IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

In the Matter of the Dependency of No. 77943-5-I

G.C.B., DOB: 12/10/11, and M.J.B, (Consolidated with No. 77944-3)

DOB: 8/3/09,

STATE OF WASHINGTON, DIVISION ONE

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND

HEALTH SERVICES, UNPUBLISHED OPINION

Respondent,

V.

ROB BESH’STEEL,

Appellant. FILED: March 4, 2019

CHUN, J. — After a dependency of more than two years, the trial court

terminated the father’s parental rights to his two children.1 As a basis for the

termination, the court relied, in part, on the father’s schizoid personality

characteristics and the absence of a bonded, nurturing, and connected

relationship with his children. But the father was not notified during the

dependency that these issues were parental deficiencies that he would be

required to defend against during the termination proceeding. Accordingly, we

remand for the trial court to reconsider whether termination is appropriate based

on the other parental deficiencies of which the father had notice.

1 The children’s mother relinquished her rights and entered into an open adoption

agreement just before trial on the Department’s petition. This appeal involves only the father’s

parental rights.
No. 77943-5-1/2

BACKGROUND

M.J.B. was born in 2008 and her brother, G.C.B, was born in 2011. Child

Protective Services became involved with the family in June 2015, when police

responded to a report that three-year old G.C.B. was walking alone down a busy

street. Police recognized G.C.B. from an incident 17 days prior, when he was

found wandering alone in a motel parking lot, wearing only a t-shirt and a diaper.

In the prior incident, the parents were in a nearby motel room, where the family

was staying at the time, but had fallen asleep. This time, the parents were not in

the vicinity, and had left G.C.B. in the care of his 12-year-old half-brother.2

The Department of Children, Youth and Families3 (the Department) took

G.C.B. and M.J.B. into protective custody and then placed them in licensed

care.4 Neither child has lived with their parents since that time.

When they came into the State’s custody, the children appeared to be

undernourished, lacking in appropriate hygiene, and social workers were

concerned about their physical health. G.C.B. was admitted to the hospital due

to concerns about his exposure to a serious infectious disease. Testing showed

signs of “diffused bone mineralization,” indicative of malnourishment and neglect.

G.C.B. also had speech delays and was not toilet-trained. M.J.B. had deep

cavities that required the removal of numerous teeth. The Department filed a

2 Previously, when he was two years old, police found G.C.B. alone in traffic.

~ Formerly the Department of Social and Health Services.

~ The Department took all three children into custody, but only the parental rights as to

G.C.B. and M.J.B are at issue in this appeal.

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No. 77943-5-113

dependency petition, alleging that the parents neglected to care for the children

and failed to attend to their medical needs.

In September 2015, after a contested hearing, the court entered orders of

dependency. The court found that the children were dependent because:

(1) they were abused or neglected; and (2) they had no parent, guardian or

custodian capable of caring for them adequately. ROW 13.34.030(6)(b), (c). The

court ordered the father to complete a psychological evaluation with a parenting

component and follow any recommendations for further services, complete ageappropriate parenting instruction, participate in nutritional education, participate

in all medical and dental appointments with the children, and submit to

tuberculosis (TB) testing. The court’s order allowed the father to have monitored

visitation twice per month, once he completed the TB testing and was cleared for

the illness.

In the year that followed, the father did not participate in any courtordered services. Nor did he complete TB testing so that he could visit the

children. Except for one visit the social worker permitted him by mistake, he did

not see the children for more than a year. The father did not exercise the option,

set forth in the dependency order, to participate in visitation by Skype or

telephone until he could complete the testing.

In August 2016, when the children had been dependent for over a year,

the Department filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of both parents.

With respect to each child, the Department alleged that the father had not

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participated in any court-ordered services and did not appear to be “capable of

providing an adequate, stable and safe environment for the child despite an

abundance of supportive community services.” The petition stated that the

‘nature and extent of parental deficiencies and incapacities provide a reasonable

explanation why the parents have not been able to develop appropriate parenting

skills despite offered services.” The Department further alleged:

The mother and father are currently not fit to parent the child. The

Department has identified the following parental deficiencies that

have not been corrected and necessitate termination of parental

rights as to the mother and father. The child came into care due to

chronic and significant medical, emotional, and developmental

neglect. Since that time the parents have consistently failed to

learn parenting skills or address their mental health issues or attend

services that would help them to understand and attend to the

medical, emotional, physical, developmental needs of their child.

For these reasons, the parents do not understand and are

incapable of providing for their child’s emotional, physical, mental

and developmental needs; the parents are incapable of safely

parenting the child.

At the time of the December 2017 trial on the Department’s petition,

M.J.B. was eight years old and G.C.B. was almost six years old. The father had

not seen the children in eight months. The court heard evidence during the trial

about the issues that led to the dependency. There was also evidence that after

the Department filed the petition for termination, for a period lasting

approximately eight months, the father engaged in some services and regularly

visited the children. Then following an injury around April 2017, the father

stopped engaging in the dependency and communicating with the Department.

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The court also considered evidence regarding concerns about the father’s

lack of connection with his children and about certain personality traits he

exhibited that potentially impaired his ability to nurture the children or meet their

emotional and developmental needs.

A forensic psychologist, Dr. Evan Freedman, performed a psychological

evaluation with a parenting component of the father in February 2017. As part of

that evaluation, Dr. Freedman conducted a one-hour observation of the father.

M.J.B. and GOB.

Based on that observation, Dr. Freeman testified that the children did not

appear to be happy or excited to see their father and described the energy

between them as “stilted.” Dr. Freedman described the father’s affect as “quite

flat.” He said the father “seemed quite distant from the children,” interacted only

minimally with them, and made no effort to help them, ensure their safety, or play

with them. Dr. Freeman testified that he observed that the father did not engage

in behaviors “designed to facilitate attachment” such as “reciprocal

communication” and the children did not appear to have a “secure” attachment to

him.

Dr. Freedman concluded that although the father appeared to be “normal

from a cognitive perspective” he exhibited a number of “schizoid personality

characteristics.” He explained that these “personality characteristics” include

detachment, a restricted range of emotion, coldness, and limited sociability or

manifestation of pleasure. Dr. Freedman said these traits potentially impaired

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No. 77943-5-1/6

the father’s ability to ‘facilitate the type of attachment necessary to support his

children” and likely rendered him unable to meet their needs. Dr. Freedman

hypothesized that the father likely lacked the insight and motivation to change

that would be required for any intervention to be helpful. Dr. Freedman also said

that the father appeared to have little insight as to why the Department removed

the children from his care and was unable to articulate what he might do

differently to avoid the issues that led to the dependency.

The father testified that he did not receive Dr. Freedman’s evaluation and

no one discussed the results with him.

In closing argument, the Department’s attorney argued that the father

showed little interest during the dependency in being with his children, learning

about their needs, or how to properly care for them. The Department further

argued that the father’s “schizoid tendencies” made him incapable of recognizing

weaknesses and unable to make the changes he would need to make in order to

become a fit parent. According to the Department, the fact that no one informed

the father of the evaluation results prior to the termination trial was immaterial

because he knew about the evaluation and could have asked his attorney about

the report. In response, the father’s attorney argued that if the Department had

concerns about the potential for reunification based on the results of the

psychological evaluation, then Department had an obligation to inform the father

of what its concerns were and what he needed to do to address them.

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No. 77943-5-1/7

At the conclusion of the trial, the court entered an order terminating the

father’s parental rights and written findings.5 The court’s findings identify, among

other things, the father’s lack of a connected relationship to the children and his

“psychological diagnosis” as parental deficiencies that he failed to correct during

the dependency that rendered him unfit to parent. Specifically, the court’s

findings state that the father’s “identified” parental deficiencies included a “[hack

of bonding, nurturing, connectivity and parental relationship as demonstrated by

the visits.” The court further found that the father’s “psychological diagnosis

cannot be simply overcome and renders him incapable of meeting the children’s

needs without a warm, nurturing, and loving partner,” and noted that the mother

was not available to co-parent.

The father appeals.

ANALYSIS

Parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care and welfare of their

children. In re Dependency of Schermer, 161 Wn.2d 927, 94 1-42, 169 P.3d 452

(2007). Parental rights cannot be abridged without due process of law. In re

Dependency ofA.M.M., 182 Wn.App. 776, 790-91, 332 P.3d 500 (2014). In

particular, due process requires “that parents receive notice of the specific

issues to be considered” at a termination hearing. A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. at 791

(quoting In re Welfare of Martin, 3 Wn. App. 405, 410, 476 P.2d 134 (1970)).

~ The court entered an initial order with boilerplate findings at the conclusion of the

hearing and later entered supplemental findings that incorporate the court’s oral ruling.

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No. 77943-5-1/8

Such notice is necessary “to prevent surprise, helplessness and disadvantage.”

A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. at 791 (quoting Martin, 3 Wn. App. at 410).

The father alleges a due process violation because he was not notified

during the dependency that either the absence of an emotional bond with his

children, as demonstrated during visitation, or personality traits that impaired his

ability to nurture them would be considered as a basis for terminating his parental

rights. He relies on A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. at 790-91, and In re Parental Rights of

F.M.O., 194 Wn. App. 226, 231-32, 374 P.3d 273 (2016).

In A.M.M., the trial court terminated the mother’s parental rights based, in

part, on a parental deficiency not identified in the dependency or termination

petition. A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. at 791-92. During the dependency, the

Department focused on the mother’s substance abuse issues. But during the

termination hearing, the mother learned of another parental deficiency that could

support termination when a social worker testified that the mother lacked an

understanding of her children’s needs. A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. at 784. This court

reversed the termination order and remanded for the trial court to strike the

finding that the mother’s parental deficiencies included a lack of knowledge about

her children’s developmental needs. A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. at 792. While there

were numerous findings about the mother’s substance abuse, the trial court did

not indicate that substance abuse alone was sufficient to warrant termination.

On remand, we instructed the trial court to consider whether “termination is

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No. 77943-5-1/9

appropriate on the basis of the parental deficiencies of which [the mother] was

given adequate notice.” A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. at 793.

In F.M.O., the Department took custody of an infant who tested positive for

drugs at birth and initiated dependency proceedings, alleging parental

deficiencies of substance abuse, mental health, and a domestic violence history.

194 Wn. App. at 227. In terminating the mother’s parental rights, the court also

cited the mother’s recurring incarceration, which inhibited her ability to parent, as

an additional basis supporting the termination. F.M.O., 194 Wn. App. at 229.

While rejecting the mother’s position that parental deficiencies are limited to

those expressly identified in the termination or dependency petition, Division

Three of this court concluded there was nothing in the record to indicate that the

mother was notified that her frequent incarceration was a deficiency that could be

the basis for terminating her rights. F.M.O., 194 Wn. App. at 232. As in A.M.M.,

the court reversed the termination order and instructed the trial court on remand

to consider whether termination was appropriate based on the identified

deficiencies. F.M.O., 194 Wn. App. at 233.

The relevant circumstances here are analogous to those in A.M.M. and

F.M.O. While the Department notified the father that his parental deficiencies

stemmed from chronic neglect of his children and the failure to supervise them, it

did not apprise him that the court could terminate his parental rights because of

schizoid personality traits or because he lacked a connected, nurturing, and

bonded relationship with his children. There is no evidence in the record to

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No. 77943-5-1/10

suggest that visit supervisors, or anyone else, raised concerns about the nature

of the father’s interaction or bond with the children during visitation. To the

contrary, during the period of the dependency when the father had stable

housing and was engaged in services and regularly visiting the children, the

Department considered the possibility that the children could be returned to him.

And, as explained, there is no evidence that the Department shared any

concerns with the father about his interaction or relationship with the children

based on the psychologist’s evaluation. There is nothing in the record to indicate

that, prior to the termination trial, the Department identified a lack of a bonded

relationship with his children as a parental deficiency. Likewise, there is no

evidence that prior to trial, the Department identified a psychological diagnosis or

‘schizoid” personality characteristics as a condition that rendered him incapable

of parenting without the support of a “nurturing” partner.

The Department points out that the psychologist did not officially diagnose

the father with a disorder and the court did not explicitly identify schizoid disorder

as a parental deficiency. But regardless of whether the psychologist rendered a

diagnosis or whether the court designated the issue as a deficiency, the court

clearly concluded that the father’s psychological condition rendered him unfit to

parent on his own and was a barrier to reunification. A condition that prevents

reunification constitutes a parental deficiency. See In re Welfare of CS., 168

Wn.2d 51, 56 n.3, 225 P.3d 953 (201 0). As such, the father was entitled to

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No. 77943-5-Ill 1

notice that the court could rely on this condition as a basis to terminate his

parental rights.

The Department’s vague reference in the termination petition to the

failure to “learn parenting skills” or address “mental health issues” did not inform

the father that his parental rights were in jeopardy specifically because of a

schizoid personality disorder or characteristics or because of the lack of

emotional connection to his children. And it is unclear what mental health issue

the Department’s petition referred to since the psychologist did not complete the

evaluation until several months after the Department filed the termination petition.

While the Department may have offered services that had potential to

impact or address the alleged deficiencies, this does not equate to notice of what

deficiencies the Department will rely on. The requirements of due process are

more exacting. As the court stated in F.M.O., both sides “need to know what

deficiencies are at issue since the State has to prove the deficiencies to make its

case while the parent has to know what allegations to defend against.” 194 Wn.

App. at 232. The record does not indicate that the Department notified the father

in any manner prior to trial that the court could terminate his parental rights

based on the absence of a bonded relationship with his children or on a

diagnosis and/or character traits that could impair his ability to meet his children’s

emotional needs.

Reliance on a lack of bonding and schizoid traits as bases for termination

was error. And despite other findings addressing identified deficiencies, in the

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No. 77943-5-1112

absence of evidence that the other deficiencies established at trial justified

termination, we must remand. The trial court must consider whether termination

is appropriate on the basis of the parental deficiencies of which the father was

properly notified. Therefore, we need not address the father’s alternative

argument that the Department failed to offer services specifically tailored to

address insufficient bonding and his schizoid disorder. See ROW

13.34.180(1)(d). We also need not address the father’s challenge to the

evidence supporting the court’s finding that his parental deficiencies are unlikely

to be remedied so that the children can be returned to him in the near future.6

See ROW 13.34.180(1)(e).

We reverse and remand to the trial court for further proceedings.

WE CONOUR:

6Although the court must reevaluate the likelihood that conditions cannot be remedied

with respect to the deficiencies of which the father had notice, we note that the father’s challenge

is partly based on the claim that the court could not make this finding in the absence of explicit

witness testimony as to what duration of time constitutes the near future for each child. The

father provides no authority to support the position that specific witness testimony on that point is

required.

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