AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed August 26, 2024 

S 

In The 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

No. 05-23-00139-CV 

ROCKY JAY TABB, JR. AND TYFFANY L. MULLEN, Appellants 

V. 

CINCERO PROPERTIES LLC, Cincero Properties 

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4 

Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. CC-22-07385-D 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Before Justices Molberg, Pedersen, III, and Goldstein 

Opinion by Justice Molberg 

In this forcible detainer action, after a de novo1

 bench trial, the trial court 

awarded Cincero Properties LLC possession of the property in question and ordered 

defendants and pro se appellants Rocky Jay Tabb, Jr.2

 and Tyffany L. Mullen to pay 

1 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 506.3. 

2

 On appeal, all parties identify appellant Tabb as “Rocky J. Tabb, Sr.” We, in contrast, identify him 

as “Rocky Jay Tabb, Jr.,” as he is identified in the trial court’s judgment. When the matter was tried de 

novo in the trial court, Tabb appeared, fully participated in the case, and raised no issue regarding misnomer, 

thereby waiving any misnomer issue on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a) (preservation of appellate 

complaints generally); Quick Change Artist, LLC v. Accessories, No. 05-14-01562-CV, 2017 WL 563340, 

at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 13, 2017, no. pet.) (mem. op.), abrogated on other grounds, Nath v. Texas 

Children’s Hosp., 576 S.W.3d 707, 709 (Tex. 2019). 
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Cincero Properties $15,728 in overdue rents and late fees and $428 in court costs. 

Tabb and Mullen appeal. For the reasons below, we affirm the judgment. 

I. BACKGROUND

Cincero Properties initiated forcible detainer proceedings against Tabb and 

Mullen on November 22, 2022. The petition alleged Tabb and Mullen were served 

with notice to vacate on November 8, 2022, by affixing the notice to the inside of 

the main entry door, by mail, and by certified mail. Citation was issued for each 

appellant, and Tabb and Mullen were both served. 

The justice court heard the matter on December 8, 2022, eleven days after 

Tabb and Mullen were served. Tabb and Mullen did not appear. The justice court 

entered a default judgment against them and in favor of Cincero Properties. 

Four days later, Tabb and Mullen appealed to the county court at law and filed 

sworn statements of inability to pay court costs on appeal. Cincero Properties did 

not contest the pauper’s affidavits. 

The county court at law conducted a de novo bench trial on February 10, 2023, 

in remote proceedings by Zoom. Mullen did not appear. Two witnesses testified—

Tabb and Jody Wall, an agent for Cincero Properties, and the same agent that had 

signed the eviction petition. 

Wall testified about the history of the parties’ eviction proceedings leading up 

to the current trial. She testified she first provided a three-day notice to vacate on 

July 12, 2022, by mailing it and posting it to Tabb and Mullen’s front door. And 
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though she did not identify the year, Wall testified that, “Then, again on November 

9, I gave them 10 days’ notice to vacate” and that Tabb and Mullen “are still there 

[and] did not vacate.” Wall testified the lease expired January 31, 2023, and rent 

was $1,600 per month. She also testified Tabb and Mullen had not paid rent since 

June of 2022. In addition to attorneys’ fees from a prior proceeding and court costs, 

Wall testified she was asking for an award of $15,728. 

Tabb testified he and Mullen were not out of the property and disputed certain 

portions of Wall’s testimony, including by testifying that Wall never placed any 

letter on their door and never sent any letter in the mail and by testifying the lease 

did not expire until February 15, 2023. Tabb also testified about other difficulties 

he perceived about the payment methods required and provided somewhat 

inconsistent testimony regarding payment attempts, stating in part of his testimony 

that he and Mullen had been paying rent to the county clerk but later testifying that 

he had been trying to pay Wall and that she had been avoiding him. 

After Wall and Tabb testified, the trial judge indicated she would take the 

matter under advisement and would issue an order based on the testimony “and 

everything that was presented in the form of exhibits.” While no formal offer or 

admission of exhibits is contained in the record before us, the reporter’s record from 

the February 10, 2023 bench trial contains eleven exhibits, all marked as exhibits for 

the plaintiff, Cincero Properties. These exhibits include, among other things, (1) a 

lease agreement with a term beginning February 15, 2022, and ending at 4:00 p.m. 
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local time on January 31, 2023, and with an agreed rental amount of $1,600 per 

month; (2) a ten-day notice to vacate dated November 9, 2022, and addressed to 

Tabb and Mullen at the premises in question, which was located in Cedar Hill, Texas 

in zip code 75104; and (3) a United States Postal Service (USPS) tracking sheet 

confirming delivery on November 10, 2022, in Cedar Hill, Texas in zip code 75104. 

On February 10, 2023, the trial court signed a judgment awarding Cincero 

Properties LLC possession of the property in question and ordering Tabb and Mullen 

to pay Cincero Properties $15,728 in overdue rents and late fees and $428 in court 

costs. 

II. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

Tabb and Mullen ask us to reverse the judgment and raise five issues on 

appeal.3

 

A. Appendix to Tabb and Mullen’s Appellate Brief 

Before discussing Tabb and Mullen’s five issues, we first discuss the appendix 

attached to their appellate brief, which contains items described as “Appellant’s 

3

 These five questions are: 

1. Did [Cincero Properties] obtain a writ of possession lawfully? 

2. Did the trial court have factually sufficient evidence to rule in favor of [Cincero 

Properties]? 

3. Did [Cincero Properties] submit false evidence to the court? 

4. Did the trial court err in excluding critical evidence? 

5. Did the trial judge abuse [its] discretion[] when reviewing the evidence before making 

the judgment?
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Exhibits” (marked as AP01 to AP15), “JP Clerk Record” (marked as CR01 to 

CR06), and “Reporter Record” (marked as RR01 to RR08). 

Cincero Properties argues we may not consider the items marked as AP01 to 

AP15 because such items are not in the appellate record. We agree. See Perry v. 

Kroger Stores, Store No. 119, 741 S.W.2d 533, 534 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, no 

writ) (“The attachment of documents as exhibits or appendices to briefs is not formal 

inclusion in the record on appeal and, thus, the documents cannot be considered.”); 

see also Lua v. Cap. Plus Fin., LLC, 646 S.W.3d 622, 628 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2022, 

pet. denied) (“[W]e cannot consider attachments not included in the appellate 

record.”). Thus, we have not considered the information Tabb and Mullen included 

in their appendix and marked as AP01 to AP15 in deciding this appeal.4

B. General Review Standards Regarding Pro Se Briefs 

As indicated above, Tabb and Mullen are appearing pro se. Although we 

construe pro se briefs liberally, we hold pro se litigants to the same standards as 

licensed attorneys and require them to comply with applicable laws and rules of 

procedure. Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184–85 (Tex. 1978); 

Cooper v. Circle Ten Council Boy Scouts of Am., 254 S.W.3d 689, 693 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2008, no pet.). To do otherwise would give a pro se litigant an unfair 

advantage over a litigant who is represented by counsel. In re N.E.B., 251 S.W.3d 

4

 We note, however, that the item marked as AP10 and a portion of the item marked as AP11 appears 

to duplicate other information that is in the record before us. AP10 is a copy of Tabb’s notice of appeal, 

and AP11 contains, in part, the trial court’s February 10, 2023 judgment. 
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211, 212 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). Generally, we require only substantial 

compliance with briefing rules, see TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9, but “if an appellant’s issues 

are unsupported by clear and concise legal argument with appropriate citations to 

authorities, the appellant waives error.” Burton v. Prince, 577 S.W.3d 280, 292 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 7, 2019, no pet.) (citations omitted). “A 

party must not only cite relevant authority and the record but must also provide 

substantive legal analysis.” Id. (citation omitted). 

C. Two Central Issues in Tabb and Mullen’s Brief 

Here, Tabb and Mullen’s entire analysis consists of five arguments, each 

responding to one of the questions posed in their list of issues presented.5

 As 

5

 The argument section of Tabb and Mullen’s brief states, in its entirety (emphasis in original, though 

for clarity, we added numbers to each question): 

[1.] Did [Cincero Properties] obtain a writ of possession lawfully? 

No, the three-day notice to vacate served on November 8, 2022, was taped outside on the 

main entry door. There is a mailbox outside the residence. There was no reason why 

[Cincero Properties] could not serve the notice to the inside of the main entry door or to 

either [Tabb or Mullen]. [TEX. PROP. CODE § 24.005(f-1), (f-2)]. [Cincero Properties] was 

issued a petition for a forcible [sic] using false information on a sworn statement. 

[2.] Did the trial court have factually sufficient evidence to rule in favor of [Cincero 

Properties]? 

The clerk’s record from the trial was filed to County Court of Law #4 on November 29, 

2022, obtains [sic] the evidence as to when the notice to vacate was served and how. The 

petition shows that [Cincero Properties] signed a sworn statement recognizing November 

8, 2022, as the day the notice was given to [Tabb and Mullen]. A representative of Cincero 

Properties LLC, Jody Wall sent an email to both appellants with a three-day notice to vacate 

dated November 8, 2022. Also attached to the email are pictures of the three-day notice 

on the outside of the main entry door. 

[3.] Did the Appellee submit false evidence to the court? 

Yes, Cincero Properties LLC submitted false proof to the court. The ten-day notice to 

vacate was included in [Cincero Properties’s] trial evidence showing a date of November 
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reflected herein, in their fourth argument, they argue the trial court “excluded critical 

evidence,” while all other paragraphs concern the notice to vacate. 

Construing their brief liberally, as we must, we interpret Tabb and Mullen’s 

brief as raising two central issues to decide: (1) whether the trial court improperly 

excluded evidence, and (2) whether legally and factually sufficient evidence exists 

to support the trial court’s implicit finding that, as required by Texas Property Code 

§ 24.005(a),6

 Tabb and Mullen were properly served with a notice to vacate before 

Cincero Properties filed suit.7

 

9, 2022, for unpaid rent in the amount of $8,000.00 plus attorney fees and court cost. 

[Cincero Properties] also withheld crucial evidence of the notice to vacate being served in 

the matter it was. Only the original petition was not entered with [Cincero Properties’] 

exhibits to intentionally deceive the court. [Tabb and Mullen have] an email with pictures 

attached showing the main entry of the door and the manner the notice was strapped. 

[4.] Did the trial court err in excluding critical evidence? 

In the trial de novo, the original clerk’s record should’ve been considered. It was the 

petition filed on November 22, 2022, that is a sworn receipt that [Cincero Properties] 

stat[ed] notice to vacate was served on November 8, 2022, not the 9th. 

[5.] Did the trial judge abuse [her] discretion[] when reviewing the evidence before 

making the judgment? 

[The trial judge] abused [her] discretion by not reviewing all the evidence being held by 

the court to make a final judgment. Once reviewed the clerk’s record showing all original 

documents, [the judge] would’ve been able to view the illegality of this forcible detainer. 

6 See TEX. PROP. CODE § 24.005(a) (stating, in part, “(a) If the occupant is a tenant under a written lease 

or oral rental agreement, the landlord must give a tenant who defaults or holds over beyond the end of the 

rental term or renewal period at least three days’ written notice to vacate the premises before the landlord 

files a forcible detainer suit, unless the parties have contracted for a shorter or longer notice period in a 

written lease or agreement.”). 

7

 While Tabb and Mullen’s second argument only questions whether “factually sufficient” evidence 

exists regarding the notice to vacate, in light of their arguments as a whole, which we liberally construe, we 

interpret Tabb and Mullen’s arguments as raising issues regarding both legal and factual sufficiency of the 

evidence regarding the notice to vacate. 
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D. Alleged Exclusion of Evidence 

We first consider whether the trial court improperly excluded evidence. As 

reflected herein, their argument regarding the alleged exclusion of evidence is based 

solely on the premise that the trial court should have considered Cincero Properties’ 

November 22, 2022 petition but did not do so. We overrule this issue for two 

reasons. 

First, we presume a trial court took judicial notice of the items in the clerk’s 

record in the same case, even if no party requested judicial notice and even if the 

record does not reflect that the trial court took judicial notice. Maree v. Zuniga, 577 

S.W.3d 595, 604 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.). Because Cincero 

Properties’ November 22, 2022 petition is in the clerk’s record in this case, we 

presume the trial court took judicial notice of it. See id.; see also TEX. R. CIV. P.

510.10.8

8

 Rule of civil procedure 510 “applies to a lawsuit to recover possession of real property under Chapter 

24 of the Texas Property Code.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 510.1. Rule 510.10 states: 

(a) Preparation and Transmission of Record. Unless otherwise provided by law or these 

rules, when an appeal [from justice court] has been perfected, the judge must stay all further 

proceedings on the judgment and must immediately send to the clerk of the county court a 

certified copy of all docket entries, a certified copy of the bill of costs, and the original 

papers in the case together with any money in the court registry, including sums tendered 

pursuant to Rule 510.9(c)(5)(B). 

(b) Docketing; Notice. The county clerk must docket the case and must immediately notify 

the parties of the date of receipt of the transcript and the docket number of the case. The 

notice must advise the defendant that it must file a written answer in the county court within 

8 days if one was not filed in the justice court. 

(c) Trial De Novo. The case must be tried de novo in the county court. A trial de novo is a 

new trial in which the entire case is presented as if there had been no previous trial. The 

trial, as well as any hearings and motions, is entitled to precedence in the county court.
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Second, to preserve error in the admission or exclusion of evidence, a party 

must timely and specifically object and obtain a ruling. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); 

TEX. R. EVID. 103(a); Bay Area Healthcare Group, Ltd. v. McShane, 239 S.W.3d 

231, 235 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam). Tabb and Mullen did not do so here. 

E. Sufficiency of the Evidence on Pre-Suit Notice to Vacate 

Next, we consider whether legally and factually sufficient evidence exists to 

support the trial court’s implicit finding that Tabb and Mullen were properly served 

with a notice to vacate before Cincero Properties filed suit, as required by Texas 

Property Code § 24.005(a). See TEX. PROP. CODE § 24.005(a). 

When, as in this case, findings of fact and conclusions of law were not 

requested or issued after a bench trial, all findings necessary to support the judgment 

are implied. Shields Ltd. P’ship v. Bradberry, 526 S.W.3d 471, 480 (Tex. 2017). If 

a reporter’s record is filed, as in this case, the implied findings are not conclusive 

and may be challenged for legal and factual sufficiency in the same manner as 

express findings by a judge or jury. See id.; BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. 

Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002). 

When considering legal sufficiency, we credit evidence that supports the 

verdict if a reasonable factfinder could have done so and disregard contrary evidence 

unless a reasonable factfinder could not have done so. Bradberry, 526 S.W.3d 471, 

480. When an appellant challenges the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on 

which she did not have the burden of proof at trial, she must demonstrate that there 
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is no evidence to support the adverse finding. Sheetz v. Slaughter, 503 S.W.3d 495, 

502 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2016, no pet.). If more than a scintilla of evidence exists to 

support the finding, the legal sufficiency challenge fails. Id. 

In a factual sufficiency review, we consider and weigh all the evidence, both 

supporting and contradicting the finding. R.J. Suarez Enters. Inc. v. PNYX L.P., 380 

S.W.3d 238, 245 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). When a party attacks the 

factual sufficiency of the evidence pertaining to a finding on which she did not have 

the burden of proof, we may set aside the finding only if, after considering all the 

evidence, it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be 

clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per 

curiam); Tex. Champps Americana, Inc. v. Comerica Bank, 643 S.W.3d 738, 744 

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2022, pet. denied). Under either standard, the factfinder is the 

sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given to their testimony. 

N. E. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Riou, 598 S.W.3d 243, 255 n.50 (Tex. 2020). 

As we explain below, after applying these standards to the record before us, 

we conclude legally and factually sufficient evidence exists to support the trial 

court’s implicit finding that Tabb and Mullen were properly served with a notice to 

vacate before Cincero Properties filed suit, as required by Texas Property Code 

§ 24.005(a). See TEX. PROP. CODE § 24.005(a). 

As to legal sufficiency, Tabb and Mullen’s challenge fails because the 

November 9, 2022 ten-day notice to vacate and the USPS tracking sheet confirming 
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delivery on November 10, 2022, together constitute more than a scintilla of evidence 

that, as required by Texas Property Code § 24.005(a), see TEX. PROP. CODE 

§ 24.005(a), Cincero Properties properly served Tabb and Mullen with a notice to 

vacate before filing this forcible detainer suit on November 22, 2022. See Sheetz, 

503 S.W.3d at 502 (legal sufficiency standards); see also TEX. PROP. CODE 

§ 24.005(f) (allowing service by mail).9 

As to factual sufficiency, Tabb and Mullen’s challenge fails because, 

considering all of the evidence, the implied finding that Cincero Properties properly 

served Tabb and Mullen with a notice to vacate before filing this forcible detainer 

suit, as required by Texas Property Code § 24.005(a), is not so contrary to the 

overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. See Cain, 

709 S.W.2d at 176 (factual sufficiency standards); Tex. Champps Americana, Inc., 

643 S.W.3d at 744. As the factfinder, the trial court was the sole judge of the 

witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given to their testimony. See Riou, 598 

S.W.3d at 255 n.50. Although Tabb denied that Cincero Properties served a notice 

to vacate before filing this suit, and Wall told the trial court she placed the November 

9, 2022 notice on the outside of Tabb and Mullen’s door, this contrary evidence does 

9

 Section 24.005(f) provides, in part, that, except as provided by Subsection (f-1), which does not apply 

here, “the notice to vacate shall be given in person or by mail at the premises in question[,]” and the 

“[n]otice by mail may be by regular mail, by registered mail, or by certified mail, return receipt requested, 

to the premises in question.” TEX. PROP. CODE § 24.005(f) (emphasis added). 
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not so far outweigh the trial court’s implied finding as to make the trial court’s 

implied finding clearly wrong and unjust. 

III. CONCLUSION

We overrule Tabb and Mullen’s issues and affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

230139F.P05 

 

/Ken Molberg/

KEN MOLBERG 

JUSTICE 
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S 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

JUDGMENT 

ROCKY JAY TABB, JR. AND 

TYFFANY L. MULLEN, Appellants 

No. 05-23-00139-CV V. 

CINCERO PROPERTIES LLC, 

Appellee 

 On Appeal from the County Court at 

Law No. 4, Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. CC-22-07385-D. 

Opinion delivered by Justice Molberg. 

Justices Pedersen, III and Goldstein 

participating. 

 In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial 

court is AFFIRMED. 

Judgment entered August 26, 2024.