials withheld, the exemption under which they were withheld, and 

[offering] an affidavit attesting that ‘it released all segregable material,’” Taylor Energy Co., 

271 F. Supp. 3d at 97 (citation omitted). The Court must then determine whether these 

representations “suffic[e] to fulfill the agency’s obligation to show with ‘reasonable specificity’ 

why [the responsive documents could not] be further segregated.” Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776 

(quoting Armstrong v. Exec. Off. of the Pres., 97 F.3d 575, 578–79 (D.C. Cir. 1996)).

1. Documents 4 and 9

As discussed, the Department has provided a sufficient explanation for each remaining 

redaction in Documents 4 and 9. Based on these explanations for each withholding, the Court is 

persuaded that the Department has satisfied its burden to show “with reasonable specificity why” 

the contents of Documents 4 and 9 could not be further released. Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776 

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). This decision is made all the easier in light of 

the Department’s entitlement “to a presumption that [it] complied with the obligation to disclose 

reasonably segregable material,” which can be overcome only with some “quantum of evidence.” 

Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007); see also Soto, 118 F. 
19

Supp. 3d at 370; Muttitt v. Dep’t of State, 926 F. Supp. 2d 284, 310 (D.D.C. 2013). Citizens 

United has offered no evidence to overcome this presumption of reasonable compliance.

2. Document 7

In Citizens United I, the Court concluded that Document 7, “a five-page research 

document prepared by a third party (not Christopher Steele),” was properly withheld pursuant to 

Exemption 3 and the National Security Act, but declined to grant summary judgment as to 

segregability. On the question of segregability, the Court explained, the relevant declaration 

“lack[ed] detail,” was “relatively conclusory,” and at least suggested that “entire ‘sentences’ 

might be segregable.” Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 3d at 27. 

In its renewed motion for summary judgment, the Department offers additional 

information regarding Document 7. “[A] third party who had access to” Document 7 supplied 

the document to the Department, which in turn transmitted the document to the FBI “because the 

subject matter related to the FBI’s investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 

Presidential election.” Dkt. 24-3 at 9 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 10); Dkt. 24-1 at 15. Document 7 itself 

“is a printout directly from [a] limited access website (not accessible to the general public).” 

Dkt. 24-3 at 9 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 10); Dkt. 24-1 at 15. The FBI determined “that no portion of 

the five-page document can be disclosed because the entire document is exempt pursuant to 

Exemption 3.” Dkt. 24-3 at 9 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 11). More specifically, “the entire document is 

intelligence information, which if disclosed would reveal non-public information about [an] 

intelligence/investigative method—i.e., the specific research at issue.” Id. at 9 (2d Seidel Decl. 

¶ 11). In addition, revealing “the specific information on the pages would significantly narrow 

down the identity of the source who supplied the information to [the Department], thus risking 

the revelation of the intelligence source.” Id. This explanation improves upon the conclusory 
20

nature of the Department’s previous explanation, which merely stated that “the information on 

these pages was fully covered by the cited FOIA exemptions” and “that any potentially nonexempt information was so intertwined with exempt information that it could not be reasonably 

segregated for release.” Dkt. 13-4 at 21 (1st Seidel Decl. ¶ 50); Citizens United I, 460 F. Supp. 

3d at 26–27 (referencing same). 

That leaves the ambiguity of the Department’s previous declaration, which claimed that 

“segregating any non-exempt information on these pages would result only in the release of 

disjointed words, phrases, or sentences that taken separately or together would have minimal or 

no informational content.” Dkt. 13-4 at 21 (1st Seidel Decl. ¶ 50). From that declaration, the 

Court previously inferred that it might be possible—or, at least, that the declarant had not 

foreclosed the possibility—that the Department could release non-exempt “sentences” from the 

document that convey at least some “minimal” content.

In his second declaration, Seidel acknowledges that he now “realize[s] that [his 

statement] may have caused confusion in context.” Dkt. 24-3 at 9 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 12). His 

statement, however, “was meant to convey only that there may be random words or phrases—

such as ‘for example,’ ‘in conclusion,’ ‘and,’ ‘the,’ ‘however,’ ‘thus,’ etc.—that standing entirely 

on their own would not be exempt but that provide no informational content and thus are not 

reasonably segregable.” Id. at 9–10 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 12). “To clarify,” he explains, the FBI 

has concluded that Exemption 3 applies to the entire document and that “disclosure of any 

portion of it risks revealing exempt information such as the location and source of the original 

information.” Id. at 10 (2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 13). This clarification directly addresses the source of 

“[t]he Court’s hesitancy” as to the segregability of Document 7 in Citizens United I. 460 F. 

Supp. 3d at 27.
21

In response, Citizens United argues that the Court should review Document 7 in camera. 

Dkt. 25 at 3. Because “Document 7 appears to have been in the public domain since the fall of 

2016,” by Citizens United’s account, “some, if not all, of the withheld information from 

Document 7” is public. Id. at 4. In support of this contention, Citizens United attaches to its 

opposition a “printoff” that, according to Citizens United’s counsel, constitutes “a portion of 

[the] research document” at issue. Dkt. 25-2 at 2 (Morgan Decl. ¶ 6). Counsel further attests

that it “has been reported” that the printout is “contained in Document 7” and argues that, if so, 

at least that portion of Document 7 is both non-exempt and segregable. Id. at 1–2 (Morgan Decl. 

¶¶ 3–5). 

Separate from Exhibit B, Citizens United also argues that a Department of Justice, Office 

of Inspector General Report has already acknowledged the origin and content of Document 7 in 

the following passage:

Two days after the meeting with Steele, Kavalec emailed an FBI CD Section 

Chief [Stephen Laycock] a document that Kavalec received from [Jonathan]

Winer discussing allegations about a linkage between [Russian] Alfa Bank and 

the Trump campaign, a topic that was discussed at the October 11 meeting. 

Kavalec advised the FBI Section Chief in the email that the information related 

to an investigation that Steele’s firm had been conducting. 

Dkt 25 at 4 (quoting OIG Report) (bracketed inserts and emphasis in opposition brief). Based on 

this passage, Citizens United maintains that “‘the specific research at issue’ [in Document 7] is 

no secret.” Id. at 4–5. And finally, Citizens United claims that “it is known that some of the 

‘research’ connected to Document 7 was in the possession of an attorney with a law firm that 

represented the 2016 Democratic presidential nominee as early as the summer of 2016,” and this 

attorney “testified that he had provided such similar information to the FBI in September 2016.” 

Id. at 5. If the attorney is the protected intelligence source, Citizens United reasons, “then 
22

[Document 7] would not reveal non-public information about whoever the intelligence source 

was.” Id. at 6. 

Citizens United’s arguments boils down to the contention that at least some information 

contained in Document 7 is already public, as shown purportedly by news stories, other nongovernmental reporting, and the OIG Report. It further argues that the protected intelligence 

source might be a lawyer who has already testified to providing information to the FBI. The 

Court is unpersuaded. 

To the extent Citizens United maintains that at least some of the information at issue is 

not properly protected under Exemption 3 and the National Security Act because no reasonably 

foreseeable harm is likely to result from the disclosure of information that, according to Citizens 

United, is “already known to anyone with internet access and a web browser,” Dkt. 25 at 5, its 

argument is unavailing. Although the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016, Pub. L. No. 114-185, §§ 

2, 6, 130 Stat. 538, 539, 544-45 (2016), permits agencies to withhold information, in whole or in 

part, “only if . . . the agency reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected 

by an exemption described in subsection (b),” that provision does not apply to information that is

“exempted from disclosure under subsection (b)(3).” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8); see also Machado 

Amadis, 971 F.3d at 370; Hall & Assocs., 2021 WL 1226668, at *3 n.3. And, in any event, even 

if some of the information at issue were present “in some form in the public domain,” that would 

“not necessarily mean that official disclosure [would] not cause harm cognizable under a FOIA 

exemption.” Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 378 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

Citizens United is, accordingly, left to argue that the Department of Justice or the FBI 

waived Exemption 3’s protections through official acknowledgement. To make out that claim, 

Citizens United bears the heavy burden of showing that: (1) “the information requested [is] as 
23

specific as the information previously released;” (2) the information sought “match[es] the 

information previously disclosed;” and (3) that information has “already . . . been made public 

through an official and documented disclosure.” Leopold, 987 F.3d at 170 (citation omitted). 

Citizens United has not met this burden. For one thing, “the requesting plaintiff must 

pinpoint an agency record that both matches the plaintiff’s request and [that] has been publicly 

and officially acknowledged by the agency.” Moore v. CIA, 666 F.3d 1330, 1333 (D.C. Cir. 

2011) (emphasis added). But even if Document 7 consists in part of the information in Exhibit 

B—and the Court expresses no view on that question—Citizens United offers no evidence that 

the State Department, the Justice Department, or the FBI officially released or acknowledged any 

such thing.

The closest that Citizens United comes to an “official” statement of any kind is its 

citation to the OIG Report, which merely states that Kavalec sent an email from “Winer” to the 

FBI and that the email concerned information about the Trump campaign’s links to Alpha Bank, 

a topic of conversation at the Steele meeting. Dkt. 25 at 4–5. That assertion does not come close 

to satisfying the demanding standard for official acknowledgment: Citizens United does not even 

argue that Document 7 is “as specific as the information previously released” or that it

“match[es] the information previously disclosed.” Leopold, 987 F.3d at 170. Because Citizens 

United has not shown that “the specific information” that it seeks is already in the public domain 

and that it is there by virtue of an “official disclosure,” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 378 (emphasis omitted), 

its argument fails. Nor is this conclusion a mere technicality. As the D.C. Circuit has observed, 

this “insistence on exactitude recognizes ‘the Government’s vital interest in information relating 

to national security and foreign affairs,’” id., and it ensures that the protection of intelligence 

sources and methods is not undermined over time through speculation, unauthorized disclosures, 
24

or limited or unrelated disclosures that were never intended to open the door to wholesale 

disclosure.

Finally, Citizens United, once again, asks that the Court resolve any uncertainty by 

conducting an in camera review. But, once again, such review is “neither necessary nor 

appropriate” where, as here, the Department has met its burden, and the FOIA requester has not 

met its own. ACLU, 628 F.3d at 626 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also 

Hayden, 608 F.2d at 1387. 

The Court will, accordingly, grant summary judgment in favor of the Department with 

respect to the segregability of Document 7.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court will GRANT the Department’s motion for 

summary judgment, Dkt. 24.

A separate order will issue.

 /s/ Randolph D. Moss

 RANDOLPH D. MOSS 

 United States District Judge 

Date: July 29, 2021