NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0145n.06 

Nos. 16-3380/3406 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

SHAUN SMITH and LOWRELL NEAL, 

 Defendants-Appellants. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO 

BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges. 

 MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge. Defendants Shaun Smith and Lowrell 

Neal each pleaded guilty to involvement in a drug-trafficking conspiracy. The district court 

sentenced Smith to 72 months’ imprisonment, to be followed by three years of supervised 

release, and Neal to 105 months’ imprisonment and three years of supervised release. Both 

Smith and Neal appealed their sentences. Because we find that the district court did not err when 

it applied the career-criminal enhancement to Smith’s sentence and that the court’s consideration 

of confidential proffers during Neal’s sentencing was, at most, harmless error, we affirm the 

judgments of the district court. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

Defendant Lowrell Neal pleaded guilty to violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. 

His plea agreement provided that he “obtained large quantities of heroin and cocaine” from 
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various suppliers and that he and others then distributed the drugs in Ohio. Neal’s plea 

agreement also stated that he supplied heroin and cocaine to others for distribution, maintained 

“trap houses,” and used surveillance systems to thwart law enforcement. Indeed, Neal appears to 

have been one of the central figures in the conspiracy. The plea agreement stipulated that Neal 

was responsible for between 80 and 100 grams of heroin, corresponding to a base offense level 

of 22 under the United States Sentencing Guidelines. Neal’s presentence report calculated his 

total offense level to be 21, with a criminal history category of VI, leading to an advisory 

sentencing range between 77 and 96 months. 

 During sentencing proceedings, however, the district court determined that the amount of 

heroin to which Neal stipulated in his plea agreement was inconsistent with the factual basis for 

the plea and his central role in the conspiracy. Because of this, the district court directed the 

probation officer to review confidential proffers in the case and to provide a better estimate for 

the quantity of heroin for which Neal could be held responsible. The district court did not make 

the contents of those proffers available to Neal (id.), and Neal objected both to the use of the 

proffers and to the district court’s refusal to provide the defense with the information contained 

in the proffers. 

The district court nevertheless relied upon the proffers and raised Neal’s total offense 

level to 31, which, with a criminal history category of VI, resulted in a sentencing range between 

188 and 235 months. The district court determined, however, that this range was actually 

overstated the seriousness of Neal’s conduct and sentenced him instead to 105 months’ 

imprisonment. The district court recognized that it found Neal responsible for a larger quantity 

of drugs than the plea agreement stipulated, but indicated that even under the base offense level 

set by that stipulation, the court would have imposed the same sentence based on Neal’s conduct 
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in the case. Neal appeals his sentence, arguing that the district court violated his rights by 

relying on information from the confidential proffers, thus rendering his sentence procedurally 

unreasonable and requiring a remand for resentencing. 

 Shaun Smith also pleaded guilty to violating provisions of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 

846 and admitted that he was an “enforcer” for a drug-trafficking organization, that he received 

heroin from others for distribution, that he supplied small quantities of heroin to a co-conspirator 

for distribution, and that he committed two assaults as part of the conspiracy. Smith’s plea 

agreement stipulated to a base offense level of 18, and his presentence report specified a total 

offense level of 29 with a criminal history category of VI. Smith’s presentence report also 

determined that he was a career offender (id.) and calculated an advisory Guidelines range of 

151 to 188 months. In his plea agreement, Smith reserved the right to appeal the district court’s 

determination of the career-offender status. 

 In his sentencing memorandum, Smith conceded that two prior convictions he received in 

Illinois, in 1998 and 2002, technically counted as predicate controlled-substance offenses that 

would justify enhancement of his sentence under the Guidelines’ career-offender provision, 

USSG § 4B1.1. Nevertheless, Smith argued that the district court should decline to enhance his 

sentence, both because of disparities among states’ sentences for Smith’s conduct—arguing that 

the same conduct in Ohio, for example, would not meet the Guidelines’ requirement that it be 

punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year—and because Smith actually served 

less than one-year prison terms following his convictions. The district court rejected Smith’s 

arguments and found that Smith was a career offender. On this basis, the district court 

determined that Smith’s sentencing range was between 151 and 188 months but varied 

downward significantly to impose a 72-month sentence, finding that the Guidelines range 
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overstated Smith’s need for punishment, in part because he played a relatively small role in the 

conspiracy. The district court also considered disparity issues when determining Smith’s 

sentence. 

 On appeal, Smith renews his objection to the application of the career-offender 

enhancement. In addition to the disparity arguments raised before the district court, Smith now 

argues (contrary to the position he took in his sentencing memorandum) that his prior Illinois 

convictions cannot serve as predicate offenses because the Illinois statute under which he was 

convicted covers conduct broader than the conduct covered by the Guidelines. 

DISCUSSION 

Neal’s Sentence

Neal argues that the district court’s use of the confidential proffers violated both his right 

to due process and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(i)(1)(B), and that his sentence was 

therefore procedurally unreasonable. “A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if, among other 

things, the district court fails to calculate (or improperly calculates) the Guidelines range, treats 

the Guidelines as mandatory, fails to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selects a sentence based on 

clearly erroneous facts, or fails to adequately explain the chosen sentence.” United States v. 

Davis, 751 F.3d 769, 773 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007) 

(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)). Because Neal preserved his objections to the 

district court’s use of confidential proffer statements, we review his procedural-reasonableness 

challenge for an abuse of discretion. Id. We will find an abuse of discretion when we are “left 

with the definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” 

Logan v. Dayton Hudson Corp., 865 F.2d 789, 790 (6th Cir. 1989). Clearly, committing an error 

of law constitutes abuse of discretion. United States v. Clay, 667 F.3d 689, 694 (6th Cir. 2012). 
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The government concedes—as it must, in light of our precedent—that the district court 

erred when it used undisclosed proffer statements to determine Neal’s Guidelines range. 

(Appellee Br. at 38) As we held in United States v. Coppenger, 775 F.3d 799, 806–07 (6th Cir. 

2015), a criminal defendant must be provided adequate access to the information the court will 

use to calculate a sentence and afforded an opportunity to contest that information. See also

United States v. Hamad, 495 F.3d 241, 247–51 (6th Cir. 2007). Otherwise, without adequate 

disclosure and access, the information cannot be used to establish a reliable sentence. 

However, this concession does not end our inquiry because, “even if a procedural 

sentencing error occurs, that error is not subject to remand for resentencing if the error is 

harmless.” Davis, 751 F.3d at 773. “Sentencing errors are harmless where this court is 

convinced that the error at sentencing did not cause the defendant to receive a more severe 

sentence than would have existed without the error.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

 When sentencing Neal, the district court made clear on the record that the sentence would 

have been the same regardless of Neal’s base offense level (which was increased on the basis of 

the proffers). That is to say, without the proffers, the district court would have varied upward 

from the sentence if it had set the offense level as suggested in the plea agreement, in order to 

have the sentence accurately reflect consideration of the sentencing factors of § 3553(a). See

United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 553–54 (6th Cir. 2006). The district court adequately 

explained its reasoning for arriving at Neal’s sentence, and in this case, the district court’s 

reasoning was sound, both with regard to the downward departure from what the district court 

believed the correct guidelines calculation to be and with regard to the upward departure from 

what Neal maintained was the correct calculation. See Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476, 

490 (2011) (“[A]lthough a sentencing court must ‘give respectful consideration to the 
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Guidelines, Booker permits the court to tailor the sentence in light of other statutory concerns as 

well.’” (quoting Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 101 (2007))). 

 The record reflects that Neal’s case is one of the “unusual” cases contemplated by the 

Supreme Court in which the district court’s improper calculation of the relevant Guidelines range 

nevertheless does not prejudice the defendant. Molina-Martinez v. United States, 578 U.S. ___, 

136 S. Ct. 1338, 1346–47 (2016); see also United States v. Wilson, 614 F.3d 219, 223 (6th Cir. 

2010). 

Smith’s Sentence

We first consider Smith’s argument that convictions under 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 570/401 

categorically cannot serve as predicate offenses for the purposes of career-offender 

enhancements under the Guidelines. The government contends that plain-error review applies to 

Smith’s argument that the Illinois statute under which he was convicted previously is broader 

than the Guidelines, because this argument is raised for the first time on appeal. (Appellee Br. at 

17) Regardless of whether we review Smith’s argument for plain error or de novo, his argument 

fails. 

The Guidelines define a “controlled substance offense” that can serve as a predicate 

offense for enhancement under USSG § 4B1.11 as 

an offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term 

exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or 

dispensing of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession 

of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with the intent to 

manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense. 

 

1

 USSG § 4B1.1 provides: 

A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time the 

defendant committed the instant offense of conviction; (2) the instant offense of conviction is a 

felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant 

has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance 

offense. 
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USSG § 4B1.2(b). 

The record indicates that Smith twice pleaded guilty to violating the Illinois Controlled 

Substances Act, which prohibits the “[m]anufacture or delivery, or possession with intent to 

manufacture or deliver, [of] a controlled substance, a counterfeit substance, or controlled 

substance analog.” 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 570/401. On both occasions, Smith was convicted for 

violating § 570/401(d). 

Smith first argues that his prior convictions cannot serve as predicate offenses for the 

purposes of a career-criminal enhancement, because “delivery” under the Illinois statute is not 

covered by the Guidelines language, and the statute therefore criminalizes conduct beyond the 

contemplation of the Guidelines. The Guidelines define a controlled-substance offense as one 

“that prohibits the . . . import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance” or the 

possession of a controlled substance with the intent to do so, but does not explicitly prohibit 

“delivery.” USSG § 4B1.2. However, the Illinois statute defines delivery as “the actual, 

constructive or attempted transfer of possession of a controlled substance, with or without 

consideration, whether or not there is an agency relationship.” 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 570/102. 

As a result, this element of the offense falls squarely within the Guidelines definition and does 

not cover conduct broader than that covered by the Guidelines. 

 Smith next argues that because the list of controlled substances criminalized under 

Illinois law includes a substance that is not prohibited under federal law, his prior convictions 

cannot serve as predicate controlled-substance offenses. Smith’s contention in this regard draws 

on the line of cases beginning with Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990), and 

culminating in the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. ___, 136 

S. Ct. 2243 (2016). Both cases involved sentences enhanced under the Armed Career Criminal 
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Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. § 924, based on the defendant’s prior convictions in state courts. In 

each instance, the sentencing courts were faced with determining whether the prior convictions 

were for “violent felonies.” The analysis employed in these cases also applies to the 

determination of whether a prior conviction qualifies as a predicate offense for the purposes of 

the career-offender enhancement under USSG § 4B1.2(a)(2). See United States v. Bartee, 

529 F.3d 357, 363 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that “parallel provisions in the definitions of a 

‘violent felony’ under the ACCA and a ‘crime of violence’ under [the Guidelines] should be 

interpreted in a consistent manner”). 

 In the ACCA framework, the central inquiry is whether the elements of the offense for 

which a criminal defendant was convicted “sufficiently match” the elements of the so-called 

“generic offense” that is a crime of violence. Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2248. This analysis employs 

the categorical approach—if the elements of the statute of conviction are the same as or narrower 

than the generic form of the offense, it qualifies as a predicate offense. If not, regardless of the 

actual conduct of the defendant that led to conviction, it is not a predicate offense. Id. at 2247–

48. In Mathis, the Court noted that a statute may define a crime with a single set of elements, or 

it may define multiple crimes by listing multiple, alternative elements disjunctively. In the latter 

case, the statute is said to be “divisible.” Descamps v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2281 

(2013). In dealing with a divisible statute, a sentencing court must determine which of the 

alternative elements are “integral” to the defendant’s conviction in order to decide which crime 

was the offense of conviction. In aid of this determination, the sentencing court may invoke the 

“modified categorical approach,” which permits it to “look[ ] to a limited class of documents (for 

example, the indictment, jury instructions, or plea agreement and colloquy) to determine what 

crime, with what elements the defendant was convicted of . . . [and] then compare the crime, as 
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the categorical approach commands, with the relevant generic offense.” Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 

2249 (citing Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13 (2005)). If, however, an alternately phrased 

statute “enumerates various factual means of committing a single element,” a prior conviction 

under that statute cannot support a career-criminal enhancement under the Guidelines. Id. at 

2249-50 (emphasis added). 

Smith and the government disagree about the Illinois statute under which Smith was 

convicted. Does it set out multiple alternative elements and, thus, divisible crimes, or merely 

alternative means of committing a single offense? Smith argues, in effect, that the Illinois statute 

prohibiting delivery of controlled substances is not divisible and that, because it criminalizes 

some substances not barred by federal law, it is broader than the parallel federal statute. 

It follows, Smith contends, that offenses listed in the state statute cannot be predicate offenses, 

including the two prior offenses for which he was convicted under that statute. The government 

counters that the relevant statute is divisible under Mathis, thereby allowing consideration of the 

Shepard documents to determine that the elements of Smith’s offense are within the conduct 

covered by the Guidelines.2

 

Because there is no requirement that the particular controlled substance underlying a state 

conviction also be controlled by the federal government, and because the Guidelines specifically 

include offenses under state law in § 4B1.2, the fact that Illinois may have criminalized the 

“manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing” of some substances that are not 

criminalized under federal law does not prevent conduct prohibited under the Illinois statute 

 

2

 In Shepard, the Supreme Court discussed which types of documents may, if necessary, be used to establish the 

crime for which a defendant was previously convicted. The Court limited those documents to “the terms of the 

charging document, the terms of a plea agreement or transcript of colloquy between judge and defendant in which 

the factual basis for the plea was confirmed by the defendant, or to some comparable judicial record of this 

information.” 544 U.S. at 26. Smith’s charging documents are in the record as attachments to his sentencing 

memorandum. 
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from qualifying, categorically, as a predicate offense. Smith’s prior convictions under 720 Ill. 

Comp. Stat. § 570/401(d) thus are predicate offenses. 

We next review de novo Smith’s legal argument that the application of the careeroffender enhancement in his case violates due process. He contends that because his predicate 

offenses were for minor conduct, involving less than a gram of crack cocaine, and because 

different states would punish such conduct differently—making convictions in some states like 

Illinois predicate offenses, but not in others like Ohio—it would violate due process to use them 

as the basis for enhancement. 

That Smith’s conduct was relatively minor and may have garnered a sentence less than 

one year in jurisdictions other than Illinois does not prevent his convictions from serving as 

predicate offenses. The Guidelines language counts as predicate offenses those “punishable by 

imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” USSG § 4B1.2 (emphasis added), not those for 

which more than a year was actually served. USSG § 4B1.2 cmt. n.1 (prior felony conviction 

“means a prior adult federal or state conviction for an offense punishable by . . . imprisonment 

for a term exceeding one year, regardless of . . . the actual sentence imposed”). See Burgess v. 

United States, 553 U.S. 124, 128 (2008); see also Barde v. United States, 224 F.2d 959, 959 (6th 

Cir. 1955) (noting that “it is not actual punishment imposed but that which the statute authorizes 

which determines whether a crime is a felony or a misdemeanor”); United States v. Garza, 

999 F.2d 1048, 1051–52 (6th Cir. 1993) (“[T]he Commission acted within its authorization in 

making career offender determinations depend upon the existence of prior convictions for 

categories of felonies . . . . Garza’s previous convictions were in state courts where state laws 

relating to offenses and sentencing controlled. It is immaterial that he received lenient sentences 

in state courts.”). 
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Other courts that have considered similar arguments regarding disparities in drug-offense 

convictions have also rejected them. See, e.g., United States v. Fink, 499 F.3d 81, 87 (1st Cir. 

2007) (holding that the fact that “the definitions of crimes that may vary from state to state is 

insufficient to conclude that [the enhancement based on prior convictions] violates the equal 

protection of the law”); United States v. Maynie, 257 F.3d 908, 919 n.5 (8th Cir. 2001) (same). 

The reasoning underlying these cases is persuasive here. It recognizes that “[u]nder our 

federal system, the States possess primary authority for defining and enforcing the criminal law.” 

United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 561 n.3 (1995) (internal quotation marks omitted). As the 

Ninth Circuit has explained, “Because states are primarily responsible for criminal law 

enforcement, there is no pressing need for national uniformity in the sentencing enhancement 

context, and it is not surprising that the courts of appeals interpreting the Sentencing Guidelines 

have incorporated variations in state punishments for drug offenses.” Cazarez-Gutierrez v. 

Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 905, 913–14 (9th Cir. 2004). The fact that different states punish the 

possession of a certain amount of a controlled substance differently, thus making the same 

conduct a predicate for a career-criminal enhancement for some defendants but not for others, 

does not give rise to a constitutional challenge to the Guidelines. See United States v. Millsaps, 

157 F.3d 989, 996 (5th Cir. 1998) (“Congress was well aware that different states classify similar 

crimes differently. Congress’[s] deference to the states in this matter is not irrational.”) (quoting 

United States v. Kubosh, 63 F.3d 404, 407 (5th Cir. 1995)); cf. United States v. Holmes, 11 F. 

App’x 408, 409 (6th Cir. 2001) (“A wide disparity between sentencing schemes of different 

jurisdictions does not violate equal protection, even where two persons who commit the same 

crime are subject to different sentences.”). 
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CONCLUSION

 For the reasons set out above, we AFFIRM the judgments of the district court.