III 

Calendar No. 410 

117TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. RES. 540 

Supporting the goals of International Women’s Day. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

MARCH 8 (legislative day, MARCH 7), 2022 

Mrs. SHAHEEN (for herself, Ms. COLLINS, Ms. BALDWIN, and Ms. 

DUCKWORTH) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to 

the Committee on Foreign Relations 

JUNE 14, 2022 

Reported by Mr. MENENDEZ, with an amendment to the preamble 

[Strike the preamble and insert the part printed in italic] 

RESOLUTION 

Supporting the goals of International Women’s Day. 

Whereas, as of March 2022, there are approximately 

3,803,000,000 women and girls in the world, making up 

1⁄2 of the world’s population; 

Whereas women and girls around the world— 

(1) have fundamental human rights; 

(2) play a critical role in providing and caring for 

their families and driving positive change in their communities; 


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•SRES 540 RS 

(3) contribute substantially to food security, economic growth, the prevention and resolution of conflict, 

and the sustainability of peace and stability; 

(4) are affected in different and often disproportionate ways by global, country, and community circumstances, including economic downturns, global health 

concerns, conflict, migration, and climate events; and 

(5) must have meaningful protections and opportunities to more fully participate in and lead the political, social, and economic lives of their communities and countries; 

Whereas the advancement and empowerment of women and 

girls around the world is a foreign policy priority for the 

United States and is critical to the achievement of global 

peace, prosperity, and sustainability; 

Whereas, on October 6, 2017, the Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017 (22 U.S.C. 2152j et seq.) was enacted 

into law, which includes requirements for a governmentwide ‘‘Women, Peace, and Security Strategy’’ to promote 

and strengthen the participation of women in peace negotiations and conflict prevention overseas, enhanced training for relevant United States Government personnel, 

and follow-up evaluations of the effectiveness of the strategy; 

Whereas the United States Strategy on Women, Peace, and 

Security, dated June 2019, recognizes that— 

(1) the ‘‘[s]ocial and political marginalization of 

women strongly correlates with the likelihood that a 

country will experience conflict’’; 

(2) there is a ‘‘tremendous amount of untapped potential among the world’s women and girls to identify, 

recommend, and implement effective solutions to conVerDate Sep 11 2014 00:16 Jun 15, 2022 Jkt 029200 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6300 E:\BILLS\SR540.RS SR540

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flict’’, and there are ‘‘benefits derived from creating opportunities for women and girls to serve as agents of 

peace via political, economic, and social empowerment’’; 

and 

(3) barriers to the meaningful participation of 

women and girls in conflict prevention and resolution efforts ‘‘include under-representation in political leadership, 

pervasive violence against women and girls, and persistent inequality in many societies’’; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations Entity for Gender 

Equality and the Empowerment of Women (commonly referred to as ‘‘UN Women’’), peace negotiations are more 

likely to end in a peace agreement when women and 

women’s groups play a meaningful role in the negotiation 

process; 

Whereas, according to a study by the International Peace Institute, a peace agreement is 35 percent more likely to 

last at least 15 years if women participate in the development of the peace agreement; 

Whereas, according to the Bureau of International Narcotics 

and Law Enforcement Affairs of the Department of 

State, the full and meaningful participation of women in 

criminal justice professions and security forces vastly enhances the effectiveness of the resulting workforces; 

Whereas, despite the contributions of women to society, hundreds of millions of women and girls around the world 

continue to be denied the right to participate freely in 

civic and economic life, lack fundamental legal protections, and remain vulnerable to exploitation and abuse; 

Whereas, every year, approximately 12,000,000 girls are married before they reach the age of 18, which means that— 


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(1) nearly 33,000 girls are married every day; or 

(2) nearly 23 girls are married every minute; 

Whereas, despite global progress, it is predicted that by 2030 

more than 150,000,000 more girls will marry before 

reaching the age of 18, and approximately 2,400,000 

girls who are married before reaching the age of 18 are 

under the age of 15; 

Whereas girls living in countries affected by conflict or other 

humanitarian crises are often the most vulnerable to 

child marriage, and 9 of the 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are considered fragile or extremely fragile; 

Whereas, on August 15, 2022, the Taliban entered Kabul, 

Afghanistan, and toppled the elected government of the 

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, resulting in de facto 

Taliban rule over the people of Afghanistan; 

Whereas the Taliban has prohibited girls and young women 

from receiving secondary education and has restricted access to primary and university education; 

Whereas, according to the United Nation’s Children’s Fund 

(commonly referred to as ‘‘UNICEF’’)— 

(1) approximately 1⁄4 of girls between the ages of 15 

and 19 have been victims of some form of physical violence; 

(2) approximately 120,000,000 girls worldwide, 

slightly more than 1 in 10, have experienced forced sexual acts; and 

(3) an estimated 1 in 3 women around the world has 

experienced some form of physical or sexual violence; 

Whereas the overall level of violence against women is a better predictor of the peacefulness of a country, the compliVerDate Sep 11 2014 00:16 Jun 15, 2022 Jkt 029200 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6300 E:\BILLS\SR540.RS SR540

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•SRES 540 RS 

ance of a country with international treaty obligations, 

and the relations of a country with neighboring countries 

than indicators measuring the level of democracy, level of 

wealth, or level of institutionalization of the country; 

Whereas, despite the achievements of individual female leaders and evidence that democracy and equality under the 

law form a mutually reinforcing relationship in which 

higher levels of equality are strongly correlated with the 

relative state of peace of a country, a healthier domestic 

security environment, and lower levels of aggression toward other countries— 

(1) women around the world remain vastly underrepresented in— 

(A) national and local legislatures and governments; and 

(B) other high-level positions; and 

(2) according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 

women account for only 25.6 percent of national parliamentarians and 21 percent of government ministers; 

Whereas the ability of women and girls to realize their full 

potential is critical to the ability of a country to achieve 

strong and lasting economic growth, self-reliance, and political and social stability; 

Whereas, although the United Nations Millennium Project 

reached the goal of achieving gender parity in primary 

education in most countries in 2015, the COVID–19 

global pandemic has set back gender equality in education and more work remains to be done to achieve gender equality in primary and secondary education, and 

particularly in secondary education worldwide as gender 

gaps persist and widen, by addressing— 

(1) discriminatory practices; 


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•SRES 540 RS 

(2) harmful cultural and social norms; 

(3) inadequate sanitation facilities, including facilities to manage menstruation; 

(4) child, early, and forced marriage; 

(5) poverty; 

(6) early pregnancy and motherhood; 

(7) conflict and insecurity; and 

(8) other factors that favor boys or devalue girls’ 

education; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization— 

(1) approximately 132,000,000 girls between the 

ages of 6 and 17 remain out of school; 

(2) girls living in countries affected by conflict are 

2.5 times more likely to be out of primary school than 

boys; 

(3) girls are twice as likely as boys to never set foot 

in a classroom; and 

(4) up to 30 percent of girls who drop out of school 

do so because of adolescent pregnancy or child marriage; 

Whereas women around the world face a variety of constraints that severely limit their economic participation 

and productivity and remain underrepresented in the 

labor force; 

Whereas the economic empowerment of women is inextricably 

linked to a myriad of other human rights that are essential to the ability of women to thrive as economic actors, 

including— 

(1) living lives free of violence and exploitation; 

(2) achieving the highest possible standard of health 

and well-being; 


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•SRES 540 RS 

(3) enjoying full legal and human rights, such as access to registration, identification, and citizenship documents, and freedom of movement; 

(4) access to formal and informal education; 

(5) access to, and equal protection under, land and 

property rights; 

(6) access to fundamental labor rights; 

(7) the implementation of policies to address disproportionate care burdens; and 

(8) receiving business and management skills and 

leadership opportunities; 

Whereas, pursuant to section 3(b) of the Women’s Entrepreneurship and Economic Empowerment Act of 2018 (22 

U.S.C. 2151–2(b)), it is the international development 

cooperation policy of the United States— 

(1) to reduce gender disparities with respect to economic, social, political, educational, and cultural resources, as well as wealth, opportunities, and services; 

(2) to strive to eliminate gender-based violence and 

mitigate its harmful effects on individuals and communities, including through efforts to develop standards and 

capacity to reduce gender-based violence in the workplace 

and other places where women work; 

(3) to support activities that secure private property 

rights and land tenure for women in developing countries, 

including— 

(A) supporting legal frameworks that give 

women equal rights to own, register, use, profit 

from, and inherit land and property; 

(B) improving legal literacy to enable women to 

exercise the rights described in subparagraph (A); 

and 


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•SRES 540 RS 

(C) improving the capacity of law enforcement 

and community leaders to enforce such rights; 

(4) to increase the capability of women and girls to 

fully exercise their rights, determine their life outcomes, 

assume leadership roles, and influence decision making in 

households, communities, and societies; and 

(5) to improve the access of women and girls to education, particularly higher education opportunities in 

business, finance, and management, in order to enhance 

financial literacy and business development, management, 

and strategy skills; 

Whereas the Millennium Challenge Corporation (commonly 

referred to as the ‘‘MCC’’), an independent United States 

foreign assistance agency, recognizes that inequality and 

the exclusion of women from economic opportunities can 

inhibit efforts to promote economic growth and reduce 

poverty and decrease a country’s economic growth trajectory, which is why the gender policy of the MCC requires 

gender inequalities to be identified and considered in 

every stage of agreements with participating countries; 

Whereas, according to the World Health Organization, global 

maternal mortality decreased by approximately 44 percent between 1990 and 2015, yet approximately 830 

women and girls continue to die from preventable causes 

relating to pregnancy or childbirth each day, and 99 percent of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations, of the 830 women 

and adolescent girls who die every day from preventable 

causes relating to pregnancy and childbirth, 507 die each 

day in countries that are considered fragile because of 

conflict or disaster, accounting for approximately 3⁄5 of 

all maternal deaths worldwide; 


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•SRES 540 RS 

Whereas the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reports that women and girls comprise approximately 1⁄2 of the 67,200,000 refugees and 

internally displaced or stateless individuals in the world; 

Whereas the initial days of the Russian invasion of Ukraine 

that began on February 24, 2022, have resulted in a disproportionate number of women and children seeking 

safety outside of Ukraine; 

Whereas those women and girls, like women and girls in all 

humanitarian emergencies, including those subject to 

forced displacement, face increased and exacerbated 

vulnerabilities to— 

(1) gender-based violence, including rape, child marriage, domestic violence, human trafficking, and sexual 

exploitation and assault; 

(2) disruptions in education and livelihood; 

(3) lack of access to health services; and 

(4) food insecurity and malnutrition; 

Whereas malnutrition poses a variety of threats to women 

and girls specifically, as malnutrition can weaken their 

immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections, and affects their capacity to survive childbirth, and 

children born of malnourished women and girls are more 

likely to have cognitive impairments and higher risk of 

disease throughout their lives; 

Whereas it is imperative— 

(1) to alleviate violence and discrimination against 

women and girls; and 

(2) to afford women and girls every opportunity to 

be equal members of their communities; and 


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•SRES 540 RS 

Whereas March 8, 2022, is recognized as International Women’s Day, a global day— 

(1) to celebrate the economic, political, and social 

achievements of women in the past, present, and future; 

and 

(2) to recognize the obstacles that women face in the 

struggle for equal rights and opportunities: Now, therefore, be it 

Whereas, as of March 2022, there are approximately 

3,950,000,000 women and girls in the world, making up 

1⁄2 of the world’s population; 

Whereas women and girls around the world— 

(1) have fundamental human rights; 

(2) play a critical role in providing and caring for 

their families and driving positive change in their communities; 

(3) contribute substantially to food security, economic 

growth, the prevention and resolution of conflict, and the 

sustainability of peace and stability; 

(4) are affected in different and often disproportionate ways by global, country, and community circumstances, including economic downturns, global health 

concerns, conflict, and migration; and 

(5) must have meaningful protections and opportunities to more fully participate in and lead the political, social, and economic lives of their communities and countries; 

Whereas the advancement and empowerment of women and 

girls around the world is a foreign policy priority for the 

United States and is critical to the achievement of global 

peace, prosperity, and sustainability; 


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•SRES 540 RS 

Whereas, on October 6, 2017, the Women, Peace, and Security 

Act of 2017 (22 U.S.C. 2152j et seq.) was enacted into law, 

which includes requirements for a government-wide 

‘‘Women, Peace, and Security Strategy’’ to promote and 

strengthen the participation of women in peace negotiations and conflict prevention overseas, enhanced training 

for relevant United States Government personnel, and follow-up evaluations of the effectiveness of the strategy; 

Whereas the United States Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security, dated June 2019, recognizes that— 

(1) the ‘‘[s]ocial and political marginalization of 

women strongly correlates with the likelihood that a country will experience conflict’’; 

(2) there is a ‘‘tremendous amount of untapped potential among the world’s women and girls to identify, recommend, and implement effective solutions to conflict’’, 

and there are ‘‘benefits derived from creating opportunities 

for women and girls to serve as agents of peace via political, economic, and social empowerment’’; and 

(3) barriers to the meaningful participation of women 

and girls in conflict prevention and resolution efforts ‘‘include under-representation in political leadership, pervasive violence against women and girls, and persistent inequality in many societies’’; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations Entity for Gender 

Equality and the Empowerment of Women (commonly referred to as ‘‘UN Women’’), peace negotiations are more 

likely to end in a peace agreement when women and women’s groups play a meaningful role in the negotiation process; 

Whereas, according to a study by the International Peace Institute, a peace agreement is 35 percent more likely to last 


pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
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•SRES 540 RS 

at least 15 years if women participate in the development 

of the peace agreement; 

Whereas, according to the Bureau of International Narcotics 

and Law Enforcement Affairs of the Department of State, 

the full and meaningful participation of women in criminal justice professions and security forces vastly enhances 

the effectiveness of the resulting workforces; 

Whereas, despite the contributions of women to society, hundreds of millions of women and girls around the world 

continue to be denied the right to participate freely in 

civic and economic life, lack fundamental legal protections, 

and remain vulnerable to exploitation and abuse; 

Whereas, every year, approximately 12,000,000 girls are married before they reach the age of 18, which means that— 

(1) nearly 33,000 girls are married every day; or 

(2) nearly 23 girls are married every minute; 

Whereas, despite global progress, it is predicted that by 2030 

more than 150,000,000 more girls will marry before reaching the age of 18, and approximately 2,400,000 girls who 

are married before reaching the age of 18 are under the 

age of 15; 

Whereas girls living in countries affected by conflict or other 

humanitarian crises are often the most vulnerable to child 

marriage, and 9 of the 10 countries with the highest rates 

of child marriage are considered fragile or extremely fragile; 

Whereas, on August 15, 2022, the Taliban entered Kabul, Afghanistan, and toppled the elected government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, resulting in de facto 

Taliban rule over the people of Afghanistan; 


pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
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•SRES 540 RS 

Whereas the Taliban has prohibited girls and young women 

from receiving secondary education and has restricted access to primary and university education; 

Whereas, according to the United Nation’s Children’s Fund 

(commonly referred to as ‘‘UNICEF’’)— 

(1) approximately 1⁄4 of girls between the ages of 15 

and 19 have been victims of some form of physical violence; 

(2) approximately 120,000,000 girls worldwide, about 

1 in 10, have experienced forced sexual acts; and 

(3) an estimated 1 in 3 women around the world has 

experienced some form of physical or sexual violence; 

Whereas the overall level of violence against women is a better 

predictor of the peacefulness of a country, the compliance 

of a country with international treaty obligations, and the 

relations of a country with neighboring countries than indicators measuring the level of democracy, level of wealth, 

or level of institutionalization of the country; 

Whereas, despite the achievements of individual female leaders 

and evidence that democracy and equality under the law 

form a mutually reinforcing relationship in which higher 

levels of equality are strongly correlated with the relative 

state of peace of a country, a healthier domestic security 

environment, and lower levels of aggression toward other 

countries— 

(1) women around the world remain vastly underrepresented in— 

(A) national and local legislatures and governments; and 

(B) other high-level positions; and 


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•SRES 540 RS 

(2) according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 

women account for only 25.6 percent of national parliamentarians and 21 percent of government ministers; 

Whereas the ability of women and girls to realize their full potential is critical to the ability of a country to achieve 

strong and lasting economic growth, self-reliance, and political and social stability; 

Whereas, although the United Nations Millennium Project 

reached the goal of achieving gender parity in primary 

education in most countries in 2015, the COVID–19 global 

pandemic has deepened gender inequality in education 

and more work remains to be done to achieve gender equality in primary and secondary education, particularly in 

secondary education worldwide as gender gaps persist and 

widen, by addressing— 

(1) discriminatory practices; 

(2) harmful cultural and social norms; 

(3) inadequate sanitation facilities, including facilities to manage menstruation; 

(4) child, early, and forced marriage; 

(5) poverty; 

(6) early pregnancy and motherhood; 

(7) conflict and insecurity; and 

(8) other factors that favor boys or devalue girls’ education; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization— 

(1) approximately 129,000,000 girls between the ages 

of 6 and 17 remain out of school; 

(2) girls living in countries affected by conflict are 

2.5 times more likely to be out of primary school than 

boys; 


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•SRES 540 RS 

(3) girls are twice as likely as boys to never set foot 

in a classroom; and 

(4) up to 30 percent of girls who drop out of school 

do so because of adolescent pregnancy or child marriage; 

Whereas women around the world face a variety of constraints 

that severely limit their economic participation and productivity and remain underrepresented in the labor force; 

Whereas the economic empowerment of women is inextricably 

linked to a myriad of other internationally recognized 

human rights that are essential to the ability of women to 

thrive as economic actors, including— 

(1) living lives free of violence and exploitation; 

(2) achieving the highest possible standard of health 

and well-being; 

(3) enjoying full legal and human rights, such as access to registration, identification, and citizenship documents, and freedom of movement; 

(4) access to formal and informal education; 

(5) access to, and equal protection under, land and 

property rights; 

(6) access to fundamental labor rights; 

(7) the implementation of policies to address disproportionate care burdens; and 

(8) receiving business and management skills and 

leadership opportunities; 

Whereas, pursuant to section 3(b) of the Women’s Entrepreneurship and Economic Empowerment Act of 2018 (22 

U.S.C. 2151–2(b)), it is the international development cooperation policy of the United States— 

(1) to reduce gender disparities with respect to economic, social, political, educational, and cultural resources, as well as wealth, opportunities, and services; 


pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
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•SRES 540 RS 

(2) to strive to eliminate gender-based violence and 

mitigate its harmful effects on individuals and communities, including through efforts to develop standards and 

capacity to reduce gender-based violence in the workplace 

and other places where women work; 

(3) to support activities that secure private property 

rights and land tenure for women in developing countries, 

including— 

(A) supporting legal frameworks that give 

women equal rights to own, register, use, profit from, 

and inherit land and property; 

(B) improving legal literacy to enable women to 

exercise the rights described in subparagraph (A); and 

(C) improving the capacity of law enforcement 

and community leaders to enforce such rights; 

(4) to increase the capability of women and girls to 

fully exercise their rights, determine their life outcomes, assume leadership roles, and influence decision making in 

households, communities, and societies; and 

(5) to improve the access of women and girls to education, particularly higher education opportunities in 

business, finance, and management, in order to enhance financial literacy and business development, management, 

and strategy skills; 

Whereas the Millennium Challenge Corporation (commonly referred to as the ‘‘MCC’’), an independent United States 

foreign assistance agency, recognizes that inequality and 

the exclusion of women from economic opportunities can 

inhibit efforts to promote economic growth and reduce poverty and decrease a country’s economic growth trajectory, 

which is why the gender policy of the MCC requires gender 

inequalities to be identified and considered in every stage 

of agreements with participating countries; 


pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
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•SRES 540 RS 

Whereas, according to the World Health Organization, global 

maternal mortality decreased by approximately 38 percent 

from 2000 to 2017, yet approximately 810 women and 

girls continue to die from preventable causes relating to 

pregnancy or childbirth each day, and 94 percent of all 

maternal deaths occur in developing countries, putting the 

global community off-track to meeting Sustainable Development Goal 3.1 for reducing maternal deaths; 

Whereas the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner 

for Refugees reports that women and girls comprise approximately 1⁄2 of the 78,300,000 refugees and internally 

displaced or stateless individuals in the world; 

Whereas the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on February 24, 2022, has resulted in a disproportionate number 

of women and children seeking safety outside of Ukraine; 

Whereas those women and girls, like women and girls in all 

humanitarian emergencies, including those subject to 

forced displacement, face increased and exacerbated 

vulnerabilities to— 

(1) gender-based violence, including rape, child marriage, domestic violence, human trafficking, and sexual exploitation and assault; 

(2) disruptions in education and livelihood; 

(3) lack of access to health services; and 

(4) food insecurity and malnutrition; 

Whereas malnutrition poses a variety of threats to women and 

girls specifically, as malnutrition can weaken their immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections, 

and affects their capacity to survive childbirth, and children born of malnourished women and girls are more likely to have cognitive impairments and higher risk of disease 

throughout their lives; 


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•SRES 540 RS 

Whereas it is imperative— 

(1) to alleviate violence and discrimination against 

women and girls; and 

(2) to afford women and girls every opportunity to be 

equal members of their communities; and 

Whereas March 8, 2022, is recognized as International Women’s Day, a global day— 

(1) to celebrate the economic, political, and social 

achievements of women in the past, present, and future; 

and 

(2) to recognize the obstacles that women face in the 

struggle for equal rights and opportunities: Now, therefore, 

be it 

1 Resolved, That the Senate— 

2 (1) supports the goals of International Women’s 

3 Day; 

4 (2) recognizes that the fundamental human 

5 rights of women and girls have intrinsic value that 

6 affect the quality of life of women and girls; 

7 (3) recognizes that the empowerment of women 

8 and girls is inextricably linked to the potential of a 

9 country to generate— 

10 (A) economic growth and self-reliance; 

11 (B) sustainable peace and democracy; and 

12 (C) inclusive security; 

13 (4) recognizes and honors individuals in the 

14 United States and around the world, including 

15 women human rights defenders, activists, and civil 


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•SRES 540 RS 

1 society leaders, who have worked throughout history 

2 to ensure that women and girls are guaranteed 

3 equality and fundamental human rights; 

4 (5) recognizes the unique cultural, historical, 

5 and religious differences throughout the world and 

6 urges the United States Government to act with re7 spect and understanding toward legitimate dif8 ferences when promoting any policies; 

9 (6) reaffirms the commitment— 

10 (A) to end discrimination and violence 

11 against women and girls; 

12 (B) to ensure the safety, health, and wel13 fare of women and girls; 

14 (C) to pursue policies that guarantee the 

15 fundamental human rights of women and girls 

16 worldwide; and 

17 (D) to promote meaningful and significant 

18 participation of women in every aspect of soci19 ety and community, including conflict preven20 tion, protection, peacemaking, and 

21 peacebuilding; 

22 (7) supports sustainable, measurable, and glob23 al development that seeks to achieve gender equality 

24 and the empowerment of women and girls; and 


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1 (8) encourages the people of the United States 

2 to observe International Women’s Day with appro3 priate programs and activities. 


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pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
Calendar No. 410 

117TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. RES. 540 

RESOLUTION 

Supporting the goals of International Women’s 

Day. 

JUNE 14, 2022 

Reported with an amendment to the preamble 


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