PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 3/15/96

TENTH CIRCUIT

MARC THIRY, DIANE DE FRIES THIRY,

and JOHN D. DE FRIES TRUST,

Plaintiffs - Appellants, No. 95-3178

v.

E. DEAN CARLSON, Kansas Secretary of

Transportation; KANSAS STATE

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION;

CITY OF BASEHOR, KANSAS; CITY OF

TONGANOXIE, KANSAS; and COUNTY OF

LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS,

Defendants - Appellees,

and

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Intervenor.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS

(D.C. No. 94-CV-2425)

Theodore James Lickteig, Lenexa, Kansas, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Michael J. Davis, Stinson, Mag & Fizzell, P.C., Kansas City, Missouri (Michael B. Rees,

Office of Chief Counsel, Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka, Kansas, with

him on the brief) for Defendants-Appellees.
*The Honorable Nathaniel R. Jones, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of

Appeals, Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.

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Before ANDERSON, McKAY, and JONES,

*

 Circuit Judges.

ANDERSON, Circuit Judge.

The central question in this case is whether the plaintiffs’ rights under the

Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1 to -4 (“RFRA”),

would be violated if a parcel of their property containing the grave of their stillborn

daughter is taken for public highway purposes, necessitating the relocation of the

gravesite. Two related questions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 are whether this condemnation

action would violate the plaintiffs’ First Amendment right to the free exercise of their

religion, and their Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process rights of family unity

and integrity. The district court answered these questions in the negative. We agree. The

plaintiffs’ rights under RFRA will not be violated because, under the facts found by the

district court, this taking for public highway purposes will not substantially burden the

free exercise of their religion. And, the plaintiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights

will not be violated because the taking is part of a neutrally applied project, not directed

at the plaintiffs’ religion, the effects are incidental, and the plaintiffs can still practice
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their religion and maintain the integrity of their family despite the relocation of their

daughter’s gravesite. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

FACTS

The plaintiffs-appellants, Marc and Diane De Fries Thiry, husband and wife, reside

on the Stranger Creek Ranch, a 151 acre parcel of property in Tonganoxie, Kansas. The

plaintiff-appellant, John D. De Fries Trust (collectively referred to along with the Thirys

as “the Thirys”), owns legal title to the property. Diane De Fries Thiry is a beneficiary of

the Trust.

The Kansas Department of Transportation (“KDOT”) is engaged in a project to

improve a portion of U.S. Highway 24, which passes along the edge of the Thiry

property. The project design calls for a wider median which will accommodate periodic

“turn-around areas” large enough to ensure the safety of vehicles passing through or

turning around in those areas. This design requires the acquisition of some adjacent

private property, including a four-acre parcel of the Thiry property. The ashes of the

Thirys’ stillborn baby, Qatlin Soux De Fries Thiry, are buried in this four-acre site,

having been placed there in 1993, seven or eight months after the stillbirth. A large

quartzite boulder serves as a headstone for the grave. The Thirys placed a three-foot tall

wooden cross at the grave sometime after the burial. If the KDOT highway improvement

project takes the land containing Qatlin’s gravesite, the grave presumably will be moved
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to another location designated by the Thirys. According to the Thirys, this disturbance

and the loss of the existing gravesite will burden their religion. The district court’s

findings respecting the Thirys’ religious beliefs and practices are substantially

uncontested on appeal, and, in any event, are not clearly erroneous. We set them out

verbatim as follows:

The Thirys’ Religious Beliefs

11. Diane De Fries Thiry is one-thirty-second Delaware Indian. 

She believes in and practices many tenets of American Indian spirituality

which includes beliefs in God as creator, the sanctity of all life, life after

death, and the sanctity of gravesites.

12. Diane De Fries Thiry also believes in and practices many

tenets of Quakerism and Christianity. These beliefs include baptism by the

Holy Spirit rather than by water, peaceable resistance on matters of

disagreement, an absence of ritual in worship, a direct relationship with

God by an individual without the need for clergy, and sharing of

experiences with God in worship services. The Thirys were married in

November 1989 at the Stanwood Friends Meeting in McLouth, Kansas, in a

Quaker service.

13. Marc Thiry believes in and practices many tenets of

Christianity which include observance of a sabbath, or day of rest, the Ten

Commandments, God as creator and supreme being, and the existence of

sacred places. Marc Thiry also believes in and practices many tenets of

American Indian spirituality which include reverence for all things created

by God and harmony with other life forms on earth.

14. The area immediately surrounding the red boulder, including

the gravesite, is a place which holds special meaning for the Thirys. Diane

De Fries Thiry has gone to that area to pray since she was seven years old. 

The area was also a place of prayer for Marc Thiry prior to his marriage to

Diane. The Thirys practice their religious beliefs by visiting the area to be

near the spirit of their deceased child and to worship and pray. The Thirys

plan to be buried alongside the grave of their child.
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15. The Thirys believe that their religious beliefs and practices

will continue even if KDOT is allowed to proceed with its condemnation

action and construction of the planned highway improvements. The Thirys

have in the past prayed, worshiped, and felt a closeness with God at places

other than the area around the red boulder.

16. The Thirys have maintained a closeness with the spirit of their

daughter continuously since her death, even during the six to seven months

before her burial.

17. Christian beliefs in the sanctity of burial sites are not violated

by moving gravesites when necessary, and moving the gravesites would not

be inconsistent with tenets of American Indian spirituality if the Thirys

believed it to be necessary. Although a site for prayer and worship is

important to Quakers, a basic tenet of Quakerism is that God is within

individuals and one particular location is no more or less sacred than

another. Despite their beliefs in the sanctity of burial sites, the Thirys

would agree to move their child’s grave if they believed that it was required

in order to build a safe highway.

Memorandum and Order, dated May 8, 1995, at 5-7, R. Vol. I at 183-85.

The district court also reviewed at length the facts concerning the highway project

finding, among other things, that “[t]he widened medians are necessary for public safety.” 

Id. at 8, R. Vol. I at 186. The Thirys first became aware of the proposed taking in

November 1993, and filed their complaint on October 28, 1994, seeking to enjoin

KDOT’s condemnation proceedings. The district court entered a temporary restraining

order that same day and granted a partial preliminary injunction on December 16, 1994. 

On May 8, 1995, the district court dissolved the preliminary injunction and entered

judgment in favor of KDOT. On June 12, 1995, the ruling to dissolve the preliminary
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injunction was stayed and the preliminary injunction was reinstated during the pendency

of this appeal.

DISCUSSION

I. RFRA

The Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1 to -4, provides in

pertinent part as follows:

§ 2000bb-1. Free exercise of religion protected

(a) In general

Government shall not substantially burden a person’s exercise of

religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability,

except as provided in subsection (b) of this section.

(b) Exception

Government may substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion

only if it demonstrates that application of the burden to the person--

(1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest;

and

(2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling

governmental interest.

The Act imposes three threshold requirements: the government action must

1) substantially burden 2) a religious belief rather than a philosophy or way of life,

3) which belief is sincerely held by the plaintiff. See id.; Thomas v. Review Bd., 450

U.S. 707, 713-18 (1981); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 215-19 (1972); Werner v.
1Although the issue was raised below, the parties raise no issue on appeal as to the

constitutionality of RFRA. Cf., Flores v. City of Boerne, 73 F.3d 1352 (5th Cir. 1996)

(rejecting the constitutional challenge to RFRA). Accordingly, we confine our analysis to

the statute.

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McCotter, 49 F.3d 1476, 1479 n.1, 1480 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2625 (1995). 

The plaintiff has the burden of proving these requirements by a preponderance of the

evidence. See Werner, 49 F.3d at 1480 n.2. On review, the requirements, although

largely factual in nature, present mixed questions of fact and law. We review the

meaning of the Act de novo, including the definitions as to what constitutes a substantial

burden and what constitutes a religious belief, and the ultimate determination as to

whether the Act has been violated in either of those respects. Sincerity is a factual matter. 

As to historical and other underlying factual determinations we defer to the district court,

reversing only if the court’s findings are clearly erroneous.

There is no dispute in this case over the district court’s findings that religious

beliefs sincerely held by the Thirys are implicated. The remaining threshold question,

then, is whether those beliefs will be substantially burdened by the relocation of their

daughter Qatlin’s gravesite and use of the present site for public highway purposes.1

In a case strikingly similar to the one before us, Lyng v. Northwest Indian

Cemetery Protective Ass’n, 485 U.S. 439 (1988), the Supreme Court established what

constitutes a burden on religious beliefs and practices, including traditional Indian

religious practices. It stated that the incidental effects of otherwise lawful government
2The Thirys attempt to distinguish Lyng on the basis that the government in that

case was building a highway over public land, while the proposed highway in the instant

case will take private land. We are unpersuaded. The Court’s analysis in Lyng did not

rest on property ownership. Rather, it focused on the nature and extent of the intrusion on

religious beliefs and practices as such. Cf. Badoni v. Higginson, 638 F.2d 172, 176 (10th

Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 954 (1981); Grosz v. City of Miami Beach, 721 F.2d

729, 740 (11th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 827 (1984); Sequoyah v. Tennessee

Valley Auth., 620 F.2d 1159, 1164 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 (1980).

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programs “which may make it more difficult to practice certain religions but which have

no tendency to coerce individuals into acting contrary to their religious beliefs” do not

constitute substantial burdens on the exercise of religion. Id. at 450-51.2

In Werner we said that to exceed RFRA’s “substantial burden” threshold,

government regulation--

must significantly inhibit or constrain conduct or expression that manifests

some central tenet of . . . [an individual’s] beliefs; must meaningfully curtail

[an individual’s] ability to express adherence to his or her faith; or must

deny [an individual] reasonable opportunities to engage in those activities

that are fundamental to [an individual’s] religion.

Werner, 49 F.3d at 1480 (citations omitted).

Werner is a prisoner case, which may explain why we failed entirely to address the

Court’s “substantial burden” standard in Lyng. The reasoning of Werner, however, is too

broad to permit a prisoner/nonprisoner distinction. Regardless, in this case it is

unnecessary for us to attempt to harmonize Werner’s language with Lyng, or to explore

its ramifications, since as the district court found, the Thirys did not carry their burden of

proof under any plausible reading of the statute.
3On appeal, the Thirys dispute the necessity of KDOT’s proposed highway,

contending that the median turn-around area could be located in another place or made

narrower to preserve the gravesite. However, because the Thirys failed to prove that they

will be substantially burdened, it is unnecessary to address the intricacies of the proposed

highway construction.

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While the Thirys establish that they will be both distressed and inconvenienced

over the relocation of their daughter’s gravesite and loss of access to that particular site

itself, they also testified that they will still continue their religious beliefs and practices

even if the condemnation proceeds as planned. R. Vol. III at 548-49, 562-64. They

concede that they have worshiped, prayed, and drawn near to God in places other than the

gravesite area. Id. at 545-58, 563. Furthermore, a basic tenet of Quakerism is that God is

within individuals and one particular location is no more or less sacred than another. R.

Vol. II at 324, 501, 524, 527-28.

The Thirys further testified that they have maintained a continuous closeness with 

Qatlin’s spirit since her death, including the period of more than half a year before her

burial at the site in question. R. Vol. III at 549, 560-61. Their American Indian

spirituality and Christian beliefs also allow for the moving of gravesites when necessary. 

R. Vol. II at 324, 331, 506-07, 520. And, despite their belief in the sanctity of burial sites,

and this site in particular, the Thirys testified that they would agree to move Qatlin’s

grave if they believed it was necessary to ensure a safe highway. R. Vol. II at 340, 395-

98, 400; R. Vol. III at 563, 565-66.3
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In sum, after carefully considering all of the Thirys’ arguments on appeal, and the

record below, we conclude that the district court did not err in its determination that the

Thirys’ rights under RFRA will not be violated by the condemnation in question because

the taking will not substantially burden their exercise of religion.

II. SECTION 1983

The Thirys’ second claim, brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, argues that

KDOT’s proposed action violates their rights under the Free Exercise Clause of the First

Amendment. In Employment Div., Dept. of Human Resources v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872

(1990), the Supreme Court held that a law that is religion-neutral and generally applicable

does not violate the Free Exercise Clause even if it incidentally affects religious practice. 

Id. at 878-79; see also Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah, 113 S.

Ct. 2217, 2226 (1993) (“[O]ur cases establish the general proposition that a law that is

neutral and of general applicability need not be justified by a compelling governmental

interest even if the law has the incidental effect of burdening a particular religious

practice.”). The Thirys admit that KDOT’s proposed actions are neutral and generally

applicable and further concede that they are “being treated [no] differently as against

other believers because of their faith.” Appellants’ Br. at 19. We therefore conclude that

the Thirys have failed to establish a violation of their rights guaranteed by the Free

Exercise Clause of the First Amendment.
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 The Thirys’ final claim, also brought pursuant to § 1983, alleges their substantive

due process rights to family unity and integrity, guaranteed by the Fourteenth

Amendment, were violated. They attempt to fall within the “hybrid” exception

recognized by Smith for cases that involve “the Free Exercise Clause in conjunction with

other constitutional protections.” Smith, 494 U.S. at 881 & n.1; see also Yoder, 406 U.S.

at 232-33 (invalidating a compulsory school attendance law because of the

interrelationship between the Amish’s belief and daily conduct in the continued survival

of Old Order Amish communities and their religious institution). We agree with the

district court that nothing which KDOT proposes would preclude the fulfillment of the

Thirys’ desire to be buried alongside the grave of their daughter. Accordingly, even

assuming arguendo that family unity and integrity are protected as liberty interests under

the Fourteenth Amendment, we find no basis for the Thirys’ claim that KDOT’s actions

will interfere with these interests.

CONCLUSION

 We thus conclude that the Thirys have failed to sustain their burden of establishing

a violation under RFRA, the Free Exercise Clause, or the Fourteenth Amendment.

The judgment is accordingly AFFIRMED.