IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs August 5, 2014

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TERRANCE MCCRACKEN

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 11-03083 James M. Lammey, Jr., Judge

No. W2013-01396-CCA-R3-CD - Filed September 10, 2014

Appellant was convicted of rape, a Class B felony, and sentenced to nine years in

confinement. On appeal, appellant argues (1) that the trial court erred by failing to grant his

motion to suppress because there was an unreasonable delay in the judicial determination of

probable cause; (2) that the trial erred by failing to grant his motion to suppress because his

statements to police were involuntary; and (3) that there was insufficient evidence to support

his conviction. Following our review of the parties’ briefs, the record, and the applicable

law, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROGER A. PAGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J.,

and ALAN E. GLENN, J., joined.

Stephen C. Bush, District Public Defender; and Phyllis L. Aluko (on appeal) and Jennifer

Case (at trial), Assistant District Public Defenders, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant,

Terrance McCracken.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Senior Counsel; Amy

P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Cavett Osner and Abby Wallace, Assistant District

Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

This case concerns the rape of the victim after appellant entered her Shelby County

home under the guise of using her telephone. Appellant was indicted for aggravated rape and

aggravated kidnapping. The jury found him guilty of the lesser-included offense of rape and

not guilty of aggravated kidnapping.
I. Facts

A. Facts from Suppression Hearing

The trial court held a suppression hearing on July 5, 2012. Kerby Windless, an officer

with the Memphis Police Department, testified that on October 12, 2010, he responded to a

forcible rape call. He stated that when he arrived, the victim told him that appellant had

1

become upset when her telephone rang and that he had held a knife to her throat and made

her perform oral sex. She then explained that appellant was inside her home attempting to

kill himself. Officer Windless observed “some redness around [the victim’s] throat and

forehead.” Officer Windless and several other officers entered the home and saw appellant

stabbing himself with a knife. Officer Windless ordered appellant to drop the knife, which

he did. Appellant was then taken to receive medical attention in the responding ambulance.

During cross-examination, Officer Windless conceded that the call he heard on the

radio was regarding a suicide rather than a forcible rape, describing it as an “armed party

call.” The incident occurred in Foote Homes in Shelby County. Between four and six

officers responded to the scene, and they all arrived at approximately the same time. Officer

Windless stated that the victim did not tell him she had been smoking crack cocaine and that

she did not appear as if she had been so doing. Officer Windless described the victim as

being “emotional,” “hysterical,” and “in distress” when he arrived at her home. When the

officers went upstairs, appellant had several cut wounds in the center of his chest, which

were bleeding, and he appeared upset. Officer Windless arrested appellant at 12:22 p.m.

The officers did not gather any information at the scene indicating the occupants had used

narcotics. Officer Windless stated that he was at the crime scene for approximately thirty

minutes and that he completed his crime scene report while other officers transported

appellant.

In response to the court’s questions regarding the sequence of events, Officer

Windless clarified that when they arrived,

[appellant] was in the house. He got upset due to [the victim] had a

phone call from another male and he got upset. That he got a knife, took it to

her throat. She pretty much tried to wrestle the knife out of his hand but he

overpowered her. And then she performed oral sex in fear of her life and then

at that time[,] he became upset because he couldn’t get an arousal . . . .

It is the policy of this court to protect the identity of victims of rape; therefore, we will refer to the 1

victim only as “the victim” throughout this opinion. 

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Sergeant Melvin Amerson, Jr., an investigator with the Memphis Sex Crimes Bureau,

testified that on October 12, 2010, he interviewed the victim at 4:10 p.m. The victim told

Sergeant Amerson that after appellant came over, he became angry and began choking her.

Appellant requested fellatio, which the victim refused, and a fight ensued. The victim also

stated that appellant attempted to kill himself. Sergeant Amerson described the victim’s

injuries, stating that the victim “had some markings in the neck area and forehead and face

area and on her arms were [sic] marked up pretty good.” Following the interview, Sergeant

Amerson interviewed appellant at 7:30 p.m. Sergeant Amerson explained that he advised

appellant of his Miranda rights and reviewed those rights with appellant in writing and

verbally. Sergeant Amerson testified that appellant did not seem to have a problem

understanding why he was there or what was occurring. On his advice of rights document,

appellant indicated that he understood his rights and wished to speak with law enforcement,

initialed beside his affirmative answers, and signed the document. Appellant then confessed

to using a knife to force the victim to perform oral sex. After taking appellant’s statement,

Sergeant Amerson obtained a forty-eight-hour hold while he attempted to contact the sex

crimes prosecutor. Sergeant Amerson asserted that there was “most definitely” probable

cause to arrest appellant at that time. In order to obtain the forty-eight-hour hold, Sergeant

Amerson presented a form to the judicial commissioner stating the relevant facts, when the

crime occurred, and the justification for the forty-eight-hour hold. The hold document was

signed and dated October 12, 2010, at 10:12 p.m. Appellant was formally charged the

following day after officers spoke with the prosecutor and canvassed the crime scene area.

During cross-examination, Sergeant Amerson stated that appellant was free to leave

the police station until the forty-eight-hour hold was issued; however, Sergeant Amerson

stated that appellant was in custody during his interview, which occurred prior to obtaining

the forty-eight-hour hold. Sergeant Amerson conceded that he was not present at the crime

scene and, therefore, did not know whether appellant was placed in handcuffs at the scene.

Sergeant Amerson first saw appellant when appellant was sitting inside the police station.

Sergeant Amerson explained that when presenting an arrestee with the advice of rights form,

he allows the arrestee to read the document, he informs the arrestee of the pending charges,

and then he asks the arrestee to read the document aloud. If the arrestee agrees to speak with

Sergeant Amerson, the arrestee answers the questions on the form affirmatively and initials

beside the responses. Sergeant Amerson described appellant’s demeanor as “real calm.”

Appellant told Sergeant Amerson that he was thirty-five years old and had a seventh grade

education. Appellant also told Sergeant Amerson that he and the victim had been smoking

crack cocaine together before appellant was arrested. Sergeant Amerson did not recall

appellant’s saying that he suffered from a mental disability and was unaware that a caller had

told dispatch that appellant was a “mental patient who was off his medications.” Sergeant

Amerson recalled that appellant had a bandage on his forehead and some “scratch marks.”

Sergeant Amerson stated that while appellant was in the police station, Sergeant Amerson

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and several other officers asked appellant whether he needed any food or water and whether

he needed to use the restroom.

Sergeant Amerson agreed that the purpose of the forty-eight-hour hold was to

continue investigating the incident and that he and his partner went to the crime scene to

canvas the area on October 13, the day following appellant’s arrest. Appellant was then

formally charged in this case at 4:37 p.m. on October 13. Sergeant Amerson went back to

the judicial commissioner and made an affidavit of complaint, which is a statement of

probable cause, against appellant.

Judicial Commissioner John Marshall testified that his core function as a judicial

commissioner wasto make probable cause determinationsthat began the “charging process.”

He stated that on October 12, 2010, at 10:12 p.m., he authorized a forty-eight-hour hold for

appellant based on probable cause.

Appellant testified that in October 2010, he was thirty-five years old, had a seventh

grade education, and had not obtained his GED. Appellant had been diagnosed with

schizophrenia and prescribed Prozac and Trazodone in 2005. However, appellant had not

taken his medication for “a month or two” prior to the incident involving the victim.

Appellant also stated that he had been using crack cocaine for approximately eight years prior

to October 2010 and that he and the victim smoked eight rocks of crack cocaine on October

12, 2010. Appellant explained that when the police arrived, he was “poking [himself] with

scissors in [his] stomach” because he “felt depressed.” The officers handcuffed appellant

and escorted him outside. An ambulance responded to the scene and bandaged appellant’s

stomach, forehead, and elbow; however, appellant stated that he was not given the option to

go to the hospital. Appellant asserted that one of the officers told him that he was not going

to jail and that they were going to get appellant “some help.” Appellant was transported to

the Sex Crimes Bureau between 2:30 and 3:00 p.m. Appellant explained that he felt “very

depressed,” hungry, thirsty, exhausted, and sleepy. He stated that no one offered him food

or water at the Sex Crimes Bureau.

Appellant stated that his interview with Investigators Amerson and Covington began

at approximately 7:30 p.m. Appellant explained that although he did not want to speak with

the officers, the officers asked if he wanted to “‘give a statement now or tomorrow,’” and

because he did not want to “go through that again,” he said, “‘I’ll give you a statement

now.’” Appellant stated, “I just didn’t want to go through being starved or thirsty or scared.

I had to use the bathroom once[,] and they harassed me,” explaining that Sergeant Amerson

threatened to throw him out of a window. Appellant asserted that Sergeant Amerson did not

inform appellant of his constitutional rights before Sergeant Amerson began talking to

appellant about the incident with the victim; however, appellant testified that at some point

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during the interview, Sergeant Amerson provided him with a piece of paper that said he had

the right to remain silent. Appellant asserted that if he had “known [his] rights,” he

“wouldn’t have said nothing [sic].” At the end of the interview, appellant initialed and

signed his statement.

During cross-examination, appellant conceded that he initialed and signed the advice

of rights form and that he was advised of his Miranda rights. Appellant also agreed that his

statement was a typewritten summary of his responses to questions during his interview.

In response to the court’s questions, appellant testified that prior to this incident, he

had a criminal record and stated that he “knew [his] rights . . . from watching Dragnet and

stuff like that.” However, appellant stated that when he was interviewed, the police did not

inform him of his constitutional rights, and he was not thinking clearly. Appellant also stated

that his arraignment hearing occurred on October 14, within forty-eight hours of his arrest.

Following the hearing, the court made both oral and written findings. Regarding the

legality of appellant’s arrest, the court determined that probable cause to arrest existed after

the victim’s statement to police at the scene. The court also found that Commissioner

Marshall determined that probable cause had been established at 10:12 p.m., when appellant

was arrested at 12:22 p.m. that same day. Fewer than ten hours elapsed between appellant’s

arrest and his judicial determination, and an affidavit of complaint was filed within twentyeight hours of arrest, both of which were filed within the forty-eight-hour constitutional

threshold. The trial court determined that this was not an unreasonable delay and was not

done for purposes of further investigation. Therefore, the trial court found that appellant’s

arrest and the subsequent probable cause determinations were proper. Regarding the

suppression of appellant’sstatement, the trial courtstated that it credited Sergeant Amerson’s

testimony that Sergeant Amerson informed appellant of his Miranda rights before taking

appellant’s statement. The court also discredited appellant’s testimony. Furthermore, the

court determined that appellant was aware of his rights from his numerous past convictions

and that he was free to invoke them, yet he decided not to do so. The court also determined

that appellant had the mental capacity to validly waive his constitutional rights and that the

waiver was voluntarily given. Therefore, the court denied appellant’s motion to suppress.

B. Facts from Trial

Appellant’s trial began on February 25, 2013. Officer Windless’s testimony at trial

was substantially similar to his suppression hearing testimony. He elaborated that he was

dispatched “as an armed party that was upgraded to a possible mental consumer call,” which

meant someone may be having a mental health problem. After speaking with the victim,

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officers entered the victim’s upstairs bedroom and saw appellant stabbing himself with a

“kitchen butter knife.”

During cross-examination, Officer Windlessstated that after he saw appellant, Officer

Windless considered appellant to be a danger to himself. Appellant was placed in handcuffs

for two purposes: to detain him during the investigation and for appellant’s own safety.

Officer Windless testified that appellant told the victim, “You don’t love me,” and, “Nobody

loves me.” The victim also told Officer Windless that appellant had initially retrieved the

knife.

The victim testified that on October 12, 2010, she returned to her home to find

appellant, whom she had known for two months, standing on her porch. Appellant asked to

use her telephone, and the two entered her apartment. Appellant had been inside her home

two or three times prior to this incident. After appellant and the victim watched television

for a time, the victim received a telephone call, and she informed appellant that he needed

to leave. Appellant then grabbed the victim’s neck and began choking her, telling her that

he was going to kill her. He threw her on her bed. A struggle ensued, and the victim

retrieved a knife from beneath her pillow. The two fought over the knife, and appellant

ultimately gained control of the knife. Appellant then forced the victim to perform oral sex

for two to four hours. The victim stated that at one point she attempted to leave but that

appellant grabbed her around the neck and forced her to return to the bed. The victim stated

that during this time she was “begging for [her] life.” In the end, appellant asked the victim

to call the police, which she did. The victim explained that she told the 9-1-1 operator that

someone was trying to kill himself rather than that someone was forcing her to perform oral

sex because, in her words, “I had promised him I wasn’t going to tell, and that was the reason

why he had me to call the police because he was thinking I wasn’t going to tell.” The victim

testified that when the police arrived, she told them that appellant was in the apartment trying

to kill himself and that he had just raped her. The victim denied taking illegal drugs on the

day in question and denied seeing appellant consume drugs at her apartment. The victim

explained that after appellant was apprehended,she gave a statement at the police department

and was physically examined at the Rape Crisis Center.

During cross-examination, the victim stated that appellant arrived at her home at 9:00

or 10:00 a.m. The victim explained that she had been in her bedroom for approximately

twenty to thirty minutes with appellant when she received a telephone call from a male

friend, who was coming to visit. The victim denied ordering or using crack cocaine with

appellant and denied agreeing to perform oralsex on appellant in exchange for crack cocaine.

She asserted that she had never willingly performed fellatio on appellant. The victim

explained that she kept a knife under her pillow for her protection. The victim agreed that

during the struggle for the knife, she and appellant both obtained cuts on their faces. The

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victim conceded that prior to trial, she did not tell the police that appellant had threatened to

kill her during the knife fight. The victim agreed that at her preliminary hearing, she testified

that appellant held the knife either at his side or held it on his chest as he lay on her bed. She

testified that appellant lay on her bed for the two to three hours during which she performed

oral sex. She explained that a friend called during this time and that she “begged and

pleaded” for him to come over. However, the man never arrived. After the victim finished

performing fellatio, she noticed that appellant “was acting like something was wrong.”

Appellant called a friend, and then after the call ended, appellant asked the victim to call the

police. The victim could not recall where the knife was during appellant’s telephone call.

The victim agreed that she told the 9-1-1 operator that appellant had not taken his medication

and that appellant suffered from depression and bipolar disorder.

Sergeant Amerson’s testimony was substantially similar to his testimony at the

suppression hearing. Sergeant Amerson stated that he and Sergeant Covington interviewed

appellant. He stated that standard operating procedure dictated that when they began

interviewing appellant, they establish a rapport with appellant by asking for his name, age,

and interests. However, before appellant was asked about the incident at issue, Sergeant

Amerson provided appellant with a written copy of his Miranda rights, which appellant

initialed and signed.

During his statement to police, appellant told the officers the following: Appellant

went to the victim’s apartment for a date. He knew the victim because his father and uncle

had previously dated her. Appellant asserted that he and the victim had previously had oral

sex for money and for crack cocaine. After he arrived, the victim called someone and

ordered a “dime,” which is a ten-dollar rock of crack cocaine, on three separate occasions.

After the cocaine was delivered each time, appellant and the victim used the narcotics, and

the victim performed fellatio. During this time, the victim received a telephone call from

“another trick,” who said he would arrive later. After the two had used the last of the crack

cocaine, appellant asked the victim to perform oral sex again, which she refused. Appellant

stated that he “pushed her onto the bed and held her face down into the pillow trying to make

her [perform fellatio.]” The victim then retrieved a knife and cut appellant. Appellant told

the victim, “‘I’m not going to hurt you, I just want some more [fellatio].” The victim then

performed oral sex, and appellant stated that “[e]very time that she would stop, [he] would

pick the knife back up.” In the end, appellant apologized to the victim, and the two

continued to use crack cocaine. The victim then performed oral sex again. Appellant stated,

“‘Then she tried to run out of the house, but I caught her.’” Afterward, he told the victim to

call the police. Appellant stated that he did not want to go to the hospital, so the police took

him to the police department. Appellant told Sergeant Amerson that the victim had told him,

“No,” and conceded that he had “force[d] [himself] onto her.”

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During cross-examination, Sergeant Amerson stated that appellant was sweating and

talkative during the interview and that appellant told him that he had used crack cocaine

before the interview. Sergeant Amerson stated that he was unaware that appellant suffered

from depression and bipolar disorder and that he was unaware appellant had not been taking

his medication. Sergeant Amerson also denied threatening appellant.

Following this testimony, the jury found appellant guilty of rape. The trial court

sentenced appellant to nine years in confinement.

II. Analysis

Appellant now argues that the trial court erred by failing to grant his motion to

suppress because there was an unreasonable delay in the judicial determination of probable

cause, that the trial erred by failing to grant his motion to suppress because his statements to

police were involuntary, and that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction.

The State responds that the trial court properly denied appellant’s motion to suppress and that

there was sufficient evidence to support appellant’s rape conviction. We agree with the

State.

A. Motion to Suppress

A trial court’s findings of fact at a hearing on a motion to suppress are binding upon

this court unless the evidence contained in the record preponderates against them. State v.

Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 839 (Tenn. 2001) (citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn.

1996)). As the trier of fact, the trial court is in a better position to assess the witnesses’

credibility, determine the weight of the evidence and the value to be afforded it, and resolve

any conflicts in the evidence. Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. However, the trial court’s

conclusions of law are not binding on this court. State v. Randolph, 74 S.W.3d 330, 333

(Tenn. 2002) (citing State v. Simpson, 968 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. 1998)). Further, the trial

court’s applications of law to the facts are questions of law that we review de novo. State

v. Daniel, 12 S.W.3d 420, 423 (Tenn. 2000) (citations omitted). On appeal, the prevailing

party is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences

drawn therefrom. State v. Hicks, 55 S.W.3d 515, 521 (Tenn. 2001). The appellant bears the

burden of establishing that the evidence contained in the record preponderates against the

trial court’s findings of fact. Braziel v. State, 529 S.W.2d 501, 506 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1975)

(citation omitted).

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1. Delay in Probable Cause Determination

Appellant argues that appellant’s judicial probable cause determination was

unreasonably delayed because the delay was for the purpose of gathering additional evidence

and for delay’s sake.

The law requires that when a person is arrested without a warrant, he or she must be

brought “before a magistrate to ‘seek a prompt judicial determination of probable cause.’”

State v. Bishop, 431 S.W.3d 22, 42 (Tenn. 2014) (quoting Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103,

125 (1975) (holding that “the Fourth Amendment requires a timely judicial determination of

probable cause as a prerequisite to detention”);see also State v. Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d 666,

672 n.2) (Tenn. 1996). Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 5(a)(1) provides that “[a]ny

person arrested — except upon a capias pursuant to an indictment or presentment — shall

be taken without unnecessary delay before the nearest appropriate magistrate.” The

Tennessee Supreme Court has recently stated that “a delay of less than forty-eight hours is

presumptively reasonable” and that when the delay exceeds forty-eight hours, the State must

show that “‘a bona fide emergency or other extraordinary circumstance’ caused the delay.”

Bishop, 431 S.W.3d at 42 (quoting County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 56

(1991)). Nonetheless, even a delay of less than forty-eight hours may be unreasonable “if

the delay is ‘for the purpose of gathering additional evidence to justify the arrest’ or if the

delay is ‘motivated by ill will against the arrested individual, or delay for delay’s sake.’” Id.

(quoting McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56). “Courts cannot ignore the often unavoidable delays

in transporting arrested persons from one facility to another, handling late-night bookings

where no magistrate is readily available, obtaining the presence of an arresting officer who

may be busy processing other suspects or securing the premises of an arrest, and other

practical realities.” McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56-57.

The remedy for failing to bring an arrestee before a magistrate without unnecessary

delay is exclusion of “any evidence obtained by virtue of a suspect’s unlawful detention,”

unless an exception to the exclusionary rule applies. Bishop, 431 S.W.3d at 42 (citing

Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d at 673-75). However, “when a suspect is arrested based on probable

cause, the ensuing detention is typically not illegal until it ‘ripens’ into a Gerstein violation.”

Id. (citing Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d at 675). “Obviously, if [an arrestee’s] statement was

given prior to the time the detention ripened into a constitutional violation, it is not the

product of the illegality and should not be suppressed.” Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d at 675.

Initially, we must determine when the police had probable cause to arrest appellant.

“Probable cause . . . exists if, at the time of the arrest, the facts and circumstances within the

knowledge of the officers, and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information, are

‘sufficient to warrant a prudent [person] in believing that the [defendant] had committed or

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was committing an offense.’” State v. Bridges, 963 S.W.2d 487, 491 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting

Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964)). “‘Probable cause must be more than a mere

suspicion.’” State v. Echols, 382 S.W.3d 266, 278 (Tenn. 2012) (quoting State v. Lawrence,

154 S.W.3d 71, 76 (Tenn. 2005)). However, “probable cause ‘deal[s] with probabilities[,]

. . . not technical[ities,] . . . the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which

reasonable and prudent [persons] . . . act.’” Id. (quoting State v. Day, 263 S.W.3d 891, 902

(Tenn. 2008)); see Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175 (1949). Moreover, a

determination of probable cause encompasses the accumulation of information known to law

enforcement collectively if a sufficient nexus of communication exists between the arresting

officer and a fellow officer with pertinent knowledge. Echols, 382 S.W.3d at 278 (citation

omitted).

In this case, the trial court determined that probable cause existed at the time of arrest,

and we agree. While the police initially responded to the crime scene for a “mental consumer

call,” which meant someone might have been experiencing a mental health problem, upon

arrival, the victim informed Officer Windless that appellant had held a knife to her throat and

had forced her to perform oral sex. She then explained that appellant was inside her home

attempting to kill himself. Officer Windless also observed “some redness around [the

victim’s] throat and forehead.” Therefore, at the time of arrest, there was sufficient

information to “warrant a prudent [person] in believing that the [defendant] had committed

or was committing an offense.’” Bridges, 963 S.W.2d at 491 (quoting Beck, 379 U.S. at 91).

Because appellant was arrested based on probable cause, the delay between his arrest

and his judicial probable cause determination was “not illegal until it ‘ripen[ed]’ into a

Gerstein violation.” Bishop, 431 S.W.3d at 42 (citing Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d at 675). The

facts show that appellant was arrested on October 12, 2010, at 12:22 p.m. His first judicial

determination occurred later that same day at 10:12 p.m. after both the victim and appellant

were interviewed. Appellant was then formally charged in this case at 4:37 p.m. on October

13, just over twenty-eight hours from arrest. Therefore, because the delay was less than

forty-eight hours, it is presumptively reasonable. Bishop, 431 S.W.3d at 42 (quoting

McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56).

Appellant arguesthat even though appellant’sjudicial determination was made within

the forty-eight-hour window, the delay was still unreasonable because the reasons for delay

were for investigative purposes and delay for delay’s sake. However, appellant’s argument

conflates the type of investigation to establish probable cause that is prohibited according to

McLaughlin and a continuing, ongoing investigation to prove guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt for trial. A delay of less than forty-eight hours may be unreasonable “if the delay is

‘for the purpose of gathering additional evidence to justify the arrest.’” Id. (emphasis added)

(quoting McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56). As we have stated above, probable cause was

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established at the moment of arrest; therefore, any additional evidence gathered was not

collected to justify the arrest. Furthermore, the delay was not merely for delay’s sake. The

investigating officer interviewed the victim and appellant and then waited to contact the

prosecuting attorney. Based on the facts presented and the law, we conclude that the delay

for the investigator to interview the parties involved and contact the prosecuting attorney was

reasonable; therefore, the delay never “ripened” into a Gerstein violation. Bishop, 431

S.W.3d at 42 (citing Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d at 675). The trial court properly denied

appellant’s motion to suppress. Appellant is without relief as to this issue.

2. Involuntary Statement

Appellant also argues that his statement to law enforcement should have been

suppressed because appellant was not properly provided with his constitutional rights prior

to giving his statement and because the statement was not voluntarily given.

“The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides in part that ‘no

person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.’” State

v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208, 248 (Tenn. 2005) (quoting U.S. Const. amend. V). “Similarly,

Article I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution states that ‘in all criminal prosecutions, the

accused . . . shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself.’” Id. (quoting Tenn.

Const. art. I, § 9).

Due to “the inherently compelling pressures of in-custody interrogation,” the United

States Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), “limited the admissibility

of statements that would ordinarily meet the due process test of voluntariness” by

establishing prophylactic rules designed “to permit a full opportunity to exercise the privilege

against self-incrimination.” State v. Crump, 834 S.W.2d 265, 268 (Tenn. 1992)). Any

statements, “whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of

the defendant” must be excluded “unless [the prosecution] demonstrates the use of

proceduralsafeguards effective to secure the privilege againstself-incrimination.” Miranda,

384 U.S. at 444. These procedural safeguards require an officer to advise an accused prior

to custodial interrogation or its functional equivalent

that he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against

him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and

that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any

questioning if he so desires.

Id. at 479; see also Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 298 (1980); State v. Sawyer, 156

S.W.3d 531, 534 (Tenn. 2005).

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Notwithstanding, an accused may waive hisright againstself-incrimination. Thacker,

164 S.W.3d at 248 (citing Miranda, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966)). The accused’s waiver of his

right against self-incrimination under Miranda must be made intelligently, knowingly, and

voluntarily to be held constitutional. Id. (citing Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444).

The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment

in part to require that an incriminating statement or confession be freely and

voluntarily given in order to be admissible. This even applies to statements

obtained after the proper Miranda warnings have been issued. Statements and

confessions not made as a result of custodial interrogations must also be

voluntary to be admissible. It must not be extracted by “any sort of threats or

violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises, however slight, nor

by the exertion of any improper influence.” Moreover, due process requires

that confessions tendered in response to either physical or psychological

coercion be suppressed. This has evolved into the “totality of circumstances”

test to determine whether a confession is voluntary.

Id. (internal citations omitted). Thus, to determine whether an accused’s statements were

voluntary, the appellate courts review the totality of the circumstances surrounding the

waiver of the right against self-incrimination. Id. at 249 (citing State v. Stephenson, 878

S.W.2d 530, 545 (Tenn. 1994)).

Appellant first argues that he was not properly given his Miranda rights. Specifically,

he directs this court to the exact times recorded on appellant’s statement and advice of rights

form to show that appellant was not provided with his constitutional rights until after his

interview had begun. Appellant’s statement indicates that his interview began at 7:30 p.m.

Appellant’s advice of rights has 7:35 p.m. written at the top of the form, indicating when the

officers provided appellant with his rights. The form was signed at 7:39 p.m. Appellant

argues that this provides proof that he was interviewed before the officers informed him of

his rights. However, Sergeant Amerson testified that the standard operating procedure

dictated that when they began interviewing appellant, they established a rapport with

appellant by asking for his name, age, and interests. Sergeant Amerson explained that before

appellant was asked about the incident at issue, appellant was provided with a written copy

of his Miranda rights, which appellant initialed and signed. The trial court credited Sergeant

Amerson’stestimony that Sergeant Amerson informed appellant of his Miranda rights before

taking appellant’s statement. The court also discredited appellant’s testimony. Furthermore,

the court determined that appellant was aware of his rights from his numerous past

convictions and that he was free to invoke them, yet he decided not to do so. As the trier of

fact, the trial court is in a better position to assess the witnesses’ credibility, determine the

weight of the evidence and the value to be afforded it, and resolve any conflicts in the

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evidence. Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. We will not disturb this credibility finding on appeal.

Appellant has failed to show that he was not properly informed of his constitutional rights.

Appellant further argues that his statement was not voluntarily given because he was

“hungry, thirsty, depressed, exhausted[,] and sleepy” and because he was “harassed when he

indicated that he needed to use the bathroom.” However, the trial court also discredited this

testimony and credited Sergeant Amerson’s testimony that multiple officers asked appellant

if he needed food, water, or a restroom break. This is a credibility determination we will not

disturb on appeal. See Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. The appellant has failed to establish that

the evidence contained in the record preponderates against the trial court’s findings of fact.

See Braziel, 529 S.W.2d at 506 (citation omitted). Appellant is without relief as to this issue.

C. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support appellant’s rape

conviction. Specifically, appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to show that

appellant’s choking or throwing the victim on the bed was used to accomplish fellatio, rather

than “just an eruption of anger by a mentally ill man who exhibited suicidal tendencies.”

The standard for appellate review of a claim challenging the sufficiency of the State’s

evidence is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citing Johnson

v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 362 (1972)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); State v. Davis, 354

S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011). To obtain relief on a claim of insufficient evidence, appellant

must demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of

the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. This standard of

review is identical whether the conviction is predicated on direct or circumstantial evidence,

or a combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v.

Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977).

On appellate review, “‘we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn

therefrom.’” Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857

(Tenn. 2010)); State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Cabbage, 571

S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). In a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of

witnesses and the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes

raised by the evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d

651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). This court

presumes that the jury has afforded the State all reasonable inferences from the evidence and

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resolved all conflicts in the testimony in favor of the State; as such, we will not substitute our

own inferences drawn from the evidence for those drawn by the jury, nor will we re-weigh

or re-evaluate the evidence. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379; Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835; see

State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Because a jury conviction removes

the presumption of innocence that appellant enjoyed at trial and replaces it with one of guilt

at the appellate level, the burden of proof shifts from the State to the convicted appellant,

who must demonstrate to this court that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s

findings. Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (citing State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011)).

To sustain a conviction for rape, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt the

“unlawful sexual penetration of a victim by the defendant [and] [f]orce or coercion [was]

used to accomplish the act.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-503(a)(1). Coercion “means threat

of kidnapping, extortion, force or violence to be performed immediately or in the future.”

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-501(1). Sexual penetration means “sexual intercourse,

cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any other intrusion, however slight, of any part of

a person’s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of the victim’s, the

defendant’s, or any other person’s body, but emission of semen is not required.” Tenn. Code

Ann. § 39-13-501(7). Rape is a Class B felony. Id. § 39-13-503(b).

Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence established that appellant

entered the victim’s home and that appellant forced or coerced the victim to perform fellatio.

The victim testified that appellant became angry after she received a telephone call, grabbed

her throat, and threw her onto the bed. She stated that after a struggle, appellant gained

control of a knife that she had retrieved from beneath her pillow. The victim stated that

appellant then forced her to perform oral sex for two to four hours. The victim stated that

at one point she attempted to leave but that appellant grabbed her around the neck and forced

her to return to the bed. The victim stated that during this time she was “begging for [her]

life.” Appellant also admitted that he asked the victim to perform fellatio, which she refused.

Appellant stated that he “pushed her onto the bed and held her face down into the pillow

trying to make her [perform fellatio.]” The victim then performed oral sex, and appellant

stated that “[e]very time that she would stop, [he] would pick the knife back up.”

Furthermore, both Officer Windless and Sergeant Amerson observed redness around the

victim’s throat and forehead. This information was sufficient for a reasonable jury to find

beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant raped the victim.

Appellant appears to attack the victim’s credibility by drawing attention to the

inconsistencies between the victim’s testimony at a preliminary hearing and her testimony

at trial. However, in a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of witnesses and the

weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the

evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659; Pruett, 788

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S.W.2d at 561. We will not disturb the jury’s credibility determinations on appeal. This

issue is without merit, and appellant is not entitled to relief.

CONCLUSION

Based on the parties’ briefs, the record, and the applicable law, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

_________________________________

ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE

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