ORDER – No. 17-cv-00898-LB

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

San Francisco Division

JONATHAN WANG, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

GOLF TAILOR, LLC, et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 17-cv-00898-LB 

ORDER PARTLY GRANTING

MOTION TO DISMISS

Re: ECF No. 21

INTRODUCTION

This case and the two cases consolidated with it generally involve competing claims of designpatent theft. The plaintiffs and defendants both claim to have designed the golf club and golf 

training aid in question; both claim that the other stole their designs. In this case, the plaintiffs 

seek relief under U.S. copyright statutes (17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.), among other laws.1The court 

thus has subject-matter jurisdiction of this case under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The parties have 

consented to magistrate jurisdiction.2The plaintiffs have moved under Rule 12(b)(6) to dismiss the 

 

1 E.g., Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 15–16. Record citations refer to material in the Electronic Case File 

(―ECF‖); pinpoint citations are to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of documents.

2 ECF Nos. 8, 20.

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defendants‘ counterclaims and to strike five of their of their affirmative defenses.3The court held a 

hearing on this motion on June 29, 2017. The court grants the plaintiffs‘ motion.4

GOVERNING LAW

A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim tests the legal sufficiency of a 

complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). A claim will normally survive a 

motion to dismiss if it offers a ―short and plain statement . . . showing that the pleader is entitled to 

relief.‖ See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This statement ―must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted 

as true, to  ̳state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.‘‖ Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 

(2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). ―A claim has facial 

plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.‖ Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. ―The 

plausibility standard is not akin to a  ̳probability requirement,‘ but it asks for more than a mere 

possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.‖ Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). ―Where 

a complaint pleads facts that are  ̳merely consistent with‘ a defendant‘s liability, it  ̳stops short of 

the line between possibility and plausibility of  ̳entitlement to relief.‘‘‖ Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).

The pleading standards of Iqbal and Twombly apply as well to counterclaims and affirmative 

defenses. See Barnes v. AT&T Pension Ben. Plan-Nonbargained Program, 718 F. Supp. 2d 1167, 

1170–71 (N.D. Cal. 2010). ―The key to determining the sufficiency of pleading an affirmative 

defense is whether it gives plaintiff fair notice of the defense.‖ Id. at 1171 (quoting Wyshak v. City 

Nat’l Bank, 607 F.2d 824, 827 (9th Cir. 1979)). Affirmative defenses that do not meet these 

standards may be struck under Rule 12(f). See id. at 1170–71; see also MIC Prop. and Cas. Corp. 

v. Kennolyn Camps, Inc., No. 5:15-cv-00589-EJD, 2015 WL 4624119, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 3, 

2015) (―In this district at least, a defendant provides  ̳fair notice‖ of an affirmative defense by 

 

3 ECF No. 21. 

4 The court has considered both parties‘ additional briefing. (See ECF Nos. 31, 35.)

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meeting the pleading standard articulated in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, as further refined 

by‖ Twombly and Iqbal.).

When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must accept as true all factual allegations 

in the complaint as well as all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from such

allegations. LSO, Ltd. v. Stroh, 205 F.3d 1146, 1150 n. 2 (9th Cir. 2000). Such allegations must be 

construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Shwarz v. United States, 234 F.3d 

428, 435 (9th Cir. 2000). ―[W]hen a written instrument contradicts allegations in the complaint to 

which it is attached,‖ however, ―the exhibit trumps the allegations.‖ Gamble v. GMAC Mortg. 

Corp., 2009 WL 400359, *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 18, 2009) (quoting N. Ind. Gun & Outdoor v. City of 

South Bend, 163 F.3d 449, 454 (7th Cir. 1998)).

STATEMENT

This case involves the intellectual-property rights — in particular, the design rights —

embodied in two products. The first is a golf club and the second is a golf ―training aid.‖ The 

plaintiffs call the club the ―Wang Golf Club,‖ which defendant Golf Tailor has manufactured and 

sold (originally under a legitimate contract) as its own ―XE1 Wedge.‖ For present purposes, 

following the parties‘ lead, the court mostly refers to the disputed club as the ―XE1.‖ The plaintiffs 

claim that Golf Tailor sold a ―CSi Wedge‖ as an unauthorized derivative of the XE1. The training 

aid is called the ―Speed Whip.‖ The parties‘ competing claims are the same for both products. The 

plaintiffs and the defendants claim that they designed the product and that the other party stole 

their design, produced and sold knockoffs, and thus misappropriated their intellectual property in 

the XE1 and Speed Whip.

Plaintiff Jonathan Wang designs golfing equipment, including clubs and ―training aids.‖5 He is 

the founder of plaintiff GolfBestBuy, Inc.6 Mr. Wang claims to have filed three copyright 

applications related to the Wang Golf Club: (1) U.S. Copyright Office Case No. 1-4461451449 

 

5 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 4–5 (¶¶ 17–18).

6

Id. at 2–3 (introduction and ¶ 6).

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(the ―‘449 Drawing‖); (2) No. 4461451644 (the ―‘644 Drawing‖); and (3) No. 4459918566 (the 

―‘566 CAD Drawing‖). He claims to have seven copyright applications on a line of related clubs: 

(4) Nos. 1-4459919064, 1-4461451494, and 1-4461451569 (collectively, the ―‘569 Drawing‖); 

and (5) Nos. 1-4461451689, 1-4461451744, and 1-4461451779 (the ―‘799 Drawing‖). Finally, in 

addition to these ―technical drawings,‖ Mr. Wang claims to have ―created prototypes‖ of the Wang 

Golf Club; photographs of these prototypes are also in dispute here.7

According to the plaintiffs: ―Defendants Golf Tailor and Tim Oyler agreed to purchase golf 

clubs and training aids embodying Mr. Wang‘s patented and copyrighted designs through Mr. 

Wang‘s authorized distributor, Golf Gifts & Gallery (―GG&G‖).8The plaintiffs allege that Golf 

Tailor bought the subject clubs for about a year and then started counterfeiting them.9 Once it had 

a source manufacturing the counterfeits, Golf Tailor stopped buying the authorized clubs from the 

plaintiffs.10 The plaintiffs then started selling the XE1-branded inventory that had been earmarked 

for Golf Tailor.11 When the plaintiffs did this, Golf Tailor sued them (in Washington federal court) 

for unfair competition and false designation of origin.12

The defendants tell a different story. They ―claim to own all intellectual[-]property rights‖ in 

these products; they call the plaintiffs‘ claimed rights ―bogus.‖13According to Golf Tailor, its CEO, 

defendant Tim Oyler, designed the XE1 and Speed Whip. Golf Tailor alleges that it hired GG&G 

to manufacture the XE1 and Speed Whip for sale in China. It claims that it confidentially shared 

 

7

For all these allegations, see id. at 5–6 (¶¶ 19–20, 23) and the attendant exhibits.

8 ECF No. 21 at 8 (footnote omitted). GG&G is a third-party defendant in this case (see 1st Am. 

Answer – ECF No. 9 at 29–38), but does not play an operative role in this analysis.

9 ECF No. 21 at 8; Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 6–8.

10 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 8 (¶¶ 36–37).

11 Id. at 12–13 (¶¶ 51–52, 55–58).

12 Id. at 13 (¶ 60). The parties‘ various lawsuits over these products are outlined below.

13 This paragraph: ECF No. 26 at 5–7; 1st Am. Answer –ECF No. 19 at 15–20 (¶¶ 9, 13–43). Some 

better specificity may be wanted at this point: While it is clear that the parties dispute both the XE1 

and the Speed Whip, the plaintiffs‘ affirmative claims seem to involve only the XE1 (and derivative 

club designs); the defendants‘ counterclaims embrace both the XE1 and the Speed Whip. There is no 

doubt that both the plaintiffs and the defendants claim to have designed both products, and to have 

been robbed of their designs.

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its designs with GG&G to facilitate their manufacture. Then, Golf Tailor alleges, GG&G ―secretly 

shared‖ these designs with another Chinese manufacturer controlled by Mr. Wang. Mr. Wang then 

obtained a Chinese patent on the designs; he used this to support his U.S. filings on the products. 

When Golf Tailor discovered that the plaintiffs were selling knockoffs of the XE1 and Speed 

Whip, Golf Tailor sued. 

The parties have clashed over these products before. They have sued each other in federal 

courts in Texas and Washington. The plaintiffs here brought two design-patent suits in the Eastern 

District of Texas. Those cases deal respectively with the plaintiffs‘ patents on the Wang Golf Club 

and ―Mr. Wang‘s design of a golf trainer aid.‖14 The defendants transferred both Texas cases to 

this district as a more convenient forum.15 The plaintiffs consented to that transfer.16 Meanwhile, 

in the Washington suit, Golf Tailor and Mr. Oyler sued the plaintiffs over the disputed products.17

The plaintiffs have moved to dismiss that case for lack of personal jurisdiction or, alternatively, to 

transfer it to this district.18 (At the June 30 hearing, the parties said that the transfer is underway.)

These parallel lawsuits play only a limited role here: The plaintiffs argue that the defendants have 

repeatedly failed to plausibly allege that Mr. Oyler designed the XE1 and Speed Whip, so that 

their present counterclaims should be dismissed, not with leave to amend, but with prejudice.19

In this suit Golf Tailor brings 13 counterclaims. Twelve concern six images of the disputed 

XE1.20 For each image, Golf Tailor asks the court to declare that the plaintiffs‘ claimed rights are 

invalid and that Golf Tailor‘s products did not infringe the plaintiffs‘ rights.21 The crux of all these 

 

14 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 14 (¶ 68).

15 Id. at 15 (¶ 70); 1st Am. Answer – ECF No. 19 at 6–7 (¶ 70).

16 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 15 (¶ 70).

17 Id. at 13, 15 (¶¶ 60, 71–72).

18 Id. at 15 (¶¶ 71–72). Golf Tailor also sued the third-party defendant here, GG&G, in the Western 

District of Oklahoma. Golf Tailor appears to have voluntarily dismissed that case. The court mentions 

this only to fully describe the litigation history among the parties. As noted earlier, the third-party 

dispute does not figure into the present analysis.

19 ECF No. 21 at 18–19; ECF No. 28 at 12–13).

20 These are: (1) the  ̳449 Drawing; (2) the  ̳644 Drawing; (3) the ―Prototype Photographs‖; (4) the 

 ̳566 CAD Drawing; (5) the  ̳569 Drawing; and (6) the  ̳779 Drawing.

21 1st Am. Answer – ECF No. 19 at 20–27 (¶¶ 44–97).

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counterclaims is that Mr. Oyler designed the XE1.22 Golf Tailor‘s last counterclaim is under the 

federal Defend Trade Secrets Act (―DTSA‖), 18 U.S.C. § 1836.23 The DTSA counterclaim 

involves both the XE1 and the Speed Whip.

The plaintiffs now move to dismiss the defendants‘ counterclaims and to strike five of their 

affirmative defenses.

ANALYSIS

1. Counterclaim 13 — Defend Trade Secrets Act

Counterclaim 13 alleges that, by selling the XE1-branded Wang Golf Club and the Speed 

Whip, the plaintiffs misappropriated Golf Tailor‘s trade secrets, and thereby ran afoul of the 

federal Defend Trade Secrets Act (―DTSA‖), 18 U.S.C. § 1836. The DTSA ―creates a cause of 

action for the  ̳owner of a trade secret that is misappropriated . . . if the trade secret is related to a 

product or service used in, or intended for use in, interstate or foreign commerce.‘‖ Cave 

Consulting Grp., Inc. v. Truven Health Analytics Inc., 2017 WL 1436044, *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 24, 

2017) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1836(b)(1)). ―A  ̳trade secret‘ includes  ̳all forms and types‘ of 

information that derives value from being secret and that the owner took reasonable measures to 

keep secret.‖ Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1839(3)(A), (B)). ― ̳Misappropriation‘ consists of (a) 

 ̳acquisition of a trade secret‘ by a person who knows or should know the secret was improperly 

acquired or (b)  ̳disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent.‘‖ 

Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5)(A), (B)). The DTSA thus ―contemplates three theories of 

liability: (1) acquisition, (2) disclosure, or (3) use‖ of a trade secret. Id. (citing 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1839(5)).

The DTSA applies only to misappropriations that occurred ―on or after the date of [DTSA‘s] 

enactment‖ — May 11, 2016. Id. (quoting Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, Pub. Law No. 114-

 

22 E.g., id. at 20–21 (¶¶ 47, 51, 56).

23 Id. at 27–28 (¶¶ 98–106).

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153, May 11, 2016, 130 Stat. 376); accord, e.g., Avago Techs. U.S. Inc. v. Nanoprecision Prods., 

Inc., 2017 WL 412524, * 8 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2017).

Golf Tailor has no viable DTSA claim for the XE1. Its allegations show that, by May 11, 2016, 

it had already lost any trade secrets that it had in this product. Golf Tailor explains that it sold the 

XE1 in 2015 — well before DTSA‘s May 11, 2016 enactment. In its answer in this case, Golf 

Tailor has ―[a]dmitted that [it] had greater sales of its XE1 golf clubs in November 15 than in 

March 2015 to November 2015.‖24 Which of course shows that Golf Tailor was selling this club, 

at the latest, by November 2015. Selling the XE1 disclosed and ―extinguished‖ whatever designrelated trade secrets it embodied. There was consequently no XE1-related trade secret that could 

be misappropriated after May 11, 2016.

The contours of Golf Tailor‘s trade secrets are set by California law. See Ultimax Cement Mfg. 

Corp. v. CTS Cement Mfg. Corp., 587 F.3d 1339, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (―We apply the trade secret 

law of the appropriate state, in this case, California.‖). Under California law: ―Public disclosure, 

that is the absence of secrecy, is fatal to the existence of a trade secret.‖ Id. (quoting In re 

Providian Credit Card Cases, 96 Cal. App. 4th 292, 304 (2002)). Indeed:

It is axiomatic that information widely disclosed to the public is not a trade secret. 

[DVD Copy Control Ass’n v. Burner, 116 Cal. App. 4th 241, 251 (2004)] (citing 

Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470, 475 (1974) (―The subject of a 

trade secret must be secret, and must not be of public knowledge or of a general 

knowledge in the trade [. . . .]‖)). By the same token, ―[i]f a so-called trade secret is 

fully disclosed by the products produced . . . then the right to protection is lost.‖ 

Vacco Indus., Inc. v. Van Den Berg, 5 Cal. App. 4th 34, 50 (1992) (citing 

Futurecraft Corp. v. Clary Corp., 205 Cal. App. 2d 279, 289–90 (1962)); accord

[Providian Credit Card Cases, 96 Cal. App. 4th at 304] (―If an individual discloses 

his trade secret to others who are under no obligation to protect the confidentiality 

of the information, or otherwise publicly discloses the secret, his property right is 

extinguished‖) (quotations omitted).

Action Learning Sys., Inc. v. Crowe, 2014 WL 12564011, *5 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 11, 2014) (emphases 

added). One form of public disclosure is selling the given product:

Whether viewed though the rubric of ―not secret‖ or ―not subject to reasonable 

efforts at maintaining secrecy,‖ it should go without saying that information, 

 

24 Id. at 4 (¶ 28).

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systems, or methods revealed by publicly-marketed products are not true trade 

secrets. Vacco Indus., 5 Cal. App. 4th at 50; [Futurecraft], 205 Cal. App. 2d at 289–

90 (citing Restatement (First) of Torts § 757 (1939)) (―Matters which are 

completely disclosed by the goods which one markets cannot be his secret[.]‖).

Action Learning, 2014 WL 12564011 at *6 (emphases added).

As Action Learning points out, public disclosure can be framed as the end of ―reasonable 

steps‖ to protect a product‘s secrecy. In this case, Golf Tailor repeatedly states that it took steps to 

protect its intellectual property in the XE1 until it began selling it. For example, in its operative 

pleading, Golf Tailor explains that it ―took reasonable steps . . . to ensure‖ that the ―confidential 

designs‖ for the XE1 and Speed Whip ―would not [be] disclose[d] . . . until the designs were 

introduced into the market.‖25 Golf Tailor repeats this assertion elsewhere.26

Selling the XE1 and the Speed Whip in 2015 would thus disclose and ―extinguish‖ whatever 

trade secrets Golf Tailor had in these products. This is especially true for the products‘ ornamental, 

design features, which are the focus of this lawsuit. Design features obviously would be revealed 

by the products‘ sale. Cf., e.g., Arminak & Assocs., Inc. v. Saint-Gobain Calmar, Inc., 501 F.3d 

1314, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (―A design patent protects the nonfunctional aspects of an ornamental 

design . . . .‖). Thus, Golf Tailor had no design-related trade secret in the XE1 when DTSA 

became effective on May 11, 2016. There was consequently no XE1-related trade secret that the 

plaintiffs could have misappropriated on or after that date. Insofar as it targets the XE1, Golf 

Tailor‘s DTSA counterclaim therefore fails. Furthermore, given Golf Tailor‘s binding assertion 

that it sold the products in 2015, the court does not see how amendment could save the DTSA 

counterclaim. Whatever remedy Golf Tailor may have must come from another source. The XE1-

related DTSA counterclaim fails, cannot be saved by amendment, and thus is dismissed with 

prejudice.27

 

25 Id. at 17 (¶ 26) (emphasis added).

26 Id. at 17–18 (¶¶ 27 [―until they are commercially released‖], 28 [―confidential until they were 

commercially released and disclosed to the public‖], 29 [―confidential before public release‖], 31 

―secret until they were released‖]); Opp. – ECF No. 26 at 6 (―Golf Tailor took reasonable steps to 

ensure‖ non-disclosure ―until the designs were introduced into the market‖), 10 (―until they are 

commercially released‖).

27 The court does not address on what terms a DTSA claim may be based on the use of a trade secret 

that straddles DTSA‘s enactment date — that is to say, on a party‘s wrongfully using a trade secret 

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The preceding DTSA analysis does not necessarily apply to the Speed Whip. Nothing in any 

allegation shows that Golf Tailor sold the Speed Whip, or otherwise publicly disclosed whatever 

trade secrets it embodied, before DTSA‘s enactment. The most that Golf Tailor‘s allegations say in 

this regard is that, ―[i]n December 2015, Golf Tailor approved the final samples of the Speed Whip 

and placed an order with GG&G for 15,000 Speed Whip units at about this time.‖28 Golf Tailor 

alleges that it ―sold the . . . Speed Whip in interstate commerce,‖29 but it does not specify when it 

started doing so. Thus, it is possible that Speed Whip sales did not begin until May 11, 2016. At 

the hearing, however, the plaintiffs proffered the defendants‘ admissions about sale dates that 

preceded the DTSA‘s effective date. Golf Tailor responded ultimately that it would withdraw its 

DTSA counterclaim without prejudice to asserting a California trade-secrets claim. To the extent 

that sales of the products pre-date DTSA‘s enactment, the court dismisses the claim without 

prejudice to the defendants‘ raising a California trade-secrets claim.

The plaintiffs raise additional arguments against the DTSA counterclaim. These, in principle, 

could defeat the DTSA counterclaim, apart from the question of whether sales began before or 

after the law‘s enactment. Specifically, the plaintiffs argue that the defendants have not adequately 

alleged facts showing that they took reasonable steps to keep the product designs secret, that they 

derived economic value from keeping these designs secret, or that the plaintiffs wrongfully 

acquired or used the trade secrets that the products embodied.30 The court disagrees. Apart from 

the date-of-enactment issue, the defendants‘ allegations are at least minimally sound under Rule 

8(a)(2) and 12(b)(6). 

 

both before and after May 11, 2016. This ―continuing use‖ question has occupied several courts. See, 

e.g., Cave Consulting, 2017 WL 1436044 at *4–5; Avago Technologies, 2017 WL 412524 at *8–9;

Brand Energy & Infrastructure Servs., Inc. v. Imex Contracting Grp., 2017 WL 1105648, *3–4 (E.D. 

Pa. Mar. 24, 2017) (citing, inter alia, Allstate Ins. Co. v. Rote, 2016 WL 4191015, *1–5 (D. Or. Aug. 

7, 2016) and Henry Schein, Inc. v. Cook, 191 F. Supp. 3d 1072, 1076–78 (N.D. Cal. 2016)).

28 1st Am. Answer –ECF No. 19 at 17 (¶ 24).

29 Id. at 36 (¶ 47).

30 ECF No. 21 at 10–16.

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2. Counterclaims 1–12 — Mr. Oyler as Author of the Disputed Designs

These counterclaims all depend on defendants‘ central allegation that Mr. Oyler designed the 

XE1. More exactly, these counterclaims all charge that the plaintiffs‘ claimed rights in the 

technical drawings and ―prototype photographs‖ identified earlier (see, supra, note 20) are invalid 

because they ―fail[ed][ to name Mr. Oyler as the author‖ of the products depicted. For the same 

reason, the defendants claim that its products could not have infringed the plaintiffs‘ rights in those 

images. The plaintiffs move to dismiss all 12 of these counterclaims. They argue that the 

defendants have not alleged minimally sufficient facts to support their pivotal claim that Mr. Oyler 

created the disputed product designs.

The court agrees with the plaintiffs. In opposing the plaintiffs‘ motion, the defendants identify 

three groups of allegations that they say save their counterclaims under Rules 8(a)(2) and 

12(b)(6).31 The court finds all of them too conclusory to survive review under Twombly and Iqbal. 

The first two sets of allegations to which the defendants point suffer from the additional deficiency 

that they relate only to the Speed Whip.32 Thus, one allegation claims that Mr. Oyler ―designed 

various golf-training aids‖; the other mentions ―a new golf[-]training aid designed by Tim Oyler, 

called the  ̳Speed Whip.‘‖33 Yet Counterclaims 1–12 address only the images that depict the XE1. 

These counterclaims do not involve the Speed Whip. (Only the DTSA counterclaim does that.) 

Whatever else may be said of these Speed Whip-related allegations, they do not begin to show that 

Mr. Oyler designed the XE1.

The third set of allegations does discuss the XE1. In particular, these allegations relate how 

Golf Tailor shared ―Mr. Oyler‘s design for a new golf club called the  ̳XE1‘‖ with GG&G in 

preparing to have the latter company manufacture the club.34 But this does not sufficiently lay out 

even the most minimum facts showing that Mr. Oyler authored the design that Golf Tailor then 

shared with GG&G. Regarding Mr. Oyler‘s claimed authorship, these allegations merely invoke 

 

31 ECF No. 31 at 6–7.

32 See id. at 6.

33 Id.

34 Id. at 6–7.

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―Mr. Oyler‘s design.‖35 This is not enough. Particularly in the context of a product-design dispute, 

where the central question is something like, Who designed it?, repeating the terse assertion that, I 

designed it, or equivalently that, It was X’s design, is raw conclusion, more decree than factual 

explication. In this context, at least, the defendants‘ allegations of Mr. Oyler‘s authorship are 

conclusory in the way that Twombly and Iqbal forbid. The court of course expresses no opinion on 

who designed the XE1. If Mr. Oyler did design this product, though, then presumably he can 

provide some fuller — if not exhaustively detailed — factual description of how and when he 

reduced his ideas for this golf club to tangible form. Nor does the court understand in this vein that 

Mr. Oyler must have done the CAD drafting himself.36 But he must have done something to make 

his ideas for the products concrete. See, e.g., Gaylord v. United States, 595 F.3d 1364, 1380 (Fed. 

Cir. 2010) (―copyright ownership vests at the moment the work is fixed in any tangible form‖). He 

has not yet alleged how or when he did.

At the hearing, the plaintiffs argued that the defendants cannot assert a copyright interest in the 

six images in question — four technical drawings, one photograph, and one CAD rendering —

because Mr. Wang registered the images two years before he met Mr. Oyler (and thus could not 

have stolen them). Given the court‘s dismissal of the claims for failure to state a claim, the court 

will consider this argument in the context of the defendants‘ amended counterclaims.

The plaintiffs also argue that the defendants should not be allowed to amend their 

counterclaims. This is the first time that the defendants‘ allegations have come before this court, 

however, and, on the present record, the court cannot conclude that amendment would be futile. 

So, while the court dismisses the counterclaims, it will grant the defendants leave to amend them.

 

35 Id.

36 See ECF No. 21 at 7 (―Nothing in copyright law . . . requires that an author of a club design prepare 

the final CAD drawings . . . .‖).

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3. Affirmative Defenses

3.1 Mr. Oyler as Author of the Disputed Designs

The plaintiffs move to strike five of the defendants‘ affirmative defenses. Three of these 

defenses — the second (―inequitable conduct‖); the third (copyright invalidity); and the fifth 

(unclean hands) — depend on the defendants‘ claim that Mr. Oyler is the ―true author‖ of the 

disputed product designs.37 As just discussed, however, the defendants have not plausibly alleged 

that Mr. Oyler is the design‘s author. The court therefore grants the plaintiffs‘ motion to strike 

these affirmative defenses. The defendants may amend them.

3.2 Venue

The plaintiffs also move to strike the defendants‘ affirmative defense that venue is improper in 

this district. The court grants the motion.

In the federal Texas cases between these parties, the defendants moved to transfer those cases 

to this district as a more convenient forum.38 The Texas cases (as even the defendants describe 

them) involve the parties‘ competing rights in the XE1 and Speed Whip.39 More important, the 

defendants concede that venue is ―proper‖ in this district for ―some claims,‖ and that they 

―previously consented‖ to venue in this district for ―some claims.‖40 They nonetheless argue that 

venue is improper here for claims that Golf Tailor made in the Washington suit against a non-party 

(Kingstar) and for the plaintiffs‘ declaratory-judgment claims in this case ―involving nonparty 

Kingstar.‖41

 

37 See 1st Am. Answer – ECF No. 19 at 12–13.

38 See Wang v. Golf Tailor, LLC, No. 6:16-cv-01163-RWS-JDL (E.D. Tex. Jan. 17, 2017) (Motion –

ECF No. 19); Wang v. Golf Tailor, LLC, No. 6:16-cv-01233-RWS-JDL (E.D. Tex. Feb. 8, 2017) 

(Motion – ECF No. 14).

39 See ECF No. 26 at 6–7 (―Mr. Wang used this Chinese patent [on the XE1] as the basis for one of the 

U.S. Patents that he asserted first in Texas, and now in this case. Golf Tailor later discovered that Mr. 

Wang did the same thing with Golf Tailor‘s Speed Whip design, which Mr. Wang also asserted in 

Texas and in this case.‖).

40 1st Am. Answer – ECF No. 19 at 3 (¶ 15).

41 Id.; ECF No. 26 at 19.

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The court expresses no opinion concerning Golf Tailor‘s claims against Kingstar in a different 

lawsuit. With respect to the parties and the declaratory-judgment claims that are before this court, 

however, venue is proper. Those declaratory claims are closely related to the plaintiffs‘ other 

claims. The plaintiffs‘ claims in this suit all involve the intellectual-property rights in the XE1 and 

Speed Whip. If the court understands matters correctly, the plaintiffs‘ declaratory claims simply 

restate their more basic copyright claims in slightly different doctrinal permutation. If the 

defendants agree that venue is ―proper‖ here for all but the declaratory claims, then, at the least, 

the court holds that ―pendent venue‖ would lie over those declaratory claims. See, e.g., Martensen 

v. Koch, 942 F. Supp. 2d 983, 998 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (―[C]ourts in this District have applied the 

pendent venue doctrine, which holds that if venue is proper on one claim, the court may find 

pendent venue for claims that are closely related.‖) (citing cases). Pendent venue would lie even if 

Kingstar‘s being somehow ―involv[ed]‖ in the declaratory claims would alone make venue over 

those claims improper. See id.

At the June 29th hearing, moreover, Golf Tailor agreed that the venue affirmative defense is 

moot.

3.3 Copyright Misuse

Finally, the defendants accuse the plaintiffs of ―copyright misuse.‖42 The court agrees with the 

plaintiffs on this point. This affirmative defense is pleaded inadequately and the court will strike it.

―Copyright misuse is a judicially crafted affirmative defense to copyright infringement . . . .‖ 

Apple, Inc. v. Psystar Corp., 658 F.3d 1150, 1157 (9th Cir. 2011). The ―purpose of the defense‖ is 

to ―prevent[] holders of copyrights  ̳from leveraging their limited monopoly to allow them control 

of areas outside the monopoly.‘‖ Id. (quoting A&M Records v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1026 

(9th Cir. 2001)) (emphasis added). The doctrine ―does not prohibit using conditions to control use 

of copyrighted material, but it does prevent copyright holders from using the conditions to stifle 

competition.‖ Id. at 1159. The Ninth Circuit has ―applied the doctrine sparingly.‖ Id. at 1157.

 

42 ECF No. 19 at 13–14.

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The defendants‘ copyright-misuse defense does not begin to allege sufficient facts showing 

that the plaintiffs misused their claimed rights to ―stifle competition‖ outside the ―limited 

monopoly‖ that copyright properly grants them over the products in question. The defendants‘ 

allegations are too boilerplate to plausibly allege this defense. The defendants do not allege, they 

do not give ―fair notice‖ of, how the plaintiffs are supposed to have leveraged the rights they claim 

to inappropriate, anticompetitive ends beyond their legitimate restrictive rights. The defendants do 

not even allege broadly that they are not ―free to develop . . . competing‖ products. See id. at 1152.

The ―only case in which [the Ninth Circuit has] upheld a copyright misuse defense‖ is Practice 

Mgmt. Info. Corp. v. Am. Med. Ass’n, 121 F.3d 516 (9th Cir. 1997). See Psystar, 658 F.3d at 1157–

58. The appeals court upheld the defense in Practice Management ―because the copyright licensor 

in that case prevented the licensee from using any other competing product.‖ Id. at 1157 (citing 

Practice Management, 121 F.3d at 520–21) (emphasis added). There is no remotely similar 

allegation here. This case is, by contrast, and at least in broad aspect, more like the decision in 

Napster. There, the Ninth Circuit ―observed that the plaintiffs who sought to enjoin unlicensed use 

of copyrighted works were entitled to do so because they were not seeking to extend a copyright 

monopoly to other products or works.‖ Id. (citing Napster, 239 F.3d at 1026).

The defendant do not adequately plead copyright misuse. The court strikes this affirmative 

defense.

* * *

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CONCLUSION

The court therefore:

 Dismisses the DTSA counterclaim without prejudice to the defendants‘ asserting a 

California trade-secrets claim. 

 Dismisses counterclaims 1–12 with leave to amend.

 Strikes the second, third, fifth, and sixth affirmative defenses with leave to amend.

 Strikes the first affirmative defense as moot and thus without leave to amend.

The defendants may amend the appropriate counterclaims and defenses within 30 days of this 

order. This disposes of ECF No. 21.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: July 5, 2017

______________________________________

LAUREL BEELER

United States Magistrate Judge

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