[Cite as Bullard v. Alley, 2014-Ohio-1016.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

PIKE COUNTY 

SANDRA BULLARD on behalf of 

 K.A., : 

Petitioner-Appellee, : Case No. 12CA835 

vs. : 

WILLIAM J. ALLEY, : DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY 

 

 

Respondent-Appellant. : 

_________________________________________________________________ 

 APPEARANCES: 

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT: Joan M. Garaczkowski, Garaczkowski & Hoover, 602 

Chillicothe Street, Suite 224, Portsmouth, Ohio 45662 

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE: Michael L. Gibbons-Camp, Southeastern Ohio Legal 

Services, 11 East Second Street, Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 

CIVIL CASE FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT 

DATE JOURNALIZED: 3-7-14 

ABELE, P.J. 

{¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Pike County Common Pleas Court judgment that granted 

a domestic violence civil protection order (CPO) to Sandra Bullard, petitioner below and 

appellee herein, on behalf of K.A., her sixteen-year old daughter. 

{¶ 2} William J. Alley, respondent below and appellant herein, assigns the following 

error for review: 

“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ISSUING A CIVIL 

PROTECTION ORDER AGAINST 

RESPONDENT-APPELLANT PURSUANT TO OHIO REVISED 

CODE 3113.31 AS PETITIONER-APPELLEE DID NOT MEET 
PIKE, 12CA835 2

THE REQUIRED BURDEN OF PROOF (PREPONDERANCE 

OF THE EVIDENCE), AND SAID ORDER WAS THUS 

AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.” 

{¶ 3} Appellee and appellant were formerly married and have a daughter, K.A. On 

September 1, 2012, K.A. was visiting appellant when he asked her to move his truck. 

Apparently, she had difficulty moving the manual transmission vehicle. Appellant approached 

the vehicle, ostensibly to help K.A., but K.A. ended up with a large bruise on her arm. 

{¶ 4} On September 4, 2012, appellee filed a petition for a domestic violence civil 

protection order. At the hearing, K.A. testified that she “would like to not have to go back to” 

appellant’s house and “for him not to be allowed at my basketball games.” She stated that she 

did not want appellant present during her basketball games because he yells at her during the 

games and it distracts her. She also stated that she did not want to return to appellant’s house 

because she is afraid that he might hit her “or do something to me again.” 

{¶ 5} K.A. explained that on September 1, 2012, appellant “grabbed [her] arm and 

squeezed” it, and left “a big bruise on [her] arm.” K.A. stated that she did not believe that 

appellant grabbed her arm to help her move the vehicle because if he had, he would not have 

squeezed her arm so hard. 

{¶ 6} K.A. also stated that appellant had hurt her in the past. She recalled several times 

when appellant struck her in the head following a basketball game in which she had not played 

well. She stated that she does not like visiting appellant because she is “scared of him and * * * 

just feel[s] uncomfortable there.” 

{¶ 7} Appellant, on the other hand, testified that he grabbed K.A.’s arm while he tried to 
PIKE, 12CA835 3

help her with his truck's stick shift. He claimed that the injury was purely accidental. 

{¶ 8} Appellee’s counsel asked appellant if he has struck K.A. in the head, and 

appellant responded: “I testified that I’m not gonna say that I didn’t. But the testimony that she 

wrote there, that is not true.” Appellant stated that he has never struck her for poor performance 

at a basketball game. 

{¶ 9} At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial judge stated that he believed K.A. is 

afraid and that appellant “has gone over the top as far as what he expects of her. There’s a line 

that has [to] be drawn about what we expect of our children and how much and when we back 

off a little bit and let them * * * be children. * * * I think that line’s been crossed in this case a 

couple times.” Consequently, on November 8, 2012, the court issued an order of protection. 

This appeal followed. 

{¶ 10} In his sole assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court’s decision to 

grant a civil protection order is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Appellant argues 

that the preponderance of the evidence fails to show that (1) he engaged in domestic violence; 

and (2) he placed K.A., by the threat of force, in fear of imminent serious physical harm. 

Appellant contends that although he may have caused bodily injury to K.A., he did so 

accidentally. 

A 

STANDARD OF REVIEW 

{¶ 11} Generally, an appellate court will uphold a trial court’s decision to grant a CPO as 

long as the manifest weight of the evidence supports a finding that the petitioner “has shown by a 
PIKE, 12CA835 4

preponderance of the evidence that petitioner or petitioner’s family or household members are in 

danger of domestic violence.” Felton v. Felton, 79 Ohio St.3d 34, 679 N.E.2d 672 (1997), 

paragraph two of the syllabus; Birkhimer v. Dean, 4th Dist. Pike No. 03CA720, 2004-Ohio-2996, 

¶11; Walters v. Walters, 150 Ohio App.3d 287, 2002-Ohio-6455, 780 N.E.2d 1032 (4th Dist.), ¶9; 

Gooderham v. Patterson, Gallia App. No. 99CA01 (Nov. 9, 1999).1 When an appellate court 

reviews whether a trial court’s decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court 

“‘“weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and 

determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [fact-finder] clearly lost its way 

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed * * *.”’” 

Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶20 (clarifying that 

the same manifest-weight standard applies in civil and criminal cases), quoting Tewarson v. 

Simon, 141 Ohio App.3d 103, 115, 750 N.E.2d 176 (9th Dist.2001); State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio 

St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). A reviewing court may find a trial court’s decision 

against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence 

 1

 We note that some appellate courts review trial court CPO decisions under the abuse of discretion 

standard of review. E.g., McWilliam v. Dickey, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99277, 2013-Ohio-4036, ¶22 (“‘The decision 

whether or not to grant a civil protection order is well within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be 

reversed absent an abuse of that discretion.’”); Prater v. Mullins, 3rd Dist. Auglaize No. 2-13-04, 2013-Ohio-3981, ¶5 

(“When reviewing a trial court’s decision to grant a civil protection order, we will not reverse the decision absent an 

abuse of discretion.”); McMullen v. Baldwin, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2012CA00157, 2013-Ohio-2677, ¶12 (“The decision 

whether to grant a civil protection order lies within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed 

absent an abuse of discretion.”) 

We further observe that the Ohio Supreme Court recently indicates that even when the standard of review 

is abuse of discretion, “‘[i]n a civil case, in which the burden of persuasion is only by a preponderance of the evidence, 

rather than beyond a reasonable doubt, evidence must still exist on each element (sufficiency) and the evidence on 

each element must satisfy the burden of persuasion (weight).’” Cullen v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 137 Ohio 

St.3d 373, 2013-Ohio-4733, 999 N.E.2d 614, ¶19-20, quoting Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 
PIKE, 12CA835 5

weighs heavily against the [decision].’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, 

quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717; accord State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio St.3d 

479, 483, 721 N.E.2d 995 (2000). Moreover, when reviewing evidence under the manifest 

weight of the evidence standard, an appellate court generally must defer to the fact-finder’s 

credibility determinations. Eastley at ¶21. As the Eastley court explained: 

“‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the 

weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment must be made in favor of the 

judgment and the finding of facts. * * * 

If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing 

court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and 

judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.’” 

Id., quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), 

fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978). 

{¶ 12} Additionally, as this court previously explained in State v. Murphy, 4th Dist. No. 

07CA2953, 2008–Ohio–1744, 2008 WL 1061793, ¶31: 

 

2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶19. 

“It is the trier of fact’s role to determine what evidence is the most credible 

and convincing. The fact finder is charged with the duty of choosing between 

two competing versions of events, both of which are plausible and have some 

factual support. Our role is simply to insure the decision is based upon reason 

and fact. We do not second guess a decision that has some basis in these two 

factors, even if we might see matters differently.” 

{¶ 13} Furthermore, when a party has not requested Civ.R. 52 findings of fact and 

conclusions of law and when the trial court does not otherwise enter specific factual findings, 

appellate review is much more limited. Pettet v. Pettet, 55 Ohio App.3d 128, 130, 562 N.E.2d 

929 (1988). Civ.R. 52 provides: 
PIKE, 12CA835 6

When questions of fact are tried by the court without a jury, judgment may 

be general for the prevailing party unless one of the parties in writing requests 

otherwise before the entry of judgment pursuant to Civ.R. 58, or not later than 

seven days after the party filing the request has been given notice of the court’s 

announcement of its decision, whichever is later, in which case, the court shall 

state in writing the conclusions of fact found separately from the conclusions of 

law. 

“[T]he purpose of separate conclusions of law and fact is to enable a reviewing court to 

determine the existence of assigned error in a trial court’s judgment * * *.” Naso v. Daniels, 8 

Ohio App.2d 42, 50, 220 N.E.2d 829 (1964); In re Gibson, 23 Ohio St.3d 170, 172-173, 492 

N.E.2d 146 (1986); Werden v. Crawford, 70 Ohio St.2d 122, 124, 435 N.E.2d 424 (1982). 

Civ.R. 52 provides an appellant with a means, after the entry of a judgment, to obtain separate 

findings of fact and conclusions of law by which an appellate court could test a trial court’s 

judgment. Pawlus v. Bartrug, 109 Ohio App.3d 796, 801, 673 N.E.2d 188 (1996). 

{¶ 14} If a party does not request Civ.R. 52 factual findings and legal conclusions, then 

an appellate court will presume the regularity of the trial court proceedings: 

“[W]hen separate facts are not requested by counsel and/or supplied by the court 

the challenger is not entitled to be elevated to a position superior to that he would 

have enjoyed had he made his request. Thus, if from an examination of the 

record as a whole in the trial court there is some evidence from which the court 

could have reached the ultimate conclusions of fact which are consistent with [its] 

judgment the appellate court is bound to affirm on the weight and sufficiency of 

the evidence.” 

Pettet v. Pettet, 55 Ohio App.3d 128, 130, 562 N.E.2d 929 (1988). “The presumption of 

regularity requires us to assume application of proper rules of evidence and procedures in the 

absence of factfinding demonstrating the contrary.” Id. at 129; Scovanner v. Toelke, 119 Ohio 

St. 256, 163 N.E. 493 (1928), paragraph four of the syllabus. 

{¶ 15} In the case at bar, it does not appear that appellant requested Civ.R. 52 findings of 
PIKE, 12CA835 7

fact and conclusions of law. Therefore, we must presume the regularity of the proceedings and 

presume that the trial court considered the evidence and appropriately applied the evidence to the 

applicable law. Thus, without specific factual findings or legal conclusions, our review of 

appellant’s assignment of error is limited. 

B 

CIVIL PROTECTION ORDER 

{¶ 16} R.C. 3113.31 permits a trial court to issue a civil protection order “to bring about 

the cessation of domestic violence.” R.C. 3113.31(E)(1). The statute “‘provides the victim of 

domestic violence the ability to seek immediate relief through a civil protection order, which 

enjoins the respondent from further violence against the family or household member.’” 

Fleckner v. Fleckner, 177 Ohio App.3d 706, 2006–Ohio–4000, ¶14 (10th Dist.), quoting Parrish 

v. Parrish, 95 Ohio St.3d 1201, 1204, 765 N.E.2d 359 (2002) (Lundberg Stratton, J., dissenting). 

{¶ 17} R.C. 3113.13(A)(1) defines “domestic violence” as one of the following: 

(a) Attempting to cause or recklessly causing bodily injury; 

(b) Placing another person by the threat of force in fear of imminent 

serious physical harm or committing a violation of section 2903.211 or 2911.211 

of the Revised Code; 

(c) Committing any act with respect to a child that would result in the 

child being an abused child, as defined in section 2151.031 of the Revised Code; 

(d) Committing a sexually oriented offense. 

{¶ 18} At least one court has upheld a CPO when the petitioner testified that the 

respondent “struck [the petitioner] in the head and buttock and threw her to the ground, resulting 

in bruising to her buttock.” Rosine v. Rosine, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 09-MA-18, 

2010-Ohio-613, ¶13. The court reasoned that “[t]his physical violence resulting in bruising to 
PIKE, 12CA835 8

[the petitioner’s] buttock can be characterized as attempting to cause or recklessly causing bodily 

injury to a family member, and therefore constitutes ‘domestic violence’ under R.C. 

3113.31(A)(1)(a).” Id. The Rosine court further rejected the respondent’s attempt to discredit 

the petitioner by asserting that her behavior following the alleged domestic violence was 

inconsistent with her claimed fear. The court explained: 

“Appellant challenges appellee’s credibility, citing her behavior after the 

incident and inconsistencies in the accounts of the incident. Regarding her 

behavior, he claims that the delay of four hours between the occurrence and 

reporting of the incident was unreasonable and her failure to take photographs of 

her injuries or request that the police do so, coupled with her failure to seek 

medical attention do not reflect the actions of a victim of violence. With regard 

to appellee’s testimony, appellant claims that at one point she stated that she did 

not have time to contact anyone after the incident and that later she stated she 

contacted her father. 

Determining the credibility of a witness’s testimony is an issue for the trier 

of fact. State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227. The Ohio Supreme 

Court has provided the rationale for giving deference to the fact finding of a 

magistrate: ‘[T]he trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their 

demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing 

the credibility of the proffered testimony.’ Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland

(1984), 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273. 

In this case, the magistrate based her decision upon appellee’s testimony 

describing the incident and upon Buzin’s testimony that she witnessed bruising on 

appellee’s buttock only days later, lending credence to appellee’s testimony. And 

while appellant’s testimony contradicted appellee’s testimony, the magistrate, and 

the trial court too, apparently found that appellant’s testimony was lacking 

credibility since they accepted appellee’s version of the incident in question as an 

accurate depiction of the events that occurred.” 

Id. at ¶¶17-19. 

{¶ 19} A similar analysis applies in the case sub judice. K.A. testified that appellant 

“grabbed [her] arm and squeezed” it, which caused a bruise on her arm. K.A. did not believe 

that appellant accidentally caused the bruise. Rather, she stated that he appeared upset and “had 

his fists clenched and his face was all red like he was angry.” K.A. stated that appellant had hurt 
PIKE, 12CA835 9

her several times in the past and that he has smacked her in the head. Thus, K.A.’s testimony 

constitutes “some evidence from which the court could have reached the ultimate conclusions of 

fact,” Pettet, supra, and we are “bound to affirm on the weight * * * of the evidence.” Id.

{¶ 20} Additionally, simply because K.A. did not immediately report the alleged acts of 

domestic violence does not mean that the trial court should have discredited her testimony. 

Instead, the trial court was entitled to believe K.A.’s testimony that she was frightened. The trial 

court is in a far better position than this court to evaluate K.A.’s fear and her credibility regarding 

the past incidents of alleged domestic violence. 

{¶ 21} Appellant nevertheless asserts that the bruise he caused to K.A.’s arm occurred 

accidentally as he tried to help her with the truck. This, again, is a credibility issue, and the trial 

court obviously rejected appellant’s accident theory. Appellant additionally argues that the 

evidence fails to show that he placed K.A. in fear of imminent serious physical harm by the 

threat of force. R.C. 3113.31(A) plainly states, however, that domestic violence means any one 

of the described acts. Because we determined that some evidence supports the court’s finding of 

domestic violence under R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a), we need not also consider whether the evidence 

supports a finding under R.C. 3113.13(A)(1)(b). 

{¶ 22} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant’s 

sole assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. 
[Cite as Bullard v. Alley, 2014-Ohio-1016.]

JUDGMENT ENTRY 

It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs 

herein taxed. 

The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Pike County 

Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

Harsha, J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion 

For the Court 

BY: 

 Peter B. Abele 

 Presiding Judge 

NOTICE TO COUNSEL

Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the 

time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.