In the Missouri Court of Appeals

Eastern District

DIVISION FOUR

JAMIE LEE KROPF, ) No. ED101529

 )

Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

 ) of Audrain County

vs. ) 09AU-DR00049-01

 ) 

MATHEW ADAM JONES, ) Honorable Michael S. Wright

 )

Appellant. ) Filed: May 5, 2015

Mathew Adams Jones (“Father”) appeals the trial court’s judgment denying his motion to 

modify his child support obligation, finding Jamie Lee Kropf (“Mother”) had not relocated with 

the parties’ minor child, and ordering Father to pay a portion of Mother’s attorney’s fees. We 

affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

The parties were married in June 2006 and had a child together in June 2009 (“Child”). 

In March 2010, the trial court entered a judgment dissolving the parties’ marriage, and an 

amended judgment was entered in May 2010. The amended dissolution judgment awarded 

Mother sole physical custody of Child, awarded Father visitation, awarded the parties joint legal 

custody, and ordered Father to pay Mother $1,200 per month in child support. 

In determining Father’s monthly child support obligation to be $1,200, the trial court 

imputed a monthly gross income of $2,080 to Mother. The court also found that Father, a 
2

pipeline welder, had a monthly gross income of $11,801, an amount which included money 

Father received for rig pay and per diem pay.1 Using the parties’ monthly gross incomes, the 

trial court found Father’s Form 142presumed child support obligation was $1,544 per month. 

However, the trial court found the presumed child support amount was unjust and inappropriate 

and instead ordered Father to pay Mother $1,200 per month in child support.

After the trial court entered its amended dissolution judgment, Father filed a motion to 

modify seeking to reduce his monthly child support amount and increase his visitation with 

Child. With respect to child support, Father’s motion alleged a substantial and continuing 

change in circumstances had occurred because there was a change in his income. Father 

requested an increase in visitation in part because Mother had allegedly moved from her prior 

address and failed to give notice of the new address to Father. Mother filed a counter-motion 

requesting, inter alia, attorney’s fees. 

Neither Father’s motion to modify nor Mother’s counter-motion requested the trial court 

to provide findings of fact or conclusions of law in its judgment. A bench trial was held on the 

parties’ motions in February 2014. Father, Mother, and Jesse Deere were among the witnesses 

who testified at the trial. 

Father testified at the bench trial that his taxable gross income had decreased since the 

amended dissolution judgment, because the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) no longer deemed 

his rig pay and per diem pay as part of his gross income for tax purposes. Father stated his 

taxable gross monthly wages were $8,033, and he also received a total of approximately $4,000 

in rig pay and per diem pay each month. Father testified his employer sometimes required him 

to travel for his job and incur employment-related expenses for work clothing, work truck 

 

1 Rig pay and per diem pay are explained three paragraphs below. 

2 All references to Form 14 are to the form as set forth in Missouri Supreme Court Rules of Civil Procedure

(2014).
3

ownership and maintenance, work tools, mileage, lodging, and food. Father’s testimony 

indicated that his rig pay and per diem pay were not dollar-for-dollar reimbursements for 

employment-related expenses Father incurred but instead represented a general allocation for 

anticipated expenses. Father testified he received rig pay at a rate of $17 per hour for each hour 

he worked for reimbursement of anticipated expenses for work clothing, owning and operating a 

work truck and tools, and mileage. Father also testified he received per diem pay at a rate 

ranging from $102.50 to $165 per day for reimbursement of anticipated expenses for out-of-town 

lodging and food. Although Father stated that his rig pay and per diem pay were no longer 

subject to federal income taxes at the time of the modification proceedings, Father admitted there 

was nothing else different about how he received rig pay and per diem pay at the time of the 

original dissolution proceedings. 

Mother testified she and Child resided at Mother’s parents’ home in Mexico, Missouri 

following the parties’ 2010 divorce and until the February 2014 bench trial on Father’s motion to 

modify.

Deere testified at the bench trial that he was in a romantic relationship with Mother from 

2010 to 2011. Deere also testified Mother and Child moved into his home in 2010 and they 

spent 50 to 75 percent of their time there. Deere stated his relationship with Mother was “rocky” 

and there were several breakups interspersed throughout their relationship. Deere also stated 

there would be nights Mother and Child would spend the night at Deere’s home and then return 

to their permanent residence with Mother’s parents. Deere admitted Mother never physically 

changed her address from her parents to Deere’s address and most of Mother’s personal property 

and belongings remained at her permanent residence with her parents. 
4

In April 2014, the trial court entered a judgment denying Father’s motion to modify his 

child support obligation, finding Mother had not relocated with Child, and ordering Father to pay 

a portion of Mother’s attorney’s fees. With respect to child support, the trial court found Father 

had not established a change in circumstances warranting modification, i.e., that Father had not 

established a substantial and continuing change in circumstances as to make the terms of the 

original child support award unreasonable. In making its determination, the trial court prepared 

two Form 14’s. The only difference in the Form 14’s was the trial court used two different 

calculations for Mother’s reasonable work-related child care costs and Mother’s child care tax 

credit. Both of the trial court’s Form 14’s found that Father’s monthly gross income was 

$12,033 and Mother’s monthly gross income was $2,271. Based upon those figures, one of the 

trial court’s Form 14’s calculated Father’s presumed monthly child support obligation to be 

$1,457, and the court’s other Form 14 calculated Father’s presumed monthly child support to be 

$1,133. The trial court found both of those presumed child support amounts were unjust and 

inappropriate and, consistent with the amended dissolution judgment, the court ordered Father to 

continue to pay Mother $1,200 per month in child support. 

With respect to Mother’s alleged relocation, Father’s proposed judgment requested the 

trial court to find “[Mother] relocated the principal residence of [Child] and did not provide 

notice to [Father] as required by Section 452.377 [ ] RSMo [20003].” However, the trial court 

did not include that finding in its judgment and instead found Mother resided at her parents’ 

home. 

The trial court’s judgment also ordered Father to pay Mother $3,500 in attorney’s fees. 

Father appeals. 

 

3 Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references are to RSMo 2000.
5

II. DISCUSSION

Father raises three points on appeal. Father’s first point on appeal argues the trial court 

erred in finding he had not established a change in circumstances warranting a modification of 

his child support obligation. Father’s second point on appeal asserts the trial court erred in 

failing to find Mother had improperly relocated with Child. Finally, Father’s third point on 

appeal contends the trial court erred in ordering him to pay Mother $3,500 in attorney’s fees. 

A. General Standard of Review

As with any court-tried case, we review a trial court’s judgment modifying a dissolution 

decree pursuant to Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976). Mehler v. Martin, 

440 S.W.3d 529, 531 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014). Accordingly, we will affirm the trial court’s 

judgment unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the 

evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law. Id. 

Where, as in this case, neither party requested the trial court to make findings of fact, all 

fact issues upon which no specific findings are made are considered as having been found in 

accordance with the result reached by the trial court. Patz v. Patz, 412 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Mo. 

App. E.D. 2013); Rule 73.01(c)4. Moreover, we view the evidence and inferences therefrom in 

the light most favorable to the judgment, and we disregard all contrary evidence and inferences. 

Potts v. Potts, 303 S.W.3d 177, 184 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). “Judging credibility and assigning 

weight to evidence and testimony are matters for the trial court, which is free to believe none, 

part, or all of the testimony of any witnesses.” Id. (quotations omitted). Consequently, we defer 

to the trial court’s credibility determinations. Mehler, 440 S.W.3d at 534. We also defer to the 

trial court’s decision even if the evidence could support a different conclusion. King v. Bullard, 

257 S.W.3d 175, 182 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008). 

 

4 All references to Rules are to Missouri Supreme Court Rules (2014).
6

B. Child Support

In Father’s first point on appeal, he asserts the trial court erred in finding he had not 

established a change in circumstances warranting a modification of his child support obligation. 

We disagree. 

1. Standard of Review, General Law, and Father’s Arguments 

The determination as to whether to modify a parent’s child support obligation “lies within 

the discretion of the trial court, and the trial court’s decision will be reversed only for abuse of 

discretion or misapplication of the law.” Breuer v. Breuer, 449 S.W.3d 409, 412 (Mo. App. E.D. 

2014) (quotations omitted). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling is so 

arbitrary and unreasonable as to shock the sense of justice and indicate a lack of careful 

consideration. Ferry v. Ferry, 327 S.W.3d 599, 602 (Mo. App. E.D. 2010). 

Section 452.370.15provides in relevant part:

[T]he provisions of any judgment respecting . . . support may be modified only 

upon a showing of changed circumstances so substantial and continuing as to 

make the terms [of the original award] unreasonable. In a proceeding for 

modification of any child support . . . judgment, the court, in determining whether 

or not a substantial change in circumstances has occurred, shall consider all 

financial resources of both parties . . .. 

A party seeking modification of a child support award makes a prima facie showing of a 

substantial and continuing change in circumstances where the application of the Form 14 child 

support guidelines results in a change from the original award of child support by twenty percent 

or more. Id.; Breuer, 449 S.W.3d at 413-14. “Once the party seeking modification has met this 

burden, the court then determines the child support amount in conformity with criteria set forth 

 

5 We note that section 452.370 was amended effective August 28, 2014, but that amendment does not apply to this 

case because it was effective after the modification proceedings. Therefore, our reference to section 452.370 is to 

RSMo 2000. 
7

in section 452.340 [RSMo Supp. 2012] and applicable supreme court rules.” Breuer, 449 

S.W.3d at 414 (quotations omitted). 

In this case, Father argues he made a prima facie showing of a substantial and continuing 

change in circumstances because the application of Form 14, and particularly the calculation of 

his gross income, results in a change from the original award of $1,200 per month in child 

support by twenty percent or more. Father specifically claims the trial court erred in calculating 

his monthly gross income to be $12,033 because that amount included his rig pay and per diem 

pay, which totaled approximately $4,000 per month. Father argues his rig pay and per diem pay 

should not have been included as part of his gross income for purposes of his Form 14 child 

support calculation because, (1) they were payments for reimbursement of business expenses; 

and (2) the IRS made changes to the federal tax code since the time of the original dissolution 

proceedings and the IRS no longer considered Father’s rig pay and per diem pay as gross income 

subject to federal income taxes.6 

2. Father’s Arguments and the Factual Circumstances of this Case are Similar 

to Those in Gardner

Father’s arguments and the factual circumstances of this case are similar, though not 

identical, to those in State ex rel. Scioto Cty. Child Support Enforcement Agency v. Gardner, 680 

N.E.2d 221 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996). In Gardner, the father argued the trial court erred in 

calculating his gross income for purposes of his child support obligation because the court failed 

to reduce father’s gross income by the amount of expenses he incurred in his employment while 

 

6

For purposes of this appeal only, we assume the following propositions, because they are both undisputed by the 

parties, (1) the IRS made changes to the federal tax code since the time of the original dissolution proceedings; and 

(2) as of the 2013 tax year, which was the last tax year before the February 2014 bench trial in the modification 

proceedings, the IRS no longer considered Father's rig pay and per diem pay as gross income subject to federal 

income taxes. 
8

working away from home, including expenses for work clothing, work tools, work truck 

maintenance, lodging, and food. Id. at 223-24, 227. 

The father in Gardner argued on appeal that the trial court should have deducted his 

employment-related expenses from his gross income under a provision in the Ohio child support 

guidelines providing for a deduction of business expenses. Id. at 227. The Ohio provision stated

“gross income” included “gross receipts received by a parent from self-employment, 

proprietorship of a business, joint ownership of a partnership or closely held corporation, and 

rents minus ordinary and necessary expenses incurred by the parent in generating the gross 

receipts.” Id. (quotations omitted). Because the father did not claim to be self-employed, the 

proprietor of a business, or a joint owner of a partnership or closely held corporation, the Ohio 

Court of Appeals found the provision providing for a deduction of business expenses was not 

controlling. Id. 

The father in Gardner also argued on appeal that the trial court should have deducted his 

employment-related expenses from his gross income because the expenses were excluded from 

his gross income on his federal tax return. Id. In other words, the father “attempt[ed] to 

analogize the child support calculation to a federal income tax calculation.” Id. The Ohio Court 

of Appeals rejected the father’s argument, holding the calculation of his gross income for 

purposes of his federal income taxes was irrelevant because the Ohio child support guidelines 

definition of “gross income” was more expansive than the federal tax code definition and 

included father’s non-taxable income. Id. Therefore, the Gardner Court concluded the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in failing to deduct the father’s employment-related expenses 

from his gross income. Id.
9

While we recognize Missouri’s Form 14 child support guidelines differ from Ohio’s child 

support guidelines, Father asserts on appeal, similar to the father in Gardner, that the trial court 

erred in calculating his gross income for purposes of his child support obligation because the 

court failed to reduce his gross income by the monies he received from his employer for rig pay 

and per diem pay. Also like the father in Gardner, Father asserts his rig pay and per diem pay 

should not have been included as part of his gross income for purposes of his Form 14 child 

support calculation because, (1) they were payments for reimbursement of business expenses; 

and (2) those monies were excluded from his gross income on his federal tax return.

Here, Father testified his employer sometimes required him to travel for his job and incur 

employment-related expenses for work clothing, work truck ownership and maintenance, work 

tools, mileage, lodging, and food. Father’s testimony indicated that his rig pay and per diem pay 

were not dollar-for-dollar reimbursements for employment-related expenses Father incurred but 

instead represented a general allocation for anticipated expenses. Father testified he received rig 

pay at a rate of $17 per hour for each hour he worked for reimbursement of anticipated expenses 

for work clothing, owning and operating a work truck and tools, and mileage. Father also 

testified he received per diem pay at a rate ranging from $102.50 to $165 per day for 

reimbursement of anticipated expenses for out-of-town lodging and food. 

a. Father’s “Business Expenses” Argument

Similar to the father in Gardner, Father argues the monies he received from his employer 

for anticipated employment-related expenses, i.e. rig pay and per diem pay, should not have been 

included as part of his gross income because they were payments received for reimbursement of 

business expenses and such payments are not considered to be part of the parent’s gross income 

under Form 14. In support of this argument, Father cites to a portion of the Directions for Form 
10

14, Line 1 which states, “If a parent . . . is self-employed, in a sole proprietorship, or [in a] 

business with joint ownership, ‘gross income’ is gross receipts minus the ordinary and necessary 

expenses incurred to produce such receipts” (“the expenses provision”) (emphasis added by our 

Court). 

Father asserts the expenses provision applies to him pursuant to DeArriba v. DeArriba, 

100 S.W.3d 134 (Mo. App. E.D. 2003) and In re Marriage of Harvey, 48 S.W.3d 674 (Mo. App. 

E.D. 2001). However, in DeArriba and Harvey, our Court held the expenses provision applied to 

the calculation of a parent’s gross income under Form 14 where the parent testified that he was 

self-employed. DeArriba, 100 S.W.3d at 137, 139-40; Harvey, 48 S.W.3d at 675, 676-77. In this 

case Father cites to no evidence in the record indicating he is self-employed. Therefore, 

DeArriba and Harvey are distinguishable. Moreover, consistent with the Ohio Court’s decision 

in Gardner, we find the expenses provision inapplicable because Father cites no evidence in the 

record indicating he is self-employed, in a sole proprietorship, or in a business with joint 

ownership. See Gardner, 680 N.E.2d at 227. 

b. Father’s “Federal Income Tax” Argument 

Father also argues the monies he received from his employer for anticipated employmentrelated expenses, i.e. rig pay and per diem pay, should not have been included as part of his gross 

income because those monies were excluded from his gross income on his federal tax return. 

Like the father in Gardner, Father is “attempt[ing] to analogize the child support calculation to a 

federal income tax calculation.” See id. Father cites to no cases providing that the calculation of 

a parent’s gross income for purposes of his child support obligation is the same as the calculation 

of his gross income for purposes of his federal tax obligation. Moreover, pursuant to the 

reasoning in Gardner, we find the calculation of Father’s gross income for purposes of his 
11

federal income taxes is irrelevant. See id. This is because Missouri’s Form 14 definition of 

“gross income,” like the definition of the term in the Ohio child support guidelines, is more 

expansive than the federal tax code definition and could include father’s non-taxable 

employment-related benefits. See id.; see also Jenkins v. Jenkins, 704 A.2d 231, 235 (Conn. 

1998) (in determining a parent’s child support obligation, the definition of “gross income” found 

in the child support guidelines is the definition that is determinative rather than the state or 

federal tax code definition of the term). 

The Directions for Form 14, Line 1 provide:

‘Gross income’ includes, but is not limited to, salaries, wages, commissions, 

dividends, severance pay, pensions, interest, trust income, annuities, partnership 

distributions, social security benefits, retirement benefits, workers' compensation 

benefits, unemployment compensation benefits, disability insurance benefits, 

social security disability benefits (SSD) due to a parent's disability, veterans' 

disability benefits and military allowances for subsistence and quarters.

(emphasis added). The Directions for Form 14, Line 1 also contain a general provision 

providing in relevant part, “. . . significant employment-related benefits may be included, in 

whole or in part, in ‘gross income’ in appropriate circumstances.” (“General Provision”) 

(emphasis added). 

We initially find that Father’s rig pay and per diem pay constitute “significant 

employment-related benefits” under the General Provision. Father’s rig pay and per diem pay 

were significant because they totaled approximately $4,000 per month, almost one-third of all 

monies ($12,033) Father directly received from his employer each month. Additionally, Father’s 

rig pay and per diem pay were “employment-related” benefits because they were financial 

resources from which Father personally benefitted and were generally alleged by Father to be

expended for anticipated employment-related expenses. See Buckner v. Jordan, 952 S.W.2d 

710, 712 (Mo. banc 1997) (per diem payments alleged by a parent to be expended for 
12

employment-related travel expenses are an employment-related benefit); Keller v. Keller, 224 

S.W.3d 73, 80 (Mo. App. S.D. 2007) (employment-related benefits include financial resources 

from which a parent personally benefits). 

The use of the term “may” in the General Provision indicates that it is within the 

discretion of the trial court whether or not to include significant employment-related benefits in 

calculating a parent’s gross income and corresponding presumed child support obligation. Smith 

v. White, 114 S.W.3d 407, 412-13 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003); see also McFall v. McFall, 271 

S.W.3d 22, 26, 26 n.3 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008). Accordingly, a trial court’s decision whether to 

include significant employment-related benefits in calculating a parent’s gross income is 

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Smith, 114 S.W.3d at 412-13; McFall, 271 S.W.3d at 26.

Father acknowledges the General Provision but relies on language in Comment G to the 

Directions for Form 14, Line 1 which provides, “[n]on-taxable income and significant

employment-related benefits may be converted in appropriate circumstances to ‘gross income’ 

through applicable federal and state income tax tables.” Father claims that because the trial court 

did not convert his rig pay and per diem pay to gross income through applicable federal and state 

income tax tables pursuant to Comment G, the trial court erred in including those funds as part of 

his gross income. Father apparently cites to Comment G for the proposition that the use of 

“applicable federal and state income tax tables” provides the exclusive means and appropriate 

circumstances for the inclusion of significant employment-related benefits in a parent’s gross 

income under Form 14. In light of the language in General Provision, we decline to interpret 

Comment G in this fashion.7 

 

7

In its current form, Comment G is of little assistance to courts, since the term “applicable federal and state income 

tax tables” is not defined or explained in Form 14. In fact, this Court can find no Missouri case, rule, or statute 

which defines or explains the term. 
13

Importantly, the General Provision does not mention the term “applicable federal and 

state income tax tables,” does not limit appropriate circumstances to those involving the use of 

such tax tables, or does not otherwise reference Comment G. Instead, the General Provision 

simply provides “significant employment-related benefits may be included . . . in ‘gross income’ 

in appropriate circumstances.” In other words, the Directions to Form 14 do not exclusively 

define what constitutes “appropriate circumstances” justifying the inclusion of significant 

employment-related benefits as part of a parent’s gross income. See Thorp v. Thorp, 390 S.W.3d 

871, 879 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) (similarly holding with respect to other portions of the General 

Provision which are not at issue in this case). As a result, “a trial court has a difficult task in 

determining the monthly gross income of a party who is compensated by means other than an 

established, recurring [traditional] salary.” Id. at 879-80 (quotations omitted). 

In order to give trial courts some guidance in this area in the future, we hold that

“appropriate circumstances” justifying the inclusion of significant employment-related benefits 

as part of a parent’s gross income under the General Provision include such circumstances where 

such benefits could have a positive impact on the parent’s ability to support his or her children. 

See Comment A to the Directions for Form 14, Line 1 (“income” for purposes of computing a 

parent’s presumed child support amount “consists of a financial benefit or money received by a 

parent that could have a positive impact on the parent’s ability to support the parent’s children”); 

See In re Marriage of Bottorff, 221 S.W.3d 482, 487 (Mo. App. S.D. 2007) (“[p]arents have a 

statutory duty to support their minor children commensurate with their ability to pay”). In 

making this holding, we note that a parent's ability to pay child support is not defined as his 

income minus all other expenses. Id. at 488. Instead, in determining ability to pay, the focus is 
14

on whether the individual after making required child support payments can meet his remaining 

needs and obligations. Id. 

In this case, Father has not demonstrated his alleged employment-related expenses 

relating to rig pay and per diem pay or changes to the federal tax code since the time of the

amended dissolution judgment negatively affected his ability to pay the original child support

award of $1,200 per month or negatively affected his ability to meet his remaining needs and 

obligations.

8

 Although Father testified that his rig pay and per diem pay were no longer subject 

to federal income taxes at the time of the modification proceedings, Father admitted there was 

nothing else different about how he received rig pay and per diem pay at the time of the original 

dissolution proceedings. In addition, Father’s testimony indicated that his rig pay and per diem 

pay were not dollar-for-dollar reimbursements for employment-related expenses Father incurred 

but instead represented a general allocation for anticipated expenses. Importantly, Father’s brief 

does not allege he actually incurred a specific amount of employment-related expenses each 

month, neither Father nor Mother requested the trial court to make findings of fact, and the trial 

court did not make any specific findings with respect to the amount of employment-related 

expenses Father actually incurred each month. Therefore, all fact issues pertaining to rig pay and 

per diem pay are considered as having been found in accordance with the trial court’s 

determination that Father had not established a substantial and continuing change in 

circumstances as to make the terms of the original child support award unreasonable. See Patz, 

412 S.W.3d at 355 and Rule 73.01(c) (where neither party requests the trial court to make 

findings of fact, all fact issues upon which no specific findings are made are considered as 

 

8 We note Father conceded during oral argument that because his rig pay and per diem pay were no longer subject to 

federal income taxes, he received a larger amount of his rig pay and per diem pay at the time of the modification 

proceedings than he did at the time of the original dissolution proceedings, when he was taxed on those monies. 

Therefore, arguably the change in the federal tax code since the time of the amended dissolution judgment positively 

affected Father’s ability to pay the original child support award of $1,200 per month and positively affected his 

ability to meet his remaining needs and obligations. 
15

having been found in accordance with the result reached by the trial court). Under these 

circumstances, we hold it was within the trial court’s discretion to include Father’s rig pay and 

per diem pay in calculating his Form 14 gross income9and the trial court did not err in finding 

Father had not established a change in circumstances sufficient to support modification of his 

child support obligation. See In re Marriage of Lindhorst, 347 S.W.3d 474, 476 (Mo. banc 

2011) (“[c]hanged circumstances sufficient to support modification . . . must . . . show that the 

prior decree is unreasonable”). Point one is denied. 

C. Mother’s Alleged Relocation 

In his second point on appeal, Father contends the trial court erred in failing to find 

Mother had improperly relocated with Child. Father’s motion to modify requested an increase in 

his visitation with Child in part because Mother had allegedly moved with Child from her prior 

address and failed to give notice of the new address to Father. Additionally, Father’s proposed 

judgment requested the trial court to find “[Mother] relocated the principal residence of [Child] 

and did not provide notice to [Father] as required by section 452.377 [ ].” The trial court did not 

include that finding in its judgment but instead found Mother resided at her parents’ home. 

 

9

“Child support calculations depend on the particular facts and circumstances of each case[.]” Gardner, 680 N.E.2d 

at 227 n.4. Accordingly, our Court’s holding that the trial court did not err in including Father’s significant

employment-related benefits as part of his Form 14 gross income under the circumstances of this case does not 

establish a rule to be applied in all others. See id. (similarly finding); Smith, 114 S.W.3d at 412-13 (a trial court is 

not obligated to include significant employment-related benefits as part of a parent's Form 14 gross income in every 

case). There may be circumstances, such as when the record supports a finding that a parent had significant, 

actually-incurred work-related expenses, where a parent adequately demonstrates that including his non-taxable 

income and significant employment-related benefits in his Form 14 gross income negatively affects his ability to pay 

child support or negatively affects his ability to meet his remaining needs or obligations; parties to a child support 

action have the ability to argue that largely factual issue and request the trial court to make findings of fact and 

conclusions of law on that issue. A trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law relating to the discretionary 

decision whether or not to include significant employment-related benefits in a parent’s gross income should be 

supported by sufficient, competent evidence in the record. See Krepps v. Krepps, 234 S.W.3d 605, 617-18 (Mo. 

App. W.D. 2007) (a trial court’s decision to include financial benefits in a parent’s gross income for purposes of 

Form 14 is not erroneous where it is supported by sufficient, competent evidence in the record). Moreover, 

“[j]udging credibility and assigning weight to evidence and testimony are matters for the trial court, which is free to 

believe none, part, or all of the testimony of any witnesses.” Potts, 303 S.W.3d at 184 (quotations omitted). 
16

Section 452.377.2 provides in relevant part, “Notice of a proposed relocation of the 

residence of the child . . . shall be given in writing by certified mail, return receipt requested, to 

any party with custody or visitation rights.” “Relocation” is defined as “a change in the principal 

residence of a child for a period of ninety days or more, but does not include a temporary 

absence from the principal residence." Section 452.377.1. A court shall consider a parent’s 

failure to provide notice of a proposed relocation of a child as a factor in determining whether 

visitation should be modified. Section 452.377.5(1). 

In this case, Father claims the trial court erred in failing to find Mother changed Child’s 

principal residence and did not give Father the notice required by section 452.377. Father asserts 

the testimony of Jesse Deere, who was in a romantic relationship with Mother from 2010 to 

2011, supports a finding that Mother relocated Child’s residence. Father points to Deere’s 

testimony that Mother and Child moved into his home in 2010 and that they spent 50 to 75 

percent of their time there. 

However, Deere also testified his relationship with Mother was “rocky” and there were 

several breakups interspersed throughout their relationship. Deere stated there would be nights 

Mother and Child would spend the night at Deere’s home and then return to their permanent 

residence with Mother’s parents. Deere admitted Mother never physically changed her address 

from her parents to Deere’s address and most of her personal property and belongings remained 

at her permanent residence with her parents. Additionally, Mother testified she and Child 

resided at Mother’s parents’ home in Mexico, Missouri following the parties’ 2010 divorce and 

until the February 2014 bench trial on Father’s motion to modify. 

Father’s focus on an isolated portion of Deere’s testimony ignores our standard of review. 

In a court-tried case, we defer to the trial court’s decision even if Deere’s testimony could 
17

support a different conclusion. King, 257 S.W.3d at 182. Moreover, our standard of review 

requires us to view the evidence and inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the 

judgment and disregard all contrary evidence and inferences. Potts, 303 S.W.3d at 184. The 

trial court’s judgment indicates the court found Deere’s testimony that Mother spent 50 to 75 

percent of her time at his home was not credible and did not establish that Mother changed the 

principal residence of Child for a period of ninety days or more (the time period required to 

establish relocation under section 452.377.1). See Patz, 412 S.W.3d at 355 and Rule 73.01(c) 

(where, as in this case, neither party requests the trial court to make findings of fact, all fact 

issues upon which no specific findings are made are considered as having been found in 

accordance with the result reached by the trial court). “Judging credibility and assigning weight 

to evidence and testimony are matters for the trial court, which is free to believe none, part, or all 

of the testimony of any witnesses.” Potts, 303 S.W.3d at 184 (quotations omitted). We defer to 

the trial court’s credibility determinations. Mehler, 440 S.W.3d at 534. Pursuant to our standard 

of review, the trial court did not err in finding Mother had not relocated with Child. Point two is 

denied. 

D. Attorney’s Fees 

In his third and final point on appeal, Father asserts the trial court erred in ordering him to 

pay Mother $3,500 in attorney’s fees. We disagree. 

We review an award of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion. Schubert v. Schubert, 366 

S.W.3d 55, 75 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling 

is so arbitrary and unreasonable as to shock the sense of justice and indicate a lack of careful 

consideration. Ferry, 327 S.W.3d at 602. 
18

A trial court may award attorney’s fees after considering “all relevant factors including 

the financial resources of both parties, the merits of the case and the actions of the parties during 

the pendency of the action[.]” Section 452.355.1. “The trial court is considered an expert as to 

the necessity, reasonableness, and value of attorney's fees and thus, the trial court's decision is 

presumptively correct.” Schubert, 366 S.W.3d at 75 (quotations omitted).

In this case, the trial court found that Father’s monthly gross income was $12,033 and 

Mother’s monthly gross income was $2,271. Because Father had a considerably higher income 

than Mother, he had a greater ability to pay attorney’s fees. Therefore, the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion in ordering Father to pay Mother $3,500 in attorney’s fees. See Russell v. 

Russell, 210 S.W.3d 191, 199 (Mo. banc 2007) (finding no abuse of discretion under similar 

circumstances and holding “one party’s greater ability to pay is sufficient to support an award of 

attorney’s fees”). Point three is denied. 

III. CONCLUSION

The trial court’s judgment denying Father’s motion to modify his child support 

obligation, finding Mother had not relocated with the parties’ minor child, and ordering Father to 

pay a portion of Mother’s attorney’s fees is affirmed. 

ROBERT M. CLAYTON III, Judge

Patricia L. Cohen, P.J., and

Roy L. Richter, J., concur.