IN THE



# S UPREME 

# C OURT OF THE 

# S TATE OF 

# A RIZONA

S TATE OF A RIZONA EX REL

. R ACHEL H. M ITCHELL , M ARICOPA C OUNTY A TTORNEY , Petitioner

,

v

.

H ON

. D AVID J. P ALMER , J UDGE OF THE S UPERIOR C OURT OF THE S TATE OF
A RIZONA , IN AND FOR THE C OUNTY OF M ARICOPA , Respondent Judge,

T AMIRA M ARIE D URAND , Real Party in Interest

.

No. CR

- 21

- 0397

- PR

Filed April 1 1 , 2024

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County

The Honorable David J. Palmer , Judge

No s

. CR2019

- 005593

- 001; CR2020

- 001680

- 002

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Order of the Court of Appeals, Division One

Filed Dec ember 9, 2021

No. 1 CA

- SA 21

- 0241

VACATED

COUNSEL:

Rachel H. Mitchell, Maricopa County Attorney

, Krista Wood (argued)

, Amanda Parker

, Deputy County Attorneys, Phoenix, A ttorneys for State of

ArizonaSTATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

2 Michael P. Denea (argued)

, Michael P. Denea, PLC, Phoenix, A ttorney for

Tamira Marie Durand

Krist i n K. Mayes , Arizona Attorney General

, Joshua Bendor

, Solicitor
General, Alice M. Jones

, Deputy Solicitor General, Section Chief of Criminal Appeals, Joshua C. Smith, Assistant Attorney General

, Phoenix, A ttorneys

for Amicus Curiae Arizona Attorney General

JUSTICE BEENE authored the O pinion of the Court, in which VICE CHIEF
JUSTICE TIMMER and JUSTICES BOLICK

, LOPEZ

, and KING joined. ∗

JUSTICE BEENE

, O pinion of the Court:

¶1 A prosecutor’s conflict of interest erodes confidence in the judicial system and undermines the fairness of criminal trials. Courts must preserve the reality

— and appearance

— of fairness by disqualifying a prosecutor when such conflicts arise. Here, we e xamine a unique prosecutorial situation : when a crime victim works in the same office responsible for prosecuting the individual accused of the crime. In this Opinion, we explicate the factors trial courts should consider when deciding whether to disquali fy the entire prosecutor’s office when such a

situation arises.

¶2 Forty years ago, this Court outlined four factors that a trial court should consider when deciding whether the appearance of impropriety should disqualify counsel. Alexander v. Superior Court , 141 Ariz. 157, 165 (1984). Two years later, in Gomez v. Super ior Court , 149 Ariz. 223, 226 (1986), this Court reiterated these factors

— now commonly known

as the Gomez factors

— as “matters a court must consider when ruling upon

∗ Chief Justice Robert M. Brutinel and Justice William G. Montgomery have

recused themselves from this matter.STATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

3 a motion to disqualify opposing counsel.” In State v. Marner ex rel. County of Pima , 251 Ariz. 198, 200 ¶ 11 (2021), we clarified that a court must apply

the Gomez factors “whenever a defendant seeks to disqualify an entire prosecutor’s office.”

¶3 The trial court here did not consider the Gomez factors when disquali fying the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office (“MCAO”). We, therefore, vacate the trial court’s disqualification order and remand for an application of the Gomez factors, as well as for consideration of Durand’s due process rights, as articulated in this Op inion.

BACKGROUND

¶4 In two separate indictments, a grand jury indicted Tamira

Durand for several fraud

- related offenses. O ne indictment alleged that Durand illegally obtained a credit card in the name of Scott Blum

. See A.R.S.
§ 13

- 2310. Blum is a prosecutor with MCAO

— the agency responsible for prosecuting Durand.

¶5 To resolve th e case , the State offered Durand two plea
agreements

. Displeased with the State’s offer, Durand responded by

submitt ing a plea deviation request seeking to reduce the ti me she would spend incarcerated under the agreements

. In her request, Durand raised

the “inherent possibility of conflict” because Blum, one of the listed victims

in her case , appeared to be a prosecutor with MCAO . If he was, Durand

indicated that “it wo uld be proper for the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office to withdraw from representation and enlist another agency to prosecute th is case.”

¶6 In respon se, MCAO admitted that Blum was a prosecutor

with the office but nevertheless denied Durand’s request. When denying

her deviation request, MCAO informed Durand that there was no possibility of conflict b ecause Blum work ed in a separate division of the

off ice and had been “walled off from the beginning ” of the case.STATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

4 ¶7 The parties then participated in a sett lement conference to further discuss the possibility of resolving the case by plea ag reement. 1 Before the conference, Durand’s counsel again raised the issue of MCAO’s purported conflict

. In response, t he prosecut or suggested that the matter

be continued to address the alleged conflict

, but Durand declined

. Instead,

Durand ask ed to proceed, waiv ing any potential conflict for the limit ed purpose of discussing a possible settl ement.

¶8 After several unsuccessful settlement attempts , Durand filed a motion to disqualify MCAO , alleging that Blum’s status as a listed victim

created a conflict of interest

. She argued that her “ due process rights will

be violated if she is prosecuted by an agency w ith a conflict of interest” and

that “there may be pressure to extend an offer that is less favorable to the

defendant or even force the case to trial” because of Blum’s involvement. In its response, the State asserted that Blum’s alleged conflict wa s not imputed to the entire office

, there wa s no appearance of impropriety

, and

that the prophylactic screening procedure implemented by MCAO to avoid

a conflict was adequate

.

¶9 The trial court granted Durand’s motion

, concluding that th e “interest of justice” warranted disqualification. But t he court did not

invoke Gomez or consider the Gomez disqualification factors in its order.

Even so, the court ordered MCAO to transfer the prosecution of this case to

another prosecutorial agency in Arizona.

¶10 The State s ubsequently filed a petition for special action with the court of appeal s

. The court accepted jurisdiction but denied relief. The State then petitioned for review. We granted review because the question

of wh ether a prosecutor’s office should be disquali fied whe n an employee

is a victim in its criminal case is an issue of statewide importance and likely

to recur. We have jurisdiction pursuant to article 6, section 5(3) of the

Arizona Constitution.

1 Durand alleges that Blum attended this, as well as a subsequent

, settlement conference. The record before us, however, does not conclusively establish whether this occurred.STATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

5 DISCUSSION

¶11 We apply an abuse of discretion standard to a trial court’s decision to disqualify counsel. Marner , 251 Ariz. at 200 ¶ 8. However, “[w]e review conclusions of law de novo.” Id. “An error of law in reach ing

a discretion ary conclusion may constitute an abuse of discretion. ” State v.

Chambers , 255 Ariz. 464, 467 ¶ 13 ( 2023) (quoting State v. Thompson , 252 Ariz.
279, 290 ¶ 26 (2022))

.

¶12 The party seeking disqualification must demonstrate that th e requested remedy is appropriat e

. State ex rel. Romley v. Superior Court , 184 Ariz. 223, 228 (App. 1995)

. This is b ecause a party should only “ be allowed to interfere with the attorney

- client relationship of his opponent ” in

“ extreme circumstances.” Alexander , 141 Ariz. at 161.

I.

¶13 When ruling on a motion to disqualify opposing counsel, a trial court must consider the four Gome z factors :

(1) whether the motion is being made for the purposes of harassing the defendant, (2) whether the party bringing the motion will be damaged in some way if the motion is not granted, (3) whether there are any alternative solutions, or is the proposed solution the least damaging possible under the circumstances, and (4) whether the possibility of public suspicion will outweigh any benefits that mig ht accrue due to continued representation.

Gomez , 149 Ariz. at 226 (quoting Alexander

, 141 Ariz. at 165).

¶14 But Durand did not merely seek to disqualify opposing

counsel ; she sought to disqualify an entire prosecutorial office. O ur guidance in Marner gove rns this situation

. There

, we clarified how a trial court should analyze a defendant ’ s request to disqualify a prosecutor’s office. We concluded that “the trial court should consider [the Gomez ] factors whenever a defendant seeks to disqualify an entire prosecutor’s office, regardless of whether the basis for the motion is a conflict of interest,STATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

6 misconduct, or [the] appearance of impropriety.” Marner

, 251 Ariz. at 200 ¶ 11. We explained that the trial court should conduct this analysis because it is most familiar with the facts of a case, and “is in the best position to determine whether an appearance of impropriety is sufficient to undermine public confidence,” and consequently, “whether disqualification is

approp riate under the circumstances. ” Id. ¶ 12. Th erefore, trial courts must

consider th e Gomez factors w hen ruling on a motion to disqualify a prosecutor’s office. Id

.

¶15 Here, t he State points out that the trial court fail ed to even consider the Gomez factors when it evaluated Durand’s motion to disqualify

MCAO

. In stead , the court summarized the parties’ disqualification
arguments before granting Durand’s motion “in the interest of justice

. ”

This was error. See Chambers , 255 Ariz. at 468 ¶ 17 ( concluding the trial

court erred in granting motion to disqualify prosecutor’s office without considering Gomez factors). And this error prevents us from meaningfully reviewing the court’s ruling.

¶16 Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order disqualif ying

MCAO and remand for it to evaluate Durand’s motion by applying the

Gomez factors. However, the circumstances of this case implicate the defendant’s due process rights as well as the victim’s rights under the

Arizona Constitution. We therefore emphas ize that the trial court should

assess those rights within the Gomez framework. We now explain this

process.

II.

¶17 In Arizona, both criminal defendants and crime victims enjoy constitutional protection s

. Due process requires that a criminal defendant receive a fundamentally fair trial. California v. Trombetta , 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984) (“Under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, criminal prosecutions must comport with prevailing notions of fundamental fairness.”) ; accord State v. Melendez , 172 Ariz. 68, 7 1 (1992) (“T he touchstone of due process under both the Arizona and federal

constitutions is fundamental fairness. ”) . A defendant’s right to a fundamentally fair trial is critically importa nt because it “preserves bothSTATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

7 the appearance and reality of fairness, ‘generating the feeling, so important to a popular government, that justice has been done.’” Marshall v. Jerrico

, Inc. , 446 U.S. 238, 242 (1980) (quoting Joint Anti

- Fascist Refugee Com m. v. McGrath , 341 U.S. 123, 172 (1951) (Frankfurter, J., concurring))

.

¶18 Concomi tantly, t he Arizona Constitution protects a crime victim’s right to justice and due process in the Victims’ Bill of Rights ( the “VBR”)

. The VBR and its implementing legislation grant victim s extensive rights, including the right to be informed of

— and attend

— all criminal proceedings wh ere the defendant has a right to be present . A r iz. Const. art

. 2 , § 2.1(A ) (3) ; see also A.R.S. §§ 13

- 4405 to

- 4427

. Victims also have the right

to refuse interviews as well as depositions

, and have specific privacy rights, including the right to certain safeguards to minimize contact with the defendant, and to prevent the release of personally identifying information.

Ariz. Const. art. 2, § 2.1 (A) (5) ; see also A.R.S. §§ 13

- 4430,

- 4431,

- 4433,

- 4434.

Mo reover , i n conjunction with these rights, this Court has emphasized that

the VBR requires the state to communicate with the victim throughout a criminal proceeding to ensure that the victim’s rights are preserv ed

. State

v. Lamberton

, 183 Ariz. 47

, 50 (1995).

¶19 In this case

, Durand argue d that her “due process rights will be violated if she is prosecuted by an agency with a conflict of interest.”

T he State disagree s, asserting that a conflict does not exist and that the

Gomez factors militate against disqualification. The State further maintains

that it has “done everything in its power to eliminate any appearance of impropriety by implementing an effective screen since the beginning of the

case.” In its amicus brief, t he Att orney General agrees with the State and

adds that “ [t]he creation and maintenance of an ethical screen is a classic example of an alternative solution that ameliorates any p otential harm and ensures that an ethical conflict has no impact on a client’s repr esentation by the remaining lawyers in an organization.” MCAO and the A ttorney

G eneral rely on Romley to support their contention that the screen ing procedure put in place sufficiently protects Durand’s right to a fair trial

. But t heir reliance is misplaced.

¶20 In Romley

, MCAO hired a former defense attorney as a deputy county attorney. 184 Ariz. at 225. MCAO then adopted screeningSTATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

8 procedures to protect against inadvertent disclosure of confidential

in formation and instructed its new prosecutor not to discuss any previous representation of criminal defendants with MCAO employees

. Id. at 226.

¶21 In recognizing that an effective screening procedure may be

sufficient to def eat a motion to disqualify, the Romley court explained that

a successful screen “must be designed both to eliminate opportunities for

inadvertent disclosure and to provide a genuine appearance of a security wall around the subject attorney .” Id. at 228. That is, a successful screen must preserve both the re ality and appearance of fairness. After this explanation, t he court of appeals vacated the trial court’s order disqualifying the prosecutor’s office

, concluding that MCAO ’s screening procedure was adequate because (1) it prohibited the new prosecutor from interacting with MCAO attorneys who were prosecuting his former clients

, and (2) it instructed all MCAO employees n ot to discuss the new prosecutor’s previous cases with him. Id. at 230.

¶22 The screening procedure approved in Romley is not adequate

here , however, for two reasons. First, the screening in Romley was established to prevent MCAO’s vicarious disqualification because the subject attorney had “participated personally and substantially ” in certain ongoing cases “while in private practice .” See id. at 226 (quoting Ariz

. R

. Sup

. Ct

. 42, Ethical Rule (“ER”) 1.11 ). Here, Blum’s conflict

— which may give rise to an appearance of impropriety

— is that , as a victim, he “is likely to be a necessary witness” in Durand’s tr ial. See Ariz. R. S up. Ct. 42, ER 3.7(a)

. U nlike in Romley

, where the subject attorney had a previous
attorney

- client relationship with the defendants being prosecuted by
MCAO, Blum’s conflict does not arise from a prior client relationship but

from his own interest as a victim

. Because of this, screening efforts may impact whether an appearance of impropriety exits, but they do not necessarily insulate an office from a conflict

. See Romley , 184 Ariz. at 229 (“The premise underlying the n on

- disqualification policy of ER 1.11(c) is that a prosecutor usually has no particular motive to intentionally breach

the security wall created by the screening mechanism.”).

¶23 Second, and more importantly, a Romley

- style screening could

never be effective because Blum, the focus of MCAO’s screen , is not merelySTATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

9 a n MCAO employee but also a crime victim who possesses the full panoply

of victim s’ constitutional rights. A ny complete screening process would unlawfully impinge upon his rights because it would restrict his ability to

exercise his constitutional rights as a victim , including appearing at proceedings or consulting on plea deals. Our constitution will not

countenance such a restriction. Accordingly, though a complete screening

like the one i n Romley may ameliorate any potential harm to Durand, it would impermissibly vitiate Blum’s constitutional rights.

I II

.
¶24 This Court’s jurisprudence recognizes that c ertain

p rosecutorial conflict s may implicate a defendant’s due process rights

. See

e.g., Chambers , 255 Ariz. at 46 8

– 70 ¶¶ 19

– 28 ; Marner

, 251 Ariz. at 201 ¶ 15

. And in R.S. v. Thompson , 251 Ariz. 111, 118 ¶ 20 (2021), we concluded that

— when a defendant’s due process right to a fair trial and a victim’s state constitutional rights directly conflict

— the due process right prevails. See

also Morehart v. Barton , 226 Ariz. 510, 516 ¶ 23 (2011) (directing trial courts to enforce victims’ rights unless the result would deprive the defendant of a fair trial); State v. Riggs , 189 Ariz. 327 , 330 (1997) ( “[I]f, in a given case, the victim’s state constitutional rights conflict with a defendant’s federal constitutional rights to due process

. . . the victim’s rights must yield.”);

State v. Bible , 175 Ariz. 549, 602 (1993) (“It cannot be doubte d that victims of crime, and their families, have certain rights. It is equally clear, however, that these rights do not, and cannot, conflict with a defendant’s right to a fair trial.” (internal citations omitted)). In such circumstances, disqualification of a prosecutorial office will preserve both the defendant’s due process rights and the exercise of the full panoply of victim s ’ rights. Accordingly, on remand, the trial court should consider whether the

circumstances in this case constitute a conflict that v iolates Durand’s due process right to a fair trial

.

¶25 N o bright

- line rule for determining w hether a conflict such as the one presented in this case constitutes a due process violation has been

established ; thus, courts must analyze each case according to its specific

facts

. As the Supreme Court has observed:STATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

10 [D]ue process “is not a technical conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and circumstances.” Rather, the phrase expresses the require ment of “fundamental fairness,” a requirement whose meaning can be as opaque as its importance is lofty. Applying the Due Process Clause is therefore an uncertain enterprise [that] must discover what “fundamental fairness” consists of in a particular situa tion by first considering any relevant precedents and then by assessing the several interests that are at stake

.

Lassiter v. Dept. of Soc

. Servs.

, 452 U.S. 18, 24

– 25 (1981) (citation omitted) (quoting Cafeteria and Rest aurant Workers Union, Loc al 473 v. McElroy , 367
U.S. 886, 895 (1961) ).

¶26 We believe the Gomez factors, as clarified in this Opinion, provide a suitable an alytical framework for a trial court under these

circumstances. As previously indicated, “ neutrality in adjudicative proceedings” is vital because it “preserves both the appearance and reality

of fairness .” Marshall , 446 U.S. at 242

. A nd if a defendant’s due process right s to a neutral and fair trial directly conflic t with a victim’s state constitutional rights, the defendant’s rights prevail. R.S. , 251 Ariz. at 118 ¶ 20. Accordingly

, when applying the Gomez factors, the trial court must analyze the parties’ relevant interests in determining whether the alleged

conflict violate s the defendant’s right to a fundamental ly fair trial

. Specifically, the court must determine whether the defendant’s right to a

fair trial will “be damaged in some way if the motion [to disqualify] is no t granted ,” and whether the appearance of impropriety “will outweigh any benefits that might accrue due to continued representation.” See Gomez , 149

Ariz. at 226 (quoting Alexander , 141 Ariz. at 165).

¶27 Here, t he parties do not brief, and we do not attempt to
address

, every conceivable due process violation this circumstance presents. But t he following are examples of issues a trial court should

consider when applying the Gomez factors

. For instance, i f a victim has a higher level of prominence and authority i n the prosecutor’s office

, permitting that office to prosecute the defendant could damage the defendant’s due process right to a fair trial

. The more intra

- office influenceSTATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

11 the victim has

, the greater the risk the prosecution co uld be unduly affected

. Even if the victim cannot directly influence the prosecuting attorney ’ s handling of the case, there may be a risk of impropriety if the victim has internal influence over the prosecutor

. These types of situations could implicate the Gomez factor concerning whether the defendant will be damaged if the motion is not granted. Additionally , the nature and circumstances surrounding the offense may be important and could affect

the Gomez factor that weighs the possibil ity that public suspicion will outweigh any benefits that might accrue due to continued representation

. For example, prosecuting a serious or violent crime on behalf of a fellow employee may motivate a prosecutor to aggressively pursue serious charge s or sentence s , whereas prosecuting a minor infraction is less likely

to inspire similar truculence

. Similarly, the court should consider whether

the exercise of a victim

- employee ’s right s (e.g., to be present at hearings ) would likely cause public suspicion or the appearance of bias. A trial court

should consider situations like these when determining whether a prosecutor’s office may remain on a case without rend er ing the prosecution unfair or creating the appearance of impropriety.

¶28 These examples are clearly not exhaustive, but rather

illustrative of the circumstances that a trial court should consider when deciding whether a conflict of interest contravenes a defendant’s due process right to a fair trial. B ecause a motion to disqualify i nvolves a

fact

- intensive inquiry

, and will likely necessitate a hearing, we do not adop t a bright

- line rule requiring the disqualification of a prosecutor’s office when

a victim is an employee of that agency. Rather, a trial court should consider

all relevant evidence when making this decision

.

I V

.
¶29 Finally, b ecause the circumstance presented in this case is likely to recur, we delineate best practice s for prosecutor ial office s when they discover that an employee is a lso a crime victim

.

¶30 Section 13

- 4434(A) prevents the release of a victim’s

per sonally identifying information. The trial court, nonetheless , “may order the victim’s identifying and locating information to be disclosed

. . . ifSTATE EX RE L

. MITCHELL V

. HON. PALMER/DURAND Opinion of the Court

12 it is necessar y to protect the defendant’s constitutional rights.”
§ 13

- 4434(D). However, b efore the court can disclose the victim’s information, “the victim must be notified and has the right to be heard by

the court.” Id. Subsection (D) also states that once a co urt discloses a victim’s identifying information, “the defendant’s attorney may not disclose the information to any person other than the attorney’s staff and a designated investigator

, ” and that a victim’s information cannot be

disclosed to the defendant “without specific authorization from the court.”

¶31 Therefore, u pon learning that an employee is a crime victim

, the state should file an ex parte motion under § 13

- 4434(D)

, notifying the

trial court of the possible conflict. In compliance with subsection (D), the

court should determine wh ether the victim’s identifying and locating

information must be disclosed. Though it is difficult to conceive of a

situation where disclosing that a prosecuting of fice employs a victim is not necessary to protect a defendant’s rights, we decline to fashion a bright

- line rule requiring disclosure. Instead, we are confident the superior court will properly weigh all competing interests when deciding whether disclosure is necessary and, if so, how to make that disclosure

. This procedure comports with relevant statute s and allows the trial court to protect the constitutional rights of both the victim and defendant.

CONCLUSION

¶32 For the foregoing reasons, w e reverse the trial court’s order disqualifying MCAO , vacate the court of appeals’ order , and remand to the

trial court for further proceedings consistent with this O pinion

.