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State

Medicaid Enrollment

Estimate#‐ CPS

Medicaid Enrollment

Estimate#‐ Imputed

Kaiser Medicaid

Enrollment

Root Mean Squared Errors

(RMSE)

Percent Reduction

from RMSE‐CPS to

Percent SE Percent SE Percent RMSE‐CPS RMSE‐Imputed RMSE‐Imputed

Dodedpd# 11.2% 0.85% 13.9% 0.93% 14.7% 3.58% 1.24% 65.39%

Dodvnd# 7.9% 0.68% 10.3% 0.77% 11.9% 4.06% 1.77% 56.40%

Dul}rqd# 15.0% 0.98% 17.5% 1.05% 15.8% 1.26% 2.00% ‐58.20%

Dundqvdv# 15.3% 0.93% 17.4% 0.98% 17.9% 2.75% 1.10% 59.91%

Fdoliruqld# 13.8% 0.35% 16.5% 0.38% 17.7% 3.92% 1.27% 67.69%

Frorudgr# 7.6% 0.50% 8.7% 0.54% 8.0% 0.64% 0.94% ‐48.03%

Frqqhfwlfxw# 7.9% 0.56% 9.0% 0.59% 11.4% 3.59% 2.48% 30.98%

Ghodzduh# 10.0% 0.74% 13.7% 0.85% 16.9% 6.98% 3.37% 51.71%

Glvwulfw#ri#Froxpeld# 18.5% 1.09% 20.5% 1.14% 21.8% 3.53% 1.79% 49.38%

Iorulgd# 8.3% 0.40% 11.7% 0.47% 11.6% 3.35% 0.47% 85.91%

Jhrujld# 9.8% 0.59% 12.9% 0.67% 13.4% 3.70% 0.86% 76.67%

Kdzdll# 9.6% 0.65% 12.6% 0.73% 14.5% 4.96% 2.09% 57.82%

Lgdkr# 9.9% 0.78% 10.9% 0.82% 11.3% 1.56% 0.90% 42.19%

Loolqrlv# 10.3% 0.54% 13.4% 0.60% 15.3% 5.00% 1.99% 60.20%

Lqgldqd# 10.3% 0.71% 12.5% 0.78% 12.5% 2.33% 0.78% 66.57%

Lrzd# 11.0% 0.67% 12.2% 0.70% 10.7% 0.71% 1.59% ‐125.22%

Ndqvdv# 8.5% 0.69% 10.8% 0.77% 9.1% 0.94% 1.87% ‐98.70%

Nhqwxfn|# 13.6% 0.84% 14.7% 0.86% 16.7% 3.17% 2.21% 30.35%

Orxlvldqd# 12.8% 1.00% 15.6% 1.08% 20.4% 7.63% 4.85% 36.38%

Pdlqh# 18.2% 0.84% 21.6% 0.89% 19.7% 1.75% 2.10% ‐20.05%

Pdu|odqg# 7.0% 0.51% 8.3% 0.55% 9.5% 2.53% 1.35% 46.57%

Pdvvdfkxvhwwv# 14.7% 0.86% 13.9% 0.84% 16.1% 1.60% 2.32% ‐44.66%

Plfkljdq# 11.9% 0.64% 12.7% 0.65% 15.1% 3.24% 2.47% 23.95%

Plqqhvrwd# 10.3% 0.60% 12.2% 0.65% 11.3% 1.20% 1.06% 12.09%

Plvvlvvlssl# 16.7% 1.13% 16.5% 1.12% 18.0% 1.68% 1.84% ‐9.40%

Plvvrxul# 11.5% 0.72% 15.8% 0.83% 12.5% 1.23% 3.43% ‐178.24%

Prqwdqd# 10.7% 0.90% 6.6% 0.72% 9.2% 1.78% 2.69% ‐51.01%

Qheudvnd# 7.8% 0.66% 11.6% 0.79% 10.0% 2.23% 1.81% 18.94%

Qhydgd# 5.2% 0.54% 7.1% 0.62% 6.8% 1.71% 0.68% 60.39%

Qhz#Kdpsvkluh# 5.6% 0.42% 7.3% 0.48% 8.3% 2.77% 1.16% 58.11%

Qhz#Mhuvh|# 7.4% 0.52% 8.6% 0.56% 8.8% 1.52% 0.59% 61.33%

Qhz#Ph{lfr# 14.7% 1.01% 18.1% 1.09% 20.3% 5.66% 2.46% 56.52%

Qhz#\run# 15.6% 0.53% 16.2% 0.54% 21.6% 6.02% 5.36% 10.92%

Qruwk#Fdurolqd# 11.9% 0.66% 16.8% 0.76% 13.3% 1.47% 3.61% ‐144.80%

Qruwk#Gdnrwd# 8.0% 0.68% 10.3% 0.76% 8.4% 0.76% 2.11% ‐178.57%

Rklr# 12.0% 0.63% 13.5% 0.66% 14.1% 2.20% 0.93% 57.91%

Rnodkrpd# 12.3% 0.84% 15.5% 0.92% 14.7% 2.59% 1.20% 53.56%

Ruhjrq# 10.0% 0.74% 11.8% 0.80% 9.1% 1.13% 2.79% ‐146.14%

Shqqv|oydqld# 9.3% 0.51% 13.3% 0.60% 15.3% 6.03% 2.10% 65.12%

Ukrgh#Lvodqg# 17.1% 0.90% 16.7% 0.89% 15.7% 1.73% 1.35% 22.11%

Vrxwk#Fdurolqd# 13.2% 0.87% 16.8% 0.96% 14.6% 1.60% 2.40% ‐49.70%

Vrxwk#Gdnrwd# 8.8% 0.70% 9.8% 0.73% 11.5% 2.84% 1.88% 33.65%

Whqqhvvh# 14.1% 0.95% 22.0% 1.13% 20.6% 6.54% 1.79% 72.60%

Wh{dv# 10.9% 0.38% 13.2% 0.42% 12.0% 1.23% 1.20% 3.09%

Xwdk# 8.0% 0.77% 9.8% 0.84% 7.2% 1.08% 2.71% ‐151.51%

Yhuprqw# 17.2% 0.93% 20.9% 1.00% 19.2% 2.21% 1.95% 11.74%

Ylujlqld# 7.1% 0.52% 8.1% 0.55% 8.5% 1.46% 0.66% 54.60%

Zdvklqjwrq# 11.1% 0.69% 15.1% 0.79% 13.4% 2.36% 1.89% 20.06%

Zhvw#Ylujlqld# 14.0% 0.91% 16.3% 0.97% 16.7% 2.88% 1.06% 63.38%

Zlvfrqvlq# 11.5% 0.79% 12.0% 0.80% 12.2% 1.04% 0.83% 20.68%

Z|rplqj# 7.5% 0.70% 9.0% 0.76% 10.9% 3.40% 1.99% 41.61%

Wrwdo#0 Xqlwhg#Vwdwhv# 11.4% 0.11% 13.8% 0.12% 14.3% 2.89% 0.54% 81.29%

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Counties

SNAP Receipt Rate

Estimate#‐ ACS

SNAP Receipt Rate

Estimate#‐ Imputed Linked Data

Root Mean Squared Errors

(RMSE)

Percent Reduction

from RMSE‐ACS to

Percent SE Percent SE Percent RMSE‐ACS RMSE‐Imputed RMSE‐Imputed

Doedq|# 11.6% 1.49% 15.6% 1.66% 14.6% 3.3% 1.9% 40.85%

Doohjdq|/#Fdwwdudxjxv# 14.6% 1.83% 18.4% 1.97% 19.3% 5.0% 2.2% 56.95%

Eurq{# 41.1% 1.02% 47.7% 1.04% 52.1% 11.0% 4.5% 58.94%

Eurrph/#Wlrjd# 15.3% 1.59% 19.3% 1.80% 18.8% 3.9% 1.9% 51.69%

Fd|xjd/#Pdglvrq/#Rqrqgdjd# 12.6% 0.92% 16.6% 1.03% 16.4% 4.0% 1.0% 73.98%

Fkdxwdxtxd# 15.9% 1.94% 19.2% 2.18% 21.5% 5.9% 3.2% 46.48%

Fkhpxqj/#Vfkx|ohu# 17.1% 2.35% 19.4% 2.47% 21.7% 5.2% 3.4% 35.55%

Fkhqdqjr/#Fruwodqg# 18.2% 2.28% 20.6% 2.47% 19.6% 2.7% 2.7% 1.77%

Folqwrq/#Hvvh{/#Iudqnolq/#Kdplo# 16.9% 2.05% 19.7% 2.17% 19.2% 3.1% 2.2% 27.05%

Froxpeld/#Juhhqh# 9.4% 2.26% 14.5% 2.72% 10.2% 2.4% 5.0% ‐107.30%

Ghodzduh/#Rwvzhjr/#Vfkrkdulh# 10.8% 1.61% 16.0% 2.06% 15.1% 4.6% 2.3% 50.68%

Gxwfkhvv# 8.5% 1.34% 12.4% 1.62% 11.3% 3.1% 2.0% 36.72%

Hulh# 17.4% 0.95% 20.5% 1.00% 20.9% 3.6% 1.1% 70.42%

Ixowrq/#Prqwjrphu|# 14.6% 2.07% 19.5% 2.63% 28.3% 13.8% 9.2% 33.37%

Jhqhvhh/#Ruohdqv# 11.3% 2.26% 15.6% 2.51% 16.4% 5.6% 2.7% 52.74%

Khunlphu/#Rqhlgd# 16.6% 1.55% 19.6% 1.65% 21.8% 5.4% 2.8% 48.86%

Mhiihuvrq/#Ohzlv# 19.1% 2.39% 22.0% 2.45% 19.5% 2.4% 3.4% ‐41.32%

Nlqjv#+Eurrno|q,# 26.1% 0.68% 32.8% 0.73% 35.9% 9.9% 3.2% 67.74%

Olylqjvwrq/#Z|rplqj# 12.2% 2.42% 16.1% 2.64% 13.8% 2.9% 3.5% ‐19.51%

Prqurh/#Zd|qh# 14.2% 0.82% 18.4% 0.92% 18.1% 4.0% 1.0% 75.95%

Qdvvdx# 4.2% 0.42% 9.5% 0.67% 7.0% 2.8% 2.6% 9.78%

Qhz#\run#+Pdqkdwwdq,# 16.5% 0.69% 20.3% 0.73% 21.2% 4.7% 1.2% 75.07%

Qldjdud# 15.9% 1.79% 18.7% 1.90% 19.4% 3.9% 2.0% 48.05%

Rqwdulr# 8.6% 2.78% 13.0% 2.98% 10.6% 3.4% 3.8% ‐12.09%

Rudqjh# 11.1% 1.44% 17.2% 1.85% 11.0% 1.4% 6.4% ‐342.91%

Rvzhjr# 18.1% 2.63% 20.9% 2.71% 22.1% 4.8% 3.0% 37.36%

Sxwqdp/#Zhvwfkhvwhu# 6.0% 0.62% 10.6% 0.81% 9.4% 3.4% 1.5% 56.78%

Txhhqv# 17.2% 0.65% 24.4% 0.74% 23.9% 6.7% 0.9% 86.91%

Uhqvvhodhu# 14.7% 2.32% 17.5% 2.42% 17.1% 3.3% 2.4% 26.25%

Ulfkprqg#+Vwdwhq#Lvodqg,# 11.0% 1.21% 15.5% 1.41% 16.9% 6.0% 1.9% 67.51%

Urfnodqg# 13.8% 1.59% 18.1% 1.78% 15.1% 2.0% 3.5% ‐68.77%

Vdudwrjd# 8.0% 1.65% 10.6% 1.76% 9.3% 2.1% 2.1% ‐2.12%

Vfkhqhfwdg|# 10.2% 1.93% 13.9% 2.16% 17.3% 7.3% 4.0% 45.77%

Vhqhfd/#Wrpsnlqv# 11.0% 2.70% 15.5% 2.91% 13.4% 3.6% 3.6% ‐0.68%

Vw1#Odzuhqfh# 16.4% 3.41% 20.3% 3.44% 21.5% 6.2% 3.6% 41.12%

Vwhxehq/#\dwhv# 10.7% 1.72% 14.1% 1.90% 18.6% 8.1% 4.9% 39.79%

Vxiiron# 5.6% 0.53% 10.7% 0.73% 9.1% 3.6% 1.7% 51.93%

Vxoolydq/#Xovwhu# 13.1% 1.70% 17.4% 1.93% 18.1% 5.2% 2.0% 60.84%

Zduuhq/#Zdvklqjwrq# 11.1% 1.78% 13.8% 1.95% 15.9% 5.1% 2.8% 44.51%

Wrwdo#0 Qhz#\run#Vwdwh# 16.1% 0.20% 21.1% 0.22% 21.4% 5.3% 0.4% 92.86%

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7

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9฀฀
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Table 3:##Relative# # # # # # # # # Cost of Selected Commonly Used Corrections for Survey

Errors

Type of Survey Error Correction

Rough

Relative Cost

($ to $$$$$)

Sampling increase sample size $$$$$

reduce design effect $

Non‐response (item and unit) increase Response Rate $$$$$

impute item missing data $

Post‐stratification weights $

Coverage increase coverage $$$$$

listing $$$$

Measurement cognitive interviews $

validate against other sources$

link to other data $

Processing transformation data checks $

data disclosure editing $

metadata checks $

variable output checks $

imputation checks $

editing checks $

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8

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10฀฀
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11฀฀
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VLSS2VVD2LUV#sxeolf#xvh#iloh#surmhfw1#U.S. Census Bureau Working Paper1#

Doh{dqghu/#M1#Wuhqw/#Plfkdho#Gdyhuq#dqg#Ehwvh|#Vwhyhqvrq1#(2010)#ᄈLqdffxudwh#Djh#dqg#Vh{#Gdwd#lq#wkh#Fhqvxv#

SXPV#Ilohv=#Hylghqfh#dqg#Lpsolfdwlrqv1ᄡ#Public Opinion Quarterly.#:7#+6,=#884089<1#

Ehh/#F1#Dgdp/#Judwrq#Jdwkuljkw/#dqg#Euxfh#G1#Ph|hu#+5348,/#ᄈEldv#iurp#Xqlw#Qrq0Uhvsrqvh#lq#wkh#Phdvxuhphqw#

ri#Lqfrph#lq#Krxvhkrog#Vxuyh|v1ᄡ#Xqlyhuvlw|#ri#Fklfdjr#zrunlqj#sdshu1#

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DQG#DJHQFLHV=#Jxlgdqfh#iru#Surylglqj#dqg#Xvlqj#Dgplqlvwudwlyh#Gdwd#iru#Vwdwlvwlfdo#Sxusrvhv1ᄡ#Riilfh#ri#

Pdqdjhphqw#dqg#Exgjhw1##kwwsv=22zzz1zklwhkrxvh1jry2vlwhv2ghidxow2ilohv2rpe2phprudqgd253472p0470391sgi#

Frqjuhvvlrqdo#Exgjhw#Riilfh1##533:1##ᄈEdfnjurxqg#Sdshu=#FERᄊv#Khdowk#Lqvxudqfh#Vlpxodwlrq#Prgho##D#Whfkqlfdo#

Ghvfulswlrq1ᄡ##Frqjuhvvlrqdo#Exgjhw#Riilfh1##Rfwrehu#533:1##Zdvklqjwrq#GF1##

kwwsv=22zzz1fer1jry2sxeolfdwlrq24<557Blqgh{@;:45#

Fhokd|/#Sdeor/#Euxfh#G1#Ph|hu#dqg#Qlnrodv#Plwwdj1#53481#ᄈPhdvxuhphqw#Huuru#lq#Surjudp#Sduwlflsdwlrq1ᄡ##Zrunlqj#

Sdshu1#

Fxfnohu/#Jljl/#dqg#Dqguhd#Vlvnr1##53461##ᄈPrgholqj#Shu#Fdslwd#Vwdwh#Khdowk#H{shqglwxuh#Yduldwlrq=#Vwdwh0Ohyho#

Fkdudfwhulvwlfv#Pdwwhu1ᄡ##Medicare and Medicaid Research and Review.##6+7,=H40H571##

kwwsv=22zzz1fpv1jry2ppuu2Grzqordgv2PPUU5346b336b37bd361sgi#

Gdyhuq/#Plfkdho/#Kroo|#Urglq/#Wlprwk|#M1#Ehheh/#dqg#Ndwkohhq#Wklhgh#Fdoo1 (2005) ᄈWkh#Hiihfw#ri#Lqfrph#

Txhvwlrq#Ghvljq#lq#Khdowk#Vxuyh|v#rq#Idplo|#Lqfrph/#Sryhuw|#dqg#Holjlelolw|#Hvwlpdwhv1ᄡ##Health Services 

Research. 73+8,=4867048851#

Gdyhuq/#Plfkdho/#Kroo|#Urglq/#Ndwkohhq#Wklhgh#Fdoo/#dqg#O|qq#D1#Eohzhww1##(2007)##ᄈDuh#wkh#FSV#Xqlqvxudqfh#

Hvwlpdwhv#Wrr#KljkB#Dq#H{dplqdwlrq#ri#Lpsxwdwlrq1ᄡ# Health Services Research1#75+8,=#536;053881#

Gdyhuq/#Plfkdho/#Mdfre#Doh{#Nohupdq/#Gdylg#Edxjk/#Ndwkohhq#Fdoo/#dqg#Jhrujh#Juhhqehuj1##(2009b) ᄈDq#

H{dplqdwlrq#ri#wkh#Phglfdlg#Xqghufrxqw#lq#wkh#Fxuuhqw#Srsxodwlrq#Vxuyh|#+FSV,=##Suholplqdu|#Uhvxowv#iurp#

Uhfrug#Olqnlqj1ᄡ Health Services Research. 77+56,##<980;:1#

Gdyhuq1#Plfkdho/#Mdfre#Nohupdq/#Mhdqhwwh#]lhjhqixvv/#Ylfwruld#O|qfk/#dqg#Jhrujh#Juhhqehuj1# (2009a) #ᄈD#

Sduwldoo|#Fruuhfwhg#Hvwlpdwh#ri#Phglfdlg#Hquroophqw#dqg#Xqlqvxudqfh=# Uhvxowv#iurp#dq#Lpsxwdwlrqdo#Prgho#

Ghyhorshg#rii#Olqnhg#Vxuyh|#dqg#Dgplqlvwudwlyh#Gdwd1ᄡ# Journal of Economic and Social Measurement.##67+7,=54<0

5731#

Gdyhuq/#Plfkdho/#Grqqd#PfDoslqh/#Wlprwk|#M1#Ehheh/#Mhdqhwwh#]lhjhqixvv/#Wrgg#Urfnzrrg#dqg#Ndwkohhq#Wklhgh#

Fdoo1#(2010) ᄈDuh#Orzhu#Uhvsrqvh#Udwhv#Kd}dugrxv#wr#\rxu#Khdowk#Vxuyh|B##Dq#Dqdo|vlv#ri#Wkuhh#Vwdwh#Khdowk#

Vxuyh|v1ᄡ# Health Services Research. 78#+8,=##4657ᄆ46771#

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Health Services Research=# 7;+6,=<380<451#

Ihghudo#Frpplwwhh#rq#Vwdwlvwlfdo#Phwkrgrorj|#+IFVP,1# 53341##ᄈPhdvxulqj#dqg#Uhsruwlqj#

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kwws=22zzz1ifvp1jry234sdshuv2VSZS64bilqdo1sgi#

Juryhv/#U1P1#53391#%Qrquhvsrqvh#Udwhv#dqg#Qrquhvsrqvh#Eldv#lq#Krxvhkrog#Vxuyh|v1%#Public Opinion Quarterly 

:3#+7,=#9790:81#

12฀฀
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Public Opinion Quarterly. :5=#49:04;<1#

Kduulv/#E1#F1#+5347,1#Zlwklq#dqg#Dfurvv#Frxqw|#Yduldwlrq#lq#VQDS#Plvuhsruwlqj=#Hylghqfh#iurp#Olqnhg#DFV#dqg#

Dgplqlvwudwlyh#Uhfrugv1#CARRA Working Paper #2014-05.#X1V1#Fhqvxv#Exuhdx1#

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Qdwxuh#dqg#Frqvhtxhqfhv1#Harris School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago Working Paper. 

Ph|hu/#E1G1/#Prn/#Z1N1F1#dqg#Vxoolydq/#M1[1#5348e1#Krxvhkrog#Vxuyh|v#lq#Fulvlv1#Mrxuqdo#ri#Hfrqrplf#

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Hquroophqw#GdwdB%#Journal of Economic and Social Measurement/#69+6,=#546#ᄆ#581##

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ri#phdvxuhv#ri#khdowk1#Vwdwlvw1#Phg1/#59=#4;35ᄆ4;441#grl=#43143352vlp15;34#

Vfkhqnhu/#Q1/#Udjkxqdwkdq/#W1#H1#dqg#Erqgduhqnr/#L1#+5343,/#Lpsurylqj#rq#dqdo|vhv#ri#vhoi0uhsruwhg#gdwd#lq#d#odujh0

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Hylghqfh#iurp#wkh#DFV#dqg#Q\#VQDS#Dgplqlvwudwlyh#Uhfrugvᄡ1#Working Paper. 

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16฀฀
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17฀฀
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18฀฀