## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### JUN 4 2004 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk PUBLISH
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. No. 03-7081 TILMAN EUGENE HAMMONDS,

Defendant - Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

(D.C. NO. 99-CR-21-P)

Roger Hilfiger, Muskogee, Oklahoma, for Defendant - Appellant. D. Michael Littlefield, Assistant United States Att orney (Sheldon J. Sperling, United States Attorney, with him on the brief), Mus kogee, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff - Appellee.

Before BRISCOE , ANDERSON , andLUCERO , Circuit Judges.

ANDERSON , Circuit Judge.

The issue before us in this case is whether the dis trict court erred in revoking the defendant-appellant’s term of supervis ed release under 18 U.S.C.-2-

§ 3583(g)(1), which mandates revocation for “posses sion” of a controlled substance, based on a single positive urinalysis re sult. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the district court’s revocation or der.

BACKGROUND On March 23, 1999, Tilman Eugene Hammonds pled guil ty to a charge of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violat ion of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), and was sentenced, on July 13, 1999, to seventy months’ imprisonment, followed by three years of supervised release. The sentencing court recommended “[t]hat defendant be given the opportunity to participate i n an intensive substance abuse treatment program [in prison].” R. Vol. I, tab 11 at 2. The court also imposed the following conditions on Hammonds’ supervised releas e, as required under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d): The defendant shall not illegally possess a control led substance.

. . . . The defendant shall refrain from any unlawful use o f a controlled substance. The defendant shall submit to one drug test within 15 days of release from imprisonment and at least two periodic drug tests thereafter, as directed by the probation offi cer. Id. at 3. Due to his cooperation in another case, Ham monds’ term of imprisonment was subsequently reduced to forty-six months. His term of supervised release began on May 1, 2002.-3-

On May 28, 2003, Hammonds submitted a urine sample that tested positive for amphetamine, methamphetamine, and d-methampheta mine. The test results were reported on June 9, 2003. On June 17, 2003, H ammonds’ probation officer submitted a petition to the district court recommen ding revocation of Hammonds’ term of supervised release based on this positive u rinalysis result. The court held a final revocation hearing on July 1 5, 2003. At the hearing, both parties stipulated to the May 28 positive urin alysis result and the fact that this was the only positive result during Hammonds’ supervised release to date. Hammonds presented his probation officer as a witne ss. The probation officer testified that, due to Hammonds’ participation as awitness in state prosecutions, Hammonds had changed prisons several times and had at one point been put in protective segregation. The officer further testif ied that Hammonds had not participated in a drug treatment program until the final six months of his incarceration, after he moved into a halfway house. On the basis of this testimony, Hammonds urged the court not to revoke his term of supervised release but instead to order him to enroll in a drug treatment program. However, the government argued for revocation, stating that “as to this defendant, he has had some drug treatment already a nd has failed, even following that treatment, to comply with the rules and condit ions of probation regarding illegal drug use.” Hr’g Tr. at 10, R. Vol. II.-4-

The district court made a finding, by a preponderan ce of the evidence, that, based on Hammonds’ May 28 positive urinalysis, Hamm onds violated the mandatory condition of his supervised release prohi biting him from illegally possessing a controlled substance. The court there upon revoked Hammonds’ term of supervised release and sentenced Hammonds to twe nty-four months’ imprisonment. The court also recommended “[t]hat t he defendant be given the opportunity to participate in an intensive substanc e abuse treatment program.” R. Vol. I, tab 23 at 2. Hammonds brought this appeal, arguing that the district court misapplied the mandatory revocation requirements of 18 U.S.C. § 3583(g) in light of Congress’s 2002 amendments to the statute. We revi ew orders revoking supervised release for an abuse of discretion. Uni ted States v. McAfee , 998 F.2d 835, 837 (10th Cir. 1993). “[H]owever, we review de novo legal questions relating to the applicability of 18 U.S.C. § 3583(g ).” Id.

DISCUSSION We understand Hammonds’ arguments on appeal to be, in essence, twofold. First, Hammonds argues Congress’s 2002 addition of subsection (g)(4) to 18 U.S.C. § 3583 requires us to reconsider our prior h olding in United States v. Rockwell , 984 F.2d 1112 (10th Cir. 1993), overruled on othe r grounds byJohnson1 As indicated above, subsection (d) states that “[t] he court shall order, as an

explicit condition of supervised release, . . . that the defendant not unlawfully possess a controlled substance.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583( d). -5- v. United States , 529 U.S. 694 (2000), concerning the relationship between drug use and drug possession in the revocation context. Second, Hammonds argues the district court erred by not granting him, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d), an exception to subsection (g)’s mandatory revocation requirement. We address each of these arguments in turn.

A. Hammonds’ first argument focuses on 18 U.S.C. § 358 3(g), which currently states, in relevant part: (g) Mandatory revocation for possession of controll ed substance . . . or for refusal to comply with drug testing. —If the defendant— (1) possesses a controlled substance in violation of the condition set forth in subsection (d); 1

. . . . (3) refuses to comply with drug testing imposed as a condition of supervised release; or (4) as a part of drug testing, tests positive for illegal controlled substances more than 3 times ove r the course of 1 year; the court shall revoke the term of supervised relea se and require the defendant to serve a term of imprisonment not to ex ceed the maximum term of imprisonment authorized under subse ction (e)(3).-6-

18 U.S.C. § 3583(g). Hammonds’ term of supervised release was revoked under subsection (g)(1), after the district court found, based on a positive urinalysis result, that Hammonds possessed a controlled substance. Hammonds argues here that applying subsection (g)(1) based on a single p ositive drug test renders subsection (g)(4), which was added in 2002 and requ ires revocation after more than three positive tests in one year, meaningless and that the district court therefore erred. In short, Hammonds asserts that apositive drug test indicates drug use, not drug possession, and that the 2002 am endment indicates that Congress did not intend for courts to find possessi on based on use. As Hammonds recognizes, we previously considered th e argument that a positive drug test indicates only use, not possessi on, in our 1993 decision in Rockwell , 984 F.2d at 1115. There, we “h[e]ld that a contr olled substance in a person’s body is in the possession of that person f or purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3583(g), assuming the required mens rea .” Id. at 1114. We concluded that one instance of knowing and voluntary use, based on a s ingle failed drug test together with the defendant’s admission, constituted possess ion for purposes of § 3583(g). Id. at 1115 n.4. As we later explained, our holding in Rockwell was based on “the unremarkable observation that a person cannot use adrug without possessing it.” United States v. McAfee , 998 F.2d 835, 837 (10th Cir. 1993). This holding is in2 Even those circuits that have not equated use and possession for purposes

of § 3583(g) have concluded that a positive drug te st is at least circumstantial (continued...) -7- accord with the prevailing view among circuits thathave considered the issue.
See United States v. Wirth , 250 F.3d 165, 170 (2d Cir. 2001) (holding that “u se of narcotics amounts to possession thereof for the purposes of § 3583(g)”); United
States v. Hancox , 49 F.3d 223, 225 (6th Cir. 1995) (agreeing that “ ‘use’ of controlled substances constitutes ‘possession’ for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3583,” and thus reversing the district court’s decision no t to revoke the defendant’s term of supervised release); United States v. Young , 41 F.3d 1184, 1186 (7th Cir. 1994) (holding that “in the revocation of supervisi on context, ‘use’ is subsumed within ‘possession’ where the defendant knowingly and voluntarily consumes the controlled substance”); United States v. Clark , 30 F.3d 23, 26 (4th Cir. 1994) (holding that “once a district court credits laboratory analysis as establishing the presence of a controlled substance in the specimen and then goes on to find culpable use of the substance, possession under § 3 583(g) necessarily follows” (internal quotation marks omitted)); United States v. Courtney , 979 F.2d 45, 49 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding that “once the court finds a substance has been voluntarily and knowingly ingested, then, at least in almost any imaginable circumstance, it necessarily follows that the defen dant has possessed the substance”). 22 (...continued)

evidence of possession and that a district court th erefore has discretion to make a finding of possession based on positive tests. See United States v. Pierce , 132 F.3d 1207, 1208 (8th Cir. 1997) (holding that the d istrict court had discretion whether to find possession based on a failed drug t est); United States v. Almand , 992 F.2d 316, 318 (11th Cir. 1993) (upholding the d istrict court’s “exercise[] [of] its factfinding power” in finding possession based on four positive drug tests, while noting that “there is no indication that the district court believed it was required to equate use with possession”); United St ates v. Dow , 990 F.2d 22, 24 (1st Cir. 1993) (upholding the district court’s fin ding of possession based on eleven positive drug tests); United States v. Bacla an , 948 F.2d 628, 630 (9th Cir. 1991) (upholding the district court’s finding of po ssession based on four positive drug tests and the defendant’s admission of use); U nited States v. Blackston , 940 F.2d 877, 891 (3d Cir. 1991) (holding that evidence of drug use could be considered circumstantial evidence of possession an d upholding the district court’s finding of possession based on three positi ve drug tests and the defendant’s admission of use). -8- We continue to believe that, assuming the requisite culpable state of mind, the connection drawn in Rockwell between use and possession is simply a matter of common sense. As the Seventh Circuit stated in a similar context, “[i]nferring possession of a drug from the consumption of that d rug is just as sensible as inferring, from the statement ‘I ate a hamburger fo r lunch,’ that the person possessed the hamburger before wolfing it down.” U nited States v. Trotter , 270 F.3d 1150, 1153 (7th Cir. 2001). Moreover, “[w]e are bound by the precedent of prior panels absent en banc reconsideration or a superseding contrary decision by the Supreme Court.” In re Smith , 10 F.3d 723, 724 (10th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted).-9-

We must consider, however, whether, as Hammonds arg ues, Congress effectively superseded Rockwell ’s holding, and the similar holdings of other circuits, through the addition of subsection (g)(4) . Nothing in the language of the 2002 amendment explicitly indicates an intent to supersede Rockwell . We therefore consider whether such an intent is made m anifest through the statute’s structure – namely, whether, as Hammonds contends, subsection (g)(1), when applied in accord with Rockwell , swallows subsection (g)(4). The government argues against this contention on the basis that nowhere in [§] 3583(g)[(1)] is the finding of posse ssion as [a] result of use required. As such, prior to the passage of [§] 3583(g)(4), a court could make multiple findings of use of a cont rolled substance without finding possession. This would allow the c ourt to . . . modify conditions without requiring revocation and imprisonment. Section 3583(g)(4) merely limits the discretion of a court in that usage of a controlled substance in excess of three occasions during a calendar year, as evidenced by drug testing failure s, mandates a revocation. Appellee’s Br. at 7. In other words, the governmen t interprets subsection (g)(1) as giving the district court the flexibility to cho ose whether or not to make a finding of possession based on a finding of knowing and voluntary use. Under this view, subsection (g)(1) does not swallow subse ction (g)(4) because revocation based on use, as evidenced by positive d rug tests, is at the court’s discretion under subsection (g)(1) and only becomes mandatory when there are four positive tests, triggering (g)(4).-10-

In suggesting this interpretation, the government appears to adhere to the reasoning of the Third Circuit’s opinion in Blackst on , followed by the First, Eighth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits. Blackston regarded subsection (g)(1) as preserving a district court’s flexibility in determ ining whether or not to revoke a defendant’s term of supervised release based on fai led drug tests. Blackston , 940 F.2d at 885 (explaining that Congress’s “emphasis o n flexibility,” as revealed by legislative history, is consistent with the court’s interpretation of § 3583(g)). Under the Blackstonapproach, a district court has “leeway under [§ ] 3583(g),” allowing, but not requiring, it to make a finding o f unlawful drug possession based on “multiple positive drug tests and other ci rcumstantial evidence such as admitted drug use.” Id. As our holding in Rockwell indicates, we do not believe that a court, presented with undisputed evidence of drug use, as shown by a positive drug test, together with evidence that the defendant’s use was knowing and voluntary, can logically conclude that the defendant has not posse ssed the drug. As we stated explicitly in Rockwell , in the context of revocation proceedings based on positive drug tests, knowing and voluntary use is “synonymou s with possession.” Rockwell , 984 F.2d at 1114. We thus reject the government’ s analysis. We nevertheless conclude that subsection (g)(1), wh en applied in accord with Rockwell , does not swallow subsection (g)(4). Subsection ( g)(4) requires3 Such an occurrence is of course unlikely. Indeed, we understand

subsection (g)(4) as indicating Congress’s view that four positive tests in one year is sufficient evidence that a defendant’s use was k nowing and voluntary, making an independent mens rea finding unnecessary.

4 Hammonds quotes a general statement by Senator Hatc h, that the 2002 bill as a whole was primarily intended to advance drug t reatment efforts, see 147 Cong. Rec. S1271-02, S1314 (daily ed. Fed. 13, 2001 ) (statement of Sen. Hatch), as indicating Congress’s intent to supersede Rockwe ll by adding subsection (g)(4). We are unpersuaded by this argument. For one thing, as discussed below, the 1994 amendment to § 3583(d) already allowed a c ourt to order enrollment in a drug treatment program instead of revocation under subsection (g). That amendment specifically referred to revocations unde r subsection (g) based on failed drug tests, indicating Congress was aware co urts were making findings of “possession” based on such tests. Indeed, the 1994 amendment followed (continued...) -11- revocation of a defendant’s term of supervised rele ase where the defendant tests positive for illegal controlled substances at leastfour times in one year, without regard to the defendant’s mens rea. Thus, under su bsection (g)(4), a defendant’s term of supervised release would be subject to mand atory revocation even where the defendant could prove that all four positive te sts were due to accidental or unwilling ingestion. 3 Subsection (g)(1), on the other hand, when applie d under Rockwell , requires revocation only where the district courtfinds that the defendant had the required mens rea. We believe th e mens rea requirement in subsection (g)(1), requiring the government to prov e by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant knowingly and voluntari ly used the drug revealed by the drug test, sufficiently distinguishes it from s ubsection (g)(4) so that the latter provision may apply in circumstances where the form er does not. 44 (...continued)

Rockwell and similar decisions of other circuits. If Congr ess had wished to clarify that it did not intend (g)(1) “possession” revocations to be predicated on failed drug tests, we believe it would have done so explicitly. The addition of subsection (g)(4) provides no such explicit clarifi cation.

5 Prior to the 2002 amendment of subsection (g), the reference in subsection (d) to § 3583(g) could only have referred to subsec tion (g)(1), as neither (g)(2) nor (g)(3) could conceivably apply based on a faile d drug test. The reference in subsection (d) was not revised in 2002 to refer spe cifically to subsection (g)(1). (continued...) -12- We conclude that Rockwell ’s holding remains valid.

B. Hammonds’ second argument is that the district court should have granted him an exception, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d), to the mandatory revocation requirement under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(g)(1). The rele vant language in subsection (d) was added in 1994 and states: The court shall consider whether the availability o f appropriate substance abuse treatment programs, or an individua l's current or past participation in such programs, warrants an excepti on in accordance with United States Sentencing Commission guidelines from the rule of section 3583(g) when considering any action agai nst a defendant who fails a drug test. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 19 94, Pub. L. No. 103-322, § 20414(c), 108 Stat. 1796 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)). This addition thus requires a district court to consider whether to gr ant a defendant otherwise subject to mandatory revocation under subsection (g)(1) 5 an exception, presumably by5 (...continued)

Thus, the exception provided in subsection (d) to m andatory revocation appears now to apply to revocations under either (g)(1) or (g)(4).

6 We note that the Eighth Circuit agreed that the 199 4 amendment “as a whole permits a sentencing court to choose whether to impose a program of treatment rather than incarceration if one on probation fails a drug test.” Pierce , 132 F.3d at 1208. However, Pierce attempts to incorporate this interpretation of the 1994 amendment into the Blackstonapproach, stating: “If the court finds an offender to be in illegal possession of a controlle d substance, imprisonment is mandated. If, however, the court simply finds thatone on probation failed a drug test, then the court is free to require further participation in a substance-abuse program.” Id. Under Pierce , then, as under Blackston , the district court exercises its flexibility at the point of making the finding of possession. However, we believe our interpretation is consistent with the a mendment’s clear statement that it is setting forth “an exception . . . from the ru le of section 3583(g).” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d). If the district court does not make the initial finding of possession, subsection (g)(1) would not be applicable, and the court would have no need to consider whether to grant an “exception” to the rul e pursuant to subsection (d). This interpretation is also consistent with the rel evant federal sentencing guidelines commentary. United States Sentencing Co mmission, Guidelines Manual , §7B1.4, comment. (nn.5-6). -13- ordering the defendant to undergo or continue subst ance abuse treatment instead of revoking his term of supervised release. In effect, the subsection (d) exception provides a court following Rockwell a degree of discretion similar to that exercised by a court following Blackston when determining whether to apply subsection (g)(1) ’s mandatory revocation requirement based on a positive drug test. Under t he subsection (d) exception, however, this discretion comes into play after a fi nding of possession is made, rather than at the point of making the finding. 6-14-

Since the decision to apply the subsection (d) exce ption is at the discretion of the district court, we review this decision for an abuse of discretion. We first note that the district court here did not make a sp ecific ruling on the record rejecting application of the subsection (d) excepti on in this case or explaining the reasons for such a rejection. This alone does not constitute an abuse of discretion, however, as there is no indication the court did not recognize that it could grant the exception. Compare United States v. Crace , 207 F.3d 833, 836 (6th Cir. 2000) (“[W]e do not require magic words i n the record of the sentencing hearing indicating that substance abuse treatment w as considered in order to uphold the district court’s prison sentence.”), withPierce , 132 F.3d at 1208-09 (remanding where the district court’s statements atthe revocation hearing cast doubt on whether it realized it could order drug tr eatment as an alternative to revocation). As indicated above, Hammonds argued at his revocation hearing that the court should order drug treatment rather than r evocation. Hammonds also presented the testimony of his probation officer in support of this argument. The government, however, argued against allowing this e xception, pointing out that Hammonds had already participated in a treatment pr ogram before his positive urinalysis. Ultimately, the court ordered revocati on but recommended Hammonds be put into a drug treatment program in prison. Th ere is no indication the court did not recognize it had discretion to order enroll ment in a substance abuse-15-

program. We hold that the court did not abuse its discretion by ordering revocation rather than an exception pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d).

CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s ord er is AFFIRMED.