This opinion is subject to revision before publication



## U NITED 

## S TATES 

## C OURT OF 

## A PPEALS

FOR THE 

### A RMED 

### F ORCES

_______________ UNITED STATES Appell ant

v.
Antonio T. MOORE , Private U nited States Army , Appell ee

No. 20

- 0119 Crim. App. No. 20180692 Argued March 17, 2020

— Decided April 30 , 2020 Military Judge: Kenneth Shahan For Appellant: Captain Allison L. Ro wley (argued); Colonel Steven P. Haight
, Lieutenant Colonel Wayne H. Williams
, and Major Jonathan S. Reiner (on brief). For Appellee: Major Benjamin A. Accinelli (argued); Lieutenant Colonel Tiffany D. Pond and Captain Loraima Morciglio (on brief). Judge MAGGS delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Judge STUCKY, and Judges RYAN, OHLSON, and SPARKS
, joined.

_______________
Judge MAGGS delivered the opinion of the Court.
At a rehearing, a military judge sitting as a general court

martial found Appell ee guilty, contrary to his pleas, of two specifications of sexual assault, in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Milit ary Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920 (2012). 1 For these offenses, and several other offenses that had been affirmed in earlier proceed ings, 2 the military judge

1 The military judge dismissed, prior to findings, three other specifications of sexual assault that the convening authority alsohad referred to the rehearing. The military judge’s ruling with respe ct to those other specifications is not before this Court.

2 These other offenses included two specifications of willful disobedience, one specification of sexual assault, and one specification of assault consummated by battery, in violation of Articles 9 0, 120, and 128, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 890, 920, 928 (2012). United States v. Moore , No. ARMY 20140875, 2017 CCA LEXIS 191, at *2, 2017 WLUnited States v. Moore , No. 20

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2 sentenced Appellee to confinement for thirteen years and a dishonorable discharge. In a post

- trial motion, Appell ee asked the military judge to dismiss the two specifications of sexual assault based on the five

- year period of limi tations in Article 43 (b)
, UCMJ , 10 U.S.C. § 843(b) (2012)

. In response, the military judge dismissed one specification in its entirety and a portion of the other specification that addressed conduct occurring outside the five

- year period

. Pursuant to Article 62 (a)(1)(A) , UCMJ
, 10 U.S.C. § 862(a)(1)(A) (2012), t he G overnment appealed th e military judge ’ s ruling on the motion to dismiss to the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeal s (ACCA)

. The ACCA initially set aside the military judge ’ s rul ing. United Sta tes v. Moore, No. ARMY Misc. 20180692, 2019 CCA LEXIS 290, at *16

 19, 2019 WL 2949389, at * 8

 10 (A. Ct. Crim. App. Jul y 3, 2019)

. O n reconsideration , however, the ACCA reversed its prior ruling
, affirmed the military judge ’ s ruling
, and ordered the record to be returned to the military judge for action consistent with its ruling

. United States v. Moore
, No. ARMY Misc. 20180692, 2019 CCA LEXIS 388 , at * 12

– 13
, 2019 WL 4885895, at *5 (A. Ct. Crim. App. Oct. 2, 201 9) . The ACCA denied the Government ’ s petition for a rehearing en banc. The Ju dge Advocate General of the Army then certified the following question to this C ourt : “ Did the Army Court err when, upon reconsideration, it determined that the 5

- year statute of limitations barred the rehearing of the two sexual assault specifications? ”

I. B ackground The two specifications at issue were designat ed as Specification s 2 and 3 of Additional Charge I. As initially preferred, Specification 2 alleged that “ on divers occasions between on or abo ut 6 November 2012 and on or about 3 July 2013,” Appellee sexually assaulted AR “ by causing penetrati on of Ms. AR ’ s vulva with [Appellee ’ s] penis
, by causing bodily harm to her, to wit: removing her underwear, placing his hands on her buttocks, and pressing her down with his hands. ” Specification 3 alleged that Appellee had sexually assaulted AR in the
same way “ between on or about 28 June 2012 and on or about

1136929, at *1 (A. Ct. Crim. App. Mar. 23, 2017), aff’d , 77 M.J. 198 (C.A.A.F. 2018).United States v. Moore , No. 20

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3 5 November [ 2012 ]

. ” The specifications were preferred on December 11, 2013, and were received by the officer exercising summary court

- martial convening jurisdiction the same day. Following an investigation under Article 32, UCMJ
, 10 U.S.C. § 83 2 (2012), the investigating o fficer recommended changing the modality of the charged bodily harm from “ removing her underwear, placing his hands on her buttocks, and pressing her down with his hands ” to the “ non

- consensual sexual act ” itself. The investiga ting officer explained that he had found no evidence that A ppellee had performed the acts averred in the original specification. The convening authority, however, did not amend Specifications 2 and 3 of Additional Charge I at that time and
, instead , referr ed the two specifications as initially preferred

. A general court

- martial found Appellee guilty of these two specifications and of other offenses. On a ppeal, however, the ACCA set aside the findings with respect to the se two specifications , and several oth ers, because the military judge had given an improper instruction reg arding propensity evidence. Moore
, 2017 CCA LEXIS 191 , at *13

 14, 2017 WL 1136929
, at *5

 6 (citing United States v. Hills , 75 M.J. 350 , 354 (C.A.A.F. 2016) ). The ACCA authorized a rehearing on the specification s that it had set aside

. Id. at *1 4 , 2017 WL 11366929, at *6. This Court affirmed. Moore , 77 M.J. 198. The convening authority ordered a rehearing. On March 16, 2018, b efore referring the two specifications at issue to the
court

- martial, the convening authority amended them in accordance with the investigating officer ’ s earlier recommendation. The amendment s changed the modality of causing bodily harm in each specification from “ by

. . . removing her underwear, p lacing his hands on her buttocks, and pressing her down with his hands ” to “ by penetrating her vulva with his penis. ” A s described above, the military judge found Appellee guilty of these specif

ications but later dismissed one specification and partially dismissed the other specification based on the statute of limitations , and t he ACCA affirmed the dismissal of these charges.

II. D iscussion The parties ’ positions in this case are easily stated. The G overnment argues that the statute of limitations for the twoUnited States v. Moore , No. 20

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4 specification s at issue was tolled before the five

- year period of limitations had run, on December 1 1 , 2013, when the officer exercising court

- martial convening jurisdiction received the
spe cifications

. The G over nment further contends that no subsequent events

— the initial trial, the setting aside of the findings on appeal
, or the convening authority ’ s amendment of the specifications before referral for re hearing

— affect ed this tolling of the statute of limitations. Appellee respond s that
, while the c onvening a uthority could lawfully amend the specifications before referring them for rehearing , the amendment s to the specifications undid the original tolling of the statute of limitation s

. Appell ee further asserts that b ecause the conduct alleged in the amended specification s occurred
more t han five years before the convening authority made the amendments , the statute of limitations require s dismissal of th ose specifications

. We agree with the Gov ernment and disagree with Appellee, based on the text of the relevant UCMJ

a rticles and on our precedent.
A.

The relevant statute of limitations appears in Article 43(b) (1) , UCMJ, which provides : Except as othe rwise provided in this section (article)
, a person charged with an offense is not liable to be tried by court

- martial if the offense was committed more than five years before the receipt of sworn charges and specifications by an officer exercising summary court

- martial jurisdiction over the command. 3 The parties agree
, correctly in our view, that this provision did not bar the original trial of the two specifications at issue because the offense s alleged in those specifications occurred in 2012 and 2013
, and the officer exercising summary co urt

marti al convening jurisdiction received the charge sheet in 2013.

3 The statute of limitations for s exual assault offenses has since been amended to eliminate the limitations period for these offenses. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014, Pub. L. No. 113

- 66, § 1703(a), (c), 127 Stat. 672, 958 (2013) ( eliminating any limitations period for Article 120(b) and Article 120b(b) , UCMJ, offenses occurring on or after December 26, 2013).United States v. Moore , No. 20

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5The power of a convening authority to amend charges pursuant to the recommendation of an Article 32, UCMJ, invest igating officer is provided by Article 34(c), UCMJ. The applicable version of this a rticle provides: “ Before referral for trial by general court

- martial or special court

- martial, changes may be made to charges and specifications

— (1) to correct errors in form; and (2) when applicable, to conform to the substance of the evidence contained in a report under section 832(c) of this title (article 32(c)). ” 4 The parties agree , also correctly in our view, that this provision authorized the convening authority ’ s change s to the two specificat ions at issue to make them conform to the evidence

. See United States v. Stout , 79 M.J. 168 ( C.A.A.F. 2019)

. The parties ’ disagreement is about whether the statute of limitations remained tolled after the convening authority amended the two specifications

. Appell ee contends that the amend ed specifications are no longer the same specifications that were received by the officer exe rcising summary court

martial jurisdiction in December 2013 but are instead new specifications

. He therefore contends that the amendment s to the specifications made the previous tolling ineffective. We disagree with Appellee because the text of A rticles 34 and 43
, UCMJ, and our precedent do not support this position. Nothing in Article 43, UCMJ, suggests that a charge orspecification that was timely when received by the officer exercising summary court

- martial jurisdiction might become untimely if the convening authority makes changes to the charge or specification th at are authorized by Article 34(c)
, UCMJ

. On the contrary, Article 43, UCMJ, says nothing

4 10 U.S.C. § 834(c) (2018). We conclude that this version of Article 34, UCMJ, applies because it was the version that was in effect when the convening autho rity made changes to the specifications on March 16, 2018. We note that Congress slightly changed the text of Article 34(c), UCMJ
, in 2016, which was between the time whenthe charges were first preferred in 2013 and the time when the convening authority made changes in 2018. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, Pub. L. No. 114

- 328, § 5205, 130 Stat. 2000, 2907 (D ec. 23, 2016) (amending Article 34, UCMJ). Thisamendment, however, does not appear to have changed the substance of the article and does not affect our analysis.United States v. Moore , No. 20

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6about amendments, even though amendments are very common. This silence leads us to conclude that Congress chose not to create a different rule for when the statute of limitation s is tolled in cases where the convening authority makes authorized amendments.

Likewise
, when a convening authority makes changes to charge s or specifications that are authorized by Art icle 34(c), UCMJ, nothing in the language of that a rticle s uggests that the convening authority is creating a new charge or specification as opposed to merely amending an existing charge or specification. And Article 34(c), UCMJ, does not indicate in
any way that a properly amended charge or specification must go back to the officer exercising summary court

- martial jurisdiction to toll the statute of limitations, or that the date of amendment marks the date when the original charge or specification was considered “ received ” by that officer. If Congress had intended either of those result s, Congress easily could have indicated when changes create new charges and what effect creating new charges would have on the statute of limitations. The silence in Article 34(c), UCMJ, ab o ut these subject s leads us to conclude that changes to charges and specifications that are authorized by Article 34(c) , UCMJ, do not affect the application of the statute of limitation s

. 5 Appellee ’ s position is also contrary to precedent. I n United States v. Arbic
, the officer exerc ising summary court

- martial jurisdiction received a sworn charge against the appellant on January 17, 1964. 16 C.M.A. 292, 292

 93, 36 C.M.R. 448, 448

 49 (1966)

. The specification of the charge alleged that the appellant had deserted on August 15, 1962, in violation of A rticle 8 5 , UCMJ , 10 U.S.C. § 885 (19 58 )

. Id. , 36 C.M.R. at 448

– 49. Following an investigation under Article 32, UCMJ, the investigating officer recommended changing the specification to allege the offense of absence without leave in violation of Article 86, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 886 (19 58 ), instead of desertion
, and specifying August 10, 1965
, as the date when the

5 As noted above, the parties agree that Article 34(c), UCMJ, authorized the changes to the specifications at issue. Accordingly, the question of what kinds of changes are authorized by Article 34(c), UCMJ, is not presented in this case, and we do not address it. See Stout , 79 M.J. at 168.United States v. Moore , No. 20

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7 absence without leave had terminated

. Id. at 293, 36 C.M.R. at 449. On September 24, 1965, the convening authority ordered these amendments to be made and referred the case to a general court

- martial. Id. , 36 C.M.R. at 449.

The a ppellant then move d to dismiss the charge and specification based on the period of limitations in Article 43, UCMJ, which at that time was three years for the offense of absence without leave

. Id. , 36 C.M.R. at 449. The appellant ’ s theory was nearly identical to A ppell e e ’ s theory in this case. He argued that receipt of the charge and specification by the summary court

- martial convening authority on Augu st 15, 1962
, did not toll the statute of limitation s under Article 43
, UCMJ, because the specification as amended by the convening authority w as a “ new ” specification

. Id. , 36 C.M.R. at 449. Th e Court , however, rejected the appellant ’ s argument. It concluded that the specification as changed by the convening authority was an “ amended ” specification and not a “ new ” specification. Id. at 29 4

– 95 , 36 C.M.R. at 4 50

– 51

. As a result, the statute of limitations pertaining to the charge and specification were tolled when they were originally received by the
court

- martial convening authority , not when they were amended

. Id. , 36 C.M.R. at 4 50

– 51

. In Arbic , the C ourt favorably cited dicta in United States v. Rodgers, 8 C.M.A. 226, 24 C.M.R. 36 (1957)

. 6 In Rodgers

, the g overnment had prepared two charge sheets. The first was received by the officer exercising summary court

- martial convening jurisdiction within the period of limitation s but the second was received after the expiration of this period

. Id. at 227

 28, 24 C.M.R. at 37

 38. The Court held that the government erred in attempting to proceed under the seco nd charge sheet rather than simply amending the original charge sheet as authorized by A rticle 34 , UCMJ

. Id. , 24 C.M.R. at 37

– 38. In dicta later quoted in A rbic , the Court explained :

6 In United States v. Miller , 38 M.J. 121, 124 (C.A.A.F. 1993), this Court overruled language in Rodgers , not relevant here, that emphasized the importance of having the original charge sheet before the military judge. The Court, however, reaffirmed the principle from Rodgers that as long as the charges and spec ifications remain the “same,” the tolling of the statute of limitations does not change. Id . at 125.United States v. Moore , No. 20

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8 It would have been perfectly proper to have brought the accused to trial on the original charge sheet which was seasonably file d with the officer exercising summary court

- martial jurisdiction

. All that would have been necessary w as an amendment to [the relevant specification].
Id. at 23 0

 31, 24 C.M.R. at 40

 41. In this case, the G overnment followed exactly the course recommended in Rodgers

. In sum, we find no support for Appellee ’ s position in Articles 34 and 43, UCMJ, and we vie w his position a s contrary to Arbic and Rodgers

. We therefore conclude that the statute of limitations does not require dismissal of any part of the two specifications at issue in this case.

B. Two additional points deserve brief mention. First, t he ACCA analyzed this case under Rule for Court s

- Martial (R.C.M.) 603 ( d )

. Moore
, 2019 CCA LEXIS 388 , at * 3

 7
, 2019 WL 4885895, at *2

 4

. This provision , as it existed prior to 2019, specified that if major changes are made to a specificati on, the specification must be preferred anew

. 7 In Stout
, this Court held that R.C.M. 603 does not apply when a convening authority amends a specification under Article 34(c), UCMJ, prior to referring it to trial. 79 M.J. at 169

 70

. According ly
, whether the amendment s to the specification s at issue might be characterized a s major or minor is not an issue before us

. Second, Appell ee has advanced what we construe as a policy argument for why the tolling of the statute of l imitations should occur when a charge or specific ation is subjected to major amendment s rather than when it was initially preferred. Appellee asserts that a major amendment is “ functional ly ” equivalent to a new charge or specification and therefore should be treated as a new charge or specification , part icularly when the amendment seems to lessen the Government ’ s burden of proof

. We take no position on th is policy argument.

7 As amended in 2019, the current version of R.C.M. 603 permits changes to charges and specifications prior to referral regardless of whether they are maj or or minor.United States v. Moore , No. 20

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9 Policy arguments are relevant to the question whether Congress should amend Article s 34 and 43 , UCMJ, not what the
text of these Arti cles currently says.

III. Conclusion The certified question is answered in the affirmative. The judgment of the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals upon reconsideration, and the ruling of the military judg e on the motion, dismissing Specification 3 entirely and a portion of S pecification 2 of Additional Charge I , are reversed

. The case is returned to the Judge Advocate General of the Army for remand to the court

- martial for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.