PUBLISH UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

________________ _________________ JACQUELYNN (JACKIE) L. JACKS; STUART L. REES, Wife and Husband; HARLEY J. JACKS; JACQUELYNN (JACKIE) L. JACKS, as Next Friend for T.J.M., a minor, and A.J.J., a minor, Plaintiffs - Appellees,

v. CMH HOMES, INC., d/b/a Oakwood Homes Oklahoma City, and d/b/a Clayton Manufactured Homes; CMH MANUFACTURING, INC., a/k/a Karsten Homes, Defendants - Appellants, and
VANDERBILT MO RTGAGE AND FINANCE, INC., Defendant. No. 15-6197

________________ _________________ APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA (D.C. NO. 5:15-CV-00044-M)

________________ _________________ W. Scott Simpson of Simpson, McMaha n, Glick & Burford, PLLC, Birmingham, Alabama (Jonathan E. Beling of Simps on, McMahan, Glick & Burford, PLLC, Birmingham, Alabama, and Joseph R. Farris, Sarah Buchan, and Br ynna Schellbar of FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### May 17, 2017
Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court- 2 - Franden, Farris, Quillin, Goodnight + Roberts, Tulsa, Oklahoma, with him on the briefs) for Defendants–Appellants. Michael M. Reynolds of DeBois, Sherrill & Reynolds, Duncan, Oklahoma, for Plaintiffs– Appellees.

________________ _________________ Before MATHESON , McKAY , and MORITZ , Circuit Judges.

________________ _________________ McKAY , Circuit Judge.

________________ _________________ In 2009, Jacquelyn Jacks bought a manuf actured home from CMH Homes, Inc., on installment. The purchase was financ ed through CMH Homes under a manufacturedhome retail installment contract . The contract contains an arbitration agreement, which provides that all disputes arising from, or relating to, the contract would be resolved by binding arbitration. By its te rms, “[t]his Arbitration Agreemen t also covers all co-signors and guarantors who sign this Contract and any occupants of the manufactured Home (as intended beneficiaries of this Arbitration Agreement ).” (Appellants’ App. at 31.) Ms. Jacks was the only “buy er” to sign the contract; there were no cosigners or guarantors. Ms. Jacks, along with her husband and their children, moved into the manufactured home soon after it was delivered and installed by CMH Homes. About five years later, Ms. Jacks and her fa mily brought suit in state court against CMH Homes and CMH Manufacturing, wh ich had manufactured the home, and Vanderbilt Mortgage and Fi nance, which is not a party to th is appeal. They claimed: (1) CMH negligently installed and repaired th e manufactured home’s water system, which caused toxic mold to grow; (2) the manufac tured home was unreasonably dangerous at- 3 - the time it left the control of CMH; (3) the manufactured home was not fit for habitation. Ms. Jacks also sought to rescind her purch ase of the manufactured home, along with her agreement to pay Vanderbilt Mo rtgage and Finance the indebtedness incurred to purchase the home. The CMH defendants removed the case fr om state to federal court and moved to compel arbitration and stay the court procee dings. Defendants argued that Ms. Jacks, having signed the contract, was barred by th e arbitration agreement from pursuing her claims in court. The district court agreed and granted the motion to compel as to the claims of Ms. Jacks. The district court denied the motion as to the remaining plaintiffs who were not parties to the installment contract. Defenda nts had argued that Ms. Jacks’ husband and their children were likewise bound by the arb itration agreement, ev en though they never signed the contract. Because “all Plaintiffs were occupants of the Home and intended third party beneficiaries to the Arbitration Agreement,” Defendants maintained below, “a valid agreement to arbitrat e exists between all Plain tiffs and CMH Homes under Oklahoma contract law.” ( Id. at 18.) The district court did not agree. It held that “the single sentence in the Arbitration Agreement generically referencing ‘any oc cupants of the Manufactured Home (as intended beneficiaries of this Arbitration Agreement)’ is notsufficient to make the nonsignatory plaintiffs, who are occupants of the home, third party beneficiaries of the Arbitration Agreement and subject to being compelled to arbitration.” ( Id . at 83.)- 4 - The district court also rejected Defenda nts’ contention that the nonsignatory plaintiffs were “bound to arb itrate their claims” under “the doctrine of equitable estoppel” ( id. at 24), holding that “Defendants have not satisfied any of the el ements of equitable estoppel,” ( id . at 84): There have been no false representations or concealment of facts by the nonsignatory plaintiffs. Further, the Cour t finds no equitable reason why the nonsignatory plaintiffs should be bound by the Arbitration Agreement; the nonsignatory plaintiffs have engaged in no conduct which woul d equitably warrant that they be bound by the Arbitration Agreement. ( Id . at 84.) Defendants timely appealed the district c ourt’s partial denial of their motion to stay and to compel arbitration. We have jurisdiction under the Fe deral Arbitration Act, which authorizes an interlocut ory appeal of an order “refus ing a stay of any action under section 3 of this title” or “d enying a petition under sectio n 4 of this title to order arbitration to proceed.” 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(A), (B). On appeal, Defendants tell us “[i]t is well-established that the standard of appellate review of a district court order denying a mo tion to compel is de novo.” (Appellants’ Opening Br. at 10.) That is generally true. See Hancock v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co ., 701 F.3d 1248, 1261 (10th Cir. 2012). But it is also incomplete: “We have not yet decided whether the de novo standard that generally a pplies to our review of a denial of a motion to compel arbitration also applies to a denial of such a motion based on equitable estoppel, or whether some other standard of review applies.” Bellman v. i3Carbon, LLC , 563 F. App’x 608, 612–13 (10t h Cir. 2014) (unpublished) (citing Lenox MacLaren Surgical Corp. v. Medtronic, Inc. , 449 Fed. App’x 704, 707 (10th Cir. 2011)- 5 - (unpublished)). As we have recognized, “[o] ther circuits are split on this issue, with some courts reviewing such decisions de novo , and others for an abuse of discretion.” Id. In any event, we need not decide which to apply here because Defendants’ estoppel argument fails under either standard. Defendants also note that “any doubts concer ning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.” (Appe llants’ Opening Br. at 10 (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp. , 460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983))). Again, that is generally true, but the presum ption in favor of arbitration does not apply here: “[W]hen the dispute is whether ther e is a valid and enforceable arbitration agreement in the first place, the pres umption of arbitrability falls away.” Riley Mfg. Co. v. Anchor Glass Container Corp ., 157 F.3d 775, 779 (10th Cir. 1998); see also Dumais v. Am. Golf Corp. , 299 F.3d 1216, 1220 (10th Cir. 2002) (recognizing that “this presumption disappears when the parties dis pute the existence of a valid arbitration agreement”). Defendants, as the parties seeki ng to compel arbitration, have the burden to show that the arbitration agreement a pplies to the nonsigna tory plaintiffs. Hancock , 701 F.3d at 1261. “[A]rbitration is a matter of contract.” AT&T Techs., Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of
Am. , 475 U.S. 643, 648 (1986). “[T]o determin e whether a party has agreed to arbitrate a dispute,” we “apply ordinary stat e-law principles that govern the formation of contracts.” Walker v. BuildDirect.com Techs., Inc ., 733 F.3d 1001, 1004 (1 0th Cir. 2013). As every first-year law student knows, “[ a]n agreement or mutual assent is of course essential to a valid contract.” Lucy v. Zehmer, 84 S.E.2d 516, 522 (Va. 19 54). This basic rule of- 6 - contracts was axiomatic in Okla homa even before its admissi on to the Union: “The gist and meaning of the word ‘contra ct’ is that the minds of the parties must meet and agree upon a given proposition.” McCormick v. Bonfils , 60 P. 296, 299–300 (Okla. 1900). In present-day Oklahoma, a contract is defined by statute as “an agreem ent to do or not to do a certain thing.” Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 15, § 1. In short, without an agreement, there is

no contract. Arbitration agreements are no different: “An agreement for the submission of an issue to arbitrators is a prerequisite to the commencement of a valid arbitration agreement.” Voss v. City of Okla. City , 618 P.2d 925, 928 (Okl a. 1980). “[A] party cannot be required to submit to arbitration an y dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.” AT&T Techs. , 475 U.S. at 648 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Boler v. Sec. Health Care, L.L.C. , 336 P.3d 468, 477 (Okla. 2014) (“Consent to arbitrate is an essential component of an en forceable arbitration agreement.”). Defendants would have us turn this basic principle of contract law on its head. They concede that the nonsignatory plainti ffs are not third-party beneficiaries to the contract as a whole. (Appellants’ Reply B r. at 10 n.9.) Defendants focus instead on the arbitration agreement itself, which designa tes “any occupants of the Manufactured Home” as “intended beneficiarie s of this Arbitration Agreemen t.” (Appellants’ App. at 31.) The “benefit,” according to Defendants, is the right to compel arbitration. But Defendants have not cited authority, and we ar e not aware of any, that says a contract (here, the arbitration agreement) can be enforced against an intended third-party beneficiary who has not accepted the benefit (her e, the right to comp el arbitration) or- 7 - otherwise sought to enforce th e terms of the contract. Cf . Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 306 cmt. b (1981) (“[A] beneficiary is entitled to reject a promised benefit.”). Such a rule would make no sense: unwitting third parties could be bound to a contract without knowing its terms or ever realizing some benefit. At bottom, Defendants’ argument re duces to the following syllogism: Major premise: A third-party beneficiary to an arbitration agreement is bound by the agreement. Minor premise: Here, the nonsignatory plai ntiffs are third-party beneficiaries of the arbitration agreement. Conclusion: Therefore, the nonsignatory plaintiffs are bound by the arbitration agreement. Defendants spend most of their briefing on the minor premise but then fail to cite

to a single case to support the major premise. As the parties seeking to compel arbitration, Defendants have the burden to es tablish that the nonsignatory plaintiffs can be held to the arbitration agreement. See Hancock , 701 F.3d at 1261. Here, it is simply not enough to show that the nonsignatory pl aintiffs are third-party beneficiaries. Next, Defendants argue that the nonsignatory plaintiffs are bound to the arbitration agreement, which they never agreed to, “under the doctrine of equitable estoppel.” (Appellants’ Opening Br. at 23.) At differe nt stages of these proceedings, Defendants seemingly advance two different theories of equitable estoppel. Below, Defendants advanced a theory of integrally-related-cl aim estoppel, sometimes referred to as the “intertwined claims” theory. ( See Appellants’ App. at 84 (arguing that “[b]ecause the non-signatories’ claims are iden tical to Jackie Jacks’ claims and are ‘integrally related’ to- 8 - the [contract] setting forth the Arbitration Ag reement, all Plaintiffs are subject to the Arbitration Agreement.”)). In some jurisdictions, this theo ry permits a nonsignatory to estop a signatory from eschewing arbitration wh en the claims are integrally related to a contract that contains an arbitration agreement. See Janvey v. Alguire , 847 F.3d 231, 242 (5th Cir. 2017). Insofar as Defendants continue to press this theory of estoppel on appeal, it “does not govern the present case, wher e a signatory-defendant seeks to compel arbitration with a nonsignatory-plaintiff.” Id. ; see also Carter v. Schuster , 227 P.3d 149, 156 (Okla. 2009) (distinguis hing between “estop[ping] a signatory from avoiding arbitration with a nonsignatory where the non signatory was seeking to resolve issues in arbitration that were intertwined with the agreement the estopped party had signed,” and estopping a nonsignatory (emphasis in original)). On appeal, Defendants also argue for th e “direct-benefit estoppel doctrine,” which “applies when a nonsignatory knowingly ex ploits the agreement containing the arbitration clause.” (Appellant s’ Opening Br. at 28-29 (quoting Hellenic Inv. Fund, Inc. v. Det Norske Veritas , 464 F.3d 514, 517–18 (5th Cir. 2006))). “Under ‘direct benefits estoppel,’ a non-signatory plaintiff seeking th e benefits of a contract is estopped from simultaneously attempting to avoid the contr act’s burdens, such as the obligation to arbitrate disputes.” In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc. , 166 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Tex. 2005). Some states have embraced the doctrine of direct-benefits estoppel. See, e.g. , id

. Oklahoma has not. In any event, this direct-benefit-estoppel argument is waived. “We have held that an appellant waives an argument if she fails to raise it in the district court and has failed- 9 - to argue for plain error and its application on appeal.” Campbell v. City of Spencer , 777 F.3d 1073, 1080 (10th Cir. 2014). Defendant s did not raise direct-benefit estoppel below and have not argued for plain erro r on appeal. Though Defendants didargue integrallyrelated-claim estoppel before the district cour t, direct-benefit estoppel is not the same thing. See supra ; see also Janvey , 847 F.3d at 242 (recognizing “two theories of equitable estoppel”: (1) “[t]he ‘intertwined claims’ theory”; (2) “[t]he ‘direct benefits’ theory.”). And our forfeiture -and-waiver rule applies even “when a litigant changes to a new theory on appeal that falls under the same general category as an argument presented at trial.” See Schrock v. Wyeth, Inc. , 727 F.3d 1273, 12 84 (10th Cir. 2013). We find no compelling reasons to reach this argument. See Crow v. Shalala , 40 F.3d 323, 324 (10th Cir. 1994) (“Absent compelling reasons, we do not consider arguments that were not presented to the distri ct court.”). To the contrary, there is good reason not to depart from our rule: Defendant s fail to cite Oklahoma law supporting their direct-benefits-estoppel theory. “As a federal court, we are generally reticent to expand state law without clear guidance from its highest court.” Schrock, 727 F.3d at 1284.
We AFFIRM

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