Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida 

Opinion filed October 26, 2022.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

________________

No. 3D22-0447

Lower Tribunal No. 20-26158 CC

________________

Ted & Stan's Towing Service, Inc., et al.,

Petitioners,

vs.

Bulk Express Transport, Inc.,

Respondent.

A Writ of Certiorari to the County Court for Miami-Dade County, Diana 

Gonzalez-Whyte, Judge.

Sastre Saavedra & Epstein, PLLC and Michael A. Sastre and Jordan 

Rosales, for petitioners.

Buchbinder & Elegant, P.A., and Craig B. Shapiro, for respondent.

Before SCALES, LOBREE and BOKOR, JJ. 

LOBREE, J.

In this petition for writ of certiorari, the defendants, Ted & Stan’s 
2

Towing Service, Inc., and Ted and Stan’s LLC (together, “Ted & Stan’s”), ask 

that we quash the trial court’s order requiring production of an incident report 

to the plaintiff, Bulk Express Transport, Inc. (“Bulk Express”), in its underlying 

suit for damage to one of its commercial trucks. Because the work-product 

privilege protects the incident report from production, and Bulk Express did 

not make the prerequisite showing of need and undue hardship to justify 

compelled disclosure under Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.280(b)(4), we 

grant the petition and quash the order.

Bulk Express sued Ted & Stan’s for negligence in towing its 

commercial truck, alleging that the failure to release the truck’s transmission 

resulted in significant damage to it. Ted & Stan’s answered and asserted 

affirmative defenses, including that the truck was damaged by metal coiling 

that had “fouled up the mechanical systems” of the truck before it was towed. 

Bulk Express sought production of “[e]ach document used or relief upon you 

in connection with your Affirmative Defenses” and “[e]ach document that 

mentions, concerns, or refers to any towing of the ‘Vehicle.’” In response to 

Bulk Express’ later motion to compel, Ted & Stan’s filed a privilege log stating 

that its affirmative defenses were pleaded using information from an incident 

report, which was prepared by its named tow-truck driver in anticipation of 

litigation and therefore protected by the work-product doctrine. After a 
3

hearing, the trial court ordered Ted & Stan’s to produce the incident report.

This petition followed.

“Under the work-product doctrine, documents prepared by or on behalf 

of a party in anticipation of litigation are not discoverable.” Marshalls of MA, 

Inc. v. Minsal, 932 So. 2d 444, 446 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (quoting Liberty Mut. 

Fire Ins. Co. v. Kaufman, 885 So. 2d 905, 910 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004)). Accord

Marshalls of M.A., Inc. v. Witter, 186 So. 3d 570, 573 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016)

(“The work-product privilege protects documents and papers of an attorney 

or a party prepared in anticipation of litigation.”). “The rationale supporting 

the work product doctrine is that ‘one party is not entitled to prepare his case 

through the investigative work product of his adversary where the same or 

similar information is available through ordinary investigative techniques and 

discovery procedures.’” DeBartolo-Aventura, Inc. v. Hernandez, 638 So. 2d 

988, 989 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994) (quoting S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Deason, 632 

So. 2d 1377, 1384 (Fla.1994)). “Incident reports, internal investigative 

reports, and information gathered by employees to be used to defend against 

potential litigation are generally protected by the work-product privilege.” 

Witter, 186 So. 3d at 573. “In this district . . . the standard to be applied when 

determining whether an incident report is protected by the work product 

doctrine, is whether the document was prepared in response to some event 
4

which foreseeably could be made the basis of a claim in the future.” Minsal, 

932 So. 2d at 446–47. See GKK v. Cruz, 251 So. 3d 967, 969 n.1 (Fla. 3d 

DCA 2018) (“Documents are prepared in ‘anticipation of litigation’ for 

purposes of the work product doctrine if they were ‘prepared in response to 

some event which foreseeably could be made the basis of a claim in the 

future.’” (quoting id.)).

Under Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.280(b)(4), “a party may only 

obtain materials prepared in anticipation of litigation, ‘upon a showing that 

the party seeking discovery has need of the materials in the preparation of 

the case and is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial 

equivalent of the materials by other means.’” Avatar Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. 

v. Mitchell, 314 So. 3d 640, 642 (Fla. 3d DCA 2021) (quoting Fla. R. Civ. P. 

1.280(b)(4)). Accord Millard Mall Servs., Inc. v. Bolda, 155 So. 3d 1272, 

1274 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (stating that under rule 1.280(b)(4) “the soughtafter documents are not discoverable unless the party can demonstrate a 

two-part showing of (1) particularized need, which includes the determination 

of whether the privileged documentation contains relevant information, and 

(2) the inability to obtain the substantial equivalent without undue hardship”). 

Evidence of need and undue hardship under rule 1.280(b)(4) “must be 

demonstrated by affidavit or other sworn testimony.” Avatar Prop. & Cas. 
5

Ins. Co., 314 So. 3d at 642. “If the moving party fails to show that the 

substantial equivalent of the material cannot be obtained by other means, 

the discovery will be denied.” Millard Mall Servs., 155 So. 3d at 1275.

Our review of the incident report to be produced reflects that it falls 

within the definition of work product. The face of the form reflects that it is 

an incident report for a company called Claims Direct Access, which was

completed by the insured Ted & Stan’s driver for the benefit of its insurer. 

Such a memorialization was “not prepared because of some . . . curiosity 

about” Ted & Stan’s towing of commercial trucks. Witter, 186 So. 3d at 573 

(quoting Publix Super Markets, Inc. v. Anderson, 92 So. 3d 922, 923 (Fla. 

4th DCA 2012)). Rather, the incident report shows on its face that it was 

prepared in response to an event, i.e., an accident involving potential 

damage to a client’s truck, which foreseeably could be made the basis of a 

claim against Ted & Stan’s. Id. Thus, we conclude that the incident report

was created in anticipation of litigation and constitutes Ted & Stan’s work 

product.

As a document protected by the work-product privilege, the incident 

report is subject to production “only upon a particularized showing of need 

satisfying the criteria set forth in” rule 1.280(b)(4). DeBartolo-Aventura, Inc., 

638 So. 2d at 990. Accord Intercontinental Props., Inc. v. Samy, 685 So. 2d 
6

1035, 1036 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997). Bulk Express’ argument at the hearing that 

it needs the report to “test the veracity” of the tow-truck driver were it to 

depose him, falls entirely short of meeting its burden under rule 1.280(b)(4) 

to show need and undue hardship in obtaining the substantial equivalent 

information by other means. “The fact that the incident report might yield 

additional information about the incident is not enough, without more, to 

show ‘undue hardship.’” Id. (quoting DeBartolo-Aventura, Inc. v. Hernandez, 

638 So. 2d at 990).

Because the incident report was prepared in response to an event 

which foreseeably could be made the basis of a claim against Ted & Stan’s, 

and because Bulk Express failed to “satisfy the rigorous prerequisite to 

disclosure” under rule 1.280(b)(4), the trial court’s order compelling 

disclosure was a departure from the essential requirements of the law. 

Avatar Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 314 So. 3d at 642; see also Intercontinental 

Props., Inc., 685 So. 2d at 1036. Accordingly, we grant the petition for writ 

of certiorari, quash the order compelling production of the incident report, 

and remand for further proceedings. 

Petition granted; order quashed.