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Case No. 17-CV-00246-LHK 

ORDER DENYING MOTION TO TRANSFER; GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS THIRD AMENDED 

COMPLAINT WITH PREJUDICE

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

SAN JOSE DIVISION

REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN,

Plaintiff,

v.

MURATBEK KETEBAEV, et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 17-CV-00246-LHK 

ORDER DENYING MOTION TO 

TRANSFER; GRANTING MOTION TO 

DISMISS THIRD AMENDED 

COMPLAINT WITH PREJUDICE

Re: Dkt. Nos. 70, 75

The Republic of Kazakhstan (“Kazakhstan”) alleges that Defendants Muratbek Ketebaev 

(“Ketebaev”) and Ilyas Khrapunov (“Khrapunov”), Kazakh citizens who reside in Poland and 

Switzerland, respectively, hacked Kazakh government email accounts and published the contents 

of those accounts. Kazakhstan filed this suit against Defendants for violations of the Computer

Fraud and Abuse Act (“CFAA”), 18 U.S.C. § 1030, and the Stored Communications Act (“SCA”), 

18 U.S.C. § 2701 et seq. Before the Court is Kazakhstan’s motion to transfer the case to the 

Southern District of New York. ECF No. 70. Also before the Court is Defendant Khrapunov’s 

motion to dismiss the third amended complaint. ECF No. 75. Having considered the submissions 

of the parties, the relevant law, and the record in this case, the Court DENIES the motion to 

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Case No. 17-CV-00246-LHK 

ORDER DENYING MOTION TO TRANSFER; GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS THIRD AMENDED 

COMPLAINT WITH PREJUDICE

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transfer and GRANTS the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction with prejudice.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

1. Hacking of Kazakh Government Emails

Kazakhstan alleges that it directed various Kazakh government officials to conduct official 

business using Gmail and Hotmail email accounts. Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”), ECF No. 

69 ¶ 18. In or around November 2013, Khrapunov, a Kazakh citizen who resides in Switzerland, 

allegedly retained an Israel-based hacking firm to target Kazakh government employee email 

accounts, among other targets. Id. ¶¶ 7, 19, 21-23, 107, 109. Kazakhstan alleges that during a 

meeting in Geneva, Switzerland in November 2013, Nicolas Bourg, a longtime business associate 

and confidant of Khrapunov’s, heard Khrapunov admit to his alleged involvement in the hacking. 

Id. ¶¶ 106-09. Among the Kazakh government officials whose Gmail and Hotmail accounts were

hacked is Executive Secretary of the Ministry of Justice Marat Beketayev. Id. ¶ 21.

“In early August 2014, someone (upon information and belief, Defendants Ketebaev and 

Khrapunov and/or one or more of their co-conspirators) created an account with Mega,” id. ¶ 53, a 

cloud-based service provider in New Zealand, id. ¶ 50. Kazakhstan alleges upon information and 

belief that Ketebaev, Khrapunov, or one or more of their co-conspirators uploaded the hacked 

materials onto the Mega website (the “Mega Archive”). Id. ¶ 54. 

On or about August 8, 2014, “[u]pon information and belief,” “Defendants Ketebaev and 

Khrapunov and/or one or more of their co-conspirators” allegedly created the “Kazaword 

Website” at https://kazaword.wordpress.com. Id. ¶ 58. The Kazaword Website linked to the 

Mega Archive. Id. ¶ 61. Kazakhstan contends that Khrapunov filed an affidavit in another action 

of Khrapunov’s agent, Andre Tronchet, “a Swiss bailiff hired by Defendant Khrapunov to attest to 

the printing and downloading of various documents from the internet,” in which Tronchet 

associates the Kazaword Website with Khrapunov. Id. ¶ 60.

Other websites that have posted or referenced the hacked materials are Ketebaev’s personal 

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ORDER DENYING MOTION TO TRANSFER; GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS THIRD AMENDED 

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Facebook page, the website of the Kazakh newspaper Respublika, and Respublika’s Facebook 

page. Id. ¶¶ 64-65. Irina Petrushova, the founder and editor-in-chief of the Respublika website, is 

married to Ketebaev. Id. ¶ 67. Some of the hacked materials posted by Respublika contain 

information from attorney-client email communications between Kazakh government officials and 

their attorneys at the New York-based firm Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP. Id. ¶¶ 81-

83.

2. The S.D.N.Y. Hacking Case

On March 12, 2015, Kazakhstan filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the 

Southern District of New York against fictitiously named Does 1-100.

1

 Id. ¶ 87 (citing The 

Republic of Kazakhstan v. Does 1-100, Inclusive, 15 Civ. 1900 (ER) (S.D.N.Y.) (the “S.D.N.Y. 

hacking case”)). On March 13, 2015, the court in the S.D.N.Y. hacking case granted an 

unopposed application for a temporary restraining order enjoining the unidentified hackers of the 

Kazakh government emails from using, disseminating, or posting the hacked materials. Id. ¶ 88. 

On March 20, 2015, the court in the S.D.N.Y. hacking case issued a preliminary injunction. Id.

¶ 90. 

On August 4, 2015, Respublika filed a motion seeking clarification of the preliminary 

injunction. See ECF No. 40-1 at 2. Specifically, Respublika argued that the preliminary 

injunction should not apply to it because there was no allegation or proof that Respublika was 

involved in the hacking and because enforcing the preliminary injunction against Respublika 

would be an unconstitutional prior restraint of speech. Id. at 3. The court in the S.D.N.Y. hacking 

case agreed with Respublika and clarified that the preliminary injunction did not apply to 

Respublika. Id. at 5. The court’s order was without prejudice to Kazakhstan reapplying for the 

 

1 A court “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal 

judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.” United States ex 

rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992). A 

court may also take judicial notice of the existence of matters of public record, such as a prior 

order or decision, but not the truth of the facts cited therein. See Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 

F.3d 668, 689-90 (9th Cir. 2001). Accordingly, the Court takes judicial notice of the other cases 

referenced in this order, as well as the various filings in those cases.

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imposition of an injunction if it obtained sufficient evidence to support such an order. Id. at 5-6.

On October 28, 2015, the court in the S.D.N.Y. hacking case granted Kazakhstan’s motion 

for the issuance of a Letter of Request to depose Ketebaev in Poland. TAC ¶¶ 93-94. Kazakhstan 

deposed Ketebaev on June 7, 2016. Id. ¶ 95. At the deposition, Ketebaev declined to testify based 

on his right to avoid self-incrimination. Id. ¶¶ 96-100. 

On January 17, 2017, Kazakhstan voluntarily dismissed the S.D.N.Y. hacking case without 

prejudice. Id. ¶ 103.

3. Other Cases Against Khrapunov in the United States

In addition to the S.D.N.Y. case, there are at least two cases brought by the City of Almaty 

against Khrapunov, among other defendants. The first case, City of Almaty v. Khrapunov, No. 

2:14-cv-3650-FMO-CW (C.D. Cal.) (“the California RICO Action”), is a RICO action filed in the 

Central District of California that seeks to recover funds allegedly stolen by Khrapunov’s 

stepfather when Khrapunov’s stepfather was the mayor of Almaty. TAC ¶¶ 71-72. On October 

25, 2017, Khrapunov moved to dismiss the RICO action for lack of personal jurisdiction. City of 

Almaty v. Khrapunov, No. CV-14-3650, Docket 164 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 25, 2017). After granting the 

City of Almaty leave to amend the complaint, the court denied Khrapunov’s motion to dismiss as 

moot. City of Almaty v. Khrapunov, No. CV-14-3650, Docket 197 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 16, 2018). The 

City of Almaty filed a consolidated amended complaint on January 19, 2018, id. Docket 198, and 

Khrapunov again moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, id. Docket 214. On March 

29, 2018, the court took the motion to dismiss under submission and has not yet ruled on the 

motion to dismiss. City of Almaty v. Khrapunov, No. CV-14-3650, Docket 240 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 

29, 2018). Kazakhstan alleges that “[a]mong the hacked emails were privileged attorney-client 

email communications between lawyers at Latham [& Watkins’] Los Angeles, CA office and 

Latham’s clients,” presumably the City of Almaty. TAC ¶ 74.

The second case, City of Almaty v. Ablyazov, No. 1:15-cv-5345-AJN-KHP (S.D.N.Y.)

(“the New York RICO Action”), was filed by the City of Almaty and the leading bank in 

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ORDER DENYING MOTION TO TRANSFER; GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS THIRD AMENDED 

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Kazakhstan to recover money allegedly stolen by Khrapunov’s stepfather, Viktor, among others. 

Khrapunov and Viktor filed a motion to dismiss, in which Viktor argued that Viktor was not 

subject to personal jurisdiction in New York and Khrapunov “request[ed] permission to address a 

jurisdiction defense after discovery.” City of Almaty v. Ablyazov, No. 1:15-cv-5345-AJN-KHP, 

Docket 232 at 5, 12-13 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2016). The court’s order resolving the motion to 

dismiss did not specifically address Khrapunov’s request to raise a personal jurisdiction defense 

after discovery, but it did deny Viktor’s motion without prejudice to Viktor re-raising it after 

discovery. City of Almaty v. Ablyazov, No. 1:15-cv-5345-AJN-KHP, Docket 426 at 50-51, 53 

(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2017). Khrapunov has otherwise actively litigated the case. See, e.g., Docket 

503, The Khrapunovs’ Proposed Finding of Facts in Support of Their Post-Hearing Brief 

(S.D.N.Y. Dec. 16, 2017); Docket 441, Supplemental Reply Memorandum in Further Support of 

Viktor and Ilyas Khrapunovs’ Motion to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 11, 2017). 

4. Khrapunov’s Real Estate Interests in the United States

In support of its contention that Khrapunov is subject to nationwide general jurisdiction 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(k)(2), Kazakhstan alleges that Khrapunov has “engag[ed], 

through controlled alter ego entities, in purchases and sales of tens of millions of dollars of U.S. 

real estate, including purchases and sales in California, New York, and Ohio.” TAC ¶¶ 14, 114. 

Kazakhstan alleges “[u]pon information and belief” that “there is such a unity of interest and 

ownership between Defendant Khrapunov and the alter ego entities that separate personalities do 

not exist[,] and the failure to disregard their separate identities would result in fraud or injustice.” 

Id. ¶ 115. The real estate transactions include:

 Candian International Ltd.’s March 2012 purchase and July 2013 sale of a home in 

Beverly Hills, CA;

 628 Holdings LLC’s January 2012 purchase and March 2016 sale of a home in 

Beverly Hills, CA;

 Triadou SPV’s 2012 purchase and 2014 sale of an interest in the Flatotel 

condominium project in New York;

 Tri-County Mall Investors, LLC’s April 2013 purchase and July 2013 sale of an 

interest in a shopping mall in Ohio;

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 Argon Holding, Corp.’s 2013 purchase and 2014 sale of an interest in the Cabrini 

condominium project in New York; and

 Syracuse Center, LLC’s 2013 purchase of the Syracuse Mixed-Use Complex in 

New York.

See TAC ¶¶ 116-48; ECF No. 69-2. Kazakhstan alleges that Nicolas Bourg, the sole Director of 

Triadou, stated under oath that “at the direction of Defendant Khrapunov, he formed a series of 

entities under the laws of Luxembourg for the purpose of investing Khrapunov and Ablyazov 

funds in real estate.” TAC ¶ 126. Kazakhstan alleges that Bourg further stated under oath that 

“Triadou is a shell entity for SDG [Swiss Development Group], and has no corporate presence 

separate from SDG.” Id. ¶ 127. Furthermore, Bourg stated that “any funds transferred for 

Triadou’s benefit would immediately be moved overseas through a chain of other Ablyazov- or 

Khrapunov-controlled entities.” Id. ¶ 128. Kazakhstan alleges that the other entities were 

similarly operated shell entities that were beneficially owned and controlled by Khrapunov and his 

family. Id. ¶¶ 135, 140, 146.

Judge Alison Nathan presided over an evidentiary hearing on May 19, 2016 during which 

Bourg testified in the New York RICO Action. Judge Nathan found Bourg’s testimony credible. 

Id. ¶ 149. On June 24, 2016, Judge Nathan issued an order of attachment in favor of the City of 

Almaty and BTA Bank against Triadou’s assets in the United States. Id. ¶ 150. In addition, 

Magistrate Judge Katharine H. Parker found in the New York RICO Action that Khrapunov 

funded the Flatotel and Cabrini investments through Triadou and that Triadou and SDG are alter 

egos for the purpose of the discovery motions before the court. Id. ¶¶ 152-54.

B. Procedural History

On January 18, 2017—one day after dismissing the S.D.N.Y. hacking case—Kazakhstan 

filed a complaint in the Northern District of California against Ketebaev. ECF No. 1. On January 

20, 2017, Kazakhstan filed a first amended complaint adding Khrapunov as a defendant. ECF No. 

8. On June 9, 2017, Kazakhstan filed a certificate of service as to Khrapunov. ECF No. 24. On 

June 30, 2017, Khrapunov filed a motion to dismiss the first amended complaint. ECF No. 27. 

On August 15, 2017, Kazakhstan filed a certificate of service as to Ketebaev. ECF No. 29.

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On August 21, 2017, Kazakhstan and Khrapunov filed a stipulation allowing Kazakhstan 

to file a second amended complaint. ECF No. 31. On August 22, 2017, the Court granted the 

stipulation allowing Kazakhstan to file a second amended complaint and denied the motion to 

dismiss the first amended complaint as moot. ECF No. 32. Also on August 22, 2017, Kazakhstan 

filed its second amended complaint. ECF No. 33.

On October 9, 2017, Khrapunov filed a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint. 

ECF No. 40. On November 9, 2017, Kazakhstan filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss. 

ECF No. 62. On November 29, 2017, Khrapunov filed a reply. ECF No. 65. On December 21, 

2017, the Court granted Khrapunov’s motion to dismiss the second amended complaint for lack of 

personal jurisdiction. ECF No. 67. The Court granted Kazakhstan leave to file a third amended 

complaint. Id.

On January 19, 2018, Kazakhstan filed a third amended complaint. ECF No. 69 (“TAC”). 

On January 25, 2018, Kazakhstan filed the instant motion to transfer the case to the Southern 

District of New York. ECF No. 70 (“Transfer Mot.”). On February 7, 2018, Khrapunov filed the 

instant motion to dismiss the TAC. ECF No. 75 (“MTD”). On February 8, 2018, Khrapunov filed 

an opposition to the motion to transfer. ECF No. 77 (“Transfer Opp’n”). On February 15, 2018, 

Kazakhstan filed a reply in support of the motion to transfer. ECF No. 78 (“Transfer Reply”). On 

February 21, 2018, Kazakhstan filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss. ECF No. 79 (“MTD 

Opp’n”). On February 27, 2018, the Court granted the parties’ stipulation to consolidate the 

hearings on the pending motion to transfer and motion to dismiss. ECF No. 80. On February 28, 

2018, Khrapunov filed a reply in support of the motion to dismiss. ECF No. 81 (“MTD Reply”).

Ketebaev has not yet appeared in this case.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

Where a defendant moves to dismiss a suit for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that 

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jurisdiction is proper. Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011, 1015 (9th Cir.2008). Where, as here, 

the defendant’s motion is based on written materials rather than an evidentiary hearing, the 

plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts to withstand a motion to 

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218,

1223 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Brayton Purcell LLP v. Recordon & Recordon, 606 F.3d 1124, 1127 

(9th Cir. 2010)). At this stage of the proceeding, “uncontroverted allegations in plaintiff’s 

complaint must be taken as true, and conflicts between the facts contained in the parties’ affidavits 

must be resolved in plaintiff’s favor.” Brayton Purcell, 606 F.3d at 1127 (internal quotation 

marks, citations, and alterations omitted).

B. Motion to Transfer Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631

“Under a provision of the Federal Courts Improvement Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1631, if a court 

finds that there is a want of jurisdiction the court shall transfer the action to any other such court in 

which the action could have been brought ‘if it is in the interest of justice.’” Miller v. Hambrick, 

905 F.2d 259, 262 (9th Cir. 1990). “In such an instance, the first federal court must transfer the 

case to the proper court, if transfer is in the interest of justice.” In re McCauley, 814 F.2d 1350, 

1351 (9th Cir. 1987). Although there is a circuit split whether § 1631 applies when a court lacks 

personal jurisdiction, see Wright et al., 15 Fed. Practice & Procedure, Jurisdiction § 3842 & nn. 

19-21 (4th ed.), the Ninth Circuit appears to have adopted the view that transfer under § 1631 can 

be appropriate to cure lack of personal jurisdiction. See, e.g., Gray & Co. v. Firstenberg 

Machinery Co., 913 F.2d 758, 761-62 (9th Cir. 1990) (vacating judgment entered by district court 

that lacked personal jurisdiction and directing district court to transfer the case pursuant to § 1631 

if it is in the interest of justice).

C. Leave to Amend

Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, leave to amend “shall be freely 

granted when justice so requires,” bearing in mind “the underlying purpose of Rule 15 to facilitate 

decision on the merits, rather than on the pleadings or technicalities.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 

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1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (ellipses omitted). However, a court “may exercise its 

discretion to deny leave to amend due to ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on part of the 

movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice 

to the opposing party . . . , [and] futility of amendment.’” Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 

629 F.3d 876, 892-93 (9th Cir. 2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 

178, 182 (1962)).

III. DISCUSSION

Because the parties base their arguments on both pending motions in part on the Court’s 

December 21, 2017 order granting Khrapunov’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal 

jurisdiction, the Court first summarizes the December 21, 2017 order. The Court then turns to 

Khrapunov’s motion to dismiss the TAC and the motion to transfer.

A. The Court’s December 21, 2017 Order Dismissing for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

In the December 21, 2017 order, the Court first determined that it did not have general 

personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov. ECF No. 67 at 7. Specifically, the Court found that “[t]he 

SAC does not allege that Khrapunov is or was domiciled in California,” nor did the SAC “allege 

that Khrapunov has the level of continuous and systematic contacts with California that would 

support a finding of general jurisdiction.” Id.

The Court then analyzed whether Kazakhstan had sufficiently established that the Court 

had specific personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov. Id. at 7-9. To do so, the Court applied the 

Ninth Circuit’s three-part test for specific jurisdiction:

(1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or 

consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or perform 

some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting 

activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws;

(2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forumrelated activities; and

(3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial justice, 

i.e. it must be reasonable.

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Morrill v. Scott Financial Corp., 873 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Schwarzenegger v. 

Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 802 (9th Cir. 2004)). 

With respect to the first prong, the Court determined that Kazakhstan’s claims sounded in 

tort, and that as a result the purposeful direction test, rather than the purposeful availment test, 

applied. ECF No. 67 at 9. The purposeful direction test, “often referred to as the ‘effects’ test, 

derives from Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984).” Axiom Foods, Inc. v. Acerchem Int’l, Inc., 

874 F.3d 1064, 1069 (9th Cir. 2017). To satisfy the Calder purposeful direction test, “[t]he 

defendant must have (1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) 

causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state.” Id. (internal 

quotation marks omitted). Because Khrapunov conceded that Kazakhstan had alleged an 

intentional act, the Court turned to the second prong of the Calder effects test: whether Khrapunov 

expressly aimed his challenged acts at the forum state. ECF No. 67 at 9.

To be satisfied, the “express aiming” inquiry requires “something more” than “a foreign 

act with foreseeable effects in the forum state.” Washington Shoe Co. v. A-Z Sporting Goods Inc.,

704 F.3d 668, 675 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Bancroft & Masters, Inc. v. Augusta Nat’l Inc., 223 F.3d 

1082, 1087 (9th Cir.2000)), abrogated on other grounds by Walden v. Fiore, 134 S. Ct. 1115 

(2014). The Court summarized the United States Supreme Court’s 2014 decision in Walden v. 

Fiore, 134 S. Ct. 1115, the Ninth Circuit’s application of Walden in Axiom Foods, and several 

district court decisions that considered whether purely online activity satisfied the express aiming 

prong of the Calder effects test. Id. at 11. The Court then applied these precedents to the instant 

case:

In the instant case, Kazakhstan alleges that Khrapunov expressly aimed 

actions at California by hacking the Gmail accounts. See SAC ¶ 27; Opp. at 22. 

Specifically, Kazakhstan alleges that Google, which provides Gmail as a cloudbased email service, is headquartered in Mountain View, California. SAC ¶ 27. 

Kazakhstan does not allege that Khrapunov hacked any particular server in any 

particular location. Rather, Kazakhstan acknowledges that Google’s servers that 

store its users’ emails “can be located anywhere in the world.” Id. ¶ 30. 

Kazakhstan also states that “the majority of [Google’s] data centers (where its 

servers are located) are in the United States” without further specifying the 

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location of any of the servers, let alone the location of the servers alleged to have 

been hacked by Khrapunov, who resides in Switzerland. Id. ¶ 29. Nevertheless, 

Kazakhstan contends that Khrapunov expressly aimed his actions at California 

because Google maintains control of Gmail data in California, even if the data are 

located throughout the world. See Opp. at 22 & n.13.

The Court finds that Kazakhstan has not sufficiently established that the 

hacking involved “entering California, contacting anyone in California, or 

otherwise reaching out to California.” Erickson, 2015 WL 4089849, at *4. In 

fact, based on the allegations of the SAC, the servers containing the hacked 

information could “be located anywhere in the world.” SAC ¶ 30. There is no 

allegation that Khrapunov believed the servers to be located in California, nor is 

there an allegation that the servers were actually located in California. The mere 

fact that Google—the company that owns the servers—is headquartered in 

California is not enough to establish that Khrapunov, a Kazakh citizen who 

resides in Switzerland, expressly aimed his alleged conduct at California. See 

NexGen HBM, 2017 WL 4040808, at *10-14; Caracal Enterprises, 2017 WL 

446313, at *2-3. Indeed, in Walden, the United States Supreme Court reiterated 

that “[d]ue process requires that a defendant be haled into court in a forum State 

based on his own affiliation with the State, not based on the ‘random, fortuitous, 

or attenuated’ contacts he makes by interacting with other persons affiliated with 

the State.” 134 S. Ct. at 1123. Applied to the instant case, Walden makes clear 

that Google’s relationship with California is not enough to confer personal 

jurisdiction over Khrapunov, who resides in Switzerland and whose personal 

actions, based on the allegations in the SAC, appear to have occurred entirely 

outside California. 

Indeed, “[i]t can hardly be said that California was the focal point” of the 

hacking. Axiom Foods, 874 F.3d at 1070-71. If anything, the location of 

Google’s corporate headquarters appears to be “random,” “fortuitous,” or 

“attenuated” to Khrapunov’s alleged actions and intent: hiring an Israeli company 

to hack Kazakh government emails stored on a server in an unknown location and 

posting those hacked emails for consumption by people in Kazakhstan. See 

Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1230; see also Morrill, 873 F.3d at 1145 (stating that 

the foreseeability of some incidental harm in the forum state does not show 

express targeting and “obscures the reality that none of [the] challenged conduct 

has anything to do with [the forum state] itself” (alterations in original)); Doe v. 

Geller, 533 F. Supp. 2d 996, 1007 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (“although the takedown 

notice was sent to [YouTube in] California, it was not aimed at any California 

resident”).

ECF No. 67 at 12-13.

Even though the Court determined that Kazakhstan had not established the second prong of 

the Calder effects test, the Court nevertheless went on to analyze the third prong, foreseeable 

harm. Id. at 13. The Court found that “Kazakhstan has not carried its burden of showing that 

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Khrapunov’s alleged hiring of an Israeli firm to hack Kazakh officials’ email accounts caused 

harm to Kazakhstan in California, let alone that Khrapunov knew that any such harm would occur 

in California.” Id. at 16. The Court also “decline[d] to allow Kazakhstan to rely on some alleged 

de minimis injury to Google—which is not a party to this suit—to establish personal jurisdiction 

over a Kazakh citizen defendant who resides in Switzerland and who has no other alleged contacts 

to California.” Id. The Court explained that “[i]f such a theory of injury were permitted, than this 

Court would have jurisdiction over any case arising from any wrongful conduct on Gmail, Google, 

Facebook, Twitter, or YouTube, to name just a few of the technology companies headquartered in 

this district, whether or not those companies are parties to the dispute and whether or not the 

defendants in such cases have any other contacts to California.” Id.

The Court thus concluded that “Kazakhstan has not shown that Khrapunov foresaw that the 

alleged hacking would cause harm in California. As such, Kazakhstan has not satisfied the second 

or third prongs of the Calder purposeful direction test, and thus Kazakhstan has failed to meet the 

first part of the Ninth Circuit’s three-part test for specific jurisdiction.” Id. at 16. The Court then 

reasoned that it need not decide whether the second prong of the Ninth Circuit’s test for specific 

jurisdiction was met because the first and third prongs were not met. Id. at 16-17.

With respect to the third prong, which examines whether the exercise of personal 

jurisdiction would be reasonable, the Court analyzed each of the seven factors that make up the 

Ninth Circuit’s reasonableness inquiry: “(1) the extent of a defendant’s purposeful interjection; (2) 

the burden on the defendant in defending in the forum; (3) the extent of conflict with the 

sovereignty of the defendant’s state; (4) the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute; (5) 

the most efficient judicial resolution of the controversy; (6) the importance of the forum to the 

plaintiff’s interest in convenient and effective relief; and (7) the existence of an alternative forum.” 

Panavision Int’l, L.P. v. Toeppen, 141 F.3d 1316, 1323 (9th Cir. 1998) (citing Burger King v. 

Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476-77 (1985)). ECF No. 67 at 17.

Specifically, the Court found that first factor weighed against exercising jurisdiction 

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because the extent of the purposeful interjection into California was not substantial. ECF No. 67

at 17. The second factor, the burden on the defendant, weighed slightly against exercising 

jurisdiction because the burden on Khrapunov of litigating in California would be significant in 

terms of travel, transportation of witnesses, and translation of evidence. In addition, the Court 

found that Khrapunov would be burdened by adding another forum in addition to the cases he is 

already defending against Kazakhstan or its political subdivisions in New York and the Central 

District of California. Id. at 18. The third factor, sovereignty, also weighed slightly against 

exercising jurisdiction because Switzerland presumably has a sovereign interest in adjudicating a 

dispute involving one of its residents. Id. at 19. The fourth factor, the forum state’s interest, 

weighed against exercising jurisdiction because no California resident is a party to the suit. Id. 

The Court found that the fifth factor, efficient resolution, weighed strongly against 

exercising jurisdiction, because Kazakhstan previously litigated the same hacking for two years in

the Southern District of New York before voluntarily dismissing that case and filing the instant 

case the next day. Id. at 20. The only reason that Kazakhstan offered for preferring California 

with respect to the sixth factor, convenient and effective relief for the plaintiff, is that a U.S. court 

is best positioned to enforce the CFAA and SCA. However, because the Southern District of New 

York, where Kazakhstan previously litigating this hacking, was just as well positioned to enforce 

the CFAA and SCA, the Court found that this factor was neutral. Finally, with respect to the 

seventh factor, which looks to whether there is an adequate alternative forum, the Court noted that 

Khrapunov offered Switzerland as an adequate alternative forum. However, the Court stated that 

“the parties do not address why the Southern District of New York would not be an adequate 

alternative forum.” Id. at 21. Specifically, the Court noted that Kazakhstan originally brought suit 

related to the same hacking in the Southern District of New York and litigated the case there for 

two years. The Court also noted that “as Kazakhstan itself acknowledges, Khrapunov has been 

actively litigating cases in the Southern District of New York, which shows that he is subject to 

personal jurisdiction in New York.” Id. The Court thus determined that the seventh factor 

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weighed strongly against exercising jurisdiction. Id.

Having determined that the Court did not have specific personal jurisdiction over 

Khrapunov, the Court then turned to Kazakhstan’s argument that Khrapunov is subject to personal 

jurisdiction in California based on Khrapunov’s contacts with the United States as a whole. “This 

ability to look to the aggregate contacts of a defendant with the United States as a whole instead of 

a particular state forum is a product of Rule 4(k)(2).” Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 1151, 

1158 (9th Cir. 2006). “Rule 4(k)(2) imposes three requirements: First, the claim against the 

defendant must arise under federal law. Second, the defendant must not be subject to the personal 

jurisdiction of any state court of general jurisdiction. Third, the federal court’s exercise of 

personal jurisdiction must comport with due process.” Axiom Foods, 874 F.3d at 1072 (citing 

Pebble Beach, 453 F.3d at 1159). 

The Court found that “Kazakhstan’s claims arise under the CFAA and SCA, satisfying the 

first requirement.” ECF No. 67 at 22. However, the Court found that the second requirement was 

not met, based on the Court’s understanding that Khrapunov was subject to personal jurisdiction in 

New York. Id. Thus, the Court found that Kazakhstan could not invoke jurisdiction under Rule 

4(k)(2). Accordingly, the Court dismissed the SAC with leave to amend. Id. at 23.

B. Khrapunov’s Motion to Dismiss the TAC

In the instant motion to dismiss the TAC, Khrapunov first argues that Kazakhstan’s motion 

to transfer pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1361 constitutes a concession that the Court does not have 

personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov, because § 1361 only applies when the transferor court lacks 

jurisdiction. MTD at 7. Second, Khrapunov argues that the TAC has not cured the jurisdictional 

deficiencies identified in the Court’s December 21, 2017 order dismissing the SAC. Id. Third, 

Khrapunov argues that Kazakhstan’s allegation that Khrapunov is subject to personal jurisdiction 

in New York bars Kazakhstan from relying on Rule 4(k)(2) to establish personal jurisdiction. Id. 

at 14. The Court addresses these arguments in turn.

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1. Kazakhstan’s Motion to Transfer Pursuant to § 1361 Does Not Constitute a 

Concession

Khrapunov argues that Kazakhstan’s reliance on § 1631 as the sole basis for its transfer 

motion constitutes a concession that the Court does not have personal jurisdiction over 

Khrapunov. MTD at 7. Khrapunov reasons that three conditions must be met in order for a court 

to transfer a case under § 1631: (1) the transferor court lacks jurisdiction, (2) the case could have 

been filed in the transferee court, and (3) transfer is in the interest of justice. Because the Court’s 

lack of jurisdiction is thus a requirement for transfer under § 1631, Khrapunov argues that 

Kazakhstan’s reliance on § 1631—as opposed to § 1404(a), for example—effectively concedes 

that this Court lacks jurisdiction. In its opposition, Kazakhstan explains that its motion to transfer 

under § 1631 is based on the Court’s December 21, 2017 order, in which the Court found that it 

lacked personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov and stated that “Khrapunov is subject to personal 

jurisdiction in New York.” MTD Opp’n at 1. Kazakhstan argues that it has not conceded that this

Court lacks personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov. To the contrary, Kazakhstan devotes nearly its 

entire opposition to arguing that this Court has jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2). See id. at 1-3, 5-

24. 

Nowhere in Kazakhstan’s motion to transfer does Kazakhstan explicitly concede that this 

Court lacks jurisdiction over Khrapunov. Rather, Kazakhstan argues that the first requirement of 

§ 1631 is satisfied because “this Court determined that it lacks general jurisdiction, specific 

jurisdiction, and jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(2) over Defendant Khrapunov, satisfying 

the first condition.” Transfer Mot. at 7; see also id. at 1 (“On December 21, 2017, this Court 

determined that it lacked personal jurisdiction over Defendant Khrapunov, and further held that 

jurisdiction and venue are proper in another forum—the United States District Court for the 

Southern District of New York.”). The Court declines to read Kazakhstan’s motion to transfer, 

which Kazakhstan explicitly based on the Court’s December 21, 2017 order finding a lack of 

jurisdiction, as a concession. Indeed, reading the motion to transfer as a concession would make 

little sense in the light of the fact that Kazakhstan filed its third amended complaint, in which 

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Kazakhstan reasserted that Khrapunov is subject to personal jurisdiction in California under 

specific jurisdiction and Rule 4(k)(2), less than a week before filing the motion to transfer. The 

Court thus declines to interpret Kazakhstan’s motion to transfer as a concession that this Court 

lacks personal jurisdiction.

2. Kazakhstan Has Not Cured the Previously Identified Jurisdictional Deficiencies

Khrapunov next argues that Kazakhstan has not cured the jurisdictional deficiencies 

identified in the Court’s December 21, 2017 order dismissing the SAC. MTD at 7. 

a. General Jurisdiction Based on California Contacts

Turning first to general jurisdiction based on contacts with California, Khrapunov contends 

that Kazakhstan has not added any allegations in the TAC that Khrapunov was ever domiciled in 

California or that Khrapunov has the level of continuous and systematic contacts with California 

that would support a finding of general jurisdiction. Id. at 8. In its opposition, Kazakhstan does 

not argue that the TAC establishes general jurisdiction over Khrapunov based on Khrapunov’s 

contacts with California. Instead, Kazakhstan argues only that Khrapunov is subject to general 

jurisdiction based on his country-wide contacts pursuant to Rule 4(k)(2). See MTD Opp’n at 5-24. 

Thus, by failing to respond to Khrapunov’s argument, Kazakhstan has effectively conceded that 

this Court does not have general jurisdiction over Khrapunov based on Khrapunov’s contacts with 

California. See Hadley v. Kellogg Sales Co., 243 F. Supp. 3d 1074, 1100 (N.D. Cal. 2017) 

(finding that plaintiff waived claim by failing to defend the claim in opposition to a motion to 

dismiss). In any event, the Court has independently reviewed the TAC and finds that the TAC still 

fails to allege that Khrapunov was ever domiciled in California or that Khrapunov has the level of 

continuous and systematic contacts with California that would support general jurisdiction. Thus, 

the Court lacks general jurisdiction over Khrapunov based on Khrapunov’s contacts with 

California. See Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 801; Panavision, 141 F.3d at 1320.

b. Specific Jurisdiction

Khrapunov next argues that Kazakhstan fails to establish specific personal jurisdiction over 

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Khrapunov. As the Court explained in greater detail in its December 21, 2017 order, the Ninth 

Circuit uses a three-part test for specific personal jurisdiction:

(1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or 

consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or perform 

some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting 

activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws;

(2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forumrelated activities; and

(3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial justice, 

i.e. it must be reasonable.

Morrill, 873 F.3d at 1142 (quoting Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802); see ECF No. 67 at 7-9. 

Because the CFAA and SCA causes of action sound in tort, the Court analyzes whether 

Khrapunov purposefully directed his activities at the forum. See Axiom Foods, 874 F.3d at 1069 

(“Where, as here, a case sounds in tort, we employ the purposeful direction test.”); ECF No. 67 at 

9. When analyzing purposeful direction, the Ninth Circuit uses the Calder effects test: “[t]he 

defendant must have (1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) 

causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state.” Axiom Foods, 

874 F.3d at 1069.

In its December 21, 2017 order dismissing the SAC, the Court found that Kazakhstan had 

not established the second or third prongs of the Calder effects test. ECF No. 67 at 9-16. 

Specifically, the Court rejected Kazakhstan’s theory that Khrapunov, a Kazakh citizen living in 

Switzerland, expressly aimed his actions at California by hiring an Israeli firm to hack Kazakh 

officials’ email accounts and posting the hacked emails online for consumption in Kazakhstan. Id.

at 16. The Court found that, “based on the allegations of the SAC, the servers containing the 

hacked information could ‘be located anywhere in the world.’ SAC ¶ 30. There is no allegation 

that Khrapunov believed the servers to be located in California, nor is there an allegation that the 

servers were actually located in California.” ECF No. 67 at 12. “The mere fact that Google—the 

company that owns the servers—is headquartered in California is not enough to establish that 

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Khrapunov, a Kazakh citizen who resides in Switzerland, expressly aimed his alleged conduct at 

California. See NexGen HBM, 2017 WL 4040808, at *10-14; Caracal Enterprises, 2017 WL 

446313, at *2-3.” ECF No. 67 at 12. Similarly, the Court found that Kazakhstan had not 

explained how it suffered harm in California. The Court also “decline[d] to allow Kazakhstan to 

rely on some alleged de minimis injury to Google—which is not a party to this suit—to establish 

personal jurisdiction over a Kazakh citizen defendant who resides in Switzerland” because the 

practical implication of such a ruling would be to give this Court jurisdiction over any case arising 

from any wrongful conduct on most major internet sites. Id. at 16.

Khrapunov argues that Kazakhstan has not added any relevant factual allegations in the 

TAC that would cure the deficiencies previously identified by the Court. MTD at 9-11. As with 

general jurisdiction, Kazakhstan fails to respond to this argument in its opposition. MTD Opp’n at 

5-24. Instead, Kazakhstan states in a footnote that Kazakhstan recognizes that the Court 

previously found that it lacked specific jurisdiction over Khrapunov. Id. at 2 n.1. Kazakhstan 

states that it “respectfully reserves, and does not waive, its rights in that regard. Accordingly, 

Plaintiff respectfully adopts the arguments set forth in Plaintiff’s Opposition to Khrapunov’s 

motion to dismiss the SAC as if fully set forth herein.” Id. While such a statement may be 

sufficient to preserve the specific jurisdiction issue for appeal, incorporating by reference the 

identical argument that the Court has already considered and rejected in the previous motion to 

dismiss is not sufficient to carry Kazakhstan’s burden to establish personal jurisdiction. 

Moreover, inclusion of the pages Kazakhstan purports to incorporate by reference would cause 

Kazakhstan’s opposition to exceed the page limits set forth in Civil Local Rules 7-3(a) and 7-4(b).

In addition, the Court has independently reviewed the TAC and concludes that the TAC 

fails to adequately allege specific jurisdiction. The only relevant allegations that Kazakhstan 

added to the TAC relate to (1) the alleged hacking of privileged and confidential communications 

between a California office of Latham & Watkins (“Latham”) and the City of Almaty, (2) the fact 

that Wordpress, which hosts the Kazaword Website, is operated by Automattic, Inc., which is 

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based in San Francisco, and (3) more detail on the modus operandi of the hackers, including that 

the hackers allegedly impersonated Google in order to gain access to the target accounts. 

First, Kazakhstan alleges that Latham represents the City of Almaty in its suit against 

Khrapunov in the Central District of California. TAC ¶¶ 27-28. Kazakhstan alleges upon 

information and belief that “Defendants and/or their co-conspirators directed their actions toward 

and intended to cause harm in California by obtaining without authorization and improperly using 

privileged and confidential attorney-client communications between Latham and its clients.” Id. 

¶ 28; see also id. ¶¶ 46-47, 74-75. Neither Latham nor the City of Almaty is a party to the instant 

suit. Nor does Kazakhstan explain why a hacking allegedly aimed at two non-parties is relevant to 

the Court’s specific jurisdiction analysis in the instant case, where the causes of action arise out of 

an alleged hacking of Kazakh government officials’ emails. See Axiom Foods, 874 F.3d at 1068 

(“The inquiry whether a forum State may assert specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant 

focuses on the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.” (quoting Walden, 

134 S. Ct. at 1121)); Holland Am. Line Inc. v. Wartsila N. Am., Inc., 485 F.3d 450, 460 (9th Cir. 

2007) (“Unlike general jurisdiction, specific jurisdiction is tethered to a relationship between the 

forum and the claim.”); Harris Rutsky & Co. Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Bell & Clements Ltd., 328 F.3d 

1122, 1131-32 (9th Cir. 2003) (employing “but for” test to determine whether claims arise out of 

specific activities); TAC ¶ 158 (alleging that Defendants violated 18 U.S.C. § 1050(a)(5)(B) by 

using a “‘phishing’ technique to steal the account names and passwords used by officials of the 

government of the Republic of Kazakhstan” and using that information to intentionally access the 

hacked accounts without authorization). 

Second, Kazakhstan alleges that Automattic, a San Francisco-based company, runs 

Wordpress, which in turn hosts the Kazaword Website. Id. ¶¶ 56-58. However, Kazakhstan does 

not elaborate on how use of a publicly available online platform run by a California-based 

company constitutes express aiming or causes foreseeable harm in California. As the Court 

previously explained with respect to Google, Wordpress’s relationship with California is not 

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enough to confer personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov, a Kazakh citizen who resides in 

Switzerland. See ECF No. 67 at 12-15; id. at 15 (collecting cases holding that contacts with 

California-based technology companies that are not parties to the litigation are not enough to 

confer personal jurisdiction).

Finally, Kazakhstan provides more insight into the modus operandi of the alleged hackers, 

including that the hackers allegedly impersonated Google to gain access to the target email 

accounts. TAC ¶¶ 32-33. However, this detail does not change the Court’s previous 

determination that some de minimis harm to Google, which is based in California, does not confer 

jurisdiction over Khrapunov, a Kazakh citizen who resides in Switzerland. See ECF No. 67 at 15-

16.

Accordingly, the Court concludes that it does not have specific personal jurisdiction over 

Khrapunov. The Court next considers whether Khrapunov is subject to general jurisdiction based 

on his contacts with the United States as a whole under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(k)(2).

3. Khrapunov is Not Subject to General Personal Jurisdiction Under Rule 4(k)(2)

Kazakhstan argues that Khrapunov is subject to general personal jurisdiction in California 

based on Khrapunov’s contacts with the United States as a whole. MTD Opp’n at 5-24. “This 

ability to look to the aggregate contacts of a defendant with the United States as a whole instead of 

a particular state forum is a product of Rule 4(k)(2).” Pebble Beach, 453 F.3d at 1158. “Thus, the 

rule provides for what amounts to a federal long-arm statute in a narrow band of cases in which 

the United States serves as the relevant forum for a minimum contacts analysis.” Glencore Grain 

Rotterdam B.V. v. Shivnath Rai Harnarain Co., 284 F.3d 1114, 1126 (9th Cir. 2002).

Rule 4(k)(2) provides:

For a claim that arises under federal law, serving a summons or filing a waiver of 

service establishes personal jurisdiction over a defendant if:

(A)the defendant is not subject to jurisdiction in any state’s courts of general 

jurisdiction; and 

(B) exercising jurisdiction is consistent with the United States Constitution and 

laws.

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In other words, “Rule 4(k)(2) imposes three requirements: First, the claim against the defendant 

must arise under federal law. Second, the defendant must not be subject to the personal 

jurisdiction of any state court of general jurisdiction. Third, the federal court’s exercise of 

personal jurisdiction must comport with due process.” Axiom Foods, 874 F.3d at 1072 (citing 

Pebble Beach, 453 F.3d at 1159). “The due process analysis under Rule 4(k)(2) is nearly identical 

to traditional personal jurisdiction analysis with one significant difference: rather than considering 

contacts between [the defendant] and the forum state, we consider contacts with the nation as a 

whole.” Id. (quoting Holland Am. Line, 485 F.3d at 462) (alteration in Axiom Foods).

Kazakhstan’s claims arise under the CFAA and SCA and thus satisfy the first requirement. 

The second requirement, that the defendant not be subject to personal jurisdiction in any 

state, is more complicated. The Court previously stated that Khrapunov was subject to personal 

jurisdiction in New York, which meant that Kazakhstan had not satisfied the second requirement 

for invoking jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2). See ECF No. 67 at 22-23. Neither party had made 

this specific argument. See ECF Nos. 40 (motion to dismiss), 62 (opposition), 65 (reply). Instead, 

the Court based this observation on Kazakhstan’s discussion of the New York RICO Action, in 

which Khrapunov had appeared and actively litigated. Id. The Court assumed—wrongly, it now 

appears—based on the advanced stage of the New York RICO Action and Khrapunov’s continued 

involvement in that case that Khrapunov had either consented to jurisdiction in New York or that a 

court in New York had found that Khrapunov was subject to personal jurisdiction in New York.

Contrary to the Court’s previous understanding, Khrapunov makes clear in his opposition 

to the motion to transfer that he has not consented to jurisdiction in New York, nor has the court in 

the New York RICO Action explicitly found personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov. See Transfer 

Opp’n at 1-2, 8-14. Khrapunov explains for the first time in his opposition to the instant motion to 

transfer that Khrapunov requested that he be allowed to raise a personal jurisdiction defense at the 

close of discovery in the New York RICO Action. Id. at 9 (citing City of Almaty v. Ablyazov, No. 

1:15-cv-5345-AJN-KHP, Docket 207 at 11-12 (S.D.N.Y.)). The court in the New York RICO 

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Action did not explicitly rule on this request. Id. (citing City of Almaty v. Ablyazov, No. 1:15-cv5345-AJN-KHP, Docket 423 at 45-52 (S.D.N.Y.)). Khrapunov also argues that even if the court 

in the New York RICO Action found that it had specific personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov, 

that would not mean that Khrapunov would be subject to specific personal jurisdiction in New 

York in the instant case. Id. Khrapunov’s point is well taken. Accordingly, the Court now 

analyzes the second requirement of Rule 4(k)(2), whether Khrapunov is subject to personal 

jurisdiction in any other state.

Kazakhstan asserts that Khrapunov bears the burden of identifying a state in which 

Khrapunov is subject to personal jurisdiction. MTD Opp’n at 6. Because Khrapunov has not 

identified such a state, Kazakhstan contends that Rule 4(k)(2)’s second requirement is met. Id. at 

7. Khrapunov argues that Kazakhstan’s allegation in the TAC that Khrapunov is subject to 

personal jurisdiction in New York—an allegation Khrapunov disputes, as discussed above—is 

enough to prevent Kazakhstan from invoking Rule 4(k)(2). MTD at 14; MTD Reply at 6.

In Holland America Line, 485 F.3d 450, the Ninth Circuit explicitly assigned the defendant 

the burden to identify another state in which the defendant would be subject to personal 

jurisdiction. The Ninth Circuit explained, “Ordinarily, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving 

personal jurisdiction over the defendant. However, proving the lack of personal jurisdiction in 

every state could be quite onerous, and it is the defendant, not the plaintiff, that likely possesses 

most of the information necessary to do so.” Id. at 461. The Ninth Circuit went on to hold that:

[a] defendant who wants to preclude use of Rule 4(k)(2) has only to name some 

other state in which the suit could proceed. Naming a more appropriate state 

would amount to a consent to personal jurisdiction there . . . . If, however, the 

defendant contends that he cannot be sued in the forum state and refuses to 

identify any other where suit is possible, then the federal court is entitled to use 

Rule 4(k)(2). This procedure makes it unnecessary to traipse through the 50 

states, asking whether each could entertain suit.

Id. (quoting ISI Int’l v. Borden Ladner Gervais LLP, 256 F.3d 548, 552 (7th Cir. 2001)).

Accordingly, under Holland America Line, Khrapunov bears the burden of identifying a 

state in which he would be subject to personal jurisdiction. Khrapunov has not done so. Instead, 

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to defeat jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2), Khrapunov relies on Kazakhstan’s allegation—which 

Khrapunov disputes—that Khrapunov is subject to personal jurisdiction in New York. However, 

this argument is not persuasive. First, Khrapunov ignores the Ninth Circuit’s explicit assignment 

of the burden to identify a state in which he is subject to personal jurisdiction to the defendant, not 

the plaintiff. See id. Crediting Khrapunov’s argument would allow Khrapunov to defeat 

jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2) while sidestepping his burden of “[n]aming a more appropriate 

state[, which] would amount to a consent to personal jurisdiction there.” Id. (quoting ISI Int’l, 256 

F.3d at 552). Moreover, Khrapunov’s position ignores the well-established rule that plaintiffs can 

plead contradictory theories in the alternative. See PAE Gov’t Servs., Inc. v. MPRI, Inc., 514 F.3d 

856, 858-59 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[W]e allow pleadings in the alternative—even if the alternatives are 

mutually exclusive.”). Here, the rule allowing contradictory pleading means that Kazakhstan’s 

allegation in the alternative that Khrapunov is subject to personal jurisdiction in New York does 

not prevent Kazakhstan from also advancing a theory of personal jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2).

Accordingly, because Khrapunov has not satisfied his burden to identify another state in 

which he would be subject to personal jurisdiction, Rule 4(k)(2)’s second requirement is satisfied. 

See Holland Am. Line, 485 F.3d at 462 (“Thus, absent any statement from either Wartsila or 

Wartsila Finland that it is subject to the courts of general jurisdiction in another state, the second 

requirement of Rule 4(k)(2) is met.”).

Thus, the Court must examine the third requirement of Rule 4(k)(2): whether the exercise 

of personal jurisdiction would comport with due process. “For a court to exercise personal 

jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant consistent with due process, that defendant must have 

certain minimum contacts with the relevant forum such that the maintenance of the suit does not 

offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1223 

(internal quotation marks omitted). “The due process analysis under Rule 4(k)(2) is nearly 

identical to traditional personal jurisdiction analysis with one significant difference: rather than 

considering contacts between [the defendant] and the forum state, we consider contacts with the 

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nation as a whole.” Axiom Foods, 874 F.3d at 1072 (quoting Holland Am. Line, 485 F.3d at 462)

(alteration in Axiom Foods). 

Kazakhstan does not argue that Khrapunov is subject to specific jurisdiction under Rule 

4(k)(2). Rather, Kazakhstan asserts that Khrapunov is subject to general jurisdiction under Rule 

4(k)(2). See MTD Opp’n at 2 (“As set forth below, Khrapunov’s purchases and sales of more than 

$80 million in U.S. real estate over a six-year period meet the standard for general jurisdiction 

under Rule 4(k)(2).”). “A court with general jurisdiction may hear any claim against that 

defendant, even if all the incidents underlying the claim occurred in a different State”; however,

“‘only a limited set of affiliations with a forum will render a defendant amenable to’ general 

jurisdiction in that State.” Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court of Cal., San Francisco Cty., 

137 S. Ct. 1773, 1780 (2017) (quoting Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137 (2014)). “The 

standard for general jurisdiction ‘is an exacting standard, as it should be, because a finding of 

general jurisdiction permits a defendant to be haled into court in the forum state to answer for any 

of its activities anywhere in the world.’” Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1224 (quoting 

Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 801).

Although the U.S. Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit have examined the standard for 

general jurisdiction over corporations in recent years, there is relatively sparse U.S. Supreme 

Court and Ninth Circuit authority interpreting the standard for general jurisdiction over 

individuals. Cf. Daimler, 571 U.S. at 128 (“Our post-International Shoe opinions on general 

jurisdiction, by comparison [to specific jurisdiction], are few.”). “For an individual, the paradigm 

forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction is the individual’s domicile; for a corporation, it is an 

equivalent place, one in which the corporation is fairly regarded as at home.” Bristol-Myers 

Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at 1780 (quoting Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 

915, 924 (2011)). “For adults, domicile is established by physical presence in a place in 

connection with a certain state of mind concerning one’s intent to remain there.” Mississippi Band 

of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 48 (1989). “The ‘paradigm’ forums in which a 

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corporate defendant is ‘at home’ . . . are the corporation’s place of incorporation and its principal 

place of business.” BNSF Ry. Co. v. Tyrrell, 137 S. Ct. 1549, 1558 (2017) (quoting Daimler, 571 

U.S. at 137); see Williams v. Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd., 851 F.3d 1015, 1020 (9th Cir. 2017) (“in the 

paradigmatic circumstance for exercising general jurisdiction, the corporate defendant is 

incorporated or has its principal place of business in the forum state”). 

“The exercise of general jurisdiction is not limited to these forums; in an ‘exceptional 

case,’ a corporate defendant’s operations in another forum ‘may be so substantial and of such a 

nature as to render the corporation at home in that State.’” Id. (quoting Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 

n.19). The U.S. Supreme Court has also described the “exceptional case” of general jurisdiction 

over a foreign corporation as one in which a foreign corporation’s “affiliations with the State are 

so ‘continuous and systematic’ as to render [it] essentially at home in the forum State.’” Daimler, 

571 U.S. at 139 (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919); see also Williams, 851 F.3d at 1020 

(quoting Goodyear). The Ninth Circuit has also described the level of contacts required for 

general jurisdiction as “‘continuous and systematic general business contacts’ that ‘approximate 

physical presence’ in the forum state.” Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1223-24 (first quoting 

Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 416 (1984), then quoting 

Bancroft & Masters, 223 F.3d at 1086).

Although the U.S. Supreme Court has not explicitly applied the “continuous and 

systematic” contacts framework to determining general jurisdiction over an individual, as opposed 

to a corporation, the Court assumes that the same standard would apply to an individual. See Silva 

v. Gonzales, 667 F. App’x 967, 968 (9th Cir. 2016) (unpublished) (analyzing whether individual 

defendants had continuous and systematic contacts with California that approximate physical 

presence); Kransco Mfg., Inc. v. Markwitz, 656 F.2d 1376, 1378 (9th Cir. 1981) (“It is clear that 

appellee Markwitz has not engaged in ‘substantial’ or ‘continuous and systematic’ activities in 

California so as to invoke general jurisdiction.”); Charles Alan Wright et al., 4A Fed. Practice & 

Procedure § 1069.5 (4th ed.) (“Although both types of defendants are presumably subject to the 

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same requirement that their contacts with the forum state must be so continuous and systematic as 

to render them essentially at home there, the paradigm locations for general jurisdiction over a 

corporation are its state of incorporation and its principal place of business, while the paradigm 

forum for an individual is his or her state of domicile.” (footnotes omitted)).

Here, Kazakhstan asserts that “Khrapunov’s U.S. contacts between 2012 and the present 

constitute continuous and systematic U.S. contacts that approximate physical presence.” MTD 

Opp’n at 9. Specifically, Kazakhstan contends that “[b]etween 2012 and the present, Khrapunov 

engaged in the purchase of six U.S. properties, and the sale of five of those properties. (He 

continues to own the sixth property.).” Id. at 10 (citing TAC ¶ 116). “Khrapunov’s purchases 

totaled over $80 million, while his sales totaled over $90 million.” Id. (citing TAC ¶¶ 118-22, 

129-48). Kazakhstan alleges that Khrapunov made each of these purchases through shell 

corporations that should be considered Khrapunov’s alter egos for the purposes of the instant 

jurisdictional analysis. Id. at 10-20. 

Khrapunov does not dispute that the shell corporations’ contacts should be attributable to 

Khrapunov, and so the Court assumes without deciding that the TAC sufficiently alleges that the 

shell corporations are Khrapunov’s alter egos for the purposes of the instant analysis. See 

generally Ranza v. Nike, Inc., 793 F.3d 1059, 1073 (9th Cir. 2015) (stating test for analyzing alter 

ego allegations). However, even imputing the shell corporations’ transactions to Khrapunov, the 

Court finds that six real estate transactions over six years is not sufficient to support the exercise 

of nationwide general jurisdiction over a foreign individual. Specifically, the U.S. Supreme Court 

in recent years has stressed that the exercise of general jurisdiction over a non-resident is reserved 

for “exceptional case[s]” where a defendant is essentially at home in the forum state, BNSF Ry. 

Co., 137 S. Ct. at 1558, and has cautioned against adopting a “sprawling view of general 

jurisdiction,” Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 929. The Ninth Circuit has echoed that general jurisdiction is 

only available outside the paradigmatic forums in an “exceptional case” where the defendant’s 

contacts are so “constant and pervasive” that the defendant is essentially at home in the forum 

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state. See Williams, 851 F.3d at 1020-21; Ranza, 793 F.3d at 1068-69; Martinez v. Aero 

Caribbean, 764 F.3d 1062, 1070 (9th Cir. 2014); Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1223-24. Under this 

“exacting standard,” Khrapunov’s real estate transactions do not render him essentially at home in 

the United States. See Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1224; Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 801. 

For example, in Goodyear, 564 U.S. 915, the U.S. Supreme Court observed that “[a] 

corporation’s ‘continuous activity of some sorts within a state,’ International Shoe instructed, ‘is 

not enough to support the demand that the corporation be amenable to suits unrelated to that 

activity.’” Id. at 927 (quoting 326 U.S. at 318). Similarly, in Daimler, 571 U.S. 117, the U.S. 

Supreme Court rejected as “unacceptably grasping” the argument that a corporation should be 

subject to general jurisdiction in every state in which the corporation “engages in a substantial, 

continuous, and systematic course of business.” Id. at 137-38. The U.S. Supreme Court explained 

that “the inquiry under Goodyear is not whether a foreign corporation’s in-forum contacts can be 

said to be in some sense continuous and systematic, it is whether that corporation’s ‘affiliations 

with the State are so continuous and systematic as to render [it] essentially at home in the forum 

State.’” Id. at 138-39 (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919) (internal quotation marks omitted) 

(alteration in Daimler); see also Williams, 851 F.3d at 1020 (citing same standard). Thus, the U.S. 

Supreme Court found that the California-based facilities and substantial California sales of a 

Delaware subsidiary based in New Jersey did not support the exercise of general jurisdiction in 

California. See id. at 123 (stating that subsidiary had multiple California-based facilities, 

subsidiary was the largest supplier of luxury vehicles to the California market, and subsidiary’s 

California sales accounted for 2.4% of Daimler’s worldwide sales), 136-37 (holding that the 

California contacts “hardly render [Daimler] at home [in California]”). In so holding, the U.S. 

Supreme Court stressed the need to limit the exercise of general jurisdiction:

If Daimler’s California activities sufficed to allow adjudication of this Argentinarooted case in California, the same global reach would presumably be available in 

every other State in which [the subsidiary’s] sales are sizable. Such exorbitant 

exercises of all-purpose jurisdiction would scarcely permit out-of-state defendants 

‘to structure their primary conduct with some minimum assurance as to where that 

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conduct will and will not render them liable to suit.’ Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. 

at 472 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Id. at 139. Also relevant to the instant case, the U.S. Supreme Court observed that “the 

transnational context of th[e] dispute bears attention” and criticized the Ninth Circuit for paying 

“little heed to the risks to international comity its expansive view of general jurisdiction posed.” 

Id. at 140.

Moreover, in BNSF Railway, 137 S. Ct. 1549, the U.S. Supreme Court again rejected the 

exercise of general jurisdiction over a foreign corporation. Even though BNSF had “over 2,000 

miles of railroad track and more than 2,000 employees in Montana,” the U.S. Supreme Court 

cautioned that “‘the general jurisdiction inquiry does not focus solely on the magnitude of the 

defendant’s in-state contacts.’” Id. at 1559 (quoting Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 n.20). “Rather, the 

inquiry ‘calls for an appraisal of a corporation’s activities in their entirety’; ‘[a] corporation that 

operates in many places can scarcely be deemed at home in all of them.’” Id. (quoting Daimler, 

571 U.S. at 139 n.20) (alteration in BNSF Ry.). Thus, the U.S. Supreme Court found that BNSF, 

which was not incorporated in Montana and does not maintain its principal place of business in 

Montana, was not subject to general personal jurisdiction in Montana because BNSF was not “so 

heavily engaged in activity in Montana ‘as to render [it] essentially at home’ in that State.” Id. 

Similarly, in Williams, the Ninth Circuit recently applied similar reasoning to reject the 

exercise of general jurisdiction in California over a Japanese corporation whose principal place of 

business was in Japan. 851 F.3d at 1021-22. The Ninth Circuit stated that “the general 

jurisdiction inquiry examines a corporation’s activities worldwide—not just the extent of its 

contacts in the forum state—to determine where it can be rightly considered at home.” Id. 

(quoting Ranza, 793 F.3d at 1071). Because the evidence in Williams indicated that the defendant 

had “109 consolidated subsidiaries located in at least 26 different countries and spanning five 

continents” and that net sales in North America as a whole accounted for 17% of the defendant’s 

total net sales, the California market “may be important” for the defendant, but there was 

insufficient evidence that the defendant was “at home” in California. Id. at 1022.

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Thus, the U.S. Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit have made clear that general jurisdiction 

must be limited to the paradigmatic forums—an individual’s state of domicile or a corporation’s 

state of incorporation or principal place of business—or the “exceptional case” where the 

defendant’s contacts are so substantial to render the defendant essentially at home in the forum. 

Kazakhstan argues that “[i]n the Ninth Circuit, the standard for general jurisdiction over an 

individual remains unchanged by the Supreme Court’s ruling in [Daimler], which refined the test 

for general jurisdiction over a corporation.” MTD Opp’n at 9-10. Kazakhstan’s argument is not 

persuasive. First, the only authority Kazakhstan cites in support is an unpublished Ninth Circuit 

decision that affirmed a district court’s finding that it lacked general jurisdiction over individual 

defendants who did not have “continuous and systematic” contacts with the forum that 

“approximate physical presence.” Id. at 10 (citing Silva, 667 F. App’x at 968). In addition to 

being unpublished, and thus non-binding, there is nothing about Silva to suggest that that case 

presented the question of Daimler’s effect on general jurisdiction over an individual. Nor does 

Silva suggest that the “approximat[ing] physical presence” standard that it applied is inconsistent 

with Daimler. See generally Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1224 (stating same standard in a case 

decided after Goodyear, which contained many of the same principles as Daimler). Second, even 

though the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent general jurisdiction cases have concerned corporations, 

Kazakhstan has identified no reason why the U.S Supreme Court’s reasoning in those decisions 

would not apply with equal force to general jurisdiction over individuals. To the contrary, the 

U.S. Supreme Court’s insistence on limiting general jurisdiction to forums where a defendant is 

essentially at home seems equally applicable to individuals, as does the concern about 

international comity in the case of a foreign national individual defendant. Thus, because 

Kazakhstan has not alleged that Khrapunov is domiciled anywhere in the United States, the Court 

must analyze whether the real estate transactions identified in the TAC represent such systematic 

and continuous contacts with the United States as to render Khrapunov essentially at home in the 

United States.

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Besides stressing the dates and dollar amounts of the sales, Kazakhstan offers little 

argument or authority in support of its contention that the real estate transactions approximate 

physical presence or render Khrapunov essentially at home in the United States. Although not 

briefed by the parties, the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly identified Perkins v. Benguet 

Consolidated Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437 (1952), as a case where the exercise of general 

jurisdiction over a foreign corporation was appropriate. See BNSF Ry., 137 S. Ct. at 1558 (stating 

that Perkins “exemplified” the “exceptional case”); Daimler, 571 U.S. at 129-30 (discussing 

Perkins); Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 927-28 (calling Perkins the “textbook case of general jurisdiction 

appropriately exercised over a foreign corporation”); see also Martinez, 764 F.3d at 1068-69 

(recognizing that the U.S. Supreme Court identified Perkins as a “textbook case of general 

jurisdiction”). In Helicopteros, 466 U.S. 408, the U.S. Supreme Court summarized the facts of 

Perkins:

During the Japanese occupation of the Philippine Islands, the president and 

general manager of a Philippine mining corporation maintained an office in Ohio 

from which he conducted activities on behalf of the company. He kept company 

files and held directors’ meetings in the office, carried on correspondence relating 

to the business, distributed salary checks drawn on two active Ohio bank 

accounts, engaged an Ohio bank to act as transfer agent, and supervised policies 

dealing with the rehabilitation of the corporation’s properties in the Philippines. 

In short, the foreign corporation, through its president, “ha[d] been carrying on in 

Ohio a continuous and systematic, but limited, part of its general business,” and 

the exercise of general jurisdiction over the Philippine corporation by an Ohio 

court was “reasonable and just.”

Id. at 414-15 (quoting Perkins, 342 U.S. at 438, 445).

Unlike Perkins, there is no allegation in the instant case that Khrapunov has ever been 

physically present in the United States, let alone that he has spent significant amounts of time 

here. Needless to say, there is no allegation that Khrapunov has lived in the United States or 

established a domicile here. There also is no allegation that Khrapunov’s shell corporations had a 

physical presence or any staff in the United States. See, e.g., Martinez, 764 F.3d at 1070 (“This is 

not such an exceptional case. ATR is organized and has its principal place of business in France. 

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It has no offices, staff, or other physical presence of California, and it is not licensed to do 

business in the state.”). 

There is no allegation that the profits from the real estate sales remained in the United 

States—in fact, to the contrary, Kazakhstan alleges that funds owed to Triadou, one of the shell 

corporations, never “remained in the United States.” MTD Opp’n at 14 (citing ECF No. 62-4 

¶ 43; TAC ¶ 128). Kazakhstan states that “[p]ayments owed to Triadou from its sale of its interest 

in the Flatotel project in New York City, for instance, were wired to a different entity in Geneva 

Switzerland.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing ECF No. 62-4 ¶ 45; TAC ¶ 137). 

Kazakhstan similarly alleges that the proceeds from the sale of the Tri-County Mall were moved 

outside the United States. Id. In addition, besides alleging that Khrapunov has been personally 

involved in trying to sell the sole remaining New York property, see MTD Opp’n at 15, 

Kazakhstan does not allege that Khrapunov or his shell corporations were actively involved in 

managing or developing any of the properties that the shell corporations owned. Although 

Kazakhstan does reference in passing the fact that the shell corporations have brought several 

lawsuits—presumably related to the real estate investments—in New York state courts, such 

contacts do not add enough to the real estate transactions themselves to render Khrapunov 

essentially at home in the United States, nor do they amount to a consent to personal jurisdiction 

in other, unrelated cases. See generally AM Trust v. UBS AG, 681 F. App’x 587, 589 (9th Cir. 

2017) (unpublished) (“AM Trust has cited nothing to support its contention that any consent UBS 

may have given to personal jurisdiction in California in other cases would amount to consent to 

personal jurisdiction in this case.”); Dow Chem. Co. v. Calderon, 422 F.3d 827, 834-35 (9th Cir. 

2005) (doubting whether a party could demonstrate consent to jurisdiction even through the more 

case-specific act of “seek[ing] affirmative relief in a separate action before the same court 

concerning the same transaction or occurrence”). 

Although the real estate transactions account for a significant amount of money—tens of 

millions of dollars—the U.S. Supreme Court has instructed that “the general jurisdiction inquiry 

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does not focus solely on the magnitude of the defendant’s in-state contacts” and that the inquiry 

“calls for an appraisal of [the defendant’s] activities in their entirety.” BNSF Ry., 137 S. Ct. at 

1559 (quoting Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 n.20); see also Williams, 851 F.3d at 1021-22 (same); 

Martinez, 764 F.3d at 1070 (finding general jurisdiction inappropriate in part because the 

defendant’s “California contacts are minor compared to its other worldwide contacts”). Thus, 

without any allegations as to the magnitude or location of Khrapunov’s other assets and 

investments throughout the world, the Court cannot say that the real estate transactions alleged in 

this case are so significant as to render Khrapunov essentially at home in the United States. If 

Khrapunov invests in real estate in many countries, for example, Khrapunov “can scarcely be 

deemed at home in all of them.” BNSF Ry., 137 S. Ct. at 1559. In addition, the Court notes that 

Kazakhstan offers evidence in the context of argument on a separate issue that the U.K. High 

Court of Justice entered money judgments against Khrapunov’s father-in-law for more than $4.6 

billion, which suggests that the $80 million in real estate transactions at issue here may represent 

only a fraction of Khrapunov’s total wealth. See Transfer Mtn. at 1-2.

Moreover, the fact that Khrapunov’s contacts with the United States take the form of 

ownership of property in the United States rather than some other type of contact is not 

determinative for the purposes of the instant analysis. As the U.S. Supreme Court explained in 

Rush v. Savchuk, 444 U.S. 320 (1980), “the mere presence of property in a State does not establish 

a sufficient relationship between the owner of the property and the State to support the exercise of 

jurisdiction over an unrelated cause of action.” Id. at 328. “The ownership of property in the 

State is a contact between the defendant and the forum, and it may suggest the presence of other 

ties.” Id. (citing Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 209 (1977)). “Jurisdiction is lacking, however, 

unless there are sufficient contacts to satisfy the fairness standard of International Shoe.” Id.; see 

also OOO Brunswick Rail Mgmt. v. Sultanov, 17-cv-17-EJD, 2017 WL 2438562, at *1 (N.D. Cal. 

June 6, 2017) (“frequent visits to a forum, [or] owning property in a forum, do not, alone, justify 

the exercise of general jurisdiction” (quoting Hendricks v. New Video Channel Am., LLC, No. 14-

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CV-2989-RSWL-S, 2015 WL 3616983, at *4 (C.D. Cal. June 8, 2015)); Cobalt Grp., Inc. v. 

Spangenberg, No. CV 08-1195-GHK, 2008 WL 11338435, at *4 (C.D. Cal. June 10, 2008) 

(“Although property ownership may give rise to the inference that other contacts with California 

exist, it is Plaintiff’s burden to show those contacts.”). 

The Court is also mindful of the concerns about international comity that the U.S. Supreme 

Court expressed in Daimler. Ruling that investment in the United States or ownership of property 

in the United States alone were enough to confer general jurisdiction over a foreign individual 

under Rule 4(k)(2) would potentially have far-reaching effects that would expand the concept of 

general jurisdiction in a way that conflicts with the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent decisions on 

general jurisdiction.

For all of these reasons, the Court concludes that the exercise of general jurisdiction under 

Rule 4(k)(2) based on Khrapunov’s contacts with the United States as a whole would not comport 

with due process. As the Ninth Circuit stated in another case, “while it is clear that [Khrapunov] 

has stepped through the door, there is no indication that [he] has sat down and made [him]self at 

home” in the United States. Glencore Grain, 284 F.3d at 1125. Thus, Kazakhstan has not 

established that the Court has personal jurisdiction over Khrapunov under Rule 4(k)(2). 

Accordingly, the Court turns to Kazakhstan’s motion to transfer to the Southern District of New 

York to determine whether the case should be transferred or dismissed.

C. Kazakhstan’s Motion to Transfer

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631, “[w]henever a civil action is filed in a court . . . and that 

court finds that there is a want of jurisdiction, the court shall, if it is in the interest of justice, 

transfer such an action . . . to any other such court in which the action or appeal could have been 

brought at the time it was filed.” Thus, “[t]ransfer is appropriate under § 1631 if three conditions 

are met: (1) the transferring court lacks jurisdiction; (2) the transferee court could have exercised 

jurisdiction at the time the action was filed; and (3) the transfer is in the interest of justice.” CruzAguilera v. I.N.S., 245 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). “When determining whether transfer is in 

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the interest of justice, courts have considered whether the failure to transfer would prejudice the 

litigant, whether the litigant filed the original action in good faith, and other equitable factors.” Id.

As discussed above and in the Court’s December 21, 2017 order, the Court lacks personal 

jurisdiction over Khrapunov. The first condition of § 1631 is thus satisfied.

With respect to the second condition of § 1631, whether the transferee court could have 

exercised jurisdiction at the time the action was filed, Kazakhstan relies on the Court’s statement 

in the December 21, 2017 order that Khrapunov is subject to personal jurisdiction in New York. 

See Transfer Mtn. at 7-8; Transfer Reply at 6-7. As the Court explained above, however, further 

information from Khrapunov about the status of the New York RICO Action shows that the 

Court’s previous statement was incorrect. 

Indeed, the Court’s Rule 4(k)(2) analysis, above, confirms that Khrapunov would not be 

subject to general jurisdiction in New York based on the allegations in the TAC. If Khrapunov’s 

contacts with the United States as a whole are insufficient to confer general jurisdiction under 

Rule 4(k)(2) consistent with due process, then some lesser subset of contacts would also be 

insufficient to confer general jurisdiction in New York. See generally Waldman v. Palestine 

Liberation Organization, 835 F.3d 317, 331 (2d Cir. 2016) (“A court may assert general personal 

jurisdiction over a foreign defendant to hear any and all claims against that defendant only when 

the defendant’s affiliations with the State in which suit is brought ‘are so constant and pervasive as 

to render [it] essentially at home in the forum State.’” (quoting Daimler, 571 U.S. at 122 (internal 

quotation marks omitted))).

With respect to specific jurisdiction, Kazakhstan has similarly failed to establish that 

Khrapunov would be subject to specific jurisdiction in New York in the instant case. “The 

exercise of specific jurisdiction depends on in-state activity that ‘gave rise to the episode-in-suit.’” 

Id. (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 923) (emphasis in original). The only connection between the 

hacking that gave rise to this case and New York is the location of Kazakhstan’s counsel, some of 

whose communications with Kazakhstan were published as a result of the hacking. See TAC ¶ 25-

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26, 86. Specifically, Kazakhstan alleges that Defendants “specifically selected some of these 

privileged and confidential emails between Plaintiff and the Curtis law firm as among the very 

first hacked emails to single out for publication on the internet.” Id. ¶ 26. “In doing so, 

Defendants caused harm to the Plaintiff in the United States (including in New York) and 

elsewhere by breaching the attorney-client privilege between Plaintiff and its New York-based 

counsel.” Id. However, even assuming that the harm of a breach of the attorney-client privilege 

was felt in New York—as opposed to in Kazakhstan—the foreseeability of harm in the forum state 

is not sufficient to establish specific jurisdiction, particularly when the plaintiff or a third party is 

the only tie between the forum and the defendant’s action. See Walden, 571 U.S. at 1122 (“We 

have consistently rejected attempts to satisfy the defendant-focused ‘minimum contacts’ inquiry 

by demonstrating contacts between the plaintiff (or third parties) and the forum State.”); Charles 

Schwab Corp. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 883 F.3d 68, 87 (2d Cir. 2018) (“The ‘foreseeability of 

causing injury in another State,’ however, will not suffice.” (quoting Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. 

at 474)). 

As the U.S. Supreme Court has instructed, “[t]he proper question is not where the plaintiff 

experienced a particular injury or effect but whether the defendant’s conduct connects him to the 

forum in a meaningful way.” Walden, 571 U.S. at 1125. Kazakhstan has failed to establish that 

this case, which involves a Kazakh citizen who resides in Switzerland allegedly hiring an Israeli 

firm to hack the email accounts of Kazakh government officials for publication in Kazakhstan, is 

connected to New York in any meaningful way. Thus, while the Southern District of New York 

may have specific jurisdiction over Khrapunov for causes of action arising out of Khrapunov’s 

New York real estate holdings, Kazakhstan has not established that the Southern District of New 

York would have specific jurisdiction in the instant case. Accordingly, the second requirement of 

§ 1631 is not satisfied. 

The Court thus DENIES the motion to transfer and DISMISSES the case for lack of 

personal jurisdiction. In its December 21, 2017 order dismissing the case for lack of personal 

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jurisdiction, the Court cautioned Kazakhstan that failure to cure the deficiencies identified in that 

order would result in dismissal of the case with prejudice as to Khrapunov. ECF No. 67 at 23. As 

explained in this order, Kazakhstan has failed to cure the jurisdictional deficiencies previously 

identified by the Court. In addition, the instant complaint is Kazakhstan’s fourth complaint in this 

Court, which in turn follows two years of litigation, including discovery, in the Southern District 

of New York related to the same hacking. Moreover, Kazakhstan has apparently sought discovery 

against Khrapunov through subpoena enforcement proceedings in Washington state court and the 

Eastern District of California. Transfer Opp’n at 16; Transfer Reply at 2. Court proceedings in 

the New York RICO Action and the California RICO Action have provided additional information 

about Khrapunov’s contacts with the United States, and Kazakhstan has already availed itself of 

that information in the instant case. Thus, the Court finds that Kazakhstan has failed to cure 

deficiencies by amendments previously allowed and that allowing further leave to amend would 

be futile. The case is thus dismissed with prejudice as to Khrapunov. See Carvalho, 629 F.3d at 

892-93.

Moreover, because Kazakhstan concedes in its motion to transfer that non-appearing 

defendant Ketebaev “has no greater jurisdictional ties to the Northern District of California than 

does Khrapunov,” Transfer Mot. at 1 n.1, the Court also finds that it lacks personal jurisdiction 

over Ketebaev.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the motion to transfer is DENIED and the motion to dismiss is 

GRANTED with prejudice. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: June 8, 2018

______________________________________

LUCY H. KOH

United States District Judge

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