COUitro/LAPPEALSDlVl

STATE OF WASHINGTON

2013 APR 29 AN 8:32

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

SAMUEL ELMER FAIRBANKS,

Appellant.

No. 69895-8

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: April 29, 2013

Becker, J. — A warrantless search of a home is not unconstitutional after

the occupant is informed of his rights and gives officers a voluntary consent to

the search. After an officer of the Kitsap County Sheriff's Department read

Appellant Samuel Fairbanks his Ferrier1 rights, Fairbanks consented to a search.

We find no error in the court's denial of Fairbanks' motion to suppress evidence

of methamphetamine officers found during the search. We affirm.

According to the court's unchallenged findings of fact entered following a

suppression hearing, in October 2010 Sergeant Jon VanGesen of the Kitsap

County Sheriff's Office opened a file documenting an anonymous complaint of a

marijuana odor emanating from a residence in Port Orchard, Washington. The

complainant specifically named Fairbanks and his wife as the occupants of the

residence. Sergeant VanGesen was aware that Fairbanks had previously been

1 State v. Ferrier. 136 Wn.2d 103, 960 P.2d 927 (1998).
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investigated for methamphetamine possession, had been found growing

marijuana at the residence, and had been convicted for possession of a

controlled substance. Officers had searched the home in 2004 and 2008

pursuant to warrants.

On this occasion, possessing only a generalized, anonymous report of a

marijuana odor, Sergeant VanGesen did not obtain a warrant. He went to the

home to conduct a "knock-and-talk" and ask for Fairbanks' voluntary consent to a

search. He drove to the residence in an unmarked patrol car. He and a second

officer, both in plain clothes, walked up to the door of the home. Two or three

other officers waited in the driveway beside marked patrol cars.

Fairbanks was at home. He met the officers at the door. When officers

informed him of the complaint and asked him if he was willing to give his consent

to a search, Fairbanks responded, "Yes." Sergeant VanGesen read Fairbanks

the standard Ferrier warnings—that he could refuse to consent to the search,

that he could withdraw or revoke his consent at any time, that he could limit the

scope of his consent to certain areas of the premises, and that evidence found

during the search may be used in court against him or any other person.

Fairbanks led Sergeant VanGesen and another officer to the detached

garage, where they found nothing, and then accompanied them back into the

home. Before entering the house, Fairbanks produced a marijuana pipe and a

bag of marijuana from his pocket. Inside a dresser in the master bedroom,

officers found a balance scale bearing a white, powdery residue. In a second
No. 69895-8-1/3

bedroom, officers found a second scale and urinalysis drug-testing kits for

methamphetamine and cocaine. During the search, Fairbanks went to the

bathroom and flushed the toilet. Sergeant VanGesen believed that Fairbanks

had flushed the toilet in order to dispose of drugs.

Fairbanks was detained. The residue on the scales ultimately tested

positive for methamphetamine. Officers charged him with one count of

Possession of a Controlled Substance (Methamphetamine).

Before trial, Fairbanks moved to suppress the State's evidence of

methamphetamine. He argued the warrantless search of his home that had

revealed the methamphetamine violated his constitutional right to privacy

guaranteed by article 1 section 7 of the Washington Constitution and the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The court held a suppression hearing pursuant to Criminal Rule 3.6.

Fairbanks and the two officers who led the search testified. The court denied

Fairbanks' motion and permitted the State to introduce the evidence of the drug

residue at trial.

A bench trial was held on stipulated facts. The facts included a stipulation

that both of the scales found in Fairbanks' house tested positive for

methamphetamine residue. Fairbanks was convicted as charged. He now

appeals.

ANALYSIS

Fairbanks contends his conviction should be reversed, and the evidence
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of methamphetamine suppressed, because the warrantless search of his home

was unconstitutional.

The Washington Constitution guarantees the right of every person to be

free from invasions of the home "without authority of law." Wash. Const, art. I, §

7. This provision provides greater privacy protections than its federal counterpart

in the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits only "unreasonable" searches. State

v. Eisfeldt, 163 Wn.2d 628, 634, 185 P.3d 580 (2008). "Authority of law" requires

that officers possess a valid search warrant unless one of "'a few jealously

guarded exceptions'" applies. In re Pers. Restraint of Nichols, 171 Wn.2d 370,

379, 256 P.3d 1131 (2011), quoting York v. Wahkiakum Sch. Dist. No. 200. 163

Wn.2d 297, 306, 178 P.3d 995 (2008). Well-settled exceptions to the warrant

requirement include exigent circumstances, searches incident to an arrest,

inventory searches, plain view doctrine, Terry stops,2 and consent. Nichols, 171

Wn.2d at 379. At issue in this appeal is the consent exception. The State bears

the burden of proving the exception applies. State v. Schultz, 170 Wn.2d 746,

754, 248 P.3d 484 (2011).

To satisfy the consent exception, the State must prove three elements:

(1) the consent was voluntary, (2) the person granting consent had authority to

do so, and (3) the search did not exceed the scope of the consent. State v.

Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d 126, 131, 101 P.3d 80 (2004). In determining

voluntariness, the court looks at the totality of the circumstances. State v.

2Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1.88S. Ct. 1868, 20 L Ed. 2d 889 (1968).

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No. 69895-8-1/5

Bustamante-Davila. 138 Wn.2d 964, 981-82, 983 P.2d 590 (1999). The factors

the court considers include the degree of education and intelligence of the

consenting individual, whether or not the individual was advised of his right to

refuse consent, and the experience of the individual in the criminal justice

system. Bustamante-Davila. 138 Wn.2d at 981-82. Where officers conduct a

"knock and talk," for a consent to be voluntary the officers must specifically

inform the individual "that he or she may lawfully refuse to consent to the search

and that they can revoke, at any time, the consent that they give, and can limit

the scope of the consent to certain areas of the home." State v. Ferrier, 136

Wn.2d 103, 118, 960 P.2d 927 (1998).

Following the suppression hearing, the court entered findings of fact and

conclusions of law, ultimately concluding that the search was proper. The court's

unchallenged findings include the following: (1) that Sergeant VanGesen "asked

the Defendant if he was willing to give his consent to a search, to which the

Defendant responded 'Yes,'" (2) that Sergeant VanGesen read aloud to

Fairbanks his Ferrier rights, (3) that after reading these rights, Sergeant

VanGesen asked Fairbanks foundational questions to ascertain his ability to

understand the warnings, (4) that Fairbanks then "led" the officers to the garage,

(5) that Fairbanks voluntarily produced marijuana and a pipe from his pocket,

(6) that Fairbanks "accompanied" the officers into the residence, (7) that

Fairbanks "did not place limitations on the search," and (8) that Fairbanks "was

cooperative at all times, other than his presumably flushing drugs down the toilet."
No. 69895-8-1/6

We treat these unchallenged findings of fact as verities on appeal. State

v. Hill. 123 Wn.2d 641, 647, 870 P.2d 313 (1994). We review conclusions of law

de novo. Schultz, 170 Wn.2d at 754. Viewed in their totality, the unchallenged

facts establish that the consent Fairbanks gave was voluntary. He was read the

required Ferrier warnings, he unequivocally said "Yes" when asked for his

consent to a search, and he actively led and accompanied officers to both his

garage and residence. He is a person not unfamiliar with the criminal justice

system.

Fairbanks contends he told the officers to stop the search. At the hearing,

Fairbanks insisted that after showing officers that he no longer had a marijuana

grow operation in the garage, he told the officers to stop searching. Fairbanks

assigns errorto the court'sfindings that all he did was to ask the officers, "'So I

can tell you to stop searching at any time?', orwords to that effect," that Sergeant

VanGesen responded, "'Yes, you can, as I explained earlier," and that Fairbanks

then made "no further conversation or protestation."

We review a trial court's challenged findings of fact in a suppression

hearing for substantial evidence. Hill. 123Wn.2d at 647. Substantial evidence

exists where there is a sufficientquantity of evidence in the record to persuade a

fair-minded, rational person of the truth ofthe finding. Hill, 123Wn.2d at 644.

The court's findings find substantial support in the testimony of Sergeant

VanGesen and the testimony of a second officer in the room who witnessed the

interaction. The court's findings rest on its judgments of credibility and the
No. 69895-8-1/7

demeanor of witnesses—well-settled functions of the trier of fact. See Hill, 123

Wn.2d at 646. Furthermore, Fairbanks does not challenge the court's finding that

what Sergeant VanGesen subjectively heard Fairbanks pose was a "question ...

a clarification of the earlier rights advisement," and not "an equivocation or an

instruction to the officers to stop the search." We treat this finding as a verity on

appeal.

Fairbanks contends his consent was involuntary because, as the court

found, he possessed a subjective belief that the officers would search his home

regardless of whether he gave his consent. The court found: "based upon two

prior searches of his residence pursuant to search warrants in 2004 and 2008,

the Defendant subjectively believed that officers would search his residence

regardless of whether he voiced his consent."

Fairbanks' subjective belief does not render his consent involuntary.

Officers here made no claim to possess a warrant, and they informed Fairbanks

that his consent was needed before a search could occur. These undisputed

facts make this case distinct from the case Fairbanks relies on, Bumper v. North

Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 88 S. Ct. 1788, 20 L. Ed. 2d 797 (1968). In Bumper,

officers obtained entry to a house by claiming they had a search warrant. Where

officers make no claim to possess lawful authority to search, the occupant's

subjective distrust of law enforcement is not enough to render the occupant's

spoken words of consent involuntary. See State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d

126, 132, 101 P.3d 80 (2004) (in determining voluntariness of consent court will
No. 69895-8-1/8

consider "any express or implied claims of police authority to search, previous

illegal actions of the police, the defendant's cooperation, and police deception as

to identity or purpose").

Fairbanks contends his consent was involuntary because he was coerced

into consenting by the officers' "significant show of force." A finding of consent

may be invalidated ifthe circumstances are so coercive as to negate the

voluntariness of the consent. State v. Werth, 18 Wn. App. 530, 534-35, 571 P.2d

941 (1977), review denied, 90 Wn.2d 1010 (1978). The record presents no

evidence of force so significant as to constitute coercion. In Werth, the court

found coercion where officers ordered the defendant out of her home, away from

the door, and ordered her to keep her hands in plain view, one officer was

"armed with a shotgun," she was not informed of her right to refuse consent, and

two days earlier her home had been searched illegally without her consent.

Werth. 18 Wn. App. at 535.

By comparison, the present record portrays only a mild display of police

force. The two officers who approached the door were dressed in plain clothes.

Although they both wore badges and their guns were visible, Fairbankstestified

that as he saw Sergeant VanGesen approaching his house, he saw him as "just

an individual walking down my driveway towards my back door in plain clothes

with a clipboard in his hands. Iwas thinking this was an animal control officer."

Although other officers were also present, they waited in the driveway beside

their vehicles. Although Sergeant VanGesen asked Fairbanks to secure his

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No. 69895-8-1/9

barking dog before they began speaking, it was not until well into the search,

after the garage had been searched, the first scale had been discovered, and

Fairbanks had flushed something down the toilet, that officers ever constrained

his movement by instructing him to go into the living room and sit down. There

was no coercion sufficient to invalidate the voluntariness of Fairbanks' consent.

Fairbanks contends the search was invalid because it exceeded an

implied limitation on the scope of his consent. A consensual search may go no

further than the limits for which the consent was given. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d

at 133. Any express or implied limitations or qualifications may reduce the scope

of consent in duration, area, or intensity. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d at 133. By

informing Fairbanks they were there to investigate a complaint of an "odor of

marijuana," Fairbanks argues officers limited the scope of the search to a general

survey of rooms, not what he refers to as "a full-blown search of the smallest

areas of his home, including areas which could not accommodate a grow

operation." It was the more detailed search, which included looking into bedroom

cabinets, that revealed the methamphetamine.

There was no implied limitation on the scope of the search. We treat as a

verity the court's unchallenged findings that Fairbanks "did not place limitations

on the search," that he "led" officers to the garage and "accompanied" them into

the house, that he was "cooperative" with the search, and that in a previous

search officers found processed marijuana in the master bedroom. The record

reflects that Fairbanks stood by unrestrained while officers opened drawers in the
No. 69895-8-1/10

master bedroom and discovered the first balance scale, and that when officers

asked for a key to open a small locked safe, Fairbanks got the key and opened it

for them. In other words, Fairbanks acquiesced to having even the smallest,

locked areas of his home searched by officers. The search did not exceed the

implied scope of consent.

Affirmed.

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WE CONCUR:

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