COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Frank, McCullough and Senior Judge Annunziata

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia

G. C. CONSTRUCTION, L.L.C. AND

 TECHNOLOGY INSURANCE COMPANY

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1245-11-4 JUDGE ROSEMARIE ANNUNZIATA

MARCH 6, 2012

GERSON CRUZ

FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION 

S. Vernon Priddy III (Two Rivers Law Group, P.C., on briefs), for 

appellants.

Andrew S. Kasmer for appellee.

G. C. Construction, L.L.C. and Technology Insurance Company (collectively appellants) 

appeal a decision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission (the commission) awarding 

Gerson Cruz (claimant) compensation for injuries he sustained at work. On appeal, appellants 

contend the commission erred in: (1) finding claimant sustained a compensable injury by 

accident; and (2) finding claimant made reasonable attempts to market his remaining work 

capacity by working part-time at G. C. Construction. We affirm the decision of the commission.

Background

On appeal, we view the “evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from 

that evidence” in the light most favorable to the party prevailing before the commission. Artis v. 

Ottenberg’s Bakers, Inc., 45 Va. App. 72, 83, 608 S.E.2d 512, 517 (2005) (en banc).

 * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
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So viewed, the evidence showed claimant worked as a site supervisor for G. C. 

Construction. As part of his employment, claimant inspected job sites by walking the site, 

climbing ladders, and walking on roofs. In February 2010, claimant was assigned to a project 

involving the construction of a two-story garage. Work on the project had been halted for two 

weeks because of snow. On February 23, 2010, claimant returned to the garage work site and 

discovered a leak in the ceiling. When claimant climbed onto the roof to find the source of the 

leak, about twenty-five feet above ground, he saw “ice, snow and water” on the roof.

No evidence contradicted claimant’s description of the conditions on the roof that day. 

At the hearing before the deputy commissioner, claimant described his climb onto the roof, 

testifying, “I climbed the ladder. I went to the roof, one, two steps. I missteps, and I slipped” 

twenty-five feet below. When pressed to state whether he slipped or misstepped, claimant 

replied, “I don’t know. I, I didn’t look what I was walking, and I was looking around, all of a 

sudden, I just slip[ped].” Claimant also testified he was “looking around” to see if there “was a 

tree or something” through the roof.

Claimant fell to the ground, onto the snow and work debris located twenty-five feet 

below, injuring his pelvis, lower back, knee, and both shoulders. Claimant testified he remained 

conscious during the incident and he was not aware of what caused the fall other than taking a 

misstep or slipping. Claimant’s testimony was the only evidence presented concerning the 

circumstances of the fall.

Claimant was treated at a hospital on February 24, 2010. He reported that “he fell off a 

roof onto his right side and back onto snow and construction material.” Dr. Jeff E. Schulman 

operated on claimant’s hip and treated clamant for most of 2010. On May 10, 2010, 

Dr. Schulman issued a work note releasing claimant to modified duty and a “sit-down” job only 

beginning on May 24, 2010. On June 21, 2010, Dr. Schulman issued another work note, 
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releasing claimant to modified duty with limited bending, stooping, climbing, stairs, kneeling, 

crawling, lifting, and carrying. He also restricted claimant to a “sit-down” job to two hours per 

day in addition to “customer visits.”

On July 26, 2010, Dr. Schulman noted claimant’s work status would be restricted for the 

next three to four-month period. Dr. Schulman also noted claimant needed time for physical 

therapy visits two to three times per week. Dr. Schulman referred claimant to Dr. Ronald C. 

Childs for his back problems.

On August 25, 2010, claimant was treated by Dr. Childs. Dr. Childs recommended 

epidural injections, and he issued a work note permitting claimant to return to light-duty work 

three days after receiving the epidural injections. He later recommended surgery. On September 

22, 2010, Dr. Childs increased claimant’s work day from two hours per day to four hours per 

day, beginning three days after he received the epidural injections. Dr. Childs also restricted 

claimant to light-duty work, and he continued the work restrictions to October 13, 2010. On 

October 13, 2010, Dr. Childs continued the light-duty work restrictions for four hours per day 

until November 29, 2010.

On November 29, 2010, Dr. Schulman released claimant to modified duty beginning 

November 29, 2010 and noted “all further restrictions defer to spine surgeon, Dr. Childs.” On 

that same date, Dr. Childs recommended back surgery and continued claimant’s modified duty 

restrictions. However, appellants refused to pay for the surgery.

Claimant testified he worked all the available hours approved by his treating doctors and 

he did not refuse any offer of light-duty work from G. C. Construction.

The deputy commissioner found claimant to be a candid and credible witness. In his 

summary of the evidence, the deputy commissioner stated, “The claimant testified he was not 

looking at his feet, but was looking for the source of the leak.” The deputy commissioner found 
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ice, snow, and water were present on the roof and claimant slipped or misstepped on the roof 

causing him to fall onto the snow and construction debris twenty-five feet below. The deputy 

commissioner concluded “the claimant’s evidence, specifically the presence of snow, water and 

ice on the roof which was 25 feet off the ground, was ‘sufficient to support the reasonable 

inference that the only rationale for claimant’s fall and injury was that his fall was caused by a 

risk or hazard unique to his workplace and not one generally available to the public,’” citing 

Basement Waterproofing & Drainage v. Beland, 43 Va. App. 352, 361, 597 S.E.2d 286, 290 

(2004), in support of his conclusion. The deputy commissioner found claimant injured his 

pelvis, lower back, shoulder, and knee in the accident. He also ruled claimant did not have 

additional wage earning capacity and was not required to market any such capacity beyond the 

hours he was working for G. C. Construction. The deputy commissioner awarded claimant 

temporary total disability benefits, temporary partial disability benefits, and medical benefits.

Appellants appealed the deputy commissioner’s decision to the full commission. The 

commission, by majority opinion, affirmed the deputy commissioner’s decision, ruling claimant 

had met his burden of proof in establishing the link between the accident and his employment. 

The majority of the commission found:

The claimant was not looking at his feet at the time he fell from the 

roof and therefore cannot say with certainty whether he slipped or 

misstepped on the roof. . . . [T]he accident is not unexplained . . . . 

[C]laimant was working on the roof and fell to the floor. Working 

at a height and falling from that height were risks of his 

employment. We believe the only logical explanation is a 

connection between the work activity and the resulting fall.

The majority of the commission also found claimant adequately marketed his residual 

work capacity.

Appellants appealed the decision of the commission to this Court.
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Analysis

On appeal, appellants argue the accident was unexplained and the commission erred in 

finding claimant sustained a compensable injury.

To be compensable, an injury must be “by accident arising out of and in the course of the 

employment . . . .” Code § 65.2-101. Although the commission’s decision that an accident 

arises out of employment involves a mixed question of law and fact, Mullins v. Westmoreland 

Coal Co., 10 Va. App. 304, 307, 391 S.E.2d 609, 611 (1990), the determination of causation is a 

question of fact, Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Musick, 7 Va. App. 684, 688, 376 S.E.2d 814, 817 

(1989). No presumption of causation arises from an “unexplained accident” involving non-fatal 

injuries. Hill v. S. Tank Transp., Inc., 44 Va. App. 725, 732, 607 S.E.2d 730, 733 (2005); see

also PYA/Monarch and Reliance Ins. v. Harris, 22 Va. App. 215, 225, 468 S.E.2d 688, 693 

(1996). Instead, a claimant must prove by a “preponderance of the evidence that an injury arose 

out of the employment.” K & G Abatement Co. v. Keil, 38 Va. App. 744, 755, 568 S.E.2d 416, 

421-22 (2002); see also Beland, 43 Va. App. at 357, 597 S.E.2d at 288 (applying “preponderance 

of the evidence” standard to causation). The arising-out-of phrase “refers to the origin or cause 

of the injury.” Lucas v. Fed. Express Corp., 41 Va. App. 130, 134, 583 S.E.2d 56, 58 (2003). 

“An injury arises out of one’s employment if there is a causal connection between the injury and 

the ‘conditions under which the work is required to be performed.’” Dan River, Inc. v. Giggetts, 

34 Va. App. 297, 304, 541 S.E.2d 294, 297 (2001) (quoting Metcalf v. A.M. Express Moving 

Sys., Inc., 230 Va. 464, 468, 339 S.E.2d 177, 180 (1986)).

In addition, “if an injury ‘has followed as a natural incident of the work and has been a 

result of an exposure occasioned by the nature of the employment,’ then the injury ‘arises out of’

the employment.” Marion Corr. Ctr. v. Henderson, 20 Va. App. 477, 480, 458 S.E.2d 301, 303 

(1995) (quoting United Parcel Serv. v. Fetterman, 230 Va. 257, 258, 336 S.E.2d 892, 893 
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(1985)). Furthermore, Virginia has adopted the “actual risk” test, which “‘“requires only that the 

employment expose the workman to a particular danger from which he was injured, 

notwithstanding the exposure of the public generally to like risks.”’” Id. (quoting Olsten v. 

Leftwich, 230 Va. 317, 319, 336 S.E.2d 893, 894 (1985)).

“‘It is generally held that the phrase “arising out of” the employment should receive a 

liberal construction in order to effectuate the humane and beneficent purposes of the Act.’” 

Reserve Life Ins. Co. v. Hosey, 208 Va. 568, 572, 159 S.E.2d 633, 636 (1968) (quoting S. Motor 

Lines Co. v. Alvis, 200 Va. 168, 170-71, 104 S.E.2d 735, 738 (1958)).

In its majority opinion, the commission stated, “working at a height and falling from that 

height were risks of his employment. We believe the only logical explanation is a connection 

between the work activity and the resulting fall.” Thus, it appears the majority of the 

commission found that working at a height of twenty-five feet from the ground was sufficient to 

show the accident arose out of claimant’s employment. We disagree with the commission’s 

rationale. However, we agree with the commission’s award of benefits for a different reason.

“‘We do not hesitate, in a proper case, where the correct conclusion has been reached but 

the wrong reason given, to sustain the result and assign the right ground.’” Banks v. 

Commonwealth, 280 Va. 612, 617, 701 S.E.2d 437, 440 (2010) (quoting Eason v. Eason, 204 

Va. 347, 352, 131 S.E.2d 280, 283 (1963)). “Under the right result for the wrong reason 

doctrine, ‘it is the settled rule that how[ever] erroneous . . . may be the reasons of the court for its 

judgment upon the face of the judgment itself, if the judgment be right, it will not be disturbed on 

account of the reasons.’” Perry v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 572, 579, 701 S.E.2d 431, 435 

(2010) (quoting Schultz v. Schultz, 51 Va. (10 Gratt.) 358, 384 (1853)).

[W]hen considering whether the “right result for the wrong reason” 

doctrine should be applied, the standard of review is whether the 

record demonstrates that all evidence necessary to the alternative 

ground for affirmance was before the circuit court and, if that 
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evidence was conflicting, how it resolved the dispute, or weighed 

or credited contradicting testimony.

Banks, 280 Va. at 618, 701 S.E.2d at 440.

Here, the record demonstrates that all evidence necessary to the alternative ground for 

affirmance was before the commission and that evidence was not in conflict. “The factual record 

is complete; the conclusion to be drawn from these facts . . . may be decided on this record.” 

Perry, 280 Va. at 581, 701 S.E.2d at 436.

Furthermore, an appellate court’s “examination is not limited to the 

evidence mentioned by a party in trial argument or by the trial 

court in its ruling.” Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 147, 

654 S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008). Rather, “an appellate court must 

consider all the evidence admitted at trial that is contained in the 

record.” Id.

Id. at 580, 701 S.E.2d at 436.

Claimant’s testimony described his actions and location immediately before the fall.

Claimant testified that, as part of his employment, he was required to inspect construction 

projects, which included walking on roofs. In order to determine the source of a leak in the 

ceiling of a garage under construction, claimant climbed to the top of a ladder and onto the roof, 

which was twenty-five feet above the ground. The evidence showed the roof had snow, ice, and 

water on it, the result of a snow fall two weeks earlier that was heavy enough to delay work on 

the project for two weeks. Claimant was conscious during the entire episode, and he testified he 

was not looking at his feet when he “misstep[ped] and . . . slipped.” Indeed, claimant testified he 

was “looking around” to see if there “was a tree or something” through the roof. No other 

evidence was presented concerning the circumstances of the fall.1

 From the evidence presented, 

 1 Thus, contrary to appellants’ assertion, the accident was not unexplained. “Every 

unexplained accident, by definition, means that no one can relate how the accident happened.” 

Pinkerton’s, Inc. v. Helmes, 242 Va. 378, 381, 410 S.E.2d 646, 648 (1991). However, here, 

claimant fully described the circumstances leading to the fall. See Beland, 43 Va. App. at 360, 

597 S.E.2d at 290 (although “claimant did not recall the specific moment of falling, he described 
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we infer claimant’s inattention to where he was walking, due to his work duty of looking for the 

source of the roof leak, precipitated his fall. “An appellate court is not limited to the grounds 

offered by the trial court in support of its decision, and it is ‘entitled to affirm the court’s 

judgment on alternate grounds, if such grounds are apparent from the record.’” Perry, 280 Va. at 

582, 701 S.E.2d at 437 (quoting MM v. Sch. Dist. of Greenville Cnty., 303 F.3d 523, 536 (4th 

Cir. 2002)).

This conclusion is supported by Henderson, 20 Va. App. at 480-81, 458 S.E.2d at 303. In 

Henderson, a correctional officer’s duties included “‘[a]ll security, security and safety of the 

inmates and the other employees.’” Id. at 480, 458 S.E.2d at 303. Henderson testified he 

checked the tower officers each time he walked through the correctional unit to make sure the 

officers were alert. “Observation of the guard towers was one of the security functions of his 

employment.” Id. Henderson testified that on the day he slipped, he was descending the stairs 

and was observing one of the guard towers when the accident occurred. This Court held that 

because observation of the towers was a function of his employment, the way in which 

Henderson performed that aspect of his job increased his risk of falling and directly contributed 

to the cause of his fall and injury. Id.

Henderson’s injury occurred because of the performance of his job 

duties in a particular manner. Therefore, the cause of the injury 

was not “unrelated to any hazard common to the workplace.” 

Because Henderson’s employment exposed him to a danger that 

caused his injury, it arose out of his employment. The commission 

did not err in its award of medical benefits.

Id. at 481, 458 S.E.2d at 303.

 

his actions and locations immediately before the fall in detail [and this] evidence, combined with 

the other circumstances, created the ‘critical link’ between claimant’s employment, his fall and 

resulting injury”). Cf. PYA/Monarch, 22 Va. App. at 224-25, 468 S.E.2d at 692-93 (reversing 

commission’s compensation award, in part, because claimant’s fall was unexplained accident 

where claimant was unable to recall any details of fall and no one witnessed fall).
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Similarly, here, claimant, while performing his job duty, was on the roof, twenty-five feet 

above the ground, looking for the source of a leak when he slipped or misstepped before falling. 

Because he was not looking at his feet and was looking for a tree or something that caused the 

roof to leak, claimant’s “injury occurred because of the performance of his job duties in a 

particular manner.” See Henderson, 20 Va. App. at 481, 458 S.E.2d at 303. Claimant’s 

“employment exposed him to a danger that caused his injury, it [thus] arose out of his 

employment.” Id. Accordingly, we affirm the award of benefits to claimant.

Appellants also argue the commission erred in finding claimant made reasonable attempts 

to market his remaining work capacity by working part-time at G. C. Construction.

Code § 65.2-502(A) requires an employer to pay to an employee with partial incapacity 

for work caused by a compensable injury “a weekly compensation equal to 66 2/3 percent of the 

difference between his average weekly wages before the injury and the average weekly wages 

which he is able to earn thereafter.” An employee “must present ‘some evidence that he [has] 

engaged in a good faith effort to obtain work within the tolerance of his physical condition’ and 

has failed to find a job, either due to his injury or because no such work was available in the 

community.” Ford Motor Co. v. Favinger, 275 Va. 83, 90, 654 S.E.2d 575, 579 (2008) (quoting 

National Linen Serv. v. McGuinn, 8 Va. App. 267, 271, 380 S.E.2d 31, 34 (1989)). “In 

determining whether a claimant has made a reasonable effort to market his remaining work 

capacity, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to . . . the prevailing party before the 

commission.” National Linen Serv., 8 Va. App. at 270, 380 S.E.2d at 32. A claimant has the 

burden of proving entitlement to benefits and that he made a reasonable effort to procure suitable 

work and to market his remaining work capacity. See Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co. v. Bateman, 4 

Va. App. 459, 464, 359 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1987). ‘“The determination of whether a partially 

disabled employee has adequately marketed his residual work capacity lies within the 
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fact-finding judgment of the commission, and its decision on that question, if supported by 

credible evidence, will not be disturbed on appeal.’” Virginia Natural Gas, Inc. v. Tennessee, 50 

Va. App. 270, 283, 649 S.E.2d 206, 213 (2007) (quoting Wall Street Deli, Inc. v. O’Brien, 32 

Va. App. 217, 220-21, 527 S.E.2d 451, 453 (2000)). Unless we can say as a matter of law that 

claimant’s evidence sustained his burden of proof, the commission’s findings are binding and 

conclusive upon us. See Tomko v. Michael’s Plastering Co., 210 Va. 697, 699, 173 S.E.2d 833, 

835 (1970).

The record shows claimant was restricted by his treating physicians to working two hours 

per day from June 21, 2010 through September 22, 2010 and four hours per day thereafter. G. C. 

Construction offered claimant light-duty work at his pre-injury wage that was pro-rated based 

upon the number of hours he worked. Thus, as the commission found, claimant worked “the 

maximum number of hours and within his work restrictions.” In addition, claimant testified he 

did not refuse any offer of light-duty work from G. C. Construction. There was no evidence that 

employer told claimant to seek additional employment. Instead, it was undisputed that claimant 

could not return to his full-time pre-injury employment position and that he accepted the 

light-duty position offered by his employer, within the tolerance levels imposed by his physical 

condition, and he worked the maximum number of hours as restricted by his treating physicians. 

Moreover, pursuant to Code § 65.2-510(A), if claimant had refused the position, his right to 

benefits may have been terminated.

Under these circumstances, we conclude credible evidence supports the commission’s 

determination that claimant reasonably and adequately marketed his residual work capacity.

For these reasons, we affirm the decision of the commission.

Affirmed.
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McCullough, J., concurring.

I join the majority in concluding that this accident was not “unexplained” and that the 

claimant adequately marketed his residual work capacity. I also concur in the result reached by 

the majority that this accident was one that arose out of the employment. I do not, however, 

disagree with the reasoning of the commission or see the need to provide an alternative rationale.

“Excluded [from compensation under the Act] is an injury which comes from a hazard to 

which the employee would have been equally exposed apart from the employment.” United 

Parcel Serv. v. Fetterman, 230 Va. 257, 258, 336 S.E.2d 892, 893 (1985). Thus, a back injury 

that occurs while tying one’s shoe does not qualify, id., and neither does a muscle tear that 

occurs when the claimant simply gets up from a chair and is injured while “walking along a 

level, clean, unobstructed and well-lighted corridor,” Richmond Mem. Hosp. v. Crane, 222 Va. 

283, 286, 278 S.E.2d 877, 879 (1981). The reason the accident was compensable in Marion 

Corr. Ctr. v. Henderson, 20 Va. App. 477, 458 S.E.2d 301 (1995), a case cited by the majority, 

was because a commonplace activity, walking down an ordinary flight of stairs, had to be 

performed in an unusual way. Id. at 481, 458 S.E.2d at 303.

In contrast to walking down a flight of stairs – a task encountered daily, in and out of 

work, by nearly all members of the public – working on a roof, twenty-five feet above the 

ground, is not a hazard to which the claimant would have been equally exposed apart from the 

employment. In my view, the claimant’s misstep or slip from the roof plainly “appear[ed] to 

have had its origin in a risk connected with the employment, and to have flowed from that source 

as a rational consequence.” Basement Waterproofing & Drainage v. Beland, 43 Va. App. 352, 

357, 597 S.E.2d 286, 288 (2004) (quoting Bradshaw v. Aronovich, 170 Va. 329, 335, 196 S.E. 

684, 686 (1938)). Therefore, I join the majority in affirming the commission.