NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

KIARA ROBLES, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

CITY OF BERKELEY; et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 19-15148 

D.C. No. 4:17-cv-04864-CW 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Claudia Wilken, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted June 8, 2020

San Francisco, California

Before: M. SMITH and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and ROYAL,** District Judge.

Plaintiff Kiara Robles appeals the dismissal of her claims against Defendants 

the City of Berkeley (the City), University of California (UC) President Janet 

Napolitano and UC Berkeley Chancellor Nicholas Dirks (the UC officials), Raha 

Mirabdal, and Ian Dabney Miller. Plaintiff also appeals the district court’s 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable C. Ashley Royal, United States District Judge for the 

Middle District of Georgia, sitting by designation.

FILED

JUL 10 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

revocation of pro hac vice status for her counsel, Larry Klayman, and the denial of 

her motion to disqualify Judge Wilken. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1291, and we affirm in part and reverse in part.

1. The district court did not abuse its discretion in revoking Klayman’s 

pro hac vice status. See In re Bundy, 840 F.3d 1034, 1041 (9th Cir. 2016) (stating

standard of review). Because the decision to revoke pro hac vice status is within 

the sound discretion of the district court, this court “will not overturn its decision 

unless the court committed an error of law or the court’s factual determinations 

were clearly erroneous.” Lasar v. Ford Motor Co., 399 F.3d 1101, 1109 (9th Cir. 

2005). 

The district court did not commit any legal error in concluding that 

Plaintiff’s right to counsel of choice could be outweighed by the court’s interests in 

the “ethical and orderly administration of justice.” Bundy, 840 F.3d at 1042. Even 

a criminal defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel of choice is not absolute. 

See United States v. Walters, 309 F.3d 589, 592 (9th Cir. 2002) (“The Sixth 

Amendment grants criminal defendants a qualified constitutional right to hire 

counsel of their choice [including pro hac vice] but the right is qualified in that it 

may be abridged to serve some ‘compelling purpose.’” (quoting United States v. 

D’Amore, 56 F.3d 1202, 1204 (9th Cir. 1995), overruled on other grounds by 

United States v. Garrett, 179 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 1999))); United States v. Ries, 
3 

100 F.3d 1469, 1471 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Ensuring the ethical and orderly 

administration of justice is one such purpose.”). The district court did not fail to 

acknowledge Plaintiff’s asserted inability to find alternate representation.

The district court also did not ultimately rely on any clearly erroneous 

factual conclusions in reaching its decision. In its tentative ruling, the court quoted 

from the D.C. Court of Appeals Board of Professional Responsibility (D.C. Board) 

Hearing Committee Report and Recommendation (June 19, 2017) without 

acknowledging that the Report was nonfinal and that the D.C. Board had issued a 

superseding Report and Recommendation on February 6, 2018. However, the 

district court relied on numerous other grounds for revoking Klayman’s pro hac 

vice admission in its tentative ruling, and indicated in its final ruling that it 

understood the nonfinality of the D.C. Board’s Report while nevertheless finding it 

“instructive.”1 

There was no error in the district court’s characterization of our decision in 

Bundy. The court acknowledged Judge Gould’s conclusion in his dissenting 

opinion that Klayman had properly disclosed ongoing disciplinary proceedings to 

the District of Nevada. See 840 F.3d at 1054–55 (Gould, J., dissenting). Yet the 

court properly followed our majority opinion, which catalogued numerous other 

1 The D.C. Court of Appeals has since issued a final decision in these 

disciplinary proceedings, accepting the D.C. Board’s recommendations. In re 

Larry Klayman, No. 18-BG-0100 (D.C. Ct. App. June 11, 2020). 
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examples of concerning conduct and stated that Klayman’s unflattering record was 

“not one that the district court should ignore.” Id. at 1046–47 (majority opinion). 

The court’s characterization of a previous recusal filing by Plaintiff was 

immaterial. In its tentative ruling, the court characterized Plaintiff’s previous filing

as a “motion to disqualify” rather than, as the relevant filing was in fact styled, a 

“request for recusal.” As the district court correctly noted, the standards for 

disqualification or recusal are identical whether a party files a motion pursuant to 

28 U.S.C. § 144 or the judge considers voluntary recusal under § 455. See United 

States v. Sibla, 624 F.2d 864, 867 (9th Cir. 1980). Moreover, the district court’s 

conclusion that Plaintiff made an attempt at “judge shopping” was not unfounded. 

After the court denied her request for recusal, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed her 

complaint, only to then re-file substantially the same complaint a month later 

without disclosing the relation of the two cases. 

2. The district court did not err in denying Plaintiff’s motion for 

disqualification. Neither “graduation from a university [nor] prior service as an 

adjunct . . . create[s] the appearance of impropriety.” In re Complaint of Judicial 

Misconduct, 816 F.3d 1266, 1267–68 (9th Cir. 2016). Judge Wilken did not rely 

on false statements in her final pro hac vice ruling,2 nor did she ignore Plaintiff’s 

2 We note also that Judge Wilken’s initial failure to acknowledge the 

superseding D.C. Board Report was likely due to the fact that it was issued after 
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asserted inability to find alternate counsel. It was also not improper for Judge 

Wilken to issue her decision on the pending motions to dismiss despite Plaintiff’s 

filing of the disqualification motion. See United States v. Azhocar, 581 F.2d 735, 

738 (9th Cir. 1978). The record provides no indication of extrajudicial influence or 

“deep-seated and unequivocal antagonism.” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 

556 (1994); see also United States v. Johnson, 610 F.3d 1138, 1148 (9th Cir. 

2010).

3. Reviewing de novo, we conclude that Plaintiff’s battery claim against 

Mirabdal based on an aiding and abetting theory of liability should not have been 

dismissed. See Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205 (9th Cir. 2011) (stating

standard of review); Ayer v. Robinson, 163 Cal. App. 2d 424, 428 (1958)

(describing aider and abettor liability). Plaintiff plausibly alleges that Mirabdal 

aided and abetted unnamed assailants who attacked Plaintiff with pepper spray, 

bear mace, and flag poles, by participating in surrounding Plaintiff and by shining 

her flashlight in such a way as to enable the direct attacks. Plaintiff’s allegation 

that Mirabdal physically attacked other Yiannopoulos supporters lends plausibility 

to her allegation that Mirabdal was a participant in a coordinated attack. However, 

Plaintiff does not plausibly allege a direct battery claim based on the shining of a 

the parties’ briefing on revocation. Plaintiff only brought it to the court’s attention 

at the hearing that followed the tentative ruling. 
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flashlight alone. See So v. Shin, 212 Cal. App. 4th 652, 669 (2013) (stating the 

elements of battery).3 

The district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing without prejudice 

Plaintiff’s Bane Act claim against Mirabdal for failure to prosecute. Cal. Civ. 

Code § 52.1; see In re Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Prod. Liab. Litig., 460 F.3d 

1217, 1226 (9th Cir. 2006) (stating standard of review and five-factor test for 

dismissal for failure to prosecute). Plaintiff argues that the only reason she failed 

to prosecute her claims was the erroneous revocation of Klayman’s pro hac vice

status. Because, as we hold above, that revocation was not in error, this argument 

fails. 

4. Reviewing de novo, we affirm the dismissal of Plaintiff’s claims 

against the UC officials. See Starr, 652 F.3d at 1205 (stating standard of review). 

Plaintiff’s First Amendment and Equal Protection claims both fail for insufficient 

allegations of a state-created danger. See DeShaney v. Winnebago Cty. Dep’t of 

Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 196–97 (1989); Hernandez v. City of San Jose, 897 F.3d 

1125, 1133, 1137 (9th Cir. 2018); Johnson v. City of Seattle, 474 F.3d 634, 636–

37, 641 (9th Cir. 2007). As to her Equal Protection claim, Plaintiff also fails to 

3 Plaintiff did not argue in her opening brief that the dismissal of her assault 

claim against Mirabdal was error, and therefore the issue is waived. See Miller v. 

Fairchild Indus., Inc., 797 F.2d 727, 738 (9th Cir. 1986). In any event, Plaintiff 

did not plausibly allege an assault claim. See So, 212 Cal. App. 4th at 668–69

(stating the elements of assault).
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plead any contextual facts that would plausibly demonstrate that the UC officials’ 

actions or inaction were in any way motivated by Plaintiff’s sex or sexual 

orientation. See Thornton v. City of St. Helens, 425 F.3d 1158, 1166 (9th Cir. 

2005).

Plaintiff’s Bane Act claim was properly dismissed for similar reasons, as 

Plaintiff has not plausibly alleged that the UC officials interfered or attempted to 

interfere, “by threat, intimidation, or coercion,” with Plaintiff’s exercise of 

constitutional rights. Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1(b).

5. Reviewing de novo, we likewise affirm the dismissal of Plaintiff’s 

claims against the City. See Starr, 652 F.3d at 1205 (stating standard of review). 

A municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 unless a municipal “policy or 

custom” caused the constitutional injury. Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 

U.S. 658, 694 (1978); see also Leatherman v. Tarrant Cty. Narcotics & Intell. 

Unit, 507 U.S. 163, 166 (1993). Plaintiff’s allegation that the City employed a 

different policing strategy on one other occasion is insufficient to plausibly allege a 

custom or policy. In addition, Plaintiff fails to plausibly allege underlying 

constitutional deprivations for the same reasons that she fails to state constitutional 

claims against the UC officials.

6. The district court did not abuse its discretion in declining 

supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining claims, including dismissing without 
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prejudice Plaintiff’s claims against Miller. See Oliver v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 654 

F.3d 903, 911 (9th Cir. 2011). The district court may also choose on remand to 

decline supplemental jurisdiction over the surviving state law claim against 

Mirabdal.

AFFIRMED as to revocation, disqualification. AFFIRMED in part, 

REVERSED in part, as to Mirabdal. AFFIRMED as to the City, UC officials, 

and Miller. Costs shall be taxed against Appellant, except that Appellee Mirabdal 

shall bear her own costs.