III 

Calendar No. 160 

117TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. RES. 380 

Reiterating United States support for the people of the Republic of South 

Sudan in their quest for lasting peace, stability, and democracy after 

10 years of independence and calling for a review of United States 

policy toward South Sudan. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

SEPTEMBER 23, 2021 

Mr. RISCH (for himself, Mr. BOOKER, Mr. ROUNDS, Mr. DURBIN, Mr. CORNYN, Mr. RUBIO, Mr. VAN HOLLEN, and Mr. COONS) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations 

OCTOBER 28, 2021 

Reported by Mr. MENENDEZ, with an amendment and an amendment to the 

preamble 

[Strike out all after the resolving clause and insert the part printed in italic] 

[Strike the preamble and insert the part printed in italic] 

RESOLUTION 

Reiterating United States support for the people of the Republic of South Sudan in their quest for lasting peace, 

stability, and democracy after 10 years of independence 

and calling for a review of United States policy toward 

South Sudan. 

Whereas the Republic of South Sudan became the newest 

country in the world on July 9, 2011, following the RefVerDate Sep 11 2014 00:27 Oct 29, 2021 Jkt 029200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6300 E:\BILLS\SR380.RS SR380

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•SRES 380 RS 

erendum on the Self-Determination of Southern Sudan, 

in which 99 percent of Southern Sudanese voters voted 

in favor of secession from Sudan; 

Whereas the 21-year civil war in Sudan, the longest-running 

conflict in Africa, caused approximately 2,000,000 deaths 

and mass population displacement of approximately 

550,000 refugees and 4,000,000 internally displaced persons; 

Whereas the United States played a significant role in supporting the resolution of Sudan’s civil war, facilitating 

peace negotiations, serving as a witness to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of 

the Republic of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Sudan People’s Liberation Army 

signed in January 2005, and providing substantial resources for the implementation of that agreement alongside other international partners; 

Whereas, on December 15, 2013, just 28 months following 

independence, the political power struggle between President Salva Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar, both of 

the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), erupted into open conflict between ethnically allied Dinka and 

Nuer factions of the security services and quickly escalated into civil war; 

Whereas, on August 17, 2015, after months of mediation by 

the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the 

Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan was signed by President Kiir, Riek 

Machar for SPLM-In Opposition (SPLM-IO), and Pagan 

Amum for SPLM-Former Detainees; 


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•SRES 380 RS 

Whereas the parties to the Agreement on the Resolution of 

the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan delayed implementation of the agreement and demonstrated a lack 

of political will for sustainable peace, and in July 2016, 

civil war returned to South Sudan as new clashes in Juba 

quickly spread throughout the country; 

Whereas the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the 

Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, signed on September 12, 2018, asserted the Parties’ commitment to 

the permanent ceasefire, humanitarian access, and respect for human rights, and called for the establishment 

of a Revitalized Transitional Government of National 

Unity to lead South Sudan to democratic elections after 

44 months; 

Whereas Kiir’s presidential term has been extended 3 times 

since South Sudan’s independence, twice through amendments to the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan 

and most recently through an extension of the Transitional Period under the Revitalized Agreement on the 

Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South 

Sudan to 2023; 

Whereas, despite years of fighting, 2 peace agreements, punitive actions by the international community, and widespread suffering among civilian populations, the leaders 

of South Sudan show little motivation to build sustainable peace, and critical provisions of the Revitalized 

Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan remain unimplemented; 

Whereas the conflict in South Sudan resulted in the deaths 

of at least 383,000 people from December 2013 to April 

2018, according to a report by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and caused one of the worst 


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•SRES 380 RS 

displacement crises in the world with 1,600,000 internally displaced persons and 2,200,000 refugees and asylum seekers in the region as of May 2021, according to 

the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; 

Whereas South Sudan ranks 185th of 189 countries in the 

2020 Human Development Index, performed the worst of 

180 countries on the 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index, 

is perennially one of the most dangerous countries in 

which aid workers operate, received the lowest ranking in 

the Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report 

every year from 2015 to 2021, and has been on the Child 

Soldiers Prevention Act list for 10 years in a row; 

Whereas the United Nations declared a ‘‘man-made’’ famine 

in parts of South Sudan in February 2017, and the 

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated in March 2021 that ‘‘South Sudan 

is facing its highest levels of food insecurity and malnutrition since independence ten years ago’’; 

Whereas, in February 2021, the United Nations Commission 

on Human Rights in South Sudan ‘‘found that ten years 

after independence, staggering levels of violence continue 

and threaten to spiral out of control across several regions in the country’’; 

Whereas the situation in South Sudan persists while its 

neighbors face increasingly urgent domestic and regional 

issues, including the ongoing political transition in 

Sudan, conflict in Ethiopia, and deeply flawed electoral 

processes and political unrest in Uganda and Somalia; 

Whereas the United States has been the largest donor to 

South Sudan, providing more than $1,800,000,000 in development assistance since independence and more than 


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•SRES 380 RS 

$6,000,000,000 in emergency humanitarian assistance 

since the start of the civil war in December 2013; 

Whereas, on July 9, 2021, the United Nations Mission in 

South Sudan marked 10 years in existence at a total cost 

of more than $10,300,000,000, and total United States 

contributions are estimated to exceed $3,300,000,000 

through 2021; 

Whereas the leaders of South Sudan have consistently failed 

to uphold their responsibilities to create the conditions 

for peace and prosperity, have prioritized self-preservation and corruption over the needs of the people they represent, have acted in bad faith in the implementation of 

cease-fire and peace agreements, and have betrayed the 

cause of freedom, resulting in the loss of millions of innocent lives; 

Whereas South Sudan has not held an election since its independence and the current leaders of South Sudan were 

appointed or installed through transitional arrangements 

based on peace agreements; 

Whereas South Sudan merits consistent high-level attention 

given the central role the United States played in diplomatic efforts leading to the independence of South Sudan 

and the enormous investments in humanitarian and other 

assistance the United States has provided to South 

Sudan; and 

Whereas, on July 9, 2021, South Sudan celebrated the 10th 

anniversary of its independence: Now, therefore, be it 

Whereas the Republic of South Sudan became the newest country in the world on July 9, 2011, following the Referendum on the Self-Determination of Southern Sudan, in 


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•SRES 380 RS 

which 99 percent of Southern Sudanese voters voted in 

favor of secession from Sudan; 

Whereas the 21-year civil war in Sudan, the longest-running 

conflict in Africa, caused approximately 2,000,000 deaths 

and mass population displacement of approximately 

550,000 refugees and 4,000,000 internally displaced persons; 

Whereas the United States played a significant role in supporting the resolution of Sudan’s civil war, facilitating 

peace negotiations, serving as a guarantor to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of the 

Republic of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation 

Movement/Sudan People’s Liberation Army signed in January 2005, and providing substantial resources for the implementation of that agreement alongside other international partners; 

Whereas, on December 15, 2013, just 28 months following independence, the political power struggle between President 

Salva Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar, both of the 

Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), erupted 

into open conflict between ethnically allied Dinka and 

Nuer factions of the security services and quickly escalated 

into civil war; 

Whereas, on August 17, 2015, after months of mediation by the 

Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of 

South Sudan was signed by President Kiir, Riek Machar 

for SPLM-In Opposition (SPLM-IO), and Pagan Amum 

for SPLM-Former Detainees; 

Whereas the parties to the Agreement on the Resolution of the 

Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan demonstrated a 


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•SRES 380 RS 

lack of political will for sustainable peace, delaying implementation of the agreement, and in July 2016, new clashes 

in Juba quickly spread, returning the country to civil war; 

Whereas the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the 

Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, signed on September 12, 2018, reasserted the Parties’ commitment to a 

permanent ceasefire, humanitarian access, and respect for 

human rights, and called for the establishment of a Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity to lead 

South Sudan to democratic elections after 44 months; 

Whereas Kiir’s presidential term has been extended 3 times 

since South Sudan’s independence, twice through amendments to the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan 

and most recently through an extension of the Transitional 

Period under the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution 

of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan to 2023; 

Whereas, despite years of fighting, the widespread suffering of 

South Sudanese civilians, punitive actions by the international community, and 2 peace agreements, the leaders 

of South Sudan have failed to build sustainable peace, and 

critical provisions of the Revitalized Agreement on the 

Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan 

remain unimplemented; 

Whereas the conflict in South Sudan resulted in the deaths of 

at least 383,000 people from December 2013 to April 2018, 

according to a report by the London School of Hygiene 

and Tropical Medicine, and caused one of the worst displacement crises in the world with 1,600,000 internally 

displaced persons and 2,200,000 refugees and asylum seekers in the region as of May 2021, according to the United 

Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; 


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•SRES 380 RS 

Whereas South Sudan ranks 185th of 189 countries in the 

2020 Human Development Index, performed the worst of 

180 countries on the 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index, 

is perennially one of the most dangerous countries in 

which aid workers operate, received the lowest ranking in 

the Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report 

every year from 2015 to 2021, and has been on the Child 

Soldiers Prevention Act list for 10 years in a row; 

Whereas the United Nations declared a ‘‘man-made’’ famine in 

parts of South Sudan in February 2017, and the United 

Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated in March 2021 that ‘‘South Sudan is facing 

its highest levels of food insecurity and malnutrition since 

independence ten years ago’’; 

Whereas the African Union and Office of the United Nations 

High Commissioner for Human Rights found that parties 

to the conflict had committed acts that constituted war 

crimes, crimes against humanity, and other violations of 

international humanitarian law; 

Whereas, in February 2021, the United Nations Commission 

on Human Rights in South Sudan ‘‘found that ten years 

after independence, staggering levels of violence continue 

and threaten to spiral out of control across several regions 

in the country’’; 

Whereas, in September 2021, the United Nations Deputy High 

Commissioner for Human Rights and the Chairperson of 

the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 

South Sudan both reported that there were significant levels of localized violence and a marked deterioration of 

human rights conditions in South Sudan; 


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•SRES 380 RS 

Whereas the situation in South Sudan persists while its neighbors face increasingly urgent domestic and regional issues, 

including a fragile political transition in Sudan, conflict 

in Ethiopia, and deeply flawed electoral processes and political unrest in Uganda and Somalia; 

Whereas the United States has been the largest donor to South 

Sudan, providing more than $1,800,000,000 in development assistance since independence and more than 

$6,000,000,000 in emergency humanitarian assistance 

since the start of the civil war in December 2013; 

Whereas, on July 9, 2021, the United Nations Mission in 

South Sudan marked 10 years in existence at a total cost 

of more than $10,300,000,000, and total United States 

contributions are estimated to exceed $3,300,000,000 

through 2021; 

Whereas the leaders of South Sudan have consistently failed to 

uphold their responsibilities to create the conditions for 

peace and prosperity, have prioritized self-preservation 

and corruption over the needs of the people they represent, 

have acted in bad faith in the implementation of cease-fire 

and peace agreements, and have betrayed the cause of freedom, resulting in the loss of millions of innocent lives; 

Whereas South Sudan has not held an election since its independence and the current leaders of South Sudan were appointed or installed through transitional arrangements 

based on peace agreements; 

Whereas South Sudan merits consistent high-level attention 

given the central role the United States played in diplomatic efforts leading to the independence of South Sudan 

and the enormous investments in humanitarian and other 


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•SRES 380 RS 

assistance the United States has provided to South Sudan; 

and 

Whereas, on July 9, 2021, South Sudan celebrated the 10th anniversary of its independence: Now, therefore, be it 

1 Resolved, That the Senate— 

2 (1) reiterates the commitment of the United 

3 States to helping the people of South Sudan realize 

4 their aspirations of an independent, stable, demo5 cratic, and prosperous South Sudan; 

6 (2) calls on the Secretary of State to lead a 

7 comprehensive interagency process to develop a revi8 talized United States policy toward South Sudan 

9 that— 

10 (A) identifies a broader range of South Su11 danese political and civilian stakeholders, be12 yond President Kiir and First Vice President 

13 Machar, with whom the United States may 

14 work for the promotion of peace, democracy, de15 velopment, accountability, transparency, and 

16 anti-corruption efforts; 

17 (B) restores United States diplomatic lead18 ership with regard to South Sudan alongside 

19 European and African partners; 

20 (C) reflects the realities of the conflict and 

21 the political context in South Sudan; and 


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•SRES 380 RS 

1 (D) increases diplomatic efforts to urge re2 gional actors, particularly in Kenya and Ugan3 da, to investigate assets of corrupt South Suda4 nese elites and ensure Kenya and Uganda are 

5 no longer havens for conflict- and corruption-re6 lated proceeds; 

7 (3) calls on the United States Mission to the 

8 United Nations— 

9 (A) to demonstrate renewed United States 

10 leadership with regard to the United Nations 

11 Mission in South Sudan to orient the peace12 keeping mission toward increased effectiveness, 

13 clarity of purpose, and eventual drawdown; and 

14 (B) to call upon regional and international 

15 actors to cooperate in enforcing the United Na16 tions arms embargo in South Sudan and take 

17 action against those violating the embargo; 

18 (4) calls on the Administrator of the United 

19 States Agency for International Development, in co20 ordination with the Secretary of State— 

21 (A) to ensure that United States assist22 ance adheres to the principle of ‘‘Do No Harm’’ 

23 by pausing any funding, including humanitarian 

24 aid, that is manipulated to legitimize or enrich 

25 any party to the ongoing conflict; 


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1 (B) to review United States diplomatic en2 gagement and assistance to South Sudan, which 

3 currently amounts to more than 

4 $1,000,000,000 in aid each year, with the goal 

5 of matching the level of United States diplo6 matic engagement with United States assist7 ance; and 

8 (C) to ensure that the comprehensive re9 view of United States assistance programs to 

10 South Sudan, started in 2018 to ‘‘ensure our 

11 assistance does not contribute to or prolong the 

12 conflict, or facilitate predatory or corrupt be13 havior’’, is completed and its findings pub14 licized; and 

15 (5) urges the Secretary of the Treasury— 

16 (A) to prioritize investigative actions into 

17 illicit financial flows fueling violence in South 

18 Sudan; 

19 (B) to work with the Secretary of State to 

20 add to the list of individuals and entities des21 ignated under the South Sudan sanctions pro22 gram, including individuals at the highest levels 

23 of leadership in South Sudan and from within 

24 the National Security Service; and 


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•SRES 380 RS 

1 (C) to coordinate, in cooperation with the 

2 Secretary of State, with the United Kingdom 

3 and the European Union on South Sudan-re4 lated sanctions designations and enforcement. 

5 That the Senate— 

6 (1) reiterates the commitment of the United 

7 States to helping the people of South Sudan realize 

8 their aspirations of an independent, stable, demo9 cratic, and prosperous South Sudan; 

10 (2) calls on the Secretary of State to lead a com11 prehensive interagency process to develop a revitalized 

12 United States policy toward South Sudan that— 

13 (A) restores United States diplomatic lead14 ership with regard to South Sudan alongside 

15 European and African partners; 

16 (B) advances United States policy goals for 

17 South Sudan and the Horn of Africa and estab18 lishes a plan to support a peaceful, prosperous 

19 South Sudan; 

20 (C) identifies South Sudanese political and 

21 civilian stakeholders, beyond President Kiir and 

22 First Vice President Machar, with whom the 

23 United States may work for the promotion of 

24 peace, democracy, development, accountability, 

25 transparency, and anti-corruption efforts; 


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1 (D) increases diplomatic efforts to urge re2 gional actors, particularly in Kenya and Ugan3 da, to investigate assets of corrupt South Suda4 nese elites and ensure Kenya and Uganda are no 

5 longer havens for conflict- and corruption-related 

6 proceeds; and 

7 (E) ensures that United States diplomatic 

8 engagement is commensurate with the level of as9 sistance the United States provides to South 

10 Sudan, which currently amounts to more than 

11 $1,000,000,000 in aid each year; 

12 (3) calls on the United States Mission to the 

13 United Nations— 

14 (A) to take steps to ensure increased effec15 tiveness of the United Nations Mission in South 

16 Sudan; and 

17 (B) to call upon regional and international 

18 actors to cooperate in enforcing the United Na19 tions arms embargo in South Sudan and take 

20 action against those violating the embargo; 

21 (4) calls on the Administrator of the United 

22 States Agency for International Development, in co23 ordination with the Secretary of State— 

24 (A) to ensure that United States assistance 

25 adheres to the principle of ‘‘Do No Harm’’ by 


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•SRES 380 RS 

1 pausing any funding, including humanitarian 

2 aid, that is found to enrich any party to the on3 going conflict; and 

4 (B) to ensure that the comprehensive review 

5 of United States assistance programs to South 

6 Sudan, started in 2018 to ‘‘ensure our assistance 

7 does not contribute to or prolong the conflict, or 

8 facilitate predatory or corrupt behavior’’, is com9 pleted and its findings publicized; and 

10 (5) urges the Secretary of the Treasury— 

11 (A) to prioritize investigations into illicit 

12 financial flows fueling violence in South Sudan; 

13 (B) to work with the Secretary of State to 

14 update, on a regular basis, the list of individuals 

15 and entities designated under the South Sudan 

16 sanctions program, including individuals at the 

17 highest levels of leadership in South Sudan and 

18 from within the National Security Service; and 

19 (C) to coordinate, in cooperation with the 

20 Secretary of State, with the United Kingdom 

21 and the European Union on South Sudan-re22 lated sanctions designations and enforcement. 


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Calendar No. 160 

117TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. RES. 380 

RESOLUTION 

Reiterating United States support for the people of 

United States policy toward South Sudan. years of independence and calling for a review of lasting peace, stability, and democracy after 10 the Republic of South Sudan in their quest for 

OCTOBER 28, 2021 

Reported with an amendment and an amendment to the 

preamble 


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