Slip Op. 05-78

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

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FORMER EMPLOYEES OF MURRAY :

ENGINEERING, INC.,

 : Before: Pogue, Judge 

Plaintiffs,

 : Court No. 03-00219

 v. 

 : 

ELAINE L. CHAO, UNITED STATES 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, :

Defendant. :

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OPINION

[Department of Labor’s determination on remand sustained.]

Dated: June 28, 2005

Ken Walter, Pro Se, for the plaintiffs.

Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; David M. Cohen,

Director, Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Commercial

Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice

(Stephen C. Tosini); Jayant Reddy, Attorney, Of Counsel, Office of

the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor, for the defendant.

Pogue, Judge: In this action, the plaintiffs challenge the

third remand determination of the Department of Labor (“Labor”)

regarding their claim for trade adjustment assistance (“TAA”)

benefits under the Trade Act of 1974, 19 U.S.C. § 2271 - 2395

(2000) (“the Act”). The plaintiffs ask the court to decide whether

the former employees of Murray Engineering, Inc., Complete Design
Court No. 03-00219 Page 2

 

Service (“Murray”) are eligible for TAA benefits pursuant to 19

U.S.C. § 2272 (West Supp. 2005) where (a) Murray’s workers produced

designs for dies, and (b) even though there have been no increased

imports of designs themselves, Murray’s customers may have imported

articles that are in the design’s chain of production, such as dies

made from Murray’s designs, parts or machinery made from such dies,

and machinery produced from such dies or parts, which may have

ended up in constructed automobiles. The court affirms Labor’s

negative determination on remand that, to the extent that there

were imports of articles in the designs’ chain of production, such

articles were not “directly competitive” with the designs

themselves. 

BACKGROUND

Kenneth Walter was an employee of Murray, a Michigan

corporation that creates designs to make machines, tools, gauges,

dies, molds, and fixtures for hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical, and

electrical systems (“dies”) used in the manufacture of certain

automotive products. Murray Engineering, Inc. Complete Design

Service, Flint, Michigan, 69 Fed. Reg. 52,935, 52,935 (Dep’t Labor

Aug. 30, 2004) (notice of negative determination on remand)

(“Second Remand Determ.”). On January 15, 2003, Walter filed a
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1Workers are eligible for TAA benefits:

[I]f the Secretary determines that . . . imports of

articles like or directly competitive with articles

produced by [the workers’ firm] . . . have increased;

and . . . the increase in imports . . . contributed

importantly to such workers’ separation . . . and to

the decline in the sales or production of such firm . .

. . [or] the workers’ firm . . . is a supplier or

downstream producer to a firm . . . that employed a

group of workers who received [TAA certification].

19 U.S.C. § 2272(a), (b).

2Labor first voluntarily remanded this case for further

investigation as to whether the plaintiffs’ company produced an

“article” within the meaning of the Act. See Former Employees of

Murray Eng’g v. United States, 27 CIT __, Slip Op. 03-71, at 1

(June 27, 2003). Labor’s first, voluntary remand determination

was then remanded by the court to investigate “the nature of the

designs produced by Murray, . . . the manner or form in which

these designs are sold as ‘articles,’ and how the plaintiffs’

claim is affected by Murray’s production of designs embodied in

various formats[.]” Former Employees of Murray Eng’g, Inc. v.

Chao, 28 CIT __, __, 346 F. Supp. 2d 1279, 1290 (2004). Labor’s

second remand determination was then remanded by the court once

again to investigate two questions. “First, while designs and

manufactured products are obviously not ‘substantially equivalent

for commercial purposes,’ do designs for heavy machinery

represent an ‘earlier stage of processing’ of the products

manufactured on such machines?” Former Employees of Murray

Eng’g, Inc. v. Chao, 28 CIT __, __, 358 F. Supp. 2d 1269, 1275

(2004). “Second, if designs are an ‘earlier stage of processing’

of manufactured products, does the importation of such

manufactured goods have an economic effect comparable to

importation of articles in the same stage of processing as the

domestic article, i.e., the designs?” Id. Presently before the

court is Labor’s fourth determination; i.e., its third remand

determination. 

petition for TAA benefits on behalf of Murray’s former employees.1

Second Remand Determ. 69 Fed. Reg. at 52,935. Since then, Labor

has made four determinations.2 In its determination after the

third remand, Labor concluded that the workers are not eligible for
Court No. 03-00219 Page 4

 

TAA benefits, because, contrary to the requirements of § 2272(a),

Murray had not moved any design work abroad and imports of articles

like or directly competitive with those produced by the workers had

not increased. Labor also concluded that the workers do not

qualify as adversely affected secondary workers as required under

§ 2272(b). Murray Engineering, Inc. Complete Design Service,

Flint, MI, 70 Fed. Reg. 12,902, 12,902 (Dep’t Labor Mar. 16, 2005)

(notice of negative determination on remand) (“Third Remand

Determ.”).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Title 19 U.S.C. § 2395(b), (c) empowers this Court to review

determinations by the Secretary of Labor finding workers ineligible

for TAA benefits in order to ensure that the determinations are

supported by substantial evidence and are made in accordance with

law. 19 U.S.C. § 2395(b), (c); see also Int’l Union v. Marshall,

584 F.2d 390, 396 n.26 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (“[T]he rulings made on the

basis of those findings [must] be in accordance with the statute

and not be arbitrary and capricious, and for this purpose the law

requires a showing of reasoned analysis.”). 

DISCUSSION

The court finds that Labor properly determined (1) that the

workers do not satisfy § 2272(a)’s requirements that the employer
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3Former employees may also qualify for assistance under §

2272(a) if their firm has moved its own production abroad. Labor

determined after the second remand that Murray did not move any

design work abroad during the relevant time period. Second

Remand Determ., 69 Fed. Reg. at 52,937. Because the plaintiffs

have not disagreed with this finding, the point is not at issue

in this case.

either suffer declining business due to increased imports of

articles like or directly competitive with its own products and (2)

that the workers do not qualify as adversely affected secondary

workers as required by § 2272(b). 

1. Labor Properly Determined That The Workers Do Not Satisfy §

2272(a)’s Requirements That The Employer Suffer Declining

Business Due to Increased Imports Of Articles Like Or

Directly Competitive With Domestic Articles

Labor’s third remand determination focused on evidence of

increased imports of like or directly competitive articles. In

making its determination, Labor referred to its own regulation, 29

C.F.R. § 90.2, for the definition of the term, “like or directly

competitive.” Third Remand Determ., 70 Fed. Reg. at 12,903.3 In

pertinent part, the regulation reads:

Like or directly competitive means that like articles are

those which are substantially identical in inherent or

intrinsic characteristics (i.e., materials from which the

articles are made, appearance, quality, texture, etc.);

and directly competitive articles are those which,

although not substantially identical in their inherent or

intrinsic characteristics, are substantially equivalent

for commercial purposes (i.e., adapted to the same uses

and essentially interchangeable therefor). 

An imported article is directly competitive with a

domestic article at an earlier or later stage of

processing, and a domestic article is directly

competitive with an imported article at an earlier or
Court No. 03-00219 Page 6

 

4The definition of “directly competitive” contained in this

regulation corresponds exactly with the Trade Act of 1974's

definition of “directly competitive” as codified by 19 U.S.C. §

2481(5) (2000). Although Labor neither explained the extent of

imports of articles that are in the chain of production nor

discussed why these possibly imported articles are not “like”

their domestic counterparts, it appears fairly clear from 29

C.F.R. § 90.2 that the workers’ designs are not “substantially

identical in inherent or intrinsic characteristics” when compared

with those possibly imported articles. 

Cases applying this regulation reveal that courts view this

statute as containing two requirements for imported articles to

be considered “directly competitive” with domestic articles. 

See, e.g., Western Conference of Teamsters v. Brock, 13 CIT 169,

178, 709 F. Supp. 1159, 1167 (1989) (“The statutory test is

economic: Articles in different stages of processing are directly

competitive if the economic effect of importation is the same as

if the articles were in the same stage of processing.”). First,

the imported article must be “at an earlier or later stage of

processing” from the domestic article. 19 U.S.C. § 2481(5); 29

C.F.R. § 90.2. Second, the importation of the article must have

“an economic effect on producers of the domestic article

comparable to the effect of importation of articles in the same

stage of processing as the domestic article.” Id. Because both

requirements must be met, courts typically do not address the

second requirement of comparable economic effect if the plaintiff

has not met the first requirement of earlier or later stage of

processing. See, e.g., Brock, 13 CIT at 179, 709 F. Supp. at

1167 (finding that Labor “should have determined if the economic

effect of importation of raw sugar (imported article) is

comparable to the effect of the importation of refined sugar

(domestic article)” because the raw sugar was determined to be

refined sugar at “an earlier stage of processing”) (emphasis in

original).

later stage of processing, if the importation of the

article has an economic effect on producers of the

domestic article comparable to the effect of importation

of articles in the same stage of processing as the

domestic article. 

29 C.F.R. § 90.2 (2003) (emphasis in original).4

As such, Labor explained that the articles that are in the

chain of production are not “directly competitive” with the
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5In the third remand, the court also asked Labor to

determine whether the importation of dies has an economic effect

comparable to the importation of articles in the same stage of

processing as the designs of the dies, if Labor found that

designs are an “earlier stage of processing” of manufactured

dies, parts, or automobiles. Former Employees of Murray Eng’g,

Inc. v. Chao, 28 CIT at __, 358 F. Supp. 2d at 1275. Labor’s

determination that the workers’ designs are not an “earlier stage

of processing” of articles in the design’s chain of production

renders this second question moot. 

6“The legislative history of the Trade Act of 1974 indicates

that the term ‘like or directly competitive’ was used in the same

context as in the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.” United

Steelworkers v. Donovan, 10 CIT 147, 152, 632 F. Supp. 17, 22

(1986) (citing S. Rep. No. 93-1298 (1974), reprinted in 1974

U.S.C.C.A.N. 7186, 7265). A conflict exists between the

legislative history’s examples of articles, which are

“substantially the same,” and the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of

the United States’ (“the HTSUS”) use of the term, “article.” 

The term “earlier or later stage of processing”

contemplates that the article remains substantially the

same during such stages of processing, and is not

wholly transformed into a different article. Thus, for

example, zinc oxide would be zinc ore in a later stage

of processing, since it can be processed directly from

zinc ore. For the same reason, a raw cherry would be a

glace cherry in an earlier stage of processing, and the

workers’ designs for dies, because those designs do not represent

an “earlier stage of processing” of such dies or the products

manufactured on such dies. Third Remand Determ. at 12,903.5 Labor

found that an article at an “earlier stage of processing” than a

finished article may only be “directly competitive” with that

finished article if it remains “substantially the same” during such

stages of processing and is “not wholly transformed into a

different article.” Id. at 12,903 (referring to the legislative

history of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962,6 H.R. Rep. No. 87-1818
Court No. 03-00219 Page 8

 

same is true of a live lamb and dressed lamb meat.

United Steelworkers, 10 CIT at 153, 632 F. Supp. at 22

(quoting H.R. Rep. No. 87-1818 at 24 (1962)).

On the other hand, the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the

United States (“HTSUS”) classifies raw cherries and live lamb as

different articles from glace cherries and dressed lamb meat. 

Cf. Subheadings 0809.20.00 & 0104.10.00, HTSUS with Subheading

2008.60.00 and with Subheading 0204.10.00. The application of

this legislative history also poses interpretative problems. For

example, the Court of International Trade in Gropper v. Donovan

found that domestic fabric for knit fabric garments is not

directly competitive with foreign knit garments. Gropper, 6 CIT

103, 109, 569 F. Supp. 883, 887 (1983). While the legislative

history might suggest that the fabric remained “substantially the

same [article] during [the] stages of processing,” the court,

relying on a case comparing a component part with the finished

article, decided that the fabric was not “directly competitive”

with the finished product. Id. at 108-09, 569 F. Supp. at 887

(citing Morristown Magnavox Former Employees v. Marshall, 671

F.2d 194, 198 (6th Cir. 1982). Yet one may argue that fabric is

as much of a component for knit fabric garments as raw cherries

or live lambs are components of glace cherries or dressed lamb

meat respectively. Much like the legislative history examples,

the fabric constitutes a major percentage of its end product. In

fact, knit fabric garments may even retain the physical form of

the fabric like a glace cherry still physically resembles a raw

cherry.

7In its Third Remand Determ., Labor cited cases addressing

whether or not component parts are directly competitive with a

complete article to support its limited interpretation of the

term, “earlier stage of processing.” See, e.g., U. Shoe Workers

v. Bedell, 506 F.2d 174, 178, 186 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (holding that

at 24 (1962) (“The term ‘earlier . . . stage of processing’

contemplates that the article remains substantially the same during

such stages of processing, and is not wholly transformed into a

different article.”)). Noting that the legislative history’s

language parallels the definition of “directly competitive” in 29

C.F.R. § 90.2, Labor argued that past TAA cases7 support the
Court No. 03-00219 Page 9

 

component parts of an article are not directly competitive with

the imported articles), quoted in U. Steelworkers, 10 CIT at 152-

53, 632 F. Supp. at 22; Morristown Magnavox, 671 F.2d at 197-98

(finding that domestic component parts for television sets are

not directly competitive with foreign television sets); ACTWU

Loc. 1627, AFL-CIO v. Donovan, 7 CIT 212, 217, 587 F. Supp. 74,

78 (1984) (finding that domestic automotive batteries are not

directly competitive with foreign automobiles); Gropper, 6 CIT at

109, 569 F. Supp. at 887 (finding that domestic fabric for knit

fabric garments is not directly competitive with foreign knit

garments). In doing so, Labor asserted that the 2002 amendments

to the worker adjustment assistance provisions demonstrate that

makers of component parts cannot qualify for certification under

the criteria of section 2272(a), because Congress added paragraph

(b) to authorize TAA certification of workers who produce

component parts for an article produced by another TAA-certified

worker group. Third Remand Determ., 70 Fed. Reg. at 12,904

(asserting that component parts of an article are not directly

competitive with the article itself). Labor, therefore,

concluded that the workers’ designs cannot be considered

component parts of the designed dies, because a component may be

defined as a physical part of an article that helps the article

to function. Id. However, the relevant inquiry here appears to

be whether the workers’ designs constitute an “earlier stage of

processing” of the manufactured products and not whether the

designs are “components.” Yet if even a component part cannot be

considered directly competitive, it becomes less likely that an

article which does not comprise any part of the finished product

would. Labor’s “component part” analysis, therefore, indirectly

bolsters its determination that the designs are not directly

competitive with products made from such designs.

8For the plaintiffs to prevail, their separation must have

been due to the influence of competing imports. 19 U.S.C. §

2272. Murray itself did not move any design work overseas during

the relevant time period of 2001 and 2002. See supra note 3 and

accompanying text. Accordingly, Labor surveyed Murray’s major

limited construction of the term, “earlier stage of processing.”

Third Remand Determ. at 12,903. Applying this definition to the

instant case, Murray’s designs for dies may not be considered

“directly competitive” with the dies themselves even if the court

assumed that Murray’s customers imported dies.8 Nor are they
Court No. 03-00219 Page 10

 

declining customers to determine the various uses of its designs,

and to determine if any of the resulting articles were being

imported. Third Remand Determ. at 12,904.

Four of Murray’s five declining customers responded. 

Labor’s investigation revealed that none of the responding

customers had imported articles such as dies, auto parts, or

automobiles, for the production of which they formerly purchased

designs from Murray. Memorandum to the File from Del-Min Amy

Chen, Re: Murray Eng’g, Complete Design, C.R. at 55 (Feb. 10,

2005); Memorandum to the File from Del-Min Amy Chen, Re: Murray

Eng’g, Complete Design, C.R. at 53 (Feb. 10, 2005); Memorandum to

the File from Del-Min Amy Chen, Re: Murray Eng’g, Complete

Design, C.R. at 56 (Feb. 10, 2005); Memorandum to the File from

Del-Min Amy Chen, Re: Murray Eng’g, Complete Design, C.R. at 79

(Feb. 24, 2005).

However, Labor did not receive any response from the fifth

declining customer, Reinhardt Industries. Without such response,

Labor could not conclusively determine whether there were no

imports of articles within the designs’ chain of productions,

although it appears probable that substantial evidence would

support such a determination.

“directly competitive” with the parts manufactured by the dies or

the machinery produced from such dies, which may have produced

parts that ended up in constructed automobiles, because, under

Labor’s interpretation, they cannot be considered to be “an earlier

stage of processing.” 

Labor also noted that the meaning of “directly competitive”

has been limited by the Court of International Trade. Sugar

Workers Union v. Dole, 14 CIT 861, 867, 755 F. Supp. 1071, 1075

(1990) (announcing that “[i]t is not enough . . . that the imports

compete with or affect the . . . product indirectly or

circuitously,” because Congress intended to protect only those

persons and industries displaced by directly competitive imports).

This limitation was illustrated in an earlier case, Mach. Printers
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& Engravers Ass’n v. Marshall, in which the D.C. Circuit held that

imported textile fabrics, which were harming the domestic textile

industry, were not directly competitive with engraved rollers and

screens made by the workers seeking assistance, and which were used

to print patterns on textiles. 595 F.2d 860, 861-62 (D.C. Cir.

1979). Like the imported textile fabrics in Mach. Printers, the

articles that are in the chain of production of Murray’s design may

be considered to be not directly competitive with Murray’s designs,

because those articles are “neither interchangeable with nor

substitutable” for Murray’s designs. Id. at 862. Also, like

Murray’s designs in the instant case, the engraved rollers and

screens in Mach. Printers, although necessary for the look or

design of the final article, are not incorporated into it. The

workers’ designs, therefore, may be “‘so far removed therefrom in

the chain of production as to make them totally unrelated’” to the

articles in the design’s chain of production. Id. (quoting United

Shoe Workers, 506 F.2d at 177). 

Moreover, Murray’s designs do not “remain[] substantially the

same during [the] stages of processing.” H.R. Rep. No. 87-1818 at

24 (1962). Murray’s designs cannot be “processed directly” into

any of the articles in the design’s chain of production. Murray’s

designs, instead, are “wholly transformed into a different

article,” namely the dies, auto parts, or even cars. Id. Because

even components incorporated into a finished article may not be
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9See supra note 7 and accompanying text.

10Labor cites 19 U.S.C. § 2293(a)(2) to support its

limitation of the period of investigation to the two years

preceding the last application. That provision states that no

adjustment assistance shall be paid “after the close of the 104-

week period that begins with the first week following the week in

which the adversely affected was most recently totally separated

from adversely affected employment.” While this provision may

lend some support to Labor’s determination to choose 2 years,

rather than some other period, as its period of investigation,

the statute does not mandate this result.

“directly competitive” with the finished article,9 Murray’s designs

are even further removed from being considered “directly

competitive” with the articles in the design’s chain of production,

because the designs are neither processed nor incorporated into

those articles.

2. Labor Properly Determined That The Workers Do Not Qualify As

Adversely Affected Secondary Workers Under § 2272(b)

Labor found that the workers do not qualify as adversely

affected secondary workers under § 2272(b) of the Trade Act,

because Murray did not do any business with any TAA-certified

company during the relevant time period. Third Remand Determ. at

12,905 (revealing that Murray last did business with Lamb

Technicon, a TAA-certified company, in 1999). Labor argues that

the relevant time period consisted of the two years prior to the

former employees’ last partial or complete application for

benefits. Def.’s Resp. Pl.’s Comments Concerning Third Remand

Results at 12 (“Def.’s Resp.”).10 The court has held that Labor may

limit its investigation to the two years preceding the workers’
Court No. 03-00219 Page 13

 

11See, e.g., Former Employees of Federated Merch. Group v.

United States, 29 CIT __, Slip Op. 05-16 at 3, 12 (Feb. 7, 2005),

Former Employees of Kleinerts, Inc. v. Herman, 23 CIT 647, 648,

651, 74 F. Supp. 2d 1280, 1283, 1285 (1996), Former Employees of

Swiss Indus. Abrasives v. United States, 19 CIT 649, 649 (1995), 

Former Employees of Hawkins Oil & Gas, Inc. v. U.S. Sec’y of

Labor, 17 CIT 126, 126, 129 (1993), Former Employees of State

Mfg. Co. v United States, 17 CIT 1144, 1145, 835 F. Supp. 642,

642 (1993), Former Employees of Boise Cascade Corp. v. U.S. Sec’y

of Labor, 15 CIT 116, 117 (1991), Former Employees of Baker

Perkins v. United States, 14 CIT 139, 139-40 (1990).

separation. See Stipe v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 9 CIT 543, 544

(1985) (citing United Glass & Ceramic Workers v. Marshall, 584 F.2d

398 406-407 (1978), Int’l Union v. Donovan, 8 CIT 13, 18 (1984).11

Indeed, some limitation appears reasonable; because Labor can

only certify workers for adjustment assistance as secondarily

affected workers if the loss of business with the certified firm

“contributed importantly” to the workers’ separation, there must be

some period in time at which a loss of business becomes too remote

from the separation to be held to “contribute importantly” to such

separation. However, Int’l Union makes clear that the two-year

period of investigation may not always be adequate, and that

persuasive reasons may be adduced for extending it.

Here, plaintiffs argue that the relevant time period should be

extended, but their arguments are not directed at the secondarilyaffected worker analysis performed by Labor. Accordingly, the

plaintiffs have not provided a persuasive reason to extend the
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12Plaintiffs’ arguments regarding the relevant time period

are directed rather at showing that prior to 2001, Murray was

forced to downsize most of its tooling-design division. According

to plaintiffs, sixteen people were employed in the tooling-design

division as of 1997, but that only two part-time employees are

currently engaged in such work. Moreover, plaintiffs argue that

Murray provided tooling work for Chevrolet and Buick, but these

companies are now sourcing imported machinery for their plants,

contributing significantly to a decline in tooling design work. 

On the other hand, there is no evidence in the record that any of

Murray’s die-design customers have had their business decline due

to competing imports. See supra note 8. It remains possible

that the decline in tooling-design work could provide a

persuasive reason to extend the period of investigation beyond

two years. However, plaintiffs’ own description of the toolingdesign division as providing designs for automotive machinery

demonstrates that the tooling designs suffer the same defect as

the die designs. Designs are not directly competitive, under the

applicable case law, with other articles in the chain of

production. Although necessary for the production of downstream

articles, the designs do not represent an earlier stage of the

production of such downstream articles; they are not incorporated

physically into the articles, nor do they provide the material

substance of such articles. It therefore appears to the court

that tooling-design work has been adequately taken into account

above. Accordingly, although Labor never discussed the question

of whether it should extend the relevant time period for its

investigation, the question itself is moot.

period of investigation with regard to this finding.12

CONCLUSION

Labor’s interpretation of 29 C.F.R. § 90.2 holds that

articles at different stages of processing are only directly

competitive for purposes of the Trade Act of 1974 when both are

“substantially the same” and neither has been “wholly transformed

into a different article.” This interpretation is based directly

on the legislative history of the term “earlier or later stage of
Court No. 03-00219 Page 15

 

processing,” and is not controverted by any statutory language.

The court therefore upholds Labor’s interpretation as in accordance

with law. Moreover, substantial evidence supports Labor’s findings

that Murray’s designs, which are not corporally embodied in any

downstream article, are not “substantially the same” as any of

those downstream articles. Finally, Murray produced no component

parts for a TAA-certified business during the relevant time period.

Accordingly, the court affirms Labor’s determination.

 /s/ Donald C. Pogue 

Donald C. Pogue

Judge

Dated: June 28, 2005

New York, New York