III 

117TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. RES. 380 

Reiterating United States support for the people of the Republic of South 

Sudan in their quest for lasting peace, stability, and democracy after 

10 years of independence and calling for a review of United States 

policy toward South Sudan. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

SEPTEMBER 23, 2021 

Mr. RISCH (for himself and Mr. BOOKER) submitted the following resolution; 

which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations 

RESOLUTION 

Reiterating United States support for the people of the Republic of South Sudan in their quest for lasting peace, 

stability, and democracy after 10 years of independence 

and calling for a review of United States policy toward 

South Sudan. 

Whereas the Republic of South Sudan became the newest 

country in the world on July 9, 2011, following the Referendum on the Self-Determination of Southern Sudan, 

in which 99 percent of Southern Sudanese voters voted 

in favor of secession from Sudan; 

Whereas the 21-year civil war in Sudan, the longest-running 

conflict in Africa, caused approximately 2,000,000 deaths 

and mass population displacement of approximately 


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•SRES 380 IS 

550,000 refugees and 4,000,000 internally displaced persons; 

Whereas the United States played a significant role in supporting the resolution of Sudan’s civil war, facilitating 

peace negotiations, serving as a witness to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of 

the Republic of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Sudan People’s Liberation Army 

signed in January 2005, and providing substantial resources for the implementation of that agreement alongside other international partners; 

Whereas, on December 15, 2013, just 28 months following 

independence, the political power struggle between President Salva Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar, both of 

the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), erupted into open conflict between ethnically allied Dinka and 

Nuer factions of the security services and quickly escalated into civil war; 

Whereas, on August 17, 2015, after months of mediation by 

the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the 

Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan was signed by President Kiir, Riek 

Machar for SPLM-In Opposition (SPLM-IO), and Pagan 

Amum for SPLM-Former Detainees; 

Whereas the parties to the Agreement on the Resolution of 

the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan delayed implementation of the agreement and demonstrated a lack 

of political will for sustainable peace, and in July 2016, 

civil war returned to South Sudan as new clashes in Juba 

quickly spread throughout the country; 


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Whereas the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the 

Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, signed on September 12, 2018, asserted the Parties’ commitment to 

the permanent ceasefire, humanitarian access, and respect for human rights, and called for the establishment 

of a Revitalized Transitional Government of National 

Unity to lead South Sudan to democratic elections after 

44 months; 

Whereas Kiir’s presidential term has been extended 3 times 

since South Sudan’s independence, twice through amendments to the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan 

and most recently through an extension of the Transitional Period under the Revitalized Agreement on the 

Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South 

Sudan to 2023; 

Whereas, despite years of fighting, 2 peace agreements, punitive actions by the international community, and widespread suffering among civilian populations, the leaders 

of South Sudan show little motivation to build sustainable peace, and critical provisions of the Revitalized 

Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan remain unimplemented; 

Whereas the conflict in South Sudan resulted in the deaths 

of at least 383,000 people from December 2013 to April 

2018, according to a report by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and caused one of the worst 

displacement crises in the world with 1,600,000 internally displaced persons and 2,200,000 refugees and asylum seekers in the region as of May 2021, according to 

the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; 

Whereas South Sudan ranks 185th of 189 countries in the 

2020 Human Development Index, performed the worst of 


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180 countries on the 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index, 

is perennially one of the most dangerous countries in 

which aid workers operate, received the lowest ranking in 

the Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report 

every year from 2015 to 2021, and has been on the Child 

Soldiers Prevention Act list for 10 years in a row; 

Whereas the United Nations declared a ‘‘man-made’’ famine 

in parts of South Sudan in February 2017, and the 

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated in March 2021 that ‘‘South Sudan 

is facing its highest levels of food insecurity and malnutrition since independence ten years ago’’; 

Whereas, in February 2021, the United Nations Commission 

on Human Rights in South Sudan ‘‘found that ten years 

after independence, staggering levels of violence continue 

and threaten to spiral out of control across several regions in the country’’; 

Whereas the situation in South Sudan persists while its 

neighbors face increasingly urgent domestic and regional 

issues, including the ongoing political transition in 

Sudan, conflict in Ethiopia, and deeply flawed electoral 

processes and political unrest in Uganda and Somalia; 

Whereas the United States has been the largest donor to 

South Sudan, providing more than $1,800,000,000 in development assistance since independence and more than 

$6,000,000,000 in emergency humanitarian assistance 

since the start of the civil war in December 2013; 

Whereas, on July 9, 2021, the United Nations Mission in 

South Sudan marked 10 years in existence at a total cost 

of more than $10,300,000,000, and total United States 


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contributions are estimated to exceed $3,300,000,000 

through 2021; 

Whereas the leaders of South Sudan have consistently failed 

to uphold their responsibilities to create the conditions 

for peace and prosperity, have prioritized self-preservation and corruption over the needs of the people they represent, have acted in bad faith in the implementation of 

cease-fire and peace agreements, and have betrayed the 

cause of freedom, resulting in the loss of millions of innocent lives; 

Whereas South Sudan has not held an election since its independence and the current leaders of South Sudan were 

appointed or installed through transitional arrangements 

based on peace agreements; 

Whereas South Sudan merits consistent high-level attention 

given the central role the United States played in diplomatic efforts leading to the independence of South Sudan 

and the enormous investments in humanitarian and other 

assistance the United States has provided to South 

Sudan; and 

Whereas, on July 9, 2021, South Sudan celebrated the 10th 

anniversary of its independence: Now, therefore, be it 

1 Resolved, That the Senate— 

2 (1) reiterates the commitment of the United 

3 States to helping the people of South Sudan realize 

4 their aspirations of an independent, stable, demo5 cratic, and prosperous South Sudan; 

6 (2) calls on the Secretary of State to lead a 

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1 talized United States policy toward South Sudan 

2 that— 

3 (A) identifies a broader range of South Su4 danese political and civilian stakeholders, be5 yond President Kiir and First Vice President 

6 Machar, with whom the United States may 

7 work for the promotion of peace, democracy, de8 velopment, accountability, transparency, and 

9 anti-corruption efforts; 

10 (B) restores United States diplomatic lead11 ership with regard to South Sudan alongside 

12 European and African partners; 

13 (C) reflects the realities of the conflict and 

14 the political context in South Sudan; and 

15 (D) increases diplomatic efforts to urge re16 gional actors, particularly in Kenya and Ugan17 da, to investigate assets of corrupt South Suda18 nese elites and ensure Kenya and Uganda are 

19 no longer havens for conflict- and corruption-re20 lated proceeds; 

21 (3) calls on the United States Mission to the 

22 United Nations— 

23 (A) to demonstrate renewed United States 

24 leadership with regard to the United Nations 

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1 keeping mission toward increased effectiveness, 

2 clarity of purpose, and eventual drawdown; and 

3 (B) to call upon regional and international 

4 actors to cooperate in enforcing the United Na5 tions arms embargo in South Sudan and take 

6 action against those violating the embargo; 

7 (4) calls on the Administrator of the United 

8 States Agency for International Development, in co9 ordination with the Secretary of State— 

10 (A) to ensure that United States assist11 ance adheres to the principle of ‘‘Do No Harm’’ 

12 by pausing any funding, including humanitarian 

13 aid, that is manipulated to legitimize or enrich 

14 any party to the ongoing conflict; 

15 (B) to review United States diplomatic en16 gagement and assistance to South Sudan, which 

17 currently amounts to more than 

18 $1,000,000,000 in aid each year, with the goal 

19 of matching the level of United States diplo20 matic engagement with United States assist21 ance; and 

22 (C) to ensure that the comprehensive re23 view of United States assistance programs to 

24 South Sudan, started in 2018 to ‘‘ensure our 

25 assistance does not contribute to or prolong the 


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1 conflict, or facilitate predatory or corrupt be2 havior’’, is completed and its findings pub3 licized; and 

4 (5) urges the Secretary of the Treasury— 

5 (A) to prioritize investigative actions into 

6 illicit financial flows fueling violence in South 

7 Sudan; 

8 (B) to work with the Secretary of State to 

9 add to the list of individuals and entities des10 ignated under the South Sudan sanctions pro11 gram, including individuals at the highest levels 

12 of leadership in South Sudan and from within 

13 the National Security Service; and 

14 (C) to coordinate, in cooperation with the 

15 Secretary of State, with the United Kingdom 

16 and the European Union on South Sudan-re17 lated sanctions designations and enforcement. 

Æ 


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