United States Court of Appeals FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

_____________ No. 96-3653

_____________ United States of America, * * Plaintiff - Appellee, * * Flanders Electric Motor Service, Inc., * * Intervenor Plaintiff - * Appellant, * * Liberty Motor and Machinery Company, * * Intervenor Plaintiff, * * Bradford Electric Company; Roy G. * Letourneau Company; John Benson * Electric Company; Cotter Electric * Company; Chicago Electric Company; * Delta-Y Electric Company; Whitfield * Electric; Power Equipment Company; * Cardinal Electric; Electrical Apparatus * Service Association, * * Intervenor Plaintiff - * Appellants, * * Appeal from the United States v. * District Court for the Eastern * District of Missouri. Union Electric Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * *-2-

A.P. Green Ind., Inc.; ARA Services, * Inc.; Absorbent Clay Products, Inc.; * Acme Electric Co., Inc.; Allied-Signal, * Inc.; Aluminum Company of America; * American Charcoal Company; American * Family Broadcast; Anna-Jonesboro * Water Commission; Ariens Company, * * Defendants, * * Vernon Bagwell; Barry Electric * Cooperative; Barton County Electric * Cooperative, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * Beazer East, Inc.; Belcher Electric, Inc.; * Black River Electric Cooperative, * * Defendants, * * BOC Group, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Boone Electric Cooperative; * Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc.; Brown & * Root, Inc.; Bull Moose Tube Company; * Burlington Northern Railroad Company, * * Defendants, * * Central Illinois Public Service * Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * *-3-

Chase Resorts, Inc., * * Defendant, * * Chevron Chemical Company; Citizens * Electric Corporation; Citizens Utilities * Company, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * City of Cairo; City of Carmi, IL; City of * Casey, IL; City of Charleston, MO; * City of Farmington, * * Defendants, * * City of Fredericktown, MO, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * City of Higginsville; City of Houston, * MO, * * Defendants, * * City of Jackson, Missouri, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * City of Jacksonville, IL; Jefferson City, * Missouri; City of Madisonville, KY; * City of Owensville, MO; City of * Richmond; City of St. James; City of * Salem; City of Seymour; City of * Shelbina, MO, * * Defendants, *-4- * City of Sikeston, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * City of Steeleville, MO; City of Thayer, * MO; Clinton County Electric * Cooperative, Inc.; Columbia Quarry * Company; Consolidated Aluminum * Corporation, * * Defendants, * * Costain Coal, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Damson Oil Corporation; Daviess- * Martin County REMC; Decatur * Industrial Electric, Inc; Marjorie H. * Deimund; Delmarva Power & Light * Company; Dow Chemical Co.; Dugger * Electric Equipment Company; East * Perry Lumber Co., * * Defendants, * * E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Electric Plant Bd., doing business as * City of Mayfield, KY; Electric Supply * Co., Inc.; Esselte Pendaflex * Corporation; Essex Group, Inc., * * Defendants, *-5- * Evansville Electric and Mfg. Co., Inc.; * Farmers' Electric Cooperative, Inc.; * Florida Power Corporation, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * Florida Rock Industries, Inc.; Fulton * Cty. REMC; General Cable Corp.; * General Electric Company; General Iron * & Salvage Co., Inc.; Gold Fields * American Corporation; Gunther-Nash * Mining Construction Co.; H-J * Enterprises, Inc., * * Defendants, * * Hancock County REMC, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Hancock-Wood Electric Cooperative, * Inc.; Harris Truck & Trailer Sales, Inc.; * Himmelberger Harrison Co., Inc.; * Geraldine F. Hirsch; James F. Hirsch; * Oscar C. Hirsch; Robert O. Hirsch; * Housing Authority, of Johnson County; * Howell-Oregon Electric Coop., Inc.; * ITT Federal Services Corporation, * formerly known as Federal Electric * Corporation; Independent Electric * Machinery Company; Ingram Barge * Company; Inerlake Packaging * Company; Jader Fuel Co., Inc.; * Jefferson Smurfit Corporation; John * Smith Contracting Co., Inc.; KBOA, * Inc., *-6- * Defendants, * * KAGMO Electric Motor Co.; Kaiser * Aluminum & Chemical Corporation, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * Klein Armature Works, Inc.; Koerner * Electric Motors of Indiana, Inc.; Kopf * Electric Motor Service, Inc.; L.E. Myers * Co. Group; Logan County Cooperative * Power and Light Association, Inc.; * Lowry Electric Company; MFA * Incorporated, * * Defendants, * * M.J.M. Electric Cooperative, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Magnetek, Inc., * * Defendant, * * Marathon Oil Co., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * McCarthy Brothers Company, * * Defendant, * * Menard Electric Cooperative, * * Defendant - Appellee, *-7- * Midwest Electric, Inc.; Millstone * Construction Company, doing business * as Knobel-Redman Construction * Company, * * Defendants, * * Mississippi Lime Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Missouri Barge Line Company; * Missouri Dry Dock & Repair Company, * Inc.; Missouri Portland Cement; Mobil * Oil Corporation, * * Defendants, * * Morgan County REMC; * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Mt. Carmel Public Utility Company; NL * Industries, Inc., * * Defendants, * * New England Power Service Company, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * NEW-MAC Electric Cooperative, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellees, * * North Central Missouri Electric Coop.; *-8-

Otis Elevator Company; PSI Energy, * formerly known as Public Service * Company of Indiana, Inc., Inc.; * Paragould Light & Water Commission; * Paul Oberman & Co.; Peabody Coal * Co., * * Defendants, * * Pemiscot-Dunklin Electric Coop., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * PET Incorporated; Phillips Petroleum * Company, * * Defendants, * * Pittsburgh and Midway Coal Mining * Co., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Plibrico Company; Pulaski County * Housing Authority; Purolator Products * NA, also known as Purolator Products * Company, Inc.; Quicy Soybean Co., * * Defendants, * * Ralston Purina Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Rathje Enterprises, Inc., * * Defendant, *-9- * Richards Electric Motor Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Rural Electric Convenience Coop. Co.; * S.D.I. Operating Partners L.P., doing * business as Phillips & Company; SAC * Osage Electric Cooperative, Inc., * * Defendants, * * Sachs Electric Company; St. Joe * Minerals Corporation, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * St. Louis Steel Casting, Inc.; St. Louis * University; Sam Tanksley Trucking * Co.; Sandner Electric; Scott-New * Madrid-Mississippi Electric Coop., * * Defendants, * * Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc.; * Southern Illinois Electric Coop., * * Defendants - Appellees, * * Southern Illinois Materials Company; * State of Missouri, Department of Mental * Health Southeast Missouri Mental * Health Center; State of Missouri, * Southeast Missouri State University; * Steuben County REMC; Sullivan * Electric Company, * *-10- Defendants, * * Swanson-Nunn Electric Co., Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Teamsters Local Union, No. 688, * Insurance & Welfare Fund; Texas * Eastern Products Pipeline Company; * Texas Eastern Transmission * Corporation; Textron, Inc.; Tipmont * Rural Electric Membership Corporation, * * Defendants, * * Toastmaster, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Town of Paragon; Tucson Electric * Power Company; Union County * Hospital District; Chester R. Upham, * Jr.; Vaughn Electric Company, Inc., * * Defendants, * * Wayne County REMC; Wayne-White * Counties Electric Cooperative, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * Webster County Coal Cooperative; * West Lake Quarry and Material * Company; Westinghouse Electric * Corporation; Westvaco Corporation; * Wetterau Incorporated; Whirlpool * Corporation; Zeller Electric, Inc., *-11- * Defendants, * * City of Cabool, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * City of Campbell; City of Malden * Board of Public Works, * * Defendants. * *

------------------------------------- * * State of Missouri, * * Plaintiff - Appellee, * * Flanders Electric Motor Service, * * Intervenor Plaintiff - * Appellant, * * Liberty Motor and Machinery Company, * * Intervenor Plaintiff, * * Bradford Electric Company; Mt. * Vernon Electric Motor Service, Inc.; * Roy G. Letourneau Company; John * Benson Electric Company; Cotter * Electric Company; Chicago Electric * Company; Delta-Y Electric; Whitfield * Electric; Power Equipment Company; * Cardinal Electric; Electrical Apparatus * Service Association, * *-12- Intervenor Plaintiff - * Appellants, * * v. * * Union Electric Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * A.P. Green Ind., Inc.; ARA Services, * Inc.; Absorbent Clay Products, Inc.; * Acme Electric Co., Inc.; Allied-Signal, * Inc.; Aluminum Company of America; * American Charcoal Company; American * Family Broadcast Group; Anna- * Jonesboro Water Commission; Ariens * Company, * * Defendants, * * Vernon Bagwell; Barry Electric * Cooperative; Barton County Electric * Cooperative, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * Beazer East, Inc.; Belcher Electric, Inc.; * Black River Electric Cooperative, * * Defendants, * * BOC Group, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Boone Electric Cooperative; * Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc.; Brown & *-13-

Root, Inc.; Bull Moose Tube Company; * Burlington Northern Railroad Company, * * Defendants, * * Central Illinois Public Service * Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Chase Resorts, Inc., * * Defendant, * * Chevron Chemical Company; Citizens * Electric Corporation; Citizens Utilities * Company, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * City of Cairo, Acting by and through * Cairo Public Utility Commission; City * of Carmi, Illinois; City of Casey, * Illinois; City of Charleston, Missouri; * City of Farmington, * * Defendants, * * City of Fredericktown, MO, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * City of Higginsville; City of Houston, * MO, * * Defendants, * *-14-

City of Jackson, MO, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * City of Jacksonville, IL; Jefferson City, * Missouri; City of Madisonville, * Kentucky; City of Owensville, MO; * City of Richmond; City of St. James; * City of Salem; City of Seymour; City * of Shelbina, Missouri, * * Defendants, * * City of Sikeston, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * City of Steeleville, Missouri; City of * Thayer, Missouri; Clinton County * Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Columbia * Quarry Company, doing business as * Charles Stone Co.; Consolidated * Aluminum Corporation, * * Defendants, * * Costain Coal, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Damson Oil Corporation; Daviess- * Martin County REMC; Decatur * Industrial Electric, Inc.; Marjorie H. * Deimund; Delmarva Power & Light * Company; Dow Chemical Co.; Dugger * Electric Equipment Company; East * Perry Lumber Co., *-15- * Defendants, * * E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Electric Plant Bd., doing business as * Mayfield Electric & Water Systems, * City of Mayfield, Kentucky; Electric * Supply Co., Inc.; Esselte Pendaflex * Corporation; Essex Group, Inc., * * Defendants, * * Evansville Electric and Mfg. Co., Inc.; * Farmers' Electric Cooperative, Inc.; * Florida Power Corporation, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * Florida Rock Industries, Inc.; Fulton * Cty. REMC; General Cable Corp.; * General Electric Company; General * Iron & Salvage Co.; Gold Fields * American Corporation; Gunther-Nash * Mining Construction Co.; H-J * Enterprises, Inc., * * Defendants, * * Hancock County REMC, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Hancock-Wood Electric Cooperative, * Inc.; Harris Truck & Trailer Sales, Inc.; *-16-

Himmelberger Harrison Co., Inc.; * Geraldine F. Hirsch; James F. Hirsch; * Oscar C. Hirsch; Robert O. Hirsch; * Housing Authority, of Johnson County; * Howell-Oregon Electric Coop., Inc.; * ITT Federal Services Corporation, * formerly known as Federal Electric * Corporation; Independent Electric * Machinery Company; Ingram Barge * Company; Inerlake Packaging * Company; Jader Fuel Co., Inc.; * Jefferson Smurfit Corporation; John * Smith Contracting Co., Inc.; KBOA, * Inc., * * Defendants, * * KAGMO Electric Motor Co.; Kaiser * Aluminum & Chemical Corporation, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * Klein Armature Works, Inc.; Koerner * Electric Motors of Indiana, Inc.; Kopf * Electric Motor Service, Inc.; The L. E. * Myers Co. Group; Logan County * Cooperative Power and Light * Association; Lowry Electric Company; * MFA Incorporated, * * Defendants, * * M.J.M. Electric Cooperative, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Magnetek, Inc., *-17- * Defendant, * * Marathon Oil Co., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * McCarthy Brothers Company, * * Defendant, * * Menard Electric Cooperative, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Midwest Electric, Inc.; Millstone * Construction Company, doing business * as Knobel-Redman Construction * Company, * * Defendants, * * Mississippi Lime Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Missouri Barge Line Company; * Missouri Dry Dock & Repair Company; * Missouri Portland Cement; Mobil Oil * Corporation, * * Defendants, * * Morgan County REMC; * * Defendant - Appellee, * *-18-

Mt. Carmel Public Utility Company; NL * Industries, Inc., * * Defendants, * * New England Power Service Company; * NEW-MAC Electric Cooperative, Inc., * * Defendants - Appellees, * * North Central Missouri Electric Coop.; * Otis Elevator Company; PSI Energy, * formerly known as Public Service * Company of Indiana, Inc., Inc.; * Paragould Light & Water Commission; * Paul Oberman & Co.; Peabody Coal * Co., * * Defendants, * * Pemiscot-Dunklin Electric Coop., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * PET Incorporated; Phillips Petroleum * Company, * * Defendants, * * Pittsburgh and Midway Coal Mining * Co., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Plibrico Company; Pulaski County * Housing Authority; Purolator Products * NA, also known as Purolator Products *-19-

Company, Inc.; Quicy Soybean Co., * * Defendants, * * Ralston Purina Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Rathje Enterprises, Inc., * * Defendants, * * Richards Electric Motor Company, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Rural Electric Convenience Coop. Co.; * S.D.I. Operating Partners L.P., doing * business as Phillips & Company; SAC * Osage Electric Cooperative, Inc., * * Defendants, * * Sachs Electric Company; St. Joe * Minerals Corporation, * * Defendants - Appellees, * * St. Louis Steel Casting, Inc.; St. Louis * University; Sam Tanksley Trucking * Co.; Sandner Electric Co.; Scott-New * Madrid-Mississippi Electric Coop.; * * Defendants, * * Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc.; * Southern Illinois Electric Coop., *-20- * Defendants - Appellees, * * Southern Illinois Materials Company; * Missouri Department of Mental Health; * Southeast Missouri Mental Health * Center; Southeast Missouri State * University; Steuben County REMC; * Sullivan Electric Company, * * Defendants, * * Swanson-Nunn Electric Co., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Teamsters Local Union, No. 688; Texas * Eastern Products Pipeline Company; * Texas Eastern Transmission * Corporation; Textron, Inc.; Tipmont * Rural Electric Membership Corporation, * * Defendants, * * Toastmaster, Inc., * * Defendant - Appellee, * * Town of Paragon; Tucson Electric * Power Company; Union County * Hospital District; Chester R. Upham, Jr.; * Vaughn Electric Company, Inc., * * Defendants, * * Wayne County REMC; Wayne-White * Counties Electric Cooperative, *-21- * Defendants - Appellees, * * Webster County Coal Cooperative; * West Lake Quarry and Material * Company; Westinghouse Electric * Corporation; Westvaco Corporation; * Wetterau Incorporated; Whirlpool * Corporation; Zeller Electric, Inc., * * Defendants, * * City of Cabool, * * Defendant - Appellee, * * City of Campbell; City of Malden Board * of Public Works, * * Defendants. *

_____________

Submitted: June 11, 1997 Filed: December 23, 1997

_____________ Bef oreBOWMAN, FLOYD R. GIBSON, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD , Circuit Judges.

_____________ FLOYD R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

TheUnited States initiated this action pursuant to sections 106 and 107 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability ActThe State of Missouri filed an identical suit less than one month later, and the 1 two cases were consolidated. The HONORABLE GEORGE F. GUNN, JR., Senior United States Distric t 2 Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri. -22- ("CERCLA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 9606, 9607 (1994), against 179 potentially responsibl e par ties ("PRPs"), seeking injunctive relief and the recovery of cleanup costs for th e Missouri Electrical Works Site ("MEW Site") in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. 1

This case involves the question of whether the district court abused its discretion when it approved a Consent Decree which re quired certain PRPs, who agreed to settle with the government, to pay some of the MEW Site cleanup costs. A group of non

settling PRPs ("Intervenors") filed a motion to intervene in the case. After we reversed the district court's initial denial of the motion to intervene, see United States v. Union Elec. Co. , 64 F.3d 1152, 1170-71 (8th Cir. 1995) (" Union Electric I "), rev'g , 863 F

. Supp. 1001 (E.D. Mo. 1994), the district court granted the motion, see United States v. Union Elec. Co. , 934 F. Supp. 324, 326 (E.D. Mo. 1996) (" Union Electric II "). The Interveno rs challenged the fairness of the Consent Decree and requested that th e districtcourt hold an evidentiary hearing on the issue. The district court denied th e request for an evidentiary hearing, see id. , and determined tha t the Consent Decree was procedurally and substant

ively fair, and was consistent with CERCLA, see id. at 327- 32. The Intervenors appeal claiming the district court abused its discretion when i t refused their request for a

n evidentiary hearing. The Intervenors also contend that the dis trict court abused its discretion when it determined that the Consent Decree wa s procedurally and substantively fair. Because we conclude that the district court di d 2 not abuse its discretion, we affirm.-23-

I. BACKGROUND

The follow ing summary of facts is largely taken from the district court' s published Order and Memorandum. See Union Electric II , 934 F. Supp. at 326-27. In June of 1992, the government filed suit against 179 PRPs for injunctive relief and the recovery of cleanup costs for the MEW Site. The MEW Site was owned at all relevant times by Missouri Electrical Works, Inc. ("MEW"), an electrical equipment sale and repair shop located near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Since 1953, MEW has repaired

orscrapped m ore than 16,000 transformers at the MEW Site. The total amount o f transformer

oil that was not recycled during MEW's operation is estimated at 28,000 gallons. Solvents, hazardous chemicals, and electrical equipment, including thousands of tran sformers containing oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyl ("PCB") , apparently were disposed of at the MEW Site.

The Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") began to investigate the MEW Site inthe mid-1980s and discovered that the soil, and possibly groundwater, wa s co ntaminated. In 1988, the EPA and a group of PRPs formed the Missouri Electri c Wo rks Steering Committee ("MEWSC") to conduct a remedial investigation an d feasibility stud

y at the MEW Site. From 1988-91, the EPA sent general notices to all PRPs and special notice letters inviting PRPs to participate in settlement negotiations. MEWSC also sent letters to invite participation in negotiations and to keep all PRPs informed of its activities. The negotiati ons involving the federal government, the State of Missouri, and MEWSC resulted in the Consent Decree. The EPA sent a copy of the decree to all PRPs and invited comments and suggestions. The PRPs were given an opportunity to object to the ultimate settlement package.

Th e Intervenors are service shop owners and their trade association. Th e Intervenors either sold transformers directly to MEW for resale, sold transformers to third parties who resold them to MEW, or sent transformers owned by others to MEW for repair. The Intervenors object to the entry of the Consent Decree.-24-

The Consent Decree generally requires that, subject to oversi ght by the EPA, the settling PRPs (1) design and implement specific remedial action for the soi l contamination and operate and maintain the MEW Site consistent with such action; (2) perform a groundwater design inve stigation; and (3) reimburse certain future and past response costs incurred by the government. SeeIntervenors' App. at 1016-17.

Thesettling PRPs also agree to establish and maintain financial security in the amount of $17.6 milli on as well as a trust fund to assure completion of the work. See i d

. at 1045, 1047. Settling PRPs must pay for all costs but will be reimbursed by the government

for twenty percent of some costs incurred in the design and construction of the remedial action, the groundwater design investigation, and additional response actio ns that are necessary to achieve certain performance standards. See id. at 1049. Additi onally, special provisions in the Consent Decree apply to settling federal agencies and vari ous de minimis settling defendants. See id. at 1088-89, 1094, 1104. The de minimis settling defendants each contributed less than four-tenths of one percent of the hazardous substances to the MEW Site. See id. at 1008.

MEWSC dev eloped a cost allocation formula to determine the liability of al l parties to the settlement. See id. at 1315. Basically, the formula makes liability volum etricallyproportional to the amount of oil contained in types of electrical equipment at the MEW Site. See id. at 1318. An individual PRP' s share of the liability is dependent upon that PRP's relationship to the various equipment at the MEW Site. S e e id. The district court approved the Consent Decree after determining it was fair, reasonable, and consistent with CERCLA. On appeal, the Intervenors claim the district court abused its discretion when it det ermined

the Consent Decree was procedurally and substantively fair. Th e Interv enors also challenge the district court's denial of their request to hold an evidentiary hearingon the matter. After reviewing the district court's judgment for an abuse of discretion, we affirm.-25-

II. DISCUSSION

The Interv enors claim that the district court abused its discretion when i t de termined

that the Consent Decree was procedurally and substantively fair

. Sp ecifically, the Intervenors assert that the district court's failure to consider thei r interests when determining whether the allocation formula was fair effectively denied them their contribution rights. See Union Electric I , 64 F.3d at 1166-67 (holding that In tervenors' contribution rights under 42 U.S.C. § 9613(f)(1) created a legall y protectable interest sufficient to trigger the right to intervene). We a pproach this appeal noting that when Congress amended CERCLA in 1986, it created rights of contribution among responsible parties. See42 U.S.C. § 9613(f)(1) (1994). CERCLA specifically provides that parties who agree to settle with the EPA will be free fro m the contribution actions of other responsible parties. See id. § 9613(f)(2). The provision encourages parties to settle p ossible claims with the EPA. SeeH.R. Rep. No. 99-253, pt. I, at 80 (1985 ), reprinted in1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2835, 2862; see generally United States v

. Cannons Eng'g Corp. , 899 F.2d 79, 91-92 (1st Cir. 1990).

As the appellate court, we approach our task mindful that "a district court' s approval of a consent decree in CERCLA litigation is encased in a double layer o f swaddling." Cannons , 8 99 F.2d at 84. First, we must consider the EPA's expertise in theseissues. See id. Second, we note that it is within the district court's "informed" di scretionto evaluate proposed consent decrees. See id. Unless the district court abuses this discretion, we will not upset its findings on appeal. See id. ; United States v. Hercules , 961 F.2d 796, 800 (8th Cir. 1992). The distr ict court is required to review

apr oposed consent decree for fairness, reasonableness, and consistency with CERCLA. See United States v. Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer Dist. , 952 F.2d 1040, 1044 (8th Cir. 1992); Cannons , 899 F.2d at 86-90. App lying these standards of review, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it approved the Consent Decree. The Intervenors are-26-

particularlyconcerned with the allocation formula which is appended to the Consent Decr ee. The Intervenors claim that because the formula does not fairly apportio n liability among the parties, the Intervenors were prevented from joining the Consent Decree. We understand the Intervenors' concern; however, the district court found, see Union Electric II , 934 F. Supp. at 331, and we agree, that the Inter venors are not bound by the alloc ation formula. They are free to negotiate a separate settlement agreement with t he EPA who, at least at the time of oral argument in the case, remained open to

suc h a possibility. Similarly, in the event that the government brings future actio n againstIn tervenors seeking recovery of costs associated with cleaning up the MEW Site, the Intervenors will not be bound by the allocation formula and will be free, at that time, to contest their liability and their share of liability. The district court considered the overall allocation of liability in the Consent Decree and determined that it was fair. See id. We cannot, after our review, conclude that the district court abused it s discre tionin making this determination. The district court's published opinio n thoroughlydiscusses the Consent Decree's fairness, reasonableness, and consistency withCERCLA, see id. at 327-32, and we have nothing more to add regarding thes e issues.

The Intervenors also claim that the district court erred in refusing their request foran evidentiary hearing. "[I]t is within the sound discretion of the trial court to decide whether an evidentiary hearing is necessary before ruling on a proposed consent decree." Metropolitan St. Louis , 952 F.2d at 1044. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Intervenors' request to hold an evidentiary hearing in this matter. The I ntervenors had ample opportunity to file objections to the Proposed Consent Decree. "Their right tointervene in this action . . . does not grant the [I]ntervenors an unconditional right to an evidentiary hearing." Id.-27-

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.