UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

LEE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, et al., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 13-643 (RMC)

)

SYLVIA M. BURWELL, Secretary, )

U.S. Department of Health and Human )

Services, )

)

Defendant. )

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiffs, a group of non-profit organizations that own and operate acute care

hospitals participating in the Medicare program,1 contend that the Department of Health and 

Human Services has underpaid them for Medicare services provided during the fiscal years 

ending in 2008-2010. The dispute requires a huge leap into Medicare and its regulations, but, in 

essence, Plaintiffs allege that the Secretary knew that her basic approach and formulas produced 

the wrong results but continued to underpay them for years, notwithstanding.

At issue here is Plaintiffs’ Motion to Compel: the Secretary has produced an 

Administrative Record, which Plaintiffs complain is incomplete. The Secretary of Health and 

Human Services repeatedly insists the record is more than sufficient for judicial review. For the 

reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs’ motion will be granted in part and denied in part.

1 While Plaintiffs’ Memorandum in Support of its Motion to Compel the Administrative Record 

[Dkt. 51] states that Plaintiffs “are thirty-four acute care hospitals participating in the Medicare 

program,” id. at 1, the Third Amended Complaint [Dkt. 58] states that Plaintiffs are a group of 

non-profit organizations that own and operate thirty-three acute care hospitals, id. ¶ 1. 

1

 
I. BACKGROUND

It is not necessary to take a reader through the underlying dispute in this case. 

There are, however, a few fundamental points. Under Medicare, certain hospitals may be

reimbursed in part for their operating costs per patient. “Because different illnesses entail 

varying costs of treatment, the Secretary uses diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) to ‘modif[y]’ the 

average rate.’” Dist. Hosp. Partners, L.P. v. Burwell, No. 14-5061, 2015 WL 2365718, at *1 

(D.C. Cir. May 19, 2015) (quoting Cape Cod Hosp. v. Sebelius, 630 F.3d 203, 205-06 (D.C. Cir. 

2011)). Hospitals are paid at fixed rates determined by the Secretary based on DRG prospective 

payment rates, which are intended to reflect the estimated average cost of treating a patient 

whose condition falls within that DRG. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d). When patient costs 

become extraordinarily high, hospitals may request an “outlier payment” in any case “where 

charges, adjusted to cost, exceed . . . the sum of the applicable DRG prospective payment rate . . 

. plus a fixed dollar amount determined by the Secretary.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(A)(ii).

“[T]hree particular numbers are important” in calculating outlier payments: 

“(1) the cost-to-charge ratio, (2) the fixed loss threshold, and (3) the outlier threshold.” Dist. 

Hosp. Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, at *2. First, a hospital’s cost-to-charge ratio “represents a 

hospital’s average markup” and “is calculated from data in its most recent cost report.” Id.

(internal quotations and citations omitted); see also Def. Mem. in Opp. to Pl. Mot. to Compel 

(Def. Opp.) [Dkt. 53] at 4 (“The Secretary estimates a hospital’s costs for a case by multiplying 

the hospital’s charges by a cost-to-charge ratio, which is a fraction that represents the estimated

amount that the hospital incurs in costs for every dollar that the hospital bills in charges.”). A 

hospital’s cost-to-charge ratio is generally calculated specifically for that hospital based on data 

contained in its prior cost reports. Def. Opp. at 4 (citing 42 C.F.R. § 412.84(i)). 

2
Second, as noted above, a hospital can request an outlier payment if its charges 

exceed the sum of the DRG payment rate and a “fixed dollar amount.” 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1395ww(d)(5)(A)(ii). The “fixed dollar amount” is otherwise known as the “fixed loss 

threshold.” The fixed loss threshold “‘acts like an insurance deductible because the hospital is 

responsible for that portion of the treatment’s excessive cost’ above the applicable DRG rate.” 

Dist. Hosp. Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, at *2 (quoting Boca Raton Cmty. Hosp., Inc. v. Tenet 

Health Care Corp., 582 F.3d 1227, 1229 (11th Cir. 2009)); see also Def. Opp. at 5 (“The fixed 

loss threshold essentially represents the loss that a hospital must absorb before it is eligible to 

receive an outlier payment.”). The fixed loss threshold is set annually in advance of each fiscal 

year based on projections about aggregate payments to hospitals and a consideration of past 

charges. Def. Opp. at 5. The Secretary determines the figure in part by looking at historical data 

on charges actually submitted by hospitals and then applies an inflation adjustment factor to the 

data to produce an approximation of what hospital charges might look like in the future. Id. The 

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) attempts to set the fixed loss threshold at a 

level such that total outlier payments for the upcoming year will represent 5.1% of projected total

DRG payments. Pl. Mem. in Support of Mot. to Compel Complete Admin. Record (Pl. Mem.) 

[Dkt. 51] at 2 (citing 72 Fed. Reg. 47,130 at 47,419). 

The third relevant number—the outlier threshold—is the sum of the fixed loss 

threshold and the DRG rate. Dist. Hosp. Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, at *2. “Any cost-adjusted 

charges imposed above the outlier threshold are eligible for reimbursement under the outlier 

payment provision.” Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(A)(ii)).2

 

2 An example is instructive: “Assume that the Secretary sets the fixed loss threshold at $10,000. 

Assume also that a hospital treats a Medicare patient for a broken bone and that the DRG rate for 

the treatment is $3,000. The Medicare patient required unusually extensive treatment which 

3

 
These figures are set by HHS each fiscal year. In this case, Plaintiffs challenge

HHS administrative regulations governing outlier payments and the fixed loss thresholds, 

asserting that those regulations led to an incorrect determination of their outlier payment 

amounts for 2008-2011. Specifically, they allege that HHS improperly applied two sets of 

regulations: (1) “Payment Regulations,” which establish a model for determining whether 

individual hospital cases qualify for outlier payments; and (2) “Threshold Regulations,” which 

set the annual fixed loss threshold. Pl. Mem. at 5. They also take issue with HHS amendments 

to the rules governing outlier payments made in 2003, maintaining that those amendments form 

the basis for how the fixed loss thresholds were set in 2008-2011. Id. 

In their Motion to Compel, Plaintiffs argue that HHS failed to produce 

information used by the agency in determining the fixed loss threshold. They seek the following 

materials: (1) the draft Interim Final Rule from the 2003 amendments to the payment regulations;

(2) the formulas used to calculate the fixed loss thresholds; (3) data used to calculate a cost-tocharge adjustment factor and an inflation factor, which were then used to calculate the fixed loss 

thresholds; (4) the formulas and data that HHS used to calculate estimated outlier payments,

made during previous fiscal years, which HHS considered in determining the fixed loss

thresholds for the relevant years; (5) the supporting data which HHS used to determine certain 

key assumptions for projected outlier payment calculations as set forth in HHS’s Impact Files; 

(6) materials supporting HHS’s regulatory impact analysis considered in each of the fixed loss 

threshold regulations; and (7) materials supporting HHS’s statements in the fixed loss threshold 

caused the hospital to impose $23,000 in cost-adjusted charges. If no other statutory factor is 

triggered . . . the hospital is eligible for an outlier payment of $8,000, which is 80% of the 

difference between its cost-adjusted charges ($23,000) and the outlier threshold ($13,000).” 

Dist. Hosp. Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, at *3.

4

 
regulations that it would not consider the mandatory reconciliation of outlier payments in setting 

the fixed loss thresholds.3

 Pl. Mem. at 3. The parties conferred extensively but were unable to 

resolve this dispute. HHS contends that the materials sought were properly excluded from the 

Administrative Record and avers that “HHS has provided certified administrative records of the 

rulemaking proceedings for regulations concerning the establishment of fixed loss thresholds for 

2008 through 2011 which contain: the agency’s proposed rule and final rule; the comments 

received; and the data that the agency considered in developing the outlier payment amount and 

rule and the fixed-loss threshold.” Def. Opp. at 8 (citing Ex. A, Decl. of Ing-Jye Cheng, 

Director, Division of Acute Care, Hospital and Ambulatory Care Group, Centers for Medicare

and Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS [Dkt. 53-1] (Cheng Decl.) ¶¶ 2–3).

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Jurisdiction and Venue

This Court has jurisdiction to review Plaintiffs’ challenge to the agency 

regulations under the Medicare Act, which incorporates the Administrative Procedure Act 

(APA). See 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(f)(1); 5 U.S.C. § 706. Venue is proper under 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1395oo(f) and 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c).

3 Plaintiffs originally also sought the administrative record for the 2003 amendments to the 

payment regulations as well as the Medicare Claims Processing Manual in effect for FYs 2008-

2011. The Secretary has now agreed to supplement the record with those materials, with the 

exception of the Interim Rule and the Impact File for the 2003 rulemaking. See Def. Opp. at 9, 

11. Defendants also note that they have supplemented the record with MedPAR data for FYs 

2006 and 2007, which had been inadvertently omitted from the rulemaking records for FYs 2008 

and 2009, respectively. Id. Plaintiffs also requested a comment to the FY 2009 fixed loss 

threshold regulations, but subsequently withdrew their request upon receipt of HHS’s 

representation that it did not consider the comment for outlier policy purposes. See Pl. Reply in 

Support of Motion to Compel Administrative Record (Pl. Reply) at 21.

5

 
B. Standard of Review for Supplementation of Administrative Record

The Administrative Procedure Act requires reviewing courts to “set aside agency 

action, findings, and conclusions found to be . . . arbitrary, capricious, abuse of discretion, or 

otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706. In reviewing agency rulemakings, the 

APA requires courts to “review the whole record or those parts of it cited by a party.” Id. “If a 

court is to review an agency’s action fairly, it should have before it neither more nor less 

information than did the agency when it made its decision.” Walter O. Boswell Mem’l Hosp. v. 

Heckler, 749 F.2d 788, 792 (D.C. Cir. 1984); see also Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. 

Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 420 (1971), abrogated on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 

99 (1977) (APA requires courts to review “the full administrative record that was before the 

Secretary at the time he made his decision”). 

“The ‘whole’ administrative record . . . consists of all documents and materials 

directly or indirectly considered by agency decision-makers and includes evidence contrary to 

the agency’s position.” Stainback v. Sec’y of Navy, 520 F. Supp. 2d 181, 185 (D.D.C. 2007) 

(internal quotation omitted); see also Banner Health v. Sebelius, 945 F. Supp. 2d 1, 15 (D.D.C. 

2013) (“Courts in this Circuit have interpreted the whole record to include all documents and 

materials that the agency directly or indirectly considered . . . [and nothing] more nor less.”) 

(internal quotations omitted). The record must include “all materials that might have influenced 

the agency’s decision, [ ] not merely those on which the agency relied in its final decision.” 

Stainback, 520 F. Supp. 2d at 186 (internal quotation omitted). An “agency may not skew the 

record by excluding unfavorable information but must produce the full record that was before the 

agency at the time the decision was made.” Blue Ocean Inst. v. Gutierrez, 503 F. Supp. 2d 366, 

369 (D.D.C. 2007). “[A]n agency may exclude arguably relevant information that is not 

6
contained in the agency’s files but that may be available from third parties” and “generally may 

exclude material that reflects internal deliberations.” Fund for Animals v. Williams, 391 F. Supp. 

2d 191, 197 (D.D.C. 2005).

“Although an agency may not unilaterally determine what constitutes the 

administrative record, the agency enjoys a presumption that it properly designated the 

administrative record absent clear evidence to the contrary.” Id.; Pac. Shores Subdivision, Cal. 

Water Dist. v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 448 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2006) (“[A]n agency is 

entitled to a strong presumption of regularity that it properly designated the administrative 

record.”). Accordingly, “[s]upplementation of the administrative record is the exception, not the 

rule.” Pac. Shores, 448 F. Supp. 2d at 5. 

The D.C. Circuit has held that supplementation of the record is only permitted in 

one of three “unusual circumstances”: “‘(1) the agency deliberately or negligently excluded 

documents that may have been adverse to its decision; (2) the district court needed to supplement 

the record with background information in order to determine whether the agency considered all 

of the relevant factors; or (3) the agency failed to explain administrative action so as to frustrate 

judicial review.’” Dist. Hosp. Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, at *7 (quoting American Wildlands 

v. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d 991, 1002 (D.C. Cir. 2008)); see also City of Dania Beach v. FAA, 628 

F.3d 581, 590 (D.C. Cir. 2010). “To rebut the presumption of regularity, the party seeking 

supplementation must introduce ‘concrete evidence’ to ‘prove’ that the specific documents 

allegedly missing from the record were ‘before the actual decisionmakers’ involved in the 

challenged agency action.” Banner Health, 945 F. Supp. at 16-17 (quoting Pac. Shores, 448 F. 

Supp. 2d at 6). In making this showing, the party seeking to supplement the record “must 

identify the materials allegedly omitted from the record with sufficient specificity, as opposed to 

7
merely proffering broad categories of documents and data that are ‘likely’ to exist as a result of 

other documents that are included in the administrative record.” Id. at 17. A district court’s 

refusal to supplement the administrative record is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Kempthorne, 

530 F.3d at 1002.

III. ANALYSIS

Plaintiffs seek to compel several types of information from HHS, arguing that 

the materials should be supplemented to the Administrative Record because they meet one or 

more of the Kempthorne criteria.

A. 2003 Draft Interim Rule

In 2003, HHS initiated a rulemaking for Medicare payment regulations in order to 

more accurately compensate hospitals for their costs exceeding the fixed loss threshold. In 

February 2003, then-HHS Secretary Tommy H. Thompson executed a draft Interim Rule and 

sent it to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for its review. The Interim Rule 

recognized that a small group of hospitals had gamed the system by rapidly inflating charges, 

making it appear that they had incurred greater costs, so that they would obtain greater outlier 

payments. As a result, HHS set falsely high fixed loss thresholds, thereby causing insufficient 

payments to be made to other hospitals that had not inflated their charges but that still provided 

care that was more expensive than the set Medicare rate.4

 According to Plaintiffs, the Interim 

Rule concluded that HHS should immediately lower the 2003 fixed loss threshold. However, the 

Interim Rule was never implemented and the Rule that was ultimately proposed did not lower the 

threshold or include any of the analysis or data that had underscored the Interim Rule. 

4 The higher the fixed loss threshold, the more expensive patient care must be to qualify for an 

outlier payment. 

8

 
HHS has failed repeatedly to include the Interim Rule in the Administrative 

Record on challenges to outlier payments. See Banner Health, 945 F. Supp. 2d at 24-26. Just as 

in Banner Health, Plaintiffs here correctly argue that “this document goes to the heart of 

establishing the Secretary’s promulgation of and continued application of invalid Fixed Loss 

Threshold Regulations as arbitrary and capricious, because it demonstrates that the agency knew 

that lowering the threshold would correct the problems engendered by its earlier regulations and 

believed it was obligated to do so immediately, but did not.” Id. at 26. Moreover, Plaintiffs 

provide evidence that the Interim Rule was considered by the agency in the rulemaking process, 

as it was signed by Secretary Thompson and both the Interim Rule and the proposed rule bear the 

same Regulatory Identification Number and are mostly identical in content. See Pl. Mem. at 23-

24. Accordingly, the Hospitals have met their burden of showing that agency decisionmakers 

considered the material at issue and that the agency failed to include in the record documents that 

may have been adverse to its decision. See City of Dania Beach, 628 F.3d at 590.

HHS argues that inter-agency documents should be granted the same 

“predecisional” and deliberative status as internal agency documents. Def. Opp. at 11-16. While 

it is settled law that “materials reflecting an agency’s internal deliberations should not be part of 

an administrative record unless there is a strong showing of bad faith or improper behavior,” see 

id. at 13 (citing San Luis Obispo Mothers for Peace v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 789

F.2d 26, 44 (D.C. Cir. 1986)), that argument carries no weight with respect to proposed drafts of 

agency rules that are submitted to OMB and then publicly posted on OMB’s website. See 

Executive Order (E.O.) 12,866, 58 Fed. Reg. 51,735 (Sept. 30, 1993) (requiring that after a

regulation becomes final, OMB make available to the public all documents exchanged between it 

and agency during the inter-agency review). The deliberative process privilege is intended to 

9
“ensure open communication between subordinates and superiors, prevent premature disclosure 

of policies before final adoption, and to avoid public confusion if grounds for policies that were 

not part of the final adopted agency policy happened to be exposed to the public.” Ctr. for 

Medicare Advocacy, Inc. v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 577 F. Supp. 2d 221, 234 

(D.D.C. 2008) (citations omitted). A document is properly withheld if “disclosure of [the] 

materials would expose an agency’s decisionmaking process in such a way as to discourage 

candid discussion within the agency and thereby undermine the agency’s ability to perform its 

functions.” Formaldehyde Inst. v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 889 F.2d 1118, 1122

(D.C. Cir. 1989) (internal quotation omitted). “[A] document protected pursuant to the 

deliberative process privilege loses protection if the agency used the document in its dealing with 

the public.” Banner Health, 945 F. Supp. 2d at 22 (internal quotation omitted). 

Here, neither HHS nor Secretary Thompson would have anticipated that the 

Department’s Interim Final Rule would remain confidential. Indeed, protecting the document as 

privileged would not further the purpose behind the rule because the draft would be seen by the 

public. This Court concurs with Banner Health that there is no way that “inclusion of the 

Interim Final Rule from the administrative record would in any way ‘expose’ HHS’s 

decisionmaking process in a manner that would discourage candid discussion within the agency 

or otherwise contravene the purpose of the deliberative process privilege.” Health v. Sebelius, 

Civil Case No. 10-1638 (CKK), 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 147713 (D.D.C. July 30, 2013); see also

Dist. Hosp. Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, at *7 n.3 (affirming district court’s decision to 

supplement record with the OMB draft outlier correction rule). Accordingly, the draft Interim

Final Rule must be produced as part of the Administrative Record. 

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B. Impact File for 2003 Rulemaking

Plaintiffs also argue that HHS improperly excluded the Impact File for 2003 

Rulemaking. Pl. Reply at 7. Impact Files are Microsoft Excel spreadsheets that contain “‘data

used to estimate payments under Medicare’s hospital inpatient prospective payment systems for

operating and capital-related costs,’ including the outlier fixed loss thresholds.” Id. at 16 

(quoting 72 Fed. Reg. 24,680 at 24,828 (AR at 150)). HHS has included in the record the Impact 

Files for FY 2008-2011 and acknowledges that they, along with other data, “are the bases for 

HHS’s determination of the fixed loss thresholds.” Def. Mem. at 16 (citing Cheng Decl. ¶¶ 2–3, 

18) (“These are the materials that the Secretary has determined properly comprise the 

administrative record for each of the fixed loss threshold rulemakings at issue, and they are 

sufficient for meaningful judicial review.”). Indeed, Impact Files are a fundamental part of the 

HHS process as they contain the data used to estimate outlier payments and fixed loss thresholds. 

Cheng Decl. ¶¶ 2, 11. Accordingly, now that HHS has also now supplemented the record with 

the 2003 rulemaking, see infra n.3, so too should it provide the 2003 Impact File as Plaintiffs 

have made a non-speculative showing that the Secretary considered such information. Further, 

the Court finds that the material is necessary “to determine whether the agency considered all the 

relevant factors” in taking the challenged actions, see City of Dania Beach, 628 F.3d at 590, 

based on Plaintiffs’ contention that the analysis therein “served both as justification for the 

wholesale revision to the Payment Regulations and for HHS’s decision not to lower the 

turbocharged, hyper-inflated fixed loss threshold.” Pl. Reply at 12 (“For example, HHS 

estimated that implementing the 2003 Rulemaking would ‘reduce outlier payments for the 

remainder [2 months] of FY 2003 by $150 million.’” (quoting 68 Fed. Reg. 34,494, 34,514 (June 

9, 2003) (AR 3217))). See also Banner Health, 945 F. Supp. 2d at 32-33 (ordering 

11
supplementation of record with Impact File relating to 2003 amendments), aff’d on 

reconsideration, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 147713 at *28-29.

C. Raw Data, Formulas, Other Materials Underlying Fixed Loss Thresholds and 

Outlier Payments

1. Formulas

HHS describes its process for determining fixed loss thresholds as follows: 

HHS (i) simulate[s] payments to hospitals at different possible fixed 

loss threshold amounts by applying the particular fiscal year’s rates 

and policies to actual MedPAR files from two years prior, then 

inflating the charges on the MedPAR claims by two years, and

estimating costs based on cost-to-charge ratios, and then 

(ii) select[s] the fixed loss threshold at which projected total outlier 

payments would equal 5.1 percent of total DRG payments.

Def. Opp. at 19. MedPAR files are “data files, which contain records, by FY, relating to claims 

paid on each Medicare beneficiary inpatient hospital encounter; they establish the universe of 

hospital inpatient claims which HHS uses to model claims for the upcoming FY.” Pl. Mem. at 8-

9. 

Plaintiffs allege that HHS failed to file the relevant formulas that it “necessarily” 

relied on in setting the fixed loss thresholds and outlier payments. Pl. Mem. at 26-27. They 

argue that HHS “superficially” described its process, id. at 26, and that without the formulas 

“neither the hospitals nor the Court can test . . . whether HHS considered all relevant factors.” 

Pl. Reply at 14. 

HHS insists that the information provided in the Administrative Record is

sufficient for judicial review of its annual Fixed Loss Thresholds without supplementation of the 

record. It relies on the “presumption of agency regularity and the general rule against 

supplementation,” see Banner Health, 945 F. Supp. 2d at 29–30, and other decisions in this 

Court refusing to order the production of underlying raw data and formulas. Moreover, HHS 

12
asserts, Plaintiffs’ motion should be denied in this respect because they have failed to identify the 

specific documents they want added to the Administrative Record. 

While affording HHS the presumption of regularity, it is also true that “[o]f 

course the Hospitals cannot identify, by file name, the specific documents containing the 

formulas, because only HHS knows those file names.” Pl. Reply at 13. However, Plaintiffs here 

have met their burden of showing an “unusual circumstance” justifying supplementation of the 

record. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d at 1002. Plaintiffs explain: 

[Data from HHS’s published rulemakings] shows a consistent trend 

of HHS assuming positive (upward) inflation in hospital costs 

during all the FYs at issue, but a consistent downward trend (in all 

FYs but one) of deflation in the fixed loss threshold. The fact that 

the FLT shrunk each year means that some unknown factor was 

applied during HHS’s described step two (“select[ing] the fixed loss 

threshold at which projected total outlier payments would equal 5.1 

percent of total DRG payments”), to counter the effect of the charge 

inflation factor. Without any explanation as to how HHS projected 

increased estimated charges and costs but nevertheless lowered the 

fixed loss threshold, HHS’s path in setting the threshold remains 

hidden. 

Pl. Reply at 14 (quoting Def. Opp. at 19). Moreover, Plaintiffs point to “concrete proof,” noting 

that in setting the formulas and running “simulations,” “HHS used computer algorithms 

embedded in one or more software applications.” Pl. Reply at 13 (citing 72 Fed. Reg. 47,417 

(AR 1145) (FY 2008)). 

Because Plaintiffs contest the annual fixed loss thresholds as arbitrary and 

capricious, the Court agrees that the Administrative Record must include formulas used to derive 

those numbers, if such formulas exist. As indicated above, the basic contention here is that HHS 

knew or had reason to know that its annual fixed loss threshold calculations were inaccurate, 

thereby depriving Plaintiffs (and other hospitals) of legitimate outlier payments, but HHS

repeatedly failed to make necessary adjustments. Without these calculations, this dispute cannot 

13
be decided. Plaintiffs have provided a reasonably specific showing that the Agency relied on 

such formulas in making decisions about the fixed loss thresholds and outlier payments which 

are directly challenged in this case and have thus met their burden to support supplementation of 

the record because review of the formulas is necessary for the Court “to determine whether the 

agency considered all the relevant factors” in taking the challenged actions. City of Dania 

Beach, 628 F.3d at 590.

2. Data Trims

In setting fixed loss thresholds, HHS engages in a process known as “trimming,” 

which “‘refers to the practice of disregarding data records that are invalid or otherwise may 

unduly distort the analysis.’” Def. Opp. at 19 (quoting Cheng Decl. ¶ 19). HHS argues that 

Plaintiffs are not entitled to supplementation of such materials because “[d]ata trims do not 

modify data files or produce new data, and instead exclude certain data points from analysis, e.g., 

Medicare Advantage managed care enrollee data and critical access hospital (‘CAH’) data, 

without expunging them from the data set.” Id. at 19-20.

Plaintiffs recognize that the data trims do not modify or produce new data. They 

argue that HHS “misapprehended” their supplementation request because they do not seek “new 

data,” but instead seek “the systematic instructions which HHS applied to ‘exclude certain data 

points from analysis.’” Pl. Reply at 13 (quoting Def. Opp. at 19). While HHS provided two 

examples of certain excluded data—“Medicare Advantage managed care enrollee data and 

critical access hospital data,” Def. Opp. at 19—Plaintiffs request “a complete list of such 

exclusionary principles” that HHS used in setting fixed loss thresholds. Pl. Reply at 13. 

Plaintiffs also point out that HHS, in responding to a commenter who discovered a discrepancy 

14
when attempting to simulate outlier payments for FY 2008, stated that the discrepancy could be 

because the commenter used different data trims than those used by HHS. Pl. Mem. at 27. 

Plaintiffs have thus pointed to “concrete evidence” that HHS relied upon various 

“exclusionary principles” in determining fixed loss thresholds. Id. Understanding how HHS 

applied its methodology is necessary for the Court to weigh the merits of Plaintiffs’ case and to 

understand whether HHS considered all the relevant factors in making its decisions.5 

Accordingly, HHS will be required to supplement the record with all instructions applied by 

HHS to exclude data from its analysis in conducting data trims. 

3. Formulas and Data used to Calculate Estimated Outlier Payments

Plaintiffs further argue that HHS failed to include formulas and data used to 

calculate the estimated outlier payments made during previous fiscal years. Pl. Mem. at 28. 

Specifically, Plaintiffs quote an HHS statement explaining that, in estimating FY 2006 outlier 

payments, the Agency originally relied on “simulations using the FY 2005 MedPAR file,” that 

is, the Agency applied FY 2006 rates and policies to available FY 2005 bills. Id. (quoting 72 

Fed. Reg. at 47,420 (AR at 1148)). However, HHS subsequently updated its estimate using FY 

5 The Circuit’s decision in District Hospitals Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, is not to the contrary. 

There, plaintiff hospitals sought inclusion of “trimmed” versions of MedPAR data files that were 

already included in the administrative record. Dist. Hosp. Partners, L. P. v. Sebelius, 971 F. 

Supp. 2d 15, 25 (D.D.C. 2013). Plaintiffs argued that the produced “untrimmed” files included

data that the Secretary drew from to calculate the thresholds at issue, but were not the actual data 

subsets that the Secretary used in her calculations. Id. The district court found that plaintiffs 

“fail[ed] to provide any non-speculative basis for a finding that distinct, smaller ‘trimmed’ 

versions of MedPAR files in fact exist.” Id. at 26. The Circuit affirmed, holding that “the 

process of ‘trimming’ involved neither the modification of the [data] files currently in the 

administrative record, nor the creation of new [data] files not in the record.” Dist. Hosp. 

Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, at *8 (internal quotations omitted). The Circuit also held that the 

trimmed files were “neither background information nor material that is needed because the 

agency failed to explain itself” and there was “no showing that the exclusion of the trimmed files 

was done in bad faith.” Id. Here, however, as set forth above, Plaintiffs do not seek actual data, 

but rather request a full list of what data points were excluded from the analysis.

15

 
2006 bills. Id. Plaintiffs contend that “[d]espite the fact that HHS expressly relied on data and 

formulas (‘simulations’) to estimate past payments, the agency has refused to provide any of 

these data and formulas with the administrative records.” Id. Plaintiffs also maintain that HHS 

relies on estimated prior overpayments when calculating the annual fixed loss threshold. Id. at 

29.

HHS argues that its notices of final rulemaking adequately explain that in 

calculating outlier payments, it applied the past fiscal year rates and policies to the bill 

information in that year’s MedPAR files. Def. Opp. at 21. With respect to the formulas used to 

calculate estimated outlier payments, the Court cannot adequately determine if HHS applied the 

relevant factors in determining past outlier payments without knowing how it came up with those 

calculations. Plaintiffs point to the fact that HHS relied on specific documents to make such 

estimates. Pl. Reply at 16 (“HHS stated that its estimates were based on ‘simulations’ (i.e., 

formulas) using the FYs 2005-2006 MedPAR files and FYs 2006-07 ‘rates and policies.’ In the 

same rulemaking, HHS also described using ‘the [Provider Specific File] for this final rule’ in 

combination with the FY 2006 MedPAR file to estimate FY 2007 outlier payments.”) (internal 

citations omitted). This concrete data demonstrates HHS’s consideration of such formulas and 

such information is needed to determine whether HHS considered relevant factors in taking the 

challenged actions. Therefore, just as the formulas underlying the calculation of fixed loss 

thresholds, HHS must supplement the record with formulas or documentation of HHS’s 

calculations of estimated outlier payments in previous fiscal years. 

However, as for the data underlying those calculations, “requiring an agency to 

produce source data upon source data so that its analysis can be replicated in minute detail would 

appear, in most instances, to exceed the bounds of arbitrary and capricious review.” Banner 

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Health, 945 F. Supp. 2d at 28. Indeed “[P]laintiffs’ bare desire to replicate each calculation

contained within the Secretary’s analysis – without more – will not suffice to justify 

supplementation, as [t]here is no general requirement that the [Secretary] include in the record 

the data underlying each factor considered in its decision.” Dist. Hosp. Partners, L.P. v. 

Sebelius, 971 F. Supp. 2d 15, 24 (D.D.C. 2013) (internal quotation omitted). Plaintiffs here have

not shown that raw data underlying the calculations and formulas are necessary for judicial 

review. Thus, the request for data used in calculated estimated outlier payments will be denied. 

D. Data Used to Calculate Annual Cost-to-Charge Adjustment Factors

Plaintiffs also seek data used to calculate a cost-to-charge adjustment factor (used 

to determine the fixed loss threshold) that was implemented in FY 2007 to account for a 

consistent decline in cost-to-charge ratios that happened after each projection of the threshold 

and payment during upcoming fiscal years. Pl. Mem. at 30. Plaintiffs contend that the 

adjustment factor is small as compared to the actual rate of decline in ratios and that they need 

the underlying data to understand HHS’s methodology. Id. at 30-31. Plaintiffs quote HHS 

explaining how it calculated the FY 2008 cost-to-charge adjustment factor:

For FY 2008, we calculated the [cost-to-charge] adjustment [factor] 

by using the operating cost per discharge increase in combination 

with the final market basket increase determined by Global Insight, 

Inc., as well as the charge inflation factor described above to 

estimate the adjustment to the [cost-to-charge ratios]. We 

determined the operating [cost-to-charge] adjustment by taking the 

percentage increase in the operating costs per discharge from FY 

2004 to FY 2005 (1.0564) from the cost report and dividing it by the 

final market basket increase from FY 2005 (1.043). We repeated 

this calculation for 2 prior years to determine the 3 year average of 

the rate of adjusted change in costs between the market basket rate 

of increase and the increase in cost per case from the cost report (FY 

2002 to FY 2003 percentage increase of operating costs per 

discharge of 1.0715 divided by FY 2003 final market basket 

increase of 1.041, FY 2003 to FY 2004 percentage increase of 

operating costs per discharge of 1.0617 divided by FY 2004 final 

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market basket increase of 1.04). For FY 2008, we averaged the 

differentials calculated for FY 2003, FY 2004, and FY 2005 which 

resulted in a mean ratio of 1.0210. We multiplied the 3 year average 

of 1.0210 by the 2006 market basket percentage increase of 1.0430, 

which resulted in an operating cost inflation factor of 6.49 percent 

or 1.0649. We then divided the operating cost inflation factor by the 

1 year average change in charges (1.062) and applied an adjustment 

factor of 1.0027 to the operating CCRs from the PSF. 

Pl. Mem. at 31 (quoting 72 Fed. Reg. at 47,418 (AR at 1146)). Plaintiffs argue they are entitled 

to the data from contractor Global Insight, Inc., as well as several years of market basket and cost 

report data.

HHS argues that the quoted explanation above clearly delineates how it 

determines the cost-to-charge adjustment factor. The rulemaking records for the fiscal loss 

thresholds include the final market basket increase and the costs per discharge based on cost 

reports, which were used to adjust the cost-to-charge ratios. Def. Opp. at 23 (citing Cheng Decl. 

¶ 20). What Plaintiffs seek, HHS asserts, is underlying source data that is unnecessary for 

judicial review. Further, HHS argues, there is no evidence that unspecified data were before 

HHS decisionmakers: the Federal Register indicates only that HHS considered the final market 

basket increase and cost reports in setting the fixed loss thresholds. 

HHS is correct. While Plaintiffs argue that HHS considered Global Insight data, 

HHS’s explanation clearly states that it only relied upon the “final market basket increase” and 

relevant cost reports; those have already been provided to Plaintiffs in the Administrative 

Record. Def. Opp. at 23. Ms. Cheng further confirms that “[f]or purposes of outlier policy, 

[HHS] does not review raw data used in setting market baskets” but instead “applies the final 

adjustment factors to adjust the CCRs”—“the raw data used in deriving the market basket 

inflation factor is not considered in setting the outlier threshold.” Cheng Decl. ¶ 20. Thus, 

Plaintiffs fail to overcome the presumption of regularity afforded to HHS in this respect. 

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Plaintiffs do not present evidence sufficient to show that such documents “were ‘before the 

actual decisionmakers’ involved in the challenged agency action.” Banner Health, 945 F. Supp. 

2d at 17 (quoting Pac. Shores, 448 F. Supp. 2d at 6). Moreover, courts generally do “not need to 

examine the raw data in order to determine whether or not the [Secretary’s] decision was 

arbitrary and capricious or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Dist. Hosp. Partners, 971 F. 

Supp. 2d at 24 (internal quotation omitted). HHS cogently explained how it calculates cost-tocharge adjustment factors and raw underlying source data are not needed to determine whether 

the agency considered the relevant factors. See Kempthorne, 550 F.3d at 1002; see also Dist. 

Hosp. Partners, 2015 WL 2365718, at *7 (affirming district court’s refusal to supplement record 

with source data used to approximate cost-to-charge ratios because Secretary explained how 

ratios were calculated, data were not “critical background information,” and there was no 

evidence that data were deliberately or negligently excluded from record). Therefore, the Court 

will deny Plaintiffs’ request to supplement the Administrative Record with underlying data ssed 

to calculate cost-to-charge adjustment factors.

E. Data Used to Calculate Inflation Factors

Plaintiffs also seek to supplement the Administrative Record with all MedPAR 

data relied upon by HHS in calculating annual inflation factors used for setting the fixed loss 

thresholds. According to HHS, in calculating the proposed FY 2008 outlier threshold, it 

“simulated payments by applying FY 2008 rates and policies using cases from the FY 2006 

MedPAR files” thereby “inflat[ing] the charges on the MedPAR claims by 2 years, from FY

2006 to FY 2008.” Pl. Mem. at 32 (quoting 72 Fed. Reg. at 47,417 (AR at 1145)). HHS 

described its process of inflating the charges in the final FY 2008 stating that “[u]sing the most 

recent data available, [HHS] calculated the 1 year average annualized rate of change in charges 

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per case from the first quarter of FY 2006 in combination with the second quarter of FY 2006 

(October 1, 2005 through March 31, 2006) to the first quarter of FY 2007 in combination with 

the second quarter of FY 2007 (October 1, 2006 through March 31, 2007).” Id. (quoting 72 Fed. 

Reg. at 47,418 (AR at 1146)).

Plaintiffs contend that HHS has refused to produce MedPAR data that was used to 

calculate “the 1 year average annualized rate of change in charges per case,” as described above, 

and that HHS should be required to supplement the record with such data as it was used to 

calculate annual inflation factors. Id. HHS responds that it has included in rulemaking records 

for the fixed loss thresholds the MedPAR data for each of the fiscal years between FY 2006 and 

FY 2011, which is the data used by the agency. Pl. Opp. at 24 (citing Cheng Decl. ¶ 21). HHS 

further explains “the MedPAR data that [HHS] used for the charge inflation calculation is from 

an early update of MedPAR that is not publicly available, and that the MedPAR data that is used 

in the final rules (which is the MedPAR data that can be made available publicly for limited uses 

and is included in the rulemaking records produced to Plaintiffs) could be used to closely

approximate the inflation factor that [HHS] calculated.” Id. Plaintiffs counter that they are 

entitled to the data that was before the agency.

Again, this Court agrees with District Hospitals, 971 F. Supp. 2d at 25, and 

Banner Health, 945 F. Supp. 2d at 29, and concludes that Plaintiffs are not entitled to raw data 

underlying HHS’s calculations, despite the fact that HHS may have used that data as part of its 

rulemaking process. Plaintiffs broadly claim that the “data established a key variable (the 

inflation factor) that was used twice in the setting the fixed loss thresholds,” Pl. Reply at 20, but 

they provide no further explanation as to why the raw data is necessary for this Court’s review of 

the outlier threshold determination. See Dist. Hosp. Partners, 971 F. Supp. 2d at 25. Because 

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“there is no general requirement that the agency include in the record the data underlying each 

factor considered in its decision,” id. (internal quotation omitted), the Court will deny Plaintiffs’ 

request to supplement the record with data used to calculate inflation factors.

F. Data Underlying Cost-to-Charge Ratios in Impact Files

While the Administrative Record contains the Impact Files for the fiscal years at 

issue here, it does not include the “underlying assumptions and associated data used to compute 

the conclusory data contained in the Impact Files.” Pl. Mem. at 34. According to Plaintiffs, the 

cost-to-charge ratios in the Impact Files were drawn from data in the “Provider Specific Files,” 

which are available to the public on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) 

website, but there are material discrepancies between the cost-to-charge ratios set forth in the 

Impact Files and those in the Provider Specific Files. Id. 

HHS argues that there is no evidence that the Provider Specific Files requested by 

Plaintiffs, or any other data from which the impact files were derived, were relied on by HHS 

decisionmakers. To the contrary, Ms. Cheng’s Declaration states that the Provider Specific Files 

were used to derive cost-to-charge ratios contained in the impact files. Cheng Decl. ¶¶ 12-13. 

However, Plaintiffs fail to establish how such underlying source data is necessary to assist the 

Court in determining whether the Agency considered all the relevant factors. Plaintiffs contend 

that the material discrepancies between the cost-to-charge ratios in the Impact Files and the 

Provider Specific Files constitute “unusual circumstances” warranting supplementation of the 

record. The Court disagrees. Ms. Cheng explains that Provider Specific Files are updated 

quarterly and may also be subject to data trims. Cheng Decl. ¶¶ 10, 15, 19. As the Court in 

Banner Health explained on reconsideration, in denying Plaintiffs’ request to supplement the 

record with source data underlying the Impact Files:

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the Provider Specific File data on the CMS website is updated (and 

may be retroactively corrected) by fiscal intermediaries and 

therefore cannot be relied upon to mirror the data that was used to 

generate the Impact Files. Accordingly, because any alleged 

inconsistences between the Provider Specific File data on the CMS 

website and the Impact Files do not undermine the Secretary’s 

account, as stated in the Federal Register, of how the Impact Files 

were created, the ostensibly “unusual circumstances” on which the 

Court relied are non-existent.

Health v. Sebelius, Civil Case No. 10-1638 (CKK) 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 147713, at *35

(D.D.C. July 30, 2013) (emphasis added). Here too, the Court will deny Plaintiffs’ motion to 

compel with respect to this data. 

G. Regulatory Impact Analyses 

Plaintiffs also request that the record be supplemented with the regulatory impact 

analyses for each of the rulemakings at issue here, as well as all underlying data. For every 

major rule, agencies must assess all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 

regulation is necessary, select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including 

potential economic, environmental, public health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and 

equity), after which they must prepare a regulatory impact analysis (RIA) detailing their 

findings. Pl. Mem. at 38. Plaintiffs cite to a statement in the RIA section of the FY 2008 

Threshold Regulation stating that FY 2007 outlier payments were lower than projected, which 

they argue shows that HHS directly considered the RIA in implementing outlier payment 

regulations. Id. at 39. 

HHS explains that it already “included with each fixed loss threshold notice of 

final rule a robust RIA as an appendix to the notice” and argues that what Plaintiffs really seek is 

underlying source data that is “beyond the scope of what the Court needs for meaningful judicial 

review.” Def. Opp. at 29-30. The Court agrees. There is no suggestion that data underlying each 

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RIA would help the Court determine whether HHS acted arbitrarily and capriciously, and thus 

Plaintiffs’ motion to compel with respect to such data will be denied. 

H. Documents Relating to Reconciliation 

When HHS implemented the 2003 amendment to the outlier payment regulations, 

it also required the reconciliation of outlier payments made to providers upon the settlement of 

cost reports. This process was intended to have the excess outlier payments of those hospitals 

that had engaged in “turbocharging” reconciled and recouped, with interest, by HHS. Pl. Mem. 

at 12. HHS ultimately stated that it would not be “‘making any adjustments [to its fixed loss 

threshold] for the possibility that hospitals’ CCRs and outlier payments may be reconciled upon 

cost report settlement.’” Id. at 40 (quoting 72 Fed. Reg. at 24,837 (AR at 159)). HHS explained 

that it believed that

due to the policy implemented in the outlier final rule (68 FR 34494, 

June 9, 2003), CCRs will no longer fluctuate significantly and, 

therefore, few hospitals will actually have these ratios reconciled 

upon cost report settlement. In addition, it is difficult to predict the 

specific hospitals that will have CCRs and outlier payments 

reconciled in any given year. We also noted that reconciliation 

occurs because hospitals’ actual CCRs for the cost reporting period 

are different than the interim CCRs used to calculate outlier 

payments when a bill is processed. Our simulations assume that 

CCRs accurately measure hospital costs based on information 

available to us at the time we set the outlier threshold. For these 

reasons, we are not making any assumptions about the effects of 

reconciliation on the outlier threshold calculation.

Id. at 13 (quoting 72 Fed. Reg. at 47,419 (AR at 1147)).

Plaintiffs maintain that HHS has failed to file any documents underlying its 

assertion that few hospitals had their CCR ratios reconciled after cost settlement. This position, 

Plaintiffs contend, is contradicted by a report from the HHS Office of Inspector General (OIG) 

identifying $664 million in outlier payments made in FYs 2004-2009 which were not reconciled 

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in accordance with HHS regulations. Pl. Mem. at 41. Plaintiffs seek either documents adverse 

to HHS’s original statement or documents showing why it refused to account for the impact of 

reconciliation when setting the fixed loss thresholds at issue here.

HHS argues that the above-quoted language explains why HHS did not factor the 

effects of cost-to-charge reconciliation into its calculation of the fixed loss thresholds: 

as a result of the policy implemented through the outlier payment 

regulation [in 2003], (i) HHS expected that “cost-to-charge ratios 

[would] no longer fluctuate significantly,” (ii) consequently it

expected that “few hospitals [would] actually have these ratios 

reconciled upon cost report settlement,” (iii) predicting the specific 

hospitals that would undergo reconciliation in any given year would 

be difficult, and (iv) the rationale for reconciliation (which is based 

on the time interval between interim cost-to-charge ratios and actual 

cost-to-charge ratios) did not apply to the fixed loss thresholds 

because HHS’s simulations assumed accurate measures of hospital

costs.

Def. Opp. at 31 (quoting 72 Fed. Reg. at 47,419 (Admin. R. 1147)).

Plaintiffs have not met their burden of demonstrating why supplementation is 

warranted with respect to their vague request for missing documents regarding reconciliation—

they have pointed to no specific documents and fail to “identify the materials allegedly omitted 

from the record with sufficient specificity, as opposed to merely proffering broad categories of 

documents and data that are ‘likely’ to exist as a result of other documents that are included in 

the administrative record.” Banner Health, 945 F. Supp. 2d at 17. HHS has explained that its 

expectation that “few hospitals” would have their CCR ratios reconciled upon cost report 

settlement is based on the implementation and effect of its amended policy for outlier payments. 

Def. Opp. at 31 (quoting 72 Fed. Reg. at 47,419). Whether HHS’s decision may be deemed 

unreasonable in light of the OIG report is a question to be addressed upon the Court’s review of 

the merits.

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IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Compel [Dkt. 51] will be 

granted in part and denied in part. No later than July 2, 2015, HHS will be required to 

supplement the record with the following materials: (1) the draft Interim Final Rule from the 

2003 amendments to the payment regulations; (2) the Impact File for the 2003 Rulemaking; 

(3) the formulas used to calculate the fixed loss thresholds; (4) all instructions applied by HHS to 

exclude data from its analysis in conducting data trims; and (5) the formulas used to calculate 

estimated outlier payments, made during previous FYs, which HHS considered in determining 

the fixed loss thresholds for the relevant years.

A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion. 

Date: June 11, 2015 /s/

ROSEMARY M. COLLYER

United States District Judge 

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