STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

Jeremy Brown,

Plaintiff Below, Petitioner

vs) No. 19-0114 (Wood County 16-C-432)

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company,

Defendant Below, Respondent

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Jeremy Brown, by counsel Brian J. Headley, appeals the Circuit Court of Wood 

County’s January 9, 2019, order granting summary judgment in favor of State Farm Mutual 

Automobile Insurance Company (“State Farm”). Respondent State Farm, by counsel R. Carter 

Elkins, filed a response, and petitioner filed a reply.

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons, 

a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

This appeal stems from a single vehicle automobile accident that occurred on October 23, 

2015. At the time of the accident, petitioner alleges that he was a passenger in a 2009 Ford Taurus, 

insured by State Farm, that was being driven by his then-wife, Margaret Brown (hereinafter “Ms. 

Brown”). Contrary to petitioner’s allegations, the West Virginia Uniform Traffic Crash Report 

indicates that he was actually the driver of the vehicle at the time of the accident.1 As a result of 

the collision, the vehicle struck a guardrail, causing the guardrail to penetrate the cabin of the 

vehicle. Although the vehicle was equipped with air bags, the air bags did not deploy and petitioner 

was injured when he was struck in the head by the guardrail.

 

1 Ms. Brown initially reported that she was the driver of the vehicle and that she was alone 

at the time of the accident. Later, she recanted that story and advised an investigating officer that 

Mr. Brown was driving at the time of the accident. Ms. Brown advised an investigating officer that 

she originally stated that she was driving because the car was owned by her mother, who would 

not have approved of petitioner driving the vehicle. Accordingly, the West Virginia Uniform 

Traffic Crash Report was amended to reflect that petitioner was the driver. Per the officer, 

petitioner’s injuries were also consistent with the damage reflected on the driver’s side of the car. 

FILED

January 13, 2020

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
2

Respondent State Farm took possession of the vehicle after the accident. After inspecting 

the vehicle and taking pictures of it, State Farm sold the vehicle for scrap on or about December 

31, 2015. At the time that the vehicle was sold by State Farm, petitioner had not retained counsel 

in connection with the underlying accident and there is no evidence in the record to suggest that 

State Farm received a request to preserve the vehicle. To the contrary, the record reflects that 

petitioner placed State Farm on notice of the claim after the vehicle was no longer in State Farm’s 

possession. 

On October 17, 2016, petitioner filed suit against Ms. Brown in the Circuit Court of Wood 

County.2In his complaint, petitioner alleged that Ms. Brown negligently operated the vehicle and 

crashed it into a roadside guardrail. After engaging in discovery, petitioner settled with Ms. Brown. 

The circuit court entered a partial dismissal order for the claims against Ms. Brown on November 

1, 2018. 

Prior to the settlement with Ms. Brown, petitioner filed an amended complaint naming 

State Farm as a defendant and asserting negligent and intentional spoliation of evidence claims 

against State Farm related to the destruction of the vehicle. Petitioner did not conduct discovery 

as to the spoliation claims in accordance with the court’s scheduling order. Instead, petitioner’s 

counsel alleges that he and counsel for State Farm informally agreed to stay discovery as to the 

spoliation claims until after the claims were resolved against Ms. Brown. State Farm’s counsel 

concedes that counsel did discuss a stay of discovery, but maintains that the parties never reached 

such an agreement. Notably, counsel did not submit any joint motions or proposed orders to stay 

discovery or to vacate the scheduling order.

Respondent filed a motion for summary judgment and the circuit court conducted a hearing 

on the motion on December 11, 2018. The circuit court found that petitioner was unable to establish 

the required elements for his negligent spoliation or intentional spoliation claims. Thus, the circuit 

court entered a January 9, 2019, Judgment Order granting State Farm’s motion for summary 

judgment. This appeal followed.

On appeal, this Court accords a plenary review to the circuit court’s order granting 

summary judgment: “[a] circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 

1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). In conducting our de novo review, 

we apply the same standard for granting summary judgment that is applied by the circuit court. 

Under that standard, 

“‘[a] motion for summary judgment should be granted only when it is clear 

that there is no genuine issue of fact to be tried and inquiry concerning the facts is 

not desirable to clarify the application of the law.’ Syllabus Point 3, Aetna Cas. & 

Sur. Co. v. Fed. Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W.Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).”

 

2 On October 20, 2017, petitioner also filed suit in the United States District Court for the

Southern District of West Virginia, asserting product liability claims against numerous parties 

including Ford Motor Company (hereinafter “Ford”). Petitioner voluntarily dismissed the federal 

court action on January 31, 2018, shortly after petitioner learned that the vehicle was no longer

available. 
3

Syllabus Point 1, Andrick v. Town of Buckhannon, 187 W.Va. 706, 421 S.E.2d 247 

(1992).

Painter, 192 W. Va. at 190, 451 S.E.2d at 756, syl. pt. 2. In other words,

[s]ummary judgment is appropriate where the record taken as a whole could 

not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, such as where the 

nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element 

of the case that it has the burden to prove. 

Id. at 190, 451 S.E.2d at 756, syl. pt. 4. Additionally, we note that “[t]he circuit court’s function at 

the summary judgment stage is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, 

but it is to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 190, 451 S.E.2d at 756, syl. 

pt. 3. Finally, we note that “the party opposing summary judgment must satisfy the burden of proof 

by offering more than a mere ‘scintilla of evidence’ and must produce evidence sufficient for a 

reasonable jury to find in a nonmoving party’s favor. Anderson [v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.], 477 U.S. 

[242] at 252, 106 S.Ct. [2505] at 2512, 91 L.E.2d [202] at 214 [1986].” Williams v. Precision Coil, 

Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 60, 459 S.E.2d 329, 337 (1995). 

In Syl. Pt. 2, in part, Hannah v. Heeter, 213 W. Va. 704, 584 S.E.2d 560 (2003), this Court 

spelled out the elements necessary for a negligent spoliation claim:

(1) the existence of a pending or potential civil action; (2) the alleged spoliator had 

actual knowledge of the pending or potential civil action; (3) a duty to preserve 

evidence arising from a contract, agreement, statute, administrative rule, voluntary 

assumption of duty, or other special circumstances; (4) spoliation of the evidence; 

(5) the spoliated evidence was vital to a party’s ability to prevail in a pending or 

potential civil action; and (6) damages. Once the first five elements are established, 

there arises a rebuttable presumption that but for the fact of the spoliation of 

evidence, the party injured by the spoliation would have prevailed in the pending 

or potential litigation. The third-party spoliator must overcome the rebuttable 

presumption or else be liable for damages.

Applying Hannah, the circuit court addressed the elements of negligent spoliation and 

found that “[t]he inability to meet any one of these elements is fatal to a claim for negligent 

spoliation of evidence.” Initially, the circuit court addressed whether petitioner could demonstrate 

the existence of a pending or potential civil action. Citing a recent case from this Court, the circuit 

court found “‘a pending or potential civil action’ exists where the plaintiff has actually filed a 

claim, or where there is evidence objectively demonstrating the possibility that the plaintiff was 

likely to pursue a claim in the future.” Williams v. Werner Enters., Inc., 235 W. Va. 32, 39, 770 

S.E.2d 532, 539 (2015). 

It is undisputed that there was no pending civil action at the time that State Farm disposed 

of the vehicle, therefore the circuit court considered petitioner’s argument that State Farm should 

have anticipated a potential civil action in this case because there was “a great deal of blood in the 

vehicle and the air bags allegedly did not deploy.” Though petitioner generally contends that this 
4

Court should presume that State Farm may have had knowledge of a “pending or potential civil 

action” at the time that it sold the vehicle, petitioner has not offered even a scintilla of evidence 

and has failed to meet his burden. As we held in syllabus point 2 of West Virginia Department of 

Health & Human Resources Employees Federal Credit Union v. Tennant, 215 W. Va. 387, 599 

S.E.2d 810 (2004), 

“[a]n appellant must carry the burden of showing error in the judgment of 

which he complains. This Court will not reverse the judgment of a trial court unless 

error affirmatively appears from the record. Error will not be presumed, all 

presumptions being in favor of the correctness of the judgment.” Syllabus Point 5, 

Morgan v. Price, 151 W.Va. 158, 150 S.E.2d 897 (1966).

Inasmuch as petitioner acknowledged that neither he nor anyone acting on his behalf gave 

notice to State Farm of his intention to file a civil action before the vehicle was sold by State Farm, 

“[t]he [c]ourt conclude[d] that State Farm did not have ‘actual knowledge’ of a pending or potential 

civil action when the Ford Taurus was sold on December 31, 2015.”3 We agree.

Further, consistent with Hannah, the circuit court considered whether State Farm owed a 

duty to petitioner to preserve the vehicle. A duty to preserve evidence for a pending or potential 

civil action may arise from a contract, an agreement, the statute or administrative rule, a voluntary 

assumption of duty or special circumstances. Here, the circuit court found that State Farm’s 

contractual duty was to pay the policyholder and vehicle owner for the property damage claim in 

accordance with the collision coverage of the policy. The circuit court found that State Farm did 

not owe a duty to petitioner to preserve the vehicle. 

Having found that petitioner failed to meet his burden on each of the elements of the 

negligent spoliation claim, the circuit court granted respondent’s motion for summary judgment 

as to this cause of action. Applying a de novo review to the record on appeal, we agree with the 

circuit court and affirm the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment on petitioner’s negligent 

spoliation claim.

Petitioner also asserted an intentional spoliation claim against State Farm. In Hannah, this

Court also addressed the requisite elements for an intentional spoliation claim, many of which 

mirror the elements of a negligent spoliation claim. 

The tort of intentional spoliation of evidence consists of the following 

elements: (1) a pending or potential civil action; (2) knowledge of the spoliator of 

the pending or potential civil action; (3) willful destruction of evidence; (4) the 

spoliated evidence was vital to a party’s ability to prevail in the pending or potential 

civil action; (5) the intent of the spoliator to defeat a party’s ability to prevail in the 

pending or potential civil action; (6) the party’s inability to prevail in the civil 

 

3

In Mace v. Ford Motor Co., 221 W.Va. 198, 204, 653 S.E.2d 660, 666 (2007), this Court 

looked to textbook definitions from Black’s Law Dictionary of “actual knowledge” which requires 

“‘direct and clear knowledge, as distinguished from constructive knowledge’” . . . and “actual 

notice” is “‘[n]otice given directly to, or received personally by, a party.’” 
5

action; and (7) damages. Once the first six elements are established, there arises a 

rebuttable presumption that but for the fact of the spoliation of evidence, the party 

injured by the spoliation would have prevailed in the pending or potential litigation. 

The spoliator must overcome the rebuttable presumption or else be liable for 

damages.

213 W. Va. at 708, 584 S.E.2d at 564, syl. pt. 11.

Inasmuch as the circuit court appropriately found that petitioner failed to satisfy several 

elements of the negligent spoliation claim that mirror the elements of his intentional spoliation 

claim, the circuit court found that this claim also fails. We agree and affirm the circuit court’s order 

granting summary judgment to State Farm on petitioner’s intentional spoliation claim.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

Affirmed.

ISSUED: January 13, 2020 

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Tim Armstead 

Justice Margaret L. Workman

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice John A. Hutchison