# Patent

## Title
Motor driven surgical fastener device with cutting member reversing mechanism

## Abstract

A surgical fastener apparatus including a handle, an elongated shaft having a proximal end attached to the handle and a distal end extending therefrom. An end effector comprising a pair of jaws pivoted at a proximal end thereof and movable between an open and closed position, and a cartridge containing a plurality of surgical fasteners, the cartridge attached to the end effector. An electrically powered actuator for deploying the surgical fasteners. An electrically activated reverse mechanism for moving the elongated member from a distal most position within the end effector to a proximal position, the electrically activated reverse mechanism moves the elongated member proximally after the elongated member has moved to the distal most position by moving the trigger to the open position, and wherein after activation of the reverse mechanism proximal movement of the elongated member can be stopped by returning the trigger to its closed position.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This non-provisional application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/846,249, entitled “Motor Driven Surgical Fastener Device With Cutting Member Reversing Mechanism”, filed on Jul. 29, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,453,907 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein and which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/693,462, entitled “Driven Surgical Stapler Improvements”, to Brett E. Swensgard et al., filed on Jan. 26, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,245,899, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/150,391 entitled “Motor-Driven Surgical Stapler Improvements” to Ryan J. Laurent filed on Feb. 6, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.


BACKGROUND
An example of a surgical stapler suitable for endoscopic applications is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,895, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Such device comprises an endocutter that has distinct closing and firing actions. Another example of a motor driven surgical stapler is disclosed U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2007/0175958 A1, entitled “Motor-Driven Surgical Cutting and Fastening Instrument With User Feedback System”, published Aug. 2, 2007 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Excerpts of such Publication are presented here to detail its base functions, improvements, background, and components. At the end, additional improvements to the system are disclosed.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2007/0175958 A1 provides in part that “[a] clinician using this device is able to close the jaw members upon tissue to position the tissue prior to firing. Once the clinician has determined that the jaw members are properly gripping tissue, the clinician can then fire the surgical stapler with a single firing stroke, or multiple firing strokes, depending on the device. Firing the surgical stapler causes severing and stapling the tissue. The simultaneous severing and stapling avoids complications that may arise when performing such actions sequentially with different surgical tools that respectively only sever and staple.”
One specific advantage of being able to close upon tissue before firing is that the clinician is able to verify via an endoscope that the desired location for the cut has been achieved, including a sufficient amount of tissue has been captured between opposing jaws. Otherwise, opposing jaws may be drawn too close together, especially pinching at their distal ends, and thus not effectively forming closed staples in the severed tissue. At the other extreme, an excessive amount of clamped tissue may cause binding and an incomplete firing.
Endoscopic staplers/cutters continue to increase in complexity and function with each generation. One of the main reasons for this is the quest for lower force-to-fire (FTF) to a level that all or a great majority of surgeons can handle. One known solution to lower FTF is to use C02 or electrical motors. These devices have not faired much better than traditional hand-powered devices, but for a different reason. Surgeons typically prefer to experience proportionate force distribution to that being experienced by the end-effector in the forming the staple to assure them that the cutting/stapling cycle is complete, with the upper limit within the capabilities of most surgeons (usually around 15-30 lbs). They also typically want to maintain control of deploying the staple and being able to stop at anytime if the forces felt in the handle of the device feel too great or for some other clinical reason. These user-feedback effects are not suitably realizable in present motor-driven endocutters. As a result, there is a general lack of acceptance by physicians of motor-drive endocutters where the cutting/stapling operation is actuated by merely pressing a button.
The foregoing discussion is intended only to illustrate some of the shortcomings present in the field of the invention at the time, and should not be taken as a disavowal of claim scope.
SUMMARY
In accordance with one general aspect of the present invention, there is provided a surgical fastener apparatus that includes a handle, an elongated shaft that has a proximal end that is attached to the handle and a distal end that extends therefrom. An end effector is coupled to the elongated shaft and comprises a pair of jaws that are pivoted at a proximal end thereof and are movable between an open and closed position. A cartridge that contains a plurality of surgical fasteners is attached to the end effector. The apparatus further includes an electrically powered actuator for deploying the surgical fasteners. In various embodiments, the actuator comprises a power source and a motor and includes an elongated member that extends through the shaft and is movable distally into the end effector for deploying the staples. The elongated member may also move proximally back out of the end effector. In certain embodiments, a trigger is attached to the handle and has an open position and a closed position wherein the trigger activates the actuator. The surgical apparatus further includes an electrically activated reverse mechanism for moving the elongated member from a distal most position within the end effector to a proximal position. The electrically activated reverse mechanism moves the elongated member proximally after the elongated member has moved to the distal most position by moving the trigger to the open position. After activation of the reverse mechanism, proximal movement of the elongated member can be stopped by returning the trigger to its closed position.
In connection with another general aspect of the present invention, there is provided a surgical fastener apparatus that includes a handle that has an end effector operably coupled thereto. An actuator is movable within the end effector between an unactuated position to actuated positions within the end effector. An electric motor operably interfaces with the actuator to selectively apply a distal driving motion thereto to move the actuator from the unactuated position to the actuated positions and to selectively apply a proximal driving motion to the actuator to retract the actuator to the unactuated position from the actuated positions. In various embodiments, the apparatus further includes a motor control circuit for controlling the motor that comprises a power source that is connected to the motor for electrically powering the motor. The apparatus further includes a current control circuit that is connected to the power source for controlling current supplied to the motor from the power source. The current control circuit is configured to cause the motor to apply the distal driving motion to the actuator upon receipt of an actuation motion and also cause the motor to apply the proximal driving motion to the actuator upon receipt of a retraction signal. The current control circuit also is configured to alter the application of the proximal driving motion upon receipt of an application of a retraction motion thereto.
In accordance with yet another general aspect of the present invention, there is provided a surgical fastener apparatus that includes a handle and an elongated shaft that has a proximal end attached to the handle. A channel is coupled to a distal end of the elongated shaft and is configured to operably support a surgical staple cartridge therein. An actuator is movably supported for distal and proximal travel within the channel. A firing trigger is operably coupled to the handle. A retraction trigger is operably supported on the firing trigger. An electric motor operably interfaces with the actuator to selectively apply a distal driving motion thereto to distally move the actuator from an unactuated position to actuated positions and to selectively apply a proximal driving motion to the actuator to retract the actuator to the unactuated position from the actuated positions. The apparatus further includes a motor control circuit for controlling the motor. In various embodiments, the motor control circuit comprises a power source that is connected to the motor for electrically powering the motor. The motor control circuit also comprises a current control circuit that is connected to the power source for controlling current supplied to the motor from the power source. In various embodiments, the current control circuit comprises a run motor control switch that is connected to the power source and is operated by the firing trigger such that upon application of the actuation motion to the firing trigger, the run motor control switch permits current to flow to the motor in a first direction to cause the motor to apply the distal driving motion to the actuator. The current control circuit further includes a reverse motor switch that is connected to the power source such that when the actuator has moved to a distal most actuated position, the reverse motor switch permits current to flow to the motor in a second direction to cause the motor to apply the proximal driving motion to the actuator. A retraction switch is connected to the power source and operated by the refraction trigger such that upon application of the retraction motion to the retraction trigger, the retraction switch alters the flow of current in the second direction to the motor.
In one general aspect, the present invention is directed to a motorized surgical cutting and fastening instrument that provides feedback to the user regarding the position, force and/or deployment of the end effector. The instrument, in various embodiments, also allows the operator to control the end effector, including being able to stop deployment if so desired. The instrument may include two triggers in its handle—a closure trigger and a firing trigger—with separate actuation motions. When an operator of the instrument retracts the closure trigger, tissue positioned in the end effector may be clamped by the end effector. Then, when the operator retracts the firing trigger, a motor may power, via a gear drive train, a rotational main drive shaft assembly, which causes a cutting instrument in the end effector to sever the clamped tissue.
In various embodiments, the instrument may comprise a power assist system with loading force feedback and control to reduce the firing force required to be exerted by the operator in order to complete the cutting operation. In such embodiments, the firing trigger may be geared into the gear drive train of the main drive shaft assembly. In that way, the operator may experience feedback regarding the force being applied to the cutting instrument. That is, the loading force on the firing trigger may be related to the loading force experienced by the cutting instrument. Also in such embodiments, because the firing trigger is geared into the gear drive train, force applied by the operator may be added to the force applied to the motor.
According to various embodiments, when the firing trigger is retracted an appropriate amount (e.g., five degrees), an on/off switch may be actuated, which sends a signal to the motor to rotate at a specified rate, thus commencing actuation of the drive shaft assembly and end effector. According to other embodiments, a proportional sensor may be used. The proportional sensor may send a signal to the motor to rotate at a rate proportional to the force applied to the firing trigger by the operator. In that way, the rotational position of the firing trigger is generally proportional to where the cutting instrument is in the end effector (e.g., fully deployed or fully retracted). Further, the operator could stop retracting the firing trigger at some point in the stroke to stop the motor, and thereby stop the cutting motion. In addition, sensors may be used to detect the beginning of the stroke of the end effector (e.g., fully retracted position) and the end of the stroke (e.g., fully deployed position), respectively. Consequently, the sensors may provide an adaptive control system for controlling end effector deployment that is outside of the closed loop system of the motor, gear drive train, and end effector.
In other embodiments, the firing trigger may not be directly geared into the gear drive train used to actuate the end effector. In such embodiments, a second motor may be used to apply forces to the firing trigger to simulate the deployment of the cutting instrument in the end effector. The second motor may be controlled based on incremental rotations of the main drive shaft assembly, which may be measured by a rotary encoder. In such embodiment, the position of the rotational position of the firing trigger may be related to the position of the cutting instrument in the end effector. Additionally, an on/off switch or a proportional switch may be used to control the main motor (i.e., the motor that powers the main drive shaft).
In various implementations, the end effector may use a helical drive screw in the base of the end effector to drive the cutting instrument (e.g., knife). Also, the end effector may include a staple cartridge for stapling the severed tissue. According to other embodiments, other means for fastening (or sealing) the severed tissue may be used, including RF energy and adhesives.
Also, the instrument may include a mechanical closure system. The mechanical closure system may include an elongate channel having a clamping member, such as an anvil, pivotably connected to the channel to clamp tissue positioned in the end effector. The user may activate the clamping action of the end effector by retracting the closer trigger, which, through a mechanical closure system, causes the clamping action of the end effector. Once the clamping member is locked in place, the operator may activate the cutting operation by retracting the separate firing trigger. This may cause the cutting instrument to travel longitudinally along the channel in order to cut tissue clamped by the end effector.
In various implementations, the instrument may include a rotational main drive shaft assembly for actuating the end effector. Further, the main drive shaft may comprise an articulating joint such that the end effector may be articulated. The articulation joint may comprise, for example, a bevel gear assembly, a universal joint, or a flexible torsion cable capable of transmitting torsion force to the end effector.
Other aspects of the present invention are directed to various mechanisms for locking the closure trigger to a lower, pistol-grip portion of the handle. Such embodiments free up space in the handle directly above and behind the triggers for other components of the instrument, including components of the gear drive train and the mechanical closure system.”
The disclosure herein shows how one could embody a battery powered gear driven self-contained endoscopic stapling device.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGS. 1 and 2 are perspective views of a surgical cutting and fastening instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 3-5 are exploded views of an end effector and shaft of the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a side view of the end effector according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the handle of the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 8 and 9 are partial perspective views of the handle according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a side view of the handle according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate a proportional sensor or switch that may be used according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a current control circuit used in the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a side view of another handle according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of another current control circuit used in the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of another current control circuit used in the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of another circuit used in the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram of another current control circuit used in the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 15B is a schematic diagram of another current control circuit used in the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 16-17 illustrate different mechanisms for locking the closure trigger according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of another current control circuit used in the instrument according to various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of an end effector embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 20 is a side elevational view of a knife assembly or actuator embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 21 is a side elevational view of another knife assembly or actuator embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 22 is a side elevational view of another knife assembly or actuator embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a distal end of surgical stapler in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a distal end of surgical stapler in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention with the cartridge removed from the channel;
FIG. 25 is a view of a distal end of surgical stapler in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention similar to FIG. 1 showing a lockout indicator; and
FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a proximal end of surgical stapler in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The owner of the subject application also owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on even date herewith and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entirety:
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/846,228, entitled “Motor Driven Surgical Fastener Device With Cutting Member Lockout Arrangements”, now U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0006101; and
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/846,237, entitled “Motor Driven Surgical Fastener Device With Mechanisms For Adjusting a Tissue Gap Within the End Effector”, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,444,036.
Certain exemplary embodiments will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the devices and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of these embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the devices and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting exemplary embodiments and that the scope of the various embodiments of the present invention is defined solely by the claims. The features illustrated or described in connection with one exemplary embodiment may be combined with the features of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Reference throughout the specification to “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” “one embodiment,” or “an embodiment”, “an implementation” or “various implementations” or the like, means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in various embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in one embodiment”, or “in an embodiment”, “an implementation” or “various implementations” or the like, in places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or implementation. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or implementations. Thus, the particular features, structures, or characteristics illustrated or described in connection with one embodiment may be combined, in whole or in part, with the features structures, or characteristics of one or more other embodiments without limitation. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
The terms “proximal” and “distal” are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating the handle portion of the surgical instrument. The term “proximal” referring to the portion closest to the clinician and the term “distal” referring to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that, for convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as “vertical”, “horizontal”, “up”, and “down” may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute.
FIGS. 1 and 2 depict a surgical cutting and fastening instrument 10 according to various embodiments of the present invention. The illustrated embodiment is an endoscopic surgical instrument 10 and in general, the embodiments of the instrument 10 described herein are endoscopic surgical cutting and fastening instruments. It should be noted, however, that according to other embodiments of the present invention, the instrument 10 may be a non-endoscopic surgical cutting instrument, such as a laproscopic instrument.
The surgical instrument 10 depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises a handle 6, a shaft 8, and an articulating end effector 12 pivotally connected to the shaft 8 at an articulation pivot 14. An articulation control 16 may be provided adjacent to the handle 6 to effect rotation of the end effector 12 about the articulation pivot 14. It will be appreciated that various embodiments may include a non-pivoting end effector, and therefore may not have an articulation pivot 14 or articulation control 16. Also, in the illustrated embodiment, the end effector 12 is configured to act as an endocutter for clamping, severing and stapling tissue, although, in other embodiments, different types of end effectors may be used, such as end effectors for other types of surgical devices, such as graspers, cutters, staplers, clip appliers, access devices, drug/gene therapy devices, ultrasound, RF or laser devices, etc.
The handle 6 of the instrument 10 may include a closure trigger 18 and a firing trigger 20 for actuating the end effector 12. It will be appreciated that instruments having end effectors directed to different surgical tasks may have different numbers or types of triggers or other suitable controls for operating the end effector 12. The end effector 12 is shown separated from the handle 6 by a preferably elongate shaft 8. In one embodiment, a clinician or operator of the instrument 10 may articulate the end effector 12 relative to the shaft 8 by utilizing the articulation control 16, as described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,670,334, entitled “Surgical Instrument Having An Articulating End Effector,” by Geoffrey C. Hueil et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The end effector 12 includes in this example, among other things, an elongated channel 22 configured to operably support a staple cartridge 34 therein and a pivotally translatable clamping member, such as an anvil 24, which are maintained at a spacing that assures effective stapling and severing of tissue clamped in the end effector 12. The handle 6 includes a pistol grip 26 toward which a closure trigger 18 is pivotally drawn by the clinician to cause clamping or closing of the anvil 24 towards the elongated channel 22 of the end effector 12 to thereby clamp tissue positioned between the anvil 24 and elongated channel 22. The firing trigger 20 is farther outboard of the closure trigger 18. Once the closure trigger 18 is locked in the closure position as further described below, the firing trigger 20 may rotate slightly toward the pistol grip 26 so that it can be reached by the operator using one hand. Then the operator may pivotally draw the firing trigger 20 toward the pistol grip 26 to cause the stapling and severing of clamped tissue in the end effector 12. In other embodiments, different types of clamping members besides the anvil 24 could be used, such as, for example, an opposing jaw, etc.
The closure trigger 18 may be actuated first. Once the clinician is satisfied with the positioning of the end effector 12, the clinician may draw back the closure trigger 18 to its fully closed, locked position proximate to the pistol grip 26. The firing trigger 20 may then be actuated. The firing trigger 20 returns to the open position (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) when the clinician removes pressure, as described more fully below. A release button on the handle 6, when depressed may release the locked closure trigger 18. The release button may be implemented in various forms such as, for example, slide release button 160 shown in FIG. 16, and/or button 172 shown in FIG. 17.
FIGS. 3-6 show embodiments of a rotary-driven end effector 12 and shaft 8 according to various embodiments. FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the end effector 12 according to various embodiments. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the end effector 12 may include, in addition to the previously-mentioned channel 22 and anvil 24, a cutting instrument 32, a sled 33, a staple cartridge 34 that is removably seated in the channel 22, and a helical screw shaft 36. The cutting instrument 32 may be, for example, a knife As used herein with respect to at least one embodiment, the term “actuator” may refer to the knife and/or sled. The anvil 24 may be pivotably opened and closed at pivot pins 25 connected to the proximate end of the channel 22. The anvil 24 may also include a tab 27 at its proximate end that is inserted into a component of the mechanical closure system (described further below) to open and close the anvil 24. When the closure trigger 18 is actuated, that is, drawn in by a user of the instrument 10, the anvil 24 may pivot about the pivot pins 25 into the clamped or closed position. If clamping of the end effector 12 is satisfactory, the operator may actuate the firing trigger 20, which, as explained in more detail below, causes the knife 32 and sled 33 to travel longitudinally along the channel 22, thereby cutting tissue clamped within the end effector 12. The movement of the sled 33 along the channel 22 causes the staples (not shown) of the staple cartridge 34 to be driven through the severed tissue and against the closed anvil 24, which turns the staples to fasten the severed tissue. In various embodiments, the sled 33 may be an integral component of the cartridge 34. U.S. Pat. No. 6,978,921, entitled “Surgical Stapling Instrument Incorporating an E-beam Firing Mechanism” to Shelton, IV et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, provides more details about such two-stroke cutting and fastening instruments. The sled 33 may be part of the cartridge 34, such that when the knife 32 retracts following the cutting operation, the sled 33 does not retract.
FIGS. 4 and 5 are exploded views and FIG. 6 is a side view of the end effector 12 and shaft 8 according to various embodiments. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the shaft 8 may include a proximate closure tube 40 and a distal closure tube 42 pivotably linked by a pivot link 44. The distal closure tube 42 includes an opening 45 into which the tab 27 on the anvil 24 is inserted in order to open and close the anvil 24, as further described below. Disposed inside the closure tubes 40, 42 may be a proximate spine tube 46. Disposed inside the proximate spine tube 46 may be a main rotational (or proximate) drive shaft 48 that communicates with a secondary (or distal) drive shaft 50 via a bevel gear assembly 52. The secondary drive shaft 50 is connected to a drive gear 54 that engages a proximate drive gear 56 of the helical screw shaft 36. The vertical bevel gear 52b may sit and pivot in an opening 57 in the distal end of the proximate spine tube 46. A distal spine tube 58 may be used to enclose the secondary drive shaft 50 and the drive gears 54, 56. Collectively, the main drive shaft 48, the secondary drive shaft 50, and the articulation assembly (e.g., the bevel gear assembly 52a-c) are sometimes referred to herein as the “main drive shaft assembly.”
A bearing 38, positioned at a distal end of the staple channel 22, receives the helical drive screw 36, allowing the helical drive screw 36 to freely rotate with respect to the channel 22. The helical screw shaft 36 may interface a threaded opening (not shown) of the knife 32 such that rotation of the shaft 36 causes the knife 32 to translate distally or proximately (depending on the direction of the rotation) through the staple channel 22. Accordingly, when the main drive shaft 48 is caused to rotate upon application of an actuation motion to the firing trigger 20 (as explained in more detail below), the bevel gear assembly 52a-c causes the secondary drive shaft 50 to rotate, which in turn, because of the engagement of the drive gears 54, 56, causes the helical screw shaft 36 to rotate, which causes the knife driving member 32 to travel longitudinally along the channel 22 to cut any tissue clamped within the end effector 12. The sled 33 may be made of, for example, plastic, and may have a sloped distal surface. As the sled 33 traverses the channel 22, the sloped forward surface may push up or drive the staples in the staple cartridge through the clamped tissue and against the anvil 24. The anvil 24 forms or turns the staples, thereby stapling the severed tissue. When the knife 32 is retracted, the knife 32 and sled 33 may become disengaged, thereby leaving the sled 33 at the distal end of the channel 22.
FIGS. 7-10 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a motor-driven endocutter, and in particular the handle thereof, that provides user-feedback regarding the deployment and loading force of the cutting instrument 32 in the end effector 12. In addition, the embodiment may use power provided by the user in retracting the firing trigger 20 to power the device (a so-called “power assist” mode). The embodiment may be used with the rotary driven end effector 12 and shaft 8 embodiments described above. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the handle 6 includes exterior lower side pieces 59, 60 and exterior upper side pieces 61, 62 that fit together to form, in general, the exterior of the handle 6. In various embodiments, the rotary driven end effector may be powered by a motor 65 that is disposed in an upper portion of the pistol grip portion 26 of the handle and powered by a power source 64. The power source 64 may comprise a battery or a supply of alternating current. In a preferred embodiment, the power source 64 comprises a Li ion battery that is supported in the pistol grip portion 26 of the handle 6. According to various embodiments, the motor 65 may be a DC brushed driving motor having a maximum rotation of, approximately, 5000 RPM. The motor 65 may drive a 90 degree bevel gear assembly 66 comprising a first bevel gear 68 and a second bevel gear 70. The bevel gear assembly 66 may drive a planetary gear assembly 72. The planetary gear assembly 72 may include a pinion gear 74 connected to a drive shaft 76. The pinion gear 74 may drive a mating ring gear 78 that drives a helical gear drum 80 via a drive shaft 82. A ring 84 may be threaded on the helical gear drum 80. Thus, when the motor 65 rotates, the ring 84 is caused to travel along the helical gear drum 80 by means of the interposed bevel gear assembly 66, planetary gear assembly 72 and ring gear 78.
The handle 6 may also include a run motor switch 110 (see FIG. 10) in communication with the firing trigger 20 to receive an actuation motion from the firing trigger 20 when the firing trigger has been drawn in (or “closed”) toward the pistol grip portion 26 of the handle 6 by the operator to thereby actuate the cutting/stapling operation by the end effector 12. The run motor switch 110 may be a proportional sensor such as, for example, a rheostat or variable resistor. When the firing trigger 20 is drawn in, the run motor switch 110 permits current to flow from the power source 64 to the motor 65. When the run motor switch 110 is a variable resistor or the like, the rotation of the motor 65 may be generally proportional to the amount of movement of the firing trigger 20. That is, if the operator only draws or closes the firing trigger 20 in a small amount, the rotation of the motor 65 is relatively low. When the firing trigger 20 is fully drawn in (or in the fully closed position), the rotation of the motor 65 is at its maximum. In other words, the harder the user pulls on the firing trigger 20, the more voltage is applied to the motor 65, causing greater rates of rotation.
The handle 6 may include a middle handle piece 104 adjacent to the upper portion of the firing trigger 20. The handle 6 may also include a bias spring 112 that is connected between posts on the middle handle piece 104 and the firing trigger 20. The bias spring 112 may bias the firing trigger 20 to its fully open position. In that way, when the operator releases the firing trigger 20, the bias spring 112 will pull the firing trigger 20 to its open position, thereby deactivating the run motor switch 110 to stop rotation of the motor 65. Moreover, by virtue of the bias spring 112, any time a user closes the firing trigger 20, the user will experience resistance to the closing operation, thereby providing the user with feedback as to the amount of rotation exerted by the motor 65. Further, the operator could stop retracting the firing trigger 20 to thereby deactivate the run motor switch 110 and stop the motor 65. As such, the user may stop the deployment of the end effector 12, thereby providing a measure of control of the cutting/fastening operation to the operator.
The distal end of the helical gear drum 80 includes a distal drive shaft 120 that drives a ring gear 122, which mates with a pinion gear 124. The pinion gear 124 is connected to the main drive shaft 48 of the main drive shaft assembly. In that way, rotation of the motor 65 causes the main drive shaft assembly to rotate, which causes actuation of the end effector 12, as described above.
The ring 84 threaded on the helical gear drum 80 may include a post 86 that is disposed within a slot 88 of a slotted arm 90. The slotted arm 90 has an opening 92 its opposite end 94 that receives a pivot pin 96 that is connected between the handle exterior side pieces 59, 60. The pivot pin 96 is also disposed through an opening 100 in the firing trigger 20 and an opening 102 in the middle handle piece 104.
In addition, the handle 6 may include a reverse motor switch (or end-of-stroke switch) 130 and a stop motor (or beginning-of-stroke) switch 142. In various embodiments, the reverse motor switch 130 may be a limit switch located at the distal end of the helical gear drum 80 such that the ring 84 threaded on the helical gear drum 80 contacts and trips the reverse motor switch 130 when the ring 84 reaches the distal end of the helical gear drum 80. The reverse motor switch 130, when activated, sends a signal (i.e., permits current to flow) to the motor 65 to reverse its rotation direction, thereby withdrawing the knife 32 of the end effector 12 following the cutting operation.
The stop motor switch 142 may be, for example, a normally-closed limit switch. In various embodiments, it may be located at the proximate end of the helical gear drum 80 so that the ring 84 trips the switch 142 when the ring 84 reaches the proximate end of the helical gear drum 80.
In operation, when an operator of the instrument 10 applies an actuation motion to the firing trigger 20, the run motor switch 110 detects the deployment of the firing trigger 20 and sends a signal (i.e., permits current to flow) to the motor 65 to cause forward rotation of the motor 65, for example, at a rate proportional to how hard the operator pulls back the firing trigger 20. The forward rotation of the motor 65 in turn causes the ring gear 78 at the distal end of the planetary gear assembly 72 to rotate, thereby causing the helical gear drum 80 to rotate, causing the ring 84 threaded on the helical gear drum 80 to travel distally along the helical gear drum 80. The rotation of the helical gear drum 80 also drives the main drive shaft assembly as described above, which in turn causes deployment of the knife 32 in the end effector 12. That is, the knife 32 and sled 33 are caused to distally traverse the channel 22 longitudinally, thereby cutting tissue clamped in the end effector 12. Also, the stapling operation of the end effector 12 is caused to happen in embodiments where a stapling-type end effector 12 is used.
By the time the cutting/stapling operation of the end effector 12 is complete, the ring 84 on the helical gear drum 80 will have reached the distal end of the helical gear drum 80, thereby causing the reverse motor switch 130 to be activated, which sends a signal (i.e., permits current to flow) to the motor 65 to cause the motor 65 to reverse its rotation. This in turn causes the knife 32 to retract, and also causes the ring 84 on the helical gear drum 80 to move back to the proximate end of the helical gear drum 80.
The middle handle piece 104 includes a backside shoulder 106 that engages the slotted arm 90 as best shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. The middle handle piece 104 also has a forward motion stop 107 that engages the firing trigger 20. The movement of the slotted arm 90 is controlled, as explained above, by rotation of the motor 65. When the slotted arm 90 rotates counter clockwise as the ring 84 travels from the proximate end of the helical gear drum 80 to the distal end, the middle handle piece 104 will be free to rotate counter clockwise. Thus, as the user draws in the firing trigger 20, the firing trigger 20 will engage the forward motion stop 107 of the middle handle piece 104, causing the middle handle piece 104 to rotate counter clockwise. Due to the backside shoulder 106 engaging the slotted arm 90, however, the middle handle piece 104 will only be able to rotate counter clockwise as far as the slotted arm 90 permits. In that way, if the motor 65 should stop rotating for some reason, the slotted arm 90 will stop rotating, and the user will not be able to further draw in the firing trigger 20 because the middle handle piece 104 will not be free to rotate counter clockwise due to the slotted arm 90.
FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate two states of a variable switches or sensors that may be used as the run motor switch 110 according to various embodiments of the present invention. The run motor switch 110 may include a face portion 280, a first electrode (A) 282, a second electrode (B) 284, and a compressible dielectric material 286 between the electrodes 282, 284, such as, for example, an electroactive polymer (EAP). The run motor switch 110 may be positioned such that the face portion 280 contacts the firing trigger 20 when retracted. Accordingly, when the firing trigger 20 is retracted, the dielectric material 286 is compressed, as shown in FIG. 10B, such that the electrodes 282, 284 are closer together. Since the distance “b” between the electrodes 282, 284 is directly related to the impedance between the electrodes 282, 284, the greater the distance the more impedance, and the closer the distance the less impedance. In that way, the amount that the dielectric 286 is compressed due to retraction of the firing trigger 20 (denoted as force “F” in FIG. 10B) is proportional to the impedance between the electrodes 282, 284, which can be used to proportionally control the motor 65.
Components of an exemplary closure system for closing (or clamping) the anvil 24 of the end effector 12 by retracting the closure trigger 18 are also shown in FIGS. 7-10. In the illustrated embodiment, the closure system includes a yoke 250 connected to the closure trigger 18 by a pivot pin 251 inserted through aligned openings in both the closure trigger 18 and the yoke 250. A pivot pin 252, about which the closure trigger 18 pivots, is inserted through another opening in the closure trigger 18 which is offset from where the pin 251 is inserted through the closure trigger 18. Thus, retraction of the closure trigger 18 causes the upper part of the closure trigger 18, to which the yoke 250 is attached via the pin 251, to rotate counterclockwise. The distal end of the yoke 250 is connected, via a pin 254, to a first closure bracket 256. The first closure bracket 256 connects to a second closure bracket 258. Collectively, the closure brackets 256, 258 define an opening in which the proximate end of the proximate closure tube 40 (see FIG. 4) is seated and held such that longitudinal movement of the closure brackets 256, 258 causes longitudinal motion by the proximate closure tube 40. The instrument 10 also includes a closure rod 260 disposed inside the proximate closure tube 40. The closure rod 260 may include a window 261 into which a post 263 on one of the handle exterior pieces, such as exterior lower side piece 59 in the illustrated embodiment, is disposed to fixedly connect the closure rod 260 to the handle 6. In that way, the proximate closure tube 40 is capable of moving longitudinally relative to the closure rod 260. The closure rod 260 may also include a distal collar 267 that fits into a cavity 269 in proximate spine tube 46 and is retained therein by a cap 271 (see FIG. 4).
In operation, when the yoke 250 rotates due to retraction of the closure trigger 18, the closure brackets 256, 258 cause the proximate closure tube 40 to move distally (i.e., away from the handle end of the instrument 10), which causes the distal closure tube 42 to move distally, which causes the anvil 24 to rotate about the pivot pins 25 into the clamped or closed position. When the closure trigger 18 is unlocked from the locked position, the proximate closure tube 40 is caused to slide proximately, which causes the distal closure tube 42 to slide proximately, which, by virtue of the tab 27 being inserted in the window 45 of the distal closure tube 42, causes the anvil 24 to pivot about the pivot pins 25 into the open or unclamped position. In that way, by retracting and locking the closure trigger 18, an operator may clamp tissue between the anvil 24 and channel 22, and may unclamp the tissue following the cutting/stapling operation by unlocking the closure trigger 20 from the locked position.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a current control circuit of the instrument 10 according to various embodiments of the present invention. When an operator initially pulls in the firing trigger 20 after locking the closure trigger 18, the run motor switch 110 is activated, allowing current to flow therethrough. If the normally-open reverse motor sensor switch 130 is open (meaning the end of the end effector stroke has not been reached), current will flow to a single pole, double throw relay 132. Since the reverse motor sensor switch 130 is not closed, the inductor 134 of the relay 132 will not be energized, so the relay 132 will be in its non-energized state. The circuit also includes a cartridge lockout switch 136. If the end effector 12 includes a staple cartridge 34, the switch 136 will be in the closed state, allowing current to flow. Otherwise, if the end effector 12 does not include a staple cartridge 34, the switch 136 will be open, thereby preventing the battery 64 from powering the motor 65.
When the staple cartridge 34 is present, the switch 136 is closed, which energizes a single pole, single throw relay 138. When the relay 138 is energized, current flows through the relay 136, through the variable resistor (run motor) switch 110, and to the motor 65 via a double pole, double throw relay 140, thereby powering the motor 65 and allowing it to rotate in the forward direction.
When the end effector 12 reaches the end of its stroke, the reverse motor switch 130 will be activated, thereby closing the reverse motor switch 130 and energizing the relay 134. This causes the relay 134 to assume its energized state, which causes current to bypass the cartridge lockout switch 136 and variable resistor 110, and instead causes current to flow to both the normally-closed double pole, double throw relay 142 and back to the motor 65, but in a manner, via the relay 140, that causes the motor 65 to reverse its rotational direction.
Because the stop motor switch 142 is normally-closed, current will flow back to the relay 134 to keep it closed until the stop motor switch 142 opens. When the knife 32 is fully retracted, the stop motor switch 142 is activated, causing the stop motor switch 142 to open, thereby removing power from the motor 65.
In other embodiments, rather than a proportional-type switch 110, an on-off type sensor or switch could be used. In such embodiments, the rate of rotation of the motor 65 would not be proportional to the force applied by the operator. Rather, the motor 65 would generally rotate at a constant rate. But the operator would still experience force feedback because the firing trigger 20 is geared into the gear drive train.
As indicated above, there are several steps within the function of a stapler that generally must be accomplished in an established order. For example, once the closure trigger is clamped, the firing cycle may be actuated. After the knife has been fully deployed, then refraction of the system is the next sequential step. With the inclusion of a power source other than the user (i.e. batteries or pneumatics) the ability to reduce user initiated steps (and therefore device complexity) the system itself, as was discussed above, can begin to accomplish these steps itself.
It may be desirable, however, for the user to intuitively be able to delay, slow or stop these otherwise “automatic” actuations. For example, the same actuation button that would allow for firing initiation in a tactile feedback device like the devices disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/344,035, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,139, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety could be used to slow or stop an automatic return system by the user depressing the button during the retraction.
For example, FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate another embodiment of the present invention wherein a retraction trigger 121 is supported on the firing trigger 20 for travel therewith. More specifically, the retraction trigger 121 is pivotally supported on firing trigger pin 96 and protrudes through a slot (not shown) in the firing trigger 20. A spring 125 is attached between a coupling portion 123 of the firing trigger 100 and a mounting portion 127 of the retraction trigger 121 to bias the retraction trigger 121 into an unactuated position. A second, normally-closed, refraction switch 131 is mounted within the handle and is oriented such that, as the firing trigger 20 is moved between a fully actuated position to a fully unactuated position, an activation portion 129 of the retraction trigger 121 does not activate the retraction switch 131. However, the mounting portion 127 and activation portion 129 of the retraction trigger 121 are so configured such that the activation portion 129 may be brought into activation contact with the retraction switch 131 by depressing the retraction trigger 121 towards the firing trigger 20 regardless of where the firing trigger 20 is located during the retraction process.
As was discussed above, when the end effector 12 reaches the end of its stroke, the end of stroke switch 130 will be activated. As shown in the example of FIG. 13, the retraction switch 131 is in series with the end-of-stroke switch 130. Because the retraction switch 131 is normally closed, relay 134 will be energized when both switches 130, 131 are closed. This causes the relay 134 to assume its energized state, which causes current to bypass the cartridge lockout sensor 136 and variable resistor 110. Current to flows to the double pole, double throw relay 140 and to the motor 65, but in a manner, via the relay 140, that causes the motor 65 to reverse its rotational direction. Because the beginning-of-stroke switch 142 is closed, current will flow back to the relay 134 to keep it closed until the switch 142 opens. When the knife 32 is fully retracted, the beginning-of-stroke switch 142 is opened, thereby removing power from the motor 65. If, however, the user wants to slow down the retraction process, the user may depress the retraction trigger 121 to activate the variable resistance portion 133 of the retraction switch 131. When the retraction trigger 121 is not depressed, the resistance of the variable resistance portion 133 is a minimum. When the trigger 121 is depressed, the resistance of the variable resistance portion 133 increases in proportion to the depressing force of the retraction trigger 121 to reduce the current to the motor 65. Further depression of the retraction trigger 121 will slow the retraction process until the normally closed contact 135 portion of the retraction switch 131 opens and stops the current flow to the motor 65. In various embodiments, once the user releases the retraction trigger 121, the spring 125 will move the retraction trigger 121 to an unactuated position and the contact portion 135 of switch 131 will return to the normally closed position and thereby permit current to flow again to the motor 65 to complete the retraction process.
The unique and novel features of the retraction switch and retraction trigger arrangements described above may also be employed in connection with the various embodiments disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0076474 A1, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,210,411 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,139 which have both been herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties. For example, FIG. 14 shows another embodiment of a current control circuit embodiment of the present invention. When (i) the run motor (or fire) switch 110 is closed (it is shown in an open state in FIG. 14), (ii) the safety switch 240 is closed (it is shown open in FIG. 14) indicating that the device safety is set, and (iii) the normally-closed lockout switch 242 is opened indicating that the instrument is not in a lock-out condition, current flows through the safety switch 240, through the lockout indicator 244 (which may be a LED as shown in FIG. 14) to the motor 65. When the end of the cutting stroke is reached, the end-of-stroke or direction switch 130 is switched, reversing the direction of the motor 65 (with the fire switch 110 also having been released). In this state, current also flows through a reverse direction indicator 246, such as an LED, providing a visual indication that the motor direction has been reversed.
As shown in FIG. 14, the circuit may also comprise a manual return switch 248. The operator may manually actuate this switch if the cutting instrument 32 has only been partially fired. Switching the manual return switch 248 causes the motor 65 to reverse rotate, causing the cutting instrument 32 to return to its original or home position. If, the user desires to slow down or stop the retraction process, the user depresses the retraction trigger 121 to activate the variable resistance portion 133 of the retraction switch 131. When the trigger 121 is depressed, the resistance increases in portion to the depressing force to reduce the current to the motor 65. Further depression of the retraction trigger 121 will slow the retraction process until the normally closed contact 135 portion of the retraction switch 131 opens and stops the current flow to the motor 65. In various embodiments, once the user releases the retraction trigger 121, the spring 125 will move the retraction trigger 121 to an unactuated position and the contact portion 135 of switch 131 will return to the normally closed position and thereby permit current to flow again to the motor 65 to complete the retraction process.
Additional configurations for motorized surgical instruments are disclosed in published U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0076474 A1, entitled “Motor-Driven Surgical Cutting Instrument,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of another current control circuit according to various embodiments of the present invention. In various embodiments, the motor control circuit may include one of more integrated circuits (ICs), such as, for example, a processor, memory, microcontroller, time circuits, etc. In other embodiments, the motor control circuit may not comprise any ICs. Such a non-IC current control circuit may be advantageous because it is often difficult, complicated, and expensive to sterilize a surgical instrument including ICs.
When an operator initially applies an actuation motion to the firing trigger 20 after locking the closure trigger 18, the run motor switch 110 is activated (or closed), allowing current to flow therethrough. If the normally open reverse motor sensor switch 130 is open (meaning the end of the end effector stroke has not been reached), current will flow to a single pole, double throw relay 132. When the reverse motor sensor switch 130 is not closed, a coil 134 of the relay 132 will not be energized, so the relay 132 will be in its de-energized state.
As shown in FIG. 15, the circuit may also include a resistive element 144 and a switch 146 connected in parallel, with the paralleled elements connected in series with the relay 132. The resistive element 144 and the switch 146 are also connected to the power source 64. The switch 146 may be controlled by a control circuit 148 that is responsive to the cutting instrument position sensor 150. According to various embodiments, the control circuit 148 may open the switch 146 when the cutting instrument 32 is (i) very near to the beginning of its stroke and (ii) very near to the end of its stroke. For example, the control circuit may open the switch when the cutting instrument 32 is (i) 0.001 inches from the beginning point of its stroke and (ii) 0.001 inches from the end of its stroke, as determined by the cutting instrument position sensor 150. With the switch 146 open, current flows through the resistive element 144, and then through the relay 132, the relay 138, the run motor sensor switch 110, to the motor 65. Current flowing through the resistive element 144 reduces the magnitude of the current delivered to the motor 65, thereby reducing the power delivered by the motor 65. Thus, when the cutting instrument 32 is (i) very near to the beginning of its stroke or (ii) very near to the end of its stroke, the power delivered by the motor 65 is reduced. Conversely, once the cutting instrument 32 moves sufficiently far from its beginning point or end of stroke point, the control circuit 148 may close the switch 146, thereby shorting the resistive element 144, thereby increasing the current to the motor 65, thereby increasing the power delivered by the motor.
According to various embodiments, the current control circuit further includes lockout sensor switches 136a-d collectively defining an interlock circuit 137 through which current from the relay 132, when de-energized, passes in order for electrical operation of the motor 65 to be initiated. Each lockout sensor switch 136a-d may be configured to maintain an open (i.e., non-conductive) switch state or a closed (i.e., conductive) switch state responsive to the presence or absence, respectively, of a corresponding condition. Any of the corresponding conditions, if present when the instrument 10 is fired, may result in an unsatisfactory cutting and stapling operation and/or damage to the instrument 10. Conditions to which the lockout sensor switches 136a-d may respond include, for example, (a) the absence of the staple cartridge 34 in the channel 22, (b) the presence of a spent (e.g., previously fired) staple cartridge 34 in the channel 22, and (c) an open (or otherwise insufficiently closed) position of the anvil 24 with respect to the channel 22. Other conditions to which the lockout sensor switches 136a-d may respond, such as component wear, may be inferred based upon an accumulated number of firing operations produced by the instrument 10. Accordingly, in various embodiments, if any of these conditions exists, the corresponding lockout sensor switches 136a-d maintain an open switch state, thus preventing passage of the current necessary to initiate operation of the motor 65. Passage of current by the lockout sensors 136a-d is allowed, in various embodiments, only after all of the conditions have been remedied. It will be appreciated that the above-described conditions are provided by way of example only, and that additional lockout sensor switches for responding to other conditions detrimental to operation of the instrument 10 may be provided. It will similarly be appreciated that for embodiments in which one or more of the above-described conditions may not exist or are of no concern, the number of lockout sensor switches may be fewer than that depicted.
As shown in FIG. 15, the lockout sensor switch 136a may be implemented using a normally open switch configuration such that a closed switch state is maintained when the staple cartridge 34 is in a position corresponding to its proper receipt by the channel 22. When the staple cartridge 34 is not installed in the channel 22, or is installed improperly (e.g., mis-aligned), the lockout sensor switch 136a maintains an open switch state. Lockout sensor switch 136b may be implemented using a normally open switch configuration such that a closed switch state is maintained only when an unspent staple cartridge 34 (i.e., a staple cartridge 34 having a sled 33 in the unfired position) is present in the channel 22. The presence of a spent staple cartridge 34 in the channel 22 causes the lockout sensor switch 136b to maintain an open switch state. Lockout sensor switch 136c may be implemented using a normally open switch configuration such that a closed switch state is maintained when the anvil 24 is in a closed position with respect to the channel 22. The lockout sensor switch 136c may be controlled in accordance with a time delay feature wherein a closed switch state is maintained only after the anvil 24 is in the closed position for a pre-determined period of time.
Lockout sensor switch 136d may be implemented using a normally closed switch configuration such that a closed switch state is maintained only when an accumulated number of firings produced by the instrument 10 is less than a pre-determined number. The lockout sensor switch 136d may be in communication with a counter 139 configured for maintaining a count representative of the accumulated number of firing operations performed by the instrument 10, comparing the count to the pre-determined number, and controlling the switch state of the lockout sensor switch 136d based upon the comparison. Although shown separately in FIG. 15, it will be appreciated that counter 139 may be integral with the lockout sensor switch 136d so as to form a common device. Preferably, the counter 139 is implemented as an electronic device having an input for incrementing the maintained count based upon the transition of a discrete electrical signal provided thereto. It will be appreciated that a mechanical counter configured for maintaining the count based upon a mechanical input (e.g., retraction of the firing trigger 20) may be used instead. When implemented as an electronic device, any discrete signal present in the electrical circuit that transitions once for each firing operation may be utilized for the counter 139 input. As shown in FIG. 15, for example, the discrete electrical signal resulting from actuation of the end-of-stroke sensor 130 may be utilized. The counter 139 may control the switch state of lockout sensor switch 136d such that a closed switch state is maintained when the maintained count is less than a pre-determined number stored within the counter 139. When the maintained count is equal to the pre-determined number, the counter 139 causes the lockout sensor switch 136d to maintain an open switch state, thus preventing the passage of current therethrough. It will be appreciated that the pre-determined number stored by the counter 139 may be selectively adjusted as required. According to various embodiments, the counter 304 may be in communication with an external display (not shown), such as an LCD display, integral to the instrument 10 for indicating to a user either the maintained count or the difference between the pre-determined number and the maintained count.
According to various embodiments, the interlock circuit 137 may comprise one or more indicators visible to the user of the instrument 10 for displaying a status of at least one of the lockout sensor switches 136a-d. More details regarding such indicators may be found in published U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0175956, entitled “Electronic Lockouts and Surgical Instrument Including Same”, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,644,848, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application also includes example mounting arrangements and configurations for the lockout sensor switches 136a-d. 
In the illustrated embodiment, when the lockout sensor switches 136a-d collectively maintain a closed switch state, a single pole, single throw relay 138 is energized. When the relay 138 is energized, current flows through the relay 138, through the run motor switch sensor 110, and to the motor 65 via a double pole, double throw relay 140, thereby powering the motor 65, allowing it to rotate in the forward direction. According to various embodiments, because the output of the relay 138, once energized, maintains the relay 138 in an energized state until relay 132 is energized, the interlock circuit 137 will not function to prevent operation of the motor 165 once initiated, even if one or more of the interlock sensor switches 136a-d subsequently maintains an open switch state. In other embodiments, however, it may be necessary or otherwise desirable to connect the interlock circuit 137 and the relay 138 such that one or more the lockout sensor switches 136a-d must maintain a closed switch state in order to sustain operation of the motor 165 once initiated.
Rotation of the motor in the forward direction causes the ring to move distally and thereby de-actuate the stop motor sensor switch 142 in various embodiments. Because the switch 142 is normally closed, a solenoid 141 connected to the switch 142 may be energized. The solenoid 141 may be a conventional push-type solenoid that, when energized, causes a plunger (not shown) to be axially extended. Extension of the plunger may operate to retain the closure trigger 18 in the retracted position, thus preventing the anvil 24 from opening while a firing operation is in progress (i.e., while the switch 142 is not actuated). Upon de-energization of the solenoid 141, the plunger is retracted such that manual release of the closure trigger 18 is possible.
When the actuation member portion reaches the distal most end of its stroke, the reverse motor switch 130 will be activated, thereby closing the switch 130 and energizing the relay 132. This causes the relay 132 to assume its energized state (not shown in FIG. 11), which causes current to bypass the interlock circuit 137 and run motor sensor switch 110, and instead causes current to flow to both the normally-closed double pole, double throw relay 140 and back to the motor 65, but in a manner, via the relay 140, that causes the motor 65 to reverse its rotational direction. Because the stop motor sensor switch 142 is normally closed, current will flow back to the relay 132 to keep it energized until the switch 142 opens. When the knife 32 is fully retracted, the stop motor sensor switch 142 is activated, causing the switch 142 to open, thereby removing power from the motor 65, and de-energizing the solenoid 141.
In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 15, a normally closed retraction switch 137 is employed which interfaces with refraction trigger 121 (not shown in FIG. 15). When retraction switch 137 is activated, it opens to stop the flow of current to the motor 65. In alternative embodiments (FIG. 15A), the normally closed retraction switch 137 could be replaced with a variable resistor 137′ that interfaces with retraction trigger 121. In such embodiment, when the retraction trigger 121 is not depressed, the resistance of the variable resistor is minimal to allow maximum current to flow to the motor 65. When depressed the resistance increases in proportion to the depressing force to reduce current to the motor. Such variable resistor may also be replaced with the retraction switch 131 as described above (see FIG. 15B).
Accidental actuation prevention for a powered endocutter: With the introduction of powered systems that no longer limit the device function to the force capabilities of the user, inadvertent initiation of the firing cycle may become a much more prevalent issue. It will be increasing ease to “bump” the activation control and have the instrument begin firing thereby tripping the lockout of the cartridge or even “jamming” it on tissue, as the user is unaware it has already begun firing. To eliminate this issue secondary unlock activator switches or buttons could be used to unlock the firing mechanism. Various lockout arrangements are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,644,848, entitled “Electronic Lockouts and Surgical Instrument Including Same” to Swayze et al., the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. This is much the same as the two switch systems used in the power saw industry as well as the military to protect against accidental actuation. The secondary switch can either release the lock on the firing trigger or merely energize the power to the control.
As mentioned above, in using a two-stroke motorized instrument, the operator first pulls back and locks the closure trigger 18. FIGS. 16 and 17 show one embodiment of a way to lock the closure trigger 18 to the pistol grip portion 26 of the handle 6. In the illustrated embodiment, the pistol grip portion 26 includes a hook 150 that is biased to rotate CCW about a pivot point 151 by a torsion spring 152. Also, the closure trigger 18 includes a closure bar 154. As the operator draws in the closure trigger 18, the closure bar 154 engages a sloped portion 156 of the hook 150, thereby rotating the hook 150 upward (or CW in FIGS. 16 and 17) until the closure bar 154 completely passes the sloped portion 156 passes into a recessed notch 158 of the hook 150, which locks the closure trigger 18 in place. The operator may release the closure trigger 18 by pushing down on a slide button release 160 on the back or opposite side of the pistol grip portion 26. Pushing down the slide button release 160 rotates the hook 150 CW such that the closure bar 154 is released from the recessed notch 158. Other arrangements for releasably locking the closure trigger 18 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,139 which has been herein incorporated by reference.
As can be seen in FIGS. 16 and 17, in various embodiments, a closure lock switch 151 may be mounted in the hook 150 such that that is activated only when the hook 150 is latched in place. However, the closure lock switch 151 may be mounted in the pistol grip portion 26 for activation by the closure trigger 18 when the closure trigger 18 is locked in position. In still other alternative embodiments, the closure lock switch 151 is mounted to the end effector such that it is activated only when the anvil or other movable portion is in the “closed” position. Regardless of the specific location of the closure lock switch 151, in various embodiments, the closure lock switch is a normally open switch that will be closed upon locking of the closure trigger 18 or otherwise manipulating the end effector to a “closed” position.
FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an electrical circuit of the instrument 10 according to various embodiments of the present invention illustrating the use of the closure lock switch 151. As can be seen in that Figure, current will not be permitted to flow from the battery 64 to the motor 65 even if a cartridge is present unless the closure lock switch 151 is closed. Thus, the motor 65 cannot be operated unless the closure trigger is in the locked closed position which also reflects that the end effector is in the closed state.
Various embodiments may further include a start switch 153 that must be activated by the surgeon before current will be permitted to flow from the battery 64 to the other circuit components and ultimately to the motor 65. Start switch 153 is normally open and may be located at a convenient location on the handle 6. See FIG. 1. Thus, in these embodiments, even if the end effector contains a cartridge and the closure trigger 18 is locked in a closed position, current will not be permitted to flow to the motor 65 until the start switch 153 is closed by the surgeon. In alternative embodiments, the start switch 153 may comprise a mechanical switch that prevents the firing trigger 20 from being physically rotated toward the pistol grip portion unless the switch 153 is moved to an actuated position.
Active adjustable staple height for a powered endocutter: Staple height that is adjustable to the tissue thickness and type has been pursued for many years. Most recently, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/231,456, filed Sep. 21, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,407,078 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/540,735, filed Sep. 29, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,467,740, the disclosures of which are each hereby incorporated by reference in their respective entireties generally involve a flexible coupling member or supports that would allow the gap of the instrument to enlarge with loads induced by thicker tissue in the device. This “passive” variable staple height allows the thickness of the tissue to create larger staple forms.
With the introduction of a power source within the instrument this allows for the use of electricity to change the height of an internal element within the dynamic coupling element with would change the height of the staple “actively” by the surgeon or instrument setting the desired height. This internal element could be a shape memory material and the electricity changes its temperature and therefore allows it to change its physical height due to preset configuration. Another viable method would be the inclusion of an electro-active polymer (EAP) that through the introduction of an electric field allows it to change its height and width. Yet a third embodiment would be to utilize a traditional linear electrical stepper element that can ratchet a small adjustable screw element within the coupling beam that would adjust its height.
More specifically and with reference to FIGS. 19 and 20, an end effector 12 of various embodiments of the present invention is shown in cross-section with the anvil 24 in a closed or clamped position. As can be seen, the cutting instrument or knife 32 has a lower actuator portion 37 that has a threaded sleeve or nut portion 37′ that is configured to threadably engage the helical screw shaft 36. In addition, a fin 39 protrudes laterally from each lateral side of the nut portion 37 to confront corresponding slide portions 23 of the channel 22. As can also be seen in FIG. 19, the knife 32 has an upper actuator portion 41 that is sized to be received within a longitudinal T-shaped slot 43 in the anvil 24. As can be seen in FIG. 19, a pair of upper retainer pins 41′ protrude laterally from each side of the upper actuator portion 41 of the knife 32. Each upper retainer pin 41′ is configured to extend into a corresponding portion of the T-shaped slot 43 provided in the anvil 24. Thus, as the knife 32 is driven distally through the end effector 12, the fins 39 and the retainer pins 41′ serve to limit the amount of space between the anvil 24 and the cartridge 34 to a maximum amount of predetermined space.
Various embodiments of the present invention are provided with means for adjusting the amount of space between the anvil 24 and the cartridge 34 installed within the channel 22. For example, in some embodiments, each fin 39 supports a sled contact 45 for sliding contact with corresponding electrical contacts 47 that are mounted within each slide portion 23 of the channel 22. The electrical contacts 47 are elongated and extend within the channel 22 so that the sled contacts 45 are always on contact with their corresponding electrical contact 47 as the knife 32 is driven within the channel 22. Electrical contacts 47 are connected to the power source or battery 64 and are configured to receive current therefrom when the motor 65 is powered to drive the knife 32 distally. Also in certain embodiments, an electrically responsive height adjustment member 49 is mounted to each retainer pin 41′ as shown in FIG. 19. The height adjustment members 49 are electrically coupled to the sled contacts 45 to receive electrical current therefrom. In various embodiments, the height adjustment members 49 may comprise shape memory material that, when electrified, changes its physical height due to a preset configuration. Thus, depending upon the amount of current received, the height adjust member members 49 may expand and force the anvil 24 towards the cartridge 34 to thereby reduce the amount of space therebetween. The amount that such material is proportional to the amount of current received and is known. A control circuit (not shown) may be employed to control the amount of expansion and hence the amount of space between the anvil 24 and the cartridge 34. In other embodiments, the height adjustment material comprises an electro-active polymer (EAP) that is retained within a pocket in the pin 41 or is otherwise attached thereto.
FIG. 21 illustrates another embodiment that is similar to the embodiment depicted in FIG. 19. However, in this embodiment, the height adjustment members 49 are mounted in the anvil 24 and receive current from the power source through conductors attached directly thereto. Thus, in this embodiment, the contacts 43 and 45 as described above are not needed.
FIG. 22 illustrates an alternative knife assembly 32′ that is substantially identical to the knife assembly 32 described above, except that the retainer pins 41′ are mounted to a separate upper actuator portion 302 that is selectively movable in a vertical direction “VD” relative to a lower portion 300 of the knife assembly 32′. A second motor 304 may be mounted to the lower portion 300 and have a lead screw 306 that threadably engages a nut portion 308 of the upper retainer portion 302. The upper retainer portion has a “T”-shaped tongue portion 310 that slidably extends into a correspondingly shaped slot 312 in the lower portion 300 to prevent rotation of the upper retainer portion 302 relative to the lower retainer portion 300 while permitting the upper retainer portion 302 to move vertically relative thereto. Thus, the distance between the upper and lower retainer portions 302, 300 may be adjusted by powering the second motor 304. Accordingly, if the surgeon wants to reduce the amount of space between the anvil 24 and the cartridge 34, second motor 304 is powered to rotate in a first direction to draw the upper retainer portion 302 towards the lower retainer portion 300. If however, the surgeon desires to increase the amount of space between the anvil 24 and the cartridge 34, the second motor 304 is rotated in an opposite direction.
Various embodiments of the present invention include end-effector illumination methods and methods for illuminating the surgical site when employing a powered endocutter. Currently when the end-effector is in or near its deployment position it is sometimes difficult for the surgeon to visualize the treatment site as there are shadows cast by adjacent structures as well as the end-effector may even be behind another structure entirely. FIG. 23 illustrates in general form, a distal end 402 of a surgical stapler 400 of various embodiments of the present invention which includes an anvil 404, a cartridge body 406, and channel 408. As seen from that Figure, an additional light source 410 may be positioned on the end of the cartridge body 406 to illuminate tissue 401. This light source 410 could be any combination of practical means that convert electrical energy to light including but not limited to semiconductor (such as LED), a conventional incandescent or filament bulb, electroluminescent or laser that may be powered from a battery supported in the instrument handle or in other embodiments, powered by alternating current. Such arrangements would allow the surgeon to not only light up the treatment site directly, they could allow for backlighting of structures to see the internal components like vasculature and facilitate the use of a laser pointer through a traditional scope to point out areas of interest to others.
In various embodiments, one or more contacts 420 are provided on the back of the cartridge body 406 that are configured to engage contacts 422 within the channel 408. See FIG. 24. This would allow the surgeon to energize the light 410 as needed by energizing contact set via a switch positioned on the handle 430. This switch could even have variable intensity as the one described in could control the actuation speed of the main, device. Other lighting arrangements for lighting the end of an anvil attached to a circular surgical stapler are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0096435 A1, entitled “Surgical Stapling Instrument With Apparatus For Providing Anvil Position Feedback”, Published Apr. 22, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0175949 A1, entitled “Surgical Instrument Having a Feedback System”, Published Aug. 2, 2007, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, further discloses in FIGS. 45-47 of that Publication output displays that could show among other this position feedback of the end-effector, lockout status, number of firings etc. This would minimize one of the more difficult issues for the user, which is the identification of the status of a device, especially the lockout status of the device without actuating the device. An additional feedback that would be helpful for the user would be immediate feedback as to the status of the cartridge when it is loaded. As in the above application it could be rolled up into the lockout indication on the handle 430. An indicator 432 (such as an LED, glass bulb, LCD, sonic enunciator, vibrator, etc.) could solely be associated with the status of a cartridge lockout means or mechanism such that it providing this information to the surgeon. This LED could be located on the handle 430. See FIG. 26. Alternatively an indicator 434 could be located near the distal end 402 which would provide immediate information to the surgeon and loader if the cartridge is “good to go” or not. See FIG. 25. This can be accomplished with a switch or set of contacts associated directly with the mechanical lockout. The switch or contacts complete a circuit such that the indicator provides appropriate information. This completed contact set could be through a conductive element within the sled (part 33 in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2007/0175958) and the two contacts could be in the proximal position of the channel (part 22). Another way to detect lockout status is indirectly through instrument status (example I: loaded cartridge and no attempt to fire would indicate lockout is not engaged; example 2: fired instrument and no new cartridge installed would indicate lockout is engaged; etc.). Another embodiment would be to place the LED or visual indication cue on the cartridge itself. When the cartridge is snapped into place it creates a contact that supplies the cartridge with power. Should the cartridge be fired not only does the mechanical lockout stop the advancement of the knife the cartridge circuit light up the LED on the cartridge informing the surgeon on the scope monitor that the cartridge is locked out. This could be further expanded by placing a small battery or other charge accumulator within the cartridge itself to eliminate the need for a power connection to the main device. Also the cartridge circuit could be set to light the lockout light whenever the device is closed to inform the user there is a spent cartridge in the device.
Indication feedback for powered articulation and cartridge color: Indicating the type of cartridge installed (color) and angle of articulation is considered useful to the surgeon. The indication of articulation angle could be indicated in several ways including numerically or graphically as in an arc of LEDs. The location of this indication could be on the handle in a convenient location or on the shaft of the device just proximal to the end-effector. The end-effector feedback could be passive or active. The active would light up additional LEDs to show the angle. The passive could just show a half pie lighted up so the surgeon could intuit how articulated the end-effector is. As we further explore the surgical procedures it becomes more and more obvious that the surgeon's eyes need to be on the surgical site not on the handle of the instrument. We also begin to understand the surgeon's need for complete status feedback from the device. Articulation angle could be illuminated as part of the articulation joint itself. With lights, LEDs, etc. denoting the differing angle or even a small LCD denoting angle in degrees. This would allow the surgeon to have some feedback on the angle off of straight so he/she can easily navigate back to this angle after removal and reinsertion. Another issue is “obvious” indication of what color cartridge is in the device. This can be accomplished by a color coded light array on either the end-effector or the cartridge. This information could also be transmitted back to the handle to display a “redundant” display to assure there is minimal confusion as to what cartridge is in the jaws. Another improvement could include a small leaf spring contact connected to the proximal deck of the cartridge that indicates if a minimum tissue pressure has been achieved within the jaws. This minimum pressure would at the very least indicate if a thick tissue cartridge is being used in thin tissue applications, as it would not light if insufficient tissue pressure on the deck were present.
There is a possible need of a method for the introduction of non-sterile battery packs (possibly with the electronics integral to the battery pack if programmable logic becomes a key customer need). A patent already exists within the orthopedic drill industry for the insertion of a non-sterile battery pack within a separately sterilized re-useable device. This innovation is intended to improve that concept by utilizing the disposable device sterile packaging to protect the sterility of the instrument during the insertion of the non-sterile battery pack. A further improvement would be the inclusion of a “hatch” door designed within the instrument and closable after the pack has been inserted but before the device is removed from the final sterile packaging. This hatch would then “contain” the non-sterile battery that could contaminate the sterile surgical field. The method here would be to include an additional layer of packaging that would have a perforated area that the battery could be pushed through, either rupturing the extra layer and allowing the battery through or going with the electrode set of the battery only to be ruptured by the exposable pin tips of the battery at complete insertion. An alternative of this would be to have the internal terminals of the gun (deep inside the battery protection cavity) rupture the sterile barrier and seat within pinholes in the battery pack. The hatch could then be closed through the sterile pack sealing the system. The gun could then be handed into the sterile field normally as any sterile device could.
Position Locator Embodiments I Linear encoder and load control of motor parameters: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,646,307 and 6,716,223 disclose the mechanisms for the measurement of rotation and related torque to control motor parameters and optimizing of those parameters based on identification of end-effector configurations and loading. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0175958 shows a method through the use of a threaded length of the primary shaft in FIGS. 8-13 how this type of linear motion control could be used to control the trigger location. The same type of method could be used for electronic linear control methods. The end-effector could identify its length and type mechanically by depressing at least one spring biased plunger, which could identify to the handle the type, and length it would allow the motor to run. The motor rotation could be converted from rotary motion to linear rack or cable motion, which could then be used to adjust motor voltage, current, and speed to affect the desired linear motion of the control slide. The control slide could then be directly coupled to the knife drive motion. This control slide could have discrete or continuous “stop” locations that the plunger identifier marks as the max “go to” linear displacement before retraction
Identification of modular reloads with linear drive: A useful feature for a surgical instrument is the ability to identify which end-effector has been attached to the instrument. In the case of a powered surgical stapler, several different types of end-effectors could be attached. Additionally, a type of end-effector may have at least one function and/or feature that is selectively utilized or enabled. Disclosed are means for identifying which end-effector is attached. Note that the “type” of end-effector referenced below is not limited to mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulically coupled end-effectors. The instrument may take different actions, adjust operating parameters, indicate available functions etc. as a result of detecting this end effector.
The end-effector has an electrical connection that is made when it is attached to the instrument. The instrument communicates with the end-effector and reads at least one of several types of signals. A switch position or contact position indicates which type of end-effector is present. A passive element is measured for impedance and the result indicates which type of end-effector is present.
The end-effector has a radio frequency link to the instrument and data is transferred in at least one direction between the end-effector and the instrument.
The end-effector has an acoustic link to the instrument and data is transferred in at least one direction between the end-effector and the instrument.
The end-effector has an optical link to the instrument and data is transferred in at least one direction between the end-effector and the instrument.
The end-effector has mechanical link that engages elements (such as switches or contacts) in the instrument that identify it and thereby data is transferred in at least one direction between the end-effector and the instrument.
While the present invention has been illustrated by description of several embodiments and while the illustrative embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications may readily appear to those skilled in the art.
For example, although the embodiments described above have advantages for an endoscopically employed surgical severing and stapling instrument 10, a similar embodiments may be used in other clinical procedures. It is generally accepted that endoscopic procedures are more common than laparoscopic procedures. Accordingly, the present invention has been discussed in terms of endoscopic procedures and apparatus. However, use herein of terms such as “endoscopic”, should not be construed to limit the present invention to a surgical instrument for use only in conjunction with an endoscopic tube (i.e., trocar). On the contrary, it is believed that the present invention may find use in any procedure where access is limited to a small incision, including but not limited to laparoscopic procedures, as well as open procedures.
Any patent, publication, or information, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this document. As such the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference.
While this invention has been described as having exemplary designs, the present invention may be further modified within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains.

## Claims

1. A surgical fastener apparatus, comprising:
an end effector comprising first and second jaws selectively movable between open and closed positions, said first jaw operably supporting a plurality of surgical fasteners therein;
an actuator member supported for selective advancement through said end effector when said first and second jaws are in said closed position such that as said actuator member is advanced therethrough in a first direction, said surgical fasteners are driven out of said first jaw into forming contact with said second jaw;
an electrically powered motor operably interfacing with said actuator member to apply deployment and retraction motions thereto;
a firing actuator operably interfacing with said electrically powered motor, said firing actuator including an activated position wherein said motor applies said deployment motion to said actuator member; and
an electrically activated reversing mechanism for moving said actuator member from a distal most position within said end effector to a proximal position, such that actuation of said electrically activated reversing mechanism causes said firing actuator to be deactivated, and wherein after actuation of said electrically activated reversing mechanism, proximal movement of said actuator member can be stopped by returning said firing actuator to its activated position.

2. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 1 wherein said motor is controlled by a motor control circuit comprising a run motor control switch connected to a power source and operated by said firing actuator such that when said firing actuator is moved to said activated position, said run motor control switch permits current to flow to said motor in a first direction to cause said motor to distally deploy said actuator member into said end effector and wherein said electrically activated reversing mechanism comprises a reverse motor switch in said motor control circuit for causing said current to flow in a second direction to said motor to cause said motor to retract said actuator member in a proximal direction when said actuator member reaches said distal most position within said end effector.

3. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 2 wherein said motor control circuit further comprises a stop motor switch that stops said flow of current in said second direction when said actuator member is moved to a proximal most position.

4. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 2 wherein said reversing mechanism further comprises a retraction switch in said motor control circuit, said retraction switch operated by a retraction actuator such that upon activation of said retraction actuator, said retraction switch stops said flow of current in said second direction to said motor.

5. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 4 wherein said retraction switch comprises a variable resistor.

6. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 5 wherein said retraction switch further comprises a normally closed contact portion.

7. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 4 wherein said retraction actuator is biased into an unactuated position by a biasing member.

8. A surgical fastener apparatus comprising:
an end effector;
an actuator supported relative to said end effector and being selectively movable between an unactuated position to actuated positions within said end effector;
an electric motor operably interfacing with said actuator to selectively apply a distal driving motion thereto to move said actuator from said unactuated position to said actuated positions and to selectively apply a proximal driving motion to said actuator to retract said actuator to said unactuated position from said actuated positions;
a firing actuator;
a motor control circuit for controlling said motor, said motor control circuit comprising:
a power source connected to said motor for electrically powering said motor; and
a current control circuit connected to said power source for controlling current supplied to said motor from said power source, said current control circuit comprising:
a run motor control switch connected to said power source and operated by said actuator such that upon application of an actuation motion to said firing actuator, said run motor control switch permits current to flow to said motor in a first direction to cause said motor to apply said distal driving motion to said actuator; and
a reverse motor switch connected to said power source such that when said actuator has moved to a distal most actuated position, said reverse motor switch permits current to flow to said motor in a second direction to cause said motor to apply said proximal driving motion to said actuator, said current control circuit further configured to alter said application of said proximal driving motion upon receipt of an application of a retraction motion thereto.

9. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 8 further comprising a retraction actuator and wherein said current control circuit comprises a retraction switch connected to said power source and operated by said retraction actuator such that upon application of said retraction motion to said retraction actuator, said retraction switch alters said flow of current in said second direction to said motor.

10. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 9 wherein said retraction switch comprises a variable resistor.

11. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 10 wherein said retraction switch further comprises a normally closed contact portion.

12. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 9 wherein said retraction actuator is biased into an unactuated position by a biasing member.

13. The surgical fastener apparatus of claim 9 wherein upon application of said retraction motion to said retraction actuator, said retraction switch stops said flow of current in said second direction to said motor.