F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

January 18, 2006

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

RICHARD ROBEY, on behalf of

himself and others similarly situated,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

SHAPIRO, MARIANOS & CEJDA,

L.L.C.; THERESA MARIANOS;

KIRK J. CEJDA; GERALD SHAPIRO;

MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC

REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, INC.,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 04-5163

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

(D.C. No. 02-CV-584-P)

Submitted on the briefs:

Lawrence A. G. Johnson, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Victor E. Morgan, Gerald L. Jackson, Crowe & Dunlevy, Tulsa, Oklahoma,

Richard C. Ford, Crowe & Dunlevy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Melvin R.

McVay, Jr., Heather L. Hintz, Phillips, McFall, McCaffrey, McVay & Murrah,

P.C., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Defendants-Appellees.

Before KELLY, SEYMOUR, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. 

1 As used herein, the term “the Lawyer Defendants” includes the named

individual lawyers from the Shapiro firm, defendants Theresa Marianos, Kirk J.

Cejda, and Gerald Shapiro.

-2-

SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.

This appeal involves claims brought under the Fair Debt Collection

Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692-1692o. Plaintiff Richard Robey is

appealing the order entered by the district court dismissing his first amended

complaint under FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we affirm.*

I.

A. Background. 

This case arises out of a state-court foreclosure action filed by 

defendant Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS) against Robey

in Tulsa County, Oklahoma. MERS was represented in the foreclosure action by

defendant Shapiro, Marianos, & Cejda, L.L.C. (the Lawyer Defendants).1 In the

foreclosure petition, the Lawyer Defendants requested that MERS be awarded
-3-

both a money judgment and a judgment of foreclosure, and they also requested

additional relief, including that MERS be awarded “a reasonable attorney’s fee.” 

Aple. App. at 50. MERS ultimately dismissed the foreclosure action without

prejudice, however, and MERS was not awarded any attorney’s fees. Id. at 152-

55. 

Prior to the dismissal of the foreclosure action, Robey filed this action

against MERS and the Lawyer Defendants, alleging they violated the FDCPA

when they sought to recover a “reasonable attorney’s fee” in the foreclosure

action. According to Robey, the request for a “reasonable attorney’s fee” was an

unfair debt collection practice under 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(1) because: (1) MERS and

the Lawyer Defendants had agreed that the Lawyer Defendants would handle the

foreclosure action for a flat fee; and (2) the flat-fee agreement was never

disclosed to the state court. Robey also asserted pendent state-law claims against

defendants. The state-law claims included a claim that MERS violated Oklahoma

law by failing to reveal that it was not the holder of the promissory note being

sued on in the foreclosure action.

B. District Court’s Dismissal Order.

Pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1) and (b)(6), defendants filed motions to

dismiss Robey’s first amended complaint, arguing that: (1) Robey lacked standing

to assert his claims because he had not suffered an injury in fact in the foreclosure
-4-

action; and (2) Robey failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted

related to the foreclosure action because an award of attorney’s fees was

authorized by Oklahoma law and the terms of Robey’s mortgage. 

In ruling on defendants’ motions to dismiss, the district court addressed

only defendants’ second argument. The court began its analysis on that point by

noting the following:

Under the FDCPA, “[a] debt collector may not use unfair or

unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect any debt.” 

15 U.S.C. § 1692f. “Unfair or unconscionable” is defined to include

“[t]he collection of any amount (including any interest, fee, charge or

expense incidental to the principal obligation) unless such amount is

expressly authorized by the agreement creating the debt or permitted

by law.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(1).

Robey v. Shapiro, Marianos & Cejda, L.L.C., 340 F. Supp. 2d 1062, 1064

(N.D. Okla. 2004). Applying these provisions, the court rejected Robey’s claim

that the request in the foreclosure petition for a “reasonable attorney’s fee” was

an unfair debt collection practice under § 1692f(1), and therefore concluded that

Robey had failed to state a claim under the FDCPA. As the court explained:

To put it simply, Plaintiff’s position is unsupported. 

Oklahoma law permits the recovery of a reasonable attorney’s fee in

a mortgage foreclosure action as the prevailing party. Okla. Stat. tit.

42 § 176. Plaintiff’s mortgage at the time the foreclosure was filed

and the demand letter was sent provided for the recovery of

“reasonable attorney’s fees customarily charged in the area.” . . . 

Plaintiff’s citation to various statutes and unrelated authorities

is novel but misguided. Plaintiff would have this Court attempt to

connect several seemingly unrelated state statutes to arrive at a

conclusion that Shapiro’s and MERS’s practices are prohibited by a
-5-

federal law represented in the FDCPA. . . . Plaintiff also cites to

various other inapplicable cases and statutes pertaining to attorney

ethics in an attempt to persuade this Court to adopt a heretofore

unrecognized position under the FDCPA. This Court declines to do

so. The fees sought in the prayer of the foreclosure action [are]

authorized by statute and the agreement between the mortgagee and

mortgagor. Plaintiff’s attempt to transform Shapiro’s and MERS’s

actions into something sinister is lacking. At best, the failure to

disclose the flat fee arrangement is a matter best left to the

determination of the court presiding over the foreclosure. The

practice, however, does not violate the FDCPA. 

Id. at 1064-65.

With regard to Robey’s claim against MERS for failing to reveal it was not

the holder of the promissory note, the district court noted that the claim was “only

referenced in the introduction of the First Amended Complaint and Count II of the

Pendent State Claims section of the pleading.” Id. at 1065. The court thus

“interpret[ed] the claim to be only based in state law and not the FDCPA.” Id.

Having determined that “the sole claim based in federal law [had to be]

dismissed,” id., the court then declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over

Robey’s state-law claims, id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3)). 

II. 

A. Standing Issue.

“Article III, Section 2 of the United States Constitution extends the judicial

power only to ‘Cases’ or ‘Controversies.’ A dispute is an Article III ‘Case’ or

‘Controversy’ only if the plaintiff can establish what is known as ‘constitutional
-6-

standing.’” Carolina Cas. Ins. Co. v. Pinnacol Assurance, 425 F.3d 921, 926

(10th Cir. 2005). Constitutional standing exists if the plaintiff: 

show[s] [that] (1) it has suffered an “injury in fact” that is (a)

concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not

conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the

challenged action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as opposed to

merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable

decision.

Id. (quotation omitted). Moreover, Congress may expand the range or scope of

injuries that are cognizable for purposes of Article III standing by enacting

statutes which create legal rights. Thus, as the Supreme Court has explained,

“Congress may enact statutes creating legal rights, the invasion of which creates

[constitutional] standing, even though no injury would exist without the statute.” 

Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 617 n.3 (1973); see also Lujan v.

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 578 (1992) (stating that “[t]he . . . injury

required by Art. III may exist solely by virtue of statutes creating legal rights,”

and that this “principle involve[s] Congress’ elevating to the status of legally

cognizable injuries concrete, de facto injuries that were previously inadequate in

law”) (quotations omitted); Akins v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 101 F.3d 731, 736

(D.C. Cir. 1996) (en banc) (“Although Congress may not ‘create’ an Article III

injury that the federal judiciary would not recognize, . . . Congress can create a

legal right (and, typically, a cause of action to protect that right) the interference
-7-

with which will create an Article III injury.” (citations omitted)), vacated on other

grounds, 524 U.S. 11 (1998). 

Congress “may also . . . place additional restrictions on who can sue,

imposing requirements of ‘statutory standing.’” Carolina Cas. Ins. Co., 425 F.3d

at 926 (quotation omitted). As we recently explained, it is important to

distinguish between constitutional standing and statutory standing:

Because constitutional standing is necessary to the court’s

jurisdiction, as a general rule it must be addressed before proceeding

to the merits. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523

U.S. 83, 96-97, 97 n.2 . . . (1998) . . . . 

On the other hand, statutory standing need not be addressed if

the court determines that the plaintiff loses on the merits anyway.

Id. 

Because Robey was not actually ordered to pay any attorney’s fees in the

state-court foreclosure action, defendants argued in district court that Robey had

not suffered any injury and therefore lacked standing to pursue his claims under

the FDCPA. In its order dismissing Robey’s claims under Rule 12(b)(6), the

district court acknowledged the standing issue but chose not to address it,

explaining that “[a]lthough Plaintiff may well lack standing to bring this 

action . . . , this Court chooses not to address this issue, given the dismissal of the

FDCPA claim.” Robey, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 1065. In light of the Supreme Court’s

decision in Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 93-102 (1998),

however, the district court should have decided the standing issue first, at least as
-8-

it pertains to Robey’s constitutional standing for purposes of Article III. See

Gold v. Local 7 United Food & Commercial Workers Union, 159 F.3d 1307,

1309-10 (10th Cir. 1998) (stating that “Steel requires that a federal court satisfy

itself of subject matter jurisdiction before proceeding to the merits of a

claim–even when the question of the merits is the easier one and is substantively

resolvable against the claim over which jurisdiction is in doubt”), overruled on

other grounds by Styskal v. Weld County Bd. of Comm’rs, 365 F.3d 855, 858

(10th Cir. 2004). We therefore address the constitutional standing issue before

proceeding to the merits of Robey’s claims. See San Juan County, Utah v. United

States, 420 F.3d 1197, 1203 (10th Cir. 2005) (“Because standing implicates the

district court’s subject matter jurisdiction, we must address this issue before

addressing the merits of [an] appeal.”). In so doing, we recognize we are dealing

with legal rights created by Congress under the FDCPA. Hence, the “injury in

fact” analysis for purposes of Article III is directly linked to the question of

whether Robey has suffered a cognizable statutory injury under the FDCPA. 

We determine that Robey has suffered an injury in fact under the FDCPA

and therefore has standing to pursue his challenge against defendants’ request for

an award of attorney’s fees in the foreclosure action. As the Second Circuit

explained in a case in which the plaintiff was alleging that a creditor violated the

FDCPA by making an unlawful request for attorney’s fees:
-9-

Defendants maintain that plaintiff lacks standing to pursue this

claim because it is undisputed that plaintiff never paid any attorneys’

fees to either UC & S or NAN, as the underlying lawsuit initiated by

UC & S was settled with different counsel. Accordingly, defendants

argue that plaintiff did not suffer any identifiable injury. The

FDCPA provides for liability for attempting to collect an unlawful

debt, however, and permits the recovery of statutory damages up to

$1,000 in the absence of actual damages. Thus, courts have held that

actual damages are not required for standing under the FDCPA. See,

e.g, Keele v. Wexler, 149 F.3d 589, 594 (7th Cir. 1998) (“[T]he

plaintiff who admittedly owes a legitimate debt has standing to sue if

the Act is violated by an unprincipled debt collector.”); Baker v. G.C.

Servs. Corp., 677 F.2d 775, 777 (9th Cir. 1982) (same); cf.

Gambardella v. G. Fox & Co., 716 F.2d 104, 108 n.4 (2d Cir. 1983)

(noting that “[i]t is well settled . . . that proof of actual deception or

damages is unnecessary to a recovery of statutory damages” under

the Truth in Lending Act). Accordingly, we join those courts and

hold that the fact that plaintiff did not ever pay any attorneys’ fees to

NAN does not necessarily suggest that he was not injured for

purposes of his FDCPA claim, if he can show that UC & S attempted

to collect money in violation of the FDCPA.

Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, L.L.P., 321 F.3d 292, 307 (2d Cir. 2003); see also

15 U.S.C. § 1692f (providing that “[a] debt collector may not use unfair or

unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect any debt”) (emphasis

added); Johnson v. Riddle, 305 F.3d 1107, 1121 (10th Cir. 2002) (holding “that

[defendant] violated the FDCPA because he attempted to collect an amount not

permitted by [Utah] law,” without addressing standing).

Because Robey is claiming that defendants violated the FDCPA by

attempting to collect attorney’s fees that were not permitted under Oklahoma law,

the Second Circuit’s reasoning in Miller and our decision in Johnson apply with
-10-

equal force to this case. Accordingly, Robey has been injured under the terms of

the FDCPA and can seek legal redress of his claims under that act. He has thus

satisfied the “injury in fact” and other requirements of constitutional standing. 

B. Rule 12(b)(6) Dismissal.

We review a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal de novo, accepting all well-pleaded

facts as true and in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Sutton v.

Utah State Sch. for the Deaf & Blind, 173 F.3d 1226, 1236 (10th Cir. 1999). “A

12(b)(6) motion should not be granted unless it appears beyond doubt that the

plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him

to relief.” Id. (quotation omitted). 

Having conducted the required de novo review, we affirm the dismissal of

Robey’s claims under the FDCPA for substantially the same reasons set forth in

the district court’s opinion. See Robey, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 1064-65. With regard

to the dismissal of his state-law claims, Robey has not argued in this appeal that

the district court abused its discretion in refusing to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over the state-law claims. See Gold, 159 F.3d at 1310 (“[W]e review

the district court’s decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction for abuse of

discretion only.”). Robey has therefore waived his right to challenge the

dismissal of the state-law claims. See Lifewise Master Funding v. Telebank,

374 F.3d 917, 927 n.10 (10th Cir. 2004) (holding that appellant waived its right to
-11-

appeal rulings of the district court that it did not substantively address in its

opening brief). 

Finally, while Robey contends he has stated a claim against MERS under

the FDCPA for failing to reveal that it was not the holder of the promissory note,

see Aplt. Br. at 6-7, 8, 21, Robey did not make this federal-law argument in the 

proceedings before the district court. “Generally, an appellate court will not

consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal,” Tele-Commc’ns, Inc. v.

C.I.R., 104 F.3d 1229, 1232 (10th Cir. 1997), and Robey has failed to offer any

reason why we should depart from the general rule here. 

C. Class-Action Allegations.

In addition to asserting claims under the FDCPA on his own behalf, Robey

also sought to certify a class action under FED. R. CIV. P. 23. Because we

conclude the district court correctly determined that Robey failed to state a claim

on his own behalf under the FDCPA, we also conclude that Robey’s class-action

allegations were properly dismissed. See Sample v. Aldi Inc., 61 F.3d 544, 

551-52 (7th Cir. 1995) (class-action allegations properly dismissed where district

court granted summary judgment on plaintiff’s individual claims), disapproved on

other grounds, Carson v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 82 F.3d 157, 159 (7th Cir.

1996).
-12-

We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. We also GRANT

appellees’ joint motion to strike pages 24-59 of Robey’s appendix.