INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023 APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023

FACT SHEET ON PRINCIPAL STORED GRAIN

INSECTS

THE INFORMATION OUTLINED BELOW IS REPRINTED

WITH PERMISSION, AND ADAPTED FROM

PUBLICATION E-80, APRIL, 1967, DEPARTMENT OF

ENTOMOLOGY, COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

SERVICE, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE,

INDIANA47907.

1. GRANARY WEEVIL, Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

This true weevil, along with the closely related rice

weevil, is among the most destructive of all stored

grain insects. The larvae develop inside kernels of

whole grain in storage, thus making an infestation

difficult to remove in the milling process. Therefore, the

granary weevil is largely a pest of stored wheat, corn

and barley, especially in elevators, mills and bulk

storages. The adult cannot fly, and field infestations do

not occur.

2. SAW-TOOTHED GRAIN BEETLE, Oryzaephilus

surinamensis (Linnaeus). Along with flour beetles, the

saw-toothed grain beetle is one of the most common

insects in stored grain and cereal products. The larvae

develop in flour, cereal products and many other dried

foods, For this reason, it is a common pest not only in

grain bins, but also in elevators, mills, processing

plants, warehouses and kitchens. In grain bins, it feeds

on broken kernels and grain residues.

3. RED FLOUR BEETLE, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

This beetle is similar to the saw-toothed grain beetle in

habits and types of products infested. It is a serious

pest in flour mills and wherever cereal products and

other dried foods are processed or stored. Like the

confused flour beetle (not pictured), the red flour beetle

may impart a bad odor that affects the taste of infested

products.

4. LARGER CABINET BEETLE, Trogoderma inclusum

(LeConte). Representing a group also referred to as

Trogoderma, the larger cabinet beetle is a scavenger

that feeds on cereal products and dried animal matter.

The fuzzy, slow-moving larvae - similar to the larvae of

carpet, hide and larder beetles - are often found

crawling about on or near the products they infest.

5. LESSER GRAIN BORER, Rhyzopertha dominica

(Fahricius). This pest is most common and destructive

in warm climates but can spread to any area in

transported grain. It is a problem of grain only and not

cereal products. The larvae develop inside the kernels

of whole grain. The adults also damage grain by boring

into the kernels and leaving them covered with powder

from the chewed material.

6. RICE WEEVIL, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus). The rice

weevil is similar to the granary weevil in both

appearance and habits. The name is misleading,

however, since it infests other grains besides rice.

Adults can fly and, in warm climates, can cause

widespread damage to corn, wheat and other grains

beforeharvest.

7. INDIAN-MEAL MOTH, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner).

Common to both stored grain and cereal products,

Indian-meal moth larvae cause damage in corn meal,

packaged foods, bagged grain and grain in storage.

Attack is confined to surface layers of stored shelled

corn and small grains. In the case of stored ear corn,

however, feeding occurs anywhere, since the moths

crawl among the ears to lay their eggs. Larval feeding

is characterized by a webbing of the material infested.

The mature larvae then often leave the material and

crawl about in homes or buildings in search of a place

to pupate.

8. CADELLE, Tenebroides mauritanicus (Linnaeus). Both

the adult and larva are large and easy to see. Both

stages feed mainly on the germ of stored grains, but

may also attack milled cereal products. The larvae

leave stored grain in the fall and burrow into woodwork,

such as wooden bins or boxcars, to hibernate. They

may also burrow into packaged cereal products, thus

providing an entrance for other cereal pests.

9. FLAT GRAIN BEETLE, Cryptolestes pusillus

(Schonherr). This is a tiny beetle that feeds primarily

on the germ of stored grains, especially wheat. It is

readily attracted to high-moisture grain. In fact, under

high moisture conditions, the flat grain beetle may also

develop in many cereal products, but it is not a

common pest in kitchens.

10.ANGOUMOIS GRAIN MOTH, Sitotroga cerealella

(Olivier). This is a common and destructive pest of crib

ear corn. It also infests stored shelled corn and other

small grains, but attack is confined to the surface layer

of grain. The larvae develop within the kernels;

therefore, the Angoumois grain moth is not a pest of

cereal products. Infestations in homes often occur in

stored popcorn or in colored ears of corn kept for

decoration purposes. The moth resembles the clothes

moth but does not shun light.

KHAPRA BEETLE

BACKGROUND

A native of India, the Khapra Beetle has spread to other

countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, & North America. While

it thrives best in warm climates, there is evidence that the

beetle can survive cold winter months in heated

warehouses and grain storage tanks. The beetle is a

sluggish insect. It cannot fly and is spread entirely by

shipping & trade. The problem of preventing the insect's

spread is compounded by its ability to survive for several

years without food & by its habit of hiding in cracks,

crevices, and even behind paint scales. Left uncontrolled,

they can make the surface of a grain bin come literally

alive with millions of wiggling larvae eating their way down

to the bottom.

HOSTS

In addition to the obvious grain and stored product hosts,

the beetle turns up in a variety of locations that would not

be obvious food sources for the pest. It is often found in

the ears & seams of burlap bags & wrappers, in baled

crepe rubber, automobiles, steel wire, books, corrugated

boxes (glue), bags of bolts, & even soiled linen & priceless

oil paintings. It is frequently intercepted on obvious food

products such as rice and peanuts as well as dried animal

skins. Such infestations result from storage of the
INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023 APPENDIX A

products in infested warehouses, by transportation in

infested carriers or from re-use of sacks that previously

contained products infested by the Khapra Beetle.

DETECTION

Except for some attempts to develop traps and lures for

the Khapra Beetle, the only sure inspection is visual.

Certainly this is a meticulous chore because of the tiny

size of the Khapra Beetle.

High risk areas first checked include:

1. Cracks in flooring & walls

2. Behind loose paint

3. Along pallets

4. Seams of burlap bags

5. Any low light areas & dark crevices 

6. Trash from cleaning devices

Low risk areas for inspection include:

1. Well-lighted areas or areas where sun-light penetrates

2. Areas which are moist or where debris are covered by

mold

Vacuum cleaners are now being used by inspectors to

assist the inspection process to draw larvae & cast skins

out of cracks & crevices. Filters are changed between

inspectionlocations.

LIFE CYCLEAND DESCRIPTION

The tell-tale signs of a Khapra Beetle infestation are the

larvae & their cast skins. The larvae are yellowish or

reddish brown. Clothed with long barbed brown hairs, the

larva has a tuft of longer hairs which gives it the typical

carpet beetle larva look. Adults are brown to blackish in

color with indistinct red-brown markings on the wing

covers. Hairy on top, they may have a slick appearance

when hairs are rubbed off. Mature larvae and adult

females are about 1/8 inch long; males are somewhat

smaller. They pass through 5-9 moults during this stage,

resulting in numerous cast skins. Adults are short-lived,

persisting for a few days at temperatures over 100°F, or

for perhaps several months or even years, at temperatures

below 50°F. Adult activity is little noticed

except at dusk, while remnants are seldom found as they

are cleaned up by larvae. Mating occurs almost

immediately following adult emergence, and egg deposition

follows in from 1 to 6 days. Eggs are laid loosely among

the host material infested. Hatching follows from 1 week

to 2 weeks after deposition. Two types of larvae, short

or long cycle, may develop. Under optimum conditions,

the larval stage may be completed in less than a month,

whereas under crowded, starving or cold conditions, long

cycle larvae may hide out in large numbers in building

crevices and may persist from several months to 3 years

without food.

TREATMENT 

Fumigation using methyl bromide is the treatment of

choice. Because the pest secrets itself in cracks &

crevices of the building it is in, in addition to the contents,

the whole building must be treated. Typically, the building

is covered tightly with tarpaulins and fumigant is pumped

in at the approved rate of 6 to 9 pounds per 1,000 cu. ft.

The process takes several hours depending on the size of

the building, and strict safety precautions are taken.

MISCELLANEOUS FACTS

1. Last Khapra Beetle significant incident: 1978, single

infested warehouse in Linden, NJ.

2. Last infestation found and eradicated: 1966.

3. Domestic quarantine revoked: September 2, 1972

4. Original find in U.S.: grain warehouse at Alpaugh, CA,

November,1973.

5. Infestations subsequently found and eradicated in

Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, & Mexico. 

6. Report suspected Khapra beetle infestations to State

or Federal plant pest control inspectors. Collect samples

in vials of alcohol. Submit samples of suspected Khapra

Beetles to your District lab or mail to:

U.S. Department of Agriculture

PlantProtection&Quarantine Program

FederalBuilding

Hyattsville, Maryland 20782
APPENDIX A INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023

LIFE CYCLES OF SELECTED STORAGE INSECTS

*These figures are approximate, and depend on food and environmental factors.

Insect NumberEggs

laid by female

Length of egg

stage(days)

Lengthlarval

ornymphal

stage(days)

Days of Total

Development Length of AdultLife

Coleoptera (Beetles)

Cigarette/drug store

Cadelle

Skin 

Flat grain

Granary/Rice/Maize

Flour

Sawtooth/Merchant

100

1000

100-200

100-400

50-400

350-400

20-285

12-17

7-10

7-14

3-4 

3-5 

4-12

3-5

36-200

60-400

30-700+

20-80

10-30

20-100

14-50

60-240

85-400

50-800+

40-90

25-50

30-120

20-70

2-6 weeks

1-2 years

2-4 weeks

1-12months

4-8 months

to 3 years 

6 months to 3 years

Lepidoptera

(moths) 

Angoumois

Almond/Raisin/Tobacco

Indian Meal

MediterraneanFlour

40-389

20-400

100-300

100-400

7-14

3-4 

3-4 

3-9

25-100

20-60

21-120

22-120

35-150

35-60

45-150

30-150

2-15 days

2-26 days

2-25 days

9-14 days

Diptera

(flies)

Housefly

Drosophila

200-1000

400-900

1-3 

1-2

3-60

3-8

6-65

7-12

19-50 days

2-5months

Blattodea

(Cockroaches)

100-1000 35-100 30-500 65-600 up to 2.5 years
INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023 APPENDIX B

PERPETUAL JULIAN CALENDAR

ForNON-LEAP YEARS*

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

1 1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335 1

2 2 33 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336 2

3 3 34 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337 3

4 4 35 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338 4

5 5 36 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 339 5

6 6 37 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 340 6

7 7 38 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 341 7

8 8 39 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 342 8

9 9 40 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343 9

10 10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344 10

11 11 42 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 345 11

12 12 43 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 346 12

13 13 44 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 347 13

14 14 45 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 348 14

15 15 46 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 349 15

16 16 47 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 350 16

17 17 48 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 351 17

18 18 49 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 352 18

19 19 50 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 353 19

20 20 51 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 354 20

21 21 52 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 355 21

22 22 53 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 356 22

23 23 54 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 357 23

24 24 55 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 358 24

25 25 56 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 359 25

26 26 57 85 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 360 26

27 27 58 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 361 27

28 28 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362 28

29 29 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 363 29

30 30 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 364 30

31 31 90 151 212 243 304 365 31

*A leap year is any year whose number is exactly divisible by 4, except century years, which are leap years only if

exactly divisible by 400.

Leap years from 2004 to 2050: 2004 2008 2012 2016

2020 2024 2028 2032

2036 2040 2044 2048

The Julian Calendar for Leap years is provided by adding 1 to all values starting with March 1, in the above table; and

by assigning 60 to February 29.
APPENDIX C INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023

2020 Blood Serum Chemistry - Normal Values

Constituent Typical Normal Range

Electrolytes

Bicarbonate(total) 18-30 mEq/L 

Calcium (total) 9-11 mg/dL; 4.5-5.5 mEq/L 

Chloride 98-106 mEq/L 

Magnesium 1.8-3.6 mg/dL; 1.5-3.0 mEq/L 

Phosphorus 3-4.5 mg/dL; 1.8-2.3 mEq/L (adults)

4-6.5 mg/dL; 2.3-3.8 mEq/L (children)

Potassium 3.5-5.5mEq/L

Sodium 135-147 mEq/L 

Enzymes*

AlkalinePhosphatase 50-160 U/L

Amylase 53-123 U/L

Creatine Kinase (CK, CPK) 38-174 U/L (males)

96-140 U/L (females)

Lipase 10-150 U/L

ALT (GPT) 0-30 U/L

AST (GOT) 0-40 U/L

Other

Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL

Bilirubin <1.0 mg/dL total

<0.4 mg/dL direct (glucuronide- or sulfate-conjugated)

Cholesterol <225 mg/dL (depends on age)

Creatinine 1.0-2.0mg/dL

Globulin 1.5-3.5 g/dL

Glucose 80-120 mg/dL

Protein(Total) 6.3-8.0 g/dL

Triglycerides 40-200 mg/dL

Urea 20-40mg/dL

Uric Acid 2.0-4.0mg/dL

Notes: The normal ranges in each laboratory depend on the local population, test methodology and conditions of assay,

units, and a variety of additional circumstances. * The units for enzyme activities are especially sensitive to such

circumstances. The normal ranges above are typical, but the normal ranges established for each laboratory should be

used for most purposes. The units g/dL (grams per deciliter) and mg/dL are sometimes expressed as g% and mg%, or

g/100 mL and mg/100 mL.
INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023 APPENDIX C

Blood Hematology - Normal Values

Measure(abbreviations,synonyms)

WholeBlood

Typical Normal Range

Hematocrit (HCT; packed cell volume) 38-54%(men)

36-47%(women)

Hemoglobin(Hb) 14-18 g/dL (men)

12-16 g/dL (women)

12-14 g/dL (children)

14.5-24.5g/dL(newborns)

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells; RBCs)

per mm3

4.5-6 x104 (men)

4.3-5.5x104(women)

percentage

Reticulocytes 0-1% of RBCs

Leukocytes(total) 5000-10000

Myelocytes 0 0% of leukocytes

Juvenileneutrophils 0-100 0-1%

Bandneutrophils 0-500 0-5%

Segmentedneutrophils 2500-6000 40-60%

Lymphocytes 1000-4000 20-40%

Eosinophils 50-300 0-5%

Basophils 0-100 0-1%

Monocytes 200-800 4-8%

Platelets 200,000-500,000

RBCMeasurements

Diameter 5.5-8.8μm

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 80-94 μm3

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH) 27-32 pg

Meancorpuscular hemoglobinconcentration 33.4-35.5g/dL

Miscellaneous

Prothrombintime (PT) 10-20seconds 0.8-1.2 INR

(InternationalNormalizedRatio)

ActivatedPartialThromboplastin Time (aPTT) 30-45seconds

Notes: The normal ranges in each laboratory depend on the local population, test methodology and conditions of

assay, units, and a variety of other circumstances. The ranges above are typical, but the normal values established for

each laboratory should be used for most purposes. Normal ranges for newborns often vary from the adult ranges.
APPENDIX D INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023

CONVERSION TABLES

To convert

From To MultiplyBy

To convert

From To MultiplyBy

Length Length

mm inches .03937 inches mm 25.40

cm inches .3937 inches cm 2.540

meters inches 39.37 inches meters .0254

meters feet 3.281 feet meters .3048

meters yards 1.0936 feet km .0003048

km feet 3230.84 yards meters .9144

Area Area

sq mm sq inches .00155 sq inches sq mm 645.2

sq cm sq inches .155 sq inches sq cm 6.452

sq meters sq feet 10.764 sq feet sq meters .09290

sq meters sq yards 1.196 sq yards sq meters .8361

sq km sq miles .3861 sq miles sq km 2.590

hectares acres 2.471 acres hectares .4047

Volume Volume

cu cm cu inches .06102 cu inches cu cm 16.387

cu cm fl ounces .03381 cu inches liters .01639

cu meters cu feet 35.314 cu feet cu meters .02832

cu meters cu yards 1.308 cu feet liters 28.317

cu meters US gal 264.2 cu yards cu meters .7646

liters cu inches 61.023 fl ounces ml 29.57

liters cu feet .03531 US gal cu meters .003785

liters US gal .2642 US gal liters 3.785

Weight Weight

grams grains 15.432 grains grams .0648

grams ounces* .0353 ounces* grams 28.350

kg ounces* 35.27 ounces* kg .02835

kg pounds 2.2046 pounds* kg .4536

kg US tons .001102 pounds* metric tons .000454

kg long tons .000984 US tons kg 907.2

metric tons pounds 2204.6 US tons metric tons .9072

metric tons US tons 1.1023 long tons kg 1016.

metric tons long tons .9842 long tons metric tons 1.0160

UnitWeight UnitWeight

gr/sq cm lb/sq in .01422 lb/ft kg/m 1.4881

gr/cu cm lb/cu in .0361 lb/sq in gr/sq cm 70.31

kg/sq cm lb/sq in 14.22 lb/sq in kg/sq cm .07031

kg/cu m lb/cu ft .0624 lb/cu in gr/cu cm 27.68

kg/m lb/ft .6720 lb/cu ft kg/cu m 16.018

Unit Volume Unit Volume

liters/min US gpm .2642 US gpm liters/min 3.785

liters/min cfm .03531 US gpm liters/hr 237.1

liters/hr US gpm .0044 US gpm cu m/hr .2371

cu m/min cfm 35.314 cfm liters/min 26.317

cu m/hr cfm .5886 cfm cu m/min .02832

cu m/hr US gpm 4.4028 cfm cu m/hr 1.6992

Power Power

watts ft-lb/sec .7376 ft-lb/sec watts 1.365

watts hp .00134 hp watts 745.7

kw hp 1.3410 hp kw .7457

cheval-vap hp .9863 hp cheval-vap 1.0139

Heat Heat

gr-cal Btu .003969 Btu gr-cal 252.

kg/cal Btu 3.9693 Btu kg/cal .252

kg-cal/kg Btu/lb 1.800 Btu/lb kg-cal/kg .5556

gr-cal/sqcm Btu/sq ft 3.687 Btu/sq ft gr-cal/sqcm .2713

kg-cal/cum Btu/cu ft .1124 Btu/cu ft

kg-cal/cum 8.899
INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023 APPENDIX D

CONVERSION TABLES

To convert

From To MultiplyBy

To convert

From To MultiplyBy

Work/Energy Work/Energy

joule ft-lb .7376 ft-lb joule 1.356

meter-kg ft-lb 7.2330 ft-lb meter-kg .1383

gr-cal ft-lb 3.067 ft-lb gr-cal .3239

kg-cal ft-lb 3067 ft-lb kg-cal .0003239

hp-hr ft-lb 1,980,000 ft-lb hp-hr 5.051 x 10

kwhr ft-lb 2,650,000 ft-lb kwhr 3.766 x 10

Btu ft-lb 778. ft-lb Btu .0012856

Conversion Factors

CONVERSION FACTORS

TEMPERATURE: If F and C denote readings on the Fahrenheit and centigrade standard

scales, respectively, for the same, then

C = 5/9* (F - 32) F = (9/5)* C + 32

Some common reference points are: 0°C = 32°F

22°C = 71.6°F

37°C = 98.6°F

100°C = 212°F.

CONVERSIONTABLEFORMEDICATEDFEEDS:

1 Pound = 453.6 Grams 1 Milligram = 1,000 Micrograms

1 Gram = 0.0022 Pounds 1 Microgram = 0.001 Milligrams

1 Gram = 1,000 Milligrams 1 Microgram Per Gram = 1 Part Per Million

1 Gram = 1,000,000 Micrograms 1 Part Per Million (ppm) = 0.454 mg/lb.

1 Kilogram = 1,000 Grams 1 Part Per Million (ppm) = 0.907 Grams Per Ton

1 Kilogram = 2.205 Pounds

1 Milligram = 0.001 Grams

HOUSEHOLD MEASURES:

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5cc = 1 fl dram

1 dessertspoon = 8cc = 2 fl drams

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15cc = 1/2 fl ounce

1 teacup = 120cc = 4 fl ounces

1 tumbler = 240cc = 8 fl ounces = 1/2 pint

8 pints = 4 quarts = 1 gallon = 128 fluid ounces
APPENDIX E INVESTGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023
INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023 APPENDIX E
APPENDIX E INVESTGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023
INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023 APPENDIX E
APPENDIX E INVESTGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023
INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023 APPENDIX E
APPENDIX E INVESTGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2023