Motion to Dismiss—Case No. 5:17-CV-00220-LHK

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BOCKIUS LLP

ATTORNEYS AT LAW

SAN FRANCISCO

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP

Gary A. Bornstein (pro hac vice)

gbornstein@cravath.com

Yonatan Even (pro hac vice)

yeven@cravath.com

825 Eighth Avenue

New York, New York 10019-7475

Telephone: (212) 474-1000

Facsimile: (212) 474-3700

MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP

Richard S. Taffet (pro hac vice)

richard.taffet@morganlewis.com

101 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10178-0060

Telephone: (212) 309-6000

Facsimile: (212) 309-6001

Attorneys for Defendant

QUALCOMM INCORPORATED

MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP

Willard K. Tom (pro hac vice)

willard.tom@morganlewis.com

1111 Pennsylvania Avenue NW

Washington, DC 20004-2541

Telephone: (202) 739-3000

Facsimile: (202) 739 3001

MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP

Donn P. Pickett (SBN 72257)

donn.pickett@morganlewis.com

Geoffrey T. Holtz (SBN 191370)

geoffrey.holtz@morganlewis.com

One Market, Spear Street Tower

San Francisco, CA 94105-1126

Telephone: (415) 442-1000

Facsimile: (415) 442-1001

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

SAN JOSE DIVISION

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION,

Plaintiff,

vs.

QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, a Delaware 

corporation,

Defendant.

Case No. 5:17-cv-00220-LHK

DEFENDANT QUALCOMM 

INCORPORATED’S MOTION TO 

DISMISS AND MEMORANDUM OF 

POINTS AND AUTHORITIES IN 

SUPPORT

REDACTED VERSION OF DOCUMENT 

SOUGHT TO BE SEALED

Date: June 15, 2017

Time: 1:30 p.m.

Courtroom: 8, 4th Floor

Judge: Hon. Lucy H. Koh 
i

Motion to Dismiss—Case No. 5:17-CV-00220-LHK 

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NOTICE OF MOTION AND MOTION 

TO THE HONORABLE COURT, ALL PARTIES, AND THEIR ATTORNEYS OF RECORD: 

PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that on June 15, 2017, at 1:30 p.m., or as soon thereafter as the 

matter may be heard, in Courtroom 8, United States Courthouse, 280 South 1st Street, San Jose, 

California 95113, Defendant Qualcomm Incorporated will and hereby does move the Court for an 

order dismissing Plaintiff Federal Trade Commission’s (“FTC”) Complaint for Equitable Relief 

(ECF No. 1; the “Complaint”).

This motion is made pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and is based on 

the following ground: the Complaint fails to state a claim for relief under Section 5(a) of the FTC 

Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45(a). 

This motion is based on this Notice of Motion and the Memorandum of Points and 

Authorities in Support filed concurrently herewith, the pleadings and documents on file in this 

case, and other such argument as may be presented by counsel at the hearing on this motion. 

ISSUE TO BE DECIDED 

Whether the Complaint should be dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) because, even 

if the allegations in the Complaint are taken as true, it fails to state a claim under Section 5(a) of 

the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45(a). 
ii Motion to Dismiss—Case No. 5:17-CV-00220-LHK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................................iii

Preliminary Statement ..................................................................................................................... 1

Factual Background ........................................................................................................................ 4

Legal Standard ................................................................................................................................ 6

Argument ........................................................................................................................................ 7

I. THE FTC FAILS TO STATE A CLAIM OF UNLAWFUL 

MONOPOLIZATION. ........................................................................................................ 7

A. The FTC’s “Tax” Theory Does Not State a Claim of Unlawful 

Monopolization. ...................................................................................................... 8

1. Qualcomm’s Practice of Not Selling Chips to Infringers Does Not 

Exclude Competing Chip Suppliers. ........................................................... 8

a. The FTC has not pled facts showing that Qualcomm’s 

licensing terms are “elevated”. ........................................................ 9

b. The FTC has not pled facts supporting a claim that 

Qualcomm’s royalties have foreclosed other modem chip 

suppliers. ....................................................................................... 11

2. Qualcomm’s strategic funds and other similar incentive payments 

do not exclude competing chip suppliers. ................................................. 13

3. Qualcomm’s practice of licensing its patents only at the handset 

level is not exclusionary. ........................................................................... 14

B. The FTC’s “Exclusive Dealing” Theory Does Not State a Claim of 

Unlawful Monopolization. .................................................................................... 17

II. THE FTC FAILS TO STATE A CLAIM OF UNREASONABLE RESTRAINT 

OF TRADE. ...................................................................................................................... 21

III. THE FTC FAILS TO STATE A CLAIM OF “UNFAIR METHODS OF 

COMPETITION” UNDER SECTION 5(a) OF THE FTC ACT. .................................... 22

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 25
iii Motion to Dismiss—Case No. 5:17-CV-00220-LHK

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Page(s) 

Cases 

Abbyy USA Software House, Inc. v. Nuance Commc’ns Inc., No. 08-01035, 2008 

WL 4830740 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 6, 2008) .....................................................................................18

Allied Orthopedic Appliances, Inc. v. Tyco Health Care Grp. LP, 592 F.3d 991 

(9th Cir. 2010) ................................................................................................................... passim

Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Co., 920 F. Supp. 2d 1116 (N.D. Cal. 2013) ...................................15

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) .....................................................................................4, 6, 7

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) ...............................................................4, 6, 7, 10

Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209 (1993) ....................2, 13

Cascade Health Sols. v. PeaceHealth, 515 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. 2007) .............................................14

E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. FTC, 729 F.2d 128 (2d Cir. 1984) .....................................23, 24

Eastman v. Quest Diagnostics Inc., 108 F. Supp. 3d 827 (N.D. Cal. 2015) ...................................19

Emrich v. Touche Ross & Co., 846 F.2d 1190 (9th Cir. 1988) .........................................................7

Feitelson v. Google Inc., 80 F.Supp. 3d 1019 (N.D. Cal. 2015) .........................................14, 19, 22

In re Beltone Elecs. Corp., 100 F.T.C. 68 (1982) ...........................................................................19

In re Indep. Serv. Orgs. Antitrust Litig., 203 F.3d 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2000) ......................................15

JM Computer Servs., Inc. v. Schlumberger Technologier, Inc., No. C 95-20349 

JW, 1996 WL 241607 (N.D. Cal. May 3, 1996) .......................................................................22

John Doe 1 v. Abbott Labs., 571 F.3d 930 (9th Cir. 2009) .............................................................13

Kolon Indus. Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 748 F.3d 160 (4th Cir. 2014) ......................19

Leegin Creative Leather Prod., Inc. v. PSKS, Inc., 551 U.S. 877 (2007) .......................................21

Matter of Gen. Foods Corp., 103 F.T.C. 204 (1984) ................................................................23, 24

Name.Space, Inc. v. Internet Corp. for Assigned Names & Numbers, 795 F.3d 

1124 (9th Cir. 2015) ..............................................................................................................7, 21

Omega Envtl., Inc. v. Gilbarco, Inc., 127 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 1997) .............................................18
iv Motion to Dismiss—Case No. 5:17-CV-00220-LHK

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Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine Commc’ns, Inc., 555 U.S. 438 (2009) ....................... passim

Phillips v. Bureau of Prisons, 591 F.2d 966 (D.C. Cir. 1979) ..........................................................7

Rambus v. FTC, 522 F.3d 456 (D.C. Cir. 2008) ...................................................................3, 11, 15

Rheumatology Diagnostics Lab., Inc. v. Aetna, Inc., No. 12-CV-05847-WHO, 

2013 WL 5694452 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 18, 2013) ...........................................................................19

Rheumatology Diagnostics Lab., Inc. v. Aetna, Inc., No. 12-CV-05847-WHO, 

2014 WL 524076 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2014).........................................................................14, 20

Ryko Mfg. Co. v. Eden Servs., 823 F.2d 1215 (8th Cir. 1987) ........................................................18

Somers v. Apple, 729 F.3d 953 (9th Cir. 2013) .....................................................................6, 10, 16

Tampa Elec. Co. v. Nashville Coal Co., 365 U.S. 320 (1961) ..................................................19, 20

United States v. Colgate & Co., 250 U.S. 300 (1919) ....................................................................15

United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563 (1966) ......................................................................7

United States v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001) ......................................................7

Verizon Commc’ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398 

(2004) ................................................................................................................................ passim

Statutes & Rules 

15 U.S.C. § 1 ...................................................................................................................................21

15 U.S.C. § 2 .....................................................................................................................................7

15 U.S.C. § 45 .............................................................................................................................7, 22

Other Authorities 

2 Areeda & Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law (3d ed. 2007) ...................................................................22

3 Areeda & Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law (2d ed. Supp. 2006).........................................................14

1 ABA Section of Antitrust Law, Antitrust Law Developments (6th ed. 2007) ...............................7

Federal Trade Commission, Statement of Enforcement Principles Regarding 

“Unfair Methods of Competition” Under Section 5 of the Federal Trade 

Commission Act, 80 Fed. Reg. 57056-01 (Sept. 21, 2015) ......................................................23
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Preliminary Statement

After investigating Qualcomm for over two years, reviewing millions of documents and 

taking testimony from Qualcomm and third parties, the FTC filed a Complaint that does not plead 

facts supporting the basic elements of an antitrust claim and does not allege a plausible antitrust 

theory. Most strikingly, the Complaint does not contain any factual allegations of anticompetitive

harm to Qualcomm’s rivals in the supply of modem chips. Moreover, the Complaint’s theories of 

harm to competition are foreclosed by governing law and are implausible on their face. Each of 

these fundamental flaws is independently sufficient to warrant dismissal. 

The FTC asserts two theories under which Qualcomm’s conduct allegedly harms 

competition: (1) a “tax” theory; and (2) an exclusive dealing theory. The FTC’s “tax” theory is 

predicated primarily on Qualcomm’s unwillingness to sell its modem chips to firms that infringe 

its patents. The FTC contends that this practice allows Qualcomm to use its purportedly 

“dominant position” in the sale of certain types of modem chips to force its customers (cellular 

handset makers) to pay allegedly “elevated” royalties for the use of Qualcomm’s patented 

technologies. Although the FTC concedes that the same royalties are payable on all handsets, 

regardless of whether the handset uses a modem chip from Qualcomm or from a competitor, the 

FTC contends that the “elevated” royalties are a so-called “tax” specifically and only on the 

purchase of modem chips from Qualcomm’s rivals. The alleged effects of this purported “tax” 

are to diminish demand for competitors’ chips and reduce competitors’ margins.1 But the chipneutral nature of Qualcomm’s royalties—the fact that the royalties do not change based on the 

source of the modem chip—means that they do not and cannot create any incentive or 

disincentive for the handset maker to purchase any particular firm’s modem chip. From a 

customer’s perspective, the playing field between Qualcomm and its rivals is level for each 

modem chip sale. Whether the royalties are “elevated” or not, customers face no discriminatory 

penalty (or “tax”) for the purchase of competitors’ modem chips. 

The absence of any allegation of a discriminatory penalty on the purchase of rivals’ chips 

 

1

Federal Trade Commission’s Complaint for Equitable Relief, ECF No. 1 (the “Complaint”) 

¶¶ 87-95. Citations in the form of ¶ __ refer to the Complaint. 
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means that the FTC’s so-called “tax” theory boils down to a claim that Qualcomm charges “too 

much” for royalties and “too little” for chips, thereby “squeezing” the margin that Qualcomm’s 

chip-making rivals can make on their own chip sales. This is a “price squeeze” claim of the type 

squarely rejected by the Supreme Court in Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine 

Communications, Inc., 555 U.S. 438 (2009). As the Court made clear in linkLine, a vertically 

integrated firm such as Qualcomm has no independent duty under the Sherman Act to ensure that 

the price it charges for upstream inputs (here, royalties) is low enough, and the price it charges for 

downstream products (here, modem chips) is high enough, so as to leave a “fair” or “adequate” 

profit margin for its downstream competitors (here, other chip suppliers). A plaintiff complaining 

of squeezed margins must identify some other recognized violation of the antitrust laws, such as 

predatory pricing or the breach of an antitrust duty to deal with competitors. The FTC does not 

attempt to plead either type of violation, let alone plead facts sufficient to meet the high bars set 

for such claims by the Supreme Court in Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco 

Corp., 509 U.S. 209 (1993) (predatory pricing) and Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices 

of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398 (2004) (duty to deal). Re-labeling a squeeze claim as a 

“tax” cannot transform it into a viable basis for antitrust liability. linkLine, 555 U.S. at 457. 

The Complaint therefore fails to allege plausibly that Qualcomm’s royalties cause any 

exclusion of rival suppliers. Indeed, the Complaint does not allege a single instance in which a 

competing chip supplier failed to make a sale, changed its pricing, or suffered any other 

consequence because of Qualcomm’s patent royalties. Rather than point to such facts, the FTC’s

challenge to Qualcomm’s practice of not selling to infringers rests entirely on its speculative 

“tax” theory of harm; and the theory itself is foreclosed by black-letter law. 

In an attempt to support its so-called “tax” theory, the FTC points to two additional 

business practices. Neither supports a claim of anticompetitive harm: 

 The Complaint alleges that Qualcomm makes incentive payments to certain customers 

to maintain higher royalties that “exacerbate” the effect of the so-called “tax”.2

 But 

 

2

¶¶ 102-06. 
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the Complaint does not allege that these payments result in predatory pricing or have 

conditions that substantially foreclose competitors from making sales. 

 

 The Complaint also alleges that Qualcomm’s practice of licensing the manufacture 

and sale of handsets, rather than the manufacture and sale of handset components such 

as modem chips, violates Qualcomm’s commitments to cellular standard-setting 

organizations (“SSOs”) that Qualcomm would license its standard-essential patents on 

fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (“FRAND”) terms. But even if licensing only 

at the handset level were a FRAND violation (which it is not), a FRAND violation is 

not itself an antitrust violation. See Rambus v. FTC, 522 F.3d 456, 463-64 (D.C. Cir. 

2008). As the court held in Rambus, the challenged conduct must still cause 

exclusion, and the Complaint here alleges no facts plausibly indicating such harm. Id. 

Specifically, the Complaint does not allege that Qualcomm has ever sought to interfere 

with a competitor’s business by asserting its standard-essential (or any other) patents 

against a competitor; that rival chip suppliers are unable to compete without a license 

from Qualcomm; or that the lack of a license has actually excluded any competitor 

from making sales in any relevant market. Instead, the Complaint alleges only that a 

license from Qualcomm would “provide substantial benefits” to chip makers.3 But 

Qualcomm has no duty under the antitrust laws to assist its competitors. Trinko, 540 

U.S. 398. 

The FTC’s second theory—that Qualcomm’s now-expired agreements with Apple 

constituted unlawful exclusive dealing4—also fails to state a cognizable claim. To state a claim 

based on exclusive dealing, the FTC must allege foreclosure of rivals that is sufficient in 

 

3

¶ 113.

4

¶¶ 116-30. 
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magnitude and scope to deprive them of the opportunity to compete for efficient scale. But the 

Complaint does not allege facts indicating that the Apple agreements foreclosed a substantial 

portion of competition in any market; in fact, the Complaint does not allege anything at all about 

what portion of a purported market was allegedly foreclosed. Nor does it identify any competitor 

that was excluded. To the contrary, the Complaint concedes that Intel was able to garner a 

significant share of Apple’s modem chip business during the term of the challenged agreements. 

The FTC’s failure to allege any anticompetitive effect from this supposedly exclusive dealing 

arrangement with just one customer is fatal to the FTC’s second theory.

With no facts supporting a plausible theory of harm to competition, the FTC’s Complaint 

fails to meet the pleading standards of Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), and must be dismissed. 

Factual Background5

Qualcomm has invented multiple technologies that are fundamental to today’s cellular 

communications. (¶¶ 17; 54-56.) Rather than keep these fundamental inventions exclusively for 

its own use, Qualcomm has contributed the inventions to cellular and other SSOs, and continues 

to be a significant contributor of fundamental technology enabling the development of cellular 

standards. (¶¶ 54-56.) SSOs have chosen to incorporate thousands of patented Qualcomm 

inventions into their standards, including second-generation CDMA standards, third-generation 

standards (both UMTS and CDMA2000) and fourth-generation LTE standards. (¶¶ 54-56.) 

These patented technologies are practiced by all cellular phones and other mobile consumer 

products (collectively, “handsets”) that comply with those standards. (¶¶ 2, 21, 54-57.) The 

patents protecting such standardized technologies are therefore known as standard-essential 

patents (“SEPs”); SEPs are distinct from patents covering the thousands of Qualcomm 

technologies that are not part of any standard, and are therefore known as non-standard-essential 

patents (“non-SEPs”). Many of Qualcomm’s non-SEPs are also practiced by cellular handsets. 

For its SEPs (but not its other patents), Qualcomm has committed to the relevant SSOs that it will 

 

5 Qualcomm strongly disagrees with many allegations in the Complaint but accepts the factual 

allegations as true solely for purposes of this Motion.
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make licenses available for the manufacture and sale of handsets on fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory (“FRAND”) terms. (¶ 57.) 

Qualcomm has two primary business units: Qualcomm Technology Licensing (“QTL”) 

and Qualcomm CDMA Technologies (“QCT”). (¶ 17.) The QTL business unit licenses the 

makers of cellular handsets (referred to in the Complaint as original equipment manufacturers 

(“OEMs”)) to make and sell handsets that practice Qualcomm’s patented technologies, in return 

for the payment of royalties and other consideration. (¶¶ 58, 143.) Qualcomm grants exhaustive 

licenses to its patented technologies—including SEPs and non-SEPs—at the handset level; and 

Qualcomm neither asserts its patents against, nor seeks royalties from, the makers of any handset 

components. (¶¶ 59, 113, 114.) 

Qualcomm’s other main business unit, QCT, designs and sells to OEMs certain handset 

components, including modem chips.6 (¶¶ 17, 20, 21.) Modem chips perform a subset of the 

functions necessary to allow a handset to communicate with a cellular network. (¶ 20.) The 

Complaint alleges that Qualcomm is “dominant” in the supply of modem chips for handsets that 

comply with CDMA standards and in the supply of “premium” modem chips for handsets that 

comply with LTE standards. (¶ 31.) It does not allege that Qualcomm is or has been “dominant” 

in the supply of other modem chips, such as modem chips for handsets that comply with UMTS 

standards or “non-premium” modem chips for handsets that comply with LTE standards.

The royalties that the QTL business unit receives are separate from the price of any 

modem chip or other component an OEM chooses to purchase from QCT. (¶ 88.) The royalties 

are compensation for the use of Qualcomm’s broader patented technologies, rather than 

compensation for merely the use of QCT’s modem chips or other singular components in the 

handset. (¶¶ 88, 143.) OEMs need a license to Qualcomm’s technologies because all handsets 

practice Qualcomm’s SEPs, as well as many of its non-SEPs, regardless of whether the handsets 

include any components from Qualcomm. (¶¶ 2, 57-58, 94.) Notably, the Complaint does not 

 

6

The Complaint generally refers to these products as “baseband processors” but notes that they 

may also be referred to as “chips”, “chipsets” or “modems”. (¶ 20.) While these terms are not in 

fact interchangeable, for purposes of this Motion Qualcomm will, for simplicity, use the term 

“modem chips”. 
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allege that Qualcomm charges a higher royalty for handsets that incorporate its competitors’ 

components than it does for handsets that incorporate Qualcomm components. (See ¶¶ 63, 94.) 

QCT does not sell modem chips to OEMs that do not have a license to Qualcomm’s SEPs. 

(¶ 68.) By definition, unlicensed OEMs making standard-compliant handsets infringe 

Qualcomm’s SEPs. (¶¶ 21-24, 70.) If QCT did not have this practice, it would be facilitating 

infringement of Qualcomm’s patents, and Qualcomm would risk claims that its knowing sale of 

chips to an unlicensed OEM had exhausted its patent rights or provided the purchaser with an 

implied license to Qualcomm’s patents. (¶ 66.) Because Qualcomm receives compensation for 

its patents exclusively through royalties rather than through the price of its chips (¶ 88), a finding 

of exhaustion or implied license would enable an unlicensed OEM to practice at least some of 

Qualcomm’s SEPs and non-SEPs for free, and thereby harm Qualcomm’s ability to earn a return 

on its R&D investments in developing cellular technologies (¶ 143). 

Legal Standard

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual material, 

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). A complaint may be dismissed if it “either (1) lacks a 

cognizable legal theory or (2) fails to allege sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory”. 

Somers v. Apple, 729 F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir. 2013). “[A] plaintiff’s obligation to provide the 

grounds of his entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions”, as courts “are 

not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation” and “[f]actual 

allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level”. Twombly, 

550 U.S. at 555 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In “abrogat[ing] the usual notice 

pleading rule”, Somers, 729 F.3d at 959, the Supreme Court recognized that antitrust cases 

involve particularly complex discovery, Twombly, 550 U.S. at 558-59. Thus, “insistence on 

specificity of facts is warranted before permitting a case to proceed into costly and protracted 

discovery in an antitrust case”. Somers, 729 F.3d at 966. 

Moreover, when considering a motion to dismiss an antitrust case, a court must determine 

whether a claim is plausible “under basic economic principles”. Id. at 964. A complaint that 
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pleads facts that are “merely consistent with a defendant’s liability . . . stops short of the line 

between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief”. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (internal 

quotation marks omitted) (quoting Twombly, 555 U.S. at 557). The Complaint here offers at most 

a “possibility” theory, and thus fails to meet the Twombly standard.7

Argument

The Complaint challenges practices that are fundamental to the structure of Qualcomm’s 

business, but fails to plead facts demonstrating that any of these practices, alone or in 

combination, violates the antitrust laws by causing harm to competition in the supply of modem 

chips. This failure, after more than two years of pre-Complaint investigation, reflects the fact that 

the FTC not only has not, but cannot, plead facts stating a plausible claim of competitive harm. 

I. THE FTC FAILS TO STATE A CLAIM OF UNLAWFUL MONOPOLIZATION. 

To sustain a claim of monopolization under Section 2 of the Sherman Act,8the FTC must 

plausibly plead “(1) the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market, and (2) the willful 

acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a 

consequence of superior product, business acumen, or historic accident”. United States v. 

Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 570-71 (1966); see also Name.Space, Inc. v. Internet Corp. for 

Assigned Names & Numbers, 795 F.3d 1124, 1131 (9th Cir. 2015). The second prong requires 

that conduct be “exclusionary”, and “to be condemned as exclusionary, a monopolist’s act must 

have ‘anticompetitive effect’. That is, it must harm the competitive process . . . .” United States 

v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34, 58 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (emphasis in original). The Complaint 

 

7

See also Federal Trade Commission, Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Maureen K. 

Ohlhausen, In the Matter of Qualcomm, Inc., https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/ 

170117qualcomm_mko_dissenting_statement_17-1-17a.pdf (the “Ohlhausen Dissent”). Acting 

Chairman Ohlhausen’s dissenting statement is appropriately considered on a motion to dismiss. 

See Emrich v. Touche Ross & Co., 846 F.2d 1190, 1198 (9th Cir. 1988) (“the court may properly 

look . . . to matters of general public record” on a motion to dismiss (internal quotation marks 

omitted) (quoting Phillips v. Bureau of Prisons, 591 F.2d 966, 969 (D.C. Cir. 1979))). 

8 Although the FTC has brought this action pursuant to its authority under Section 5 of the FTC 

Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45, the substantive standards applicable to the FTC’s monopolization claim 

(¶ 147.a) are governed by Section 2 of the Sherman Act. 15 U.S.C. § 2; see also 1 ABA Section 

of Antitrust Law, Antitrust Law Developments 647 (6th ed. 2007) (“[A]lthough the Commission 

may not directly enforce the Sherman Act, it may prohibit as an ‘unfair method of competition’ 

under Section 5 of the FTC Act conduct that violates the Sherman Act.”).
8

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articulates two theories of anticompetitive harm: (1) a so-called “tax” theory based on certain 

features of Qualcomm’s licensing business; and (2) an exclusive dealing theory based on 

Qualcomm’s agreements with a single customer, Apple. The FTC has not successfully pled a 

monopolization claim under either theory because it has not alleged facts that, if proven, would 

support a finding that Qualcomm’s conduct excludes other modem chip suppliers from a relevant 

market. 

A. The FTC’s “Tax” Theory Does Not State a Claim of Unlawful Monopolization.

The Complaint’s “tax” theory focuses on three practices: (1) not selling chips to OEMs 

that infringe Qualcomm’s patents, (2) , and 

(3) licensing only at the handset level and not the component level. None of these practices, 

alone or in combination, causes the anticompetitive exclusion of rival modem chip suppliers. 

1. Qualcomm’s Practice of Not Selling Chips to Infringers Does Not Exclude 

Competing Chip Suppliers. 

The Complaint recognizes that all cellular handsets necessarily practice Qualcomm’s 

cellular SEPs, and that if an OEM is unlicensed, its handsets necessarily infringe those patents. 

(¶¶ 21-24, 54-56, 70.) Such infringers do not pay for their use of technologies that Qualcomm 

invested considerable resources to develop, and Qualcomm does not assist them in their 

infringement by selling them modem chips. The Complaint condemns this unwillingness to sell 

to infringers (which it pejoratively calls a “no license no chips policy”) as the first step in a means 

to monopolize certain alleged markets for modem chips. This is so, according to the FTC, 

because: (1) OEMs need certain Qualcomm modem chips so badly that to get those chips, they 

agree to pay “elevated” royalties for Qualcomm’s patents; and (2) these royalties operate as a 

“tax” that diminishes demand for non-Qualcomm chips, and thereby excludes competing chip 

suppliers. 

The Complaint fails to plead facts to support either of these assertions, or that 

Qualcomm’s practice has caused actual competitive harm in any modem chip market. At most, 

the FTC’s conjecture as to how anticompetitive harm potentially might occur rests on a “price 

squeeze” theory that was rejected by the Supreme Court in linkLine, and which is not plausible 
9

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under basic economic principles. 

a. The FTC has not pled facts showing that Qualcomm’s licensing 

terms are “elevated”.

The first step of the FTC’s theory is that the royalties OEMs pay on handset sales are 

“elevated” because they include “an added increment that OEMs pay Qualcomm to avoid 

disruption of processor supply”. (¶ 86.) Put differently, the FTC alleges that the royalties OEMs 

pay to Qualcomm reflect “not only the value of its patents, but also its monopoly power in 

baseband processors”. (¶ 143.) This is a necessary building block to the FTC’s claim; absent 

“elevated” royalties, Qualcomm’s royalties would, by the FTC’s own allegations, reflect 

procompetitive, fair compensation for use of Qualcomm’s patented inventions rather than an 

“added increment” or “tax” arising from alleged chip market power. (Id.) 

But the FTC does not plead any facts purporting to show what Qualcomm’s royalties 

should be or by how much they are purportedly “elevated”. Nor does the FTC allege that 

Qualcomm’s royalty rates are actually unreasonable or above a FRAND level.9 Instead, the FTC 

speculates that Qualcomm’s alleged “dominance” in chips provides the opportunity for it to 

increase its royalties because OEMs cannot seek judicial determinations of FRAND royalty 

rates.10 Absent, however, is any allegation that, in fact, the royalties that OEMs have agreed to 

pay for Qualcomm’s SEPs are higher than what would result from a judicial determination. Nor 

does it plead facts regarding how Qualcomm’s practice actually affected the royalty rates agreed 

to by any licensee in the real world. Without such alleged facts, the key premise of the FTC’s 

theory—that royalties are “elevated”—is without support. In lieu of facts, the Complaint presents 

the FTC’s theoretical view of how patent licensing negotiations should ideally be conducted. The 

Complaint’s bare-bones pleading of a hypothetical negotiation process cannot survive a motion to 

dismiss. 

Moreover, the FTC’s unsupported theory conflicts with the few facts actually alleged. For 

 

9

“Rather than allege that Qualcomm charges above-FRAND royalties, the complaint dances 

around that essential element”. See Ohlhausen Dissent, at 1. 

10 ¶¶ 4, 78. 
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example, if Qualcomm’s royalty rates are “elevated” because of its purported market power in 

chips, then one would expect those rates to vary depending on when and whether Qualcomm had 

such power. But the Complaint acknowledges that “Qualcomm has historically offered licenses 

to OEMs at a base royalty rate of about 5% of the net selling price” of a cellular handset (¶ 58), 

and it does not allege that this single “historically offered” rate has varied in any way related to 

Qualcomm’s market power. For example, the Complaint does not allege that Qualcomm 

increased its rate after purportedly acquiring power in any chip market. See Somers, 729 F.3d at 

964 (“overcharge” theory was contradicted by the fact that Apple sold songs at the same price 

before it allegedly gained market power). Nor does the Complaint allege that Qualcomm charges 

a higher royalty on handsets that contain CDMA and “premium” LTE modem chips (where it 

allegedly has market power), and a lower royalty on handsets that contain UMTS and “nonpremium” LTE modem chips (where no market power is alleged). Likewise, the Complaint does 

not allege that Qualcomm charges a lower royalty to OEMs that do not purchase modem chips 

from Qualcomm, and therefore are not subject to the “dominance” Qualcomm allegedly has over 

the supply of certain chips. Qualcomm’s historical 5% rate cannot include “an added increment” 

reflecting Qualcomm’s alleged market power if Qualcomm obtained that same rate regardless of 

whether an OEM used chips over which Qualcomm had such power. These pleading deficiencies 

defeat a central premise of the FTC’s theory. See Twombly, 555 U.S. at 568 (recognizing 

implausibility of claim where “the complaint itself” contained allegations inconsistent with the 

claimed anticompetitive scheme).

Even more fundamentally, the FTC’s theory of “elevated” royalties is contradicted by 

other allegations in the Complaint. As the Complaint acknowledges, Qualcomm’s royalties for its 

cellular SEPs are constrained by its FRAND commitments, and potential licensees can “resort to 

remedies available from courts in the event of a disagreement” over license terms. (¶ 51.) 

According to the Complaint, OEMs are reluctant to challenge Qualcomm’s proposed royalty rates 

because of concern regarding loss of access to Qualcomm’s modem chips. But the Complaint 

also alleges that some unspecified OEMs do push back against Qualcomm’s desired royalty 

terms. (¶¶ 102-104.) 
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 This contradiction undermines the FTC’s “tax” theory. 

b. The FTC has not pled facts supporting a claim that Qualcomm’s 

royalties have foreclosed other modem chip suppliers. 

Even if the FTC had alleged facts sufficient to show that Qualcomm’s royalties are 

“elevated” as compared to some undefined benchmark, such an allegation would not state a 

violation of the antitrust laws. “Elevated” royalties are not themselves unlawful. See, e.g.,

Rambus, 522 F.3d at 464 (“an otherwise lawful monopolist’s use of deception simply to obtain 

higher prices normally has no particular tendency to exclude rivals and thus to diminish 

competition”). To survive dismissal, the FTC must allege anticompetitive effects—namely 

exclusion of competitors. But the FTC has not pled facts demonstrating such exclusion. At best, 

the FTC states a “price squeeze” theory that fails under the Supreme Court’s decision in linkLine. 

The FTC contends that Qualcomm’s royalties operate as a “tax” that “increases the all-in 

cost to an OEM of using a competitor’s baseband processor” (¶ 89), and thereby “diminishes 

OEMs’ demand for those processors” (¶ 90). But the only way the alleged increase in “all-in 

cost” can have an exclusionary effect on competitors is if it increases the “all-in cost” of using 

competitors’ modem chips by more than it increases the “all-in cost” of using Qualcomm’s 

modem chips, thereby creating a disincentive for OEMs to buy from Qualcomm’s competitors. 

The FTC does not allege any such disparity. To the contrary, it affirmatively acknowledges that 

OEMs pay the same royalties when they buy Qualcomm chips as when they buy non-Qualcomm 

chips. (¶ 63 (alleging that Qualcomm’s practices “raise the all-in prices that OEMs must pay on 

both Qualcomm baseband processors and those supplied by Qualcomm’s competitors” (emphasis 
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added)), ¶ 94 (“OEMs must pay [the royalty] regardless of whether they use baseband processors 

supplied by Qualcomm or a Qualcomm competitor”).) Thus, the Complaint alleges facts that 

contradict the FTC’s theory. The Complaint does not allege facts indicating how Qualcomm’s 

royalties could cause OEMs to prefer Qualcomm’s modem chips over a competitor’s modem 

chips. There is therefore no basis to infer that Qualcomm’s conduct created any disadvantage for 

rival chip suppliers in their efforts to win business from OEMs. Put simply, because there is no 

difference in royalty rates, there is no “tax” on competitors’ products, and there is no foreclosure 

of competition.11 

Having failed to allege any disparity caused by Qualcomm’s licensing rates in the 

incentives faced by OEMs when selecting modem chips, the FTC’s “tax” claim is, at best, a 

“price squeeze” claim of the sort the Supreme Court squarely rejected as an independent basis of 

antitrust liability in linkLine. The Complaint asserts that a “reduction in Qualcomm’s royalties 

would have a substantial impact on competitors’ margins and abilities and incentives to invest 

and innovate”. (¶ 92.) In other words, the FTC asserts that if Qualcomm’s royalties were lower, 

competitors would be able to raise their chip prices, earn more money, and use that money to 

invest and innovate. (¶¶ 87, 93.) 

linkLine forecloses such a claim. In linkLine, 555 U.S. 438, the plaintiff purchased digital 

subscriber line (“DSL”) network access from AT&T and also competed with AT&T in the 

downstream market for retail DSL internet services. The plaintiff alleged that AT&T was 

increasing the price of DSL network access for the plaintiff in the upstream input market, and 

then charging lower prices for retail DSL subscriptions to consumers downstream. This led the 

plaintiff to charge lower retail prices to stay competitive, meaning that the plaintiff earned 

slimmer margins. The Supreme Court declined to recognize this “price squeeze” theory as an 

independent basis for liability, holding that a vertically integrated monopolist “is certainly not 

required to price . . . in a manner that preserves its rivals’ profit margins”. Id. at 452. Thus, 

 

11 The FTC appears to consider the chip-neutral nature of Qualcomm’s royalties to be 

anticompetitive, but a chip-neutral licensing practice is self-evidently procompetitive in that it 

creates a level playing field for competing chip makers. Were Qualcomm to charge higher 

royalties on handsets that use its competitors’ chips, competitors would surely complain.
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under linkLine, Qualcomm has no obligation to ensure that the royalty rates charged to OEMs 

leave “room” to preserve chip suppliers’ margins. An allegation of price squeeze does not 

support an antitrust claim in the absence of pleading some other independent antitrust violation—

either a predatory pricing claim that meets the requirements set forth in Brooke Group, 509 U.S. 

209, or a claim of breach of an antitrust duty to deal that meets the requirements set forth in 

Trinko, 540 U.S. 398. See linkLine, 555 U.S. at 457. Because the FTC does not attempt to plead 

either violation, and does not provide facts that would support either violation, it does not state a 

monopolization claim. Id.; see also John Doe 1 v. Abbott Labs., 571 F.3d 930, 935 (9th Cir. 

2009) (no monopolization claim for a monopolist drug manufacturer raising the price on an input 

used by competitors).

In sum, merely invoking the word “tax” does not alter the substantive antitrust analysis 

required to evaluate whether the FTC has stated a plausible claim. Even if a “tax effect” is 

claimed, the FTC must still plead facts that, if proven, would show that Qualcomm’s conduct 

“substantially foreclosed competition”. The FTC has not done so. It has not pled facts 

supporting its claim that Qualcomm’s practice of not selling modem chips to infringing OEMs 

resulted in exclusion. And its theory of how such exclusion could potentially occur is both 

logically and legally flawed. 

2. Qualcomm’s strategic funds and other similar incentive payments do not 

exclude competing chip suppliers. 

The FTC also alleges that Qualcomm “has exacerbated the exclusionary effect of its tax” 

by making incentive payments— —that reduce the “all-in cost” of purchasing 

Qualcomm’s modem chips. (¶¶ 102-03; see also ¶ 89.) This allegation fails because, as noted 

above, the FTC has not properly pled any exclusionary effect caused by the so-called “tax”, and 

thus there is nothing to “exacerbate”. The allegation also fails on its own terms. Specifically, the 

FTC does not allege 

 See Brooke Group, 509 U.S. at 223 (“As 

a general rule, the exclusionary effect of prices above a relevant measure of cost either reflects the 
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lower cost structure of the alleged predator, and so represents competition on the merits, or is 

beyond the practical ability of a judicial tribunal to control without courting intolerable risks of 

chilling legitimate price-cutting.”); Cascade Health Sols. v. PeaceHealth, 515 F.3d 883, 895 

(9th Cir. 2007) (“‘[t]he great majority of discounting practices are procompetitive’ and ‘reflect 

hard bargaining’” (quoting 3 Areeda & Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law § 749b, at 324 (2d ed. Supp. 

2006))).

Putting aside this shortcoming, the challenge also fails because the 

Complaint does not allege what portion of 

the alleged relevant markets is affected thereby. Absent such factual allegations as to the degree 

of purported foreclosure, there is no basis on which to infer competitive harm. Cf. Feitelson v. 

Google Inc., 80 F.Supp. 3d 1019, 1031-32 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (dismissing claim due to failure to 

allege facts that quantified the extent to which the relevant market was foreclosed); Rheumatology 

Diagnostics Lab., Inc. v. Aetna, Inc., No. 12-CV-05847-WHO, 2014 WL 524076 at *11 (N.D. 

Cal. Feb. 6, 2014) (dismissing claim because “[w]ithout showing any changes in shares” as a 

result of the challenged conduct, the court could not determine whether any market foreclosure 

had occurred). 

In addition, as discussed above, Qualcomm either has the power to compel OEMs to 

accept “elevated” license terms, or it does not have that power and thus must offer incentives to 

achieve those terms. Both conditions cannot be true at the same time. For this reason as well, the 

alleged incentive payments cannot “exacerbate” the “tax”. (See supra Part I.A.1.a.) As the 

FTC’s strategic fund allegations are entirely inconsistent with the core premise of the “tax” 

theory, they do not support the FTC’s claim. 

3. Qualcomm’s practice of licensing its patents only at the handset level is not 

exclusionary. 

The Complaint further alleges that Qualcomm’s practice of licensing the manufacture and 

sale of handsets and not the manufacture and sale of components such as modem chips (¶¶ 58, 59) 

“bolsters” the so-called “tax” on competitors’ sales. (¶¶ 6, 115). Again, these allegations fail 

both because the tax theory fails, leaving nothing to “bolster”, as well as on their own terms.
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The accused conduct is a refusal to grant certain types of licenses. But “as a general 

matter, the Sherman Act ‘does not restrict the long recognized right of [a] trader or manufacturer 

engaged in an entirely private business, freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to 

parties with whom he will deal.’” Trinko, 540 U.S. at 408 (quoting United States v. Colgate & 

Co., 250 U.S. 300, 307 (1919)). This principle holds true with respect to the licensing of patents. 

See In re Indep. Serv. Orgs. Antitrust Litig., 203 F.3d 1322, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (patentee is 

“under no obligation to sell or license its patented parts and d[oes] not violate the antitrust laws 

by refusing to do so”). The FTC does not allege any exception to that principle.12

Rather than allege an antitrust duty to deal, the FTC contends that Qualcomm’s practice 

violates its FRAND commitments to SSOs (¶ 112). Even if that were true (which it is not), 

alleging a FRAND violation is not enough to make out an antitrust claim without also alleging 

that the purported violation caused actual harm to competition. Rambus v. FTC, 522 F.3d 456, 

466 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (“an otherwise lawful monopolist’s end-run around price constraints, even 

when deceptive or fraudulent, does not alone present a harm to competition in the monopolized 

market”); see also Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Co., 920 F. Supp. 2d 1116, 1142 (N.D. Cal. 

2013) (“Regarding FRAND obligations, [defendant’s] licensing behavior could only give rise to 

Sherman Act liability if it constituted anticompetitive behavior.”). The Complaint does not 

satisfy this requirement because it does not allege facts from which it can plausibly be inferred 

that Qualcomm’s conduct caused any harm to competition in the allegedly affected markets. For 

example, the Complaint does not allege that Qualcomm has ever sought to interfere with a 

competitor’s CDMA or premium LTE business by asserting its cellular SEPs (or any other 

patents) against the competitor. The Complaint does not allege that rival chip suppliers are 

unable to compete in these alleged markets without a license to Qualcomm’s cellular SEPs. The 

Complaint also does not allege that the lack of a license to Qualcomm’s cellular SEPs has ever 

 

12 The duty to deal must arise under the antitrust laws rather than under some other body of law. 

See linkLine, 555 U.S. at 445-46. In linkLine, AT&T had an obligation under Federal 

Communications Commission regulations to sell DSL network access to its competitors. Because 

that obligation was not an “antitrust duty to deal”, however, the Supreme Court found that it was 

not sufficient to support the plaintiff’s claim. Id. (emphasis added). 
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actually prevented any competitor from making chip sales. To the contrary, the Complaint 

acknowledges that Intel, MediaTek and Samsung continue to compete against Qualcomm in the 

sale of modem chips without having a license. (¶¶ 34, 35, 45, 112, 139.) 

Instead, all the FTC alleges is that “[a] license to Qualcomm’s cellular SEPs would 

provide substantial benefits to other baseband processor suppliers and their customers” by 

enabling rival chip suppliers to “offer OEMs baseband processors that convey the rights to 

Qualcomm’s cellular SEPs”. (¶ 113.) In other words, the Complaint merely alleges that 

Qualcomm does not assist its rivals by affirmatively granting them a license that would provide 

them with “substantial benefits”. (Id.) But, as noted, Qualcomm has no antitrust duty to assist 

competitors, and withholding undefined and unquantified “benefits” from competitors is not 

unlawful exclusion. See Trinko, 540 U.S. at 408; Allied Orthopedic Appliances, Inc. v. Tyco 

Health Care Grp. LP, 592 F.3d 991, 1002 (9th Cir. 2010) (“a monopolist has no duty to help its 

competitors survive or expand when introducing an improved product design”).

Moreover, the Complaint alleges additional facts that affirmatively negate any inference 

that Qualcomm’s supposed breach of FRAND commitments caused any anticompetitive effect. 

Specifically, the Complaint asserts that chip suppliers are ideally situated to enforce Qualcomm’s 

FRAND commitments, and could easily do so if they believed Qualcomm was violating its 

FRAND commitments in a way that harmed their competitiveness. It alleges (incorrectly) that 

Qualcomm’s FRAND commitments require it to license its patents to chip makers (¶ 108), and 

that any potential licensee can “resort to remedies available from courts” to enforce those 

commitments (¶ 51). It also alleges that Qualcomm does not have any leverage over competing 

chip suppliers that would prevent them from seeking such enforcement against Qualcomm 

(¶ 114). Assuming for present purposes the truth of these allegations, nothing would prevent 

competitors from bringing an action against Qualcomm for a FRAND license, if one was truly 

required. Yet there is no allegation in the Complaint that any component supplier has ever 

pursued such an action. The natural inference from these allegations is that competing chip 

suppliers do not believe they need a license from Qualcomm, or do not believe that Qualcomm 

has any obligation to grant them such a license (or both). Either way, the Complaint does not 
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allege facts indicating a FRAND violation resulting in exclusion. Somers, 729 F.3d at 965 

(holding that a theory must “rise beyond mere conceivability or possibility” when an alternative, 

more likely explanation is available).13

Finally, the FTC’s allegation that Qualcomm’s unwillingness to license the manufacture 

and sale of modem chips “bolsters its ability to maintain elevated royalties” (¶ 6) is internally 

inconsistent for yet another reason. The FTC apparently assumes that (i) OEMs that purchased 

chips from licensed chip suppliers would need to license fewer patents directly from Qualcomm, 

and (ii) that by licensing fewer patents directly from Qualcomm, such OEMs would be less 

susceptible to paying “elevated” royalties.14

 But under the FTC’s primary theory, the allegedly 

“elevated” royalties charged by Qualcomm reflect Qualcomm’s purported dominance in certain 

chip markets, and have nothing to do with the size or scope of Qualcomm’s patent portfolio. 

Thus, under the FTC’s own theory, a reduction in the number of patents licensed at the handset 

level would have no effect on Qualcomm’s purported power to obtain “elevated” royalties.

B. The FTC’s “Exclusive Dealing” Theory Does Not State a Claim of Unlawful 

Monopolization.

The Complaint’s exclusive dealing theory, which is based on a set of now-expired 

agreements with a single customer, Apple, also fails, because here too the FTC does not allege the 

requisite anticompetitive effects to support a claim under the antitrust laws. In fact, the 

Complaint fails to identify any competitor foreclosed by the agreements and concedes that at least 

one competitor gained substantial business with Apple during the term of the agreements. 

The Complaint’s allegations are particularly thin here. In one instance Qualcomm 

allegedly gave a rebate to Apple with a condition that has nothing to do with the purchase of 

 

13 In contrast to the Complaint’s emphasis on the allegedly “anomalous” nature of Qualcomm’s 

unwillingness to sell chips to infringers, the Complaint does not allege that Qualcomm is alone in 

licensing its cellular SEPs only at the handset level. Indeed, the FTC does not allege that any 

other cellular SEP holder grants the kind of licenses it contends Qualcomm is obligated to grant. 

This further undercuts the plausibility of the contention that chip-level licenses are necessary for 

modem chip suppliers to compete effectively or that they are required by commitments to SSOs. 

14 The Complaint does not allege that OEMs purchasing licensed chips from Qualcomm’s 

competitors would not need a license from Qualcomm at all, i.e., that the sale of a licensed chip 

would exhaust all of Qualcomm’s patent rights.
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modem chips.15 In two other agreements Qualcomm allegedly gave Apple “conditional rebates” 

on chip purchases. (¶¶ 121-24.) Based solely on these allegations, the Complaint asserts that 

these agreements amounted to “de facto exclusive deals”. (¶ 125.) These allegations are 

woefully deficient to establish exclusivity. Conditional pricing arrangements do not 

automatically constitute de facto exclusive dealing. See Allied Orthopedic Appliances, 592 F.3d 

at 996-97 (plaintiff failed to show why customers could not forego the discount and purchase 

from a competitor). But even if the agreements were a sufficient basis to allege exclusivity 

(which they are not), the Complaint fails to allege facts essential to make exclusivity unlawful: it 

does not indicate what portion of the purported market was allegedly foreclosed by the Apple 

agreements, or which competitors were purportedly excluded from that market. Thus, the FTC 

has not sufficiently pled anticompetitive effects resulting from the Apple agreements. 

Under the antitrust laws, “there are well-recognized economic benefits to exclusive 

dealing arrangements”.16 Id. at 996 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Omega Envtl., 

Inc. v. Gilbarco, Inc., 127 F.3d 1157, 1162 (9th Cir. 1997)). Thus, an allegation of de facto 

exclusive dealing is not enough to sustain a monopolization claim. See Abbyy USA Software 

House, Inc. v. Nuance Commc’ns Inc., No. 08-01035, 2008 WL 4830740, at *2 (N.D. Cal. 

Nov. 6, 2008) (“Virtually every contract forecloses the market or excludes other sellers from 

some portion of the market.”). Rather, an exclusive dealing arrangement leads to unlawful 

monopolization only if “its effect is to ‘foreclose competition in a substantial share of the line of 

commerce affected’”. Allied Orthopedic Appliances, 592 F.3d at 996 (quoting Omega Envtl., 

127 F.3d at 1162). “Establishing that a substantial share of the relevant market is foreclosed is 

necessary because, for the monopolist’s conduct to adversely affect competition, ‘the 

 

15 The FTC does not allege that payments under the 2007 agreement described in ¶ 120 were 

conditioned on Apple not purchasing chips from Qualcomm’s competitors (or were in any way 

related to chip sales) or that the 2007 agreement excluded any rival from making sales to Apple. 

16 Exclusive deals, for example, can offer some measure of protection to incentivize companies 

like Qualcomm to undertake relationship-specific investments that would otherwise have been too 

risky. See, e.g., Ryko Mfg. Co. v. Eden Servs., 823 F.2d 1215, 1234 n.17 (8th Cir. 1987) (where a 

supplier has made significant marketing investments for the benefit of a customer, terms to 

protect the investment such as an exclusive dealing provision can help prevent rivals from freeriding on the supplier’s investment into promoting the customer’s products). 
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opportunities for other traders to enter into or remain in that market must be significantly 

limited.’” Eastman v. Quest Diagnostics Inc., 108 F. Supp. 3d 827, 834 (N.D. Cal. 2015) 

(quoting Kolon Indus. Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 748 F.3d 160, 175 (4th Cir. 2014)). 

While there is no precise “substantiality” test, the Supreme Court has explained with respect to 

exclusive dealing: 

To determine substantiality in a given case, it is necessary to weigh 

the probable effect of the contract on the relevant area of effective 

competition, taking into account the relative strength of the parties, 

the proportionate volume of commerce involved in relation to the 

total volume of commerce in the relevant market area, and the 

probable immediate and future effects which pre-emption of that 

share of the market might have on effective competition therein. 

Id. at 835 (quoting Tampa Elec. Co. v. Nashville Coal Co., 365 U.S. 320, 329 (1961)). The 

FTC’s own exclusive dealing jurisprudence recognizes that “a proper analysis of exclusive 

dealing arrangements should take into account market definition, the amount of foreclosure in the 

relevant markets, the duration of the contracts, the extent to which entry is deterred, and the 

reasonable justifications, if any, for the exclusivity.” In re Beltone Elecs. Corp., 100 F.T.C. 68, 

92 (1982). The FTC does not make any factual allegations that, taken as true, would meet these 

legal standards and support a finding of substantial foreclosure resulting from Qualcomm’s 

agreements with Apple. 

First, the FTC does not allege what portion of the purported market Apple occupies or 

what portion was foreclosed. Cf. Feitelson, 80 F. Supp. 3d at 1032 (absent allegations indicating 

“the actual portion of general Internet search that consists of handheld search . . . the Court is 

unable to infer that the [agreements], which cover only a portion of the handheld search market, 

substantially foreclose competition in the market for general Internet search”); Rheumatology 

Diagnostics Lab., Inc. v. Aetna, Inc., No. 12-CV-05847-WHO, 2013 WL 5694452, at *11 (N.D. 

Cal. Oct. 18, 2013) (“courts typically look (at least initially) to the percentage share of the 

relevant market foreclosed by the challenged agreement to determine whether the agreement is 

unreasonable”). Instead, the FTC merely asserts that Apple was “particularly important” (¶¶ 3.d, 

8, 129)—without any allegation of its relative size, of how many other “important” premium LTE 

chip customers there are and the portion of the alleged market they occupy, or of the ability of 
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Qualcomm’s competitors to provide similar benefits to those allegedly provided by Qualcomm to 

Apple. See, e.g., Rheumatology, 2014 WL 524076, at *10 (dismissal of an exclusive dealing 

claim was based on the plaintiff’s failure to allege “what market participants there are; how the 

agreement affected . . . any . . . market participant’s share; whether there are other purchasers in 

the relevant market to which market participants may turn . . .; or how competition has been 

harmed” (internal quotation marks omitted)).17 Nor does the Complaint allege that premium LTE 

chips are used only in what it calls “premium-tier” handsets, which further obscures how much of 

the alleged market for such chips is supposedly foreclosed. In short, the Complaint does not 

allege sufficient facts to show “the probable effect of the contract[s] on the relevant area of 

effective competition”. Tampa Elec., 365 U.S. at 329. 

Second, the Complaint does not identify any competitor that was purportedly excluded 

from the alleged market, nor does it allege that any of Qualcomm’s competitors was even capable

of supplying Apple’s “demanding technical requirements” (¶ 129.c) prior to Intel’s securing the 

business in September 2016. If no other supplier could serve the demand, then no other supplier 

was foreclosed. This is a critical point here, given the FTC’s focus on a purported market that 

comprises only modem chips that contain the most “advanced” features, i.e., features that only 

one or a small number of chip suppliers could offer at any given time. 

Third, the Complaint acknowledges that Intel began supplying premium LTE modem 

chips to Apple while the challenged agreements were in effect. (See ¶ 45 (Intel “began to supply 

a portion of Apple’s baseband processor requirements for the iPhone 7”), ¶ 126 (Qualcomm was 

no longer Apple’s exclusive supplier as of September 2016); see also ¶¶ 8, 122-23 (describing the 

agreements as extending “through 2016”).) By itself, this definitively refutes any notion that the 

agreements foreclosed all competitor sales to Apple—which makes the absence of allegations 

about what portion of the purported market was foreclosed all the more glaring. When coupled 

with other allegations in the Complaint, this admission also refutes the notion that any sales to 

 

17 The allegation that Apple “sells large volumes of premium handsets” (¶ 129.a) adds nothing. 

The FTC has not attempted to define a market for “premium handsets”, and the Complaint does 

not allege the relative size of Apple’s premium handset sales compared to other firms’ premium 

handset sales. 
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Apple were foreclosed. Because the challenged condition in the Apple agreements was based on 

Apple’s making all of its modem chip purchases from Qualcomm (¶¶ 122-23), once Apple began 

sourcing some of its chips from Intel, any chips that it continued to buy from Qualcomm could 

not have been because of the alleged “exclusivity” condition, which would already not have been

met.

II. THE FTC FAILS TO STATE A CLAIM OF UNREASONABLE RESTRAINT OF 

TRADE.

To establish an unlawful restraint of trade under Section 1 of the Sherman Act, the FTC 

must demonstrate “(1) ‘a contract, combination or conspiracy among two or more persons or 

distinct business entities’; (2) which is intended to restrain or harm trade; [and] (3) ‘which 

actually injures competition’ . . . .” Name.Space, 795 F.3d at 1129.18 Only “unreasonable” 

restraints of trade are unlawful. Leegin Creative Leather Prod., Inc. v. PSKS, Inc., 551 U.S. 877, 

885 (2007). The FTC’s restraint of trade claim is based on substantively similar theories to its 

monopolization claim, and fails for largely the same reasons. 

As an initial matter, the majority of the Complaint addresses conduct that does not 

implicate a “contract, combination . . . or conspiracy”. 15 U.S.C. § 1. Qualcomm’s 

unwillingness to sell modem chips to infringers of its cellular SEPs is a unilateral decision not to 

enter into a contract. Likewise, Qualcomm’s practice of licensing only at the handset level is a 

unilateral decision not to enter into certain agreements. As such, only the FTC’s allegations 

regarding Qualcomm’s strategic funds and agreements with Apple could even arguably implicate 

the first element of a restraint of trade claim. Those allegations fail because the Complaint does 

not identify any competitive harm caused by those agreements in any relevant market. 

For the strategic funds, the Complaint does not plausibly plead harm in any relevant 

market because the FTC has not pled any potential foreclosure (much less the extent of such 

foreclosure) 

 

18 As with its monopolization claim, the FTC has sued pursuant to its authority under Section 5 of 

the FTC Act, but the substantive standards governing its restraint of trade claim are governed by 

the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1.
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 (See also supra Part I.A.2.)19

The FTC’s restraint of trade claim based on Qualcomm’s agreements with Apple likewise 

does not allege the requisite anticompetitive effect. Even assuming that the agreements with 

Apple required exclusivity, a vertical exclusive dealing arrangement violates the Sherman Act 

only if its effect is to “foreclose competition in a substantial share of the line of commerce 

affected”. Allied Orthopedic Appliances, 592 F.3d at 996. As described above, the FTC does not 

plausibly allege that Qualcomm’s agreements with Apple resulted in such foreclosure in any welldefined market. Just as the Complaint therefore fails to state a monopolization claim, it fails to 

state a claim of unreasonable restraint of trade. (See supra Part I.B); see also, e.g., Feitelson, 

80 F. Supp. 3d at 1030 (with respect to Section 1, “‘[s]ubstantial share’ has been quantified as 

foreclosure of 40% to 50% of the relevant market.”).20

III. THE FTC FAILS TO STATE A CLAIM OF “UNFAIR METHODS OF 

COMPETITION” UNDER SECTION 5(A) OF THE FTC ACT. 

Section 5 of the FTC Act prohibits “unfair methods of competition”. 15 U.S.C. § 45(a). 

Although the FTC may enforce the Sherman Act by bringing an action under Section 5, the 

viability of a “standalone” Section 5 claim to reach conduct not otherwise prohibited by the 

antitrust laws is subject to substantial debate.21 Cases recognizing such a claim have held that the 

 

19 In addition, the FTC has not identified a single specific strategic fund agreement or other 

incentive payment that it claims violates the statute. This alone necessitates dismissal. Cf. JM 

Computer Servs., Inc. v. Schlumberger Technologier, Inc., No. C 95-20349 JW, 1996 WL 

241607, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 3, 1996) (failing to “identify the other participant(s) in the 

agreement . . . is a sufficient basis for dismissing [Sherman Act Section] 1 claims”).

20 Courts have generally “assume[d] that at the pleading stage, the degree of market foreclosure 

required to make out an exclusive dealing claim does not differ under § 1 and § 2”. See, e.g., 

Feitelson, 80 F. Supp. 3d at 1030 n.8. 

21 See, e.g., 2 Phillip Areeda & Herbert Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law § 302h2 (3d ed. 2007) 

(“[T]here is a fundamental difficulty in distinguishing an antitrust offense under FTC Act §5 from 

that under the Sherman Act or the Clayton Act. Apart from possible historical anachronisms in 

the application of those statutes, the Sherman and Clayton Acts are broad enough to cover any 

anticompetitive agreement or monopolistic situation that ought to be attacked whether completely 
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FTC must show at least some “indicia of oppressiveness”, such as “(1) evidence of 

anticompetitive intent or purpose on the part of the producer charged, or (2) the absence of an 

independent legitimate business reason for its conduct”. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. FTC, 

729 F.2d 128, 139 (2d Cir. 1984). The FTC itself has acknowledged that conduct does not violate 

Section 5 unless it “cause[s], or [is] likely to cause, harm to competition or the competitive 

process, taking into account any associated cognizable efficiencies and business justifications.” 

Federal Trade Commission, Statement of Enforcement Principles Regarding “Unfair Methods of 

Competition” Under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 80 Fed. Reg. 57,056, 

57,056 (Sept. 21, 2015). The FTC also cannot use Section 5 to reach conduct that is affirmatively 

permitted or encouraged by the antitrust laws. See Matter of Gen. Foods Corp., 103 F.T.C. 204 

(1984) (“While Section 5 may empower the Commission to pursue those activities which offend 

the ‘basic policies’ of the antitrust laws, we do not believe that power should be used to reshape 

those policies when they have been clearly expressed and circumscribed.”).22

 Because the FTC 

has failed to plead any “indicia of oppressiveness” or any plausible harm to the competitive 

process with respect to either the “tax” theory or the exclusive dealing theory, the FTC has not 

pled a Section 5 claim.

First, for the reasons explained above, the Complaint does not allege any facts supporting 

its theory that Qualcomm’s unwillingness to sell modem chips to infringers harms competition.23 

(See supra Part I.A.1.) Because OEMs do not pay higher royalties when using non-Qualcomm 

modem chips, the so-called “tax” theory of harm is just as implausible when cast as a Section 5 

 

full blown or not. Nothing prevents those statutes from working their own condemnation of 

practices violating their basic policies.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). For 

purposes of this Motion only, Qualcomm assumes that the FTC has the authority to bring a 

standalone Section 5 claim to reach conduct not expressly prohibited by the Sherman Act. 

Qualcomm does not concede that the FTC has such authority. 

22 See also Ohlhausen Dissent, at 2 (“It is no answer to an unsupported Sherman Act theory to 

bring an amorphous standalone Section 5 claim based on the same conduct.”).

23 To the contrary, rather than excluding other baseband processor suppliers from sales to OEMs, 

common sense dictates that the direct effect of Qualcomm’s practice is to make it easier for 

Qualcomm’s competitors to sell to those OEMs that do not have a patent license from Qualcomm 

because they will not need to compete with Qualcomm for such sales. 
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claim as it is under the Sherman Act. The facts alleged in the Complaint, as discussed above, 

amount at most to a “price squeeze” claim of the sort rejected by the Supreme Court in linkLine. 

Conduct that is expressly not prohibited by the Sherman Act—among other reasons, so as not to 

chill even monopolists’ incentives to offer discounts and compete on price—cannot violate 

Section 5. See Matter of Gen. Foods Corp., 103 F.T.C. 204. In any event, there are no “indicia 

of oppressiveness” because there is a clear “independent legitimate business reason” for 

Qualcomm’s practice, E.I. du Pont de Nemours, 729 F.2d at 139; Qualcomm does not wish to 

facilitate infringement of its patents and jeopardize its ability to recover its extensive investments 

in R&D regarding fundamental cellular communication technologies (¶ 143). 

Because the FTC’s “tax” theory is without merit, the FTC’s assertion that unspecified 

strategic funds “exacerbate[]” the anticompetitive effect of the supposed “tax” (¶ 106) likewise 

fails. 

 (See supra Parts I.A.1, I.A.2.) 

As with strategic funds, the FTC alleges that the practice of not licensing the manufacture 

and sale of modem chips is anticompetitive only because it supposedly facilitates the collection of 

“elevated” royalties leading to the supposed “tax”. Because the FTC’s “tax” theory fails, a 

practice that purportedly bolsters the “tax” cannot violate Section 5. And even if the FTC were 

claiming that not licensing the manufacture and sale of modem chips, by itself, causes harm to 

competition, that theory would fail because there are no factual allegations (i) that Qualcomm 

ever asserted its patents against any chip maker, (ii) that chip makers need a license from 

Qualcomm in order to compete, or (iii) that any chip maker was excluded from making a sale by 

the lack of a license from Qualcomm. (See supra Part I.A.3.) 

Second, the FTC has not plausibly pled that the Apple agreements substantially foreclose 

competition in any market. Because of the long recognized “legitimate business reasons” for 

entering into an exclusive deal (even assuming arguendo that the agreements are properly 

characterized as exclusive), the absence of any allegation of substantial foreclosure is fatal to the 

FTC’s claim. See, e.g., Allied Orthopedic Appliances, 592 F.3d at 996. (See supra Part I.B.) 
25 Motion to Dismiss—Case No. 5:17-CV-00220-LHK

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Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, the Complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a 

claim upon which relief can be granted. 

Dated: April 3, 2017 

 Respectfully submitted, 

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP,

 /s/ Gary A. Bornstein ___________

Gary A. Bornstein

Yonatan Even

Worldwide Plaza

825 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10019

Tel: (212) 474-1000

Fax: (212) 474-3700

gbornstein@cravath.com

yeven@cravath.com

Richard S. Taffet 

MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP

101 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10178-0060

Tel: (212) 309-6000

Fax: (212) 309-6001

richard.taffet@morganlewis.com

Willard K. Tom

MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP

1111 Pennsylvania Ave. NW

Washington, DC 20004-2541

Tel: (202) 739-3000

Fax: (202) 739 3001 

willard.tom@morganlewis.com

Donn P. Pickett

Geoffrey T. Holtz

MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP

One Market, Spear Street Tower

San Francisco, CA 94105-1126

Tel: (415) 442-1000

Fax: (415) 442-1001

donn.pickett@morganlewis.com

geoffrey.holtz@morganlewis.com

Attorneys for Qualcomm Incorporated