FIRST DIVISION

DOYLE, C. J.,

PHIPPS, P. J., and BOGGS, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 20, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A15A1427. IN THE INTEREST OF S. B. et al., children.

BOGGS, Judge.

The parents of five-year-old S. B. and six-year-old D. L. B. appeal from

juvenile court orders terminating their parental rights and subsequent orders denying

their motions for new trial. Specifically, the parents contend that the court lacked

clear and convincing evidence to support its findings that deprivation was likely to

continue and that continued deprivation would cause serious physical, mental or

emotional harm to the children. The parents further assert that termination of their

parental rights was not in the children’s best interests and that they received

ineffective assistance of counsel. We granted the parents’ application for

discretionary review, and, for the reasons explained below, we reverse.
The record shows that the mother and father have two children together out of

wedlock, a daughter born in 2010 and a son born in 2009. The father was married to

another, but he noted that he had been separated from his wife for 15 years and did

not know her whereaboutsso he could not divorce her. Although he never legitimated

the children, he resided with the mother and children except when working in North

Carolina to support them. DFACS became involved with the family in March 2011,

when the Department substantiated allegations that the children had been neglected

and were receiving inadequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical attention. The

parents consented to court orders, entered on June 11, 2012, finding the children

deprived but allowing them to remain in the parents’ custody under a protective order

that required the parents, among other things, to maintain sufficient income, provide

adequate food, keep housing free of animal urine and feces, make and keep necessary

medical and dental appointments, and take parenting skillstraining. In the orders, the

parentsstipulated that conditionsin the family home were unsanitary and unsafe: old

food and dirty dishes were piled in the sink and on the counters, dog feces was

located throughout the house, including in the children’s room, cigarette butts and

piles of trash were located throughout the house, expired food remained in the

refrigerator, and the house lacked electric power. Furthermore, the parentsstipulated

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that they failed on many occasions to take the children to scheduled doctor

appointments and that the pediatrician would no longer provide well-baby checksfor

the children. The court orders were set to expire on November 23, 2012, unless

sooner terminated by court order. 

On July 25, 2012, the children were removed from their home and placed in

foster care based on a new complaint that there was no electric service in the home

during the summer heat, that D. B. had received severe sunburns on at least three

occasions, and that the parents had failed to comply with the protective order: the

parents had unstable housing, their home continued to be unsanitary, and neither

parent had a steady income. The children again were found to be deprived after the

72 hour hearing, and on August 15, 2012, the parents stipulated to a deprivation

finding based upon medical neglect (three untreated severe sunburns and a lack of up

to date immunizations), inadequate supervision, inadequate housing, irregular

employment, and general non-compliance with the protective order directives. The

court orders were set to expire on July 25, 2013, unless sooner terminated by court

order. 

At a January 2013 judicial review, the court found that the parents had

maintained a bond with the children by attending weekly visits, but that they needed

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to obtain and maintain employment and stable, clean housing. The children remained

in foster care, and the court revised the permanency order to a concurrent plan of

reunification or adoption. On July 15, 2013, this plan was extended through July 25,

2014, unless sooner terminated by court order. In that consent order, the court noted

that both parents had completed their parenting training, made virtually all scheduled

visits with the children (even though they had to walk five miles to the visitation

because they could not get a ride from family or friends), and maintained a bond with

the children, but they still failed to maintain stable employment or housing. 

On October 1, 2013, DFACS filed petitions to terminate the parents’ parental

rights. Since the father had not legitimated either child, he was informed that he

would lose all rights to the children and would not be entitled to object to the

termination of his rights if he did not file a petition to legitimate within 30 days. On

the same day, the court appointed public defender Katie Parker as attorney for both

the father and the mother. 

The one-day termination of parental rights hearing occurred on December 10,

2013. At the outset, DFACS invoked the statutory provision of OCGA § 15-11-96 (i)

1

1

 We note that this statutory provision was superseded on January 1, 2014 by

OCGA § 15-11-283 (d), see Ga. L. 2013, p. 294 § 5-1, but it is undisputed that the old

statute applies in this case.

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extinguishing the rights of putative fathers to object to termination of their parental

rights. Parker admitted that she failed to file a petition for legitimation on behalf of

the father after being served with the termination of parental rights petition. 

Beverly Oxley, a licensed psychologist, testified without objection at the

termination hearing as an expert in child psychology. In October 2012, she performed

separate two-hour evaluations of then three-year old D. B. and two-year old S. B. 

According to Oxley, both children had severe learning delays in their speech and

needed a language-rich or stimulating environment. In addition, both children

demonstrated symptoms of reactive attachment disorder, which is a disorder in which

children are unable to form healthy attachments and need stability, consistency, and

loving caregiversto formhealthy attachments. Oxley opined thatmoving the children

from foster home to foster home would put them at risk for developing reactive

attachment disorder. However, she noted that the children’s symptoms did not

warrant therapy, though she did recommend speech therapy for the children. 

Kim Ball, a social services case manager for DFACS, conducted parenting

classes for the parents in conjunction with their weekly visits from October 2012

through March 2013. Ball testified that the parents were extremely cooperative and

very interested in the training. In fact, they rarely missed their visits and often walked

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five miles from their home to the visits. The father often got down on the floor with

the children to play and had a lot of positive interaction. The mother, who claimed

back problems prohibited her fromplaying on the floor, read to the children or played

video games with them. According toBall, the children were well-behaved during the

visits, but she wished the mother were more engaged. 

Paulette Turner, a DFACS parent aide, provided parenting education and

observed visitsfromJuly 2013 through November 2013. She testified that the parents

and the children were always happy to see each other, on visit days the children

would “always” ask, “Are we going to see Mama and Daddy?” and at the visit’s end

“everybody just hugs and kisses and says,’Bye, see you next week.’” Turner, testified,

however, that the children appeared to be happy to return to their foster home after

visits. According to Turner, both parents were engaged in the visits, brought a bag

with clean diapers and snacks to each visit, and occasionally brought the children

crayons, colored pencils, or toys. The father had to stop visiting after he left to resume

his old job in North Carolina. 

Case manager Ashley Buchanan also noted the parents’ remarkable visitation

record, and she testified that the parents cooperated with home visits, phone calls, and

mail. Regarding the mother, Buchanan testified that she regularly attended mental

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health care counseling, cooperated with DFACS in home visits and phone calls,

participated in parenting classes, and had no further medical issues with the children.

The mother walked to various businesses seeking jobs, but had minimal success

finding employment. And, although the house was cleaner than ever, there was still

a bug problem and the housing situation remained unstable pending a move to

Charlotte, where her husband had been rehired at the company where he worked for

23 years before being laid off in 2013. Buchanan also observed some visits with the

children and agreed that the father demonstrated more parenting skills and nurturing

behaviors than the mother, but acknowledged that the mother’s passive parenting is

more a difference in style than bad parenting. The parents had not paid any child

support while the children were in DFACS custody. 

The father testified that he had worked for 23 years as a tile and stone mason

with the same company in North Carolina until the recession resulted in his layoff.

He had recently been re-hired and was making $16.00 per hour working 40 hours a

week. According to the father, he could not get off work on Wednesdays to see his

children, and he wanted to transition them to Charlotte. Until then, the children and

the mother could stay in the home he was renting through the money he was sending

her. 

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The mother testified that in North Carolina the children were involved in a

program called Babies Can’t Wait. She contacted the program here in Georgia when

they moved, and D. B. was started on speech therapy; S. B. did not need services at

the time of the assessment. The mother noted that she had put out roach traps to

eliminate the last of the bugs, had bagged old clothing, and had begun taking the dog

outside so dog feces was no longer an issue in the house. She admitted that she

previously was unaware of the dangers associated with dog feces, and she has

scrubbed the floors and rugs in the house to get rid of the pet feces and odor. The

mother admitted on two occasionsto leaving the dog in the home with food and water

without letting it out to relieve itself, but explained that on those occasions she had

forgotten to give her brother a key to let the dog out. The mother described her

parenting style as more watching and talking than doing, like her mother. She also

acknowledged that she was in counseling, but had not been prescribed any

medications. And she testified that when the family relocated to Charlotte she

expected to find work because there was more work there and the bus only costs

$2.00. 

At the time of the hearing, the foster parents had four biological children living

in their house, aged eight to nineteen, and the mother of the foster mother. According

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to the foster mother, S. B. and D. B. are very affectionate, have improved a lot while

under their care, and the foster parents are willing to provide a “forever home” to the

children. 

The guardian ad litem testified that the parents “have demonstrated . . . their

commitment, their love for their children through their visitations that took some

strenuous efforts on their part.” However, he still recommended termination based on

the parents’ inability to provide safe, stable housing and to demonstrate learned

parenting skills. 

Following the hearing, the juvenile court noted that the parents have worked

“really hard,” and he has never had anybody come to court and say they’ve walked

five milesfor a visit. However, the court found “a general inability” on the part of the

parents that will emotionally harm the children, and, therefore, the court found the

children deprived. The court cited the foster parents’ care, adequate transportation

and finances, and “importantly” the fact that the foster parents were willing to adopt

the children as support for its finding that termination of parental rights was in the

children’s best interest. In its written orders, prepared by DFACS, the juvenile court

found that DFACS had met the requirements for terminating the parents’ rights and

that termination of the parents’ rights was in the children’s best interests. The orders

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stated that although the father had secured employment in North Carolina, he had not

maintained the employment for a sufficient length of time to insure that he can

provide financially for the children. The orders further noted that the father’s failure

to legitimate the children within 30 days from the notice provided for in OCGA § 15-

11-96 required termination of his parental rights. See In the Interest of T. B. R., 304

Ga. App. 773, 786 (4) (697 SE2d 878) (2010) (father who fails to legitimate lacks

standing to challenge termination).

The parents filed motions for new trial. On July 12, 2014, prior to a hearing on

the motions for new trial, the foster father died suddenly. The parents then filed

amended motions for new trial and motions to set aside the judgment based on this

changed circumstance and their assertion that their attorney had rendered ineffective

assistance by failing to file a legitimation petition for the father. 

At the August 5, 2014 motions hearing, the caseworker testified that the

children spent six days in another home following the foster father’s death, and the

foster mother was trying to determine if she could still adopt them as a single mother

of four children, but had not made a final decision. In addition, the father’s attorney

testified that she knew the parents were not married and realized a few days before

trial that she should have filed a petition to legitimate, but failed to do so. She bore

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sole responsibility for failing to file the petition, noting there was nothing strategic

in not filing and no benefit to the father in not legitimating. The juvenile court

nonetheless denied the motions for new trial or to set aside. 

1. The parents assert that the trial court erred in terminating their parentalrights

because there was no clear and convincing evidence that deprivation was likely to

continue or to cause serious harm to the children, and the evidence failed to show that

termination was in the children’s best interests. “On appeal from a juvenile court’s

decision to terminate parental rights, we review the evidence in the light most

favorable to the court’s decision and determine whether any rational trier of fact could

have found by clear and convincing evidence that the parental rights should be

terminated.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) In the Interest of C. S., 319 Ga. App.

138, 139 (735 SE2d 140) (2012). “We do not weigh the evidence or resolve

credibility issues, but merely determine whether a rational trier of fact could have

found by clear and convincing evidence that the natural parent’s right to custody

should be terminated.” (Citation and footnote omitted.) In the Interest of K. A. B., 285

Ga. App. 537, 537 (646 SE2d 736) (2007). However, 

[w]e proceed in a termination case with the knowledge that there is no

judicial determination which has more drastic significance than that of

permanently severing a natural parent-child relationship. It must be

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scrutinized deliberately and exercised most cautiously.The right to raise

one’s children is a fiercely guarded right in our society and law, and a

right that should be infringed upon only under the most compelling

circumstances.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) In the Interest of C. A., 316 Ga. App. 185, 189

(728 SE2d 816) (2012); see also In the Interest of C. S., supra, 319 Ga. App. at 144-

145 (1).

As a threshold matter, we must determine whether to apply the new or old

juvenile code. The new juvenile Code, which became effective on January 1, 2014,

applies to those juvenile proceedings commenced on or after that date. See Ga. L.

2013, p. 294 § 5-1. Thus, although the termination order in this case was entered in

March 2014, the old Code applies because the deprivation petition was filed in

October 2013. See In the Interest of F. A. G. R., 328 Ga. App. 88, 89 n.1 (761 SE2d

512) (2014).

Under the old Code, a termination of parental rights case involves a two-step

analysis. First, there must be a finding of parental misconduct or inability, which

requires clear and convincing evidence that:(1) the children are deprived;(2) the lack

of proper parental care or control is the cause of their deprivation; (3) the cause of

their deprivation is likely to continue; and (4) continued deprivation islikely to cause

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serious physical,mental, emotional, or moral harmto the children. See former OCGA

§ 15-11-94 (b) (4) (A) (i)-(iv). If these four factors are found to exist, then the

juvenile court must ascertain whether termination of parental rights is in the best

interest of the children, considering their physical, mental, emotional, and moral

condition and needs, including the need for a secure, stable home. See In the Interest

of A. G., 293 Ga. App. 383 (667 SE2d 176) (2008). 

Here, there were no allegations of physical abuse, drug use, or criminal

conduct.In fact, the juvenile court and DFACS employees all commended the parents

on their remarkable visitation record and their cooperation with home visits, phone

calls, and parenting classes. The children were excited about visits and well-behaved

during the visits, and, although the mother did not engage with the children as well

as she could have, at least one DFACS employee testified that her actions may have

represented a different parenting style rather than bad parenting. Granted, the parents

were slovenly and poor, but other than general statements that filth is dangerous,

DFACS presented no evidence that the squalid living conditions posed a threat to the

children or that the children were unhealthy or sick due to the unsanitary conditions.

Furthermore, the evidence showed that the parents’living conditions were improving.

The parents were educated regarding the issues with dog feces and had taken steps

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to rectify the problem, and the parents were attempting to resolve the roach

infestation. The parents’ home may not have been perfect, but it was cleaner than

ever, and the father had been re-hired by the company for which he had worked for

23 years. 

It is well-settled that “[a] court is not allowed to terminate a parent’s natural

right because it has determined that the child might have better financial, educational,

or even more advantages elsewhere.” (Citation, punctuation, and footnote omitted.)

In the Interest of D. L. T. C., 299 Ga. App. 765, 769 (1) (684 SE2d 29) (2009). “This

is not a case where the ‘evidence’ consisted of merely ‘positive promises’ from the

parent[s] that [they] would change and rectify past failuresso as to avoid termination

of [their] parental rights, and the juvenile court appears to have prematurely

discounted the [parents’] progress toward meeting their goals.” In the Interest of C.

J. V., 323 Ga. App. 283, 287 (746 SE2d 783) (2013). Given the steps the parents took

to maintain contact with their children, their improvement during the time they

worked with DFACS, and the father’s recent re-employment with his former longterm employer, the juvenile court likely erred in finding clear and convincing

evidence that any deprivation was likely to continue.

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Moreover, even if the evidence was sufficient to show that deprivation was

likely to continue, we have expressed concern and urged caution, noting that it is not

automatically true that a finding that deprivation is likely to continue will support a

finding that continued deprivation will harm the child: “The [parents’] inability to

care for [their] children does not necessarily mean that [their] current relationship

with them is detrimental.” In the Interest of D. F., 251 Ga. App. 859, 862 (555 SE2d

225) (2001). Here, the juvenile court found, “The [children] had already suffered

harm as a result of the parents’ actions, and the Court can just presume that the child

would be subject to a likelihood of further harm by being returned to the custody of

the parents.” It does not appear that the court considered maintaining the status quo

to provide the parents additional time to show an improvement in their living

conditions and ability to parent, even though the father presented evidence that he had

been re-hired by his former employer and was working full time at twice the

minimum wage, which would improve their living conditions. 

Furthermore, while there was testimony that the young children had

experienced some developmental delays and showed some symptoms of reactive

attachment disorder, they were not diagnosed with this disorder and were not

receiving any counseling other than speech therapy, which the mother had begun with

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one of the children before moving to Georgia. Although the parents may have poor

parenting skills and live in less than admirable circumstances, there is nothing in the

record to show that continuing the legal relationship of parent and child is inherently

harmful to the children. See In the Interest of D. F., supra. 

This is especially true in light of the foster father’s recent death. Termination

of parental rights at the present time could seriously harm the children and cause

further symptoms of reactive attachment disorder given the absence of a foster father

and the foster mother’s expressed concern that adoption of the children may no longer

be an option for her. The juvenile court stated that it “cannot legally consider”

evidence of the foster father’s death or the father’s re-hire with his old employer as

a basis for a motion for new trial or motion to set aside the judgment of the court

because it “must consider the evidence that was available at the time of the trial of the

matter.” However, evidence of the father’s re-hire was in the record at the time of the

trial. In addition, the juvenile court misinterpreted the two cases upon which it relied. 

In In the Interest of K. C., 249 Ga. App. 680, 681 (1) (549 SE2d 737) (2001),

this Court noted in dicta that “we know of no statute or court rule that permits a de

novo evidentiary hearing to be held on [motion for] reconsideration.” In In the

Interest of C. M., 282 Ga. App. 502, 507-508 (3) (639 SE2d 323) (2006), we found

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that a trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to admit irrelevant evidence

during a hearing on a motion for new trial when the new evidence did not change the

circumstancessupporting termination. Neither of these cases hold, as a matter of law,

that a juvenile court is precluded from exercising its discretion to consider additional

evidence on a motion for new trial if circumstancesrequire such consideration. Given

a juvenile court’s plenary authority to modify its order based on changed

circumstances, the trial court abused its discretion as a matter of law in refusing to

consider the impact of the foster father’s death and the father’s recent re-employment

in its ruling on the parents’ motion for new trial. See, e. g., In the Interest of A. M.,

324 Ga. App. 512, 516 (3) (751 SE2d 144) (2013) (juvenile court may set aside or

modify decision if newly discovered evidence or changed circumstances require in

best interest of child); In the Interest of J. N. F., 306 Ga. App. 313, 315 (701 SE2d

925) (2010) (juvenile court may change, modify, or vacate order on ground that

changed circumstances require in best interest of child).

In the instant case, the evidence is not clear and convincing, at least at this

time, that the deprivation is likely to continue, that continued deprivation will

seriously harmthe children, or that termination of the parents’ parental rights isin the

best interests of the children. “While we are reluctant to reverse the juvenile court’s

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determination, no judicial determination is more drastic than the permanentsevering

of the parent-child relationship.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) In the Interest

of A. A., 252 Ga. App. 167, 173 (2) (c) (555 SE2d 827) (2001). Termination of

parental rights “is a remedy of last resort.” In the Interest of C. S., supra, 319 Ga.

App. at 148 (1). Accordingly, we reverse the juvenile court’s order.

2. The parents also contend that the trial court erred in denying their motion for

new trial because trial counsel’s failure to file a legitimation petition rendered her

assistance ineffective. Because the issue of the father’sfailure to timely legitimate the

children may arise upon any retrial of the case, we address it here.

“[T]he right to the custody and control of one’s child is a fiercely guarded right

in our society and in our law. It is a right thatshould be infringed upon only under the

most compelling circumstances.” (Citations, punctuation, and footnote omitted.) In

the Interest of H. S., 285 Ga. App. 839, 843-844 (648 SE2d 143) (2007). Accordingly,

we have recognized that a parent has a right to effective assistance of counsel in

defending against a termination petition. See In the Interest of S. N. H., 300 Ga. App.

321, 329 (5) (685 SE2d 290) (2009).

In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel [the

father] must show that [his] counsel’s performance was deficient and

that the deficient performance was prejudicial to [his] defense. To meet

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the first prong of this test, [the father] must overcome the strong

presumption that counsel’s performance fell within a wide range of

professional conduct and that counsel’s decisions were [] made in the

exercise of reasonable professional judgment. The reasonableness of

counsel’s conduct is examined from counsel’s perspective at the time of

trial and under the circumstances of the case. The second prong requires

[the father] to show there is a reasonable probability that, absent

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the trial would have been

different.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) In Interest of A. H. P., 232 Ga. App. 330, 334-

335 (2) (500 SE2d 418) (1998). 

Here, the evidence presented by the parents at the hearing on the motion for

new trial meets this standard. Under the old Code, a non-legitimated father lost all

rights to his children and was not allowed to object to the termination of his parental

rights. Former OCGA § 15-11-96 (h) and (i). Termination of his parental rights was

mandatory.

2

In the Interest of T. B. R., supra, 304 Ga. App. at 786 (4); In the Interest

of D. W., 264 Ga. App. 833, 834-835 (1) (592 SE2d 679) (2003). Trial counsel for the

parents in this case took responsibility for failing to file a legitimation petition and

noted that this failure was due to oversight on her part and not to any trial strategy or

reasonable professional judgment. Given that the failure resulted in the father’s

2

 The new Code now gives the juvenile court discretion whether to terminate

the parental rights of non-legitimated fathers. OCGA § 15-11-283 (b).

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inability to challenge the termination of his parental rights, the first prong of the test

clearly is met. See In the Interest of T. B. R., supra. 

Regarding the second prong, the juvenile court stated that it would have

terminated the father’s parental rights on grounds that were not impacted by the

failure of the father’s counsel, and thus the father is unable to establish prejudice.

However, under the old Code, the juvenile court had no authority to consider any

basis other than the father’s lack of standing to terminate his parental rights. See In

the Interest of T. B. R., supra, 304 Ga. App. at 786 (4); In the Interest of D. W., supra,

264 Ga. App. at 834-835 (1). And, given the father’s unusually persistent efforts to

maintain his relationship with his children, his obvious bond and positive interaction

with the children, his recent re-employment with the company for which he had

worked for 23 years, and DFACS’s failure to show either continued deprivation or

that such deprivation would likely cause serious harm to the children, the father has

shown there is a reasonable probability that, absent counsel’s unprofessional errors,

the result of the trial would have been different. 

Based on trial counsel’s ineffective assistance of counsel, we remand the case

with direction that the father be given 30 days from the date of this order to file a

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petition to legitimate the children or an acknowledgment of legitimation consistent

with the provisions of the old Code.

Judgment reversed and remanded with direction. Doyle, C. J., and Phipps, P.

J., concur.

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