COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

September 10, 2020

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2019AP902-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2016CM2140

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT IV

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

VICTORIA L. CONLEY,

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for Dane

County: NICHOLAS J. McNAMARA, Judge. Affirmed. 

¶1 BLANCHARD, J.1 Victoria Conley entered a plea of no contest to 

a single count of disorderly conduct as a criminal offense. She now appeals the

 

1

 This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2)(f) (2017-18). 

All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version unless otherwise noted.
No. 2019AP902-CR

2

judgment of conviction and an order denying her motion for postconviction relief. 

In the postconviction motion, Conley challenged her plea under WIS. STAT.

§ 971.08 and State v. Bangert, 131 Wis. 2d 246, 389 N.W.2d 12 (1986). 

Specifically, Conley relied on § 971.08(1)(a), which provides in pertinent part that 

the plea-taking court must “determine that the plea is made voluntarily with 

understanding of the nature of the charge.”2 She argued that she did not 

understand the nature of the crime at the time of the plea, resulting in a manifest 

injustice. 

¶2 After holding an evidentiary hearing on the motion, the circuit court 

rejected Conley’s argument, finding that Conley understood the nature of the 

crime. 

¶3 I assume without deciding that Conley is correct that the plea 

colloquy taken by the circuit court was defective because the court failed to

establish Conley’s understanding of the nature of the crime. However, I conclude 

that the State showed by clear and convincing evidence that Conley entered her 

plea knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently and that the circuit court did not 

clearly err in later finding, based on the entire record, that at the time of her plea 

Conley understood the nature of the crime. I also reject a difficult-to-follow 

argument by Conley focusing on the concept of duplicity. Accordingly, I affirm.

 

2

 Conley has raised no issue about her understanding the maximum penalties, a topic also 

addressed in WIS. STAT. § 971.08(1)(a).
No. 2019AP902-CR

3

BACKGROUND

¶4 The criminal complaint charged Conley with three offenses: two 

counts of misdemeanor battery and one count of disorderly conduct. All three 

offenses allegedly occurred over the course of a short period one evening in the 

same general area of Madison. 

¶5 The following are pertinent allegations from the complaint. Conley

was in a car when she confronted her husband, who was then in a different car. 

Riding with the husband in his car was a female, “Tina” (not her real name).

3

 

Conley used the car she was operating to intentionally “rear end” the husband’s 

car multiple times. 

¶6 The husband drove to a nearby restaurant parking lot, with Tina still 

in his car, and Conley following. The husband parked in the lot and got out of his 

car. Conley got out of her car and “attacked [the husband] with closed fists.” 

¶7 Conley then “attack[ed]” Tina inside the husband’s car. She

punched Tina, pulled her hair and “pulled out” her pony tail, and forced her into 

the back seat of the car. I will refer to this as “the alleged attack in the car.” 

¶8 After the alleged attack in the car, Tina emerged from the husband’s 

car and entered the restaurant. About five minutes later, Conley entered the 

restaurant, accompanied by about four other females. Various of these persons 

pushed Tina down in her booth, held her down, and hit her. The complaint did not 

 

3

 I recognize that appellate briefing is not routine work for most assistant district 

attorneys in Wisconsin. But I inform or remind counsel for the State that in appeals the names of 

victims are generally redacted by counsel and the court through use of pseudonyms of some kind. 

See WIS. STAT. RULE 809.86(4). 
No. 2019AP902-CR

4

allege a specific role for Conley in this activity in the restaurant, only that she was 

present before Tina was attacked. 

¶9 The criminal complaint identified the victim of both batteries as 

Tina, with one battery occurring in the parking lot of the restaurant and the other 

occurring inside the restaurant. But the complaint did not specify a location or 

victim for the disorderly conduct. 

¶10 The parties entered into a plea agreement. The State agreed to move 

to dismiss the two battery charges and Conley entered a no contest plea to 

disorderly conduct. The court accepted the plea as proposed by the parties, 

including following a joint recommendation that the court order a $100 fine plus 

costs and assessments as the sentence. 

¶11 During the plea and sentencing hearing, the circuit court informed 

Conley: “the charge at Count 3 alleges on or about October 17, 2016, in the City 

of Madison, ... you engaged in disorderly conduct under circumstances in which 

such conduct tended to cause a disturbance.”4 The court confirmed personally 

with Conley that she had gone over a plea questionnaire and waiver of rights form 

with her attorney and had then signed the plea form.

5

 Conley’s attorney told the 

 

4

 The charging paragraph of count 3 of the criminal complaint, to which the court 

referred at the plea hearing but did not quote in full, used language from WIS. STAT. § 947.01(1), 

which provides in its entirety:

Whoever, in a public or private place, engages in violent, 

abusive, indecent, profane, boisterous, unreasonably loud or 

otherwise disorderly conduct under circumstances in which the 

conduct tends to cause or provoke a disturbance is guilty of a 

Class B misdemeanor.

5

 The plea form bears signatures for both trial counsel and Conley. It states in pertinent 

part that Conley had completed 14 years of schooling, and it had a checked box indicating: “I do 

understand the charge(s) to which I am pleading.” However, left blank on the plea form is the 

(continued)
No. 2019AP902-CR

5

court that she was satisfied that Conley understood possible defenses that Conley

might have to the disorderly conduct charge and that Conley was entering the plea 

voluntarily, intelligently, and with understanding. Both Conley’s attorney and

Conley personally confirmed that the court could rely on the allegations in the 

complaint to provide an adequate factual basis for the plea. 

¶12 After the court accepted the plea, counsel for both sides briefly 

urged the court to adopt the joint sentencing recommendation. In making a brief 

sentencing argument, Conley’s counsel told the court that, “from [Conley’s]

perspective,” the “events that happened in the car”—a reference to the alleged 

attack in the car—“was absolutely a mutual fight. Both women came away with 

injur[ies] from that altercation.” 

¶13 Represented by new counsel, Conley filed the motion for 

postconviction relief at issue in this appeal. She requested an evidentiary hearing. 

Conley claimed that the plea-taking court failed to “determine that the plea [was]

made voluntarily with [Conley’s] understanding of the nature of the charge,” as 

required by WIS. STAT. § 971.08(1)(a), and also that at the time of the plea Conley

“did not know that the State would have to prove that her conduct had a tendency 

to disrupt good order and to provoke a disturbance.” Conley also alleged that her 

trial counsel provided ineffective assistance because she did not move to dismiss 

 

portion that allows the defendant and counsel to state the elements of the offense or to indicate 

that counsel had explained the elements to the defendant. Further, neither the court, defense 

counsel, nor the prosecutor ever per se delineated the two elements of disorderly conduct during 

the course of the plea hearing. See City of Oak Creek v. King, 148 Wis. 2d 532, 540, 436 

N.W.2d 285 (1989) (the two elements are (1) “the conduct must be of the type enumerated in the 

statute or similar thereto in having a tendency to disrupt good order,” and (2) “the conduct must 

be engaged in under circumstances which tend to cause or provoke a disturbance.”). 
No. 2019AP902-CR

6

the disorderly conduct charge on the ground that the charge was unconstitutionally 

vague and duplicitous.

6

 

¶14 The circuit court granted Conley’s request for an evidentiary 

hearing. At the hearing, Conley waived her right to maintain the attorney-client 

privilege and her trial counsel testified. Most pertinent to this appeal, trial counsel 

testified in part as follows regarding her pre-plea discussions with Conley: 

Q. [Trial counsel], do you recall what you [told] Ms. 

Conley when describing what conduct constituted 

the disorderly conduct charge?

A. Ms. Conley and I had had several conversations just 

about the case in general, but specifically about if 

the case were to resolve with a plea to disorderly 

conduct could there be an agreement about what 

conduct could have formed the basis for a 

disorderly conduct charge if she was going to plea 

to it. My memory of the events in my conversations 

with Ms. Conley is that she agreed that she engaged 

in a mutual fight and that that was what she was 

prepared to stipulate to as far as forming the factual 

basis for disorderly conduct. 

¶15 Conley did not testify. She submitted an affidavit that made the 

following broad averment without elaboration: “Neither my attorney or the Court 

explained to me at the time what disorderly conduct meant or what the State would 

have been required to prove at trial to conclude that my conduct was disorderly.” 

¶16 The circuit court denied the motion. The court concluded in 

pertinent part that Conley “understood the nature of the crime” and “the elements 

the State would have to prove to convict her at trial.” The court also stated that 

 

6

 Conley purported to raise other arguments in the postconviction motion, but she has 

abandoned the other arguments in this appeal.
No. 2019AP902-CR

7

“the charge of disorderly conduct at count 3 was not duplicitous of the two battery 

charges.” 

DISCUSSION

¶17 I first address the main thrust of Conley’s argument, which is that 

her plea was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary because she did not 

understand the nature of the crime to which she entered a plea of no contest. Then 

I address the portion of her main argument or additional argument concerning 

duplicity, as best I understand it.

¶18 “When a defendant seeks to withdraw a guilty plea after sentencing, 

he [or she] must prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that a refusal to allow 

withdrawal of the plea would result in ‘manifest injustice.’” State v. Brown, 2006 

WI 100, ¶18, 293 Wis. 2d 594, 716 N.W.2d 906 (quoted source omitted). One 

way for a defendant to meet this burden is to show that he or she did not enter the 

plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Id.

¶19 If a defendant makes a prima facie case showing that the circuit 

court failed to comply with WIS. STAT. § 971.08 or other mandatory procedures 

and also alleges that he or she did not “know or understand the information which 

should have been provided at the plea hearing, the burden will then shift to the 

state to show by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant’s plea was 

knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently entered, despite the inadequacy of the 

record at the time” the plea was accepted. Bangert, 131 Wis. 2d at 274. As noted 

above, one requirement of § 971.08 is that the circuit court “[a]ddress the 

defendant personally and determine that the plea is made voluntarily with 

understanding of the nature of the charge.” Sec. 971.08(1)(a). 
No. 2019AP902-CR

8

¶20 Our supreme court has summarized the standards of review in this 

context as follows:

A circuit court’s decision [as to whether] to permit the 

withdrawal of a plea is ordinarily a matter of the circuit 

court’s discretion, and we therefore review the circuit 

court’s determination under an erroneous exercise of 

discretion standard. Further, we recognize that in accepting 

a plea, the circuit court must make findings of fact. We do 

not disturb a circuit court’s findings of fact, except in 

situations where those findings are contrary to the great 

weight and clear preponderance of the evidence. 

Therefore, “we must ensure that the circuit court’s 

determination was made upon the facts of record and in 

reliance on the appropriate and applicable law.”

State v. Cain, 2012 WI 68, ¶20, 342 Wis. 2d 1, 816 N.W.2d 177 (citations 

omitted). However, when the defendant establishes that a plea is “constitutionally 

infirm,” the circuit court must allow the plea to be withdrawn as a matter of right. 

See id., ¶21. Review is not limited to record of the plea and sentencing hearing, 

but instead courts are to consider the “totality of the circumstances” as reflected in 

the entire record. See id., ¶¶29, 31.

Analysis

¶21 I assume without deciding that Conley made a prima facie case 

showing that the circuit court failed to comply with WIS. STAT. § 971.08(1)(a) in

accepting Conley’s plea. Separately, however, considering the record as a whole, 

I conclude that the State showed by clear and convincing evidence that Conley’s 

plea was knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently entered and that the circuit court 

did not clearly err in making the postconviction finding that Conley understood the 

nature of the crime. Record evidence in support of my conclusion is ample and 

includes the following.
No. 2019AP902-CR

9

¶22 Conley had 14 years of formal education and the transcript does not 

reflect that she expressed any confusion during the plea and sentencing hearing. 

Further, at the postconviction hearing she showed that she was able and willing to 

express confusion in the courtroom. She expressed confusion in connection with 

her right to waive her right to maintain the confidentiality of attorney-client 

information, and the court appeared to dispel her confusion by explaining pertinent 

legal concepts. 

¶23 Conley told the court at the time of the plea that it could rely on the 

allegations in the criminal complaint. Those allegations are clear and internally 

consistent. In particular, the alleged attack in the car described in the complaint is 

easily understood as portraying violent and abusive conduct tending to cause or 

provoke a disturbance. Conley does not now point to any divergence between, on 

the one hand, the ordinary, commonly understood meaning of the words “violent,” 

“abusive,” or “disturbance,” and on the other hand any case law interpretations of 

those words in WIS. STAT. § 947.01(1). Conley asserts ambiguously that “[t]he 

disorderly conduct charge is just all over the place,” but she fails to support the 

assertion. Related concepts are further addressed below in connection with her 

purported duplicity argument. 

¶24 Further, there are the following facts: (1) Conley represented on the 

plea form, “I do understand the charge(s) to which I am pleading”; (2) Conley’s 

trial counsel told the plea-taking court that she was satisfied that Conley 

understood any possible defenses she might have to the disorderly conduct charge 

and that Conley was entering the plea voluntarily, intelligently, and with 

understanding; and (3) both Conley’s counsel and Conley personally confirmed 
No. 2019AP902-CR

10

that the court could rely on the allegations in the complaint to provide an adequate 

factual basis for the plea to disorderly conduct.7

¶25 Further, trial counsel testified at the evidentiary hearing on the 

postconviction motion that she and Conley had multiple relevant conversations, 

during the course of which Conley “agreed that she engaged in a mutual fight”—

meaning the alleged attack in the car—“and that that was what she was prepared to 

stipulate to as far as forming the factual basis for disorderly conduct.”8

¶26 Conley asserts on appeal that “she was led to believe that she lacked 

a defense to the disorderly conduct charge.” It is not clear what she means by this. 

If she means that her trial counsel misled her into thinking that she did not have a 

possible defense that the alleged attack in the car was in fact a “mutual fight,” she 

completely fails to support this assertion. That is, she fails to point to any 

suggestion in the record that she was misled about any potential defense she might 

have. Indeed, defense counsel specifically informed the court at the time of the 

plea that counsel had gone over potential defenses with Conley. If, in contrast, she 

 

7

I have no reason to resolve the dispute on appeal about whether, under such precedent 

as State v. Trochinski, 2002 WI 56, ¶¶20, 29, 253 Wis. 2d 38, 644 N.W.2d 891, the plea-taking 

court was obligated to address the elements of disorderly conduct or at least obtain more 

information about Conley’s knowledge of the elements. Instead, I focus on record facts that 

could support or undermine the circuit court’s finding that Conley in fact understood the nature of 

the crime at the time of the plea. See State v. Bangert, 131 Wis. 2d 246, 274, 389 N.W.2d 12 

(1986).

8

 In Conley’s brief to the circuit court following the evidentiary hearing on the 

postconviction motion, her argument was that it was unclear whether, in making her plea, she was 

“admitting that she had been disorderly in the parking lot or inside the restaurant?” The record 

provides the answer: in the car in the parking lot. The circuit court could reasonably have 

deduced this from both trial counsel’s sentencing argument about the “events that happened in the 

car” being “a mutual fight,” and from the testimony of trial counsel that she and Conley agreed 

that the factual basis for the plea was “the mutual fight.”
No. 2019AP902-CR

11

means to make an argument based on the concept of duplicity in charging by the 

State, I address that idea below. 

¶27 Conley suggests that it is significant that trial counsel testified at the 

postconviction hearing that she did not specifically go over the jury instruction for 

disorderly conduct with Conley. However, trial counsel also testified that she has 

represented criminal defendants for 15 years, which naturally included

representing prior clients who entered pleas to the high volume charge of 

disorderly conduct. The circuit court could reasonably have relied on this 

testimony to find that highly experienced trial counsel did not need to consult the 

jury instruction on this occasion in order to accurately explain to Conley the nature 

of the very familiar charge in the context of the potential evidence in this case.

¶28 Conley argues that the record reflects that she particularly lacked an 

understanding of the phrase that I now emphasize from WIS. STAT. § 947.01(1): 

“engages in violent, abusive, indecent, profane, boisterous, unreasonably loud or 

otherwise disorderly conduct.” See State v. Givens, 28 Wis. 2d 109, 115, 135 

N.W.2d 780 (1965) (interpreting the phrase “otherwise disorderly conduct” in 

§ 947.01(1) (1963-64) (current statutory language unchanged since 1963-64) to 

mean “conduct of a type not previously enumerated [e.g., “violent, abusive,” etc.] 

but similar thereto in having a tendency to disrupt good order and to provoke a 

disturbance.”). There are at least two problems with this “otherwise disorderly” 

argument. First, there is no specific evidence that trial counsel did not explain to 

Conley the meaning of “otherwise disorderly,” apart from the blanket, conclusory 

assertion in Conley’s postconviction affidavit that nothing whatsoever was 

explained to her, an averment that the circuit court had a reasonable basis to 
No. 2019AP902-CR

12

reject.

9

 Second, Conley fails to develop an argument that the meaning of 

“otherwise disorderly” mattered to the nature of the charge here as the charge was 

referred to at the plea and sentencing hearing and at the postconviction motion 

hearing. As noted above, the complaint plainly alleged violent and abusive 

conduct in the form of the alleged attack in the car. Further, the circuit court made 

no reference to “otherwise disorderly conduct” at the plea and sentencing hearing.

Duplicity

¶29 Turning to Conley’s assertion that “the charge was duplicitous,” I 

could reject this aspect of the argument as undeveloped. It is not referred to in any 

section heading of Conley’s briefing on appeal, but instead is alluded to in the 

course of a single argument in a confusing manner. In any case, however, I now 

attempt to summarize the argument and why I reject it.

¶30 Conley may mean to suggest the following argument. It was 

impossible for Conley to have understood the nature of the charge to which she 

entered a plea because the complaint described two or more separate incidents of 

disorderly conduct and at the time of the plea no one explained which one Conley

was pleading to. See State v. Lomagro, 113 Wis. 2d 582, 586-87, 335 N.W.2d 

583 (1983) (duplicity doctrine implicates constitutional due process rights of 

defendants, such as the right to notice of the charge, jury unanimity, and the ability 

 

9

 Conley also fails to explain why the conduct that the complaint attributes to her 

regarding the alleged attack in the car would not, in addition to being “violent” and “abusive,” 

separately fall within the “otherwise disorderly” conduct defined in State v. Givens, 28 Wis. 2d 

109, 115, 135 N.W.2d 780 (1965), as conduct that would have “a tendency to disrupt good order 

and to provoke a disturbance.” 
No. 2019AP902-CR

13

to avoid double jeopardy, and involves the State charging “joining in a single 

count ... two or more separate offenses.”).

10

¶31 If this is Conley’s argument, it is easily resolved based on record 

evidence that the circuit court could reasonably rely on. This notably includes the 

testimony of trial counsel highlighted above, which the circuit court clearly 

credited. To repeat, when asked what trial counsel and Conley had discussed that 

“constituted the disorderly conduct charge,” trial counsel explained that they 

agreed that the alleged attack in the car could constitute disorderly conduct. 

Consistent with this, trial counsel’s brief sentencing argument focused on the 

alleged attack in the car. Thus, there is a solid basis to support a finding that 

Conley understood the nature of the crime to which she entered the plea, namely, 

her conduct in the alleged attack in the car, which was plainly alleged to have been

violent and abusive conduct under circumstances in which such conduct tended to 

cause a disturbance.

¶32 Conley does not argue that there was not a sufficient factual basis for 

the plea. To the contrary, she essentially suggests that the complaint alleged an 

excess of factual basis, because she could have been charged based on the 

allegations in the complaint with multiple counts of disorderly conduct. But even 

if that is true, the possibility of multiple disorderly conduct charges is irrelevant. 

 

10

 I need not delve further into the substance of the duplicity doctrine given my basis for 

resolving this issue. But I briefly note for context the general rule that, if the defendant’s actions 

may be properly viewed as one continuing offense, then it is up to the State whether to charge one 

continuous offense, a single offense, or a series of offenses, although the State’s discretion is 

limited by the purposes of the prohibition against duplicity. See State v. Lomagro, 113 Wis. 2d 

582, 588, 335 N.W.2d 583 (1983). For reasons explained in the text, I need not decide whether 

the entire course of conduct by Conley alleged in the complaint could have been charged as a 

single episode of disorderly conduct and presented as such to a jury. 
No. 2019AP902-CR

14

The fact remains that the circuit court had a reasonable basis to find that she 

entered a plea based on her role in the alleged attack in the car. Further, the circuit 

court had an ample basis in the record to reasonably find that Conley was aware at 

the time of the plea that she was giving up her right to present at a trial any 

defense to the effect that she did not intentionally and unjustifiably contribute to a 

violent, abusive disturbance through her conduct in the alleged attack in the car. 

¶33 Conley alludes to the concept of constitutional vagueness, but I need 

not summarize aspects of that doctrine. Conley does not begin to develop an 

argument that the complaint’s allegations regarding Conley’s role in the alleged 

attack in the car could not be easily understood to fall within the definition of 

disorderly conduct. 

¶34 Conley asserts that trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for 

failing to recognize that “the charge was duplicitous,” but I discern no content to 

this argument that I have not rejected for reasons explained above. Ineffective 

assistance of counsel can constitute a manifest injustice entitling a defendant to 

plea withdrawal, see State v. Berggren, 2009 WI App 82, ¶10, 320 Wis. 2d 209, 

769 N.W.2d 110, but an attorney does not perform deficiently by failing to make a 

losing argument. See State v. Toliver, 187 Wis. 2d 346, 360, 523 N.W.2d 113 (Ct.

App. 1994). I cannot discern what duplicity-related argument Conley now posits 

that trial counsel should have made and failed to make. Given Conley’s lack of 

clarity on the issue, I can only assume that whatever argument she has in mind 

would have been a losing one. 

¶35 For all these reasons, I conclude that Conley has not met her burden 

of showing by clear and convincing evidence that permitting withdrawal of her no 
No. 2019AP902-CR

15

contest plea is necessary to correct a manifest injustice. See Cain, 342 Wis. 2d 1, 

¶20. 

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.

RULE 809.23(1)(b)4.