ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

San Francisco Division

AJY INTERNATIONAL, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

PALDO CO., LTD.,

Defendant.

Case No. 17-cv-00744-VC (LB)

DISCOVERY ORDER

[Re: ECF No. 80–81]

INTRODUCTION

This is a discovery dispute. The underlying lawsuit is centrally one for breach of contract; it 

grows from the breakdown of a food distributorship.1Plaintiff AJY International, Inc. was a U.S. 

distributor of food products made by defendant Paldo Co., Ltd. The parties both claim (among 

other things) that the other breached the distributorship agreement. This discovery dispute 

involves only Paldo’s counterclaims against AJY and its president, Kue Yeup Ji. For present 

purposes, it is enough to note two specific components of Paldo’s counterclaims. First, Paldo

alleges that AJY and Mr. Ji are alter egos, so that Mr. Ji should be held personally responsible for 

 

1

See generally 2nd Am. Compl. – ECF No. 72; Answer to 2nd Am. Compl. – ECF No. 75; Jt. CaseMgmt. Stmt. – ECF No. 63 at 3–8. Record citations refer to material in the Electronic Case File 

(―ECF‖); pinpoint citations are to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of documents.
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 2

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AJY’s liabilities.2Second, Paldo seeks to extend a constructive trust over both the goods that it 

sold to AJY for distribution, and the proceeds that AJY derived from selling those goods.3

According to his attorney, Mr. Ji ―has control over all AJY’s documents.‖4Furthermore, the 

disputed requests to AJY and Mr. Ji cover the same topics. For simplicity, then, this order often 

refers to AJY and Mr. Ji as the ―plaintiffs.‖ The parties’ discovery dispute is spread across two 

joint-discovery letters and concerns various Requests for Production that Paldo has made to 

support its counterclaims.5

ANALYSIS

1. Financial Condition — Assets and Liabilities

1.1 The Parties’ Dispute

The parties’ first issue mostly asks whether Paldo can discover information revealing AJY’s 

and Mr. Ji’s financial condition — their assets and liabilities. Paldo says that this information is 

relevant to its alter-ego allegations and its constructive-trust claim. The plaintiffs deny this. They 

say that their financial condition has ―no bearing‖ on any party’s ―claims or defenses.‖ This 

includes Paldo’s constructive-trust counterclaim, the plaintiffs say, because that claim can reach 

only ―properties wrongfully withheld by AJY, not AJY’s own assets and properties.‖ They also 

argue that inquiring into their financial condition would violate their right to privacy under the 

California constitution. This issue involves Paldo’s RFPs ## 24–26, 30–38, 41, 53–54, and 58.

1.2 Topical Holdings

1.2.1 This material is mostly discoverable

The court comes down somewhere between the parties. Paldo’s requests mostly seek 

discoverable information. The plaintiffs’ most generic defense — in essence, that financial-

 

2 Answer to 2nd Am. Compl. – ECF No. 75 at 22–31 (¶¶ 3–6).

3

Id. at 36–41 (¶¶ 42–46).

4 ECF No. 81 at 4.

5

See generally ECF Nos. 80–81.
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 3

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condition discovery is not generally relevant to liability, and so is usually disallowed — is 

unavailing. The cases they cite cast doubt on the propriety of assets discovery when it is sought for 

the generic purpose of determining the defendant’s ability to pay an eventual award. See 

Chenoweth v. Schaaf, 98 F.R.D. 587, 588–90 (W.D. Pa. 1983); E.E.O.C. v. Giumarra Vineyards 

Corp., 2012 WL 393333, *3 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2012). That financial-condition discovery is usually 

not allowed for that purpose is uncontroversial.

Here, however, the state of the plaintiffs’ assets and liabilities is tied to specific, substantive, 

joined issues. More precisely, evidence of AJY’s and Mr. Ji’s assets and liabilities may impact 

Paldo’s alter-ego allegations6; and Paldo’s constructive-trust claim, for its part, puts into question 

whether its products were sold and converted into other assets. The latter is the question of 

―tracing proceeds‖ in constructive-trust law, and it merits the following, slightly more specific 

observations.

1.2.2 Constructive trusts and proceeds

To the extent that the plaintiffs sold Paldo’s products and converted them into other assets 

(money or subsequent investments), documents that may reveal such conversions are plainly

discoverable. It is a rudiment of constructive-trust law that the aggrieved constructive beneficiary 

(here, Paldo) can ask the court to extend a constructive trust over, not only the original items, but 

also any proceeds that the constructive trustee (the plaintiffs) gained from disposing of those 

items. See, e.g., Heckmann v. Ahmanson, 168 Cal. App. 3d 119, 136 (1985) (―[T]he remedy of 

constructive trust is defeated if plaintiffs are unable to trace the trust property into its succeeding 

transfigurements.‖) (citing authorities). 

 

6

Paldo’s counterclaim makes basic familiar alter-ego allegations. That counterclaim alleges, for 

example, that AJY was ―inadequately capitalized‖; that Mr. Ji ―diverted [AJY’s] corporate assets‖; and 

that AJY and Mr. Ji ―ignored corporate formalities‖ and ―commingled their assets.‖ (2nd Am. Answer 

– ECF No. 75 at 22–23( ¶¶ 4–5)). These allegations will inform the court’s specific holdings. See Part 

1.3, infra.
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 4

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Here, in its constructive-trust counterclaim, Paldo expressly pleads its right to such proceeds.7

If Paldo prevails on that claim, it will be able to recover, not only the products that it originally 

sold the plaintiffs, but also the proceeds gained when those goods were sold, and anything that was 

bought with that money. To trace its products through those ―succeeding transfigurements,‖ 

though, it must have the appropriate discovery.

1.2.3 Privacy

The California-constitutional right to privacy does not bar Paldo from discovering the 

requested information. One illustrative case will show this. In Valley Bank of Nevada v. Superior 

Court of San Joaquin County, 15 Cal.3d 652 (1975), on first impression, California’s high court 

allowed discovery of bank customers’ ―allegedly confidential information.‖ Id. at 655–59. In so 

doing, the Valley Bank court considered the effect of the state-constitutional privacy right — and 

decided that it did not bar the requested discovery. Id.

Several points may be made. All of them show that the plaintiffs in this case cannot invoke the 

state privacy right to avoid discovery. First, in Valley Bank, the defendant bank was being asked to 

turn over its customers’ information — not its own. One might fairly expect the courts to apply the 

constitutional privacy right more stringently when it is being used to defend absent third parties. 

Something like a loose a fortiori principle then suggests that, if state-constitutional privacy did not 

bar the production of the bank customers’ information in Valley Bank, then — all else being equal 

— it does not bar the production of the plaintiffs’ own financial information here. Furthermore, as 

numerous California cases instruct, the state-constitutional right to privacy is ―balanced‖ against 

the need for legitimate discovery. See, e.g., id. The plaintiffs here do not attempt such a balancing 

analysis. They merely touch the privacy right like an amulet. But — as the very existence of a 

balancing test confirms — there is no absolute privacy right, whose mere invocation will snuff out 

civil discovery. Thus the unanimous, in-bank California Supreme Court could write:

[W]e readily acknowledge that relevant bank customer information should not be 

wholly privileged and insulated from scrutiny by civil litigants. The Legislature has 

 

7 E.g., ECF No. 75 at 36 (¶ 43).
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 5

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not so directed, and in expressing a contrary position we said in In re 

Lifschutz (1970) 2 Cal.3d 415, 425, ―In order to facilitate the ascertainment of truth 

and the just resolution of legal claims, the state clearly exerts a justifiable interest in 

requiring a businessman to disclose communications, confidential or otherwise, 

relevant to pending litigation.‖

Valley Bank at 657–58. (parallel citations omitted).

An additional, independent flaw infects the plaintiffs’ privacy argument — so far as it concerns 

AJY specifically. Corporations do not enjoy the California-constitutional privacy right. E.g., 

Valdez v. Travelers Indemn. Co. of Conn., 2013 WL 3989583, *6 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2013); SCC 

Acquisitions, Inc. v. Superior Court of Orange County, 243 Cal. App. 4th 741, 755–56 (2015) 

(―We conclude [that] corporations do not have a right of privacy protected by the California 

Constitution. . . . [T]he constitutional provision simply does not apply to corporations.‖) (footnote 

and quotation omitted).

Last in this vein, the parties have entered into a general protective order to safeguard 

confidential information that is produced in this case.8That should allay any privacy concerns.

1.3 Specific Holdings by RFP

With these topical considerations in mind, the court reaches the following specific holdings on 

the disputed RFPs. Paldo mostly asks for information that can be discovered — particularly given 

its alter-ego allegations and constructive-trust counterclaim. The following requests are thus 

permitted as written: RFP ## 24–26, 30, 31–38, 41, 53–54. RFP #58 is disallowed. It is unclear 

what is meant by the ―attribution of conduct by AJY before it legally existed.‖ And it is equally 

unclear what issue this material pertains to.

2. Tax Returns, Bank Statements, Balance Sheets

AJY next objects to Paldo’s request that it produce its tax returns, bank statements, and balance 

sheets.9(AJY has listed the disputed documents on a privilege log.10) It argues that the material 

 

8 ECF No. 74.

9 ECF No. 80 at 2–4.

10 ECF No. 80-3.
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 6

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need not be produced because it is both irrelevant and privileged. The court disagrees. Other 

courts in sufficiently similar contexts have reliably rejected the arguments that AJY makes. Those 

arguments are non-starters in this case, too; and, for the reasons given below, the court holds that 

the information is subject to discovery.

2.1 The Material is Relevant

The information that Paldo seeks is relevant to the parties’ competing claims for lost profits11

and to Paldo’s alter-ego allegations. See, e.g., Valdez, 2013 WL 3989583 at *4. The Valdez court 

held that, by claiming ―lost . . . profits,‖ ―loss of [statutory] benefits,‖ and ―other consequential 

damages,‖ the plaintiffs had ―placed their financial condition at issue.‖ Id. This made their 

―financial statements, tax returns,‖ and other ―related documents‖ — such as ―profits and loss 

statements, bank account statements, loan and line of credit statements‖ — ―relevant for purposes 

of discovery.‖ Id. at *3–4. This court thinks that the competing lost-profits allegations make AJY’s 

tax returns, bank statements, and balance sheets equally relevant here.12

The requested information is also potentially relevant to Paldo’s alter-ego allegations. This, on 

the same reasoning that the court gave in Part 1, supra. See Del Campo v. Am. Corrective 

Counseling Servs., Inc., 2008 WL 4858502, *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2008) (―The financial 

documents Plaintiffs seek are relevant to determine whether the entity Defendants were merely 

alter egos of [the individual defendants].‖).

The court does not mean to suggest that this material may not be relevant to other issues.

 

11 See 2nd Am. Compl. – ECF No. 72 at 5–6, 12–13 (¶¶ 21, 32–33, 61, prayer items 4–5); Answer to 

2nd Am. Compl. – ECF No. 75 at 41–42 (¶¶ 46, prayer item 6).

12 The court does not suggest that the mere assertion of a damages claim will always make a plaintiff’s 

financial condition relevant for discovery. Pure physical-injury torts, for example, may not entail that 

conclusion. The court holds only that, in this case, which rests centrally upon product sales, the profits 

associated with those sales, and the fate of sale proceeds (see, supra, note 11), the plaintiff’s financial 

condition is sufficiently relevant to open the requested information to discovery.
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 7

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2.2 The (Phantom?) Tax-Return Privilege

Even if the material is relevant, AJY next argues, it is privileged. Again, the court is not 

persuaded. With respect to the requested tax returns (items 18–41 on the privilege log), AJY 

argues that they are shielded from discovery by a California tax-return privilege. It locates this 

privilege in California Revenue and Taxation Code § 19282 and one of the cases applying this 

statute, Wilson v. Superior Court of Sacramento County, 63 Cal. App. 3d 825 (1976).13

This supposed privilege does not bar discovery of the material. Or, rather, the alleged privilege 

does not appear to exist.

The California tax-return privilege was derived from a provision in § 19282 that made it a 

misdemeanor for the Franchise Tax Board to disclose a tax return. See, e.g., Schnabel v. Superior 

Court of Orange County, 5 Cal. 4th 704, 719 (1993) (citing Webb v. Standard Oil Co., 49 Cal. 2d 

509, 512 (1957)). That provision was repealed from the statute in 1993; it is no longer part of 

§ 19282. See Cal. Rev. & Tax. Code § 19282. AJY takes no account of this development. (Nor 

does Paldo — or, for that matter, some post-1993 cases that discuss the doubtful privilege. See 

Fortunato v. Superior Court, 114 Cal. App. 4th 475, 489 (2003).) With its statutory anchor 

removed, it is far from clear that the tax-return privilege continues to exist.

Even as it formerly existed, though, the privilege would not have barred Paldo’s requested 

discovery. The privilege was ―not absolute.‖ E.g., Schnabel, 5 Cal. 4th at 721. It could be 

overcome in several situations. See id. One being where the needs of civil discovery compelled the 

conclusion that the privilege had been waived or otherwise surmounted. See id.; see also Valdez, 

2013 WL 3989583 at *5 (plaintiff’s lost-profits claim effected waiver of privilege, or gave 

―sufficient basis for compelling the production of the tax returns‖) (citing cases). Particularly 

where the requested information is covered by a protective order, as it would be here, the claimed 

privilege would not exempt the material from discovery. 

 

13 ECF No. 80-3 at 5–10. 
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 8

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2.3 Privacy — Bank Statements and Balance Sheets

Finally in this area, in withholding the requested bank statements and balance sheets (items 

42–123 on the privilege log), AJY invokes its ―Privacy rights‖ under the California constitution.14

This objection is without merit. Again, corporations do not enjoy this right. E.g., Valdez, 2013 

WL 3989583 at *6; SCC Acquisitions, 243 Cal. App. 4th at 755–56. Furthermore, the legitimate 

needs of discovery in this case would outweigh the privacy interest. See, e.g., Valley Bank, 15 

Cal.3d at 655–59.And, again, the protective order provides a backstop against which AJY’s 

privacy arguments fail.15

3. Further Identifying Withheld Material

The parties’ next dispute is vaguer. Here, Paldo complains that AJY and Mr. Ji have withheld 

additional documents that may respond to Paldo’s requests, but have not adequately identified 

those documents so that their responsiveness can be assessed.16 AJY responds that it has 

sufficiently described all the material that it has withheld (as privileged or non-responsive) ―in [its] 

Initial Disclosure and [in] the privilege log.‖17 Beyond the financial information covered by the 

privilege log (which the court has already addressed), the withheld material seems to also include 

Mr. Ji’s ―income and asset information,‖ his tax returns, his ―personal‖ information, and 

―corporate resolutions relating to AJY’s assets and transactions between AJY and Mr. Ji.‖18 The 

plaintiffs argue that they need not more specifically identify the items that they have declined to 

produce.

The court has essentially two responses to this. First, if the withheld information is within the 

topical scope of material that this order has already deemed discoverable, then of course the 

 

14 ECF No. 80-3 at 10–20.

15 The court expresses no opinion on the items in AJY’s privilege log that are allegedly protected by 

the attorney-client privilege or the attorney-work-product doctrine. See (ECF No. 80-3 at 2–5 [items 1–

17].) The parties’ joint letter doesn’t address these issues.

16 ECF No. 80 at 4–5.

17 Id. at 5.

18 See id. at 4–5.
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 9

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plaintiffs must produce it. This includes all the financial information that the court has deemed 

relevant and subject to discovery; and it applies to both AJY and Mr. Ji. Second, while the court 

understands the plaintiffs’ argument, no party has the unilateral right to finally decide which 

information is or is not responsive. Most of the time, of course, the court can do little or nothing in 

the face of a party’s averment that it has produced everything it has that responds to a given 

request, and that no further material exists. But, if there are known documents that are being 

withheld, then the requesting party has some right to have the court (and not just its adversary) 

finally decide whether that material can be kept back. If the parties cannot agree on further 

identifying the withheld information, and mutually deciding whether it is responsive, then they 

may submit the challenged material to the court for inspection and decision.

4. Information Specific to Mr. Ji

The parties’ last disagreement involves information related specifically to Mr. Ji (rather than to 

AJY).19 Here, again, Paldo has asked for, and Mr. Ji has refused to produce, certain material. 

These requests mostly travel the same ground as the requests to AJY. (They thus mostly ask for 

Mr. Ji’s financial information.) Mr. Ji has objected to these requests on grounds that this order has 

already addressed. That is to say, he argues that the requested material is irrelevant, is 

disproportionate to the needs of the case, violates his state-constitutional right to privacy, and is 

barred by California’s tax-return privilege.20

The court has already addressed these issues. The decisions above — on relevance, proportion, 

privacy, and the tax-return privilege — apply with no important change to Mr. Ji. None of these 

objections defeats Paldo’s requests. 

Mr. Ji need not produce any material that AJY has already produced — or that it will produce 

to comply with this order. (Paldo recognizes that its requests to AJY and Mr. Ji overlap. It thus 

 

19 ECF No. 81.

20 See id. at 4–5.
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 10

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agrees that, ―Mr. Ji need not produce documents that AJY has produced.‖21) Mr. Ji need produce 

only responsive material that pertains to himself.

Mr. Ji identifies three requests (RFPs ## 19, 24, and 26) that he says do not duplicate requests 

made to AJY. Request #19 asks for ――all documents relating to and communications about the 

terms of any agreement between [Mr. Ji] and Paldo.‖22 Mr. Ji argues (in sum) that any such 

material is too remote from the contractual dispute (between Paldo and AJY) that is at the heart of 

this lawsuit, so that this request is disproportionate to the needs of this case under Rule 26(b)(1).23

The court thinks that the request is appropriate. Mr. Ji is himself a counterclaim defendant. It is 

conceivable — though it may be near the margins of the plausible — that agreements between him 

personally and Paldo will yield case-relevant information. That said, Paldo should be able to pull 

this information from its own records. If Mr. Ji has documents or communications concerning his 

own agreements with Paldo, that for some reason do not directly involve Paldo (i.e., documents 

and communications between Mr. Ji and third parties), then he must produce those. He need not 

produce documents or communications that are topically responsive to this request, but to which 

Paldo was a party. Again, Paldo should have that material.

Finally, Requests ##24 and 26 ask for documents that will suffice to identify Mr. Ji’s ―assets or 

property,‖ including his ―bank accounts.‖24 To these requests Mr. Ji raises objections that the court 

has already found deficient. He argues that this material is irrelevant ―to any claim or defense in 

this case‖ — including Paldo’s alter-ego allegations. The court disagrees. As it has already 

decided, the court thinks that such material could very well yield information that is relevant to the 

alter-ego allegations. Though, again, the court does not mean to suggest that that is the only issue 

to which such requests might prove relevant.

* * *

 

21 Id. at 5.

22 Id. at 4 (capital letters removed).

23 Id. at 5.

24 See id.
ORDER – No. 17-cv-00744-VC 11

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CONCLUSION

The court thus largely agrees with Paldo. Discovery is ordered according to the preceding 

discussion. This order is stayed until the pending motion to dismiss (ECF No. 82) is resolved. This 

disposes of ECF Nos. 80 and 81.25

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: August 17, 2017

______________________________________

LAUREL BEELER

United States Magistrate Judge

 

25 At the August 17, 2017 hearing on this matter, the plaintiffs stated that they have produced all the 

responsive material that they possess — or have made that material available for inspection and 

copying. Assuming that that is the case, this order may at least serve to define and memorialize the 

parties’ respective discovery rights.