COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judges McClanahan and Haley 

Argued at Salem, Virginia 

MATTHEW P. EPPERLY, S/K/A 

 MATTHEW PATRICK EPPERLY 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 2533-04-3 JUDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN 

 OCTOBER 4, 2005 

COUNTY OF MONTGOMERY

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

Ray W. Grubbs, Judge 

Max Jenkins (Jenkins & Jenkins, on brief), for appellant. 

Martin M. McMahon, County Attorney, for appellee. 

 Matthew Patrick Epperly was convicted of violating a Montgomery County zoning 

ordinance and enjoined in the sentencing order to abate the violation. He appeals from the 

circuit court’s subsequent order finding him in contempt and imposing sanctions for failure to 

comply with the injunction. Epperly contends that the court exceeded its authority by imposing 

sanctions authorizing the County to enter upon the real property where the zoning violation 

occurred and conduct, with immunity, an operation to abate the zoning violation; and to impose a 

lien upon that property for any costs and expenses incurred by the County that were not 

recovered from the operation. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the court’s contempt order. 

I. BACKGROUND 

The record includes a written statement of facts in lieu of a transcript pursuant to Rule 

5A:8. As the record shows, Epperly operated an automobile graveyard located at 3207 Hawley 
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Road (the Hawley Road Property) in the County.1

 The automobile graveyard had been in 

existence since before the County first adopted a zoning ordinance in 1969. That ordinance 

required a special use permit for automobile graveyards, which made Epperly’s automobile 

graveyard, consisting of approximately one acre, a nonconforming use.2

 

In October 2001, Epperly received a notice from the County stating that his failure to 

obtain a special use permit to expand the nonconforming automobile graveyard constituted a 

violation of § 10-47 of the Montgomery County Zoning Ordinance3 (the ordinance). That 

section of the ordinance makes it unlawful to expand a nonconforming use beyond the limits of 

the area occupied at the time the use became nonconforming, without first obtaining a special use 

 1

 Section 10-61 of the Montgomery County Zoning Ordinance defines “automobile 

graveyard” as “[a]ny lot or place which is exposed to the weather and upon which more than five 

(5) inoperative vehicles are placed, located or found. An automobile graveyard is considered to 

be a junkyard.” That same section defines “junkyard” as “[a] lot on which junk material and/or 

inoperable vehicles are collected, stored, salvaged, exchanged or sold. The term shall include . . 

. automobile graveyards.” Id.

2

 Section 10-47(1) of the Montgomery County Zoning Ordinance provides that “[a]ny 

nonconforming use . . . which lawfully existed as of the effective date of this [ordinance] and 

which remains nonconforming, and any use . . . which has become nonconforming as a result of 

the adoption of this [ordinance] . . . may be continued or maintained [but] only in accordance 

with the terms of this [ordinance] . . . .” “Nonconforming use” is then defined in § 10-47(2) as 

“the otherwise legal use of any land[,] building or structure . . . that does not conform to all of the 

use regulations of this [ordinance] for the district in which it is located, either on April 15, 1969, 

or as the result of subsequent amendments.” Montgomery County Zoning Ordinance § 10-47(2). 

In this case, the County treated Epperly’s use of the one acre for an automobile graveyard 

as a lawful nonconforming use. See Patton v. City of Galax, 269 Va. 219, 225, 609 S.E.2d 41, 

44 (2005) (explaining “lawful nonconforming use” in zoning law). Such an exception to current 

zoning regulations is commonly referred to as a “grandfather” exception. Id. at 227, 609 S.E.2d 

at 45 (deciding whether use of building as residential apartments was permitted nonconforming 

use “grandfathered” under zoning ordinance). 

3

 The Montgomery County Zoning Ordinance consists of Chapter 10 of the Montgomery 

County Code. 
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permit for such expansion. Epperly received a second notice a month later, giving him sixty 

days to remedy the unlawful expansion of the automobile graveyard. 

In March 2002, a criminal summons was issued against Epperly charging him with 

unlawfully expanding a nonconforming graveyard in violation of § 10-47 of the ordinance. 

Pursuant to § 10-52(2)(c) of the ordinance, a violation of § 10-47 is a Class 2 misdemeanor 

punishable by a maximum fine of $1,000. After numerous continuances, the matter was heard in 

general district court in July 2002, at which time the court granted yet another continuance for 

twelve months upon Epperly’s agreement to remedy the unlawful use within that time period. 

In July 2003, after he failed “to clean up the site,” Epperly was found guilty by the 

general district court of violating § 10-47 of the ordinance, as charged. Epperly was fined 

$1,000, suspended on the condition that he remedy the violation within ninety days. In October 

2003, after being notified that “Epperly had done nothing to remedy the illegal expansion,” the 

court revoked the suspension and imposed the $1,000 fine. 

Epperly appealed the conviction to circuit court, but then pled guilty to the charge. In the 

sentencing order, entered in February 2004, the court found Epperly guilty of violating § 10-47 

of the ordinance for having unlawfully expanded the one acre nonconforming automobile 

graveyard located on the Hawley Road Property. The court imposed a mandatory injunction, 

ordering that Epperly “cease and desist” the unlawful expansion and “have the areas of the 

property located outside of the nonconforming 1 acre as shown on the County aerial map 

[attached to the order and made a part thereof] free of any automobiles and other debris not 

allowed on the property no later than July 1, 2004.” 

The court also imposed a $300 fine against Epperly, which the court suspended on the 

condition, in pertinent part, as follows: that he immediately hire a contractor “to crush and 

remove vehicles and other junk not permitted to be stored [on the unlawfully expanded areas of 
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the Hawley Road Property]”; that he make “substantial progress towards bringing the property 

into compliance” no later than April 15, 2004; and that he bring the property in compliance with 

the ordinance no later than July 1, 2004, “by having all the automobiles, junk and debris 

removed from the unlawfully expanded areas” on or before that date. Epperly’s counsel 

endorsed the order as “[s]een,” stating no objection or exception to it. 

After the county advised the court that Epperly had failed to comply with the February 

2004 sentencing order, the court issued a rule to show cause, directing Epperly to appear and 

answer for his noncompliance. Following the show cause hearing, the court entered an order in 

which it found Epperly in contempt of court for failure to comply with the sentencing order and 

imposed sanctions; found the ongoing violation of the ordinance to constitute a public nuisance; 

revoked the suspended sentence; and imposed a $300 fine. As to the sanctions, because Epperly 

“had nearly three years to bring the property into compliance [from the time he received the first 

notice of violation]” but “failed to do so,” the court granted the following authority to the 

County, which the court deemed an exercise of its “inherent powers” in fashioning a remedy as 

punishment for Epperly’s contempt: (1) for the County and its “employees, officers, agent and 

contractors, to enter upon the [Hawley Road Property] . . . for the purpose of removing from said 

property any and all junk material located [in the unlawfully expanded areas] . . . which, within 

the discretion of the County, constitutes junk materials the storage of which is prohibited and 

unlawful under the Montgomery County Code”4

; (2) to conduct such operation “free and clear of 

liability for damage or destruction to property, including any environmental liability that may 

exist or arise on the property owned by [Epperly] or property otherwise located at 3207 Hawley 

 4

 The order specifically provided that such junk material “include[ed], but [was] not 

limited to inoperable and junk vehicles, vehicle parts, trailers, tires, scrap metal, barrels, junk 

campers, junk boats [and] junk consumer goods.” 
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Road, Montgomery County, Virginia”5

; (3) to place a lien upon the Hawley Road Property for 

costs and expenses the county might incur in the removal operation that were not recovered by 

the County from that operation; and (4) for the County to collect such costs and expenses “in the 

same manner as taxes and levies” and to enforce the lien in the same manner as “liens for unpaid 

local taxes.” 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Court’s Authority to Impose Remedial Sanctions for Epperly’s Contempt 

A court may find a party in contempt for “disobedience or resistance . . . to any lawful 

process, judgment, decree or order of the court.” Code § 18.2-456(5). On appeal, “[a]n 

adjudication of contempt will be reversed ‘only if we find that the court abused its discretion.’” 

Estate of Hackler v. Hackler, 44 Va. App. 51, 64-65, 602 S.E.2d 426, 433 (2004) (quoting 

Barnhill v. Brooks, 15 Va. App. 696, 704, 427 S.E.2d 209, 215 (1993)). 

In this case, Epperly was found in contempt of court for his failure to comply with the 

court’s injunction that was set forth in the earlier sentencing order. That order mandated that 

Epperly abate the zoning violation, for which he was convicted, by removing the vehicles and 

“other junk” not permitted to be stored on the unlawfully expanded areas of the automobile 

graveyard. On appeal, Epperly does not challenge the court’s authority to impose the mandatory 

injunction at the time of and as a part of his sentencing. Nor does he challenge the court’s 

authority to find him in contempt for his noncompliance, or to impose the $300 fine, which had 

been imposed and then suspended at sentencing, conditioned upon Epperly taking the prescribed 

steps to abate the violation within the time set by the court (a period of over four months). 

 5

 While it does not appear in either the sentencing order or the contempt order that the 

trial court made an unequivocal finding as to the owner of the Hawley Road Property, Epperly’s 

counsel conceded at oral argument that Epperly did, in fact, own the property. 
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Rather, Epperly argues that the court exceeded its authority and violated his rights to due 

process by imposing sanctions in the form of authorizations to the County: (i) to conduct an 

operation to abate the zoning violation by removing the unlawfully stored junk materials from 

the site of the violation; (ii) to do so with immunity from property damage and environmental 

liability; and (iii) to place a lien on the real property where the junk materials were located. 

Epperly contends the court had no inherent authority to impose those sanctions, “which are in 

excess of that which is authorized by law” (referring to the punishment for conviction under 

§ 10-47 of the ordinance). The ordinance violation is a Class 2 misdemeanor, punishable by a 

maximum fine of $1,000 (and no jail time). Epperly thus argues that he could “only be 

sanctioned with a fine.” He apparently views the court’s imposition of the $300 fine in the 

contempt order as that sanction.6

 

Epperly argues, in effect, that the circuit court was without jurisdiction, in the context of 

his criminal case involving a zoning violation, to impose remedial sanctions for his contempt of 

court involving that same violation. This, again, is based on his contention that the court was 

limited to the punishment set forth in the ordinance for the crime charged--a fine. We disagree. 

The sentence and injunction imposed on Epperly in the sentencing order ultimately derive 

from distinct provisions of a zoning statute, Code § 15.2-2286. That statute is one of the zoning 

enabling statutes set out in Article 7, Chapter 22 of Title 15.2 of the Code, which permit 

localities to impose land use restrictions through adoption of zoning ordinances. Subsection 

(A)(5) of Code § 15.2-2286 expressly authorizes “the imposition of penalties upon conviction of 

 6

 It is not completely clear from the language of the court’s contempt order whether the 

court imposed the $300 fine as a revocation of its initial suspension in the earlier sentencing 

order because of Epperly’s violations of the conditions of suspension, or imposed the $300 fine 

as a monetary sanction for Epperly’s contempt of court. Characterization of that fine, however, 

makes no difference to our decision in this case. As explained infra, sanctions for civil contempt 

may include both a fine and remedial sanctions, in the court’s discretion. 
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any violation of the zoning ordinance” with “[a]ny such violation [to constitute] a misdemeanor 

punishable by a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $1,000.” Code § 15.2-2286(A)(5). That 

subsection further provides, “[i]f the violation is uncorrected at the time of the conviction, the 

court shall order the violator to abate or remedy the violation in compliance with the zoning 

ordinance, within a time period established by the court.” Id. (emphasis added). Cf. Code 

§ 36-106 (treating building code violations in exactly the same manner, directing courts to order 

abatement where a violation remains uncorrected at time of conviction for such violation).

 Having issued a valid mandatory injunction against Epperly in the sentencing order 

(which injunction Epperly did not object to at the trial level, nor on appeal), the court clearly had 

the inherent, discretionary authority to fashion reasonable remedial sanctions as punishment after 

finding him in contempt for failing to comply with the injunction. “‘The power of the court to 

punish for contempt can no longer be challenged.’” Robinson v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 

137, 145, 583 S.E.2d 60, 64 (2003) (quoting Holt v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 332, 336-37, 136 

S.E.2d 809, 813 (1964), rev’d on other grounds, 381 U.S. 131 (1965)). This power is “inherent 

in, and as ancient as, courts themselves. It is essential to the proper administration of the law, to 

enable courts to enforce their orders, judgments and decrees, and to preserve the confidence and 

respect of the people without which the rights of the people cannot be maintained and enforced.” 

Estate of Hackler, 44 Va. App. at 64, 602 S.E.2d at 432 (quoting Carter v. Commonwealth, 2 

Va. App. 392, 395, 345 S.E.2d 5, 7 (1986)); see French v. Clintwood, 203 Va. 562, 569, 125 

S.E.2d 798, 802 (1962) (“It is well settled that a court . . . is invested with power to punish for 

contempt in the disobedience of its orders and decrees, both by the inherent nature and 

constitution of a court, and by statute in Virginia.”). 

The inherent power of the court to punish for contempt is discretionary. “Upon a finding 

of contempt, a trial judge has discretionary power to enforce decrees of the court.” Estate of 
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Hackler, 44 Va. App. at 64, 602 S.E.2d at 432 (citing Code § 18.2-456). This includes the 

power, in the court’s “‘sound discretion,’” to determine the “‘degree of punishment.’” Id. at 64, 

602 S.E.2d at 432-33 (quoting Local 333B, United Marine Div. v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 773, 

786, 71 S.E.2d 159, 167 (1952)). Such punishment may be in the form of either civil or criminal 

sanctions, or both. Small v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 314, 317, 398 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1990) 

(stating that for contempt, “both criminal and civil sanctions may be imposed as a result of the 

same conduct” (citing United States v. Halper, 490 U.S. 435, 443 (1989))). “[I]t is not the ‘fact 

of punishment but rather its character and purpose’ that distinguishes civil and criminal 

contempt.” Id. (quoting Gompers v. Buck’s Stove & Range Co., 221 U.S. 418, 441 (1911)). 

“The punishment for civil contempt,” as in the instant case, “is remedial and for the benefit of 

the injured party. The punishment for criminal contempt, however, is punitive, ‘to vindicate the 

authority of the court.’” Id. 

The scope of civil contempt sanctions is not limited to a fine and/or imprisonment. 

Rainey v. City of Norfolk, 14 Va. App. 968, 974, 421 S.E.2d 210, 214 (1992). Instead, “[t]he 

punishment in a civil contempt proceeding ‘is adapted to what is necessary to afford the injured 

party remedial relief for the injury or damage done by the violation of the injunction to his 

property or rights which were under the protection of the injunction.’” Id. (quoting Deeds v.

Gilmer, 162 Va. 157, 262, 174 S.E. 37, 78-79 (1934)). Thus, as this Court explained in Rainey, 

examples of appropriate sanctions in this context include: 

a fine or imprisonment, Leisge [v. Leisge], 224 Va. [303,] 308, 296 

S.E.2d [538,] 541 [(1982)], removal or alteration of improvements 

constructed pursuant to a mistakenly issued building permit, 

Segaloff v. City of Newport News, 209 Va. 259, 261-62, 163 

S.E.2d 135, 137 (1968), ordering the owner of a building not in 

compliance with building code to turn over his keys and submit to 

an inspection or have the building demolished for his failure to 

purge himself of contempt, Borozny v. Paine, 122 R.I. 701, 

705-06, 411 A.2d 304, 307 (1980), and ordering occupants to 

vacate buildings that do not comply with applicable building 
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regulations, Lanski v. American National Bank & Trust Co., 122 

Ill. App. 3d 729, 731-32, 462 N.E.2d 607, 609-10 (1984), or 

zoning ordinances, City of Long Beach v. California Lambda 

Chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon, 255 Cal. App. 2d 789, 797, 63 

Cal. Rptr. 419, 424 (1967). 

Id. at 974-75, 421 S.E.2d at 214. 

The decision in Rainey presents another example of appropriate remedial sanctions. 

There, in an injunction suit brought by the City of Norfolk, the trial court ordered a homeowner 

to bring his residence into compliance with the state and city building codes. When the 

homeowner failed to comply, the court held him in civil contempt. In imposing sanctions, the 

court authorized the City or its contractors to enter upon the homeowner’s property to determine 

the repairs required to comply with the building code, to bid the job, and to complete the 

necessary repair work. The decree also enjoined the homeowner to vacate the premises while the 

repairs were being performed. The court further indicated that, as part of the sanctions, it would 

enter a personal judgment against the homeowner for the cost of repairs after the work was 

completed. Id. at 970, 421 S.E.2d at 211-12. On appeal, the landowner argued that the sanctions 

exceeded the permissible scope for civil sanctions. Affirming the trial court, this Court found the 

sanctions did “no more than what was necessary to compel [the homeowner] to comply with the 

code and to protect the City’s rights, which the initial injunction was designed to accomplish.” 

Id. at 975, 421 S.E.2d at 214. We therefore held that the sanctions imposed were a reasonable 

exercise of the trial court’s discretion “to remediate the wrong occasioned by [the homeowner’s] 

violation of the injunction.” Id. at 975, 421 S.E.2d at 215. 

B. Epperly’s Waiver of Challenge to Reasonableness of Actual Sanctions Imposed 

Given that the court in the instant case had the inherent authority to impose remedial 

sanctions against Epperly for his contempt and was not limited to imposing a fine, we turn to the 

issue of whether the court reasonably exercised its discretion in specifically fashioning such 
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sanctions on the facts here presented. Epperly did not raise this issue as a question presented, 

nor develop any argument on it in his opening brief, other than his bare assertion that the 

sanctions violated his rights to due process. We, therefore, decline to address the issue finding it 

waived under Rule 5A:20(c) and (e). See Rule 5A:20(c) (requiring appellant’s opening brief to 

include, inter alia, a statement of the questions presented); Rule 5A:20(e) (requiring appellant’s 

opening brief to include the “principles of law, the argument, and the authorities relating to each 

question presented”); see also Budnick v. Budnick, 42 Va. App. 823, 833, 595 S.E.2d 50, 55 

(2004) (“‘Statements unsupported by argument, authority, or citations to the record do not merit 

appellate consideration.’” (quoting Roberts v. Roberts, 41 Va. App. 513, 527, 586 S.E.2d 290, 

297 (2003))). 

III. CONCLUSION 

Accordingly, we affirm the court’s contempt order, including its imposition of remedial 

sanctions against Epperly for contempt of court. 

Affirmed.