IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA

PAUL FLETCHER, )

)

Plaintiff, )

) CAUSE NO.: 2:14-CV-231-TLS

vs. )

)

HOEPPNER WAGNER & EVANS, )

LLP, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

OPINION AND ORDER

This matter is before the Court on the: (1) Motion for Summary Judgment, filed by 

Defendant Hoeppner Wagner & Evans, LLP, on November 28, 2017 [ECF No. 211]; and (2) 

Motion for Leave to File Surreply to Defendant Hoeppner Wagner & Evans’ Reply in Support of 

Summary Judgment, filed by pro se Plaintiff Paul Fletcher on June 20, 2018 [ECF No. 239]. For 

the reasons set forth below, the Motion for Leave to File Surreply [ECF No. 239] is DENIED AS 

MOOT. The Motion for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 211] is GRANTED. The Clerk is 

ORDERED to dismiss Count I of the First Amended WITH PREJUDICE and to CLOSE this 

case.

BACKGROUND

The Plaintiff who is currently pro se, brought one count of legal malpractice against the 

Defendant in this action. [ECF No. 38]. The Plaintiff claims that the Defendant negligently 

represented him in his state court lawsuit, Paul Fletcher v. National Financial Services, LLC 

d/b/a Fidelity Investments and Mark Zupan, Cause No. 45D02-1405-PL-14, filed in Lake 

Superior Court on February 24, 2009. [ECF No. 213-1].
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In the underlying state suit, the Plaintiff alleged that his friend, Scott Taylor, named 

Fletcher as the beneficiary of three of Taylor’s retirement accounts with National Financial 

Services, LLC (“Fidelity”), but a “change of beneficiary form was forged by [Mark] Zupan,” to 

fraudulently designate himself as the beneficiary of those accounts. (Id. at ¶ 12.)

Other counts in the Amended Complaint (II–IV) were alleged against co-Defendant 

Wayne Golomb, but these claims were previously dismissed by Judge Rudy Lozano in his order 

granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant Golomb on September 25, 2017. [ECF No. 

204]. Because the facts of this case are discussed in detail in Judge Lozano’s previous order, this 

Court will not recite them again here. However, the Court will discuss the facts relevant to this 

particular count and Defendant. 

The Defendant filed the instant Motion for Summary Judgment on November 28, 2017.

[ECF No. 211]. On the same date, it also filed a Notice [ECF No. 214] of summary judgment to 

the pro se Plaintiff in accordance with Timms v. Frank, 953 F.2d 281, 285 (7th Cir. 1992). The

Defendant’s main argument is that there can be no malpractice liability because it has shown by 

uncontradicted expert evidence that it met the established standard of care in representing the 

Plaintiff. Following five motions for extension of time to respond, the Plaintiff filed a Response

[ECF No. 235] on May 23, 2018. The Plaintiff argues, among other things, that he does not need 

to present expert testimony on the issue of malpractice because the common knowledge 

exception applies. The Defendant filed a Reply [ECF No. 238] on June 5, 2018. The Plaintiff 

filed his Motion for Leave to File a Surreply [ECF No. 239] on June 20, 2018; the Defendant 

filed an Objection [ECF No. 240] on June 26, 2018; and the Plaintiff filed a Reply [ECF No. 

241] on July 9, 2018. The instant Motions are fully briefed and ready for adjudication. 
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DISCUSSION

A. Motion for Leave to File Surreply

The Plaintiff filed a motion for Leave to File a Surreply and attached the proposed 

surreply memorandum. (See ECF No. 239-1.) Local Rule 7-1 permits parties to file a supporting 

brief, a response, and a reply, “but does not contemplate the filing of a surreply or response to 

the reply brief.” Lafayette Life Ins. Co. v. City of Menasha, Wisconsin, No. 4:09 cv 64, 2010 WL 

4553667, at *1 (N.D. Ind. Nov. 3, 2010) (denying motion for leave to file surreply where the 

“surreply is another attempt to point to the weaknesses in the defendant’s brief, and ignores that 

it is the court’s duty to weigh the arguments, distinguish cases, and apply the law.”). Courts 

generally do not permit litigants to file a surreply brief. Id. However, “a surreply brief is 

occasionally allowed when it raises or responds to some new issue or development in the law.”

Id.; see also Hall v. Forest River, Inc., No. 3:04-cv-259, 2008 WL 1774216, at *1 n.1 (N.D. Ind.

Apr. 15, 2008). The Court has reviewed the Plaintiff’s surreply, and it does not raise or respond 

to new issues or legal developments; it only reiterates arguments already made. In any event, the 

Court would come to the same conclusion regarding the Defendant’s Motion for Summary 

Judgment regardless of whether it accepted the Plaintiff’s surreply. Thus, the Plaintiff’s Motion 

for Leave to File a Surreply is denied as moot.

B. Motion for Summary Judgment

Summary judgment must be granted when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material 

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine 
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dispute of material fact exists when “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a 

verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

Not every dispute between the parties makes summary judgment inappropriate; “[o]nly disputes 

over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly 

preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Id. To determine whether a genuine dispute of 

material fact exists, the Court must construe all facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. See Ogden v. Atterholt,

606 F.3d 355, 358 (7th Cir. 2010). However, “a court may not make credibility determinations, 

weigh the evidence, or decide which inferences to draw from the facts; these are jobs for a 

factfinder.” Payne v. Pauley, 337 F.3d 767, 770 (7th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted).

A party opposing a properly supported summary judgment motion may not rely on 

allegations in his own pleading but rather must “marshal and present the court with the evidence 

[he] contends will prove [his] case.” Goodman v. Nat'l Sec. Agency, Inc., 621 F.3d 651, 654 (7th 

Cir. 2010). “[I]nferences relying on mere speculation or conjecture will not suffice.” Stephens v. 

Erickson, 569 F.3d 779, 786 (7th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). If the non-moving party fails to 

establish the existence of an essential element on which he bears the burden of proof at trial, 

summary judgment is proper. See Massey v. Johnson, 457 F.3d 711, 716 (7th Cir. 2006). 

Summary judgment is the “put up or shut up moment in a lawsuit, when a party must show what 

evidence it has that would convince a trier of fact to accept its version of events.” Johnson v. 

Cambridge Indus., Inc., 325 F.3d 892, 901 (7th Cir. 2003).

Although pro se plaintiffs are generally entitled to lenient standards, they are required to 

comply with local procedural rules governing motions for summary judgment. See, e.g., Cady v. 
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Sheahan, 467 F.3d 1057, 1061 (7th Cir. 2006). The Local Rules of the Northern District of 

Indiana call for the party opposing summary judgment to include a section labeled “Statement of 

Genuine Disputes” that identifies the material facts the party contends are genuinely disputed. 

The Court notes that Plaintiff’s response has a subheading “Fletcher’s Rebuttal of HWE’s 

Statement of Material Facts/Fletcher’s Statement of Material Facts” (see Pl. Resp. Br. 1, ECF 

No. 235) and then numbered paragraphs, but there is not a second heading for legal argument. 

While some facts have citations to the record, much of the information in the fact section 

contains improper legal argument, convoluted arguments, and unsupported statements.1 The 

Seventh Circuit has reiterated the need for an appropriate factual statement in opposition to a 

motion for summary judgment: “[t]hese statements are not merely superfluous abstracts of 

evidence . . . they are intended to alert the court to precisely what factual questions are in dispute 

and point the court to the specific evidence in the record that supports a party’s position on each 

of the questions.” Waldridge v. Am. Hoechst Corp., 24 F.3d 918, 923 (7th Cir. 1994). Despite the 

Plaintiff’s deficient statement of material facts, because of his pro se status, the Court has 

reviewed the briefing in its entirety. 

It is well established that a federal court sitting in diversity must evaluate claims under 

the state law that pertains to the dispute—in this case, Indiana. See Colip v. Clare, 26 F.3d 712, 

 

1 For example, the Plaintiff has in his statement of facts statements that are argumentative, and do not 

refer to any citation in the record. For example: “Mercer has not engaged in full disclosure with Fletcher, 

and even though his conclusions are not damaging as they do not undermine Fletcher’s theory of forgery, 

they appear to have an ulterior purpose to undermine or dispose of Fletcher’s case, a purpose 

implemented by HWE in May 2012, when it stopped communicating regularly with Wockner and had 

already failed on numerous occasions to press forward with securing much discovery requested between 

October 2011 and February 2012.” (Pl. Resp. Br. 31, ECF No. 235.) This is improper. Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(c)(1)(A).
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714 (7th Cir. 1994). In Indiana, in order “[t]o prove a legal malpractice claim, a plaintiff must 

establish: (1) employment of the attorney (duty); (2) failure of the attorney to exercise ordinary 

skill and knowledge (breach); (3) proximate cause (causation); and (4) loss to the plaintiff 

(damages).” Flatow v. Ingalls, 932 N.E.2d 726, 729 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citing Thayer v. 

Vaughan, 798 N.E.2d 249, 255 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)). 

“[E]xpert testimony is usually required in a legal malpractice action to establish the 

standard of care by which the defendant attorney’s conduct is measured.” Oxley v. Lenn, 819 

N.E.2d 851, 857 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). “The only exception to the rule is when the question is 

within the common knowledge of the community as a whole or when an attorney’s negligence is 

so grossly apparent that a layperson would have no difficulty in appraising it.” Storey v. Leonas, 

904 N.E.2d 229, 238 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Hacker v. Holland, 570 N.E.2d 951, 953 n.2 

(Ind. Ct. App. 1991)). The Plaintiff contends that “[t]he record shows that the HWE failed to take 

any action whatsoever in regard to the matters entrusted to him by Fletcher. Such negligence is 

so explicit that expert testimony concerning the standard of care is not unnecessary [sic.].” (Pl. 

Resp. Br. 39.)

The common knowledge exception to the general requirement that expert testimony is 

necessary to prove a legal malpractice case in Indiana does not apply to this case. In his 

response, the Plaintiff makes detailed arguments about his interpretation of intricate facts 

patterns and several legal theories of liability that he claims the Defendant (as well as other law 

firms or attorneys who represented him) should have discovered and developed. The Plaintiff

argued that: if the Defendant had “researched the statute” it would have properly represented 

him; it failed to execute its client’s objectives and instructions; it failed to properly conduct 
7

discovery; it failed to investigate the disposition of the Plaintiff’s money; it failed to advise the 

Plaintiff that another law firm (Shambaugh, Kast, Beck & Williams, LLP) should not have 

dismissed Fidelity; it improperly “put all its eggs in one basket called ‘signature forgery’ to the 

negligent exclusion of a viable case theory as in the forging of a fraudulent document and the 

litany of overlooked undue influences”; and it failed to properly obtain “contemporaneous 

[handwriting] exemplars” (so as to determine if Taylor’s signature was genuine). (See Pl. Resp. 

Br. 22–29.) This level of detail, complexity of argument, and reference to multiple legal theories 

of liability underscores that a lay person does not possess the requisite knowledge to evaluate the 

standard of care that the Defendant owed to the Plaintiff, and that instead, expert testimony is 

necessary.

The Plaintiff cites two Illinois cases on the expert testimony point, which, aside from 

being non-binding, are also readily distinguishable. In Sorenson v. Fio Rito, an attorney failed to 

file tax returns, and despite attempts by the client to check in, the attorney told her “not to worry 

because he was taking care of it.” 413 N.E.2d 47, 49–50 (Ill. App. Ct. 1980). In that case, the 

court found that because the attorney “failed to take any action whatsoever in regard to the 

matters entrusted to him by the plaintiff” the negligence was “so explicit that expert testimony 

concerning the standard of care was unnecessary.” Id. at 374. In contrast, the Defendant here 

took many actions in the underlying matter, representing the Plaintiff from August 15, 2011, 

through July 6, 2012, and conducting extensive legal work on behalf of the Plaintiff, including:

filing a motion under Rule 60(B) and successfully setting aside the state court’s previous Trial 

Rule 41(E) dismissal; reviewing depositions; conducting interviews; serving discovery; 

subpoenaing records; obtaining handwriting exemplars; defending the Plaintiff at his deposition; 
8

deposing Zupan; serving subpoenas and requests for production; and reviewing discovery. (Def.

Mem. in Supp. of Mot. 16, 25, ECF No. 212.)

The Plaintiff also cites House v. Maddux, in which the court found the attorney’s failure 

to comply with the statute of limitations was so grossly apparent that “a layman would have no 

difficulty in apprising it.” 360 N.E.2d 580, 584 (Ill. App. Ct. 1977). No such deadline was 

missed in this case. 

The Plaintiff cites two cases from California as well: Wilkinson v. Rives, 116 Cal. App. 

3d 641 (Cal. Ct. App. 1982), and Wright v. Williams, 47 Cal. App. 3d 802, 811 (Cal. Ct. App. 

1975). But both of those cases support the Defendant’s position, because they held that reference 

to general knowledge was not enough, and expert testimony was necessary on the standard of 

care and the attorney’s performance in relation to that standard. Finally, the Plaintiff cites one 

Indiana case: Northern Indiana Public Service Co. v. Sharp, 790 N.E.2d 462 (Ind. 2003). 

However, Sharp was a wrongful death claim, and the issue of the common knowledge exception 

for legal malpractice was not before the court. 

The Defendant has presented David C. Jensen, an expert witness who established the 

standard of care to which an attorney must conform and concluded that the attorneys, Walker and 

Meyer, working for the Defendant met that standard in their representation of the Plaintiff. (D. 

Jensen Affidavit and 3/17/2017 Opinion Report, ECF No. 213-76.) Further, Jensen opined that 

Walker and Meyer’s representation neither caused nor contributed to any injuries to the Plaintiff

and that the Defendant did not violate any duties owed to him. (Id. at 3–9). Jensen further opined 

that the Plaintiff could not prevail against Zupan on the claims of forgery, undue influence, 

breach of duty, or tortious interference, and thus he could not recover against his former 
9

attorneys, regardless of their performance. Id. Because the Defendant’s expert testimony is not 

contested and the Court perceives no fundamental deficiency in it, summary judgment is 

warranted in its favor. 

Although the Court need not reach the other issues raised by the Defendant in its 

supporting memorandum, it notes that summary judgment would also be appropriate on the basis 

that the Plaintiff has failed to show that the outcome of his claims in the underlying state court 

litigation would have been more favorable but for his attorneys’ conduct, which is a necessary 

component of proving either causation or damages. 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Motion for Leave to File Surreply [ECF No. 239] is 

DENIED AS MOOT. Additionally, the Motion for Summary Judgment, filed by Defendant, 

Hoeppner Wagner & Evans, LLP, on November 28, 2017 [ECF No. 211], is GRANTED. The 

Clerk is ORDERED to dismiss Count I of the First Amended Complaint (Legal Malpractice 

against Hoeppner Wagner & Evans LLP) WITH PREJUDICE and to CLOSE this case. 

SO ORDERED on August 10, 2018.

s/ Theresa L. Springmann 

CHIEF JUDGE THERESA L. SPRINGMANN

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FORT WAYNE DIVISION