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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549



FORM 10-K

(Mark One)ý

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008Oro

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period
from                             to


Commission file number: 001-33782

ARYx THERAPEUTICS, INC.(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

77-0456039(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)6300 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California(Address of principal executive offices)

94555(Zip Code)(510) 585-2200(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredCOMMON STOCK, $0.001 PAR VALUE

THE NASDAQ STOCK MARKET LLC


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None(Title of class)


Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities
Act. Yes o    No ý

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the
Act. Yes o    No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past
90 days. Yes ý    No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be
contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to
this Form 10-K. ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting
company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

|                          |  |                     |  |                                                                      |  |                            
|------------------------- |  | ------------------- |  | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |  | ---------------------------
|Large accelerated filer o |  | Accelerated filer o |  | Non-accelerated filer o(Do not check if a smaller
reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company ý

Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of
Act). Yes o    No ý

The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock, $0.001 par value, held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2008 was
$70,732,104 (based upon the closing sales price of such stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on such date). Excludes an aggregate of 8,783,871 shares of the registrant's common stock held by
officers,
directors and affiliated stockholders. For purposes of determining whether a stockholder was an affiliate of the registrant at June 30, 2008, the registrant has assumed that a stockholder was
an affiliate of the registrant at June 30, 2008 if such stockholder (i) beneficially owned 10% or more of the registrant's common stock and/or (ii) was affiliated with an
executive officer or director of the registrant at June 30, 2008. Exclusion of such shares should not be construed to indicate that any such person possesses the power, direct or indirect, to
direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of the registrant or that such person is controlled by or under common control with the registrant.

As
of February 27, 2009, the registrant had 27,372,235 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Specified
portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to
Regulation 14A not later than 120 days of the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K are incorporated by reference in Part III of this
Form 10-K.



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ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.    2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K    Table of Contents



Page No.PART IItem 1.

Business

1Item 1A.

Risk Factors

32Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

56Item 2.

Properties

56Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

56Item 4.

Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

56PART IIItem 5.

Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

57Item 6.

Selected Financial Data

60Item 7.

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

61Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

77Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

77Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

78Item 9A(T).

Controls and Procedures

78Item 9B.

Other Information

79PART IIIItem 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

80Item 11.

Executive Compensation

80Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

80Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

82Item 14.

Principal Accounting Fees and Services

82PART IVItem 15.

Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

83Signatures

87Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-1Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

F-2Consolidated Balance Sheets

F-3Consolidated Statements of Operations

F-4Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

F-5Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

F-7Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-8Exhibit Index


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This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the "safe harbor" created by those sections. Forward-looking
statements are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as
"may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "project," "predict," "potential" and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking
statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause our actual results, performance, time frames or achievements to be materially different
from any future results, performance, time frames or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks, uncertainties and other factors in this Annual
Report on Form 10-K in greater detail under Part IItem 1A. "Risk Factors." Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, you should not place undue
reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this filing. You should read this Annual Report on
Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We hereby qualify our forward-looking statements by
these cautionary statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward- looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially
from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

PART I

Item 1.    Business

Overview

ARYx Therapeutics, Inc., or ARYx, is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing a portfolio of internally discovered
product candidates designed to eliminate known safety issues associated with well-established, commercially successful drugs. We use our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology to design
structurally unique molecules that retain the efficacy of these original drugs but are metabolized through a potentially safer pathway to avoid specific adverse side effects associated with these
compounds. Our product candidate portfolio includes an oral anticoagulant, tecarfarin (ATI-5923), designed to have the same therapeutic benefits as warfarin, currently in Phase 2/3
clinical development for the treatment of patients who are at risk for the formation of dangerous blood clots; an oral antiarrhythmic agent, budiodarone (ATI-2042), designed to have the
efficacy of amiodarone in Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, a form of irregular heartbeat; an oral prokinetic agent, ATI-7505, designed to have
the same therapeutic benefits as cisapride in Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of chronic constipation, gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome with
constipation, and gastroesophageal reflux disease; and a novel, next-generation atypical antipsychotic agent, ATI-9242, currently in Phase 1 clinical development for the
treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Additionally, we have several product candidates in preclinical development. Each of our product candidates is an orally available,
patentable new chemical entity designed to address similar indications as those of the original drug upon which each is based. Our product candidates target what we believe to be multi-billion dollar
market opportunities.

We
were incorporated in the State of California on February 28, 1997 and reincorporated in the State of Delaware on August 29, 2007. We maintain a wholly-owned subsidiary,
ARYx Therapeutics Limited, with registered offices in the United Kingdom, which has had no operations since its inception in September 2004 and was established to serve as a legal entity in support of
our clinical trial activities conducted in Europe. We operate in a single business segment with regard to the development of human pharmaceutical products. Our principal executive offices are located
at 6300 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California 94555, and our telephone number is (510) 585-2200. Our website address is

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http://www.aryx.com. The information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated by reference into and does not form a part of this report.

Approximately
90% of approved drugs are metabolized by the cytochrome P450, or CYP450, enzyme system in the liver, a pathway used for the clearance of drugs from the body. Despite their
commercial success, many drugs still have significant safety issues, often related to their metabolism. When multiple drugs are administered together, they may compete for metabolism by the CYP450
pathway, which has limited capacity. This can lead to reduced drug clearance, resulting in dangerous residual levels of the drugs and adverse drug-drug interactions. Our RetroMetabolic
Drug Design technology utilizes a series of steps designed to eliminate specific unwanted effects of the original drug. Key to this approach is the creation of a pharmacologically inactive, nontoxic,
easily excreted end product that we call the "ideal metabolite" which is not metabolized by the CYP450 pathway. Our product candidates are eliminated by a large capacity and generally
non-saturable esterase pathway that exists in most tissues. The esterase pathway is an enzyme system that is a less used pathway for the clearance of drugs from the body. Through this
esterase pathway, our product candidates are metabolized into the previously designed "ideal metabolite." In addition, we have eliminated specific off-target pharmacology from some of our
product candidates. Off-target pharmacology occurs when a drug interacts directly with a system other than that for which it is intended. The off-target pharmacology that we
address is the unintended and undesirable action of the drug at receptors other than those targeted, which may cause serious or sometimes fatal side effects.

We
are engineering potentially safer oral product candidates that retain the efficacy of commercially successful drugs for well-established chronic markets. We have
established proof of concept with our three leading product candidates, tecarfarin, budiodarone, and ATI-7505. The following is a summary of our product candidates that are currently in
clinical development:



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Problems with Toxicity in Existing Drugs

Drugs are eliminated from the body by excretion generally through the urine or the bile. Some drugs may be excreted unchanged while
others first undergo metabolism. Through a process of biotransformation, certain drugs are metabolized into other compounds, called metabolites, that are generally water soluble, allowing them to be
easily excreted by the kidney or liver. How drugs are metabolized may have a direct impact on safety.

CYP450
is a family of naturally occurring enzymes, present primarily in the liver but also found in other organs, that are estimated to be responsible for the metabolism of approximately
90% of the drugs available today. The CYP450 system has evolved to break down the small amount of pharmacologically active or potentially toxic materials found in plants. However, this system's low
capacity can process only small quantities of pharmacologically active substance at a time. In addition, certain drugs can inhibit the functioning of these enzymes while other pharmaceuticals induce
the activity of the enzymes. When a person takes more than one drug at the same time, potentially harmful competition results for the limited quantity of CYP450 enzymes. As a result,
drug-drug interactions occur because drugs are not able to be metabolized and instead remain in the body at elevated levels, potentially resulting in either an excessive
on-target effect or off-target side effects. These unwanted effects are referred to as adverse drug reactions. For this reason, as reported by the FDA, the
frequency of adverse drug reactions rises exponentially in patients taking multiple pharmaceuticals. For example, 80% of patients on the oral anticoagulant warfarin take at least one additional drug
that interferes with its clearance. This is why warfarin use is the third most common cause of adverse drug reactions.

The
increase in adverse drug reactions attributable to a patient taking several medications at the same time results from an increase in the circulating level of the drug in the body and
the increased potential for a toxic effect either as a result of "over dosing" or an "off-target" effect. Altered drug level directly impacts the safety and efficacy of that drug. In order
to be effective, a drug must circulate in the body in sufficient therapeutic levels to allow it to reach and impact its primary site of action. However, if the blood levels remain higher than required
for the desired on-target pharmacological

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effect
to occur, then a toxic side effect can result either due to the drug over-loading the primary site of action (exaggeration of "on-target" pharmacology) or due to the
drug affecting another site of action, causing an unwanted off-target side effect with potentially undesirable outcomes.

According
to the FDA, it is estimated that over two million serious adverse drug reactions occur annually in the United States, resulting in more than 100,000 deaths. The FDA also
reports that adverse drug reactions are the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, ahead of pulmonary disease, diabetes, AIDS, pneumonia, accidents and automobile deaths. Complications
caused by adverse drug reactions are estimated to increase health care costs in the United States by approximately $136.0 billion per year.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to develop and commercialize a portfolio of internally discovered drugs designed to have the same therapeutic benefits of
well-established, commercially successful oral drugs in large chronic markets without the associated safety issues that have either limited or prohibited the full commercial potential of
these existing drugs. We believe that there are many drugs on the market today with known safety issues that may be amenable to our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology. The steps we take to
implement our strategy are:



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Our RetroMetabolic Drug Design

A key element of our process is to determine whether our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology can be successfully applied to an
existing drug with safety problems. We apply our approach to reengineer drugs that are metabolized by the CYP450 enzyme pathway. In order to apply our technology, our scientists fully analyze the
existing drug's pharmacological mechanisms, attributes and potential liabilities. It is our scientists' knowledge of how to design a product candidate that retains the on-target
pharmacological effects of the existing drug while eliminating clearance primarily through the CYP450 pathway and eliminating the most important off-target liabilities that allows us to
make safer alternatives to existing drugs. Our drug design technology is based upon an understanding of drug metabolism and how it can be modified to potentially enhance drug safety.

Unlike
traditional drug discovery, our RetroMetabolic Drug Design is a three-step process that begins with a thorough understanding of the structure of an existing drug and
leads to the creation of a new molecule through a series of unique steps.

Design and Synthesis of Ideal Metabolites.The first step in this process is the design and synthesis of a series of theoretical "ideal
metabolites."
These ideal metabolites are nontoxic, water-soluble, pharmacologically inactive compounds that are not metabolized by the CYP450 pathway. These ideal metabolites are novel chemical entities not
created through the metabolism of the existing drug with safety problems and are covered in our patent portfolio.

Retrometabolic Engineering.As a second step, our scientists utilize these ideal metabolites to engineer a series of new
pharmacologically active
molecules that are designed to break down outside of the CYP450 enzyme system into our ideal metabolite. Successful product candidates mirror the pharmacology of the original drug. This is why we call
our approach "retrometabolic." We begin with an engineered inactive metabolite and then create a limited number of product candidates rather than screening tens of thousands of active molecules as is
done in traditional drug discovery.

Evaluation of Metabolism.As a third step, our scientists test the metabolism of the new product candidates in animal models.
Successful product
candidates are broken down by the esterase system into their "ideal metabolites." The esterase system, unlike CYP450, is widely available throughout the body. Once converted by the esterase system,
our metabolized product candidates should be easily excreted from the body primarily through the liver and kidneys, avoiding competition from other drugs metabolized through the CYP450 pathway.

The
product candidates engineered through our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology are fully patentable new chemical entities. In our clinical trials to date, we have demonstrated that
our approach

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to
drug discovery maintains the established pharmacological and, at least to date, clinical effect of the therapies we are mirroring and utilizes an alternative non-CYP450 metabolic
pathway that should avoid the drug-drug interactions and, with certain candidates, the off-target pharmacology of the original drug.

Our Product Candidates

The following table summarizes our product candidates that are currently in development:

ARYx Product
Candidate

Target Indications

Model Compound

Worldwide
Commercialization Rights

Development StatusTecarfarin

Anticoagulation

Warfarin

ARYx

Phase 2/3Budiodarone

Atrial Fibrillation

Amiodarone

ARYx

Phase 2bATI-7505

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Cisapride

ARYx

Phase 2bATI-9242

Schizophrenia

Atypical Class

ARYx

Phase 1ATI-20,000

Metabolic Disorders

Not Disclosed

ARYx

DiscoveryATI-24,000

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Not Disclosed

ARYx

Discovery


TecarfarinAn Oral Anticoagulant Agent

Tecarfarin is an orally bioavailable new chemical entity being developed as an oral anticoagulant. It is intended to prevent the
formation of blood clots associated with medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease and venous thromboembolism. Patents have been issued or allowed covering a broad range
of intellectual property rights, including composition of matter, pharmaceutical formulations, and methods of use associated with tecarfarin. Tecarfarin is currently in Phase 2/3 clinical
development.



Tecarfarin is structurally similar to the anticoagulant warfarin. Warfarin is a well-established and effective
anticoagulant agent that is metabolized by CYP450 enzymes. For patients on warfarin therapy, the level of their anticoagulation is monitored using the standardized measurement of anticoagulation
status known as the INR. The goal of warfarin therapy for most patients is to provide effective anticoagulation by maintaining INR within established therapeutic ranges of 2.0 to 3.0. Outside of this
range, patients are at risk of bleeding (INR too high) or formation of blood clots (INR too low), both of which can have serious consequences. In order to maintain warfarin's therapeutic effect, INR
must be kept in the target range. However, as reported in the published studies of previous clinical testing, warfarin treated patients are typically only maintained in the target INR range
50-68% of the time. The level of warfarin in patients' blood can be highly impacted by drug-drug interactions, or by the concomitant consumption of certain foods, due to
warfarin's dependence on CYP450 enzymes as its only metabolic pathway. In turn, varying levels of warfarin in the blood can lead to undesirable and potentially dangerous INR levels. Therefore,
patients on warfarin require regular monitoring of INR and dose adjustments.



Tecarfarin is designed using our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology to retain the proven therapeutically effective mechanism of
action of warfarin and to produce a more predictable and stable pattern of anticoagulation when taken with other medications or coincidentally with food. Tecarfarin is cleared by a
non-saturable esterase pathway, eliminating warfarin's CYP450-mediated drug-drug interactions and related instabilities in INR. We anticipate that patients
utilizing tecarfarin may require monitoring of INR at less frequent intervals than patients on warfarin.

Tecarfarin
is a selective inhibitor of the vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme, or a VKOR inhibitor. The blood clotting process in the body is a complex and well-controlled
cascade of events that involves

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multiple
clotting factors. Four of these factors are known to be controlled by the VKOR enzyme. Our product candidate, like warfarin, is a VKOR inhibitor and by inhibiting this enzyme acts as an
anticoagulant. By this mode of action, tecarfarin should prevent the formation of blood clots in susceptible patients.



Like warfarin, tecarfarin has the potential for use in patients with atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease or venous
thromboembolism who are treated with anticoagulants to reduce their risk of clotting that can cause stroke. Because tecarfarin is a VKOR inhibitor with a long half-life, the onset and
offset of its therapeutic activity is relatively slow and therefore the dose must be titrated to obtain the appropriate anticoagulation levels as measured by INR. However, once a target dose is
achieved, we expect patients should have a stable level of anticoagulation. Given the need for titration, we expect that the commercial focus for tecarfarin will be the chronic segment of the oral
anticoagulation market. We estimate that approximately 80% of the overall anticoagulant market would be considered to be for chronic use. There are three major indications where tecarfarin has the
potential for use.

Atrial
fibrillation is the most common form of cardiac arrhythmia, with approximately 2.4 million people in the United States diagnosed with this condition in 2006. Approximately
1.5 million of these patients are chronic users of oral anticoagulants. Atrial fibrillation is caused when the atria quiver instead of beat, causing the heart to beat erratically. Because the
pumping function of the upper chambers of the heart are not working properly in atrial fibrillation patients, blood is not completely emptied from the heart's chambers, causing it to pool and
sometimes clot. In patients with atrial fibrillation, clotted blood can dislodge from the atria and flow to the brain, causing a stroke. According to a 2005 article in the American Journal of
Geriatric Cardiology, it is estimated that atrial fibrillation is responsible for more than 75,000 strokes per year in the United States alone.

Valvular
heart disease is any disease that involves one or more of the heart's four valves. In more advanced forms of the disease, the diseased valves may be replaced with either tissue
or mechanical valves. It is estimated that 72,000 patients in the United States had either a tissue or mechanical valve replacement in 2005. Patients with mechanical heart valves are at great risk of
clotting and must have their level of anticoagulation managed with particular diligence for the remainder of their lives. According to the 2005 National Hospital Discharge Survey, there are an
estimated 340,000 patients with mechanical heart valves in the United States and an estimated 34,000 mechanical valve replacements in 2005. Chronic oral anticoagulant therapy is almost always
prescribed for patients with mechanical valves and is frequently prescribed for patients after tissue valve replacement surgery to reduce the risk of thromboembolic complications caused by the
presence of the valve.

Venous
thromboembolism is the formation of a blood clot, or thrombus, in the veins, that may travel to other parts of the body and block blood flow. This condition includes both deep
vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. According to the 2005 Decision Resource Cardium Thromboembolism (Treatment) Forecast Tool report, there were approximately 510,000 patients being treated
for venous thromboembolism in the United States in 2005, with approximately 130,000 estimated to be receiving chronic treatment. Chronic oral anticoagulant therapy, frequently with warfarin, is
prescribed to both prevent and treat the formation of blood clots that cause venous thromboembolism.

Anticoagulants
interfere either directly or indirectly with the clotting cascade and include warfarin, unfractionated heparin and injectable low molecular weight heparins. Of all the
currently approved anticoagulants in the United States, only warfarin can be administered orally and thus remains positioned as the mainstay of routine chronic anticoagulation used for the prevention
or treatment of thromboembolic events. According to the IMS Health Database, it is estimated that 33.6 million

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prescriptions
were written in the United States for warfarin in 2006 alone, translating into estimated warfarin sales of approximately $376 million in the United States during 2006.

We
expect that new classes of oral anticoagulants (direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors) may enter the market from 2009 to 2012. They have begun to be approved for acute
indications (post surgical) outside the United States, and one has been recommended by an FDA advisory panel for approval in the United States. These new classes of agents will be formidable
competitors and positioned as easy to use anticoagulants that do not require INR monitoring and that are as efficacious as warfarin. We anticipate the new entry of these agents will expand the oral
anticoagulation market with a significant increase in promotional spend, higher pricing and particular appeal in the acute market due to their rapid on and off set of action and limited dose
titration. According to the 2005 Decision Resource Cardium Thromboembolism (Treatment) Forecast Tool report, the market for oral anticoagulants is estimated to be approximately
$6.5 billion by 2015.

There
are two other classes of antithrombotic drugs that are not anticoagulants: antiplatelet agents and thrombolytics. Antiplatelet agents block the aggregation or clumping of platelets
and include aspirin, ADP receptor blockers, such as Plavix, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers. Antiplatelet agents, which are generally used for the prevention of heart attacks and strokes that would
result from atherosclerosis, or a build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries, are not indicated for prevention of clotting in atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism patients.
Thrombolytics comprise agents that degrade fibrin clots and include tPA, streptokinase and urokinase. Although thrombolytics are used to treat thrombosis, their use is limited to
short-term administration for treatment of acute myocardial infarction or acute ischemic stroke. Tecarfarin would not be used for these indications, and thus would not be in competition
with these classes of antithrombotic drugs.

Tecarfarin
is intended to offer superior and therefore safer anticoagulation control compared to warfarin as well as providing easier administration and with fewer drug-drug
interactions. Based on our clinical results to date and assuming that the results from our on-going Phase 2/3 clinical trial are positive and confirmed in further clinical trials,
tecarfarin will provide more dependable initial titration to target INR, fewer dose adjustments once the appropriate INR is attained and less need for monitoring in the long-term.
Potential targeted patient segments include patients with mechanical valves, patients with a prior history of bleeding or thrombotic events, patients with metabolic impairment (renal and hepatic),
patients taking multiple drugs, patients with poor compliance in taking anticoagulant therapies and patients with extreme bodyweight. In addition, we have demonstrated that unlike warfarin, tecarfarin
does not have teratogenic effects that may be a key advantage in patients who are pregnant but where anticoagulant
therapy is mandatory. We believe tecarfarin has an opportunity to effectively compete in the future oral anticoagulant market.



We completed two successful Phase 2 clinical trials that assessed tecarfarin's safety and efficacy, and have initiated and fully
enrolled a Phase 2/3 clinical trial involving 600 patients comparing the efficacy of tecarfarin head-to-head against warfarin. These trials are part of a development
strategy intended to not only evaluate safety and efficacy but also to assess the potential for therapeutic superiority of tecarfarin over warfarin. If successful, we believe the clinical development
of tecarfarin will establish its safety, ease of use and superior efficacy, making it preferable to warfarin as an anticoagulant. We intend to use the data from these clinical trials to enable
collaboration with a pharmaceutical partner for the further development and commercialization of tecarfarin.

In
preliminary discussions, the FDA indicated that measurements of anticoagulation using INR will likely be an acceptable surrogate and primary endpoint for tecarfarin's clinical
development. Using target INR maintenance as a surrogate and primary endpoint should reduce both the size of and time

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to
complete our planned clinical trials for tecarfarin compared to clinical trials based on survival rates or other outcomes.

The
goal of warfarin therapy is to maintain a patient's INR within a target therapeutic range between 2.0 and 3.0. There exists a group of patients for whom maintaining a therapeutic
range of INR between 2.0 and 3.0 is particularly difficult. This group includes patients on warfarin therapy with an INR in the target range less than 45% of the time. It is estimated that this group
is generally 25% of the overall anticoagulated patient population. It has been shown that increasing the time this patient population spends within the target range can substantially improve health
outcomes. For every 10% increase in patients' time out of the target INR range of 2.0 to 3.0, the risk of mortality due to significant thrombotic or hemorrhagic events increases by 29%.

Phase 2/3 Anticoagulation Trial (CLN-505).Based upon the results of our first Phase 2 clinical trial (CLN-504)
and a completed pilot trial (CLN-509), we have initiated and fully enrolled a Phase 2/3 randomized, double-blind, parallel group, active control clinical trial with over 600
patients randomized to either tecarfarin or warfarin. Since patients and study site
investigators are blind to therapy and dose, a central dose control center comprised of individuals experienced in anticoagulation therapy receive individual patient INR information and adjust doses
as appropriate. The primary outcome of the study will be the percentage of time patients are maintained within their target therapeutic INR range of 2.0 to 3.0 (higher for patients with mechanical
valves) on either tecarfarin or warfarin over a period of at least six months. The safety of tecarfarin will also be evaluated. We have powered this study based on the results from the earlier
Phase 2 study (CLN-504). The results of this Phase 2/3 study will be known by the end of the first half of 2009. Based upon discussions with the FDA, we believe this trial
may qualify as a registration study.

Phase 2 Anticoagulation Pilot Clinical Trial (CLN-509).Our Phase 2/3 clinical trial (CLN-505) was designed
such that it is blinded to both patient and study site so that an objective assessment could be made of the efficacy of tecarfarin in a head-to-head comparison with warfarin.
We believe that the methodology required to maintain that blind, while also allowing for the dose adjustments required of a monitored anticoagulant, needed to be tested prior to the initiation of the
larger Phase 2/3 study. This single-blind pilot Phase 2 study enrolled 50 patients at multiple sites and utilized a central dose adjustment center of individuals experienced in
anticoagulation therapy to read the INR of patients and make any required dose adjustments. In this way, the blind as to dosing was maintained at the study sites. This pilot study validated the
methodology to provide rapid dose adjustments for the patients, and is being utilized in the current Phase 2/3 clinical trial.

Even
though the purpose of this pilot Phase 2 study was to test the design to be used in the larger Phase 2/3 study, the efficacy of tecarfarin was also analyzed. Patients
were maintained within the target therapeutic INR range approximately 74% of the time in this pilot Phase 2 trial, a result virtually identical to our first Phase 2 study
(CLN-504). This result occurred even as the mechanisms for maintaining the blind were being implemented and tested for the first time.

Unlike
our earlier Phase 2 trial in which only patients with atrial fibrillation were enrolled, this pilot study included the patients requiring anticoagulation therapy for
various reasons. This is the same patient population enrolled in the current 600-patient Phase 2/3 trial, and included patients with atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism,
mechanical heart valves, myocardial infarction with cardiomyopathy and thrombophilia. Patients in this study also had the expected distribution of VKOR and CYP2C9 genotypes. This represents the
patient population we believe will be treated with tecarfarin should it be approved by the FDA.

Phase 2 Anticoagulation Trial (CLN-504).This open-label single-arm Phase 2 trial enrolled 66
patients in twelve centers in the United States to test tecarfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and who require anticoagulation. The key objective of this trial was to establish the optimal
dosing regimen

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and
an INR monitoring schedule to maintain stable anticoagulation in patients, and to assess the safety and tolerability of tecarfarin. The time period to reach stable dosing was also evaluated.

The
treatment period for patients in this trial was 12 weeks. Patients were closely monitored for the first three weeks to adjust the tecarfarin dose to achieve the target INR
range of between 2.0 and 3.0. Upon reaching target INR, patients continued to be monitored weekly with dose adjustments as necessary. Historical data detailing the patient's INR values on warfarin for
approximately one year prior to enrollment were collected. Patients were also titrated to a stable dose, defined as three consecutive weeks on the same dose with the weekly measured INR in the
therapeutic range of 2.0 to 3.0.

The
results from this trial showed that patients in CLN-504 achieved the target INR range 71.5% of the time after completing their initial three weeks of dose titration, as
compared to these patients' historical experience on warfarin when they were within target INR only 59.3% of the time. This result represents the primary endpoint designated in the statistical
analysis plan adopted while the open-label trial was underway. Statistical significance was achieved (p=0.0009) at the primary endpoint. A p-value of 0.05 or less generally
represents a statistically significant difference in treatment, or between treatment and baseline. A lower p-value indicates greater confidence in the results. In calculating the time
within the INR therapeutic range, we utilized the Rosendaal INR interpolated method, the most commonly applied method to determine the amount of time an individual patient spends within the
therapeutic INR range. After one week of treatment with tecarfarin, 77% of the patients reached a therapeutic INR, and after two weeks of treatment, 95% of the patients had attained a therapeutic INR.
Also, a stable maintenance dose on tecarfarin was achieved in approximately 81% of the patients within 12 weeks of treatment. Published data have shown that only 50% of warfarin patients reach
a stable dose within 12 weeks of starting therapy. The average maintenance dose of tecarfarin was 16 mg per day, with a range of 6 mg to 29 mg per day. The most commonly reported drug related
adverse effects were mild bleeding complications consistent with anticoagulation, such as bruising and nose bleeds. One patient suffered a severe hematoma on his elbow caused by the trauma from a
fall.

When
comparing tecarfarin INR interim results to patients' historical INR data on warfarin using the Rosendaal interpolated method, the percentage of patients maintaining INR values
between 2.0 and 3.0 less than 45% of the time following the initial three weeks of dose titration dropped from 22.6% when historically on warfarin to 10.9% when on tecarfarin, a more than 50%
reduction (p=0.1435). Patients with INR in range less than 45% of the time are considered to have poor control of anticoagulation and they have a higher stroke and severe hemorrhage rate compared to
patients with good control of anticoagulation. Even more importantly, patients on tecarfarin were significantly out of range less than on warfarin. Patients treated with tecarfarin were below an INR
of 1.5 only 1.2% of the time as
compared to 3.9% of the time historically on warfarin (p=0.0022, interpolated method), and were above an INR of 4 only 1.2% of the time compared to 3.3% when they were on warfarin (p=0.0727,
interpolated method). These data appear to demonstrate the potential of tecarfarin to significantly reduce the amount of time that patients are out of INR range. Published clinical literature suggests
that if this observation is confirmed in future trials, there would also be a reduction in the risk of mortality due to significant thrombotic or hemorrhagic events compared to warfarin treatment.

These
results in CLN-504 provide initial evidence of the ability of tecarfarin to reach a stable dose and to improve patients' ability to maintain a stable INR within the
target therapeutic range. We believe these results indicate the potential for the drug's safety and efficacy superiority to warfarin. However, there can be no assurance that these results will be
replicated in the head-to-head comparison against warfarin currently underway.

Phase 1 Clinical Trials.We have completed five Phase 1 clinical trials on 156 individuals testing the safety and
tolerability of
tecarfarin in healthy volunteers. In trials completed to date, tecarfarin has been well tolerated at all doses with no unexpected safety signals as measured by adverse events, vital signs, ECG and
laboratory testing. There have been no frequent or consistent adverse events suggestive

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of
off-target toxicity. Mild adverse events reported included headache and gastrointestinal effects. Adverse events related to tecarfarin were also mild and included nose bleeds and
bruising, which are consistent with anticoagulation. These studies have also demonstrated that coagulation factors II, VII and X were reduced as predicted in proportion to increases in INR consistent
with the mode of action of warfarin. In addition, we demonstrated that we could reverse the effect of tecarfarin with vitamin K or fresh plasma. One drug-drug interaction clinical trial
has been completed to assess whether blood levels of tecarfarin are affected by fluconazole, a known inhibitor of CYP450 that can decrease the metabolism of warfarin, potentially resulting in
dangerous over anticoagulation. This study compared the effect on blood levels of tecarfarin as compared to warfarin when fluconazole was administered. Fluconazole did not affect the blood levels of
tecarfarin while warfarin levels increased substantially when fluconazole was administered. As expected, we believe this is due to tecarfarin's clearance through the non-CYP metabolic
pathway.

Preclinical Results.Tecarfarin is an orally active VKOR inhibitor with no known off-target pharmacological
activity. In vivoanticoagulant effects of tecarfarin are associated with selective reductions in VKOR-dependent coagulation factors (II,
VII, IX and X) whereas VKOR-independent coagulation factors are unaffected. Anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects of tecarfarin have been demonstrated by in vivostudies in multiple animal
models. Tecarfarin undergoes non-oxidative metabolism to yield a single primary metabolite,
ATI-5900. Anin vivopreclinical study demonstrated tecarfarin anticoagulation was unaffected by treatment with the CYP450 inhibitor,
amiodarone. In contrast,
amiodarone treatment resulted in markedly elevated coagulation times in warfarin treated animals. Also, preclinicalin vivoassays indicated that
tecarfarin may provide a safety advantage over warfarin when needed during pregnancy since the well-known teratogenic effects of warfarin were not seen in reproductive toxicity studies on
tecarfarin.

BudiodaroneAntiarrhythmic Agent for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Our second product candidate, budiodarone, is currently in development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. We engineered
budiodarone with the goal of developing a therapy equally effective as, but safer than, amiodarone. We hold a composition of matter patent on budiodarone and have filed for other use and manufacturing
patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions. We have completed a Phase 2b study that shows proof of concept of efficacy and safety in patients with paroxysmal atrial
fibrillation.



Atrial fibrillation is the most common form of cardiac arrhythmia, or abnormal heart rhythm, affecting greater than 6.4 million
people in the United States, Europe and Japan. Atrial fibrillation is caused when the atria quiver instead of beat. During atrial fibrillation, the atria contract and relax erratically between 350 and
600 times per minute versus normal heart rhythm of 60 to 80 beats per minute. Patients with atrial fibrillation experience debilitating symptoms and suffer a compromised quality of life. Because the
pumping function of the atria does not work properly in atrial fibrillation patients, blood is not completely emptied from the heart's chambers, causing it to pool and sometimes clot. In patients with
atrial fibrillation, clotted blood can dislodge from the atria and flow to the brain, causing stroke. Atrial fibrillation also compromises the pumping function of the heart often, leading often to
intolerable symptoms that need therapy.

Atrial
fibrillation treatments focus on a reduction of symptoms and returning the heart to normal rhythm. Concerns surrounding available atrial fibrillation treatments include both
safety and efficacy issues. The most common treatment for atrial fibrillation is drug therapy. Current pharmacological treatments for atrial fibrillation are limited in their use due to safety and
efficacy issues, while non-pharmacological approaches such as implantable devices and surgery are currently less favored because of their costs and invasive nature.

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Amiodarone
is the current "gold standard" for the pharmacological treatment of atrial fibrillation. Amiodarone possesses a unique, balanced pharmacological effect on sodium, potassium
and calcium channel inhibition as well as certain receptors in the heart that are responsible for its effectiveness. Clinical studies have shown that amiodarone is uniquely superior to other
antiarrhythmic drug treatments. While amiodarone is not approved by the FDA for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, it is a commonly prescribed off-label treatment due to the lack of
equally efficacious treatments. However, amiodarone has a slow onset of action and its use has been severely limited by life-threatening and toxic side effects that result from the
accumulation of the drug in the liver, lungs, nerves, thyroid and other tissues.

Many
of the adverse effects of amiodarone are believed to derive from its very slow elimination from the body due to its dependence on the CYP450 system for metabolism. In patients
taking daily oral doses of amiodarone, the drug slowly accumulates in the body where it remains, avoiding metabolism by liver enzymes. This leads to the gradual development of organ specific
toxicities. Similarly, when amiodarone is discontinued many weeks or months are required for the drug to be totally eliminated from the body. Due to this slow elimination, toxicity and side effects
due to accumulation usually take months or weeks to reverse, if ever reversed. Since these side effects can be progressive, they can be fatal before all of the drug is eliminated from the body.



We are developing budiodarone for the reduction of atrial fibrillation burden in patients who suffer from repeated episodes of atrial
fibrillation, or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and prevention of recurrence of symptomatic atrial fibrillation in patients with or without structural heart disease who experience
on-going, or persistent, atrial fibrillation. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is generally defined as episodes of atrial fibrillation that occur intermittently with patients moving between
sinus rhythm (normal heart beat) and atrial fibrillation spontaneously, with the frequency and duration of the paroxysmal atrial fibrillation episodes defining its severity.

Budiodarone
is designed using our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology with the goal of retaining the efficacy of amiodarone but with better safety. Budiodarone's affinity for the major
calcium, potassium and sodium ion channels, as well as certain receptors in the heart, very closely matches that of amiodarone. Budiodarone, like amiodarone, contains iodine which we intentionally
retained since we believe it contributes to amiodarone's efficacy. We have engineered budiodarone not to be primarily dependent on CYP450 for its metabolism while matching amiodarone's balanced
receptor profile. Both
preclinical and clinical studies with budiodarone provide evidence that the drug preserves the efficacy of amiodarone but with more rapid metabolism and no tendency towards accumulation.



According to the 2007 Atrial Fibrillation Decision Resources Patientbase, approximately 2.4 million people in the United States
have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. It is estimated that atrial fibrillation is responsible for more than 75,000 strokes per year in the United States alone. According to a 2005 article in
The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, it is estimated that approximately two million patients in the United States were treated for their atrial fibrillation with a prescription drug in 2006.
According to a 2005 Datamonitor Stakeholder Insight Atrial Fibrillation report, it is estimated that 45% of atrial fibrillation patients in the United States receive a therapeutic drug which is
considered primarily to be arrhythmic therapy while the remainder are treated with a therapeutic drug primarily considered to be "rate therapy." Based on our own primary market research in 2007, we
believe an estimated one-third, or approximately 600,000, of atrial fibrillation patients treated in the United States for their arrhythmia receive amiodarone. In addition, although a
generic drug, and in

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spite
of its serious safety issues, amiodarone achieved annual sales in its six largest global markets, with the exception of the United States, of approximately $147.0 million.

Based
on our own market research, we believe amiodarone is considered to be the "gold standard" antiarrhythmia medication for the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence.
Budiodarone was designed to retain the efficacy of amiodarone, but with a better side effect profile. Amiodarone is believed to provide both rhythm and rate therapy, and budiodarone is intended to
retain this effect.



We have completed two Phase 2 clinical trials in patients who suffer from repeated episodes of atrial fibrillation, or
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. This is a patient population that is particularly difficult to treat.

We
completed a proof-of-concept Phase 2b trial in December 2008 in patients who suffer from paroxysmal atrial fibrillation designed to characterize the
safety, tolerability
and efficacy of budiodarone. With these results, we are now seeking a large pharmaceutical company partner to continue to develop the product candidate through Phase 3 clinical trials and
commercialization. We anticipate that the partner will be responsible for these late-stage development and commercialization costs.

Phase 2b Trial in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (CLN-205).We have recently completed this double blind, placebo-controlled,
randomized Phase 2b trial studying the safety and efficacy of budiodarone in 72 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The objective of our clinical study in this patient population was
to measure the change in burden, defined as the percentage of time spent in atrial fibrillation, during treatment compared to baseline and placebo. Atrial fibrillation burden is an accepted method by
which cardiologists and electrophysiologists monitor the effectiveness of treatment in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The patients in this trial had implanted pacemakers with the
capability of monitoring the duration and severity of the episodes of atrial fibrillation and recording these data. Patients were entered into a baseline screening period of up to 30 days
during which their burden was measured to establish if they were eligible for the trial. Qualifying subjects were randomized to receive twice-a-day, or BID, oral doses of 200
mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg budiodarone, or placebo for a treatment period of 12 weeks. This treatment period was followed by a further 4-week observation period. During the
12-week treatment period, each patient's burden was measured and compared to their own baseline measurement. These results were then compared to the response in the placebo group.

The
primary efficacy analysis was the percent change in the atrial fibrillation burden from baseline to the whole 12-week treatment period. The primary statistical efficacy
analysis showed significance for budiodarone at the 400 mg (p=0.015) and 600 mg (p=0.005) doses. Analyses were by treatment group, and pair-wise comparisons between each budiodarone dose
group and the Placebo group using the Wilcoxon rank sum test were produced. The atrial fibrillation burden in these two treatment groups was reduced from baseline by 54% and 75%, respectively.
Although the 200 mg BID dose decreased atrial fibrillation burden by 10%, this did not reach statistical significance. The overall dose response effect was both robust and linear with a p=0.0001 (as
measured by the Jonckheere-Terpstra test). Randomization was balanced across all four treatment groups.

The
efficacy analysis also included a month-by-month assessment of the patients' burden. The reduction in atrial fibrillation burden was statistically significant
in each of the 3 months of treatment in both the 400 mg BID group and the 600 mg BID group. The maximal effect of the drug was seen in the third month on 600 mg BID where the percentage
reduction was 83% (p=0.009).

The
safety and tolerability of budiodarone was also analyzed. Of particular importance was to determine whether budiodarone showed signs of tissue accumulation as would be seen with

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amiodarone.
Budiodarone was designed to avoid the tissue accumulation of amiodarone, thought to be the cause of many of the toxicities associated with the drug. For example, published studies indicate
that 90% of patients treated with amiodarone would display corneal microdeposits after three months of treatment due to accumulation. These corneal microdeposits are identified through slit lamp
exams. The patients treated with budiodarone in this Phase 2b study received slit lamp exams at the conclusion of the study and no corneal microdeposits were seen in any of the patients. This,
coupled with the patients' return to essentially their pretreatment level of atrial fibrillation burden during the 30 days following cessation of treatment with budiodarone, supports our belief
that budiodarone may avoid accumulation in tissues. Budiodarone was generally well-tolerated by the patients in the study.

The
clinical characteristics of the patients enrolled in this Phase 2b trial were similar to those enrolled in other recent large scale trials, such as Canadian Trial of Atrial
Fibrillation, or CTAF, ADONIS, ERUDIS and ATHENA, testing other antiarrythmic drugs designed to treat atrial fibrillation. As such, we believe the results of this Phase 2b study compare
favorably with the results of these other studies. These characteristics are also broadly representative of the general population of patients with atrial fibrillation.

We
believe these positive Phase 2b results, along with the results from our earlier trials, establishes the proof of concept for budiodarone, and may allow us to enter into
collaboration with a significant pharmaceutical partner for further development, and eventual commercialization, of this product candidate.

Phase 2 Trial in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (CLN-208).We successfully completed this open-label
dose-escalation design Phase 2 trial testing the safety and efficacy of budiodarone in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in six patients for an eight week period. The
endpoint was to establish that the patients' atrial fibrillation burden would be significantly reduced compared to baseline. The patients in this trial had an implanted pacemaker with the capability
of monitoring the duration and severity of the episodes of atrial fibrillation and logging the results. The patients' atrial fibrillation burden was measured at weekly intervals. The first two weeks
served as the untreated baseline period. Following the baseline period, budiodarone was then administered twice a day, or BID, in ascending doses over the next eight weeks; 200 mg BID for two weeks,
400 mg BID for two weeks, 600 mg BID for two weeks, and 800 mg BID for two weeks. Treatment with budiodarone was then stopped and the final two weeks served as a washout period to measure the level of
atrial fibrillation burden.

The
results provide evidence of the efficacy of budiodarone in reducing the atrial fibrillation burden in all six patients, with a statistically significant reduction in atrial
fibrillation burden apparent even at the lowest dose of 200 mg BID. At baseline, the patients had a mean atrial fibrillation burden of 20%. This was reduced to a mean of 1.5% of time spent in atrial
fibrillation over a two-week period at the highest dose of 800 mg BID. As dosing increased, average atrial fibrillation burden was reduced by 71% at 200 mg BID compared to baseline
(p=0.03), by 72% at 400 mg BID compared to baseline (p=0.03), by 80% at 600 mg BID compared to baseline (p=0.06) and by 87% at 800 mg BID compared to baseline (p=0.06). At the two highest doses, one
patient decided to not complete the study due to gastrointestinal discomfort and statistical significance was not achieved. After the cessation of treatment, the atrial fibrillation burden gradually
increased to pretreatment values by the second week.

The
rapid onset and offset of antiarrhythmic activity of budiodarone are mirrored by the blood levels of the candidate drug that were measured at intervals throughout the trial. Plasma
levels of budiodarone increased in proportion to the increase in dose, and after cessation of dosing, the concentration of budiodarone and its metabolites all decreased to almost zero within one week.
This is an important advantage for budiodarone compared to amiodarone, which can take months to be completely eliminated from the body, giving rise to the serious side effects that budiodarone is
designed to address. Budiodarone was generally well tolerated, with transient and expected changes in measures of thyroid function, as well as gastrointestinal complaints such as dyspepsia, lower
abdominal pain,

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loose
stools and nausea being reported, especially at the highest dose. The more prevalent side effects coupled with considerations for the incremental improvement in response at the highest dose led
us to not include the 800 mg BID dose in further clinical trials. These mild side effects are similar to those seen with amiodarone. There were no drug related serious adverse events.

Phase 1 Clinical Trials.We have successfully completed three Phase 1 clinical trials testing budiodarone in 83 healthy
volunteers. The
results of these Phase 1 clinical trials in healthy volunteers indicated that single doses up to 800 mg and repeat oral dose safety studies at doses up to 1600 mg/day in healthy volunteers did
not show any clinically significant adverse events. Moreover, pharmacokinetic analysis in these subjects showed that budiodarone had a shorter half-life than amiodarone and did not display
the tendency towards the accumulation associated with amiodarone. The results of a drug-drug interaction study indicated that at doses expected to be used in Phase 3 trials
budiodarone was well tolerated when administered with the anticoagulant warfarin. Also at expected therapeutic doses, no cardiovascular adverse events were noted, and there was no effect on the
surface electrocardiogram. An additional Phase 1 clinical trial was discontinued due to the inability to identify suitable subjects.

ATI-7505A Prokinetic Agent for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders

Our third lead product candidate is ATI-7505, an orally bioavailable new chemical entity being developed for the treatment
of various gastrointestinal disorders. We hold several composition of matter patents on ATI-7505 and have several other patent applications pending in the United States and other
jurisdictions.



ATI-7505 is a new chemical entity designed to maintain the therapeutic efficacy of cisapride. Cisapride is an oral drug
which was approved by the FDA only for the treatment of nocturnal heartburn associated with GERD. It had a track record of clinical success in alleviating gastrointestinal discomfort or pain that
occurs in the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus and stomach). Launched in 1993, cisapride reached annual sales of approximately $1.0 billion by the year 2000 when it was withdrawn from
the market because of serious safety issues. Serious cardiovascular side effects caused by heart rhythm abnormalities occurred when blood levels of the drug rose significantly because CYP450 clearance
was blocked due to the presence of other drugs cleared by the same metabolic pathway. It was discovered that cisapride had an off-target effect on a potassium channel in the heart (hERG or
IKr) when blood levels rose as a result of a drug-drug interaction, leading to potentially fatal cardiac side effects.

In
spite of its withdrawal, cisapride was and still is considered by many to be the most effective agent for gastric motility. While it was only approved for nighttime heartburn,
cisapride was also used extensively for GERD, gastroparesis and other motility disorders. Cisapride is a potent agonist of human serotonin type-4, or 5-HT4,
receptors which exist throughout the gastrointestinal tract and regulate gastric emptying and the motility of food through the intestines.

Since
cisapride was withdrawn from the market, no other product has taken its place. Other existing therapies address certain disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract, but there is
still a need for better motility agents which can be used for long-term relief of upper gastrointestinal problems. An agent that promotes motility in the upper and lower gastrointestinal
tracts without the cardiac liability of cisapride continues to be an important unmet need for patients suffering from various gastrointestinal disorders.

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ATI-7505 is an orally bioavailable, small organic molecule that is structurally similar to cisapride. Like cisapride,
ATI-7505 is a potent 5-HT4 receptor agonist that has prokinetic effects. However, ATI-7505 is more selective than cisapride, with minimal activity on
the hERG channel as well as minimal to no activity on the 5-HT3 or other serotonergic receptors. This selectivity minimizes the potential for off-target
pharmacological effects. The results of preclinical animal and clinical human testing to date suggest that ATI-7505 has similar pharmacologic activity to that described in the literature
for cisapride but has a substantially different metabolic and cardiac safety profile.

ATI-7505
is designed to address the deficiencies of cisapride by maintaining its proven therapeutic benefit while eliminating its known cardiac side effects.
ATI-7505 is designed to avoid CYP450 metabolism and the associated drug-drug interactions. We engineered ATI-7505 to undergo rapid esterase-mediated metabolism into
a single major nontoxic metabolite, ATI-7500. During our preclinical studies neither ATI-7505 nor its metabolite ATI-7500 exhibited any interaction with CYP450. In
nearly 1,000 people treated, the most frequently reported side effect considered to be off-target was
headache and this was reported no more frequently in the ATI-7505 treated patients than in the placebo group. Data generated to date indicate that ATI-7505 has no significant
activity at any potassium channel including the hERG channel or other key cardiac ion channels. This was confirmed in a standard Thorough QT (TQT) study that showed only minimal effects on the QT
interval at both therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses. This is in contrast to the significant cardiac liability of cisapride and its CYP450 metabolite known as norcisapride.

ATI-7505
is designed to provide prokinetic activity in the gastrointestinal tract without cardiac safety problems at anticipated therapeutic doses.



ATI-7505 has the potential for use in various gastrointestinal disorders for which increased motility would be beneficial.
There are five potential major indications that may be pursued:

Chronic
constipation results from a lack of an adequate number of bowel movements (typically less than three per week) over an extended period of time (usually defined as greater than
six months). When suffering from chronic constipation, patients often try laxatives and fiber supplements prior to physician prescribed therapy. Due to limitations in existing treatments, a
significant need exists for a safe and effective chronic constipation therapy. Based on a 2004 article in Review of Gastrointestinal Disorders, it is estimated that between 36 and 57 million
people in the United States have chronic constipation and that approximately 33% of them see a physician for this condition.

Functional
dyspepsia is characterized by a number of symptoms associated with upper intestinal discomfort. In 2006, a specialist panel of clinicians issued a report entitled Rome III
recommending that certain of these symptoms, including mid-to-upper abdominal discomfort characterized by postprandial fullness, early satiety or upper abdominal bloating, be
classified as postprandial distress syndrome, or PDS. These symptoms are believed to be associated with deficiencies in motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract. ATI-7505 is being
developed for the treatment of PDS. No currently marketed therapy is considered to be an optimal treatment for this condition. As indicated in a 2004 article in the Alimentary Pharmacology and
Therapeutics journal, it is estimated that between 35 and 44 million people suffer from functional dyspepsia in the United States.

GERD
is a digestive system disorder characterized by the frequent unwanted passage of stomach contents into the esophagus that results in such symptoms as heartburn and, in some cases,
damage to the lining of the esophagus. According to a 2007 report in Med Ad News, approximately $17.0 billion is spent worldwide each year on GERD and heartburn medications. According to a 2006
article in the Digestion International Journal of Gastroenterology, approximately 10 percent of the population

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experiences
GERD symptoms daily. While most patients are treated with drugs that reduce the acid contents of the stomach, approximately 20 to 25 percent of patients (or 6.0 to
7.5 million people in the United States) do not obtain adequate relief from this type of treatment. This is the population that is targeted with ATI-7505.

Gastroparesis
is a disorder of the stomach in which contents from the stomach do not move efficiently into the small intestine. The digestive system, including the stomach, uses muscular
contractions to move its contents along the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroparesis results when there is some damage or malfunction to this process in the stomach, resulting in symptoms such as nausea
and vomiting, severe abdominal pain, bacterial infections and weight loss. Diabetics are particularly susceptible to this condition. According to the Digestive Diseases Interagency Coordinating
Committee 2004, it is estimated that approximately five million patients suffer from gastroparesis in the United States. No existing therapies adequately meet this patient need.

IBS
is a set of chronic symptoms associated with the lower gastrointestinal tract, particularly the colon, and is usually experienced as abdominal pain, bloating and discomfort. This can
include constipation with difficult or painful bowel movements or diarrhea due to excess fluid in the colon. While the causes of IBS are still in question, lack of colonic motility is thought to be a
primary cause. As with chronic constipation, patients need an effective motility agent when other remedies, such as change in diet, reduction of stress or consumption of laxatives or fibers, do not
relieve the IBS symptoms. ATI-7505 is targeted for use in the segment of IBS patients who also suffer from chronic constipation. According to a 2005 article in the Alimentary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics journal, an estimated 5.5 million adults in the United States suffer from IBS with constipation and an estimated additional 28.0 million adults suffer from IBS with
intermittent constipation.



Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or P&G, our collaboration partner for the development of ATI-7505
from June 2006 until July 2008, completed a maximum tolerated dose study during which healthy subjects were treated with doses as high as 250 mg qid, a TQT study involving the investigation of
ATI-7505 at both therapeutic doses as well as at four times the expected therapeutic dose to investigate its effect on cardiovascular functions, and a Phase 2 study in idiopathic
chronic constipation involving three doses of ATI-7505 twice daily compared to placebo over a four-week period. We have also previously concluded
three Phase 2 trials testing ATI-7505's potential as both a lower (large bowel) and upper (stomach and esophagus) gastrointestinal therapy. The safety and tolerability of the drug
was also observed.

Phase 2 Chronic Idiopathic Constipation Trial (CLN-711).Conducted by P&G, this Phase 2b, randomized, placebo-controlled
study of ATI-7505 in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation was designed to enroll 400 patients but was terminated early when P&G returned the product candidate to us. We did not
have the resources to continue the clinical trial. At the time the trial was ended, 214 patients had been enrolled. Nonetheless, significant results were achieved with one dose group that, we believe,
further demonstrates the potential efficacy of ATI-7505.

The
Phase 2b clinical trial was conducted at 42 trial sites in five countries. Patients were treated for four weeks and the primary efficacy endpoint was the improvement in the
total number of spontaneous bowel movements, or SBM, during the first seven days after randomization as compared to placebo. Patients were randomized to either placebo or doses of ATI-7505
of 20 mg BID, 40 mg BID, 80 mg BID, or 120 mg BID. Randomization was balanced amongst all treatment arms. SBM was defined as a bowel movement occurring without the need for a laxative or enema within
the preceding 24 hours. Safety assessments were conducted on every patient enrolled.

Utilizing
the original statistical analysis plan for the full study, statistical significance (p=0.0031) was achieved at the 80 mg BID dose with an increase of a mean of 3.32
SBMs in the first week

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compared
to baseline. In the placebo group, this increase was only 0.31 SBMs. A preliminary analysis of the overall responder rate indicates ATI-7505 maintained its positive effect
over the full four-week treatment period. In addition, time-to-first SBM using a Kaplan-Meier analysis suggests that many patients on ATI-7505, unlike
placebo, have their first SBM following the first dose of the drug and this effect was observed at all doses tested. The 80 mg BID dose was very well tolerated and there were no reports of diarrhea,
nausea or vomiting.

Thorough QT Study Assessing Cardiac Safety (CLN-713).Conducted by P&G, this clinical study was conducted with healthy volunteers,
under
standard and established guidance from the FDA for the conduct of such cardiac safety studies, to assess whether electrocardiographic effects are seen at therapeutic and supra therapeutic doses of
ATI-7505. The study design followed the FDA's ICH E14 guidance for measuring whether drugs have the potential for causing prolongation of the QT interval. The FDA requires a TQT study on
most drugs in development because prolongation
in QT interval (corrected for changes in heart rate, or QTc) may signify an increased risk of developing cardiac arrhythmias.

The
study of 250 subjects was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-arm, parallel-group study of two doses of ATI-7505a
therapeutic dose of 40 mg every six hours and a supratherapeutic dose of 200 mg every six hours, in healthy male and female volunteer subjects. Subjects in one treatment arm received a single dose of
400 mg moxifloxacin to serve as a positive control to establish the sensitivity of the study to measure QT prolongation. The data collected was evaluated utilizing a standard, manual extraction
process performed by eResearch Technology.

When
the data from all study participants were analyzed, the placebo-corrected QTc mean change from baseline (using the individual correction method for heart rate, or QTcI) for the
therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of ATI-7505 were 1.5 and 3.1 milliseconds, respectively, an outcome that suggests little or no electrocardiographic effect. The upper confidence
interval of 10 milliseconds was not crossed at any of the 15 time points, with either dose. Moxifloxacin demonstrated Mean QTc prolongation of 8.7 milliseconds and the upper confidence interval of 10
milliseconds was crossed at 13 of 15 time points after dosing. The moxifloxacin response is consistent with previous clinical experience and thus validates the outcome of the study. In addition to a
lack of meaningful changes in the mean QTc interval, the percent of outliers exceeding 30 milliseconds from baseline was consistent across patients receiving placebo and active drug, as well as
between genders, and no ATI-7505 subjects displayed a QTcI interval that exceeded 480 milliseconds at any time.

We
received written confirmation from the FDA that based on their review of the results of this Thorough QT study, the FDA concurs that the study met the ICH E14 criteria for the design,
conduct and analysis of a Thorough QT study, and they concur with our interpretation of the results that the findings were negative, meaning ATI-7505 does not significantly increase the QT
interval at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses.

We
believe the results of this Thorough QT study, along with the data collected through intense cardiac safety monitoring of the other approximately 700 people administered
ATI-7505, strongly support the cardiac safety profile we sought in the design of the product candidate.

Phase 2 Symptomatic GERD Safety and Efficacy Trial (CLN-709).This randomized double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-center
Phase 2 trial was successfully completed, enrolling 404 patients diagnosed with symptomatic GERD, the majority of whom completed the full treatment period of four weeks. The severity of
patients' symptoms in this trial was measured during a two-week run in period prior to randomization into either placebo or treatment drug groups of either 12 mg qid or 40 mg qid. We
measured five symptoms associated with symptomatic GERD as well as seven symptoms associated with functional dyspepsia as secondary endpoints.

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The
primary endpoint measuring adequate symptomatic relief of GERD did not achieve statistical significance when the effect of active drug was compared to placebo. However, in the 40 mg
qid group, the combined measurement of the improvement in the proportion of symptom-free days for the five GERD symptoms approached significance when compared to placebo (p=0.066).
Statistical significance was achieved in two of these five symptoms, namely, nighttime acid regurgitation (p=0.0027) and nighttime heartburn (p=0.0037). No significant treatment effect was seen in the
other secondary endpoints of GERD.

ATI-7505
at 40 mg qid also achieved statistical significance in the improvement of the proportion of symptom-free days in three out of seven individual dyspeptic
symptoms compared to placebo, namely, pain in the upper abdomen (p=0.0288), discomfort in the upper abdomen (p=0.0241) and upper abdominal fullness (p=0.0099). A trend towards statistical significance
was seen in a fourth dyspeptic symptom, bloating in the upper abdomen. While the overall effect of 40 mg qid on all dyspeptic symptoms was not significant, the exclusion of nausea and vomiting
resulted in statistically significant effect for all other symptoms combined (p=0.01). There was no effect on nausea and vomiting symptoms, thought to be mediated in the central nervous system. We
believe that ATI-7505 does not enter the brain and acts only outside the central nervous system. These effects on dyspeptic symptoms are further evidence that the drug's treatment effects
are very similar to cisapride and that ATI-7505 behaves as one would expect of a prokinetic agent.

Safety
data obtained in CLN-709 continued to support our belief that ATI-7505 is safe and generally well-tolerated. No serious effects were reported,
and the only dose-related adverse effects were generally mild-to-moderate cases of diarrhea and loose stools observed consistently throughout the Phase 1 and
Phase 2 clinical trials of ATI-7505. This would be expected of a prokinetic agent intended to enhance motility in both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts.

The
cardiac safety data were similarly supportive of earlier results and the intended design of the drug. These cardiac safety data contained no clinically relevant changes in heart
function nor were any patients outliers from the norm.

Phase 2 Erosive Esophagitis Safety and Efficacy Trial (CLN-708).This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi- center
Phase 2 trial was successfully completed enrolling 202 patients diagnosed with erosive esophagitis, or EE. This condition is evidenced by lesions on the esophageal lining which results from
excess acid in the esophagus over an extended period of time. This excess acid
is due to the reflux of the stomach's contents into the esophagus possibly because the circular band of muscle between the stomach and esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter, relaxes
abnormally. In extreme cases, prolonged EE can lead to cancer of the esophagus. The primary endpoint of this trial was to determine the treatment effect of ATI-7505 versus placebo in
reducing the severity of EE by at least one grade on a generally accepted four-point scale of measuring esophageal lesions. This scale is known as the Los Angeles Classification Scale, or
the LA Scale. The doses of active drug used in the trial were 12 mg qid and 40 mg qid. The extent of a patient's lesion was measured by an endoscopic evaluation at the beginning and end of the
treatment period of four weeks (28 days).

The
primary endpoint in this trial was not met when ATI-7505 was compared to placebo. However, a dose related treatment effect was seen with both active doses although the
effect was not significantly better than that seen with placebo. Patients in the 40 mg qid and 12 mg qid treatment groups achieved response rates of 38.9% and 33.3%, respectively, in the measurement
of improvement by at least one grade on the LA Scale compared to a placebo response rate of 31.5%. In four weeks of treatment ATI-7505 achieved approximately the same degree of healing
that cisapride was able to achieve only after 12 weeks of treatment as documented by published clinical studies. However, of note, patients treated with ATI-7505 with the least
severe EE, or Grade A patients, displayed the highest percent complete healing rate of 57.1% at 40 mg qid and 41% at 12 mg qid as compared to a placebo rate of 33.3%. This suggests that the drug may
be responsible for the improvement in EE score.

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The adverse events during this trial were similar to prior trials, and were generally mild or moderate. The drug appeared to be safe and well tolerated. The side
effect seen most often was mild diarrhea. Cardiac safety was also closely monitored and no clinically relevant changes in heart activity were observed.

Overall,
the results of this Phase 2 trial confirmed earlier evidence that ATI-7505 acts in a similar way to cisapride without the cardiac safety concerns of that
therapy.

Phase 2 Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disorder Trial (CLN-706).This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled,
cross-over designed trial in 30 GERD patients was successfully completed using two doses of ATI-7505, 12 mg qid and 40 mg qid versus placebo. The purpose of the study was to
evaluate ATI-7505's safety and its effectiveness in reducing acid exposure in the esophagus of patients with GERD. The study measured the length of time within 24-hour periods
that the patient had a certain level of acid (pH<4) in the esophagus while on placebo, and compared that to the periods of time over 24 hours that a patient had that acid level
(pH<4) while on the two doses of ATI-7505. The lower the pH level in the esophagus, the higher the acid exposure. It is known that the relationship between acid exposure in the
esophagus and heartburn symptoms or even esophageal erosions represent one of the strongest correlations between the mechanism of an upper gastrointestinal therapy and clinical outcomes. We believe
that if ATI-7505 can show
effectiveness in reducing the amount of acid traveling from the stomach into the esophagus and/or the amount of time acid remains in the esophagus, it would clarify its potential as a therapy for
upper gastrointestinal disorders. The study design also included the use of cardiovascular Holter monitors to further measure the cardiac safety of ATI-7505.

The
study objective to demonstrate dose-related reduction in acid exposure in the esophagus was achieved. In terms of acid exposure, the results were approaching significance
(p=0.0625 versus placebo) at 40 mg qid in measuring the time within a 24-hour period that the patients' esophageal acid level was pH<4. Statistical significance was
achieved in a post hoc analysis when we evaluated whether the effect of ATI-7505 on acid reduction improved as the dose increased. This analysis compared ATI-7505 12 mg
qid to 40 mg qid. The resulting p-value of 0.0014 indicates that the treatment effect improves as the dose increases.

The
trial provided evidence of a statistically significant effect at 40 mg qid versus placebo in reducing the number of acid reflux episodes lasting more than five minutes (p=0.0007). It
is believed that acid reflux episodes lasting longer than five minutes directly relate to esophageal erosions and severe symptoms of GERD. A statistically significant dose response relationship was
also established with this endpoint (p=0.0049) when comparing 40 mg qid and 12 mg qid doses. A number of the other secondary endpoints in the trial did not demonstrate a consistent effect or reach
statistical significance.

Taken
together, these results provided important data suggesting that ATI-7505 acts similarly to cisapride in having an effect in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In
addition, no drug-related serious adverse events occurred, with diarrhea and loose stools as the most commonly reported adverse effect. They were all mild or moderate in severity.

Holter
monitoring provided further evidence about the cardiac safety profile of ATI-7505. There were no clinically relevant changes in the heart rate or prolongation of the
Qt interval of the patients and there were no individual outliers in these findings. No clinically important or consistent effects on heart functions were observed.

Phase 1 Clinical Trials.We have successfully completed four Phase 1 clinical trials testing the safety, tolerability,
pharmacokinetics
and effect on motility of ATI-7505 in healthy volunteers. The drug candidate has been found to be generally well tolerated and similar to cisapride in its prokinetic effects. Most
importantly, no clinically significant effects on cardiac safety were observed, providing initial clinical evidence that ATI-7505 avoids the cardiac liabilities inherent in cisapride. Our
Phase 1 trials

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were
distinguished by the fact that intensive cardiovascular monitoring was conducted on all individuals, including one trial in which the subjects were fitted with 24-hour Holter
monitors.

Our
Phase 1 clinical trial program included a multi-dose study of ATI-7505, as compared to placebo, that measured the rate of gastric emptying. The results
suggest that ATI-7505 accelerates gastric emptying and therefore may improve motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract, while also accelerating overall colonic, or lower
gastrointestinal tract, transit. In addition, there appeared to be a dose relationship in the loosening of stools.

ATI-9242An Agent for the Treatment of Schizophrenia

ATI-9242 is a next generation atypical antipsychotic therapy in a Phase 1 clinical trial and whose receptor
selectivity has been modeled to replicate the efficacy of clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In addition, ATI-9242 has been engineered to have an
improved effect on the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia and to enhance cognition. Designed to avoid drug-drug interactions by not depending upon CYP450 for metabolism,
ATI-9242 has also been engineered to minimize the metabolic consequences of weight gain often resulting from the use of atypical antipsychotics. We will continue the clinical development
of ATI-9242 as our resources allow.

Our Preclinical Development Programs

We are currently pursuing two late stage discovery programs, ATI-20,000 and ATI-24,000, which focus on
metabolic and gastrointestinal
disorders, respectively. We have identified potent pharmacologically active compounds in each of these programs. In addition to these two active discovery programs, we have a number of additional
feasibility programs which we believe will continue to provide future research and development programs for us.

Competition

The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, with a number of established, large pharmaceutical companies, as well as smaller
companies. Many of these companies have greater financial resources, marketing capabilities and experience in obtaining regulatory approvals for product candidates than we currently do. There are many
pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, public and private universities, government agencies and research organizations actively engaged in research and development of products which may
target the same markets as our product candidates. We expect any future products we develop to compete on the basis of, among other things, product efficacy and safety, time to market, price, extent
of adverse side effects experienced and convenience of administration and drug delivery. One or more of our competitors may develop products based upon the principles underlying our proprietary
technologies earlier than us, obtain approvals for such products from the FDA more rapidly than us or develop alternative products or therapies that are safer, more effective and/or more cost
effective than any future products developed by us. We also expect to face competition in our efforts to identity appropriate collaborators or partners to help commercialize our product candidates in
our target commercial areas.

Competition
for tecarfarin for use as an oral anticoagulant will continue to come from generic coumadin due to its pricing and the years of experience physicians and patients have with
the drug. Other oral anticoagulants are in development throughout the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. Most of these development programs fall into either the factor Xa or direct thrombin
inhibitor categories. We are aware that Johnson & Johnson in collaboration with Bayer AG has a factor Xa before the FDA for approval, and that Bristol-Myers Squibb Company in collaboration with
Pfizer, Inc., and Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc. each have factor Xa programs in Phase 2 or Phase 3 testing. We are aware of a direct thrombin inhibitor program at
Boehringer-Ingelheim GmbH. The first

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direct
thrombin inhibitor presented to the FDA for approval, ximelagatran, previously marketed as Exanta by AstraZeneca plc, has not been recommended for approval due to idiosyncratic liver
toxicity problems. Although we believe tecarfarin's mechanism of action (VKOR inhibition as with warfarin) and broadly available inexpensive monitoring methodology (INR) provide an advantage, these
factor Xa and direct thrombin inhibitor programs will likely provide major competition in this market. In addition, there may be other compounds of which we are not aware that are at an earlier stage
of development and may compete with our product candidates. If any of those compounds are successfully developed and approved, they could compete directly with our product candidates.

We
believe generic amiodarone will continue to provide competition to budiodarone for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, even though it is not labeled for use in atrial fibrillation
in the United States. Amiodarone will continue to be used off-label in spite of its safety problems because of its generic pricing. Other treatments for atrial fibrillation, such as
sotalol, marketed by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., flecainide marketed by 3M Company and propafenone, marketed by Reliant Pharmaceuticals, Inc., do not have equivalent efficacy
to amiodarone, but will continue to compete in the atrial fibrillation marketplace. Sanofi-aventis has applied for commercial approval in the United States for its antiarrhythmic therapy
Multaq® (dronedarone). We believe Multaq will be approved and will provide substantial competition to budiodarone in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Cardiome Pharma Corp. is in
Phase 2 testing with an oral product, vernakalant, for the treatment of atrial fibrillation which they hope will have efficacy equal to or better than flecainide or sotalol, but with reduced
pro-arrhythmic effects. There are other companies developing devices or procedures to treat atrial fibrillation through ablation, including CryoCor, Inc. and CryoCath
Technologies, Inc.

Competition
for ATI-9242 will likely come from the five largest selling atypical antipsychotics: Risperdal by Janssen Pharmaceutica, Seroquel by AstraZeneca
Pharmaceuticals LP, Zyprexa by Eli Lilly and Company, Abilify by Bristol-Myers Squibb/Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc., and Geodon by Pfizer Inc., which sold a collective
$15.7 billion in 2007. It is likely that virtually all of these would be sold as generic versions by the time ATI-9242 could come to market. Other antipsychotics are in development
which may also be competitive to ATI-9242.

ATI-7505
has potential use in five indications: chronic constipation, functional dyspepsia, GERD, gastroparesis and IBS with constipation. Some of these indications may not
be recognized by the FDA as sufficiently defined to enable regulatory approval of a drug for treatment. ATI-7505 is a prokinetic agent which has been shown to increase motility in the
upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, including the ability to improve gastric emptying and colonic motility. Products which affect the gastrointestinal system's motility could be useful in the
treatment of each of these disorders. Other prokinetics are on the market or in development which will also be competitive to ATI-7505, including tegaserod, marketed by Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation as Zelnorm, which was temporarily withdrawn from the market and recently re-introduced with restrictive use labeling, TD-5108 being developed by
Theravance, and erythromycin. Many additional prokinetics are in development targeting these indications. We believe the most significant competition to ATI-7505 for the treatment of GERD
is proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers, which are currently on the market in both prescription formulations and strengths as well as in over-the-counter forms. Many major
pharmaceutical companies currently market proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers generating worldwide sales of over $17.0 billion in 2006. ATI-7505 is targeted at the approximately
20-25% of GERD patients who do not receive adequate relief from proton pump inhibitors, which reduce the creation of acid in the stomach. ATI-7505 will face competition from
the prokinetics as well as many inexpensive over-the-counter indications for the treatment of these gastrointestinal disorders.

Patents and Intellectual Property

Our success will depend in large part on our ability to maintain a proprietary position for our products and product candidates through
patents, trade secrets and FDA exclusivity. We rely upon

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patents,
trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We will continue to aggressively protect, defend and extend our
proprietary position. We will maintain sole ownership of our patents as a critical element of any development and commercialization partnership we may enter into.

As
of December 31, 2008, we held 116 patents and 123 pending patent applications worldwide. 43 of the 116 patents have issued or been allowed in the United States, and
18 of the 123 pending patent applications were pending in the United States. Our composition of matter patent for tecarfarin, our product candidate for anticoagulation, was filed in April 2005,
first published in Europe in October 2005, and was issued in the United States in August 2007. Composition of matter protection for tecarfarin in the United States will expire in 2025. We also hold
two issued foreign patents and 14 pending foreign patent applications related to the tecarfarin composition of matter. The broader patent family related to the tecarfarin program also includes
two issued patents and one pending application in the United States, 21 issued foreign patents and two pending foreign applications. Our composition of matter patent for budiodarone, our
compound for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, was issued in 2002 and will expire in 2020. The patent family related to budiodarone includes an additional 47 patents and 40 pending
patent applications issued in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Our composition of matter patent applications for ATI-9242, our product candidate for the treatment of
schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, are currently pending, one in the United States and two in foreign jurisdictions. The United States and foreign patent applications related to the
composition of matter of our compound for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, ATI-7505, were filed in January 2005 and first published in Europe in July 2005. We hold four issued
patents and six pending patent applications in the United States as well as four issued patents and 36 pending patent applications in certain foreign jurisdictions related to the
ATI-7505 program. Composition of matter patent protection in the United States for ATI-7505 will expire in 2025.

For
each of our product candidates, we may be entitled to an additional period of exclusivity in the United States for up to five years pursuant to the United States Drug Price
Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, more commonly known as the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act provides for up to five years to be added to a patent term in order to compensate
the patentee for delays associated with seeking regulatory approval. If we gain such a five-year extension, we could have certain patent rights in the United States for
ATI-7505 until 2030, for tecarfarin until 2030 and for budiodarone until 2025. The five year extension, however, is not guaranteed and may be subject to a reduction if we fail to act
diligently in the regulatory lenient period or if the term restoration extends the commercial life of a product covered by the patent beyond
14 years. In Europe, similar legislative enactments may allow us to obtain five-year extensions of certain of the European patents (once obtained) covering our product candidates
through the granting of Supplementary Protection Certificates.

We
seek United States and international patent protection for a variety of products and technologies, including compositions of matter, formulations, methods of use, and processes for
synthesis. Our commercial success will depend in part on obtaining this patent protection. In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets and know-how and continuing
technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality agreements with our commercial partners,
collaborators, employees and consultants and invention assignment agreements with our employees. We also have confidentiality agreements or invention assignment agreements with some of our commercial
partners and consultants. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are
developed in-house or through a relationship with a third party.

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Manufacturing

We do not have, and do not intend to establish in the near term, any of our own manufacturing capability for our product candidates, or
their active pharmaceutical ingredients, or the capability to package any products we may sell in the future. We rely on a number of third- party manufacturers and suppliers to produce and supply the
active pharmaceutical ingredients and drug products we require to meet the preclinical and clinical requirements of our product candidates.

We
currently do not have long-term supply contracts with any of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers, and they are not required to supply us with products for any
specified periods, in any specified quantities or at any set price, except as may be specified in a particular purchase order. Our third- party manufacturers are subject to the FDA's current Good
Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, requirements and other rules and regulations prescribed by domestic and foreign regulatory authorities. We depend on our third-party suppliers and manufacturers for
continued compliance with cGMP requirements and applicable foreign standards.

We
believe that qualified suppliers and manufacturers for our marketed products will continue to be available in the future, at a reasonable cost to us, although there can be no
assurance that this will be the case.

Government Regulation



In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,
or the FDC Act, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion
and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may
subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending new drug applications or NDAs, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total
or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution.

Pharmaceutical
product development in the United States typically involves preclinical laboratory and animal tests, the submission to the FDA of a notice of claimed investigational
exemption or an investigational new drug application or IND, which must become effective before clinical testing may commence, and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish
the safety and effectiveness of the drug for each indication for which FDA approval is sought. Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years and the
actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product or disease.

Preclinical
tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation and toxicity, as well as animal trials to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy
of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including good laboratory practices. The results of preclinical testing are submitted to the
FDA as part of an IND along with other information including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long term preclinical tests, such
as animal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.

A
30-day waiting period after the submission of each IND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If the FDA has not commented on or questioned
the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin.

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Clinical
trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be
conducted in compliance with federal regulations, good clinical practices or GCP, as well as under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and
the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on U.S. patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND.

The
FDA may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinical trial is not being conducted in
accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. The study protocol and informed consent information for patients in clinical trials must also be
submitted to an institutional review board, or IRB, for approval. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the
IRB's requirements, or may impose other conditions.

Clinical
trials to support NDAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In Phase 1, the initial introduction of the
drug into healthy human subjects or patients, the drug is tested to assess metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses and, if possible, early
evidence on effectiveness. Phase 2 usually involves trials in a limited patient population, to determine the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication or indications, dosage
tolerance and optimum dosage, and identify common adverse effects and safety risks. If a compound demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase 2 evaluations,
Phase 3 trials are undertaken to obtain the additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites,
to permit FDA to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the drug.

After
completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the
United States. The NDA must include the results of all preclinical, clinical and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product's pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls.
The cost of preparing and submitting an NDA is substantial. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee, currently $1,247,200, and the
manufacturer and/or sponsor under an approved new drug application are also subject to annual product and establishment user
fees, currently $71,520 per product and $425,600 per establishment. These fees are typically increased annually.

The
FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency's threshold determination that it is
sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the
review of new drug applications. Most such applications for non-priority drug products are reviewed within ten months. The review process may be extended by the FDA for three additional
months to consider certain information or clarification of information already provided in the submission. The FDA may also refer applications for novel drug products or drug products which present
difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the
application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically
inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. FDA will not approve the product
unless compliance with current good manufacturing practices is satisfactory and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the indication studied.

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After
FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues an approval letter, an approvable letter or a not-approvable letter. Both approvable and
not-approvable letters generally outline the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the
application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA's satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such
resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included.

An
approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require
substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug's safety or efficacy and may impose other conditions, including labeling restrictions which can materially affect the
potential market and profitability of the drug. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial
marketing.



Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, NDAs or supplements to NDAs must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness
of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the drug is safe and effective. The
FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA does not apply to any drug for an indication for which orphan designation has
been granted.



In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA each patent with claims that cover the
applicant's product. Upon approval of a drug, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA's Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,
commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited by potential competitors in support of approval of an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA. An ANDA
provides for marketing of a drug product that has the same active ingredients in the same strengths and dosage form as the listed drug and has been shown through bioequivalence testing to be
therapeutically equivalent to the listed drug. ANDA applicants are not required to conduct or submit results of pre-clinical or clinical tests to prove the safety or effectiveness of their
drug product, other than the requirement for bioequivalence testing. Drugs approved in this way are commonly referred to as "generic equivalents" to the listed drug, and can often be substituted by
pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug.

The
ANDA applicant is required to make certifications to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA's Orange Book. Specifically, the applicant must certify
that: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and
approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already
approved product's listed patents or that such patents are invalid is called a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents, the ANDA application will not
be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired.

If
the ANDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent
holders once the ANDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV
certification. The filing of a patent

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infringement
lawsuit within 45 days of the receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA until the earlier of 30 months,
expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant.

The
ANDA application also will not be approved until any non-patent exclusivity, such as exclusivity for obtaining approval of a new chemical entity, listed in the Orange
Book for the referenced product has expired. Federal law provides a period of five years following approval of a drug containing no previously approved active ingredients, during which ANDAs for
generic versions of those drugs cannot be submitted unless the submission contains a Paragraph IV challenge to a listed patent, in which case the submission may be made four years following the
original product approval. Federal law provides for a period of three years of exclusivity following approval of a listed drug that contains previously approved active ingredients but is approved in a
new dosage form, route of administration or combination, or for a new use, the approval of which was required to be supported by new clinical trials conducted by or for the sponsor, during which FDA
cannot grant effective approval of an ANDA based on that listed drug.



Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to certain post-approval requirements. For instance, FDA closely
regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label
promotion, industry- sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet.

Drugs
may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved
application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be
implemented. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing NDA
supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs.

Adverse
event reporting and submission of periodic reports is required following FDA approval of an NDA. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as
Phase 4 testing, risk minimization action plans and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product or place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of
the product. In addition, quality control as well as drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their
subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA during which the agency inspects
manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain
compliance with cGMPs. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following
initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered.



In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state and federal laws have been
applied to restrict certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. These laws include anti-kickback statutes and false claims statutes. The federal healthcare
program anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing,
ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under

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Medicare,
Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand, and prescribers,
purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Violations of the anti-kickback statute are punishable by imprisonment, criminal fines, civil monetary penalties and exclusion from
participation in federal healthcare programs. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory
sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they
do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor.

Federal
false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing
to be made, a false statement to have a false claim paid. Recently, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly inflating drug prices they
reported to pricing services, which in turn were used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation
that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition, certain marketing practices, including
off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and false claims
laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.



As part of the sales and marketing process, pharmaceutical companies frequently provide samples of approved drugs to physicians. The
Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or the PDMA, imposes requirements and limitations upon the provision of drug samples to physicians, as well as prohibits states from licensing distributors of
prescription drugs unless the state licensing program meets certain federal guidelines that include minimum standards for storage, handling and record keeping. In addition, the PDMA sets forth civil
and criminal penalties for violations.



On September 27, 2007, the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act, or the FDAAA, was enacted into law, amending both the
FDC Act and the Public Health Service Act. The FDAAA makes a number of substantive and incremental changes to the review and approval processes in ways that could make it more difficult or costly to
obtain approval for new pharmaceutical products, or to produce, market and distribute existing pharmaceutical products. Most significantly, the law changes FDA's handling of postmarket drug product
safety issues by giving FDA authority to require post approval studies or clinical trials, to request that safety information be provided in labeling, or to require an NDA applicant to submit and
execute a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS.

The
FDAAA also reauthorized the authority of the FDA to collect user fees to fund FDA's review activities and made certain changes to the user fee provisions to permit the use of user
fee revenue to fund FDA's drug safety activities and the review of Direct-to-Consumer ("DTC") advertisements.

The
FDAAA also reauthorized and amended the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA. The most significant changes to PREA are intended to improve FDA and applicant accountability for
agreed upon pediatric assessments.

Research and Development

Conducting a significant amount of research and development has been central to our business model. Our research and development
expenses were $40.1 million for the year ended December 31,

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2008,
$25.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, and $24.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2006.

Employees

As of December 31, 2008, we had 75 employees, 57 of whom were engaged in research and product development activities. Six of our
employees hold medical degrees and 20 hold Ph.D.s. Our employees are not represented by a collective bargaining agreement. None of our employees are represented by a labor union and we believe our
relations with our employees are good.

Executive Officers of the Registrant

Our executive officers, their ages and their positions as of February 27, 2009, are as follows:

Name

Age

Position(s)Paul Goddard, Ph.D.


59

Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive OfficerPeter G. Milner, M.D.


53

President, Research and Development and DirectorJohn Varian


49

Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial OfficerPascal Druzgala, Ph.D.


54

Vice President and Chief Scientific OfficerDaniel Canafax, Pharm.D.


56

Vice President and Chief Development OfficerDavid Nagler


56

Vice President, Corporate Affairs and Secretary


Paul Goddard, Ph.D.has served as the Chairman of our Board since August 2003 and was appointed our Chief Executive Officer in April 2005. From
March
2000 to August 2005, Dr. Goddard served as chairman and part-time executive of several companies including A.P. Pharma, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, and
XenoPort, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. From October 1998 until March 2000, he was chief executive officer of Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the largest division of Elan
Corporation plc, a biotechnology company. He was chief executive officer of Neurex Corporation, a biotechnology company, from February 1991 until October 1998 when the company was acquired by
Elan Corporation plc. Prior to 1991, Dr. Goddard held various senior management positions at SmithKline Beecham plc, a pharmaceutical company, including senior vice president
strategic marketing and senior vice president Far East region. He obtained his doctorate degree from St. Mary's Hospital, London, in the area of etiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer.
Dr. Goddard remains on the board of directors of A.P. Pharma, Inc., Adolor Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company, and Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company.

Peter G. Milner, M.D.is our co-founder and has served as our President, Research and Development, since April 2005. From February 1997
until February 2005, Dr. Milner served as our Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Milner is a board certified physician and cardiologist, and serves as voluntary clinical faculty at Stanford
Veterans' Hospital. In June 1992, Dr. Milner co-founded CV Therapeutics, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. Prior to CV Therapeutics, Inc., Dr. Milner was an
assistant professor of medicine at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Dr. Milner has numerous patents in his name and is the author of several scientific articles published in
peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Milner attended the University of Liverpool, England where he received a bachelor of sciences degree with honors in biochemistry and a degree in
medicine. He completed his postgraduate training in medicine at Johns Hopkins Medical School, cardiology and pharmacology at University of Virginia and molecular biology at Washington University in
St. Louis. Dr. Milner is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology, serves on the board of directors of California Healthcare Institute and the Scientific Advisory Board of Novartis
Institute of Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

John Varianhas served as our Chief Operating Officer since December 2003 and as our Chief Financial Officer since April 2006. He was formerly
chief
financial officer of Genset S.A., a

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biotechnology
company. He also participated as a key member of the negotiating team in the sale of the company to Serono of Switzerland. From October 1998 to April 2000, Mr. Varian served as
senior vice president, finance and administration of Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. He was chief financial officer of Neurex Corporation from June 1997 until October 1998 when the company was
acquired by Elan Corporation plc. Mr. Varian is a founding member of the Bay Area Bioscience Center and a former chairman of the Association of Bioscience Financial Officers
International Conference. Mr. Varian received a B.B.A. degree from Western Michigan University.

Pascal Druzgala, Ph.D.is our co-founder and has served as our Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer since June 2008, and
prior to that as Vice President, Research and Chief Scientific Officer since our inception. Dr. Druzgala is responsible for all research related activities of our company. Prior to the founding
of ARYx, Dr. Druzgala also co-founded Advanced Therapies, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, in October 1994. Earlier in his career, Dr. Druzgala served as group
leader at Xenon Vision, where the retrometabolic drug design concept was applied to four drugs for ocular delivery. One of these drugs, loteprednol etabonate (Alrex or Lotemax), is now marketed by
Bausch & Lomb, Inc., an eye care company. Dr. Druzgala was a Ph.D. chemist at Pharmatec working on brain-delivery systems for antivirals and estrogens. Dr. Druzgala
received a Pharm.D degree from the University of Montpellier, France, and then earned hisdiplôme d'études approfondiesdegree at the European Institute of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences in Montpellier, France. Dr. Druzgala later graduated from the University of Florida with a doctorate in medicinal
chemistry. He completed his post doctorate work at the Center for Drug Design and Discovery at the University of Florida where he first experimented with various drug discovery programs utilizing
retrometabolic techniques.

Daniel M. Canafax, Pharm.D.has served as our Vice President and Chief Development Officer since February 2007. Dr. Canafax has overall
responsibility for the development of our pipeline of products from preclinical development through clinical trials. From July 2002 to February 2007, Dr. Canafax served as vice president of
clinical development at XenoPort, Inc. From June 2001 to July 2002, Dr. Canafax acted as director and medical monitor at MedImmune, Inc., a pharmaceutical company.
Dr. Canafax received his B. Pharm. degree from Washington State University and his Pharm.D. degree from the University of Kentucky.

David Naglerhas served as our Vice President, Corporate Affairs, and Secretary since July 2003. From June 1995 to September 2002, Mr. Nagler
served at Genentech, Inc., a biotechnology company, including
as its vice president of human resources and its senior director of government affairs. Prior to joining Genentech, Mr. Nagler co-founded JLA Associates in Sacramento, a legislative
consulting and association management company that he later sold to Nossaman Guthner Knox & Elliott LLP, a law firm. Mr. Nagler received a bachelor of arts degree in public policy
and philosophy from the University of California, Berkeley. Mr. Nagler is a member of the board of directors of UC Davis CONNECT, a program designed to foster the success of new business
ventures in the Sacramento region. Mr. Nagler also serves in the City of Pleasanton, California as an appointed member of the City Human Services Commission.

Available Information

We file electronically with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly
reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934. We make available on our website athttp://www.aryx.com, free of charge, copies of these reports as soon as reasonably practicable
after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to the SEC. Further copies of these reports are located at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C.
20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy
and information statements, and other information regarding our filings, athttp://www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A.    Risk Factors

We have identified the following risks and uncertainties that may have a material adverse effect on our
business, financial condition or results of operations. Investors should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. The risks described below are not the only
ones we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. Our business could be harmed by any of these
risks. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and investors may lose all or part of their investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

We will need substantial additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which would force us to limit or cease our operations and related product
development programs.

Our ability to continue operations is dependent upon our ability to obtain substantial additional capital. Our operations have consumed
substantial amounts of cash since inception. We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts of cash to fund our operations, including research and development expenses and costs associated with
the conduct of clinical trials for our product candidates. Net cash used in operating activities was $45.2 million and $27.7 million in the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007,
respectively. We expect that our net cash used in operations may increase significantly in each of the next several years in order to support our operations and complete the development and
commercialization of our product candidates. It is our intention to enter into collaboration arrangements to commercialize our product candidates. Within those arrangements, we may retain the
commercial right to co-promote our products to selected physicians through a specialty sales force. However, should the collaboration arrangements fail to provide sufficient revenue to
fund our operations adequately, we will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and complete development of our product candidates. If any of our product candidates receive regulatory
approval for commercial sale, we may need to raise additional capital to fund our portion of the commercialization efforts. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors,
including:



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Until
we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue, if we ever do, we expect to finance future cash needs through corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements, public or
private equity offerings, debt financings or through interest income earned on cash balances.

If
we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not
favorable to our
stockholders or us. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish some rights to our technologies or our product
candidates, grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us or enter into a collaboration arrangement for a product candidate at an earlier stage of development than we might otherwise choose.

We
do not expect our existing capital resources to be sufficient to enable us to fund the completion of the development of any of our product candidates. Although we believe our current
cash on hand is sufficient to fund our operations through the end of the first quarter of 2010, our operating plan may change, and we may need additional funds sooner than planned to meet operational
needs and capital requirements for product development and commercialization. Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds
are not available on a timely basis, we may:



We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and expect to continue to incur substantial and increasing losses for the foreseeable future. We may never
achieve or sustain profitability.

We have a limited operating history and have incurred significant losses since our inception. As of December 31, 2008, we had an
accumulated deficit of approximately $153.9 million. We expect our research and development expenses to continue to increase as we
continue to expand our development programs subject to adequate funding. Subject to regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant expenses associated with the
potential establishment of a North American specialty sales force and increased manufacturing expenses. Although it is not expected to occur in the next several years, the cost of establishing a 100
person North American specialty sales force will be substantial. As a result, we expect to continue to incur substantial and increasing losses for the foreseeable future. These losses have had and
will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders' equity and working capital.

Because
of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to
achieve or sustain profitability. Currently, we have no products approved for commercial sale, and, to date, we have not generated any product revenue. We have financed our operations primarily
through the sale of equity securities, capital lease and equipment financings, debt financings and a single corporate partnership with P&G that was terminated in July 2008. We have devoted
substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including clinical trials. If we are unable to develop and commercialize any of our product candidates, if development is delayed, if
sales revenue from any FDA-approved product candidate is insufficient or if we fail to enter into partnering arrangements for our product candidates on terms favorable to us, we may never
become profitable. Even if we do become profitable, we may not be able to sustain or increase our profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

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Our success depends substantially on our most advanced product candidates, which are still under development. If we are unable to bring any or all of these product
candidates to market, or experience significant delays in doing so, our ability to generate product revenue and our likelihood of success will be harmed.

Our most advanced product candidate, tecarfarin, entered Phase 2/3 clinical trials in June 2008. Two additional product
candidates, budiodarone and ATI-7505, are in Phase 2 clinical trials and a fourth product candidate, ATI-9242, entered into Phase 1 clinical trial in April 2008.
Our ability to generate product revenue in the future will depend heavily on the successful development and commercialization of these product candidates. Our other product candidates are in the
discovery stage. Any of our product candidates could be unsuccessful for a variety of reasons, including that they:



We
do not expect any of our current product candidates to be commercially available in the next several years, if at all. If we are unable to make our product candidates commercially
available, we will not generate product revenues and we will not be successful. The results of our clinical trials to date do not provide assurance that acceptable efficacy or safety will be shown
upon completion of Phase 3 clinical trials.

Global credit and financial market conditions could negatively impact the value of our current portfolio of cash equivalents or short-term investments.

Currently, there is turmoil in the U.S. economy due to a global credit crisis that has resulted in tightening credit markets and rising
liquidity concerns across most industries, including the banking and investments sector. While as of the date of this filing, we are not aware of any material losses, or other significant
deterioration in the fair value of our cash equivalents or investments in marketable securities since December 31, 2008, no assurance can be given that further deterioration in conditions of
the global credit and financial markets would not negatively impact our current portfolio of cash equivalents or investments in marketable securities or our ability to meet our financing objectives to
allow us to continue our operations.

In periods of worsening economic conditions, it may be difficult and costly for us to raise additional capital.

As a result of worsening market conditions, banks and other credit grantors have faced liquidity concerns and have tightened their
lending standards, investors have become more risk adverse and economic growth has been negatively impacted. These factors are contributing to reduced credit availability and rising costs for issuers
needing to raise additional capital. If these factors continue to affect the credit and equity markets, our ability to raise capital may be adversely affected, if not completely hindered.

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We expect to depend on collaborative arrangements to complete the development and commercialization of each of our product candidates. Potential collaborative arrangements
will likely place the development of our product candidates outside of our control and will likely require us to relinquish important rights or may otherwise be on terms unfavorable to us.

We plan to enter into collaborative arrangements with third parties to develop and commercialize each of our lead product candidates.
Dependence on collaborative arrangements for development and commercialization of our product candidates will subject us to a number of risks, including:



Collaborative arrangements do not currently exist for any of our product candidates. If we do not establish collaborations for each of our tecarfarin, budiodarone,
ATI-9242 and ATI-7505 product candidates or future product candidates, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Our strategy includes selectively collaborating with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to assist us in furthering the
development and potential commercialization of some of our product candidates, including tecarfarin, budiodarone, ATI-7505 and ATI-9242. We intend to seek partners because the
commercialization of each of our first four product candidates involves a large, primary care market that must be served by large sales and marketing organizations and because we do not currently have
the capabilities to perform Phase 3 clinical trials. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators, and these collaborations are complex and time-consuming to
negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on acceptable terms, if at all. We are unable to predict when, if ever, we will enter into any collaborations because of the
numerous risks and uncertainties associated with establishing collaborations. If we are unable to negotiate an acceptable collaboration, we may have to curtail the development of a particular product
candidate,

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reduce
or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of our sales or marketing activities or increase our
expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we
may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we will not be able to bring our product candidates to
market and generate product revenues.

The commercial success of our potential collaborations will depend in part on the development and marketing efforts of our potential partners, over which we will have
limited control. If our collaborations are unsuccessful, our ability to develop and commercialize and to generate future revenue from the sale of our products will be significantly reduced.

Our dependence on future collaboration arrangements will subject our company to a number of risks. Our ability to develop and
commercialize each of our product candidates will depend on our and our potential collaboration partner(s)' ability to establish the safety and efficacy of each respective product candidate, obtain
and maintain regulatory approvals and achieve market acceptance of the product candidate(s) once commercialized. Our potential collaboration partner(s) may elect to delay or terminate development of
our product candidates, independently develop products that compete with ours, or fail to commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of our product candidates. The termination of a
collaboration agreement may cause us to incur additional and unanticipated costs that may be material to our operations.

Business
combinations, significant changes in business strategy, litigation and/or financial difficulties may also adversely affect the willingness or ability of our potential
collaboration partners to fulfill their obligations to us. If a partner fails to perform in the manner we expect, our potential to develop and commercialize the respective product candidate(s) through
other collaborations and to generate future revenue from the sale of the product candidate(s) may be significantly reduced. If a conflict of interest arises between us and our collaboration
partner(s), they may act in their own self-interest and not in the interest of our company or our stockholders. If a collaboration partner breaches or terminates their collaboration
agreement with us or otherwise fails to perform their obligations thereunder in a timely manner, the clinical development or commercialization of the respective product candidate(s) could be delayed
or terminated. For example, we experienced this when P&G terminated our collaboration agreement to develop and commercialize ATI-7505, and we may experience a similar result with potential
collaboration partners in the future with respect to any of our product candidates.

If we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates, our ability to generate revenue will be materially
impaired and our business will not be successful.

Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization are subject to comprehensive
regulation by the FDA and other federal and state regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. The inability to obtain FDA approval or approval from
comparable authorities in other countries would prevent us and our collaborative partners from commercializing our product candidates in the United States or other countries. Future collaborative
agreements will likely cause us to give up control of interactions and regulatory approval processes with the FDA and other regulatory bodies. We or our partners may never receive regulatory approval
for the commercial sale of any of our product candidates. We have only limited experience in preparing and filing the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals and have not received
regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates in any jurisdiction. The process of applying for regulatory approval is expensive and time-consuming, and can vary substantially
based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved.

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Because
our product candidates are modeled after drugs which are known to have safety problems, the FDA and other regulatory agencies may require additional safety testing which may
delay our clinical progress, increase our expected costs or make further development unfeasible. For instance, because of known problems with the drug after which it was modeled, we were required to
conduct significant monitoring for cardiac toxicity in our clinical studies of ATI-7505.

Changes
in regulatory approval policies during the development period, changes in, or the enactment of, additional regulations or statutes or changes in the regulatory review team for
each submitted product application may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. Even if the FDA or a foreign regulatory agency approves a product candidate, the approval may impose
significant restrictions on the indicated uses, conditions for use, labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing and/or production of such product and may impose requirements for
post-approval studies, including additional research and development and clinical trials. The FDA and other agencies also may impose various civil or criminal sanctions for failure to
comply with regulatory requirements, including substantial monetary penalties and withdrawal of product approval.

The
FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional
preclinical, clinical or other studies. For example, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of a product
candidate. Moreover, the FDA may not agree that certain target indications are approvable. For instance, the FDA has never approved a drug for postprandial distress syndrome, or PDS, and we cannot be
certain that the FDA will recognize PDS as an indication for which ATI-7505 or other drugs can be approved. As another example, while we believe we have clear direction from the FDA as to
the development path for our tecarfarin product candidate based on our initial discussions, the FDA may change their judgment on the appropriate development pathway for tecarfarin at any time.
Similarly, the clinical trials to be required by the FDA for approval of new anti-arrythmic therapies may change as they consider the approval of similar therapies submitted by competing
pharmaceutical companies.

We
will need to obtain regulatory approval from authorities in foreign countries to market our product candidates in those countries. We have not yet initiated the regulatory process in
any foreign jurisdictions. Approval by one regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. If we fail to obtain approvals from foreign jurisdictions,
the geographic market for our product candidates would be limited.

Safety issues relating to our product candidates or the original drugs upon which our product candidates have been modeled, or relating to approved products of third parties
that are similar to our product candidates, could give rise to delays in the regulatory approval process.

Discovery of previously unknown problems with an approved product may result in restrictions on its permissible uses, including
withdrawal of the medicine from the market. Each of the opportunities upon which we have chosen to focus is based upon our belief that our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology can be used to create a
new product based upon an existing product which is efficacious in treating a specific condition, but which has a known safety problem. Each of our four lead product candidates is modeled on drugs
which have significant safety problems. Tecarfarin is modeled on warfarin which is known to have safety risks because of its potential for bleeding and for drug-drug interactions with
numerous other drugs as listed on the package insert for the product. Budiodarone is modeled on amiodarone which is used, but not approved, for atrial fibrillation in spite of known safety problems
due to its accumulation in the body and interaction with other drugs. Both amiodarone and budiodarone contain iodine which can accumulate in the thyroid and must be monitored for safety purposes. In
addition, budiodarone is partially metabolized by CYP450 and, at certain levels has caused drug-drug interactions with warfarin, which increased INR and could increase the risk of
hemorrhage complications. ATI-9242 is modeled to retain certain of the positive features of the class of atypical

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antipsychotic
drugs while lessening certain of the safety issues that vary but exist within the class. The receptor profile which yields the positive and avoids the negative features of this class of
drugs is a matter of great debate. While we have designed ATI-9242 to have an appropriate balance across a very complex set of receptors, we may have targeted an inappropriate profile or
the profile attained may result in an unanticipated lack of efficacy or safety problems. ATI-7505 is modeled on cisapride which was withdrawn from the market due to fatal cardiac problems.
Although we have designed our drugs to largely address each of the original drugs' key safety problems, we will need to continue to demonstrate this through continued clinical testing. It is possible
that the FDA may impose additional requirements on the development or approval of our products because of its concern about the original drug's safety problems. These potential additional barriers
could delay, increase the cost of, or prevent the commercialization of our product candidates.

Our
product candidates are engineered to be broken down by the body's natural metabolic processes in a manner we believe to be safer than that of the original drug. There can be no
assurance that the products we develop will actually be metabolized as we expect. While we have designed the breakdown products to be safe, it is possible that there will be unexpected toxicity
associated with these breakdown products that could cause our products to be poorly tolerated by, or toxic to, humans. Additionally, while we believe we have addressed the key safety problem of each
of the original drugs, it is possible that our change to the chemical structure may result in new unforeseen safety issues. Any unexpected toxicity or suboptimal tolerance of our products would delay
or prevent commercialization of these product candidates. Additionally, problems with approved products marketed by third parties that utilize the same therapeutic target as our product candidates
could adversely affect the development of our product candidates. For example, the product withdrawals of Vioxx by Merck & Co., Inc. and Bextra by Pfizer because of safety issues
caused other drugs that have the same therapeutic target, such as Celebrex from Pfizer, to receive additional scrutiny from regulatory authorities. Another prokinetic,
tegaserod marketed by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation as Zelnorm, was temporarily withdrawn from the market and then reintroduced in a very limited manner due to certain cardiac effects
reportedly related to its off-target effects. It is possible that we or a future collaboration partner may be required by regulatory agencies to perform tests, in addition to those we have
planned, in order to demonstrate that ATI-7505 does not have the safety problems associated with Zelnorm. Any failure or delay in commencing or completing clinical trials or obtaining
regulatory approvals for our product candidates would delay commercialization of our product candidates and severely harm our business and financial condition.

Any failure or delay in commencing or completing clinical trials for our product candidates could severely harm our business.

To date, we have not completed the clinical trial program of any product candidate. The commencement and completion of clinical trials
for our product candidates may be delayed or terminated as a result of many factors, including:



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Any
delay in commencing or completing clinical trials for our product candidates would delay commercialization of our product candidates and severely harm our business and financial
condition. It is also possible that none of our product candidates will complete clinical trials in any of the markets in which our collaborators or we intend to sell those product candidates.
Accordingly, our collaborators or we would not receive the regulatory approvals needed to market our product candidates, which would severely harm our business and financial condition.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials. If these third parties do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory
approval for or commercialize our product candidates.

We do not have the ability to independently conduct clinical trials for our product candidates, and thus for each of our product
candidates we must rely on third parties such as contract research organizations, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories, to conduct our clinical trials. We have, in
the ordinary course of business, entered into agreements with these third parties. To date, we have utilized numerous vendors to provide clinical trial management, data collection and analysis and
laboratory and safety analysis services to us in the conduct of our clinical trials. In addition, to date we have conducted our clinical trials at numerous sites in North America and Europe.
Nonetheless, we are responsible for confirming that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its general investigational plan and protocol. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply
with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices, for conducting and recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are
credible and accurate and that the trial participants are adequately protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. If
these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, if the third parties need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy
of the data they obtain is compromised owing to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended
or
terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, our product candidates.

If some or all of our patents expire, are invalidated or are unenforceable, or if some or all of our patent applications do not yield issued patents or yield patents with
narrow claims, competitors may develop competing products using our intellectual property and our business will suffer.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and trade secret protection for our technologies and
product candidates both in the United States and other countries. When referring to "our" patents and other intellectual property in this section, we are referring both to patents and other
intellectual property that we own or license. We rely on composition of matter patents for the compounds we develop. We cannot guarantee that any patents will issue from any of our pending or future
patent applications. Alternatively, a third party may successfully circumvent our patents. Our rights under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection against competitive
products or otherwise cover commercially valuable products or processes.

The
degree of future protection for our proprietary technologies and product candidates is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our
rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example, as applied to both existing and future patents and other intellectual property:



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Even
if valid and enforceable patents cover our product candidates and technologies, the patents will provide protection only for a limited amount of time. As our patents are based on a
parent drug where much research has been conducted, we may encounter many competitive patents from covered analogs of the parent drug. Our know-how and trade secrets may only provide a
competitive advantage for a short amount of time. Furthermore, we cannot guarantee that our patents, present or future, will have scope sufficient to prevent competing products.

Our
ability and our potential collaborators' ability to obtain and enforce patents is highly uncertain because of the complexity of the scientific and legal issues involved and the
subjective nature of issues upon which reasonable minds may differ. Legislative, judicial, and administrative bodies, both foreign and domestic, may issue laws, decisions, and regulations,
respectively, that (a) detrimentally affect our ability to obtain protection for our technologies, (b) increase our costs of obtaining and maintaining patents, (c) detrimentally
affect our ability to enforce our existing patents, (d) narrow the scope of our patent protection, and/or (e) otherwise diminish the value of our intellectual property in any of the
following ways: 1) U.S. Federal Courts and foreign judicial authorities may render decisions that alter the application of the patent laws and detrimentally affect our ability to enforce our
patents and obtain patent protection for our technologies; 2) the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and foreign counterparts may change the nature of how patent applications are
examined and issue regulations that detrimentally affect our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies and/or increase the costs for obtaining and maintaining protection; and/or
3) Congress and other foreign legislative bodies may make changes to their respective patent laws that may make obtaining and enforcing patents more difficult and/or costly, and/or otherwise
diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

Even
if patents are issued regarding our product candidates or methods of using them, those patents can be challenged by our competitors who can argue such patents are invalid and/or
unenforceable. Defending against such challenges could be costly, and the outcome is inherently uncertain and may result in the loss of some or all of our rights. Patents also may not protect our
product candidates if competitors devise ways of making these or similar product candidates without legally infringing our patents. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and FDA regulations and
policies provide incentives to manufacturers to challenge patent validity or create modified, noninfringing versions of a drug in order to facilitate the approval of generic substitutes. These same
types of incentives encourage manufacturers to submit new drug applications that rely on literature and clinical data not prepared for or by the drug sponsor.

Similarly,
we may choose to challenge the patents and other rights alleged or asserted by third parties. Such challenges, whether judicial or administrative in nature, could be costly
and the outcome uncertain. A negative outcome could detrimentally effect our ability to do business.

In
addition, we may enter into agreements to license technologies and patent rights. Should we fail to comply with the terms of those license agreements, including payment of any
required maintenance

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fees
or royalties, or should the licensors fail to maintain their licensed interest in the licensed patents, we could lose the rights to those technologies and patents.

As
of December 31, 2008, we held 43 issued or allowed U.S. patents and had 18 patent applications pending before the USPTO. For some of our inventions, corresponding foreign
patent protection is pending. Of the 43 U.S. patents that we hold, 39 patents are compound- and composition-related, having expiration dates from 2013 to 2025. The composition of matter patent for
tecarfarin, our compound for anticoagulation, issued in August 2007 and has an expiration date in 2025. Our composition of matter patent for budiodarone, our compound for the treatment of atrial
fibrillation, issued in April 2002 and has an expiration date in 2020. Our composition of matter patent applications for ATI-9242, our product candidate for the treatment of schizophrenia
and other psychiatric disorders, are currently pending, one in the United States and two in foreign jurisdictions. The composition of matter patent for ATI-7505, our compound for the
treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, issued in February 2007 and has an expiration date in 2025. Although third parties may challenge our rights to, or the scope or validity of, our patents, to
date we have not received any communications from third parties challenging our patents or patent applications covering our clinical candidates.

While
tecarfarin, budiodarone and ATI-7505 are all covered in the United States by issued composition of matter patents, additional patent applications would be required to
extend patent protection beyond 2025, 2020 and 2025, respectively (assuming the validity and enforceability of the current composition of matter patents). We cannot guarantee that any patents will be
issued from our pending or future patent applications, and any patents that issue from such pending or future patent applications would be subject to the same risks described herein for currently
issued patents.

Our
research and development collaborators may have rights to publish data and other information in which we have rights. In addition, we sometimes engage individuals or entities to
conduct research that may be relevant to our business. The ability of these individuals or entities to publish or otherwise publicly disclose data and other information generated during the course of
their research is subject to certain contractual limitations. In most cases, these individuals or entities are at the least precluded from publicly disclosing our confidential information and are only
allowed to disclose other data or information generated during the course of the research after we have been afforded an opportunity to consider whether patent and/or other proprietary protection
should be sought. If we do not apply for patent protection prior to such publication or if we cannot otherwise maintain the confidentiality of our
technology and other confidential information, then our ability to receive patent protection or protect our proprietary information may be jeopardized.

Failure to adequately protect our trade secrets and other intellectual property could substantially harm our business and results of operations.

We also rely on trade secrets to protect our technology, especially where we do not believe that patent protection is appropriate or
obtainable. This is particularly true for our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. Our employees, consultants, contractors, outside scientific
collaborators and other advisors are required to sign confidential disclosure agreements but they may unintentionally or willfully disclose our confidential information to competitors. Enforcing a
claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secret
protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement would require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from developing or commercializing our
products.

Our commercial success depends in part on not infringing the patents and proprietary rights of other parties and not breaching any
licenses that we have entered into with regard to our technologies and products. Because others may have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications

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covering
products or other technologies of interest to us that are similar or identical to ours, patent applications or issued patents of others may have priority over or dominate our patent
applications or issued patents. There are numerous issued and applied for patents related to the original molecules and analogs of such from which our products are engineered. If the patents are
determined to be valid and construed to cover our products, the development and commercialization of any or all could be affected. We do not believe that our activities infringe the patents of others
or that the patents of others inhibit our freedom to operate, but we cannot guarantee that we have identified all United States and foreign patents and patent applications that pose a risk of
infringement. We may be forced to litigate if an intellectual property dispute arises, and it is possible that others may choose to challenge our position and that a judge or jury will disagree with
our conclusions. We could incur substantial costs in litigation if we are required to defend against patent suits brought by third parties. If we do not successfully defend an infringement action, are
unable to have infringed patents declared invalid, and do not obtain a license to the patented technology, we may,



Similarly,
if we initiate suits to defend our patents, such litigation could be costly and there is no assurance we would be successful in such processes. Any legal action against our
collaborators or us claiming damages and seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to the affected products and processes could, in addition to subjecting us to potential liability for damages,
require our collaborators or us to obtain a license to continue to manufacture or market the affected products and processes. Licenses required under any of these patents may not be available on
commercially acceptable terms, if at all. Failure to obtain such licenses could materially and adversely affect our ability to develop, commercialize and sell our product candidates. We believe that
there may continue to be significant litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. If we become involved in litigation, it could
consume a substantial portion of our management and financial resources and we may not prevail in any such litigation.

Furthermore,
our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to conduct research to identify additional product candidates in current indications of interest or
opportunities in other indications. Some of these activities may involve the use of genes, gene products, screening technologies and other research tools that are covered by third-party patents. In
some instances, we may be required to obtain licenses to such third-party patents to conduct our research and development activities, including activities that may have already occurred. It is not
known whether any license required under any of these patents would be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. Failure to obtain such licenses could materially and adversely affect
our ability to maintain a pipeline of potential product candidates and to bring new products to market. If we are required to defend against patent suits brought by third parties relating to
third-party patents that may be relevant to our research activities, or if we initiate such suits, we could incur substantial costs in litigation. Moreover, the results of any such litigation are
uncertain, and an adverse result from any legal action in which we are involved could subject us to damages and/or prevent us from conducting some of our research and development activities.

If third parties do not manufacture our product candidates in sufficient quantities or at an acceptable cost, clinical development and commercialization of our product
candidates would be delayed.

We presently do not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates to complete clinical trials of any of our lead product
candidates. We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities, and we rely and expect to continue to rely on a small number of third-party manufacturers and active

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pharmaceutical
ingredient formulators for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our product candidates. We do not have long-term agreements with any of these third
parties, and our agreements with these parties are generally terminable at will by either party at any time. If for any reason, these third parties are unable or unwilling to perform under our
agreements or enter into new agreements, we may not be able to locate alternative manufacturers or formulators or enter into favorable agreements with them. Any inability to acquire sufficient
quantities of our product candidates in a timely manner from these third parties could delay clinical trials and prevent us from developing and commercializing our product candidates in a
cost-effective manner or on a timely basis.

The
starting materials for the production of tecarfarin are provided by Synquest Labs, Inc. and Chem Uetikon, GmbH. To date, the active pharmaceutical ingredient for
tecarfarin has been produced by ChemShop BV of the Netherlands and Corum Inc. of Taiwan on an ongoing purchase order basis. Should ChemShop BV or Corum Inc. is unable or
unwilling to serve as the supplier of tecarfarin, a delay in the development of tecarfarin could occur, impairing our ability to commercialize tecarfarin on our existing timeline. Tecarfarin's active
pharmaceutical ingredient is processed into 1 milligram, 2 milligram, 5 milligram or 10 milligram tablets by QS Pharma.

The
starting materials for the production of budiodarone are provided by the following vendors: SCI Pharmtech, Inc., Lexen Inc., Panchim, Julich GmbH and
Weylchem Inc. To date, Ricerca, Biosciences, LLC, ScinoPharm Ltd. and SCI Pharmtech have produced all of budiodarone's active pharmaceutical ingredient. Historically, we have
relied on Ricerca, ScinoPharm and SCI Pharmtech as single-source suppliers for budiodarone's active pharmaceutical ingredients. In the event that Ricerca, Biosciences, LLC,
ScinoPharm Ltd. or SCI Pharmtech is unable or unwilling to serve as the supplier of budiodarone, we might not be able to manufacture budiodarone's active pharmaceutical ingredient. This could
delay the development of, and impair our ability to, commercialize budiodarone. To produce budiodarone drug product, drug substance is processed into 50 milligram or 200 milligram capsule forms by
Patheon Inc.

The
starting materials for the production of ATI-9242 are provided by the following vendors: Corum Inc., Alfa Aesar, Apollo Scientific Ltd., and SKECHEM. To
date, the active pharmaceutical ingredient for ATI-9242 has been produced exclusively by Corum Inc. in
Taiwan. In the event that Corum Inc. is unable or unwilling to serve as the supplier of ATI-9242, we would not be able to manufacture ATI-9242's active pharmaceutical
ingredient. This could delay the development of, and impair our ability to, commercialize ATI-9242. To produce ATI-9242 drug product, drug substance is processed into 20
milligram capsule form by Xcelience LLC.

The
starting materials for the production of ATI-7505 are provided by the following vendors: SCI Pharmtech, Inc., Corum, Inc. and Lexen Inc. To produce
ATI-7505 drug products, drug substance is processed into 20 milligram or 40 milligram tablet form by Pharmaceutics International, Inc. In the event that any of these vendors are
unable or unwilling to produce sufficient quantities of material for the manufacture of ATI-7505, the development and/or commercialization of ATI-7505 could be delayed or
impaired.

All
of our current arrangements with third-party manufacturers and suppliers for the production of our product candidates are on a purchase order basis. We currently do not have
long-term supply contracts with any of the third-party manufacturers and suppliers for our product candidates, and they are not required to supply us with products for any specified
periods, in any specified quantities or at any set price, except as may be specified in a particular purchase order. We have no reason to believe that any of the current manufacturers and suppliers
for our product candidates is the sole source for the materials they supply us. However, if we were to lose one of these vendors and were unable to obtain an alternative source on a timely basis or on
terms acceptable to us, our clinical and production schedules could be delayed. In addition, to the extent that any of these vendors uses technology or

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manufacturing
processes that are proprietary, we may be unable to obtain comparable materials from alternative sources.

If we are required to obtain alternate third-party manufacturers, it could delay or prevent the clinical development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We may not be able to maintain or renew our existing or any other third-party manufacturing arrangements on acceptable terms, if at
all. If we are unable to continue relationships with our current suppliers, or to do so at acceptable costs, or if these suppliers fail to meet our requirements for these product candidates for any
reason, we would be required to obtain alternative suppliers. Any inability to obtain qualified alternative suppliers, including an inability to obtain or delay in obtaining approval of an alternative
supplier from the FDA, would delay or prevent the clinical development and commercialization of these product candidates.

Changes
in manufacturing site, process or scale can trigger additional regulatory requirements that could delay our ability to perform certain clinical trials or obtain product approval.

The
manufacturing and formulation of each of our lead product candidates that have been tested in humans to date has been performed by entities other than those that will likely
manufacture the products for future clinical trials or commercial use. There is a possibility that analysis of future clinical trials will show that the results from our earlier clinical trials have
not been replicated. The failure to replicate these earlier clinical trials would delay our clinical development timelines. New impurity profiles that occur as a result of changing manufacturers may
lead to delays in clinical trial testing and approvals.

Use of third-party manufacturers may increase the risk that we will not have adequate supplies of our product candidates.

Our current and anticipated future reliance on third-party manufacturers will expose us and our future collaborative partners to risks
that could delay or prevent the initiation or completion of our clinical trials, the submission of applications for regulatory approvals, the approval of our product by the FDA or the
commercialization of our products, and may result in higher costs or lost product revenues. In particular, our contract manufacturers could:



If
we are not able to obtain adequate supplies of our product candidates, it will be more difficult for us to develop our product candidates and compete effectively. Our product
candidates and any products that we may develop may compete with other product candidates and products for access to manufacturing facilities.

In
addition, Lexen, SCI Pharmtech, Scinopharm, Corum Inc. and ChemShop BV are located outside of the United States. This may give rise to difficulties in importing our
product candidates or

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their
components into the United States as a result of, among other things, FDA import inspections, incomplete or inaccurate import documentation, or defective packaging.

If our preclinical studies do not produce successful results or our clinical trials do not demonstrate safety and efficacy in humans, we will not be able to commercialize
our product candidates.

To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals to market and sell any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate, through extensive
preclinical studies and clinical trials, that the product candidate is safe and effective in humans. To date, we have not completed all required clinical trials of any product candidate. Preclinical
and clinical testing is expensive, can take many years and has an uncertain outcome. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials could occur at any stage of testing. In addition, success in
preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. We may
experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical testing and the clinical trial process, which could delay or prevent our ability to commercialize our product candidates,
including:



For
instance, our preclinical studies and clinical trials may indicate that our product candidates cause unexpected drug-drug interactions and result in adverse events. As
another example, additional clinical trials of tecarfarin will be necessary in order to demonstrate clinical superiority to warfarin. Even if we adequately demonstrate that tecarfarin is safe and
effective and obtain FDA approval, we may not be permitted to market it as superior to warfarin. In addition, budiodarone's preclinical studies contain results that are currently being monitored in
the clinic. Inhibition of testicular function was observed in one animal species as part of these studies. No such effect has been observed to date in the clinic and monitoring continues. In published
studies, a similar effect is thought to be correlated with the accumulation of amiodarone in tissues. A possible renal effect was also observed at high doses in our rat and dog toxicology studies for
budiodarone. While we will continue to monitor patients for these effects, there is no assurance these effects will not occur in patients as part of our ongoing and planned clinical trials for
budiodarone, and have a resulting adverse effect on our ability to obtain requisite regulatory approval to market and sell budiodarone. Similarly, in the clinical testing of budiodarone in patients
whose condition also required treatment with warfarin, dose adjustments of warfarin were sometimes required. As is common to most clinical trials, the potential for drug-drug interactions will be
monitored. In a canine toxicology study of ATI-7505 performed by our former collaboration partner, P&G, six deaths occurred at doses that were 10 and 20 times greater than doses currently
being used in clinical trials. Our clinical trials to date have indicated only mild to moderate side effects in humans. However, further observation is warranted.

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Even
when our product candidates do not cause any adverse effects, clinical studies of efficacy may show that our product candidates do not have significant effects on target symptoms or
may be inconclusive. For example, ATI-7505 was tested in two Phase 2 clinical trials in which the primary endpoints were not met in comparison to placebo. Although these studies did
support ATI-7505's efficacy against certain symptoms as secondary endpoints, if future studies show that ATI-7505 is not sufficiently efficacious to justify its use as a
therapy, our business and prospects may be materially adversely affected. In addition, we may need to reformulate the ATI-9242 drug product should we find in our on-going
Phase 1 testing that adequate blood levels are not achieved with our current formulation.

Unforeseen
events could cause us to experience significant delays in, or the termination of, clinical trials. Any such events would increase our costs and could delay or prevent our
ability to commercialize our product candidates, which would adversely impact our financial results.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional candidates using our RetroMetabolic Drug Design Technology.

An important element of our strategy is to continue to identify existing molecules which have demonstrated efficacy, but have safety
problems that are amenable to our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology. Other than tecarfarin, budiodarone, ATI-9242 and ATI-7505, all of our programs are in the preclinical
or discovery stage. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. These programs may initially show promise in identifying
potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, including:



If
we are unable to develop suitable product candidates through internal research programs or otherwise, we may not be able to increase our revenues in future periods, which could result
in significant harm to our financial position and adversely impact our stock price.

Our product candidates will remain subject to ongoing regulatory review even if they receive marketing approval. If we fail to comply with continuing regulations, we could
lose these approvals and the sale of our products could be suspended.

Even if we receive regulatory approval to market a particular product candidate, the approval could be conditioned on our conducting
additional costly post-approval studies, implementing a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, if the FDA determines that a REMS is necessary to ensure the benefits of the drug
outweigh the risks, or could limit the indicated uses included in our labeling. Moreover, the product may later cause adverse effects that limit or prevent its widespread use, force us to withdraw it
from the market or impede or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approvals in additional countries. In addition, the manufacturer of the product and its facilities will continue to be subject to
FDA review and periodic inspections to ensure adherence to applicable GMPA regulations. After receiving marketing approval, the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage,
advertising, promotion and record keeping related to the product will remain subject to extensive regulatory requirements.

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If
we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements of the FDA and other applicable U.S. and foreign regulatory authorities or previously unknown problems with our products,
manufacturers or manufacturing processes are discovered, we could be subject to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including:



Because we have a number of product candidates and are considering a variety of target indications, we may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular candidate or
indication and fail to capitalize on candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we must focus on research programs and product candidates for the specific
opportunities that we believe are the most amenable to our RetroMetabolic Drug Design and are the most commercially promising. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other
product candidates or other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or
profitable market opportunities. In addition, we may spend valuable time and managerial and financial resources on research programs and product candidates for specific indications that ultimately do
not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the technical feasibility and the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may
relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in situations where it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole
rights to development and commercialization.

The commercial success of any products that we may develop will depend upon the degree of market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors and the medical
community.

Any products that we may develop may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors and the medical
community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate material product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of any of
our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:



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If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to
generate product revenue.

We do not have a sales and marketing organization and have no experience in the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical
products. It is our intention to use collaborative arrangements to gain access to large sales and marketing organizations in order to commercialize our product candidates. Additionally, in the event
we enter into any collaboration arrangements for any of our product candidates, we may retain the right to co-promote the sales of any ultimate product(s) by establishing a small specialty
sales force to market such product(s) to specific physician groups. There are risks involved with establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities and entering into arrangements with third
parties to perform these services. Developing an internal sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any product launch. On the other hand, if we enter into arrangements
with third parties to perform sales, marketing and distribution services, our product revenues are likely to be lower than if we market and sell any products that we develop ourselves.

We
may decide to establish our own specialty sales force and engage pharmaceutical or other healthcare companies with an existing sales and marketing organization and distribution system
to sell, market and distribute our products. We may not be able to establish these sales and distribution relationships on acceptable terms, or at all. Factors that may inhibit our efforts to
commercialize our products without collaborators or licensees include:



Because
the establishment of sales and marketing capabilities depends on the progress toward commercialization of our product candidates and because of the numerous risks and
uncertainties involved with establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities, we are unable to predict when we will establish our own sales and marketing capabilities. If we are not able to
partner with a third party

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and
are not successful in recruiting sales and marketing personnel or in building a sales and marketing infrastructure, we will have difficulty commercializing our product candidates, which would
adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our ability to generate revenue from any products that we may develop will depend on reimbursement and drug pricing policies and regulations.

Many patients may be unable to pay for any products that we may develop. In the United States, many patients will rely on Medicare,
Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors to pay for their medical needs. Our ability to achieve acceptable levels of reimbursement for drug treatments by governmental
authorities, private health insurers and other organizations will have an effect on our ability to successfully commercialize, and attract collaborative partners to invest in the development of, our
product candidates. We cannot be sure that reimbursement in the United States, Europe or elsewhere will be available for any products that we
may develop, and any reimbursement that may become available may be decreased or eliminated in the future. Third-party payors increasingly are challenging prices charged for medical products and
services, and many third-party payors may refuse to provide reimbursement for particular drugs when an equivalent generic drug is available. Although we believe that the safety profile of any products
that we may develop will be sufficiently different from the original drugs from which they are modeled to be considered unique and not subject to substitution by a generic of the original drug in the
case of budiodarone and tecarfarin, it is possible that a third-party payor may consider our product candidate and the generic original drug as equivalents and only offer to reimburse patients for the
generic drug. There are five atypical antipsychotics which currently dominate an estimated $16 billion market for such drugs. Most will be generic competitors of ATI-9242 if it ever
reaches the marketplace. While we have designed ATI-9242 to have the improved efficacy and safety features over the existing atypical antipsychotics, these desired features may not be
proven in clinical testing or payors may be unwilling to pay a higher price for improved features when generic alternatives are available. Even if we show improved safety with our product candidates,
pricing of the existing original drug may limit the amount we will be able to charge for each of our product candidates. In the case of ATI-7505, the original molecule, cisapride, was
withdrawn from the market and no generic version exists, but there are many competitive products which may limit the amount we can charge for this product candidate. If reimbursement is not available
or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates, and may not be able to obtain a satisfactory financial return on products that we may
develop.

The
trend toward managed healthcare in the United States and the changes in health insurance programs, as well as legislative proposals to reform healthcare or reduce government
insurance programs, may result in lower prices for pharmaceutical products, including any products that may be offered by us. In addition, any future regulatory changes regarding the healthcare
industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may affect demand for any products that we may develop and could harm our sales and profitability.

If our competitors are able to develop and market products that are more effective, safer or less costly than any products that we may develop, our commercial opportunity
will be reduced or eliminated.

We face competition from established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as from academic institutions, government
agencies and private and public research institutions. Our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective,
have fewer side effects or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. In addition, significant delays in the development of our product candidates could allow our competitors to bring
products to market before us and impair our ability to commercialize our product candidates.

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Competition for tecarfarin for use as an oral anticoagulant will continue to come from generic coumadin owing to its pricing and the years of experience
physicians and patients have with the drug. Other oral anticoagulants are in development throughout the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. Most of these development programs fall into either
the factor Xa or direct thrombin inhibitor categories. We are aware that Johnson & Johnson in collaboration with Bayer AG has a factor Xa before the FDA for approval, and that Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company in collaboration with Pfizer, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company and Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc. each have factor Xa programs in Phase 2 or Phase 3 testing. We
are aware of a direct thrombin inhibitor program at Boehringer-Ingelheim GmbH. The first direct thrombin inhibitor presented to the FDA for approval, ximelagatran, previously marketed as Exanta
by AstraZeneca plc, has not been recommended for approval due to idiosyncratic liver toxicity problems. Although we believe tecarfarin's mechanism of action (VKOR inhibition as with warfarin)
and broadly available inexpensive monitoring methodology (INR) provide an advantage, these factor Xa and direct thrombin inhibitor programs will likely present major competition in this market. In
addition, there may be other compounds of which we are not aware that are at an earlier stage of development and may compete with our product candidates. If any of those compounds are successfully
developed and approved, they could compete directly with our product candidates.

We
believe generic amiodarone will continue to provide competition to budiodarone for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, even though it is not labeled for use in atrial fibrillation.
Amiodarone will continue to be used off-label in spite of its safety problems because of its generic pricing. Other treatments for atrial fibrillation, such as sotalol, marketed by Bayer
HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., flecainide, marketed by 3M Company, and propafenone, marketed by Reliant Pharmaceuticals, Inc., do not have equivalent efficacy to amiodarone, but will
continue to compete in the atrial fibrillation
marketplace. Cardiome Pharma Corp. is in Phase 2 testing with an oral product, vernakalant, for the treatment of atrial fibrillation which they hope will have efficacy equal to or better than
flecainide or sotalol, but with reduced pro-arrhythmic effects. Sanofi-aventis has completed Phase 3 clinical trials on their oral product, dronedarone (Multaq®), for
the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Sanofi-aventis has filed for regulatory approval from the FDA in the United States. This Phase 3 clinical trial data demonstrated improved outcomes for
patients suffering from atrial fibrillation. The FDA may now require outcome studies for the approval of other treatments for atrial fibrillation, including budiodarone. Should this be required, the
Phase 3 clinical trials necessary for budiodarone may be more expensive and time consuming than we currently anticipate. However, based upon a recent meeting of the FDA advisory panel
considering the regulatory approval of dronedarone, it appears that long-term survival studies will not be required. There are other companies developing devices or procedures to treat atrial
fibrillation through ablation, including CryoCor, Inc. and CryoCath Technologies, Inc.

Competition
for ATI-9242 will likely come from the five largest selling atypical antipsychotics: Risperdal by Janssen Pharmaceutica, Seroquel by AstraZeneca
Pharmaceuticals LP, Zyprexa by Eli Lilly and Company, Abilify by Bristol-Myers Squibb/Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. and Geodon by Pfizer Inc., which sold a collective
$15.7 billion in 2007. It is likely that virtually all of these would be sold as generic versions by the time ATI-9242 could come to market. Other antipsychotics are in development
which may also be competitive to ATI-9242.

ATI-7505
has potential use in five indications: chronic constipation, functional dyspepsia, GERD, gastroparesis and IBS with constipation. Some of these indications may not
be recognized by the FDA as sufficiently defined to enable regulatory approval of a drug for treatment. ATI-7505 is a prokinetic which has been shown to increase motility in the upper and
lower gastrointestinal tract, including the ability to improve gastric emptying and colonic motility. Products which affect the gastrointestinal system's motility could be useful in the treatment of
each of these disorders. Other prokinetics are on the market or in development which will also compete with ATI-7505, including tegaserod, marketed by

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Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation as Zelnorm, which was temporarily withdrawn from the market and recently re-introduced with restrictive use labeling, TD-5108, which is
being developed by Theravance, and erythromycin. Many additional prokinetics are in development targeting these indications. We believe the most significant competition to ATI-7505 for the
treatment of GERD is proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers, which are currently on the market in both prescription formulations and strengths as well as in over-the-counter
forms. Many major pharmaceutical companies currently market proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers generating worldwide sales of over $17.0 billion in 2006. ATI-7505 is targeted, in
part, at the approximately 20-25% of GERD patients who do not receive adequate relief from proton pump inhibitors, which reduce the creation of acid in the stomach. ATI-7505
will face competition from prokinetics as well as many inexpensive over-the-counter drug products for the treatment of these gastrointestinal disorders. Substantial competition
also exists with products indicated to treat chronic idiopathic constipation, an indication for which ATI-7505 has demonstrated efficacy in a Phase 2b clinical trial.

Many
of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials,
obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to quickly discover and develop novel compounds that could make our
product candidates obsolete. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. In
addition, these companies compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as
well as in acquiring technologies and technology licenses complementary to our programs or advantageous to our business. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection,
receiving FDA approval or discovering, developing and commercializing medicines before we do. We are also aware of other companies that may currently be engaged in the discovery of medicines that will
compete with the product candidates that we are developing. In addition, in the markets that we are targeting, we expect to compete against current market-leading medicines. If we are not able to
compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition will suffer.

If we fail to attract and keep senior management and key scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop or commercialize our product candidates.

Our success depends on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, clinical and scientific
personnel and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with leading clinicians. If we are not able to retain Dr. Goddard, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,
Dr. Milner, our President, Research and Development, Mr. Varian, our Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer, Dr. Canafax, our Vice President and Chief Development
Officer, and Dr. Druzgala, our Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer, we may not be able to successfully develop or commercialize our product candidates. Competition for
experienced scientists may limit our ability to hire and retain highly qualified personnel on acceptable terms. In addition, none of our employees have employment commitments for any fixed period of
time and could leave our employment at will. We carry "key person" insurance in the amount of $1 million for each of Drs. Milner and Druzgala, but do not carry "key person" insurance covering
any other members of senior management or key scientific personnel. If we fail to identify, attract and retain qualified personnel, we may be unable to continue our development and commercialization
activities.

We will need to hire additional employees in order to commercialize our product candidates. Any inability to manage future growth could harm our ability to commercialize our
product candidates, increase our costs and adversely impact our ability to compete effectively.

In order to commercialize our product candidates, we will need to expand the number of our managerial, operational, financial and other
employees. Because the projected time frame for hiring

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these
additional employees depends on the development status of our product candidates and because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development and our existing capital
resources, we are unable to project when we will hire these additional employees. While to date we have not experienced difficulties in recruiting, hiring and retaining qualified individuals, the
competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology field is intense.

Future
growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain and integrate additional employees. Our future
financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we will incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of any products that we may
develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and
will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products that we may
develop caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:



We
have product liability insurance that covers our clinical trials up to an aggregate $10.0 million annual limit. We intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale
of commercial products if marketing approval is obtained for any products that we may develop. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive, and we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a
reasonable cost or obtain insurance coverage that will be adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

If we use biological and hazardous materials in a manner that causes contamination, injury or violates laws, we may be liable for damages.

Our research and development activities involve the use of potentially harmful biological materials as well as hazardous materials,
chemicals and various radioactive compounds. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from the
use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages that result, and any liability could exceed our resources. We, the
third parties that conduct clinical trials on our behalf and the third parties that manufacture our product candidates are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use,
storage, handling and disposal of these materials and waste products. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations could be significant. The failure to comply with these laws and regulations
could result in significant fines and work stoppages and may harm our business.

Our
principal facility is located in California's Silicon Valley, in an area with a long history of industrial activity and use of hazardous substances, including chlorinated solvents.
Certain

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environmental
laws, including the U.S. Comprehensive, Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, impose strict, joint and several liabilities on current operators of real property
for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous substances. These laws often impose liability even if the owner or operator did not know of, or was not responsible for, the release of such
hazardous substances. As a result, while we have not been notified of any claim against us, we are not aware of any such release, nor have we been held liable for costs to address contamination at the
property beneath our facility in the past, we cannot rule out the possibility that this may occur in the future. We do not carry specific insurance against such a claim.

We will need to implement additional finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls in the future as we grow our business and organization and to satisfy new
reporting requirements.

As a public reporting company, we need to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the
Securities and Exchange Commission, including expanded disclosures and accelerated reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. Compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act of 2002 and other requirements will increase our costs and require additional management resources. We are continuing to upgrade our finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls and may
need to continue to implement additional finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls as we grow our business and organization and to satisfy new reporting requirements. Compliance with
Section 404 will first apply to our annual report on Form 10-K for our year ending December 31, 2008, followed by a requirement for attestation by our independent
auditors as to our compliance as of December 31, 2009. If we are unable to complete the required assessment as to the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting as of
December 31, 2008, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us with an unqualified report as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial
reporting as of December 31, 2009, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our internal controls over financial reporting, which could adversely affect our stock price and our
ability to raise capital.

Our principal facility is located near known earthquake fault zones, and the occurrence of an earthquake, extremist attack or other catastrophic disaster could cause damage
to our facilities and equipment, which could require us to cease or curtail operations.

Our principal facility is located in California's Silicon Valley near known earthquake fault zones and, therefore, is vulnerable to
damage from earthquakes. In October 1989, a major earthquake struck this area and caused significant property damage and a number of fatalities. We are also vulnerable to damage from other types of
disasters, including power loss, attacks from extremist organizations, fire, floods and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to operate our business could be seriously impaired.
In addition, the unique nature of our research activities and of much of our equipment could make it difficult for us to recover from this type of disaster. We currently may not have adequate
insurance to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other similar significant business interruptions, and we do not currently plan to purchase additional insurance to cover such losses because
of the cost of obtaining such coverage. Any significant losses that are not recoverable under our insurance policies could seriously impair our business and financial condition. Our current insurance
does not specifically cover property loss or business interruption due to earthquake damage.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our stock price may be extremely volatile, and your investment in our common stock could suffer a decline in value.

You should consider an investment in our common stock risky and invest only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide
fluctuations in the market value of your investment. Investors who purchase our common stock may not be able to sell their shares at or above the purchase price. Security market prices for securities
of biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile. In addition, the volatility

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of
biopharmaceutical company stocks often does not correlate to the operating performance of the companies represented by such stocks. Some of the factors that may cause the market price of our common
stock to fluctuate include:



The
stock markets in general, and the markets for biotechnology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility and price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated
or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating
performance. In the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Any such litigation brought
against us could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and results of operations, divert management's attention and resources, and possibly delay our clinical trials or
commercialization efforts.

Fluctuations in our operating results could cause our stock price to decline.

The following factors are likely to result in fluctuations of our operating results from quarter to quarter and year to
year:



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Because
of these potential fluctuations in our operating results, a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our
future performance. In any particular financial period the actual or anticipated fluctuations could be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors and our stock price could decline.

Because a small number of existing stockholders own a large percentage of our voting stock, they may be able to control our management and operations, acting in their best
interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders.

Based on our outstanding shares as of December 31, 2008 (which excludes any shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of
warrants and options outstanding on such date), our executive officers, directors and holders of 5.0% or more of our outstanding common stock beneficially own approximately 67% of our common stock. As
a result, these stockholders, acting together, will be able to control all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers or other
business combination transactions. The interests of this group of stockholders may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other stockholders.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more
difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of us, a change in our management or
other changes that stockholders may consider favorable. These provisions include:



Moreover,
we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting
stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger
or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

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Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to drop substantially.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could
depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

As
of December 31, 2008, we had 27,338,877 shares of common stock outstanding, which excludes any shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants and options outstanding
as of such date. The shares outstanding are freely tradable without restriction in the public market unless held by an affiliate of ours. Shares held by our affiliates are eligible for sale in the
public market only in accordance with the volume limitations and manner of sale requirements under Rule 144. Any common stock that is either subject to outstanding options or warrants or
reserved for future issuance under our 2001 Equity Incentive Plan, 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, 2007 Non-Employee Directors' Stock Option Plan and 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan could
also become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements, and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Certain
of our affiliates have rights with respect to registration of a significant number of our shares of common stock under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. If such holders, by
exercising their registration rights, cause a large number of securities to be sold in the public market, these sales could have an adverse effect on the market price for our common stock and may
impair our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, as of December 31, 2008, we have filed two registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended, to register up to an aggregate of 3,621,522 shares of our common stock for issuance under our stock option and employee stock purchase plans, and intend to file additional registration
statements on Form S-8 to register the shares automatically added each year to the share reserves under these plans.

Item 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.    Properties

We lease approximately 44,000 square feet of office and laboratory space in one building in Fremont, California, where we conduct our
operations. The lease expires in March 2013. We have the option to extend the lease for an additional term of five years. The 2008 annual base rental amount under this lease was $893,200, subject to
periodic increases over the remaining lease term. While we believe that our Fremont facilities will be adequate for the foreseeable future, we may require additional space as our business expands.

Item 3.    Legal Proceedings

From time to time we are involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We believe there is no
litigation pending that could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Item 4.    Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

None.

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PART II

Item 5.    Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market For Our Common Stock

Our common stock has been traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol "ARYX" since November 7, 2007. The following table
sets forth, for the periods indicated, the range of high and low closing sales prices of our common stock as quoted on the NASDAQ Global Market for the period since our initial public offering on
November 7, 2007.

High

LowCalendar Quarter2008First Quarter

$
9.16

$
6.40Second Quarter


8.38


5.60Third Quarter


7.55


4.53Fourth Quarter


5.56


1.50Calendar Quarter2007Fourth Quarter (from November 7, 2007)


9.00


7.50


There
were approximately 106 holders of record of our common stock as of February 27, 2009. In addition, we believe that a significant number of beneficial owners of our common
stock hold their shares in street name.

The
closing price for our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market on February 27, 2009 was $2.56 per share.

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Performance Measurement Comparison(1)

The following performance graph shows the cumulative 13-month total return of an investment of $100 on November 7,
2007, the date we became a public company, through December 31, 2008 for our common stock in comparison to the cumulative return on the Standard & Poor's 500 Index and the NASDAQ
Biotechnology Index. The stock price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance, and we do not make or endorse any predictions as to future stockholder
returns.

COMPARISON OF 13-MONTH CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURNAmong ARYx Therapeutics, Inc., the Standard & Poor's 500 Index and
The NASDAQ Biotechnology Index

GRAPH

---

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on any of our shares of capital stock. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if
any, to finance the expansion and growth of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the
discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. In addition,
we are prohibited from paying dividends, other than dividends payable solely in common stock, by covenants contained in our loan agreements with Lighthouse Capital Partners V, L.P. and General
Electric Commercial Finance.

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

On November 11, 2008, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional and other accredited investors
pursuant to which we sold and issued, in a private placement, an aggregate of 9,649,545 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,894,864 shares of our common stock. Under
the terms of the securities purchase agreement, the price for each share of common stock purchased was $2.20. The total number of shares of common stock underlying each purchaser's warrant was equal
to 30% of the total number of shares purchased by such investor in the private placement with a purchase price per underlying share of common stock of $0.125. The combined purchase price of each share
of common stock and each warrant to purchase 0.30 of a share of common stock issued in the private placement was $2.2375. The warrants are exercisable for a term of five years from November 14,
2008 and have an exercise price of $2.64 per share. The securities sold in the private placement were offered and sold without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or state
securities laws, in reliance on the exemptions provided by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Regulation D promulgated thereunder and in reliance on similar
exemptions under applicable state laws.

Pacific
Growth Equities, LLC served as the placement agent for the private placement. Certain of our existing stockholders were investors in the private placement, including
entities affiliated with MPM Capital and OrbiMed Advisors LLC, two of our principal stockholders. Upon closing of the private placement, we received gross proceeds of approximately
$21.6 million. The net proceeds, after deducting placement agent fees and other expenses of approximately $1.2 million in the aggregate, were
approximately $20.4 million. No expenses were paid directly or indirectly to our directors, officers or their associates, or to persons owning 10% or more of any of our equity securities.

Use of Proceeds from the Sale of Registered Securities

On November 7, 2007, our registration statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-145813) was
declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission for our initial public offering. We registered 5,000,000 shares of our common stock for an aggregate offering price of
$50.0 million, all of which were sold at $10.00 per share. Of this amount, $3.5 million was paid in underwriters' discounts and an additional $2.7 million of other expenses were
incurred, all of which was incurred during the year ended December 31, 2007. Entities affiliated with MPM Capital and OrbiMed Advisors, LLC, two of our principal stockholders, purchased
an aggregate of 600,000 shares of common stock in our initial public offering at the offering price of $10.00 per share. The underwriters of the offering were Morgan Stanley & Co.
Incorporated, CIBC World Markets Corp., Jefferies and Company, Inc. and Leerink Swann LLC. No offering expenses were paid directly or indirectly to our directors, officers or
their associates, or to persons owning 10% or more of any of our equity securities.

As
of December 31, 2008, we have used approximately $25.9 million of the net proceeds from our initial public offering to fund our (i) external clinical trial
activities, including funding manufacturing expenses related to the clinical development of our product candidates; (ii) research and development activities other than external clinical trial
expenses; and (iii) general and administrative expenses, working capital needs and other general corporate purposes. We continually assess the specific uses and allocations for these funds.
However, we do not expect our existing capital resources and the net proceeds from our initial public offering to be sufficient to enable us to fund the completion of the development of any of our
product candidates without a future raise of additional capital. Pending use of the remaining net proceeds of this offering, we have invested the funds in interest bearing, investment grade,
short-term securities.

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Item 6.    Selected Financial Data

The following selected financial data should be read together with our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes
and with Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." The selected financial data in this section is not intended to replace our audited
financial statements and the accompanying notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results.

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007

2006

2005

2004(in thousands, except per share amounts)Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:Revenue:Collaboration services

$
232

$
262

$
2,116

$


$
Technology license fees


19,492


3,896


1,623





Contractual milestone payments








1,000





Total revenue


19,724


4,158


4,739





Costs and expenses:Cost of collaboration service revenue


232


262


2,116





Research and development


40,145


24,994


23,973


22,498


16,725Selling, general and administrative


9,764


7,702


6,938


5,671


4,608Total costs and expenses


50,141


32,958


33,027


28,169


21,333Loss from operations


(30,417
)

(28,800
)

(28,288
)

(28,169
)

(21,333
)Interest and other income, net


1,127


2,591


2,294


876


542Interest expense


(1,928
)

(1,352
)

(1,324
)

(671
)

(36
)Loss before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle


(31,218
)

(27,561
)

(27,318
)

(27,964
)

(20,827
)Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle








(10
)




Net loss


(31,218
)

(27,561
)

(27,328
)

(27,964
)

(20,827
)Basic and diluted net loss per share(1)

$
(1.65
)
$
(8.24
)
$
(26.84
)
$
(30.73
)
$
(24.28
)Weighted average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share


18,964


3,346


1,018


910


858


---

As of December 31,2008

2007

2006

2005

2004(in thousands)Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities

$
44,954

$
63,116

$
50,308

$
26,341

$
41,395Total assets


51,148


69,625


56,764


33,312


44,195Working capital


34,831


51,442


39,884


19,970


39,992Deferred revenue





19,497


23,377





Notes payable, net of current portion


11,278


3,444


6,679


8,921


Preferred stock warrants liability








853





Convertible preferred stock








110,665


81,355


80,617Total stockholders' equity (deficit)


27,415


35,347


(93,712
)

(67,088
)

(39,695
)


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Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and the results of operations should be read in conjunction
with the consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward
looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that characterize our business. In
particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in Part IItem 1A. "Risk Factors" included elsewhere in this report. These risks and
uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements contained in this report or implied by past results and trends. Forward-looking
statements are statements that attempt to forecast or anticipate future developments in our business; you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: "may," "will," "could,"
"would," "should," "expect," "intend," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "project," "potential," "continue," "ongoing" or the negative of these terms or other comparable
terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements, like all statements in this report, speak only as of their date (unless another date is indicated), and
we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements in light of future developments.

Overview

ARYx is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing a portfolio of internally discovered product candidates designed to eliminate
known safety issues associated with well-established, commercially successful drugs. We use our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology to design structurally unique molecules that retain
the efficacy of these original drugs but are metabolized through a potentially safer pathway to avoid specific adverse side effects associated with these compounds. Our product candidate portfolio
includes an oral anticoagulant, tecarfarin (ATI-5923), designed to have the same therapeutic benefits as warfarin, currently in Phase 2/3; clinical development for the treatment of
patients who are at risk for the formation of dangerous blood clots; an oral antiarrhythmic agent, budiodarone (ATI-2042), designed to have the efficacy of amiodarone in Phase 2
clinical development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, a form of irregular heartbeat; an oral prokinetic agent, ATI-7505, designed to have the same therapeutic benefits as
cisapride in Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of chronic constipation, gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation, and gastroesophageal reflux
disease; and a novel, next-generation atypical antipsychotic agent, ATI-9242, currently in Phase 1 clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and other
psychiatric disorders. Additionally, we have multiple product candidates in preclinical development. Each of our product candidates is an orally available, patentable new chemical entity designed to
address similar indications as those of the original drug upon which each is based. Our product candidates target what we believe to be multi-billion dollar market opportunities. We operate in a
single business segment with regard to the development of human pharmaceutical products.

We
were incorporated in the State of California on February 28, 1997 and reincorporated in the State of Delaware on August 29, 2007. We maintain a wholly-owned subsidiary,
ARYx Therapeutics Limited, with registered offices in the United Kingdom, which has had no operations since its inception in September 2004 and was established to serve only as a legal entity as
required in support of our clinical trial activities conducted in Europe.

Since
our inception, we have incurred significant net losses, and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the next several years as we develop our own product candidates,
potentially acquire or in-license additional products or product candidates, conduct clinical trials, manufacture materials for use in nonclinical studies and clinical trials, expand our
research and development activities, seek regulatory approvals and engage in commercialization preparation activities. It is very expensive to gain approval of and launch a pharmaceutical product.
Many expenses are incurred before revenue is

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received.
We are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all.



In connection with our prior collaboration agreement with P&G, we received a $25.0 million nonrefundable upfront license fee in
August 2006. The $25.0 million payment was recorded in our balance sheet as deferred revenue upon receipt and recognized in our consolidated statement of operations as revenue on a
straight-line basis over the performance and service period. The collaboration agreement was terminated on July 2, 2008, at which time the performance and service period effectively
ended. Pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreement, we are under no obligation to return any portion of the upfront license fee to P&G. As a result, we have recognized as revenue all
$25.0 million of the nonrefundable upfront license fee as of December 31, 2008.

In
addition, we have recognized a cumulative total of $2.6 million as of December 31, 2008 as collaboration service revenue in connection with product formulation and
manufacturing, patent filing and maintenance, and other development services related to the ATI-7505 program. Effective with P&G's notice of termination on July 2, 2008, we no
longer provide these support services to P&G for the development of ATI-7505; therefore those services will no longer be a source of revenue for us.

Revenue
generated from the P&G agreement was our only source of revenue. While we intend to seek partners for each of the four product candidates in our portfolio, there is no assurance
that partnering arrangements will be available to us or on terms acceptable to us. See Part IItem 1A. "Risk Factors" of this report for further discussion.



We incurred costs for certain services provided to P&G, including costs for pharmaceutical development, patent filing and maintenance
and other activities related to the ATI-7505 program, which are related to the service revenue we generated in connection with our collaboration agreement with P&G. These expenses are
reported separately in our income statement as cost of collaboration service revenue. As of December 31, 2008, we have recorded a cumulative total of $2.6 million of expense related to
these activities since the commencement of our collaboration arrangement with P&G in June 2006.



Our research and development expense consists of expenses incurred in identifying, testing and developing our product candidates. These
expenses consist primarily of fees paid to contract research organizations and other third parties to assist us in managing, monitoring and analyzing our clinical trials, clinical trial costs paid to
sites and investigators' fees, costs of nonclinical studies including toxicity studies in animals, costs of contract manufacturing services, costs of materials used in clinical trials and nonclinical
studies, laboratory related expenses, research and development support costs including certain regulatory, quality assurance, project management and administration, allocated expenses such as
facilities and information technology that are used to support our research and development activities and related personnel expenses, including stock-based compensation. Research and development
costs are expensed as incurred.

Clinical
trial costs are a significant component of our research and development expense. Currently, we conduct our clinical trials primarily through coordination with contract research
organizations and other third-party service providers. We recognize research and development expense for these activities based upon a variety of factors, including actual and estimated patient
enrollment, clinical site initiation activities, direct pass-through costs and other activity-based factors.

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The
following table summarizes our research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006:

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007

2006(in thousands)Direct research and development expense by product candidate:Tecarfarin

$
18,051

$
5,439

$
4,216Budiodarone


6,651


3,575


2,405ATI-9242


1,272


2,715


671ATI-7505


327


154


7,667Other research programs


901


590


447Total direct research and development expense


27,202


12,473


15,406Personnel, administrative and other expense


12,982


12,714


10,639Less: Research and development portion of the cost of collaboration service revenue


(39
)

(193
)

(2,072
)Total research and development expense

$
40,145

$
24,994

$
23,973


From
our inception through December 31, 2008, we estimate that approximately $32.8 million of expense was incurred for our tecarfarin product candidate, approximately
$24.3 million was incurred for our budiodarone product candidate, approximately $5.1 million was incurred for our
ATI-9242 product candidate, approximately $22.5 million was incurred for our ATI-7505 product candidate, and approximately $57.9 million was incurred for our
personnel, administrative and other research and development program expense.

The
expenditures summarized in the above table reflect costs directly attributable to each product candidate and to our other research programs. We do not allocate salaries, employee
benefits, or other indirect costs to our product candidates or other research programs and have included those expenses in "personnel, administrative and other expense" in the above table. The portion
of our research and development expense that is identified as cost of collaboration service revenue is included within a separate category of expense in our condensed consolidated financial statements
and is subtracted from total expenses in the above table to derive total research and development expense as reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

At
this time, due to the risks inherent in the clinical trial process and given the various stages of development of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate with any certainty
the costs we will incur in the continued development of our product candidates. Clinical development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from
expectations. While we are currently focused on advancing each of our product candidates, our future research and development expense will depend on the clinical success of each product candidate, as
well as ongoing assessments as to each product candidate's commercial potential. In addition, we cannot forecast with any degree of certainty which product candidates will be subject to future
collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements.

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The process of developing and obtaining FDA approval of products is costly and time consuming. Development activities and clinical trials can take years to
complete, and failure can occur at any time during the development and clinical trial process. In addition, the results from early clinical trials may not be predictive of results obtained in
subsequent and larger clinical trials, and product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy despite having progressed successfully through initial
clinical testing. Although our approach to identifying and developing new product candidates is designed to mitigate risk, the successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain.
Further, even if our product candidates are approved for sale, they may not be successfully commercialized and therefore the future revenue we anticipate may not materialize.

If
we fail to complete the development of any of our product candidates in a timely manner, it could have a material effect on our operations, financial position and liquidity. In
addition, any failure by us or our partners to obtain, or any delay in obtaining, regulatory approvals for our product candidates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. A
further discussion of the risks and uncertainties associated with completing our programs on schedule, or at all, and certain consequences of failing to do so are discussed in
Part IItem 1A. "Risk Factors" section of this report.



Our selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel in executive, finance
and accounting, human resources, business development, commercial operations, and other internal support functions. In addition, administrative expenses include insurance and professional fees for
legal, consulting, tax, accounting and other services.



Interest and other income consist of interest income from our investments in marketable securities and benefits related to the
reassessment of the fair value of our preferred stock warrant liability in 2007 and 2006, net of other expenses including losses on marketable securities, state franchise and other business taxes.



Interest expense consists primarily of cash and non-cash interest costs related to our outstanding debt. Included in
interest expense is the cost of warrants to purchase our common stock issued in connection with debt financing arrangements.



As of December 31, 2008, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately
$147.9 million which expire between 2021 and 2028 if not utilized, and federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.5 million which expire beginning in
2018 if not utilized. In addition, we have net operating loss carryforwards for state income tax purposes of approximately $140.4 million which expire between 2013 and 2018 if not utilized, and
state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.2 million which do not expire. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, provides for a
limitation on the utilization of net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards in the event that there is a change in ownership as defined in this section. We concluded that we experienced such a
change in
ownership in June of 2002. As a result of this change in ownership, our ability to use the net operating losses and tax credits incurred prior to the ownership change will likely be limited in future
periods.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly,
we have had to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. These estimates, assumptions and judgments about future events and
their effects on our results cannot be determined with certainty, and are made based upon our historical experience and on other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.
These estimates may change as new events occur or additional information is obtained, and we may periodically be faced with uncertainties, the outcomes of which are not within our control and may not
be known for a prolonged period of time.

We
have identified the policies below as critical to our business operations and the understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. A critical accounting policy is
one that is both material to the presentation of our consolidated financial statements and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments and assumptions that could have a material
impact on our consolidated financial statements. Different estimates that we could have used, or changes in the estimates that are reasonably likely to occur, may have a material impact on our
financial position or results of operations. We also refer you to our "Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" discussed in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial
statements included elsewhere in this report.



In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Statements of Financial Accounting Standards
No. 157,Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS 157. SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and
expands fair value measurement disclosure. The measurement and disclosure requirements related to financial assets and financial liabilities became effective for us beginning in the first quarter of
2008. Accordingly, we began to measure the fair value of financial assets in our available-for-sale
securities portfolio beginning in the first quarter of 2008 and began to value our auction rate securities using significant unobservable inputs.

In
early 2008, market auctions for certain of the auction rate securities held in our portfolio began to fail causing those securities to become temporarily illiquid. Although we did
experience liquidity in our auction rate securities portfolio during the first nine months of 2008, the illiquid auction rate market at large requires that our remaining auction rate holding be
measured using significant unobservable inputs in accordance with guidance provided by SFAS 157. The fair value of our remaining auction rate security as of December 31, 2008, was
determined using a discounted cash flow model that considers inputs such as expected cash flows from the auction rate instrument including expected interest payments, market yields for similarly rated
instruments, our estimates of time to liquidity for the security, and a marketability discount. We revise our estimates for each input as of each financial statement reporting period based upon known
and expected market conditions as well as specific information we have regarding the instrument. Different inputs to our valuation model that we could have used, or different subjective judgments or
assumptions that we could have chosen, are not likely to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

As
of December 31, 2008, we held in our marketable securities portfolio one auction rate security with a par value of $500,000. We have determined that the fair value of the
instrument was $367,000, net of an estimated $133,000 loss representing a 26.6% reduction in the carrying value for this instrument. Based on the lack of liquidity in the auction rate market and our
expectations regarding near-term market conditions, we concluded that the impairment to the fair value of our auction rate holding as of December 31, 2008, is
other-than-temporary in accordance with guidance provided by FSP FAS 115-1. The reduction in carrying value is reflected as a loss in our consolidated
statement of operations as we expect that it is more likely than not that the instrument will remain illiquid in the

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next
12 months. Accordingly, we classify this auction rate instrument as an other non-current asset on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2008.



We follow the revenue recognition criteria outlined in the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin, or SAB, No. 104, Revenue Recognition in Financial
Statements, and Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, Issue 00-21,Revenue
Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables. Revenue arrangements with multiple components are divided into separate units of accounting if certain criteria are met, including
whether the delivered component has stand-alone value to the customer, and whether there is objective and reliable evidence of the fair value of the undelivered items. Consideration received is
allocated among the separate units of accounting based on their respective fair values. Applicable revenue recognition criteria, such as persuasive evidence an
arrangement exists, transfer of technology has been completed or services have been rendered, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured, are then applied to each of
the units. Determination of whether persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, what the period of involvement is, whether transfer of technology has been completed or services have been rendered
during the period of involvement, and the ultimate collectibility of payments is based on management's judgments. Should changes in conditions cause management to determine these criteria are not met
for certain future transactions, revenue recognized for any reporting period could be adversely affected.

For
each source of revenue, we comply with the above revenue recognition criteria in the following manner:



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A substantial portion of our ongoing research and development activities are performed under contractual arrangements we enter into
with external service providers, including contract research organizations and contract manufacturers. We accrue for costs incurred under these arrangements based on our estimates of services
performed and costs incurred as of a particular balance sheet date. Our estimation of expenses incurred is based on facts and circumstances known to us and includes the consideration of factors such
as the level of services performed, patient enrollment, administrative costs incurred, and other indicators of services completed. The majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears, and to
the extent that amounts invoiced are less than our estimates of expenses incurred, we accrue for those additional costs. Further, based on amounts invoiced to us by our service providers, we may also
record certain payments made to those providers as prepaid expenses that will be recognized as expense in future periods as services are rendered. We make these estimates as of each balance sheet date
in our consolidated financial statements.

Although
we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual
status and timing of
services performed may vary and may result in us reporting expenses that are too high or too low. Any such differences may result in adjustments in future periods.



On January 1, 2006, or the effective date, we began accounting for stock-based compensation in accordance with Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 123(R),Share-Based Payment, or SFAS 123R. Under the provisions of SFAS 123R,
compensation expense related to stock-based transactions, including employee and director stock-based awards, is estimated at the date of grant based on the stock award's fair value and is recognized
as expense over the requisite service period.

We
estimate the fair value of our share-based award to employees and directors using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the use
of certain subjective assumptions. The most significant of these assumptions are our estimates of the expected volatility of the market price of our stock and the expected term of the award. Due to
the fact that we are a newly public company, there is limited historical information available to support our estimate of expected volatility required to value our stock-based awards. Prior to
September 30, 2008, we used an

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average
volatility estimate based on a group of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry that are similar in size, stage of life cycle and financial leverage. Beginning with the three months ended
December 31, 2008, we began using a blended volatility estimate consisting of our own stock and the average volatility of similar companies in the biopharmaceutical industry. The expected term
represents the period of time that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. As we have a history of stock option exercise experience for use in the calculation, expected terms are based on
historical option exercise experience and employee turnover data. Groups of employees that have similar historical exercise behavior are stratified and considered separately in the calculation. Other
assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option valuation model include the risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. The risk-free interest rate for periods pertaining
to each vesting tranche over the expected term of each option is based on the U.S. Treasury strip yield of a similar duration in effect at the time of grant. We have never paid, and do not expect to
pay, dividends in the foreseeable future. The fair value of our stock-based awards was estimated at the date of grant using the following assumptions:

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007

2006Expected volatility


73% - 79
%

73
%

73
%Weighted-average expected term (in years)


5.7


4.0


4.1Weighted-average risk-free interest rate


2.9
%

4.4
%

4.8
%Expected dividends



%


%


%Weighted-average grant date fair value per share


$4.57

$
2.41

$
1.80


SFAS 123R
requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from estimates. Forfeitures are
estimated based on our historical experience and separate groups of employees that have similar historical forfeiture behavior are separately considered for expense recognition.

In
the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, the fair value of our common stock for the year ended December 31, 2006 was determined by our board of directors in
good faith based upon consideration of a number of objective and subjective factors. In February 2006, we performed an in-depth contemporaneous valuation analysis to determine the fair
value of our common stock. The approach we used was consistent with the methods outlined in the AICPA Practice AidValuation of Privately-Held-Company
Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. Based on our assessment, we concluded that the fair value of our common stock was $3.00 per share as of February 2006. In July 2006,
we performed a contemporaneous valuation analysis which resulted in an estimated fair market value per share at that date of $3.30, reflecting an increase in fair value due primarily to our signing of
the collaboration agreement with P&G. In October 2006, our board of directors reaffirmed the fair value of our common stock at $3.30 per share. We performed a subsequent contemporaneous valuation
analysis to determine the fair market value of our common stock as of July 2007, which resulted in an estimated fair market value per share at that date of $6.00. All equity awards to our employees,
including executive officers, and to our directors were granted at no less than the fair market value of our common stock as determined in good faith by our board of directors on the date of grant.

We
continue to account for stock options issued to non-employees in accordance with the recognition provisions of SFAS 123 and EITF Issue 96-18, Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for
Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services, using a fair
value approach. The compensation costs of these arrangements are subject to re-measurement over the vesting terms as earned. The fair value of non-employee options in the years
ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 were estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: a dividend yield of zero, volatility of 73%,
maximum contractual life of ten years and a risk-free interest rate of 2.9%, 4.4%, and 4.8%, respectively. Compensation expense related to non-employee option grants of
$10,000, $13,000 and $20,000 was recorded for the years

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ended
December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. As of December 31, 2008, options to purchase 573 shares of our common stock remain subject to re-measurement accounting
under EITF Issue 96-18.

Total
compensation cost that has been recorded in the statement of operations, which includes stock-based compensation expense under SFAS 123R and the value of options issued to
non-employees for services rendered, is allocated as follows:

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007

2006(in thousands)Research and development:Officer compensation

$
306

$
115

$
54Employee and consultant compensation


624


355


102Selling, general and administrative:Director and officer compensation


958


669


431Employee and consultant compensation


260


66


41Total stock-based compensation

$
2,148

$
1,205

$
628


The
total compensation cost related to unvested stock option grants not yet recognized as of December 31, 2008 was $1.9 million, and the weighted-average period over which
these grants are expected to vest is 1.29 years.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006



Year Ended December 31,

2007 to 2008
Change

2006 to 2007
Change2008

2007

2006

$

%

$

%(in thousands, except percentages)Collaboration services

$
232

$
262

$
2,116


(30
)

(11
)%

(1,854
)

(88
)%Technology license fees


19,492


3,896


1,623


15,596


400
%

2,273


140
%Contractual milestone payments








1,000








(1,000
)

(100
)%Total revenue

$
19,724

$
4,158

$
4,739


15,584


375
%
$
(581
)

(12
)%


For
the year ended December 31, 2008, we generated $19.7 million in revenue related to our collaboration agreement with P&G which was terminated in July 2008. Of the
$19.7 million revenue recognized, $232,000 was related to reimbursements for certain pharmaceutical development costs and patent maintenance costs incurred by us on behalf of P&G and
$19.5 million was related to the recognition of the deferred upfront license fee received in 2006. The $15.6 million increase in revenue for 2008 as compared to 2007 was primarily due to
the recognition of the remaining deferred license fee revenue as a result of the termination of our collaboration agreement with P&G on July 2, 2008.

For
the year ended December 31, 2007, we generated $4.2 million in revenue related to our collaboration agreement with P&G. Of the $4.2 million revenue recognized,
$262,000 was related to reimbursements for certain pharmaceutical development costs and patent maintenance costs incurred by us on behalf of P&G and $3.9 million was related to recognition of a
portion of the deferred upfront license fee received in 2006. The $581,000 decrease in revenue for 2007 as compared to 2006 was primarily due to the absence of milestone revenue in 2007 and the
substantive completion of transitional services provided by us to P&G during 2006 resulting in a decrease in revenues related to those services in 2007, partially offset by the recognition of
additional deferred license fee revenue in 2007.

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Year Ended December 31,

2007 to 2008
Change

2006 to 2007
Change2008

2007

2006

$

%

$

%(in thousands, except percentages)Cost of collaboration services

$
232

$
262

$
2,116

$
(30
)

(11
)%
$
(1,854
)

(88
)%


Cost
of revenue in 2008, 2007 and 2006 was associated with our collaboration agreement with P&G. For the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, costs associated with our
collaboration service revenue consisted of third party pass-through costs related to pharmaceutical development, costs of transitional services provided by us, and legal expense incurred
for patent filings and maintenance. The $30,000 decrease in cost of revenue for 2008 as compared to 2007 was primarily due to the completion of certain pharmaceutical development activities conducted
by third-party vendors. The $1.9 million decrease in cost of revenue for 2007 as compared to 2006 was primarily due to the completion of a majority of the transitional services pursuant to the
terms of the P&G collaboration agreement.



Year Ended December 31,

2007 to 2008
Change

2006 to 2007
Change2008

2007

2006

$

%

$

%(in thousands, except percentages)Research and development expense

$
40,145

$
24,994

$
23,973

$
15,151


61
%
$
1,021


4
%


The
$15.2 million increase in research and development expense for 2008 as compared to 2007 was primarily due to:



The
$1.0 million increase in research and development expense for 2007 as compared to 2006 was primarily due to:



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Year Ended December 31,

2007 to 2008
Change

2006 to 2007
Change2008

2007

2006

$

%

$

%(in thousands, except percentages)Selling, general and administrative expense

$
9,764

$
7,702

$
6,938

$
2,062


27
%
$
764


11
%


The
increase in selling, general and administrative expense of $2.1 million in 2008 as compared to 2007 was primarily due to a $500,000 increase in stock-based compensation
expense, an increase in our administrative staff, increased patent filing costs and fees related to the protection of our intellectual property rights and other costs in support of our expanded
research and development and public company administration. The increase in selling, general and administrative expense of $764,000 in 2007 as compared to 2006 was primarily due to increases in
personnel and personnel related costs, including stock compensation expense, in support of our expanded research and development and public company administration.



Year Ended December 31,

2007 to 2008
Change

2006 to 2007
Change2008

2007

2006

$

%

$

%(in thousands, except percentages)Interest and other income, net

$
1,172

$
2,591

$
2,294

$
(1,419
)

(55
)%
$
297


13
%


The
$1.4 million decrease in interest and other income, net of other expenses, in 2008 as compared to 2007 was primarily due to a $1.2 million decrease in interest income
on our investment portfolio as a result of significantly lower short-term interest rates in 2008 and a $133,000 loss on investment in the one auction rate security remaining in our
marketable securities portfolio. The increase in interest income and other income, net of other expenses, in 2007 as compared to 2006 was primarily due to the benefit of $440,000 resulting from the
reassessment of the estimated fair value of our preferred stock warrant liability, partially offset by lower interest income resulting from lower average cash, cash equivalent and marketable
securities on-hand.



Year Ended December 31,

2007 to 2008 Change

2006 to 2007 Change2008

2007

2006

$

%

$

%(in thousands, except percentages)Interest expense

$
1,928

$
1,352

$
1,324

$
573


42
%
$
28


2
%


The
$573,000 increase in interest expense in 2008 as compared to 2007 was primarily due to an increase in our outstanding debt resulting from a $9.0 million drawdown of our debt
facility in February 2008 and an extension of our existing debt facility with Lighthouse Capital Partners V, L.P., or Lighthouse, in October 2008, combined with the amortization of the cost of
warrants issued in connection with the drawdown and loan extension. The $28,000 increase in interest expense in 2007 as compared to 2006 was due to the amortization of warrant issuance cost for
warrants issued to Lighthouse partially offset by reduced interest costs due to a lower outstanding loan principal balance in 2007.



There were no changes in accounting principles for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. We adopted the Financial
Accounting Standards Board Staff Position No. 150-5 (FSP 150-5),Issuer's Accounting under Statement No. 150 for Freestanding Warrants and
Other Similar Instruments on Shares

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that are Redeemable, and accounted for the cumulative effect of the change in accounting principle related to certain freestanding warrants to purchase our series convertible
preferred stock as of January 1, 2006. For the year ended December 31, 2006, the total impact of the change in accounting principle was an increase to net loss of $5,000, consisting of
$10,000 in expense for the cumulative effect upon adoption of FSP 150-5 as of January 1, 2006 reflecting the fair value of the
warrants as of that date, partially offset by $5,000 in interest and other income, net, to reflect the decrease in fair value between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2006.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007

2006(in thousands)Cash provided by (used in):Operating activities

$
(45,218
)
$
(27,705
)
$
(4,213
)Investing activities


(2,410
)

23,368


(18,512
)Financing activities


28,151


41,153


28,930Total cash provided (used)

$
(19,477
)
$
36,816

$
6,205


In
November 2008, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional and other accredited investors pursuant to which we sold and issued, in a private placement,
an aggregate of 9,649,545 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,894,864 shares of our common stock. Under the terms of the securities
purchase agreement, the price for each share of common stock purchased was $2.20. The total number of shares of common stock underlying each purchaser's warrant was equal to 30% of the total number of
shares purchased by such investor in the private placement with a purchase price per underlying share of common stock of $0.125. The combined purchase price of each share of common stock and each
warrant to purchase 0.30 of a share of common stock issued in the private placement was $2.2375. The warrants are exercisable for a term of five years from November 14, 2008 and have an
exercise price of $2.64 per share. Upon the closing of the private placement, we received gross proceeds of approximately $21.6 million. The net proceeds, after deducting the placement agent
fees and other expenses of approximately $1.2 million, were approximately $20.4 million.

In
November 2007, we completed our initial public offering of common stock and received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $43.8 million. Prior to our initial public
offering, we financed our
operations primarily through the private placement of equity securities, receiving aggregate net proceeds from such sales totaling $110.7 million. In August 2006, we received a
$25.0 million nonrefundable upfront license fee in connection with our collaboration agreement with P&G.

As
of December 31, 2008, we had $45.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on
hand as of December 31, 2008 will be sufficient to fund our operations through the end of the first quarter of 2010. However, since our inception, we have incurred significant net operating
losses and, as of December 31, 2008, we had an accumulated deficit of $153.9 million. We have not achieved sustainable profitability and anticipate that we will continue to incur
significant net losses for the next several years. Additionally, there can be no assurance that we will achieve positive cash flow in the foreseeable future or at all.

Due
to adverse developments in global financial markets, we may experience reduced liquidity with respect to certain of our investments in cash equivalents and marketable securities.
These investments are generally held to maturity, which is less than one year with the exception of our remaining holding in an auction rate instrument. If the need arose to liquidate such securities
before maturity, we may experience realized losses upon liquidation. However, due to the short duration of all but one of the

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securities
in our portfolio, we believe that we have the ability to hold all but one of those securities to maturity when they will be redeemed at par value.

Net
cash used in operating activities was $45.2 million, $27.7 million and $4.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Net
cash used in each of these periods was primarily due to the funding of our operating costs and expenses in connection with the conduct of our research, development and administrative activities,
partially offset by the receipt of a $25.0 million nonrefundable upfront license fee payment and other revenue from P&G in the year ended December 31, 2006.

Net
cash used in investing activities was $2.4 million and $18.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2006, respectively. Net cash provided by investing
activities was $23.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2007. Investing activities consist primarily of purchases and sales of marketable securities and capital asset purchases.
Purchases of property, equipment and leasehold improvements were $644,000, $499,000, and $1.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.

Net
cash provided by financing activities was $28.2 million, $41.2 million, and $28.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006,
respectively. Proceeds from financing activities consist primarily of the net proceeds from the sale of our common and preferred stock as well as long-term debt financing arrangements, net
of principal payments on outstanding debt. In November 2008, we completed a private placement of equity and received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $20.4 million pursuant to a
securities purchase agreement with certain institutional and other accredited investors. Also in 2008, we utilized the $9.0 million loan facility extended to us by
Lighthouse and secured a $1.0 million equipment financing arrangement with Oxford Finance Corporation. In 2007, we completed our initial public offering of equity securities and received
aggregate net proceeds of approximately $43.8 million. In 2006, we received net proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock of $30.2 million.

On
December 31, 2008, we entered into a master loan agreement with Oxford Finance Corporation, or Oxford, for a secured equipment line of credit equal to $1.5 million. The
loan agreement provides for a 36 month repayment term from each date of funding. We currently have one promissory note outstanding under the agreement for $1.0 million at a fixed
interest rate of 11.50%. The arrangement provides for monthly payments of principal and interest through January 2012. Under the agreement, events of default include non-payment of amounts
owed, a non-permitted sale or transfer of collateral, misrepresentations under the agreement, a change in business, ownership and location, a merger or acquisition, bankruptcy and other
standard provisions. The agreement contains no financial covenants. Funds borrowed under the agreement are secured by specific equipment assets and Oxford has a first priority security interest in
those assets. Any mandatory or voluntary prepayment of the amount borrowed will trigger a prepayment penalty of 5% of the outstanding principal balance if prepayment is made before the
19th month from date of funding, 3% of the outstanding principal balance if prepayment is made between the 19th and 24th months from date
of funding, and 2% of the outstanding principal balance if prepayment is made after the 24th month from the date of funding. As of December 31, 2008, a loan principal
balance of $1.0 million remained outstanding with Oxford.

On
March 28, 2005, we entered into a loan agreement with Lighthouse Capital Partners, or Lighthouse, that was amended on October 19, 2007 and on October 17, 2008.
The original agreement provided for up to $10.0 million in debt financing. The agreement was amended in October 2007 to provide for up to $9.0 million of additional financing. The
original loan agreement provided for a 42 month repayment term which began on April 1, 2006. The original outstanding promissory note provides for monthly cash payments of principal and
interest at a stated interest rate of 9.75% per annum through September 2009 and a balloon interest payment of $1.2 million in September 2009. The agreement also allows for prepayment of
principal with respect to the original promissory note

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whereupon
the $1.2 million balloon interest payment is accelerated and due at the time of prepayment of the outstanding loan balance. The October 2007 amended loan agreement provides that the
additional $9.0 million borrowed under a separate promissory note is subject to an interest-only period expiring in September 2008 followed by 36 equal monthly payments of principal
and interest at an interest rate to be fixed as of October 1, 2008. Pursuant to the October 2007 amended loan agreement, we are obligated to make a balloon interest payment of $675,000 at time
of prepayment or at loan maturity. Any mandatory or voluntary prepayment of the $9.0 million borrowed will trigger a prepayment penalty equal to 3% of the outstanding principal balance being
prepaid. The October 2008 loan amendment provides for an interest-only monthly repayment period through June 30, 2009 with respect to our outstanding loan obligation of
$12.2 million with Lighthouse at a stated interest rate of 9.75% per annum. Thereafter, we are obligated to repay $3.2 million of the total loan obligation over a 12-month
period commencing from July 1, 2009 on an amortized basis, consisting of monthly principal and interest payments, at a stated interest rate of 9.75% per annum through June 30, 2010, with
the original balloon interest payment of $1.2 million payable in June 2010. In connection with the October 2008 loan amendment, we agreed to
pay Lighthouse a restructure fee of $200,000 which is payable upon the earlier of a prepayment or maturity of the $3.2 million portion of our total outstanding loan obligation in June 2010. The
remaining $9.0 million loan obligation is required to be repaid over 36 months commencing from July 1, 2009 on an amortized basis, consisting of monthly principal and interest
payments, at a stated interest rate of 12.25% per annum through June 30, 2012, with a balloon interest payment of $675,000 payable in June 2012.

The
loan agreement with Lighthouse contains no financial covenants and no material adverse change clause. Default terms under the loan agreement include borrower default upon nonpayment
of amounts due, noncompliance with loan covenants, misrepresentations under the agreement, bankruptcy and other standard provisions. Under the terms of the loan agreement, as amended, Lighthouse has a
first priority security interest in all of our tangible and intangible assets except for the following: (i) assets specifically identified and used as security for equipment loans,
(ii) any first priority interest Comerica Bank may have in our operating bank accounts at Comerica Bank, (iii) any certificates of deposit that are used as security for letters of credit
issued to third parties, (iv) any interest or claims our landlord may have in certain leasehold improvements and (v) our intellectual property assets. The loan agreement precludes us
from incurring additional material debt amounts with the exception of up to an aggregate of $3.0 million in equipment financing and up to $500,000 in other indebtedness. As of
December 31, 2008, we had fully utilized the total debt commitment available under the loan agreement, as amended, and had a total unpaid principal balance outstanding of $12.2 million.

Our
debt financing with General Electric Capital Corporation, or GE, provides for a 42 month repayment term from each date of funding, a stated interest rate that is based on an
average of the Federal Reserve's three-year and five-year Treasury Constant Maturities rate plus a spread of 766 basis points and standard default provisions. We currently have
three promissory notes outstanding under the loan agreement with GE with stated interest rates ranging from 11.73% to 12.89%. Under the loan agreement with GE, events of default include nonpayment of
amounts owed, a non-permitted sale or transfer of collateral, misrepresentations under the agreement, bankruptcy and other standard provisions. Funds borrowed under the loan agreement with
GE are secured by specific equipment assets and GE has a first priority security interest in those assets. The loan agreement with GE contains no financial covenants and no warrants to purchase shares
of our capital stock were issued to GE in connection with the debt financing. The loan agreement provides for monthly payments of principal and interest through July 2010. As of December 31,
2008, the total unpaid principal balance outstanding under our existing GE equipment loans was $351,000.

Our
future funding requirements will depend upon many factors, including:



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We
will need to raise additional funds to support our operations, and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional funds
when needed,
we may not be able to continue development of our product candidates or we could be required to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs. We may seek to
raise any necessary additional funds through public or private equity, debt financings, collaborative arrangements with corporate partners or other sources. If we raise additional funds through the
issuance of debt securities, these securities could have rights that are senior to the holders of our common stock and could contain covenants that restrict our operations. If we raise additional
funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our existing stockholders may result. In addition, if we raise additional funds through the sale of equity securities, new investors could have rights
superior to our existing stockholders. To the extent that we raise additional capital through licensing arrangements or arrangements with collaborative partners, we may be required to relinquish, on
terms that are not favorable to us, rights to some of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize ourselves for a higher profit margin. The terms of
future financings may restrict our ability to raise additional capital, which could delay or prevent the further development of our product candidates or commercialization of our products. Our failure
to raise capital when needed may harm our business and operating results.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations at December 31, 2008 were as follows:

Payments Due by PeriodContractual Obligations

Total

Less Than 1 Year

1-3 Years

3-5 Years

After 5 Years(in thousands)Short and long-term debt (including interest)

$
18,291

$
4,737

$
11,064

$
2,490

$
Operating lease obligations


4,125


961


1,998


1,166


Total contractual obligations

$
22,416

$
5,698

$
13,062

$
3,656

$



The
table above reflects only payment obligations that are fixed and determinable. Our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2008 include short and long-term debt
obligations to Lighthouse, GE and Oxford, operating lease obligations for our facility in Fremont, California, obligations for certain leased equipment, and other obligations including minimum
contractual obligations for research and development agreements containing specific cancellation terms.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2008, the EITF reached a consensus-for-exposure on EITF Issue No. 08-1, Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables,
or EITF 08-1, which was subsequently ratified by the FASB and is currently subject
to a 60-day public comment period. The EITF discussed a model that would amend EITF 00-21 to require an entity to estimate the selling price of the undelivered element
of accounting and allocate the arrangement consideration using the residual method when the entity does not have vendor-specific objective evidence or acceptable third-party evidence of the selling
price for the undelivered element of accounting. If confirmed, EITF 08-1 will be effective prospectively for revenue arrangements entered into or modified in the fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2009. As we do not currently have any revenue arrangement with multiple deliverables, we will evaluate the impact of EITF 08-1 for revenue
arrangement that we may enter into in the future.

In
June 2008, the EITF reached a consensus on EITF Issue No. 07-5,Determining Whether an Instrument (or Embedded Feature) is Indexed to an
Entity's Own Stock, or EITF 07-5. EITF 07-5 provides guidance on how to determine if certain instruments (or embedded features) are
considered indexed to a company's own stock, including
instruments similar to warrants to purchase the company's stock. EITF 07-5 requires companies to use a two-step approach to evaluate an instrument's contingent exercise
provisions and settlement provisions in determining whether the instrument is considered to be indexed to its own stock and therefore exempt from the application of SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and
Hedging Activities. Although EITF 07-5 is effective for fiscal years beginning after
December 15, 2008, any outstanding instrument at the date of adoption will require a retrospective application of the accounting through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings upon
adoption. We do not expect the adoption of EITF 07-5 to have a material impact on either our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

In
May 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 162,The Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or SFAS 162.
SFAS 162 identifies the sources of accounting principles and the framework for selecting the principles to be used in the preparation of financial statements of nongovernmental entities that
are presented in conformity with GAAP. SFAS 162 is effective 60 days following the Securities Exchange Commission's approval of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board amendments
to AU Section 411,The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.We do not expect the adoption of
SFAS 162 to have a material impact on either our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

In
December 2007, the FASB ratified EITF Issue No. 07-1,Accounting for Collaborative Arrangements, or
EITF 07-1. EITF 07-1 defines collaborative arrangements and establishes reporting requirements for transactions between participants in a collaborative
arrangement and between participants in the arrangement and third parties. EITF 07-1 also establishes the appropriate income statement presentation and classification for joint
operating activities and payments between participants, as well as the sufficiency of the disclosures related to these arrangements. EITF 07-1 is effective for fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2008. We are currently evaluating the impact of EITF 07-1 on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In
February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159,The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial LiabilitiesIncluding an amendment of
FASB Statement No. 115, or SFAS 159. SFAS 159 permits entities to make an irrevocable election to measure certain financial instruments and other assets
and liabilities at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option is elected will be recognized in net
earnings at each subsequent reporting date. The adoption of SFAS 159 did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements in 2008 as we did not elect the fair value option.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since inception, except for standard operating leases, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, including
the use of structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities.

Item 7A.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk



Our exposure to interest rate risk is related to our cash, cash equivalents and investments. We do not use derivative financial
instruments in our investment portfolio. The goal of our investment policy is to preserve our capital to fund operations. We also seek to maximize income from such investments without assuming
material risks. To achieve our goal, we maintain a marketable securities portfolio of investments in various debt instruments. As of December 31, 2008, we had cash, cash equivalents and
marketable securities of $45.0 million individually having maturities or interest rate reset periods of less than one year. A decline in short-term interest rates over time would
reduce our interest income from our short-term investments. A decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would cause a corresponding decrease in our annual interest income of
approximately $260,000. Due to the composition and expected duration of our short-term investment portfolio, we do not expect a 100 basis point change in short-term interest
rates to have a material impact on the fair value of our short-term investments. Since our inception, unrealized and realized losses in our marketable securities portfolio arising from
interest rate fluctuations have not been material. We actively monitor changes in the interest rate environment to assess its potential impact on our investment portfolio.

As
of December 31, 2008, a single auction rate security with an estimated fair value of $367,000 remained in our marketable securities portfolio. As of December 31, 2008,
the security had limited market liquidity. While we believe that the limited liquidity for this instrument is due to temporary market conditions, we have revalued our estimate of fair value for this
instrument in light of current market conditions. Based on our revaluation, we recorded a $133,000 loss in our consolidated statement of operations as of December 31, 2008, representing a 26.6%
discount to par value for the instrument.

As
of December 31, 2007, our marketable securities portfolio included $4.7 million of auction rate securities. Subsequent to at least one successful auction with respect to
each of these securities following December 31, 2007, we experienced failed auctions for $3.4 million of the auction rate securities held in our portfolio. All of the auction rate
securities were, as of December 31, 2007, rated AAA by a reputable rating agency.



In conducting our business, we occasionally enter into contractual arrangements with third-party research and development service
providers having operations in locations outside of the United States. To the extent that payments for those services are contractually required to be made in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, we
may be subject to exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. To date, the effect of our exposure to these fluctuations in foreign exchange rates has not been material, and we do not expect it
to become material in the foreseeable future. We do not hedge our foreign currency exposures and have not used derivative financial instruments for speculation or trading purposes.

Item 8.    Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements required by this Item are set forth beginning at page F-1 of this report and are
incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 9.    Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A(T).    Controls and Procedures.



As of December 31, 2008, an evaluation was performed by management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and
our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15-d and 15(e) under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the "Exchange Act). Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our
reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Based
on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, subject to the limitations described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2008.



Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and
procedures or our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the
objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of
fraud, if any, within the company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple
error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any
system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under
all potential future conditions. Over time, control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or deterioration of the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures. Because of the
inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.



Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in
Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and preparation of financial
statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Management
assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Frameworkissued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's
assessment included evaluation of elements such as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies and our overall control
environment.

Based
on this assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2008 to provide reasonable assurance
regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

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This
annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management's report
was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to temporary rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management's
report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.



No change was made in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2008 that has
materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.    Other Information

None.

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PART III

Item 10.    Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this Item with respect to our executive officers may be found under the caption entitled "Executive
Officers of the Registrant" in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information required by this item relating to our directors and nominees for director may be
found under the section entitled "Proposal 1Election of Directors" in the proxy statement for our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission within 120 days of the end of our year ended December 31, 2008. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by this item relating to our
audit committee, audit committee financial expert and procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to our board of directors, may be found
under the section entitled "Corporate Governance and Board Matters" appearing in the proxy statement for our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. Information
regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act may be found under the section entitled "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" appearing in the
proxy statement for our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

In
2007, we adopted a code of conduct that applies to all employees, executive officers, directors and consultants, and incorporates guidelines designed to deter wrongdoing and to
promote the honest and ethical conduct and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, the code of conduct incorporates our guidelines pertaining to topics such as conflicts of
interest and workplace behavior. We have posted the text of our code of conduct on our website athttp://www.aryx.comunder the section entitled
"Investor Relations/Corporate Governance". In addition, we intend to promptly disclose (1) the nature of any amendment to our code of conduct that applies to our principal executive officer,
principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions and (2) the nature of any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision
of our code of conduct that is granted to one of these specified officers, the name of such person who is granted the waiver and the date of the waiver on our website in the future.

Item 11.    Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item is included in the proxy statement for our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders under the sections
entitled "Executive Compensation," "Director Compensation," "Corporate Governance and Board MattersCompensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "Corporate Governance
and Board MattersCompensation Committee Report" and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12.    Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this Item relating to security ownership of certain of our beneficial owners and our management is included
in the proxy statement for our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders under the section entitled "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and is incorporated herein by reference.

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The
following table provides certain information with respect to all of our equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2008:

Plan Category

Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights
(a)

Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights
(b)

Number of securities
remaining available for
future issuance under
equity compensation
plans (excluding securities
reflected in column (a))
(c)Equity compensation plans approved by security holders:2001 Equity Incentive Plan(1)


1,607,123

$
2.10


2007 Equity Incentive Plan(2)


672,992


7.15


683,1542007 Non-Employee Directors' Stock Option Plan(3)


116,662


7.85


150,0002007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan(4)








322,369Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders:








Total:


2,396,777





1,155,523


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Item 13.    Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section of the proxy statement for our 2009 annual meeting of
stockholders under the sections entitled "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" and "Corporate Governance and Board MattersIndependence of ARYx Therapeutics' Board of Directors"
and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14.    Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section of the proxy statement for our 2009 annual meeting of
stockholders under the section entitled "Proposal 2Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" and is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

Item 15.    Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

Page No.Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

F-2Consolidated Balance Sheets

F-3Consolidated Statements of Operations

F-4Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

F-5Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

F-7Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-8




All
other financial statement schedules are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable or presented in the notes to the consolidated financial statements and
therefore have been omitted.



Exhibit
Number

Description of Document3.1(9)

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of ARYx Therapeutics, Inc., or ARYx, as currently in effect.3.2(1)

Bylaws of ARYx.4.1

Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 above.4.2(2)

Specimen Common Stock Certificate.4.3(3)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Series C preferred stock, issued September 3, 2003.4.4(3)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Series C preferred stock, issued December 23, 2002.4.5(3)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Series D preferred stock, issued March 28, 2005 to Lighthouse Capital Partners V, L.P. ("Lighthouse").4.6(2)

Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement by and between ARYx and certain of its securityholders, dated October 22, 2007.4.7(4)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Series E preferred stock, issued October 19, 2007 to Lighthouse.4.8(6)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of common stock, issued October 17, 2008 to Lighthouse.4.9(7)

Registration Rights Agreement by and between ARYx and several investors, dated November 11, 2008.4.10(7)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of common stock, issued November 11, 2008 to several purchasers.4.11

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of common stock, issued December 31, 2008 to Oxford Financial Corporation.


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Exhibit
Number

Description of Document10.1(3)+

Form of Indemnity Agreement between ARYx and its executive officers and directors.10.2(3)

Lease Agreement by and between ARYx and Trinet Essential Facilities X, Inc., dated November 16, 2004, as amended on June 17, 2005.10.3(3)+

2001 Equity Incentive Plan.10.4(3)+

Form of Option Agreement, Form of Option Grant Notice and Form of Exercise Notice under 2001 Equity Incentive Plan.10.5(4)+

2007 Equity Incentive Plan.10.6(4)+

Form of Option Agreement, Form of Option Grant Notice and Form of Exercise Notice under 2007 Equity Incentive Plan.10.7(4)+

2007 Non-Employee Directors' Stock Option Plan.10.8(4)+

Form of Option Agreement, Form of Option Grant Notice and Form of Exercise Notice under the 2007 Non-Employee Directors' Stock Option Plan.10.9(4)+

2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.10.10(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and Paul Goddard, dated September 1, 2005.10.11(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and Peter G. Milner, dated September 30, 2005.10.12(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and John Varian, dated November 17, 2003.10.13(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and Pascal Druzgala, dated July 23, 2002.10.14(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and Daniel Canafax, dated January 31, 2007.10.15(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and David Nagler, dated July 15, 2003.10.16(4)+

Non-Employee Director Compensation Arrangements.10.17(2)#

License, Development and Commercialization Agreement between ARYx and Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("P&G"), dated June 30, 2006 (the "P&G Agreement").10.18(3)

Master Security Agreement by and between General Electric Capital Corporation and ARYx, dated August 24, 2005, as amended on August 31, 2005.10.19(4)

Loan and Security Agreement No. 4521 by and between Lighthouse and ARYx, dated March 28, 2005, as amended on April 22, 2005, July 25, 2005, June 27, 2006, August 30, 2007 and
October 19, 2007 (the "Lighthouse Agreement").10.20(5)+

Compensation Information for Named Executive Officers.10.21(9)

Amendment No. 6 to the Lighthouse Agreement by and between Lighthouse and ARYx, dated February 22, 2008.10.22(8)

Amendment to the P&G Agreement by and between ARYx and P&G, dated February 29, 2008.10.23(6)

Amendment No. 7 to the Lighthouse Agreement by and between Lighthouse and ARYx, dated October 17, 2008.10.24(7)

Securities Purchase Agreement by and between ARYx and several purchasers, dated November 11, 2008.


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Exhibit
Number

Description of Document10.25+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and Paul Goddard, dated December 19, 2008.10.26+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and Peter G. Milner, dated December 19, 2008.10.27+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and John Varian, dated December 19, 2008.10.28+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and Pascal Druzgala, dated December 19, 2008.10.29+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and Daniel Canafax, dated December 19, 2008.10.30

Loan Agreement by and between ARYx and Oxford Financial Corporation, dated December 31, 2008.21.1(3)

Subsidiaries of ARYx.23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.24.1

Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page.31.1

Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.31.2

Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.32.1

Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.


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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this
report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ARYx Therapeutics, Inc.By:

/s/ PAUL GODDARD, PH.D.Paul Goddard, Ph.D. Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive OfficerDate: March 26, 2009


POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Paul Goddard and John
Varian, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with the full power of substitution for him or her, and in his or her name and in any
and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with
the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and
thing requisite and necessary to be done therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said
attorneys-in-fact and agents, and any of them or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on
the dates indicated:

Signatures

Title

Date/s/ PAUL GODDARD, PH.D. Paul Goddard, Ph.D.

Chief Executive Officer,
Chairman and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

March 26, 2009/s/ JOHN VARIAN John Varian

Chief Operating Officer and
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

March 26, 2009/s/ JASON BARKER Jason Barker

Senior Director of Finance (Principal Accounting Officer)

March 26, 2009/s/ PETER G. MILNER, M.D. Peter G. Milner, M.D.

Director

March 26, 2009


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Signatures

Title

Date/s/ DAVID BEIER David Beier

Director

March 26, 2009/s/ LARS EKMAN, M.D., PH.D. Lars Ekman, M.D., Ph.D.

Director

March 26, 2009/s/ KEITH LEONARD Keith Leonard

Director

March 26, 2009/s/ HERM ROSENMAN Herm Rosenman

Director

March 26, 2009/s/ PAUL SEKHRI Paul Sekhri

Director

March 26, 2009/s/ NICHOLAS SIMON Nicholas Simon

Director

March 26, 2009


88

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Table of Contents

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



PageReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

F-2Consolidated Balance Sheets

F-3Consolidated Statements of Operations

F-4Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

F-5Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

F-7Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-8


F-1

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Table of Contents

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The
Board of Directors and Stockholders
ARYx Therapeutics, Inc.

We
have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ARYx Therapeutics, Inc. as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of
operations, stockholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's
management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We
conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to
obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company's internal control over financial
reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose
of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In
our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of ARYx Therapeutics, Inc. at
December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with U.S.
generally accepted accounting principles.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLPPalo Alto, California
March 26, 2009


F-2

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.        CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS        (in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

December 31,2008

2007ASSETSCurrent assets:Cash and cash equivalents

$
35,999

$
55,476Marketable securities


8,588


7,640Restricted cashcurrent


150


150Prepaid research and development expenses


381


582Other prepaid and current assets


732


1,051Total current assets


45,850


64,899Restricted cash


1,203


903Property and equipment, net


3,198


3,655Other assets


897


168Total assets

$
51,148

$
69,625LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITYCurrent liabilities:Accounts payable

$
2,454

$
1,369Accrued compensation


494


1,055Accrued research and development expenses


3,832


2,510Current portion of notes payable


3,404


3,536Current portion of deferred lease credit


333


333Current portion of deferred revenue





3,913Other accrued liabilities


502


741Total current liabilities


11,019


13,457Deferred lease credit


1,436


1,793Notes payable


11,278


3,444Deferred revenue





15,584Commitments and contingenciesStockholders' equity:Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized and none outstandingCommon stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 27,338,877 and 17,653,648 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2008 and 2007,
 respectively


27


18Additional paid-in capital


181,285


158,053Accumulated other comprehensive loss


45


Accumulated deficit


(153,942
)

(122,724
)Total stockholders' equity


27,415


35,347Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

$
51,148

$
69,625


The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-3

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.        CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS        (in thousands, except per share amounts)

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007

2006Revenues:Collaboration services

$
232

$
262

$
2,116Technology license fees


19,492


3,896


1,623Contractual milestone payments








1,000Total revenues


19,724


4,158


4,739Costs and expenses:Cost of collaboration service revenue


232


262


2,116Research and development


40,145


24,994


23,973Selling, general and administrative


9,764


7,702


6,938Total costs and expenses


50,141


32,958


33,027Loss from operations


(30,417
)

(28,800
)

(28,288
)Interest and other income, net


1,127


2,591


2,294Interest expense


(1,928
)

(1,352
)

(1,324
)Loss before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle


(31,218
)

(27,561
)

(27,318
)Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle








(10
)Net loss


(31,218
)

(27,561
)

(27,328
)Basic and diluted net loss per share

$
(1.65
)
$
(8.24
)
$
(26.84
)Weighted average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share


18,964


3,346


1,018


The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Convertible
Preferred StockCommon Stock





Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
LossAdditional
Paid-in
Capital

Deferred
Stock-Based
Compensation

Accumulated
Deficit

Total
Stockholders'
Equity (Deficit)Shares

Amounts

Shares

AmountsBalances at December 31, 2005


8,556,775


81,355


995,183


1


1,044


(280
)

(18
)

(67,835
)

(67,088
)Reclassification of Series C and D preferred stock warrants upon adoption of FASB Staff Position No. FAS 150-5





(848
)



















Issuance of Series E convertible preferred stock for cash at $10.80 per share in January 2006, net of issuance costs of $281


2,818,447


30,158




















Issuance of common stock to consultants upon exercise of stock options for cash at $0.90 to $1.80 per share








11,532





13











13Issuance of common stock to employees upon exercise of stock options for cash at $0.90 to $1.80 per share








24,696





46











46Issuance of restricted common stock to an officer in exchange for services








25,000





72











72Reversal of deferred stock-based compensation upon adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123(R)














(280
)

280








Stock-based compensation














556











556Comprehensive loss:Unrealized gain on marketable securities




















17





17Net loss























(27,328
)

(27,328
)Comprehensive loss


























(27,311
)Balances at December 31, 2006


11,375,222

$
110,665


1,056,411

$
1

$
1,451

$


$
(1
)
$
(95,163
)
$
(93,712
)Net exercise of preferred stock warrants into Series C convertible preferred stock in July and October, 2007


2,982


33




















Issuance of common stock for cash at $10.00 per share in connection with the initial public offering in November 2007, net of issuance costs of
$6.2 million








5,000,000


5


43,833











43,838Conversion of prefered stock to common stock in connection with the initial public offering


(11,378,204
)

(110,698
)

11,417,057


12


110,686











110,698Conversion of preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants














667











667Issuance of common stock to employees upon exercise of stock options for cash at $0.90 to $3.30 per share during 2007








136,847





211











211Issuance of restricted common stock to an officer in exchange for services








43,333





75











75Stock-based compensation














1,130











1,130Comprehensive loss:Unrealized gain on marketable securities




















1





1Net loss























(27,561
)

(27,561
)Comprehensive loss


























(27,560
)Balances at December 31, 2007




$



17,653,648

$
18

$
158,053

$


$


$
(122,724
)
$
35,347


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT) (Continued)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Common Stock





Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
LossAdditional
Paid-in
Capital

Deferred
Stock-Based
Compensation

Accumulated
Deficit

Total
Stockholders'
Equity (Deficit)Shares

AmountsBalances at December 31, 2007


17,653,648

$
18

$
158,053

$


$


$
(122,724
)
$
35,347Issuance of common stock for cash at $2.20 per share in connection with a PIPE financing in November 2008, net of issuance costs of
$1.2 million


9,649,545


9


20,362











20,371Issuance of common stock to employees upon exercise of stock options for cash at $0.90 to $3.30 per share


35,684





78











78Fair value of warrants issued pursuant to various loan agreements








644











644Stock-based compensation








2,148











2,148Comprehensive loss:Unrealized gain on marketable securities














45





45Net loss

















(31,218
)

(31,218
)Comprehensive loss




















(31,173
)Balances at December 31, 2008


27,338,877

$
27

$
181,285

$


$
45

$
(153,942
)
$
27,415


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.        CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS        (in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007

2006Cash flows from operating activities:Net loss

$
(31,218
)
$
(27,561
)
$
(27,328
)Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:Depreciation and amortization


1,097


1,007


832Amortization of premium (discount) on marketable securities


63


(8
)

(6
)Amortization of warrants


303


239


94Revaluation of warrants to fair value and warrant net exercise





(445
)

5Loss on marketable securities


133





Impairment and disposition of long-lived assets





14


105Stock-based compensation


2,148


1,205


628Change in assets and liabilities:Prepaid research and development expenses


201


(340
)

306Other prepaid and assets


298


(24
)

(49
)Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities


850


964


93Accrued compensation


(561
)

294


238Accrued research and development expenses


1,322


1,161


(2,233
)Deferred lease credit


(357
)

(331
)

(275
)Deferred revenue


(19,497
)

(3,880
)

23,377Net cash used in operating activities


(45,218
)

(27,705
)

(4,213
)Cash flows from investing activities:Purchases of marketable securities


(16,706
)

(21,207
)

(69,385
)Proceeds from sales of marketable securities


3,500


13,090


17,975Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities


11,740


32,134


33,670(Increase) decrease in restricted cash


(300
)

(150
)

190Purchases of fixed assets


(644
)

(499
)

(962
)Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities


(2,410
)

23,368


(18,512
)Cash flows from financing activities:Net proceeds from issuance of convertible preferred stock








30,158Proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with initial public offering, net of offering cost





43,838


Proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with PIPE financing, net of offering cost


20,371





Proceeds from exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock


78


211


59Proceeds from issuance of notes payable


10,000





681Principal payments on notes payable


(2,298
)

(2,896
)

(1,968
)Net cash provided by financing activities


28,151


41,153


28,930Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents


(19,477
)

36,816


6,205Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year


55,476


18,660


12,455Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

$
35,999

$
55,476

$
18,660Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:Interest paid

$
1,182

$
813

$
941Supplemental schedule of noncash transactions:Issuance and measurement of warrants

$
4,538

$
(154
)
$
5Deferred compensation related to stock options granted below re-assessed fair value and its reversal upon adoption of FAS 123(R)

$


$


$
(280
)Issuance of preferred stock upon net exercise of warrants for other than cash

$


$
(33
)
$



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.        NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In this report, "ARYx," "we," "us" and "our" refer to ARYx Therapeutics, Inc. "Common Stock" refers to ARYx's common stock, par value $0.001 per share.
"Preferred Stock" refers to ARYx's convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share.

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies



ARYx is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing a portfolio of internally discovered product candidates designed to eliminate
known safety issues associated with well-established, commercially successful drugs. We use our RetroMetabolic Drug Design technology to design structurally unique molecules that retain
the efficacy of these original drugs but are metabolized through a potentially safer pathway to avoid specific adverse side effects associated with these compounds. Our product candidate portfolio
includes an oral anticoagulant, tecarfarin (ATI-5923), designed to have the same therapeutic benefits as warfarin, currently in Phase 2/3 clinical development for the treatment of
patients who are at risk for the formation of dangerous blood clots; an oral antiarrhythmic agent, budiodarone (ATI-2042), designed to have the efficacy of amiodarone in Phase 2
clinical development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, a form of irregular heartbeat; an oral prokinetic agent, ATI-7505, designed to have the same therapeutic benefits as
cisapride in Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of chronic constipation, gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation, and gastroesophageal reflux
disease; and a novel, next-generation atypical antipsychotic agent, ATI-9242, currently in
Phase 1 clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Additionally, we have multiple product candidates in preclinical development.

We
were incorporated in the State of California on February 28, 1997 and reincorporated in the State of Delaware on August 29, 2007. We maintain a wholly owned subsidiary,
ARYx Therapeutics Limited, with registered offices in the United Kingdom, which has had no operations since its inception in September 2004 and was established only to serve as a legal entity as
required in support of our clinical trial activities conducted in Europe. We currently are focused on the human drug development business and operate in a single business segment with regard to the
development of human pharmaceutical products.



Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiary, ARYx Therapeutics, Ltd. All
intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.



The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make
judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our critical accounting policies
and estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, clinical trial accruals, and stock-based compensation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions
believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

F-8

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)



As of December 31, 2008, we had $45.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. We believe that our
cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand as of December 31, 2008 will be sufficient to fund our operations through the end of the first quarter of 2010. However, since our
inception, we have incurred significant net operating losses and, as of December 31, 2008, we had an accumulated deficit of $153.9 million. We have generated no revenue from product
sales to date. We have funded our operations principally from the sale of our convertible preferred and common stock and collaboration agreements. We expect to incur substantial additional operating
losses for the next several years and will need substantial additional funding in order to complete the clinical trials of our product candidates, launch and commercialize product candidates for which
we receive regulatory approval, continue research and development programs and license or acquire additional product candidates. We will seek additional funds through financings, collaborations or
public or private debt or equity financings, and may also seek to reduce expenses related to our operations. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available or will be at terms
acceptable to us, or at all.

We
have no products that have received regulatory approval. Any products we develop will require approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or foreign regulatory agencies prior
to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that our products will receive the necessary approvals. If we are denied such approvals or such approvals are delayed, it could have a material adverse
effect to our operations. To achieve profitable operations, we must successfully develop, test, manufacture and market products. There can be no assurance that any such products can be developed
successfully or manufactured at an acceptable cost and with appropriate performance characteristics, or that such products will be successfully marketed. These factors could have a material adverse
effect on our future financial results.

Financial
instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. We deposit excess cash and cash
equivalents with multiple financial institutions in the United States. Deposits in these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We have not experienced
any losses on our deposits of cash and cash equivalents. We have experienced an other-than-temporary impairment on our remaining auction rate holding in our marketable
securities portfolio as of December 31, 2008. There can be no assurance that further impairment will not occur, or that we will be able to recover any of our
other-than-temporary impaired position in the future.



Our financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, restricted cash, certain other
assets such as long-term marketable securities and security deposits, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, current and non-current notes payable. The fair value of our
financial instruments reflects the amounts that would be received to sell an asset or settled to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The
fair value estimates presented throughout this report reflect the information available to us or estimates we used as of December 31, 2008 and 2007.

Cash,
cash equivalents and restricted cash are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three
months or less to be cash equivalents.

F-9

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Marketable
securities are classified as available-for-sale in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities,
and are carried at their fair value at the balance sheet date. (See
Note 2Fair Value Measurement.) Realized gains and losses on sales as well as other-than-temporary impairment of all such securities are reported in earnings
and computed using the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as a separate component of stockholders' equity until realized. The amortized cost of securities is
adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts from the date of purchase to maturity and is included in interest income. Accrued interest and dividends are included in interest
income. Marketable securities include U.S. government obligations, government agency securities, corporate bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and auction rate securities with original
maturities beyond three months.

Accounts
payable, accrued liabilities and current portion of notes payable are carried at cost and amortized cost, respectively, that approximate fair value due to their expected short
maturities. Based on the borrowing rates available to us for loans with similar terms and average maturities, we employ a discounted cash flow model using our estimate of risk premiums and
corresponding yields to maturity to determine the fair value of our non-current portion of notes payable. The fair value was estimated to be $9.3 million and $2.8 million as
of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, assuming transfer in an orderly market transaction. The carrying amount of our non-current portion of notes payable was stated on the
face of our consolidated balance sheet at amortized cost for all periods presented.



Under a facilities operating lease agreement, $703,200 and $903,200 was restricted as of December 31, 2008 and 2007,
respectively, for use as security for a standby letter of credit issued to our landlord. In January 2008, we entered into a pledge and security agreement with Comerica Bank whereby $500,000 was
restricted for use as security to our payroll service provider. In May 2007, we entered into a pledge and security agreement with Comerica Bank whereby $150,000 was restricted for use as security for
our corporate purchasing cards and was classified as a current asset as of December 31, 2008 as it was used to secure a revolving line of credit.



Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the
straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally four to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over their estimated useful lives or the
remaining facility lease term, whichever is shorter.



We evaluate our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in business
circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of our assets may not be fully recoverable. If indicators of impairment exist, impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future
cash flows expected to result from the use of each asset and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. The impairment charge is determined based upon the excess of the carrying value
of the asset over its fair value, with fair value determined based upon an estimate of discounted future cash flows or on other appropriate measures of fair value. Impairment

F-10

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

and
disposition losses on property and equipment of none, $14,000, and $105,000 were recorded as operating expense for the years ended December, 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.



On January 1, 2006, or the effective date, we began accounting for stock-based compensation in accordance with SFAS
No. 123(R),Share-Based Payment, or SFAS 123R. Under the provisions of SFAS 123R, compensation expense related to stock-based
transactions, including employee and director stock-based awards, is estimated at the date of grant based on the stock award's fair value and is recognized as expense over the requisite service
period.

SFAS 123R
allows for a choice between two attribution methods for allocating stock-based compensation costs: the "straight-line method" which allocates expense on a
straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the last separately vesting portion of an award, or the "graded vesting attribution method" which allocates expense on a
straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in substance, multiple awards. We selected the latter method and
amortize the fair value of each award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of each award.

We
continue to account for stock options issued to non-employees in accordance with the recognition provisions of SFAS No. 123 and Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF,
Issue No. 96-18,Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or
Services, or EITF 96-18, using a fair value approach. The value of stock options issued for consideration other than employee services is determined on the
earlier of (i) the date on which there first exists a firm commitment for performance by the provider of goods or services or (ii) on the date performance is complete, using the Black-
Scholes option valuation model. The compensation costs of these arrangements are subject to re-measurement over the vesting terms as earned.



We recognize revenue in accordance with SAB No. 104,Revenue Recognition in Financial
Statements, or SAB 104, and EITF Issue No. 00-21,Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables, or
EITF 00-21. In June 2006, we entered into a collaboration agreement with P&G. Revenues from this collaboration agreement included a nonrefundable upfront license fee, reimbursement
of services performed in connection with certain development efforts, milestone payments and royalties. When evaluating multiple element arrangements, we consider whether the components of each
arrangement represent separate units of accounting as defined in EITF 00-21. Application of this standard requires subjective determinations and requires management to make
judgments about the fair value of the individual elements and whether it is separable from the other aspects of the contractual relationship. Revenue
arrangements with multiple components are divided into separate units of accounting if certain criteria are met, including whether the delivered component has stand-alone value to the customer, and
whether there is objective and reliable evidence of the fair value of the undelivered items. Consideration received is allocated amongst the separate units of accounting based on their respective fair
values. Applicable revenue recognition criteria are then applied to each of the units.

Revenue
is recognized when the four basic criteria of revenue recognition are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) transfer of technology has been
completed or services have been

F-11

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

rendered;
(3) the fee is fixed or determinable and (4) collectibility is reasonably assured. For each source of revenue, we comply with the above revenue recognition criteria in the
following manner:



Research and development, or R&D, expenditures are expensed as incurred. Major components of R&D expenses consist of personnel costs,
preclinical studies, clinical trials, materials and supplies and allocations of R&D and facilities related costs, as well as fees paid to consultants and other entities that conduct certain research
and development activities on our behalf. Payments made to other entities are typically under agreements that are generally cancelable by us.

R&D
activities are categorized as follows: research and nonclinical studies, clinical development and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Research and nonclinical expenditures consist
primarily of research personnel and laboratory related costs as well as third party contract research. Clinical development

F-12

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

costs
consist primarily of costs associated with Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. Pharmaceutical manufacturing costs include drug formulation, stability testing, contract
manufacturing of drug substance and products and clinical trial material packaging.

Clinical
trial costs are a significant component of our R&D expenses. Currently, we manage our clinical trials primarily through the use of contract research organizations. We recognize
expenses for these
contracted activities based upon a variety of factors, including actual and estimated patient enrollment rates, clinical site initiation activities, labor hours and other activity-based factors. We
match the recording of expenses in our financial statements to the actual services received and efforts expended. Subject to the timing of payments to the service providers, we record prepaid expenses
and accruals relating to clinical trials based on estimates of the degree of completion of the contracted work as specified in each clinical study agreement. We monitor each of these factors to the
extent possible and adjust our estimates accordingly.

Costs
to acquire technologies to be used in research and development that have not reached technological feasibility and have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred.



Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of fully vested common shares outstanding
during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common shares, including stock options, warrants and convertible preferred stock. For all periods
presented in this report, stock options, warrants and convertible preferred stock were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share because the inclusion would provide an antidilutive
effect.

The
following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share:

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007(1)

2006(in thousands, except per share
amounts)Numerator:Net loss

$
(31,218
)
$
(27,561
)
$
(27,328
)Denominator:Weighted average common shares outstanding


18,986


3,376


1,028Less: Weighted average unvested restricted common shares


(22
)

(30
)

(10
)Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per share


18,964


3,346


1,018Basic and diluted net loss per share

$
(1.65
)
$
(8.24
)
$
(26.84
)


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F-13

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)



Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and other comprehensive income/loss. The only component of our other comprehensive
income/loss is the unrealized gains and losses on our marketable securities. Comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was $31.1 million,
$27.6 million, and $27.3 million, respectively. Comprehensive loss has been disclosed in the consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for all periods presented.



We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of
assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely
than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Effective January 1, 2007, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Interpretation
No. 48,Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, or FIN 48.



We adopted the FASB Staff Position No. 150-5,Issuer's Accounting under Statement
No. 150 for Freestanding Warrants and Other Similar Instruments on Shares that are Redeemable, and accounted for the cumulative effect of the change in accounting
principle related to certain freestanding warrants to purchase our series convertible preferred stock as of January 1, 2006. Upon adoption, $848,000 was reclassified from additional
paid-in capital to preferred stock warrant liability on our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2006. In November 2007, these warrants were automatically converted into
warrants to purchase common stock upon the closing of our initial public offering. As a result of the conversion of the warrants' underlying securities and pursuant to EITF 00-19,
our warrant liability was reclassified to stockholders' equity. The impact of the cumulative effect of change in accounting principle was $10,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006 and its
effect on net loss per share was as follows:

Year Ended
December 31, 2006(in thousands, except
per share amounts)Net loss per share, basic and diluted:Loss before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle

$
(26.83
)Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle


(0.01
)Net loss

$
(26.84
)Weighted average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share


1,018




In November 2008, the EITF reached a consensus-for-exposure on EITF Issue No. 08-1, Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables,
or EITF 08-1, which was subsequently ratified by the FASB

F-14

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

currently
subject to a 60-day public comment period. The Task Force discussed a model that would amend EITF 00-21 to require an entity to estimate the selling price of
the undelivered element of accounting and allocate the arrangement consideration using the residual method when the entity does not have vendor-specific objective evidence or acceptable third-party
evidence of the selling price for the undelivered element of accounting. If confirmed, EITF 08-1 will be effective prospectively for revenue arrangements entered into or modified in
the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2009. As we do not currently have any revenue arrangement with multiple deliverables, we will evaluate the impact of EITF 08-1
for revenue arrangement that we may enter into in the future.

In
June 2008, the EITF reached a consensus on EITF Issue No. 07-5,Determining Whether an Instrument (or Embedded Feature) is Indexed to an
Entity's Own Stock, or EITF 07-5. EITF 07-5 provides guidance on how to determine if certain instruments (or embedded features) are
considered indexed to a company's own stock, including instruments similar to warrants to purchase the company's stock. EITF 07-5 requires companies to use a two-step
approach to evaluate an instrument's contingent exercise provisions and settlement provisions in determining whether the instrument is considered to be indexed to its own stock and therefore exempt
from the application of SFAS No. 133,Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities. Although EITF 07-5 is
effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008, any outstanding instrument at the date of adoption will require a retrospective application of the accounting through a cumulative
effect adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption. We do not expect the adoption of EITF 07-5 to have a material impact on either our consolidated financial position or results
of operations.

In
May 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 162,The Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or SFAS 162.
SFAS 162 identifies the sources of accounting principles and the framework for selecting
the principles to be used in the preparation of financial statements of nongovernmental entities that are presented in conformity with GAAP. SFAS 162 is effective 60 days following the
Securities Exchange Commission's approval of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board amendments to AU Section 411,The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity with
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.We do not expect the adoption of SFAS 162 to have a material impact on either our consolidated financial position or results of
operations.

In
December 2007, the FASB ratified EITF Issue No. 07-1,Accounting for Collaborative Arrangements, or
EITF 07-1. EITF 07-1 defines collaborative arrangements and establishes reporting requirements for transactions between participants in a collaborative
arrangement and between participants in the arrangement and third parties. EITF 07-1 also establishes the appropriate income statement presentation and classification for joint
operating activities and payments between participants, as well as the sufficiency of the disclosures related to these arrangements. EITF 07-1 is effective for fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2008. We are currently evaluating the impact of EITF 07-1 on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In
February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159,The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial LiabilitiesIncluding an amendment of
FASB Statement No. 115, or SFAS 159. SFAS 159 permits entities to make an irrevocable election to measure certain financial instruments and other assets
and liabilities at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option is elected will be recognized in net
earnings at each subsequent reporting date. The adoption of SFAS 159 did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements in 2008 as we did not elect the fair value option.

F-15

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Fair Value Measurement

In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157,Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS 157. SFAS 157 defines fair value,
establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands fair value measurement disclosure. In February 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position No. 157-1, or
FSP 157-1,Application of FASB Statement No. 157 to FASB Statement No. 13 and Other Accounting Pronouncements That Address Fair Value
Measurements for Purposes of Lease Classification or Measurement under Statement 13,and Staff Position No. 157-2, or FSP 157-2, Effective Date of FASB Statement
No. 157. FSP 157-1 amends SFAS 157 to remove certain leasing transactions from its
scope. FSP 157-2 delays the effective date of SFAS 157 for all non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities, except for items that are
recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually), until fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. In October 2008, the FASB
issued Staff Position No. 157-3, or FSP 157-3,Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset is Not
Active, that clarifies the application of SFAS 157 in a market that is not active and provides an example to illustrate key considerations in determining the fair value
of a financial asset when the market for that financial asset is not active. FSP 157-3 is applicable to the valuation of auction rate securities held by us for which there was no
active market as of December 31, 2008. FSP 157-3 is effective upon issuance, including prior periods for which the financial statements have not been issued.

The
measurement and disclosure requirements of SFAS 157 related to financial assets and financial liabilities became effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2008.
SFAS 157 does not require assets and liabilities that were previously recorded at cost to be recorded at fair value. For assets and liabilities that are already required to be disclosed at fair
value, FAS 157 introduced a number of key concepts that form the foundation of the fair value measurement approach to be used for financial reporting purposes. SFAS 157 describes three
levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value, as follows:



The
following table summarizes the fair value of our financial assets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 that were recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. According to
SFAS 157, assets and liabilities

F-16

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Fair Value Measurement (Continued)

are
considered measured on a recurring basis if they are remeasured at least annually. We do not have any financial liabilities that are remeasured at least annually.

December 31,2008

2007(in thousands)Balance Sheet Classification:Cash and cash equivalents

$
35,999

$
55,476Marketable securities


8,588


7,640Restricted cash


150


150Total fair value of current financial assets


44,737


63,266Restricted cashnon-current


1,203


903Long-term marketable securities


367


Total fair value of financial assets

$
46,307

$
64,169


The
following table summarizes the fair value of our financial assets, allocated into Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 that were measured on a recurring basis, and
provides a reconciliation of the fair value of our financial assets measured using Level 2 and Level 3 inputs:

December 31, 2008Total
Fair Value

Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)

Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)(in thousands)Financial Assets Held:Cash

$
98

$
98

$


$
Money market funds


34,654


34,654





Certificate of deposit


150


150





U.S. government agencies debt


6,041





6,041


Commercial paper


3,449





3,449


Corporate debt securities


1,548





1,548


Auction rate securities:Beginning balance as of January 1, 2008


4,740





4,740


Purchases


1,100





1,100


Sales and maturities


(5,340
)




(4,340
)

(1,000
)Transfers in (out) of Level 2 and Level 3








(1,500
)

1,500Loss on marketable securities


(133
)







(133
)Ending balance as of December 31, 2008


367








367Total

$
46,307

$
34,902

$
11,038

$
367


As
of December 31, 2008, we held in our marketable securities portfolio certain money market funds, U.S. government agencies debt instruments, commercial paper, corporate debt
securities and one auction rate security. We classified our holdings in U.S. government agencies debt instruments, commercial paper and corporate debt securities as Level 2 instruments as the
fair value of these

F-17

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Fair Value Measurement (Continued)

instruments
was determined by our institutional portfolio managers whose evaluations were based upon market-corroborated inputs such as broker/dealer quotes, reported trades, bids and offers that we
believe are reasonable. Beginning in early 2008, market auctions for certain of the auction rate securities held in our portfolio began to fail causing those securities to become temporarily illiquid.
Although we did experience liquidity in our auction rate securities portfolio during the first nine months of 2008, the illiquid auction rate market at large requires that our auction rate holding be
measured using Level 3 inputs in accordance with guidance provided by SFAS 157. The fair value of our remaining auction rate security as of December 31, 2008, was determined using
a discounted cash flow model that considers inputs such as expected cash flows from the auction rate instrument including expected interest payments, market yields for similarly rated instruments, our
estimates of time to liquidity for the security, and a marketability discount. We revise our estimates for each input as of each financial statement reporting date based upon known and expected market
conditions as well as specific information we have regarding the instrument.

We
have determined that as of December 31, 2008, the fair value of our remaining auction rate instrument was $367,000, net of an estimated $133,000 loss representing a 26.6%
reduction in the carrying value for this instrument. Based on the recent lack of liquidity in the auction rate market and our expectations regarding near-term market conditions, we
concluded that the impairment to the fair value of our auction rate holding as of December 31, 2008, is other-than-temporary in accordance with guidance provided by FSP
FAS 115-1. The reduction in carrying value is reflected as a loss in our consolidated statement of operations as we expect that it is more likely than not that the instrument will
remain illiquid in the next 12 months. Accordingly, we classified this auction rate instrument as an other non-current asset on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2008.

Marketable
securities held at December 31, 2008 and 2007 are summarized below:

December 31, 2008Amortized
Cost

Gross
Unrealized
Gains

Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Fair Value(in thousands)Classified as:Marketable securities:U.S. government agencies debt

$
6,010

$
31

$


$
6,041Commercial paper


997


2





999Corporate debt securities


1,538


10





1,548Auction rate securities


367








367Total marketable securities

$
8,912

$
43

$


$
8,955Available-for-sale securities maturing:Within 1 year

$
7,007







$
7,040Between 1 and 2 years


1,538








1,548Auction rate securities maturing beyond 1 year


367








367$
8,912







$
8,955


F-18

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Fair Value Measurement (Continued)



December 31, 2007Amortized
Cost

Gross
Unrealized
Gains

Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Fair Value(in thousands)Classified as:Marketable securities:Certificates of deposit

$
1,600

$


$


$
1,600Corporate debt securities


1,300








1,300Auction rate securities


4,740








4,740Total marketable securities

$
7,640

$


$


$
7,640Available-for-sale securities maturing:Within 1 year

$
2,900







$
2,900Auction rate securities maturing beyond 1 year


4,740








4,740$
7,640







$
7,640


We
review our investment portfolio to identify and evaluate investments that had indications of possible impairment. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is other than
temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than the cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, credit quality and
our ability to hold the securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, no instruments in our portfolio have
been in an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months.

There
have been no realized gains or losses from the sale of marketable securities for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.

3. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of the following:

December 31,2008

2007(in thousands)Office and computer equipment

$
859

$
754Furniture and fixtures


170


156Laboratory equipment


2,672


2,194Leasehold improvements


2,939


2,8966,640


6,000Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization


(3,442
)

(2,345
)Property and equipment, net

$
3,198

$
3,655


Depreciation
and leasehold improvements amortization expenses were $1.1 million, $1.0 million, and $832,000 for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006,
respectively.

F-19

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

4. Collaboration with Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals

On June 30, 2006, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or P&G, pursuant to which P&G agreed to develop and
commercialize ATI-7505, our product candidate for the treatment of chronic constipation, gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The collaboration
agreement was terminated on July 2, 2008, at which time the performance and service period effectively ended. In connection with our prior collaboration agreement with P&G, we received a
$25.0 million nonrefundable upfront license fee in August 2006. The $25.0 million payment was recorded in our balance sheet as deferred revenue upon receipt and recognized in our
consolidated statement of operations as revenue on a straight-line basis over the performance and service period. Pursuant to the terms of the
collaboration agreement, we are under no obligation to return any portion of the upfront license fee to P&G. As a result, we have recognized as revenue the remaining portion of the
$25.0 million of the nonrefundable upfront license fee as of December 31, 2008.

In
addition, we have recognized $232,000, $262,000, and $2.1 million as of December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively, as collaboration service revenue in connection
with product formulation and manufacturing, patent filing and maintenance, and other development services related to the ATI-7505 program since the beginning of our collaboration with P&G.
Effective upon P&G's notice of termination on July 2, 2008, we no longer provide these support services to P&G for the development of ATI-7505 and therefore those services will no
longer be a source of revenue for us.

5. Debt Financing



On March 28, 2005, we entered into a loan agreement with Lighthouse Capital Partners V, L.P., or Lighthouse, that was
amended on October 19, 2007 and October 17, 2008. The original agreement provided for up to $10.0 million in debt financing. The agreement was amended in October 2007 to provide
for up to $9.0 million of additional financing. The original loan agreement provided for a 42 month repayment term which began on April 1, 2006. The original outstanding
promissory note provides for monthly cash payments of principal and interest at a stated interest rate of 9.75% per annum through September 2009 and a balloon interest payment of $1.2 million
in September 2009. The agreement also allows for prepayment of principal with respect to the original promissory note whereupon the $1.2 million balloon interest payment is accelerated and due
at the time of prepayment of the outstanding loan balance.

The
October 2007 amended loan agreement provided that the additional $9.0 million borrowed under a separate promissory note was subject to an interest-only period
expiring in September 2008 followed by 36 equal monthly payments of principal and interest at an interest rate to be fixed as of October 1, 2008. Pursuant to the October 2007 amended loan
agreement, we are obligated to make a balloon interest payment of $675,000 at time of prepayment or at loan maturity. Any mandatory or voluntary prepayment of the $9.0 million borrowed will
trigger a prepayment penalty equal to 3% of the outstanding principal balance being prepaid.

The
October 2008 loan amendment provides for an interest-only monthly repayment period through June 30, 2009 with respect to the entire outstanding loan obligation of
$12.2 million at a stated interest rate of 9.75% per annum. Thereafter, we are obligated to repay $3.2 million of the total loan obligation over a 12-month period commencing
from July 1, 2009 on an amortized basis, consisting of monthly principal and interest payments at a stated interest rate of 9.75% per annum through June 30,

F-20

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

5. Debt Financing (Continued)

2010,
with a balloon interest payment of $1.2 million payable in June 2010. In connection with the October 2008 loan amendment, we agreed to pay Lighthouse a restructure fee of $200,000 which
is payable upon the earlier of a prepayment or maturity of the $3.2 million portion of our total outstanding loan obligation in June 2010. The remaining $9.0 million loan obligation is
required to be repaid over 36 months commencing from July 1, 2009 on an amortized basis, consisting of monthly principal and interest payments at a stated interest rate of 12.25% per
annum through June 30, 2012, with a balloon interest payment of $675,000 payable in June 2012. We have evaluated the October 2008 loan modification pursuant to guidance under EITF Issue
No. 96-19,Debtor's Accounting for a Modification or Exchange of Debt Instruments,and concluded that the fair value before and after
the modification was not substantially different and therefore did not meet the criteria to be subject to debt extinguishment accounting.

As
of December 31, 2008, the total principal amount borrowed under the Lighthouse agreements was $19.0 million and the total unpaid principal balance outstanding was
$12.2 million. We recorded interest expense related to the loan agreement, including the amortization of expense related to the terminal payment and the warrant issued under the agreement, of
$1.8 million, $1.2 million, and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.

The
loan agreement with Lighthouse contains no financial covenants and no material adverse change clause. Default terms under the loan agreement include borrower default upon nonpayment
of amounts due, noncompliance with loan covenants, misrepresentations under the agreement, bankruptcy and other standard provisions. Under the terms of the loan agreement, as amended, Lighthouse has a
first priority security interest in all of our tangible and intangible assets except for the following: (i) assets specifically identified and used as security for equipment loans,
(ii) any first priority interest Comerica Bank may have in our operating bank accounts at Comerica Bank, (iii) any certificates of deposit that are used as security for letters of credit
issued to third parties, (iv) any interest or claims our landlord may have in certain leasehold improvements and (v) our intellectual property assets. The loan
agreement precludes us from incurring additional material debt amounts with the exception of up to an aggregate of $3.0 million in equipment financing and up to $500,000 in other indebtedness.

Pursuant
to the original loan agreement and the utilization of such, Lighthouse was granted a warrant to purchase 100,704 shares, as adjusted for the draw down, of our common stock at an
exercise price of $9.93 per share. Pursuant to the October 2007 amended loan agreement and the utilization of such, Lighthouse was granted a second warrant to purchase 83,332 shares, as adjusted for
the draw down, of our common stock at an exercise price of $10.80 per share. In connection with the October 2008 loan amendment, we issued Lighthouse an additional warrant to purchase up to 158,770
shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $3.98 per share. (See Note 8Warrants for further discussion.)



On September 1, 2005, we entered into a loan agreement with General Electric Commercial Finance, or GE, for a secured equipment
line of credit of up to $2.5 million. The loan agreement provides for a 42 month repayment term from each date of funding, a stated interest rate that is based on an average of the
Federal Reserve's three- and five-year Treasury Constant Maturities rate plus a spread of 766 basis points and standard default provisions. We currently have three promissory notes
outstanding under the agreement for a total of $1.9 million borrowed with stated interest rates ranging

F-21

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

5. Debt Financing (Continued)

from
11.73% to 12.89%. The arrangement provides for monthly payments of principal and interest through July 2010. Under the agreement, events of default include non-payment of amounts
owed, a non-permitted sale or transfer of collateral, misrepresentations under the agreement, bankruptcy and other standard provisions. Funds borrowed under the agreement are secured by
specific equipment assets and GE has a first priority security interest in those assets. The agreement contains no financial covenants and no warrants to purchase shares of our capital stock were
issued to GE in connection with the debt financing. We recorded interest expense of $93,000, $144,000, and $132,000 for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively.



On December 31, 2008, we entered into a loan agreement with Oxford Finance Corporation, or Oxford, for a secured equipment line
of credit equal to $1.5 million. The loan agreement provides for a 36 month repayment term from each date of funding. We currently have one
promissory note outstanding under the agreement for $1.0 million at a fixed interest rate of 11.50%. The arrangement provides for monthly payments of principal and interest through January
2012. Under the agreement, events of default include non-payment of amounts owed, a non-permitted sale or transfer of collateral, misrepresentations under the agreement, change
in business, ownership and location, merger or acquisition, bankruptcy and other standard provisions. The agreement contains no financial covenants. Funds borrowed under the agreement are secured by
specific equipment assets and Oxford has a first priority security interest in those assets. Any mandatory or voluntary prepayment of the amount borrowed will trigger a prepayment penalty of 5% of the
outstanding principal balance if prepayment is made before the 19th month from date of funding, 3% of the outstanding principal balance if prepayment is made between the
19th and 24th months from date of funding, and 2% of the outstanding principal balance if prepayment is made after the 24th month from
date of funding. In connection with the financing, we issued a warrant to Oxford for the purchase of 8,547 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.34 per share.



Lighthouse has a first priority security interest in all of our tangible and intangible assets except for the following:
(i) assets specifically identified and used as security for GE and Oxford equipment loans, (ii) any first priority interest Comerica Bank, or Comerica, may have in our operating bank
accounts at Comerica, (iii) any certificates of deposit that are used as security for letters of credit issued to third parties, (iv) any interest or claims our landlord may have in
certain leasehold improvements and (v) our intellectual property assets.

F-22

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

5. Debt Financing (Continued)

As
of December 31, 2008, future payments under the Lighthouse, GE, and Oxford loan agreements were as follows:

Lighthouse

GE

Oxford

Total2009

$
2,848

$
286

$
270

$
3,4042010


4,454


65


329


4,8482011


3,173





369


3,5422012


1,737





32


1,769Total principal payments


12,212


351


1,000


13,563Less: Current portion of notes payable


(2,848
)

(286
)

(270
)

(3,404
)Add: Accrued interest on terminal payment


1,119








1,119Notes payable

$
10,483

$
65

$
730

$
11,278


6. Commitments and Contingencies



In November 2004, we entered into a new lease agreement for a facility in Fremont, California. The term of the 96-month
lease commenced in March 2005 upon occupying the facility. The master lease agreement includes scheduled rent increases over the lease term. Rent increases, net of the impact of a rent holiday from
the landlord, are recognized as accrued liabilities and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. In addition, our landlord contributed approximately
$2.6 million towards facility improvements. The leasehold improvement allowance is recognized as a reduction of rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
Both amounts are included in deferred lease credit on our balance sheets. In addition, we provided the landlord with a letter of credit which is collateralized by a certificate of deposit and the
collateralized deposit is recorded as restricted cash on the balance sheet. Amounts of $703,200 and $903,200 were subject to the letter of credit as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
We also have operating leases on certain of our office equipment.

Rent
expense under our operating leases was $751,000, $732,000 and $721,000 for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Future minimum cash payments under
all non-cancelable operating leases at December 31, 2008 are as follows:

2009

$
9612010


9842011


1,0112012


1,0022013 and thereafter


167$
4,125


F-23

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

6. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)



FASB FIN No. 45,Guarantor's Accounting and Disclosure Requirements for Guarantees, Including Indirect
Guarantees of Indebtedness of Others, requires that upon issuance of a guarantee, the guarantor must recognize a liability for the fair value of the obligations it assumes
under that guarantee.

As
permitted under Delaware law and in accordance with our bylaws, we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while the officer
or director is or was serving at our request in such capacity. In August 2007, we entered into indemnification agreements with our officers and directors. The maximum amount of potential future
indemnification is unlimited; however, we intend to obtain director and officer insurance that limits our exposure and may enable us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. We believe the
fair value for these indemnification obligations is minimal. Accordingly, we have not recognized any liabilities relating to these obligations as of December 31, 2008 and 2007.

We
have certain agreements with licensors, licensees and collaborators that contain indemnification provisions. In such provisions, we typically agree to indemnify the licensor, licensee
and collaborator against certain types of third-party claims. We accrue for known indemnification issues when a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. There were no accruals for expenses
related to indemnification issues for any period presented.

7. Stockholders' Equity

On October 22, 2007, we effected a six-for-one reverse stock split of our convertible preferred stock and common stock. All share and per share amounts
have been retroactively restated for the effect of this split for all periods presented.



Upon closing of our initial public offering in November 2007, all of the outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock were
automatically converted into 11,415,130 shares of common stock and all of our warrants to purchase preferred stock then outstanding were converted into warrants to purchase common stock. Our
Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and restated, filed in October 2007, designates and authorizes 10,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value preferred stock, of which no shares are issued and
outstanding as of December 31, 2008 and 2007. The rights, preferences and privileges of any preferred stock to be issued pursuant to our current Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and
restated, have yet to be established. No dividends on preferred stock have been declared since inception through December 31, 2008.



As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we were authorized to issue 150,000,000 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2008
and 2007, we had 27,338,877 and 17,653,648 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively.

In
November 2008, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional and other accredited investors pursuant to which we sold and issued, in a private placement,
an aggregate of 9,649,545 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,894,864 shares of our common stock. Under the terms of the securities
purchase

F-24

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

7. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

agreement,
the price for each share of common stock purchased was $2.20. The total number of shares of common stock underlying each purchaser's warrant was equal to 30% of the total number of shares
purchased by such investor in the private placement with a purchase price per underlying share of common stock of $0.125. The combined purchase price of each share of common stock and each warrant to
purchase 0.30 of a share of common stock issued in the private placement was $2.2375. The warrants are exercisable for a term of five years from November 14, 2008 and have an exercise price of
$2.64 per share. Upon closing of the private placement, we received gross proceeds of approximately $21.6 million. The net proceeds, after deducting placement agent fees and other expenses of
approximately $1.2 million, were approximately $20.4 million.

In
November 2007, we completed our initial public offering in which we sold and issued 5,000,000 shares of common stock at an issue price of $10.00 per share. We raised a total of
$50.0 million in gross proceeds from our initial public offering, or approximately $43.8 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of
$3.5 million and other offering costs of approximately $2.7 million. Entities affiliated with two of our principal stockholders purchased an aggregate of 600,000 shares of common stock
in our initial public offering at the offering price of $10.00 per share.

We
have never declared or paid cash dividends on any of our shares of capital stock. We are prohibited from paying dividends, other than dividends payable solely in common stock, by
covenants contained in our loan agreements with Lighthouse, GE and Oxford.



As of December 31, 2008, the following shares of our common stock were reserved for future issuances:

Warrants outstanding to purchase common stock


3,251,828Stock options and awards available for grant


833,154Stock options and awards outstanding


2,396,777Shares reserved for purchase under employee stock purchase plan


322,3696,804,128


F-25

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

8. Warrants

We issue freestanding warrants from time to time pursuant to various contractual arrangements. As of December 31, 2008, the following warrants to purchase our common stock were
issued and outstanding:

Warrant Holder

Issue Date

In Connection With

Warrant to Purchase

Shares

Exercise
Price
(per share)

Expire DateATEL


12/23/2002

Leasing arrangement

Common Stock


5,611

$
8.91


11/13/2012Lighthouse(1)


3/28/2005

Debt financing

Common Stock


100,704

$
9.93



(1)Lighthouse(2)


10/19/2007

Debt financing

Common Stock


83,332

$
10.80



(2)Lighthouse(3)


10/17/2008

Debt restructure

Common Stock


158,770

$
3.975



(3)Various investors(4)



(4)
Private placement of equity

Common Stock


2,894,864

$
2.64


11/14/2013Oxford(5)


12/31/2008

Equipment financing

Common Stock


8,547

$
2.34


12/31/20133,251,828


---

We follow guidance under SFAS 150 to measure the fair value of these warrants on date of issuance. The fair value of the warrant issued to
ATEL for $42,000 was capitalized as a prepayment on a lease and was amortized to interest expense over the 36 month lease term. The fair value of the first warrant issued to Lighthouse for
$738,000 was capitalized in three separate tranches as debt issuance cost with the first tranche amortized to interest expense over the funding commitment period ended December 31, 2005. The
remainder was amortized to interest expense over the duration of the interest-only period plus the term of the loan over 42 months. The fair value of the second warrant issued to
Lighthouse for $523,000 was capitalized in two separate tranches as debt issuance cost with the first tranche amortized to interest expense over the funding commitment period ended March 1,
2008, and the remainder amortized to interest expense over the duration of the interest-only period plus the term of the loan over 36 months. The fair value of the third warrant
issued to Lighthouse for $396,000 was capitalized as debt issuance cost and amortized to interest expense over the duration of the interest-only period plus the term of the restructured
loan over 36 months. The fair value of the warrants issued in connection with the Oxford
equipment loan for $17,000 was capitalized as debt issuance cost and will be amortized to interest expense over the duration of the loan over 36 months.

F-26

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

8. Warrants (Continued)

We
follow the EITF discussion under EITF Issue No. 00-18,Accounting Recognition for Certain Transactions Involving Equity Instruments Granted
to Other Than Employees, and considered the fair value of the warrants issued to investors participating in the November 2008 private placement of equity as cost of equity
financing and accordingly, we recorded the fair value of the warrants to contra-equity. The aggregate fair value of the warrants issued to the investors was approximately $4.0 million
determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions: risk-free interest rate of 2.44%, contractual life of five years according to the terms of the
warrants, no dividend yield and volatility of 79%.

The
fair value of our capitalized warrants issued in connection with the placement of our long-term debt was amortized to interest expense as follows:

Year Ended
December 31,2008

2007

2006(in thousands)LighthouseWarrant 1

$
84

$
94

$
94LighthouseWarrant 2


196


145


LighthouseWarrant 3


23





$
303

$
239

$
94


All
warrants may be exercised using the net exercise method. Under this method, the number of shares issued upon exercise is reduced by an amount equal to the product of the number of
shares subject to the exercise and the exercise price per share, divided by the fair value of the underlying securities on the date of the exercise. The number of shares issued upon exercise of the
warrants, and the exercise price per share, are adjustable in the event of stock splits, dividends and similar fundamental changes. In June 2007, Life Science Group, Inc. exercised their first
warrant on a net exercise basis and resulted in the issuance of 1,055 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock. In October 2007, Life Science Group, Inc. exercised their second
warrant on a net exercise basis and resulted in the issuance of 1,927 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock. Upon closing of the initial public offering in November 2007, all shares of
our convertible preferred stock were automatically converted into shares of common stock and accordingly, an aggregate 2,982 shares of Series C convertible preferred shares issued in connection
with warrants exercised in 2007 were converted into equal shares of common stock.

Before
conversion of the convertible preferred stock warrants into common stock warrants, we followed guidance under SFAS 150 and re-measured the fair value of these
warrants on January 1, 2006 (upon adoption of FSP 150-5) and on each subsequent balance sheet date until the date of conversion using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with
the following assumptions: risk-free interest rate between 3.78% and 4.96%, contractual life according to the remaining terms of the arrangements, no dividend yield and volatility of 73%.
Accordingly, we recorded other income of $445,000 and $5,000 to reflect the decrease in fair value of the then-preferred stock warrant liability for the year ended December 31, 2007
and 2006, respectively.

F-27

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation



Our board of directors adopted the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2007 Plan, in July 2007 and our stockholders approved the 2007
Plan in October 2007. The 2007 Plan became effective immediately upon the signing of the underwriting agreement for our initial public offering. The 2007 Plan will terminate on July 17, 2017,
unless terminated earlier by our board of directors. The 2007 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards,
stock appreciation rights, performance stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation, or collectively, stock awards, which may be granted to employees, including officers,
non-employee directors, and consultants.

As
of December 31, 2008, an aggregate of 1,356,146 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance under the 2007 Plan, of which 683,154 shares remained available for
future grant as of such date. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase each year on January 1st, from January 1, 2008 through and including
January 1, 2017, by the lesser of (a) 4.0% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year or (b) a number
of shares of common stock determined by our board of directors prior to the start of a calendar year for which an increase applies. The maximum number of shares that may be issued pursuant to the
exercise of incentive stock options over the term of the 2007 Plan is 6,666,666 shares. As of December 31, 2008, options to purchase 672,992 shares of common stock at a weighted average
exercise price per share of $7.15 were outstanding under the 2007 Plan.

Generally,
the plan administrator, as designated by our board of directors, determines the exercise price for a stock option provided that the exercise price of an incentive stock option
and nonstatutory stock option cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2007 Plan vest at the rate specified by the plan
administrator. The
plan administrator also determines the term of stock options granted under the 2007 Plan, up to a maximum of ten years (except in the case of certain incentive stock options, as described below).
Unless the terms of an optionee's stock option agreement provide otherwise, if an optionee's relationship with us, or any of our affiliates, ceases for any reason other than disability or death, the
optionee may exercise any vested options for a period of three months following the cessation of service. If an optionee's service relationship with us, or any of our affiliates, ceases due to
disability or death (or an optionee dies within a certain period following cessation of service), the optionee or a beneficiary may exercise any vested options for a period of 12 months in the
event of disability, and 18 months in the event of death.

No
incentive stock option may be granted to any person who, at the time of the grant, owns or is deemed to own stock possessing more than 10% of our total combined voting power or that
of any of our affiliates unless (a) the option exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the stock subject to the option on the date of grant and (b) the term of the
incentive stock option does not exceed five years from the date of grant.



Our board of directors adopted the 2007 Non-Employee Directors' Stock Option Plan, or the 2007 Directors' Plan, in July
2007 and our stockholders approved the 2007 Directors' Plan in October 2007. The 2007 Directors' Plan became effective immediately upon the signing of the underwriting agreement for our initial public
offering. The 2007 Directors' Plan provides for the automatic grant of

F-28

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

nonstatutory
stock options to purchase shares of common stock to our non-employee directors over their period of service on our board.

As
of December 31, 2008, an aggregate of 266,662 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance under the 2007 Directors' Plan, of which 150,000 shares remained available
for future grant as of such date. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase each year on January 1st, from January 1, 2008 through and
including January 1, 2017, by the excess of (a) the number of shares of common stock subject to options granted during the preceding calendar year, over (b) the number of shares
added back to the share reserve during the preceding calendar year. As of December 31, 2008, options to purchase 116,662 shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price per share of
$7.85 were outstanding under the 2007 Directors' Plan.

Pursuant
to the terms of the 2007 Directors' Plan, each individual who becomes a non-employee director will automatically be granted an option to purchase 16,666 shares
of common stock, or Initial Option, on the date of appointment to the board. The shares subject to each such Initial Option vest in a series of 36 successive equal monthly installments measured from
the date of grant. Each individual who is serving as a non-employee director on the first trading day occurring on or after April 30th of each year, beginning in 2009, will
automatically be granted an option to purchase 6,666 shares of common stock, or Annual Option, on that date. The shares subject to each such Annual Option vest in a series of 12 successive equal
monthly installments measured from the date of grant. The exercise price of each option granted under the 2007 Directors' Plan will be equal to 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the
date of grant. The maximum term of options granted under the 2007 Directors' Plan is ten years.



Our 2001 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2001 Plan, adopted by our board of directors in May 2001, provides for the granting of incentive
and nonstatutory stock options, stock bonuses and restricted stock to our employees, directors and consultants at the discretion of the board of directors. As of December 31, 2008, options to
purchase 1,607,123 shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price per share of $2.10 remained outstanding under the 2001 Plan. In addition, 68,333 shares subject to stock bonus awards and
restricted stock awards have been granted under the 2001 Plan. Subsequent to the initial public offering of our common stock in November 2007, no further options will be granted under the 2001 Plan.
At the closing of the initial public offering in 2007, all shares remaining and available for future grant were cancelled.

The
2001 Plan allows for early exercise of certain stock options prior to vesting subject to the terms of the stock option agreement approved by the board of directors. As of
December 31, 2008 and 2007, no unvested stock options were exercisable subject to the original early exercise provision contained in certain of our stock option agreements and all early
exercised shares were vested and none were subject to repurchase by us.

F-29

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

A summary of activities under all of our stock option and incentive plans through December 31, 2008 is as follows:

Number of
Shares

Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price

Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term

Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (000's)Outstanding at December 31, 2005


1,384,458

$
1.58Granted


81,663


2.19Exercised/released


(61,228
)

0.82Forfeited


(14,071
)

1.72Outstanding at December 31, 2006


1,390,822

$
1.65


7.79

$
2,296Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2006


1,382,934

$
1.65


7.79

$
2,285Exercisable at December 31, 2006


729,158

$
1.47


7.38

$
1,330Granted


622,729

$
4.23Exercised/released


(180,163
)

1.96Forfeited


(55,811
)

2.37Outstanding at December 31, 2007


1,777,577

$
2.50


7.57

$
9,375Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2007


1,766,459

$
2.49


7.56

$
9,326Exercisable at December 31, 2007


1,063,125

$
1.77


6.88

$
6,358Granted


691,529

$
7.12Exercised/released


(35,684
)

2.20Forfeited


(36,645
)

4.97Outstanding at December 31, 2008


2,396,777

$
3.80


7.19

$
1,528Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2008


2,340,008

$
3.75


7.14

$
1,521Exercisable at December 31, 2008


1,464,424

$
2.53


6.30

$
1,406


A
summary of total outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2008 is as follows:

Options Outstanding

Options ExercisableRange of Exercise Price

Number
Outstanding

Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life (in years)

Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price

Number
Exercisable

Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price$0.90 - $0.90


264,308


3.99

$
0.90


264,308

$
0.90$0.91 - $1.80


873,747


6.11


1.80


797,754


1.80$1.81 - $3.30


495,319


8.16


3.18


239,557


3.27$3.31 - $8.10


763,403


8.90


7.49


162,805


7.64$0.90 - $8.10


2,396,777


7.19


3.80


1,464,424


2.53


F-30

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)



Our board of directors adopted our 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the 2007 ESPP, in July 2007 and our stockholders approved the
2007 purchase plan in October 2007. The 2007 purchase plan became effective immediately upon the signing of the underwriting agreement for our initial public offering.

As
of December 31, 2008, an aggregate of 322,369 shares of common stock have been reserved under the 2007 ESPP pursuant to purchase rights granted to our employees, all of which
remain available for future issuance. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase on January 1st, from January 1, 2008 through and including
January 1, 2017, by the lesser of (a) 1.0% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year or (b) a lesser
number of shares of common stock determined by our board of directors prior to the start of a year for which an increase applies. The maximum number of shares that may be issued pursuant to the
exercise of purchase rights over the term of the 2007 ESPP is 1,666,666 shares. The 2007 ESPP is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan" within the meaning of Section 423 of
the Internal Revenue Code. As of December 31, 2008, no shares of our common stock have been purchased under the 2007 ESPP as the initial offering period under the plan has not completed its
term.

Our
board of directors has delegated its authority to administer the 2007 ESPP to our compensation committee. The 2007 ESPP is implemented through a series of offerings of purchase
rights to eligible employees. The initial offering began on August 15, 2008 and will end on May 14, 2009. After the initial offering, a new offering will begin on
May 15th and November 15th each year beginning in 2009 over the term of the plan and will be approximately six months in duration. The last trading day of each offering
period is the purchase date on which shares of common stock will be purchased for employees participating in the offering. Generally, all regular employees, including executive officers, employed by
us may participate in the 2007 ESPP and may contribute, normally through payroll deductions, a percentage of their earnings, not to exceed 15%, for the purchase of common stock under the 2007 ESPP.
Unless otherwise determined by our board of directors, common stock will be purchased for the accounts of employees participating in the 2007 ESPP at a price per share equal to the lower of
(a) 85% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the first date of an offering or (b) 85% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of
purchase.



We estimate the fair value of our share-based award to employees and directors using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The
Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the use of certain subjective assumptions. The most significant of these assumptions are our estimates of the expected volatility of the market price of
our stock and the expected term of the award. Due to the fact that we are a newly public company, there is limited historical information available to support our estimate of expected volatility
required to value our stock-based awards. Prior to September 30, 2008, we used an average volatility estimate based on a group of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry that are similar in
size, stage of life cycle and financial leverage. Beginning with the three months ended December 31, 2008, we began using a blended volatility estimate consisting of our own stock and the
average volatility of similar companies in the biopharmaceutical industry. The expected term represents

F-31

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

the
period of time that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. As we have a history of stock option exercise experience for use in the calculation, expected terms are based on historical
option exercise experience and employee turnover data. Groups of employees that have similar historical exercise behavior are stratified and considered separately in the calculation. Other assumptions
used in the Black-Scholes option valuation model include the risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. The risk-free interest rate for periods pertaining to each
vesting tranche over the expected term of each option is based on the U.S. Treasury strip yield of a similar duration in effect at the time of grant. We have never paid, and do not expect to pay,
dividends in the foreseeable future. The fair value of our stock-based awards was estimated at the date of grant using the following assumptions:

Year Ended
December 31,2008

2007

2006Expected volatility


73% - 79
%

73
%

73
%Weighted-average expected term (in years)


5.7


4.0


4.1Weighted-average risk-free interest rate


2.9
%

4.4
%

4.8
%Expected dividends



%


%


%Weighted-average grant date fair value per share


$4.57

$
2.41

$
1.80


SFAS 123R
requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from estimates. Forfeitures are
estimated based on our historical experience and separate groups of employees that have similar historical forfeiture behavior are considered separately for expense recognition.

We
estimate the fair value of the purchase rights issued to our employees participating in the 2007 ESPP using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The fair value of the purchase
rights was estimated at the first date of each offering period using the following assumptions:

Year Ended
December 31,
2008Expected volatility


73
%Expected term (in years)


0.75Weighted-average risk-free interest rate


2.1
%Expected dividends



%Weighted-average grant date fair value per share

$
2.56


F-32

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

Total
compensation cost that has been recorded in our consolidated statement of operations, which includes stock-based compensation expense under SFAS 123R and the value of
options issued to non-employees for services rendered, is allocated as follows:

Year Ended December 31,2008

2007

2006(in thousands)Research and development:Officer compensation

$
306

$
115

$
54Employee and consultant compensation


624


355


102Selling, general and administrative:Director and officer compensation


958


669


431Employee and consultant compensation


260


66


41$
2,148

$
1,205

$
628


In
February 2007 and in connection with our annual employee performance reviews, employees received stock option grants with a service and performance condition that provides for partial
acceleration of vesting upon the completion of ARYx's initial public offering. Upon the closing of our initial public offering in November 2007, vesting of 25% of the shares subject to the options
granted was accelerated to the date of our initial public offering. The remaining 75% of the shares subject to the options granted was accelerated to vest in equal monthly installments over
36 months measured from the date of our initial public offering. In addition, an option granted to an officer in connection with an employment agreement was also accelerated pursuant to the
terms of the option agreement. In accordance with provisions of SFAS 123R, we accounted for the effect of the vesting acceleration as a cumulative catch-up adjustment in the period
when the performance condition was met and recognized related compensation cost in the 4th quarter of 2007.

In
August 2006, we entered into a separation agreement with an employee whereby the vesting of certain stock options was accelerated. Acceleration of vesting represents a change to the
terms of the original service vesting condition and is therefore subject to modification accounting under SFAS 123R. Accordingly, the originally measured and recognized compensation cost is
reversed, and the fair value of the modified award on the modification date is recognized. As a result of this modification, we recognized additional compensation expense of $13,000 for the year ended
December 31, 2006.

F-33

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

A
summary of the status of our unvested stock options as of the respective balance sheet dates, and changes during years, is presented below:

Number of
Shares
(#)

Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
(per share)Unvested shares at January 1, 2006


600,893

$
1.44Granted


56,666


1.80Vested


(259,633
)

1.26Forfeited


(12,850
)

1.50Unvested shares at December 31, 2006


385,076


1.56Granted


579,396


2.41Vested


(296,870
)

1.61Forfeited


(54,485
)

1.89Unvested shares at December 31, 2007


613,117


2.31Granted


691,529


4.57Vested


(375,942
)

2.99Forfeited


(36,645
)

3.06Unvested shares at December 31, 2008


892,059


3.74


As
of December 31, 2008 and 2007, there was $1.9 million and $1.3 million, respectively, of unrecognized compensation cost related to these unvested stock options
and these costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.29 years and 1.23 years, respectively. The total fair value of the shares vested during the years ended
December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, was $1.1 million, $474,000, and $327,000, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2008,
2007 and 2006, was $158,000, $326,000 and $60,000, respectively.

No
restricted stock was awarded in 2008. In February 2007, the compensation committee of our board of directors granted an officer a fully vested restricted stock award for 18,333 shares
of our common stock and in April 2007, the compensation committee granted the same officer a restricted stock award for an additional 25,000 shares of our common stock. The April 2007 award shares are
held in escrow and will be released to the holder upon satisfaction of the vesting provision over a period of four years, provided that the officer remains our chief executive officer. In January
2006, the compensation committee granted an officer a restricted stock award for 25,000 shares of our common stock. In September 2006, we signed and executed a stock bonus award agreement which
clarified and modified certain terms of that award. In accordance with the provisions of SFAS 123R, we accounted for the modification as an exchange of the original award for a new award and
accordingly, $72,000 of compensation cost was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2006 related to this award. The 2006 award shares are currently held in escrow and will be released
to the holder upon satisfaction of the vesting provision over a period of three years.

F-34

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

A
summary of the status of our unvested restricted stock awards as of the respective balance sheet dates, and changes during years, is presented below:

Number of
Shares
(#)

Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
(per share)Unvested shares at January 1, 2006





Granted


25,000

$
2.88Vested





Forfeited





Unvested shares at December 31, 2006


25,000


2.88Granted


43,333


3.30Vested


(38,480
)

3.13Forfeited





Unvested shares at December 31, 2007


29,853


3.17Granted





Vested


(14,580
)

3.06Forfeited





Unvested shares at December 31, 2008


15,273


3.28


Our
employee stock options are structured to qualify as incentive stock options, or ISOs. Under current tax regulations, we do not receive a tax deduction for the issuance, exercise or
disposition of ISOs if the employee meets certain holding requirements. If the employee does not meet the holding requirements, a disqualifying disposition occurs, at which time we will receive a tax
deduction. We do not record tax benefits related to ISOs unless and until a disqualifying disposition occurs. In the event of a disqualifying disposition, the entire tax benefit is recorded as a
reduction of income tax expense. We have not recognized any income tax benefit for the stock-based compensation arrangement due to the fact that we do not believe it is more likely than not that we
will recognize any deferred tax assets from such compensation cost recognized in the current period. Total cash received from the exercise of stock options in 2008, 2007 and 2006 was $79,000, $211,000
and $59,000, respectively.



We continue to account for stock options issued to non-employees in accordance with the recognition provisions of
SFAS 123R, and EITF Issue 96-18,Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling,
Goods or Services, using a fair value approach. The compensation costs of these arrangements are subject to re-measurement over the vesting terms as earned. As of
December 31, 2007, options to purchase 2,031 shares of our common stock remained subject to re-measurement under EITF Issue 96-18.

We
did not grant any stock options to non-employees in 2008, 2007 and 2006. Compensation expense related to non-employee options granted prior to 2006 was
$10,000, $13,000, and $20,000 for the year ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.

F-35

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

The
fair value of non-employee options in 2008, 2007, and 2006 was estimated using the Black-Scholes model with the following weighted-average assumptions: a dividend yield
of zero, volatility of 73% to 79%, maximum contractual life of ten years, and a risk-free interest rate of 2.9%, 4.4%, and 4.8%, respectively.

10. 401(k) Plan

Our employees, upon meeting certain requirements, are eligible to participate in our 401(k) plan. Our 401(k) plan provides that each participant may contribute a portion of his or her
pre-tax compensation, up to a statutory limit, which for most employees is $16,500 in 2008. Participants that are 50 years or older can also make "catch-up"
contributions, which in 2007 may be up to an additional $5,000 above the statutory limit. Employee contributions are held and invested by the plan's trustee. Our 401(k) plan also permits us to make
discretionary matching contributions, and beginning in 2007, we have elected to match participant contributions up to 3.5% of a participant's annual compensation, subject to statutory limits. For the
year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, we contributed a total of $227,000 and $199,000, respectively, to the matching provision under our 401(k) Plan.

11. Income Taxes

There is no provision for income taxes because we have incurred operating losses since inception. A reconciliation between the U.S. statutory tax rate and our effective tax rate follows:

2008

2007

2006Tax benefits at federal statutory tax rate


(34.0
)%

(34.0
)%

(34.0
)%State income tax benefits, net of federal tax benefits








Research tax credits


(2.6
)

(1.7
)

(2.6
)Stock-based compensation


1.6


0.8


0.3Effect of valuation allowance


35.0


35.5


36.6Other





(0.6
)

(0.3
)Effective tax rate


0.0
%

0.0
%

0.0
%


F-36

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

11. Income Taxes (Continued)

Deferred
tax assets and liabilities reflect the net tax effects of net operating loss, tax credit carryovers and temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and
liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets are as follows:

December 31,2008

2007(in thousands)Deferred tax assets (liabilities):Net operating loss carryforwards

$
58,400

$
39,400Deferred revenue





7,800Research tax credits


5,000


3,700Deferred lease credit


900


1,000Stock-based compensation


800


500Depreciation related


(400
)

(700
)Other, net


200


Total deferred tax assets


64,900


51,700Valuation allowance


(64,900
)

(51,700
)Net deferred tax assets

$


$



Realization
of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Based on known factors, our management cannot currently
conclude that it will be more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. Accordingly, the deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. For 2008, 2007 and
2006, the valuation allowance increased by $13.2 million, $11.7 million, and $11.8 million, respectively.

As
of December 31, 2008, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately $147.9 million which expire between 2021 and 2028 if not
utilized, and federal research
and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.5 million which expire beginning in 2018 if not utilized. In addition, we have net operating loss carryforwards for state income tax
purposes of approximately $140.4 million which expire between 2013 and 2018 if not utilized, and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.2 million
which do not expire. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, provides for a limitation on the utilization of net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards in the event
that there is a change in ownership as defined in this section. We concluded that we experienced such a change in ownership in June of 2002. As a result of this change in ownership, our ability to use
the net operating losses and tax credits incurred prior to the ownership change will likely be limited in future periods.

We
adopted FIN 48 effective January 1, 2007. FIN 48 requires us to recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more likely than not, based
on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. No cumulative adjustment to our accumulated deficit was required upon our adoption of FIN 48. As permitted under
the provisions of FIN 48, we will classify interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of our income tax provision, although there have been no such interest or
penalties recognized to-date.

F-37

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Table of Contents

ARYX THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

11. Income Taxes (Continued)

A
reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

(in thousands)Balance as of January 1, 2007

$
400Additions based on tax positions related to the current year


100Reduction resulting from lapse of applicable statue of limitations


Settlements


Balance as of December 31, 2007


500Additions based on tax positions related to the current year


200Reduction resulting from lapse of applicable statue of limitations


Settlements


Balance as of December 31, 2008

$
700


As
of December 31, 2008, there were no unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact our effective tax rate. We currently have a full valuation allowance against our
net deferred tax asset which would impact the timing of the effective tax rate benefit should any of these uncertain tax positions be favorably settled in the future. We do not anticipate that the
amount of existing unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months. Because of our net operating loss carryforwards, substantially all of our tax
years remain open to federal tax examination. We file income tax returns in the United States and in California, which typically have three and four tax years open, respectively, at any point in time.

12. Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)

The following tables summarize the unaudited quarterly financial data for the last two fiscal years.

First
Quarter

Second
Quarter

Third
Quarter

Fourth
Quarter(in thousands, except per share amount)2008Total revenue

$
1,042

$
1,138

$
17,544

$
Operating costs and expenses


10,600


12,873


14,131


12,537Net (loss) income


(9,503
)

(11,896
)

3,231


(13,050
)Basic (net loss) earnings per share


(0.54
)

(0.67
)

0.18


(0.57
)Diluted (net loss) earnings per share


(0.54
)

(0.67
)

0.17


(0.57
)2007Total revenue

$
1,138

$
996

$
1,040

$
984Operating costs and expenses


6,571


8,255


8,554


9,578Net loss


(5,136
)

(7,020
)

(7,301
)

(8,104
)Basic and diluted net loss per share


(4.89
)

(6.50
)

(6.30
)

(0.80
)


F-38

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Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit
Number

Description of Document3.1(9)

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of ARYx Therapeutics, Inc., or ARYx, as currently in effect.3.2(1)

Bylaws of ARYx.4.1

Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 above.4.2(2)

Specimen Common Stock Certificate.4.3(3)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Series C preferred stock, issued September 3, 2003.4.4(3)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Series C preferred stock, issued December 23, 2002.4.5(3)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Series D preferred stock, issued March 28, 2005 to Lighthouse Capital Partners V, L.P. ("Lighthouse").4.6(2)

Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement by and between ARYx and certain of its securityholders, dated October 22, 2007.4.7(4)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of Series E preferred stock, issued October 19, 2007 to Lighthouse.4.8(6)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of common stock, issued October 17, 2008 to Lighthouse.4.9(7)

Registration Rights Agreement by and between ARYx and several investors, dated November 11, 2008.4.10(7)

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of common stock, issued November 11, 2008 to several purchasers.4.11

Form of Warrant to purchase shares of common stock, issued December 31, 2008 to Oxford Financial Corporation.10.1(3)+

Form of Indemnity Agreement between ARYx and its executive officers and directors.10.2(3)

Lease Agreement by and between ARYx and Trinet Essential Facilities X, Inc., dated November 16, 2004, as amended on June 17, 2005.10.3(3)+

2001 Equity Incentive Plan.10.4(3)+

Form of Option Agreement, Form of Option Grant Notice and Form of Exercise Notice under 2001 Equity Incentive Plan.10.5(4)+

2007 Equity Incentive Plan.10.6(4)+

Form of Option Agreement, Form of Option Grant Notice and Form of Exercise Notice under 2007 Equity Incentive Plan.10.7(4)+

2007 Non-Employee Directors' Stock Option Plan.10.8(4)+

Form of Option Agreement, Form of Option Grant Notice and Form of Exercise Notice under the 2007 Non-Employee Directors' Stock Option Plan.10.9(4)+

2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.10.10(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and Paul Goddard, dated September 1, 2005.10.11(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and Peter G. Milner, dated September 30, 2005.10.12(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and John Varian, dated November 17, 2003.10.13(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and Pascal Druzgala, dated July 23, 2002.


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Table of Contents

Exhibit
Number

Description of Document10.14(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and Daniel Canafax, dated January 31, 2007.10.15(3)+

Employment Agreement between ARYx and David Nagler, dated July 15, 2003.10.16(4)+

Non-Employee Director Compensation Arrangements.10.17(2)#

License, Development and Commercialization Agreement between ARYx and Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("P&G"), dated June 30, 2006 (the "P&G Agreement").10.18(3)

Master Security Agreement by and between General Electric Capital Corporation and ARYx, dated August 24, 2005, as amended on August 31, 2005.10.19(4)

Loan and Security Agreement No. 4521 by and between Lighthouse and ARYx, dated March 28, 2005, as amended on April 22, 2005, July 25, 2005, June 27, 2006, August 30, 2007 and
October 19, 2007 (the "Lighthouse Agreement").10.20(5)+

Compensation Information for Named Executive Officers.10.21(9)

Amendment No. 6 to the Lighthouse Agreement by and between Lighthouse and ARYx, dated February 22, 2008.10.22(8)

Amendment to the P&G Agreement by and between ARYx and P&G, dated February 29, 2008.10.23(6)

Amendment No. 7 to the Lighthouse Agreement by and between Lighthouse and ARYx, dated October 17, 2008.10.24(7)

Securities Purchase Agreement by and between ARYx and several purchasers, dated November 11, 2008.10.25+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and Paul Goddard, dated December 19, 2008.10.26+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and Peter G. Milner, dated December 19, 2008.10.27+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and John Varian, dated December 19, 2008.10.28+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and Pascal Druzgala, dated December 19, 2008.10.29+

Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between ARYx and Daniel Canafax, dated December 19, 2008.10.30

Loan Agreement by and between ARYx and Oxford Financial Corporation, dated December 31, 2008.21.1(3)

Subsidiaries of ARYx.23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.24.1

Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page.31.1

Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.31.2

Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.32.1

Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.


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