United States Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit

No. 21-30478

Coleman E. Adler & Sons, L.L.C.; Royal Cloud Nine, 

L.L.C.; Latrobe’s on Royal, L.L.C., 

Plaintiffs—Appellants,

versus

Axis Surplus Insurance Company, incorrectly named Axis Surplus 

Lines Insurance Company; Risk Placement Services, 

Incorporated; Unidentified Parties; Marsh & 

McLennan Agency, L.L.C., 

Defendants—Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of Louisiana 

No. 2:21-CV-648

Before Smith, Duncan, and Oldham, Circuit Judges.

Stuart Kyle Duncan, Circuit judge:

During the covid-19 pandemic, state and local authorities in Louisiana

ordered nonessential businesses to close for a time. This required Coleman 

E. Adler II to temporarily shut his jewelry stores and event spaces in New 

Orleans. To recoup income lost during the closure, Adler claimed 

reimbursement under his insurance policy’s coverage for “direct physical 

loss of or damage to” his property. Adler’s insurer, Axis, denied the claim. 

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

September 20, 2022

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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2

Adler sued Axis along with his insurance agent and broker. The 

district court dismissed Adler’s claims, concluding that Adler suffered no 

covered loss or damages and that his agent and broker violated no duty to 

advise Adler about pandemic-related coverage. We affirm.

I.

Adler owns and operates jewelry stores and reception venues in New 

Orleans.

1 In March 2020, responding to the covid-19 pandemic, government

orders closed Adler’s businesses as nonessential. Adler sought businessinterruption coverage under a commercial property insurance policy. The

policy covers “direct physical loss of or damage to Covered Property . . . 

caused by or resulting from any Covered Cause of Loss.” Adler’s insurer, 

Axis Surplus Insurance Company (“Axis”), denied the claim. 

Adler then brought a state court lawsuit against (1) Axis; (2) Adler’s 

insurance agent, Marsh & McLennan Agency LLC (“Marsh”); and 

(3) Adler’s wholesale broker, Risk Placement Services, Inc. (“RPS”).

2 Adler 

pleaded negligence, breach of contract, and bad faith. He claimed the

businesses were “damaged” under the policy because the coronavirus was 

present in them and “the rampant spread of Covid-19 . . . create[d] a 

dangerous property condition” that prevented use of the property. Adler also 

claimed Marsh and RPS were liable for not having recommended pandemic 

coverage.

Marsh removed the case to federal court, joined by the other 

defendants. All three separately moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The district court granted 

1 The businesses are Coleman E. Adler & Sons, L.L.C.; Royal Cloud Nine, L.L.C; 

and Latrobe’s on Royal, L.L.C. We refer to them collectively as “Adler.”

2 Marsh had procured the policy for Adler and RPS facilitated the transaction.

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the motions and dismissed Adler’s complaint with prejudice. Adler timely 

appealed. 

II.

We review a dismissal for failure to state a claim de novo. IberiaBank 

Corp. v. Ill. Union Ins. Co., 953 F.3d 339, 345 (5th Cir. 2020). To survive a 

motion to dismiss, the plaintiff’s “complaint must contain sufficient factual 

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 

face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. 

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).

Interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law that we also 

review de novo. Naquin v. Elevating Boats, L.L.C., 17 F.3d 235, 238 (5th Cir. 

2016). “Under Louisiana law, an insurance policy is a contract that must be 

construed using the general rules of contract interpretation set forth in the 

Civil Code.” Anco Insulations, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 

787 F.3d 276, 281 (5th Cir. 2015) (footnote omitted). Dismissal is proper if 

an insurance contract precludes recovery. IberiaBank, 953 F.3d at 346.

III.

We first examine Adler’s claim that Axis wrongly denied coverage for 

“direct physical loss of or damage to property.” The district court found 

Adler provided no evidence that his properties suffered any such loss or 

damage. We agree with the district court.

“Words and phrases used in an insurance policy are to be construed 

using their plain, ordinary and generally prevailing meaning.” Edwards v. 

Daugherty, 2003-2103, at *11 (La. 10/1/04); 883 So. 2d 932, 940–41; see also

La. Civ. Code art. 2045–47. “When the words of an insurance contract 

are clear and unambiguous and lead to no absurd consequences, courts must 

enforce the contract as written and may make no further interpretation in 

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search of the parties’ intent.” Gorman v. City of Opelousas, 2013-1734, at *5 

(La. 7/1/14); 148 So. 3d 888, 892. Where, as here, the Louisiana Supreme 

Court has yet to interpret the policy language at issue, we make an “Erie

guess” as to how that court would read it. See Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 

64 (1938); see also Carrizales v. State Farm Lloyds, 518 F.3d 343, 345–46 (5th 

Cir. 2008).

This is a guess we have already made. In Q Clothier, our court recently 

interpreted a Louisiana insurance policy’s coverage for “direct physical loss 

of or damage to property” to “cover only tangible alterations of, injuries to, 

and deprivations of property.” Q Clothier New Orleans, L.L.C. v. Twin City 

Fire Ins. Co., 29 F.4th 253, 257 (5th Cir. 2022) (emphasis added). While 

recognizing that the Louisiana Supreme Court had not yet construed this 

contract language, we based our Erie guess in part on several Louisiana 

intermediate appellate decisions.3 Accordingly, we held that the clause did 

not apply to a retailer’s claim for losses caused by pandemic closure orders. 

Id. at 259. Loss of income from such orders was not a “tangible” loss of 

property, “[n]or [wa]s it an alteration, injury, or deprivation of property.” Id.

at 259. The retailer’s “property,” we explained, “ha[d] been unchanged by 

the orders or the close of its stores,” and so losses of income caused by the 

orders were not covered by the policy. Ibid.

3 See Mangerchine v. Reaves, 2010-1052, p. 10–11 (La. App. 1 Cir. 3/25/11); 63 So. 

3d 1049, 1056 (interpreting “loss” in a homeowner’s insurance policy to mean 

“destruction, ruin, or deprivation”); Widder v. La. Citizens Prop. Ins. Corp., 2011-0196, p. 

3–4 (La. App. 4 Cir. 8/10/11); 82 So. 3d 294, 296, writ denied, 2011-2336 (La. 12/2/11); 76 

So. 3d 1179 (holding lead contamination that rendered property uninhabitable until gutted 

and remediated constituted a “direct physical loss”); Ross C. Adams Const. & Design, 

L.L.C., 10-852, p. 6 (La. App. 5 Cir. 6/14/11); 70 So. 3d 949, 952 (defective drywall 

resulted in direct physical loss because drywall had to be removed and replaced).

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Adler argues we are not bound by Q Clothier because, since that 

decision, one Louisiana appeals court has reached a different conclusion. In 

Cajun Conti, LLC et al. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London et al., 21-

0343, 2022 WL 2154863, p. 5 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/15/22), reh’g granted for 

clarification only, 21-0343 (La. App. 4 Cir. 8/8/22), the Louisiana Fourth 

Circuit held that similar policy language covered a restaurant’s losses 

resulting from pandemic closure orders. Adler is mistaken. Our court’s rule 

of orderliness applies to Erie cases no less than cases interpreting federal law.

See F.D.I.C. v. Abraham, 137 F.3d 264, 268–69 (5th Cir. 1998) (“Adherence 

to th[e] rule [of orderliness] is no less immutable when the matter determined 

by the prior panel is the interpretation of state law[.]”) (citing Broussard v. S. 

Pac. Transp. Co., 665 F.2d 1387, 1389 (5th Cir. 1982) (en banc)).4

No exception to the rule of orderliness applies here. Since Q Clothier,

there has been “neither a clearly contrary subsequent holding of the highest

court of [Louisiana] nor a subsequent statutory authority, squarely on point.” 

Id. at 269. Nor has there been contrary intervening precedent that 

“comprises unanimous or near-unanimous holdings from several—

preferably a majority—of the intermediate appellate courts of [Louisiana].” 

Ibid. We have only one subsequent decision from an intermediate state court, 

and that cannot overcome our rule of orderliness. Ibid.; see also Dickie 

Brennan & Co., L.L.C. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., No. 21-30776, 2022 WL 

3031303, at *2 n.1 (5th Cir. Aug. 1, 2022) (unpublished) (panel was bound by 

4 See also, e.g., Bustos v. Martini Club, Inc., 599 F.3d 458, 462–63 (5th Cir. 2010) 

(explaining that, in Erie cases, “[w]e . . . apply panel precedent ‘absent a subsequent state 

court decision or statutory amendment which makes [the panel decision] clearly wrong’”) 

(quoting Hughes v. Tobacco Inst., Inc., 278 F.3d 417, 425 (5th Cir. 2001)); Ford v. Cimmaron 

Ins. Co., Inc., 230 F.3d 828, 832 (5th Cir. 2000) (explaining that “a prior panel’s 

interpretation of state law has binding precedential effect on other panels of this court 

absent a subsequent state court decision or amendment rendering our prior decision clearly 

wrong”) (citing Abraham, 137 F.3d at 269). 

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Q Clothier despite Cajun Conti because “the issuance of an intermediate 

appellate court decision does not alter our duty to apply the rule of 

orderliness”).

Accordingly, Q Clothier binds this panel and forecloses Adler’s 

arguments. Like the Q Clothier plaintiff, Adler strains to equate its pandemic 

losses to the property lossesin Chinese drywall cases. See Q Clothier, 29 F.4th 

at 259; see also, e.g., In re Chinese Manufactured Drywall Prods. Liab. Litig., 759 

F.Supp. 2d 822, 831–32 (E.D. La. 2010). Adler contends that, like drywallrelated losses, his losses were caused by the “the presence of . . . coronavirus 

particles” and infected persons, rendering its property unusable. Q Clothier

rejected that argument. Unlike losses arising from pandemic closure orders, 

drywall losses arose because the defective drywall emitted sulfur gases, 

making the property “unusable or uninhabitable” until the drywall was 

“removed and replaced in the property.” Q Clothier, 29 F.4th at 259. Not so 

here. Adler has not alleged that the coronavirus physically damaged or 

contaminated his property such that it needed to be repaired or replaced.

“COVID-19 itself did not make [Adler’s] stores inherently dangerous or 

uninhabitable like the drywall.” Id. at 260. To the contrary, what denied 

Adler use of his property was the government’s closure orders. Such losses 

do not involve a “tangible alteration to, injury to, or deprivation of property.” 

Id. at 260. The district court therefore correctly dismissed Adler’s claims 

against Axis.5

IV.

We next examine Adler’s claims that RPS and Marsh are liable for 

breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence. These claims are 

5 Adler’s motion to certify this question to the Louisiana Supreme Court, which 

the panel carried with the case, is DENIED. 

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based on those defendants’ alleged failures to (1) advise Adler about 

pandemic-related coverage, (2) perform due diligence regarding Adler’s

need for such coverage, and (3) recommend appropriate coverage. The 

district court dismissed these claims, concluding neither RPS nor Marsh 

owed Adler any “heightened” duty to advise him about the need to obtain

pandemic-related coverage. We again agree with the district court.

To recover under Louisiana law for an agent’s failure to obtain 

insurance coverage, a plaintiff must show “(1) an undertaking or agreement 

by the insurance agency to procure insurance; (2) failure of the agent to use 

reasonable diligence in attempting to place the insurance and failure to notify 

the client promptly if he has failed to obtain the insurance; and (3) actions by 

the agent warranting the client’s assumption that the client was properly 

insured.” Offshore Prod. Contractors, Inc. v. Republic Underwriters Ins. Co., 910 

F.2d 224, 229 (5th Cir. 1990) (citations omitted) [hereinafter, “OPC”].

6 In 

Louisiana, an insurance agent “owes a duty of ‘reasonable diligence’ to his 

customer,” which is “fulfilled when the agent procures the insurance 

requested.” Isidore Newman Sch. v. J. Everett Eaves, Inc., 2009-2161, p. 7 (La. 

7/6/10); 42 So. 3d 352, 356 (citing Roger v. Dufrene, 613 So.2d 947, 949 (La. 

1993); Karam, 281 So.2d at 730–31)). The agent’s duty, however, “has not 

been expanded to include the obligation to advise whether the client has 

procured the correct amount or type of insurance coverage.” Id. at 359. To 

the contrary, “[i]t is the insured’s responsibility to request the type of 

insurance coverage . . . needed,” and “[i]t is not the agent’s obligation to 

spontaneously or affirmatively identify the scope or the amount of insurance 

coverage the client needs.” Ibid. (emphasis added).

6 See also, e.g., Karam v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 281 So.2d 728, 730–31 (La. 

1973) (stating similar analysis); Dahan Novelties & Co., L.L.C. v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., 2010-

0626, p. 5 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/20/10); 51 So.3d 129, 133–34 (same).

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Adler failed to plausibly allege that Marsh or RPS owed any duty to 

advise him about pandemic-related coverage. Ibid. Adler does not allege he

“specifically inquired” about such coverage, id. at 358 (citation omitted), and 

it is settled under Louisiana law that neither Marsh nor RPS had the 

“obligation to spontaneously or affirmatively identify the scope . . . of 

insurance coverage [Adler] need[ed].” Id. at 359 (emphasis added). As the 

Louisiana Supreme Court has explained, “the only duty imposed on the 

[insurance] agent is to obtain the coverage requested by the customer.” Id. at 

357 (discussing Graves v. State Harm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 01-1243 (La. App. 3 

Cir. 6/26/02); 821 So.2d 769). Adler never inquired about or asked for 

pandemic-related coverage from Marsh or RPS, and that defeats his claims 

against those defendants.

Adler nonetheless argues Marsh and RPS have a “heightened duty” 

to Adler based on two kinds of allegations. First, they allege Adler has a 

“close relationship” with Marsh and RPS, in that they “speak about 

coverage regularly” and offer Adler “advice about coverage.” Second, Adler 

points to Marsh’s website, which holds out Marsh as an “expert” in advising 

the “hospitality industry” about “insurance coverage.” Adler is mistaken.

To begin with, Adler cites no opinion from our court or the Louisiana 

Supreme Court establishing that insurance agents or brokers have a 

“heightened duty” under certain circumstances to advise customers about 

specific kinds of insurance coverage. (Adler relies only on a federal district 

court decision that, as explained below, we disagree with). The district court 

suggested, however, that our decision in OPC held a “heightened duty” may 

exist based on “the agent’s representations of his services and the 

relationship and agreements between the agent and his client.” See generally

OPC, 910 F.2d at 224. We disagree that OPC stands for that broad 

proposition, and we take the opportunity to clarify that decision in light of 

controlling Louisiana law.

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In that case, OPC, a maritime construction company, needed 

builder’s risk insurance to construct a pipeline. Id. at 226. OPC told its

insurance agent about its specific insurance needs—namely, coverage in the 

event that weather damaged OPC’s equipment and interrupted its work. Id.

at 227. The agent recommended “stand-by insurance” but, crucially,

neglected to explain to OPC that such coverage excluded “weather-related 

down-time.” Ibid. OPC sued the agent under Louisiana law and prevailed. As 

we explained, the agent breached its duty to OPC because the agent was 

“aware of the risks against which OPC wanted insurance”—even

“suggest[ing] that OPC could get stand-by insurance to cover [weatherrelated] down-time”—and because “OPC never would have purchased 

stand-by insurance if it had known that the policy excluded weather downtime.” Id. at 230. We summarized our holding this way: “[w]here an agent is 

familiar with the insured’s business, has reason to know the risks against 

which an insured wants protection, and has experience with the types of 

coverage available in a particular market, we must construe an undertaking 

to procure insurance as an agreement by the agent to provide coverage for 

the client’s specific concerns.” Ibid. (citations omitted).

OPC does not stand for the broad and murky proposition that a 

client’s “close relationship” with an insurance agent or broker creates a 

“heightened duty” to anticipate the client’s insurance needs or recommend 

specific coverage. OPC’s facts are far narrower: OPC told its insurance agent 

about its specific coverage needs, but the agent procured a policy that 

excluded the exact coverage OPC wanted. In other words, the agent breached

its fiduciary duty by negligently failing to obtain the coverage requested by its 

client. See ibid. (observing the agent “undertook to procure stand-by 

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insurance for OPC which would provide some coverage for down-time due 

to weather in the Gulf,” but “did not act diligently to place the insurance”).7

A subsequent Louisiana Supreme Court decision confirms this is the 

correct way to read OPC. In Isidore Newman School v. J. Everett Eaves, Inc., a 

private school suffered over $3 million in tuition losses when Hurricane 

Katrina closed it for two months. 42 So. 3d at 354. The school sued its 

longtime insurance broker, alleging the broker failed to advise the school that 

its property insurance covered tuition (and not merely property damage) and 

that the coverage amount ($350,000) was too low to cover tuition losses. Ibid.

The Louisiana Supreme Court ruled unanimously for the broker. Surveying 

Louisiana law, the court reiterated the established proposition that “an 

insurance agent owes a duty of ‘reasonable diligence’ to its customer,” which 

“is fulfilled when the agent procures the insurance requested.” Id. at 356 

(citing Karam, 281 So.2d at 730–31; Roger, 613 So.2d at 949). At the same 

time, though, the court rejected the idea that the broker had a duty to explain 

the stated coverage in its client’s policy or to advise the client it was 

underinsured. Id. at 358. The court’s conclusion is worth quoting at length:

An agent has a duty of “reasonable diligence” to advise the 

client, but this duty has not been expanded to include the 

obligation to advise whether the client has procured the correct 

amount or type of insurance coverage. It is the insured’s 

responsibility to request the type of insurance coverage, and 

the amount of coverage needed. It is not the agent’s obligation 

to spontaneously or affirmatively identify the scope or the 

amount of insurance coverage the client needs. It is also well 

7 See also id. at 231 (“Louisiana law does not require [an agent] to discuss every 

situation which might arise.... However, the law does require [an agent] to inform a client 

when the policy which he procured does not cover a specific risk about which the client 

expressed concern.”) (emphasis added); id. at 234 (“[The agent] failed to procure insurance 

requested by OPC which would protect OPC against this loss.”) (emphasis added).

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settled that it is insured’s obligation to read the policy when 

received, since the insured is deemed to know the policy 

contents.

Id. at 359; see also, e.g., Mandina, Inc. v. O’Brien, 2012-0085, p. 14 (La. App. 

4 Cir. 7/31/13); 156 So.3d 99, 107 (observing “an agent has no duty to 

independently assess the needs of the insured and recommend coverage”) 

(quoting Newman, 42 So.3d at 356–57).8

Adler relies on a federal district court decision to support his

“heightened duty” argument, but that decision misreads OPC. In VCS, LLC 

v. Mt. Hawley Ins. Co., 534 F. Supp. 3d 635 (E.D. La. 2021), the district court 

reasoned that, even after Isidore Newman, our OPC decision “may still apply 

when an agent has reason to know that the client had a specific risk or 

requested coverage for specific circumstances.” Id. at 650 (citations 

omitted). Based on that reading of OPC, the court held a Louisiana insurer 

may owe a “heightened duty” to “advise [a client] regarding virus-related 

coverage” because the insurer held itself out on its website as an “advisor[]

of hotel business income insurance.” Id. at 651.

We disagree with the VCS district court’s reading of OPC. As 

discussed, OPC does not support the notion that insurers may assume a 

“heightened duty” to recommend specific coverage to their clients. If there 

were any doubt about that, Isidore Newman laid it to rest. To be sure, Isidore 

Newman recognizes an agent’s well-established duty of “reasonable 

diligence” to fulfill a client’s insurance requests, but it says nothing about an 

agent’s “heightened duty” whenever he has “reason to know” of a client’s 

“specific risk.” To the contrary, Isidore Newman held that the agent and 

8 Although we disagree with the district court’s suggestion that OPC recognizes a 

heightened duty in some circumstances, we agree with the court’s ultimate conclusion that 

OPC must be read in light of the subsequent decision in Isidore Newman.

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broker have no “obligation to advise whether the client has procured the 

correct amount or type of insurance coverage” nor “to spontaneously or 

affirmatively identify the scope or the amount of insurance coverage the 

client needs.” 42 So. 3d at 359. Rather, “[i]t is the insured’s responsibility to 

request the type of insurance coverage, and the amount of coverage needed.” 

Ibid. Finally, neither OPC nor Isidore Newman supports the VCS court’s 

specific holding—namely, that an agent assumes a duty to advise clients 

about pandemic-related coverage merely by holding itself out on its website 

as having expertise in “hotel business income insurance.” See VCS, 534 F. 

Supp. 3d at 651. No Louisiana decision supports that.9 

In sum, contrary to Adler’s arguments, what creates a Louisiana 

insurance agent’s duty to procure particular coverage is not a “close 

relationship” with the insured but an insured’s “specific[]” request for “the 

type of insurance coverage . . . needed.” Isidore Newman, 42 So. 3d at 358, 

359. As explained, Adler did not allege he specifically requested pandemicrelated coverage from either RPS or Marsh. Adler’s claims against those 

defendants were properly dismissed.

IV.

The district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.

9 Adler also cites the district court’s decision in Sika Investments, L.L.C. v. RLI 

Corp., 2021 WL 2134697 (E.D. La. May 26. 2021). But Sika relies on VCS’s erroneous 

reading of Isidore Newman and OPS. Id. at *4. We decline to follow Sika for the same 

reasons we decline to follow VCS.

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Andrew S. Oldham, Circuit Judge, concurring in part.

It’s not clear to me that we have subject-matter jurisdiction. Section 

1332 requires complete diversity among the parties. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 

The citizenship of a limited liability company is determined by the citizenship 

of its members. See MidCap Media Finance LLC v. Pathway Data, Inc., 929 

F.3d 310, 314 (5th Cir. 2019). In removing this case, however, the insurance 

company alleged only the residence of the relevant member, not his citizenship. 

“Citizenship and residence, as often declared by this court, are not 

synonymous terms.” Robertson v. Cease, 97 U.S. 646, 648 (1878). That’s 

because “[c]itizenship requires not only ‘residence in fact’ but also ‘the 

purpose to make the place of residence one’s home.’” MidCap, 929 F.3d at 

313 (quoting Texas v. Florida, 306 U.S. 398, 424 (1939)).

I realize this distinction might seem pedantic. But the Supreme Court 

says it’s important. The party invoking federal jurisdiction (here the 

insurance company) has the burden of establishing it. See McNutt v. General 

Motors Acceptance Corp. of Indiana, 298 U.S. 178, 188–89 (1936). And “every 

federal appellate court has a special obligation to satisfy itself not only of its 

own jurisdiction, but also that of the lower courts in a cause under review, 

even though the parties are prepared to concede it.” Bender v. Williamsport 

Area School Dist., 475 U.S. 534, 541 (1986) (quotation omitted). And a 

recently proposed amendment to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 7.1 will 

require the removing party to “name—and identify the citizenship of—every 

individual or entity whose citizenship is attributed to that party . . . .” Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 7.1(a)(2) (effective December 1, 2022). The Committee Note to 

this proposed amendment singles out the “familiar example [of] a limited 

liability company, which takes on the citizenship of each of its owners.” I’d 

put the insurance company to its proof.

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If we have jurisdiction, as the majority holds, then I would agree that 

we should affirm without regard to Cajun Conti LLC v. Certain Underwriters 

at Lloyd’s, London et al., No. 21-0343, 2022 WL 2154863 (La. App. 4th Cir. 

June 15, 2022). 

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