UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA 

HAMMOND DIVISION 

PHILLIP C. RUEHL and 

PC RUEHL ENGINEERING, INC., 

Plaintiffs, 

 

v. 

 

AM GENERAL, LLC, 

Defendant. 

 

 Case No.: 3:14-CV-317-JVB-JEM 

OPINION AND ORDER 

This case is about rights to a patent related to vehicular frame rails. The parties agree 

Ruehl1 conceived the invention, but they disagree about who owns it given the contracts between 

them. 

Both sides move for partial summary judgment. 

A. Facts 

When considering AM General’s motion the Court views the facts in the light most 

favorable to Ruehl, and when considering Ruehl’s motion the Court views the facts in the light 

most favorable to AM General. The Court does not weigh the evidence or determine the truth 

regarding the facts. 

                                                            

1

 Unless otherwise noted, this Order will refer to Plaintiffs Phillip Ruehl and PC Ruehl 

Engineering, Inc., collectively as “Ruehl.” 
2 

1. Mother Necessity 

The parties agree Ralf Pionke of AM General contacted his former co-worker Philip 

Ruehl in late 2004 or early 2005 about consulting with AM General on a project to upgrade the 

frame rails for its Humvee line of trucks. 

Mr. Pionke sent Mr. Ruehl drawings of the then-current side rail design on February 17, 

2015 (via email), and on February 23, 2005 (via UPS). AM General claims Mr. Ruehl admitted 

that once he had its print drawings, which he did not receive until February 25, 2005, he looked 

at them and wanted to modify the spacers.2

2. February purchase order 

 Mr. Ruehl signed a purchase order on February 26, 2005. The front of this purchase order 

says: “This purchase order is issued to cover cost to provide engineering support for HMMWV 

frame rail feasibility study.” (Feb. Purchase Order, DE 51-13 at 2.) It also caps the cost at 

$22,500. (Id.) It warns: “ACCEPTANCE OF THIS ORDER CONSTITUTES AN 

ACCEPTANCE OF THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS ON FACE AND REVERSE 

HEREOF.” (Id.) 

 The back of this purchase order says: 

1. This order constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto and 

the terms and conditions set forth herein cannot be modified or amended 

without the written consent of the Purchaser. No officer, employee or other 

representative of Purchaser is authorized to make any oral contract of 

commitment for the purchase of materials or to modify or change the terms 

and conditions of this order unless such modification or change is in writing 

approved by Vice President of the Purchaser. 

                                                            

2

 AM General cites page 40, lines 9 through 17, of Mr. Ruehl’s deposition (Ruehl Dep., DE 51-

11 at 8). But this portion of the deposition does not definitively support AM General’s claim of 

admission. 
3 

 * * * 

5. It is understood and agreed the Seller warrants that the sale or use of the 

material covered by this order, either alone or in combination with other 

materials, will not infringe or contribute to the infringement of any patents, 

either in the U.S.A. or in foreign countries, and that the Seller covenants to 

defend every suit which shall be brought against the Purchaser or any party 

selling or using any of the Purchaser’s products for any alleged infringement 

of any patent by reason of the sales or use of said materials, either alone, or 

in combination with other materials, and to pay all expenses and fees of 

counsel which shall be incurred in and about defending, and all cost, 

damages and profits recoverable in every such suit. 

* * * 

9. Information, including but not limited to technical information, drawing 

and data, submitted any time by Seller to Purchaser relating to goods or 

services covered by this purchase order are deemed not to be submitted in 

confidence unless otherwise specifically agreed to in writing. Any 

restrictive markings affixed upon any such information furnished to 

Purchaser shall be of no force or effect, may be modified, removed or 

ignored by Purchaser without any liability to Seller and the information may 

be used by Purchaser in any way in the conduct of its business. Seller’s sole 

rights with respect to use of such information by Purchaser, it’s [sic] 

successors, subsidiaries, licenses, affiliates or parents shall be determined 

only by valid pre-existing patent rights of Seller as related to the 

manufacture, use or sale of goods or services covered by this order. Seller 

agrees to promptly notify Purchaser of any pre-existing patents of any other 

form of protection which Seller may hold or know of which relates to the 

goods or services to be provided under this purchase order. In connection 

with the development of any ideas, inventions, improvement or discoveries, 

including all related information and know-how, related to the goods or 

services to be provided under this purchase order and for which Purchaser 

has provided or is to provide support to Seller in the form of funding, 

including but not limited to payments in whole or part for prototype 

components or tooling, designing, testing or consulting, Purchaser shall 

automatically be entitled to and Seller agrees to and hereby assigns all 

rights, title and interest to such ideas, inventions, improvements and 

discoveries (unless otherwise specifically agreed to in writing and such 

event Purchaser shall be entitled to at least a nonexclusive paid up, 

irrevocable worldwide right and license including the right to fully 

sublicense third parties including the U.S. Government for all 

Governmental purposes to practice and have practiced for its purpose such 
4 

invention). Seller agrees to promptly notify Purchaser in writing of any such 

idea, invention, improvement or discovery so developed. The provisions of 

this clause shall survive termination of fulfillment of this order and shall 

incur to the benefit of Purchaser’s successors, subsidiaries, licensees, 

affiliates of parents. 

(Feb. Purchase Order, DE 51-13 at 3.3

) Mr. Ruehl acknowledges that his signature on this 

document commits him to its terms. 

3. Original concept sketch: March 5, 2005 

 On March 5, 2005, Mr. Ruehl sketched the big idea at the heart of this case. But 

the parties disagree about the genesis of this idea. 

Mr. Ruehl claims in his amended complaint he conceived the idea before signing 

the purchase order on February 26, 2005. But he testified on November 19, 2015: “The 

iterative process of inventing the concept was completed on March 5, 2005.” (Ruehl 

Dep., DE 51-11 at 15.) And on April 14, 2016, Mr. Ruehl signed his declaration stating: 

“None of my invoices to AM General included charges for my work inventing my new 

frame rail concept, which was completed no later than March 5, 2005 (and, to my best 

recollection, earlier than that.)” (Ruehl Decl., DE 55-3 at 2.) 

AM General argues there is no evidence Ruehl conceived the idea before signing 

the February purchase order other than his say-so. AM General argues the evidence 

demonstrates that the spacer concept was not completed until March 5, 2005, and that the 

idea continued to develop after that date: “[T]he undisputed evidence demonstrates that 

Ruehl, after reviewing AMG’s frame rail drawings and signing the February PO, came up 

                                                            

3

 Some apparent instances of the word “of” might actually be “or,” and vice versa. The document 

is difficult to read in places. 
5 

with a spacer concept and then spent three weeks further refining and developing this 

concept as part of the engineering support he provided to AMG.” (AM General’s Br. 

Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J., DE 60 at 20.) 

 Not only do the parties disagree about the genesis of the idea, they also disagree 

about what happened to the idea after Ruehl sketched it on March 5, 2005. Ruehl claims 

the idea never changed or developed after that date, or perhaps even for some time 

before. Ruehl claims no one refined, tested, supported, or funded the idea after that date, 

or perhaps even for some time before. AM General, however, argues that the idea was 

subject to continued development, refinement, and testing during the following months. 

 The parties refer to the idea in various ways. Ruehl refers to it as an invention 

“comprised of a box-type frame rail assembly,” and as “a much improved means of 

assembling frame rails.” (Am. Compl., DE 22 at 4, 6.) He says the patent, entitled 

“Boxed Frame Member and Method for Manufacture,” covers the invention. (Id. at 7.) 

 AM General refers to the idea as a “spacer concept.” (AM General’s Br. Supp. 

Mot. Partial Summ. J., DE 51 at 5.) AM General denies the amended complaint’s detailed 

definition of the invention is accurate, but admits the patent relates to the new frame rail 

design. Mr. Ruehl also refers to the idea as “my spacer concept” in correspondence. 

(Email, Dec. 1, 2005, DE 52-7 at 3.) For the sake of simplicity, the Court will use “idea” 

to reference the contested intellectual property. 

 On March 5, 2005, Mr. Ruehl showed the sketch of the idea to Werner Kraenzler, 

a prototype shop owner, who confirmed he believed he could make a prototype of the 

idea. Mr. Ruehl did not identify the idea as confidential. 
6 

4. “Kick-off” meeting: March 7, 2005

 On March 7, 2005, Ruehl met with representatives of Applied Technologies, Inc., 

and Mr. Pionke at AM General’s facility in Livonia, Michigan. Ruehl claims he showed 

the ATI representatives his sketch of the idea before Mr. Pionke even entered the room. 

 At that meeting, after disclosing his idea to the ATI representatives and to Mr. 

Pionke, Ruehl signed a confidentiality agreement presented to him by AM General. R.J. 

Gula, a vice president of AM General, signed it the next day. 

5. Confidentiality agreement: March 7, 2005 

 The confidentiality agreement states: 

1. “Confidential Information” shall mean any information that has value to 

the Disclosing Party and is not generally known to its competitors, including 

but not limited to all of the Disclosing Party’s trade secrets, designs, 

specifications, ideas, concepts, plans, formulas, patterns, devices, software, 

drawings, machinery and equipment, products, processes, procedures, 

methods, applications, technologies, financial information, customer 

information (including identity, specific needs and any of such customer’s 

information possessed by the Disclosing Party) or any compilation or 

combination of the foregoing that is disclosed to Receiving Party and 

marked as confidential or proprietary. Any information that is transmitted 

orally shall be considered to be Confidential Information, provided such 

information is identified as proprietary or confidential at the time of such 

oral transmittal and notice is subsequently provided in writing of its 

confidential or proprietary nature by Disclosing Party and transmitted to 

Receiving Party within ten (10) days of such oral transmission. Any 

information that has value to the Disclosing Party and is not generally 

known to its competitors, including but not limited to Commercial/Military 

Vehicle Frame Feasibility Study 

2. Information of the Disclosing Party shall not be considered “Confidential 

Information” if it: 

(a) Is publicly known to the Receiving party at the time of 

disclosure; 
7 

(b) Becomes public knowledge without breach of this Agreement by 

Receiving Party; 

(c) Is known to Receiving Party at the time of the disclosure and is 

not subject to any restriction that would be violated by its disclosure; 

(d) Is lawfully obtained, without restriction that would be violated 

by the disclosure by Receiving Party, from a third party not affiliated 

with Disclosing Party; or 

(e) Is independently developed by Receiving Party by employees of 

Receiving Party who have not had access to the Confidential 

Information or by third parties unrelated to Disclosing Party. 

 * * * 

11. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed as granting or 

conferring to Receiving Party any patent rights or licenses from Disclosing 

Party either expressly or by implication. 

* * * 

15. This Agreement reflects the entire agreement of Company and AMG 

with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior oral and 

written representations, warranties, covenants, commitments, guarantees, 

and other agreements about the same subject matter hereof. 

* * * 

20. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with 

the laws of Indiana without reference to conflicts of law principles, and the 

parties agree to be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of Indiana. Any 

legal action to enforce this Agreement shall be brought in St. Joseph 

County, Indiana. 

(Mutual Confidentiality Agreement, DE 22-1 at 1–3.) 

6. Frame rail feasibility study 

 After the meeting on March 7, 2005, Ruehl worked with AM General and ATI on 

the frame rail feasibility study. The parties disagree about whether this work included 

work on the idea itself. 
8 

 On March 24, 2005, Ruehl completed a report summarizing his work. He 

identified the spacer concept as a “key feature” of his proposed redesigned frame rails. 

He did not mark the report, or anything included in the report, as confidential. 

 On March 28, 2005, he emailed Mr. Pionke drawings, including a drawing of the 

spacer concept. Ruehl did not mark the drawing as confidential. 

7. Invoices 

 Mr. Ruehl billed AM General for his work via two invoices dated March 29, 

2005. The first invoice itemizes travel expenses with precision, and totals $2,699.58. 

(Invoice # 120, DE 51-2 at 2.) The first three items on the list bill for travel on March 6, 

2005. 

The second invoice does not specify the dates it covers, nor does it itemize the 

work for which Ruehl billed. The second invoice indicates he chose not to bill for 3.5 

days of work, as a “Professional Courtesy.” (Invoice # 121, DE 51-3 at 2.) In an email to 

Mr. Pionke dated March 30, 2005, Mr. Ruehl apparently explained that he reduced the 

bill to keep it under the budget of $22,500: “I have adjusted billing to remain within 

budget; but we have exhausted the allocated funds.” (Email, Mar. 30, 2005, DE 51-9 at 

2.) In an attachment to another email, he apparently sheds further light on the bill: “I 

pondered the problem for weeks with nothing to show. The problem is as old as the 

industry. I could not consider billing for such ‘dreaming’, with high probability of failure 

-- in 100 years the problem had not been solved.” (Email, Dec. 1, 2005, DE 52-7 at 4.) 

The second invoice seeks $19,800. 
9 

The combined total of these two invoices is $22,499.58. AM General paid this 

amount to Ruehl. Ruehl claims the invoices did not include any time spent conceiving the 

invention.4

8. April purchase order 

 On April 21, 2005, AM General sent Ruehl a second purchase order for 

“ENGINEERING SUPPORT OF FRAME RAIL REVIEW.” (Apr. Purchase Order, DE 

51-16 at 2.) The April purchase order and the February purchase order carry the same 

terms on their backs. Ruehl signed the April purchase order on April 24, 2005. 

 Again, the parties dispute the nature of the work Ruehl performed under the April 

purchase order. AM General claims Ruehl took an active role in evaluating the spacer 

concept and was instrumental in arranging meetings between AM General and the 

prototype shop to produce prototype rails incorporating the spacer concept. AM General 

claims his work included development of the idea itself. Ruehl denies this, and instead 

claims that the idea itself did not change or develop during this time period. 

 Pursuant to an invoice following the April purchase order, AM General paid 

Ruehl an additional $15,027.93. 

                                                            

4

 Invoice # 121, dated March 29, 2005, seems to bill for 20 days of work at $1,200 per day and 

seems to deduct 3.5 days for “Professional Courtesy.” (Invoice # 121, DE 51-3 at 2.) There are 

not many days between March 5, 2005, when the idea might have been completed and March 29, 

2005, the date of the invoice. March 29 minus 20 days is about March 9. Did Ruehl work full 

days and almost all weekends during this period? Maybe. And what precise work did Ruehl do 

under the heading “Professional Services”? These are the sorts of factual issues the Court cannot 

resolve at this stage. 
10 

9. Patent 

 AM General claims that in the fall of 2005, after it had spent money in both 

phases to have the spacer concept developed, defined, tested, and prototyped, AM 

General concluded that the spacer concept Ruehl developed for it was patentable. Ruehl 

argues AM General did not fund the spacer concept itself, but only funded its application 

to AM General’s needs. 

 On November 1, 2005, Ruehl filed a patent application. On November 7, 2005, 

Ruehl requested for the first time that AM General pay him royalties for using the spacer 

concept. 

 On February 1, 2006, AM General filed its own patent application. AM General 

listed Ruehl as the sole inventor, and listed itself as the sole owner. 

 On July 16, 2013, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued to Ruehl 

a patent covering the idea. This patent, called “Boxed Frame Member and Method for 

Manufacture,” embodies the spacer concept. 

B. Claims and procedural posture 

Ruehl claims AM General used and continues to use his idea without paying for it, in 

violation of the patent and the confidentiality agreement. Ruehl brings a claim for patent 

infringement and a claim for breach of contract. 

 AM General brings counter-claims. It seeks a declaratory judgment that it owns all right, 

title, and interest in and to the new frame rail design and all related inventions, patent rights, and 

other intellectual property, or, alternatively that it has at least a nonexclusive, paid up, 
11 

irrevocable, worldwide right and license, by virtue of the purchase orders. AM General further 

seeks a declaratory judgment that it has not infringed the patent, because it has ownership or 

license rights over it. AM General also brings a counter-claim for breach of contract, alleging 

Ruehl breached the confidentiality agreement by applying for a patent using confidential 

information Ruehl received from AM General, and also using confidential information belonging 

to AM General pursuant to the purchase orders. Finally, AM General brings a counter-claim for 

breach of warranty and indemnification on the basis of the purchase orders. 

 The parties traded motions for partial summary judgment. 

 AM General seeks summary judgment in its favor on both of Ruehl’s claims and on its 

own declaratory judgment and warranty counter-claims. AM General argues that Ruehl 

contractually assigned to it all rights to the idea; that if neither the assignment nor license are 

effective then Ruehl breached the warranty in the purchase orders; and that the confidentiality 

agreement does not apply to the information Ruehl claims was confidential. 

 Ruehl also seeks summary judgment on the issues of ownership and confidentiality. 

Ruehl argues that the purchase orders did not transfer any rights over the idea to AM General 

and that the confidentiality agreement protects Ruehl’s rights over the idea. 

C. Summary judgment standard 

A motion for summary judgment must be granted “if the movant shows that there is no 

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In viewing the facts presented on a motion for summary judgment, a 

court must construe all facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all 
12 

legitimate inferences and resolve all doubts in favor of that party. NLFC, Inc. v. Devcom MidAm., Inc., 45 F.3d 231, 234 (7th Cir. 1995). 

This notion applies equally where, as here, opposing parties each move for summary 

judgment in their favor pursuant to Rule 56. I.A.E., Inc. v. Shaver, 74 F.3d 768, 774 (7th Cir. 

1996). Indeed, the existence of cross-motions for summary judgment does not necessarily mean 

there are no genuine issues of material fact. R.J. Corman Derailment Serv., Inc. v. Int’l Union of 

Operating Eng’rs, 335 F.3d 643, 647 (7th Cir. 2003). Rather, the process of taking the facts in 

the light most favorable to the nonmovant, first for one side and then for the other, may reveal 

that neither side has enough to prevail without a trial. Id. at 648. “With cross-motions, [the 

court’s] review of the record requires that [the court] construe all inferences in favor of the party 

against whom the motion under consideration is made.” O’Regan v. Arbitration Forums, Inc., 

246 F.3d 975, 983 (7th Cir. 2001) (quoting Hendricks-Robinson v. Excel Corp., 154 F.3d 685, 

692 (7th Cir. 1998)). 

D. Discussion

 AM General proposes a simple resolution to this case: The February purchase order 

transferred ownership of the idea to it, and then the confidentiality agreement executed on March 

7, 2005, did nothing to alter that transfer. So, the argument goes, AM General owns the idea and 

is therefore not susceptible to any claims that it infringed the patent it owns or that it breached 

confidentiality regarding the idea it owns. 

 Ruehl, however, proposes an equally simple resolution: Neither purchase order 

transferred any rights over the idea to AM General because AM General did not satisfy the 
13 

funding clause. Moreover, the confidentiality agreement ensured Ruehl retained all rights over 

confidential information he submitted to AM General. 

 This case hinges not only on contract interpretation, but also on genuine issues of 

material fact.5

1. Law controlling contract interpretation

 This case involves three contracts. Regarding the two purchase orders, the Federal Circuit 

held that “[c]onstruction of patent assignment agreements is a matter of state contract law.” 

Euclid Chem. Co. v. Vector Corrosion Techs, 561 F.3d 1340, 1343 (Fed.Cir. 2009). So the Court 

will apply state law to determine whether the purchase orders assigned any rights in the patent to 

AM General. 

Regarding the confidentiality agreement, federal courts in federal question cases apply 

state substantive law to supplemental state law claims. United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 

383 U.S. 715, 725 (1966). So the Court will apply state law to determine whether AM General 

breached the confidentiality agreement. 

Here, the purchase orders contain no choice-of-law clause, the parties agreed Indiana law 

would govern the confidentiality agreement, the parties’ summary judgment briefs rely heavily 

                                                            

5

 “The first thing we do, let’s kill all the lawyers.” William Shakespeare, The Second Part of 

King Henry the Sixth, act 4, sc. 2. People often misattribute this phrase to Shakespeare. Actually 

Dick the Butcher, a murderous rebel, says it. The point is that lawyers are good, and stand 

against tyranny. The murderous rebel wants them out of the way. Perhaps one source of the 

dilemmas in this case is not the involvement of too many lawyers, but the involvement of too 

few. Had more lawyers revised the contracts at issue, they might have caused less problems. Had 

more lawyers advised the parties at the inception of their relationship, they might have had less 

problems. After all, the briefing filed by the lawyers in this case is, by and large, very good. 
14 

on Indiana law, and Indiana is the forum state. No parties dispute the applicability of Indiana law 

to the interpretation of the three contracts. 

In Indiana, the law of contract construction is generally well settled. See W. & S. Life Ins. 

Co. v. Vale, 12 N.E.2d 350, 354 (Ind. 1938); see also First Fed. Sav. Bank of Ind. v. Key 

Markets, Inc., 559 N.E.2d 600, 603–04 (Ind. 1990). 

The ultimate goal of contract interpretation is to ascertain the intent of the parties at the 

time they made the agreement. Citimortgage, Inc. v. Barabas, 975 N.E.2d 805, 813 (Ind. 2012). 

A court should “begin with the plain language of the contract, reading it in context and, 

whenever possible, construing it so as to render each word, phrase, and term meaningful, 

unambiguous, and harmonious with the whole.” Id. Indiana follows the “four corners rule”: 

extrinsic evidence is inadmissible to add to, vary, or explain the terms of a written contract if the 

terms are clear and unambiguous. Roberts v. Cmty Hosps. of Ind., 897 N.E.2d 458, 467 (Ind. 

2008). 

A court should give a contract’s language its plain and ordinary meaning, unless the 

contract uses a particular term in a manner intended to convey a specific technical concept. 

Citizens Action Coal. of Ind. v. Duke Energy Ind., 44 N.E.3d 98, 108 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). A 

court should construe a contract “in a way that gives each term independent meaning, rather than 

rendering one surplusage.” Pohl v. Pohl, 15 N.E.3d 1006, 1014 (Ind. 2014). 

 Conditions precedent are generally disfavored, and must be explicitly stated in the 

contract. Sasso v. Carsaw Orthopedic, 45 N.E.3d 835, 840 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). 

A contract is ambiguous only if reasonable persons could disagree about its 

interpretation; and if the ambiguity is in the contractual language, its interpretation remains a 
15 

question of law. See Estate of Williams v. S. Indiana Gas & Elec. Co., 551 F. Supp. 2d 751, 758 

(S.D. Ind. 2008). Finally, if a contract is ultimately ambiguous, it should be construed against its 

drafter. MPACT Const. Group v. Superior Concrete Constructors, 802 N.E.2d 901, 910 (Ind. 

2004). 

2. February purchase order 

 AM General claims the February purchase order transferred to it all rights over the idea. 

AM General focuses on the latter portion of paragraph 9: 

In connection with the development of any ideas, inventions, improvement 

or discoveries, including all related information and know-how, related to 

the goods or services to be provided under this purchase order and for 

which Purchaser has provided or is to provide support to Seller in the form 

of funding, including but not limited to payments in whole or part for 

prototype components or tooling, designing, testing or consulting, 

Purchaser shall automatically be entitled to and Seller agrees to and hereby 

assigns all rights, title and interest to such ideas, inventions, improvements 

and discoveries (unless otherwise specifically agreed to in writing and such 

event Purchaser shall be entitled to at least a nonexclusive paid up, 

irrevocable worldwide right and license including the right to fully 

sublicense third parties including the U.S. Government for all 

Governmental purposes to practice and have practiced for its purpose such 

invention). 

(Feb. Purchase Order, DE 51-13 at 3 (emphasis added).) 

AM General urges the Court to interpret the phrase “and for which Purchaser has 

provided or is to provide support to Seller in the form of funding” as modifying the phrase 

“goods or services to be provided under this purchase order,” rather than as modifying the phrase 

“the development of any ideas, inventions, improvement or discoveries.” AM General asserts 

that grammar requires such an interpretation, but does not point to any clear and dispositive 

grammatical rule. 
16 

The Court disagrees. A compelling key to this interpretation is the word “and” in the 

middle of the phrase “related to the goods or services to be provided under this purchase order 

and for which Purchaser has provided or is to provide support to Seller in the form of funding.” 

If the word “and” disappeared, then the “support” clause would apply only to the phrase “goods 

or services to be provided under this purchase order.” 

For “and” here to have meaning, and not be mere surplusage, “and” must mean that the 

“support” clause reaches back and applies to the phrase “development of any ideas, inventions, 

improvement or discoveries.” 

This interpretation also makes better sense of the “support” clause. As Ruehl notes, the 

entire purchase order concerns and assumes payment by AM General for goods or services to be 

provided under this purchase order. The “support” clause would be redundant and strange, even 

mere surplusage itself, if it only referred to “goods or services to be provided under this purchase 

order.” 

The better interpretation of this portion of paragraph 9 of the purchase order is the one 

advanced by Ruehl. For Ruehl to assign all rights, title, and interest over his idea to AM General, 

two requirements must obtain: (1) the idea must be “related to the goods or services to be 

provided under this purchase order”; and (2) AM General “provided or is to provide support to 

Seller in the form of funding” for “the development of any ideas, inventions, improvement or 

discoveries.” 

But despite this interpretation of the purchase order, a genuine issue of material fact 

precludes summary judgment: Did AM General satisfy the second requirement for transfer of 

ownership even under Ruehl’s interpretation of the contract? 
17 

Ruehl insists AM General provided no support for the development of the idea itself. But 

AM General insists it did. Ruehl signed the first purchase order on February 26, 2005. The 

earliest extant drawing of the idea on record is dated March 5, 2005, after Ruehl signed the first 

purchase order. This suggests the possibility that Ruehl conceived of or developed or refined the 

idea itself after signing the first purchase order, and while under its terms, and during a period of 

work for which AM General provided or at least was to provide support in the form of funding. 

The invoice Ruehl sent following the February purchase order further muddies these factual 

issues because it fails to itemize the dates or hours or precise nature of the work for which Ruehl 

billed. Indeed, the budget for the first purchase order was $22,500. Ruehl billed $22,499.58. 

Ruehl argues that the execution of the confidentiality agreement was a condition 

precedent to the parties’ rights and obligations under the purchase order. But the February 

purchase order says nothing about depending on execution of another document before becoming 

effective. In fact, the February purchase order says it “constitutes the entire agreement between 

the parties.” (Feb. Purchase Order, DE 51-13 at 3.) Moreover, Ruehl did not even know when he 

signed the February purchase order that AM General would later expect him also to sign the 

confidentiality agreement. The February purchase order can’t be subject to a condition precedent 

of the execution of the confidentiality agreement when the first document doesn’t say anything 

about the second, the first document has an integration clause, and Ruehl didn’t even know of the 

second document when he signed the first. 

In addition, AM General argues that it provided funding to support the idea or its 

development throughout the further iterative process, including payments to ATI to test the idea 
18 

and payments to Assured Design to develop prototype frame rails using the spacer and the 

manufacturing process. 

In sum, there are genuine issues of material fact regarding whether AM General provided 

funding to support the idea or its development, and related genuine issues of material fact 

regarding the timing, process, and progress of the idea from its conception, through its 

development, to its completion.6 Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving 

party regarding each motion for partial summary judgment, the Court cannot conclude at this 

stage that either moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 

The Court notes the parties barely briefed the first portion of paragraph 9 of the purchase 

order: 

9. Information, including but not limited to technical information, drawing 

and data, submitted any time by Seller to Purchaser relating to goods or 

services covered by this purchase order are deemed not to be submitted in 

confidence unless otherwise specifically agreed to in writing. Any 

restrictive markings affixed upon any such information furnished to 

Purchaser shall be of no force or effect, may be modified, removed or 

ignored by Purchaser without any liability to Seller and the information may 

be used by Purchaser in any way in the conduct of its business. Seller’s sole 

rights with respect to use of such information by Purchaser, it’s [sic] 

successors, subsidiaries, licenses, affiliates or parents shall be determined 

only by valid pre-existing patent rights of Seller as related to the 

manufacture, use or sale of goods or services covered by this order. Seller 

agrees to promptly notify Purchaser of any pre-existing patents of [or?] any 

other form of protection which Seller may hold or know of which relates to 

the goods or services to be provided under this purchase order. 

                                                            

6

 The parties did not fully address the issue of whether the “support” clause applies only to 

“ideas, invention, improvement or discoveries, including all related information and know-how,” 

or whether the “support” clause applies only to “the development of any ideas, inventions, 

improvement or discoveries, including all related information and know-how.” This may be a 

distinction without a difference. At this stage, the Court sees no basis to parse this further. The 

Court sees no reason why “development” cannot include conception and further development all 

the way through completion. 
19 

(Feb. Purchase Order, DE 51-13 at 3.) The Court encourages the parties to address this portion of 

the purchase order more fully in any appropriate future briefs. 

3. Confidentiality agreement

 Ruehl insists the confidentiality agreement protects his idea. AM General, however, 

argues the confidentiality agreement never even applied to the idea. 

 As in the February protective order, the relevant contractual language in the 

confidentiality agreement presents two modifying clauses separated by the word “and” but by no 

commas: 

1. “Confidential Information” shall mean any information that has value to 

the Disclosing Party and is not generally known to its competitors, including 

but not limited to all of the Disclosing Party’s trade secrets, designs, 

specifications, ideas, concepts, plans, formulas, patterns, devices, software, 

drawings, machinery and equipment, products, processes, procedures, 

methods, applications, technologies, financial information, customer 

information (including identity, specific needs and any of such customer’s 

information possessed by the Disclosing Party) or any compilation or 

combination of the foregoing that is disclosed to Receiving Party and

marked as confidential or proprietary. Any information that is transmitted 

orally shall be considered to be Confidential Information, provided such 

information is identified as proprietary or confidential at the time of such 

oral transmittal and notice is subsequently provided in writing of its 

confidential or proprietary nature by Disclosing Party and transmitted to 

Receiving Party within ten (10) days of such oral transmission. Any 

information that has value to the Disclosing Party and is not generally 

known to its competitors, including but not limited to Commercial/Military 

Vehicle Frame Feasibility Study 

(Mutual Confidentiality Agreement, DE 22-1 at 1 (emphasis added).) 

 Now the parties arguably swap their interpretative lenses. Ruehl interprets the “marked as 

confidential or proprietary” clause as modifying only the phrase “any compilation or 
20 

combination of the foregoing.” AM General interprets the “marked” clause as applying more 

broadly to “any information.” 

 The Court interprets the structure of the language in paragraph 1 of the confidentiality 

agreement consistently with its interpretation of the language of paragraph 9 of the protective 

order. Both phrases involve the use of “and” without commas: 

 “related to the goods or services to be provided under this purchase order and for which 

Purchaser has provided or is to provide support to Seller in the form of funding” (Feb. 

Purchase Order ¶ 9, DE 51-13 at 3); 

 “that is disclosed to Receiving Party and marked as confidential or proprietary” (Mutual 

Confidentiality Agreement ¶ 1, DE 22-1 at 1). 

Similarly to its conclusion regarding the purchase orders, the Court concludes that the “marking” 

clause applies broadly to the phrase “any information” in the first line of paragraph 1. 

Moreover, the clause “that is disclosed to Receiving Party” is parallel to the clause 

“marked as confidential or proprietary.” These clauses are separated only by “and.” The first of 

these parallel clauses surely applies broadly to “any information” in the first line of the 

paragraph, so the second of these parallel clauses should as well. 

Also, this interpretation is harmonious with the sentence regarding orally transmitted 

information, which requires written documentation of the confidential or proprietary nature of 

information broadly for any orally transmitted information to be “Confidential Information.” 

 But that does not end the issue. The last part of paragraph 1 perplexes. Here it is just as it 

appears in the confidentiality agreement: 
21 

Any information that has value to the Disclosing Party and is not generally 

known to its competitors, including but not limited to Commercial/Military 

Vehicle Frame Feasibility Study 

(Id.) Paragraph 1’s conclusion is not a sentence. It never explicitly justifies or explains itself. It 

starts by mentioning “any information” with value to the Disclosing Party and not generally 

known to its competitors, like the initial “any information” mentioned at the beginning of the 

paragraph, and then it includes a reference to the frame feasibility study. But then it drops its 

thought, like a bored child dropping a toy, and moves on to something else. It doesn’t even 

bother to end with a period. 

 Ruehl argues the last part of paragraph 1 means information with value to the Disclosing 

Party and not generally known to its competitors, including information related to the frame 

feasibility study, is protected confidential information even if it is not marked as confidential or 

proprietary, because the last part does not include a “marked” clause. But the last part doesn’t 

include a “disclosed” clause either. Ruehl’s interpretation would render the “marked” clause, and 

other clauses, mere surplusage. 

 AM General argues the last part merely identifies another example of information that 

could be confidential if properly marked. The Court is inclined to agree with AM General’s 

interpretation on this point. Interpreting the last line as an inartful addition to the list of nonexclusive particulars seems more sensible than interpreting it as a revocation of multiple clauses 

that come immediately before it, like “disclosed to Receiving Party,” “marked as confidential or 

proprietary,” “identified as proprietary or confidential,” and “notice is subsequently provided in 

writing.” 
22 

 The Court is inclined to conclude that the confidentiality agreement required Ruehl to 

mark his information as confidential or proprietary in order to satisfy the definition of 

“Confidential Information” and be protected by the agreement. But since the claims pertaining to 

rights over the patent on the basis of the protective order survive summary judgment, since the 

parties did not thoroughly address the potential ultimate rights of the parties in the event that AM 

General’s claims grounded on the purchase orders fail and Ruehl’s claim of breach of the 

confidentiality agreement fails, and since the parties did not thoroughly address the first part of 

paragraph 9 of the purchase orders, the Court declines to grant summary judgment regarding 

Ruehl’s claim for breach of the confidentiality agreement at this stage, with leave granted to the 

parties to address this issue later. 

E. Conclusion 

For these reasons, the Court DENIES AM General’s motion for partial summary 

judgment (DE 50) and DENIES Ruehl’s motion for partial summary judgment (DE 54). Since 

the Court does not dispose of the ownership or related issues at this stage, it also does not 

dispose of the breach of warranty counter-claim at this stage. 

The Court also DENIES the motions for oral argument (DE 53 and DE 58) as moot. 

SO ORDERED on March 28, 2017. 

 s/ Joseph S. Van Bokkelen 

 JOSEPH S. VAN BOKKELEN 

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE