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Filed 10/21/15 P. v. Alvarado CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

FELIPE EPIFANO ALVARADO,

Defendant and Appellant.

E061217

(Super.Ct.No. FSB1205411)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. William Jefferson 

Powell, IV, Judge. Affirmed.

Patricia L. Brisbois, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Barry Carlton, Sabrina Y. LaneErwin, and Christopher P. Beesley, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent.
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I

INTRODUCTION

Defendant Felipe Epifano Alvarado, a West Side Verdugo gang member, attacked 

a handyman in a convenience store, flashed his gang tattoos, and then robbed the cashier

at knifepoint. A jury convicted defendant of second degree robbery and assault by means 

likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen. Code, §§ 211, 245, subd. (a)(4))1, as charged 

in counts 1 and 2, and found true the allegations that both offenses were gang-related and 

the robbery involved personal use of a deadly or dangerous weapon. (§§ 186.22, subd. 

(b)(1), 12022, subd. (b)(1).) The court sentenced defendant to a total prison term of 29 

years.2

On appeal, defendant does not challenge the substantive convictions but instead

attacks the gang enhancements, arguing the trial court erred by allowing evidence of 

defendant’s 2002 conviction for assault with a firearm as a gang predicate; there was 

 

1

 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless stated otherwise.

2

 In a bifurcated proceeding, the court found true beyond a reasonable doubt the 

prior serious felony conviction allegation. (§§ 667, subds. (a)-(i), 1170.12, subd. (a)). 

The court denied a motion to strike the prior conviction allegation and sentenced 

defendant to the upper term of five years, doubled to 10 years based on the strike prior, 

for the robbery conviction in count 1. The court enhanced that sentence by a consecutive 

term of 10 years for the gang finding plus one year for the weapon use finding, for a total 

term of 21 years for count 1. The court then imposed a consecutive term of one year, 

doubled to two, for the assault conviction in count 2, plus one additional year for the gang 

finding, for a term of three years overall for that count. The court then added a five-year 

term for the prior serious felony, for an aggregate term of 29 years. 
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ineffective assistance of counsel concerning the gang expert’s testimony about 

defendant’s state of mind; and there was insufficient evidence of specific intent, as well 

as instructional error. We reject defendant’s claims of error and affirm the judgment.

II

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. December 2012

One evening in December 2012, a handyman, Charles Stille, was repairing a 

ceiling in a convenience store when he felt three or four hard blows to the top of his head. 

When he realized someone was hitting him, he turned and punched defendant, the 

assailant. The store’s security guard intervened and removed defendant from the store. 

Stille waited in the restroom for a few minutes. When Stille emerged, he saw defendant 

sneak past the guard back into the store. Defendant removed his shirt and wrapped it 

around his hand, as if intending to attack Stille again. Defendant has a large tattoo across 

his chest that reads, “West Side Verdugo” and another large tattoo across his back that 

reads, “Mount Vernon.” Stille recognized defendant’s gang tattoos. Because Stille felt 

threatened, he grabbed his ladder, left the store, and went home.

The store cashier, M.D. Hossain, saw defendant tear off his shirt and begin

screaming. Defendant looked “abnormal” to Hossain. Defendant pushed Hossain against 

the wall, pressing a box cutter against his stomach. Defendant also used a hammer to hit 

Hossain’s thighs. Defendant threatened to kill Hossain if he did not cooperate. After 
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taking money from the register, defendant demanded Hossain’s wallet. While the two 

men were still crammed together behind the store counter, the police arrived.

Police recovered the money taken from the register and Hossain’s wallet—fifty $1 

bills, seven $5 bills, and $108. They also found a box cutter with a retractable blade and

a claw hammer in defendant’s back pocket.

B. Gang Affiliation Evidence

West Side Verdugo is the largest criminal street gang in the city of San 

Bernardino. The gang’s territory covers the western side of San Bernardino although the 

gang is expanding eastward. The convenience store is near the gang’s eastern boundary. 

The gang’s crimes include robbery, assault, drug sales, carjacking, and vehicle theft.

Defendant admitted he is a member of West Side Verdugo and its clique, Mount

Vernon. He was initiated into the gang in 1999 or 2000 when he was 14 years old and his 

gang moniker is “Sleezy.” His gang tattoos include West Side Verdugo on his chest and 

Mount Vernon on his back. After his arrest in 2012, defendant admitted his gang status 

but claimed he had “been trying to do the right and did not mean to do the 211

[robbery].” Defendant had a “G,” a gang sign, tattooed on his hand while in prison and 

he did not request to be placed in protective custody.

The gang expert testified that defendant was arrested in 2002 with Luis Reyes, an 

admitted member of West Side Verdugo, and later convicted of assault with a firearm. In 

2010, defendant was detained during a traffic stop and admitted being a member of 

Mount Vernon and that his moniker was Sleezy. The detaining officer noted the large 
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tattoos across defendant’s chest and back. In addition, the expert testified about six 

additional predicate offenses which were committed by gang members between 2009 and 

2012. The prosecutor’s gang expert opined that defendant was an active gang member at 

the time of the charged offenses and that both offenses were committed to benefit the 

gang.

III

2002 CONVICTION FOR ASSAULT WITH A FIREARM

Before trial the prosecutor made a motion to introduce evidence of defendant’s

2002 conviction for assault with a firearm as one of seven predicate offenses to prove

defendant committed his crimes “for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association 

with a criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any

criminal conduct by gang members.” (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) When defense counsel 

objected, the prosecutor clarified that the evidence was not being offered to show intent 

under Evidence Code section 1101 but only as evidence of a predicate offense to support 

the gang enhancement under section 186.22. The trial court allowed the evidence based 

on People v. Tran (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1040, 1046-1050. The trial court also expressly 

found that seven predicate offenses was a reasonable number, and not too many offenses,

to demonstrate the volume of gang activity.

The prosecution’s gang expert testified that defendant was convicted in 2002 of

felony assault with a firearm, in violation of section 245, subdivision (a)(2), and an 

enhancement allegation for personally inflicting great bodily injury under section 
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12022.7, subdivision (a). The expert also reviewed the police reports and testified that 

the 2002 offense was gang-related although defendant had not been charged with a gang 

enhancement. In particular, the expert described how defendant had approached the 

victim while in gang territory, and asked “where he was from, which . . . means basically 

what gang are you from.” The expert also testified about the six other predicate offenses

committed between 2009 and 2012. The prosecutor argued to the jury that the 2002 

shooting was gang-related.

Defendant asserts the prejudice of the subject evidence outweighed any probative 

value. (Evid. Code, § 352.) Furthermore, he argues the six other predicate offenses made 

defendant’s 2002 conviction prejudicially cumulative. Thus, the admission of the 2002

conviction as a predicate offense violated defendant’s due process right to a fair trial 

under the Fourteenth Amendment. We disagree.

In Tran, the Supreme Court held “a defendant’s offense on a separate occasion 

might qualify as a predicate offense to establish a ‘pattern of criminal gang activity’ 

under the STEP Act.” (People v. Tran, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 1046.) Tran also 

addressed the issue of prejudice in detail: “Without doubt, evidence a defendant 

committed an offense on a separate occasion is inherently prejudicial. [Citations.] But 

Evidence Code section 352 requires the exclusion of evidence only when its probative 

value is substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. ‘Evidence is substantially 

more prejudicial than probative . . . [only] if, broadly stated, it poses an intolerable “risk 
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to the fairness of the proceedings or the reliability of the outcome” [citation].’ (People v. 

Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 724.) [¶] . . . [¶]

“. . . In prosecutions for active participation in a criminal street gang, the probative 

value of evidence of a defendant’s gang-related separate offense generally is greater 

because it provides direct proof of several ultimate facts necessary to a conviction. Thus, 

that the defendant committed a gang-related offense on a separate occasion provides 

direct evidence of a predicate offense, that the defendant actively participated in the 

criminal street gang, and that the defendant knew the gang engaged in a pattern of 

criminal gang activity.

“At the same time, the inherent prejudice from a defendant’s separate gang-related 

offense typically will be less when the evidence is admitted to establish a predicate 

offense in a prosecution for active participation in a criminal street gang, than when it is 

admitted to establish an intermediary fact from which guilt may be inferred. ‘Prejudice 

for purposes of Evidence Code section 352 means evidence that tends to evoke an 

emotional bias against the defendant with very little effect on issues, not evidence that is 

probative of a defendant’s guilt.’ (People v. Crew (2003) 31 Cal.4th 822, 842.) . . . In 

addition, because the prosecution is required to establish the defendant was an active 

participant in a criminal street gang and had knowledge of the gang’s criminal activities, 

the jury inevitably and necessarily will in any event receive evidence tending to show the 

defendant actively supported the street gang’s criminal activities. That the defendant was 

personally involved in some of those activities typically will not so increase the 
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prejudicial nature of the evidence as to unfairly bias the jury against the defendant. In 

short, the use of evidence of a defendant’s separate offense to prove a predicate offense 

should not generally create ‘an intolerable “risk to the fairness of the proceedings or the 

reliability of the outcome.”’ (People v. Waidla, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 724.)” (People v. 

Tran, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 1047-1048.)

The prosecutor here had to prove that defendant’s crimes were gang related and 

motivated: “. . . the prosecution must demonstrate that . . . defendant sought to benefit 

that particular gang when committing the underlying felony.” (People v. Prunty (2015) 

62 Cal.4th 59, 67; People v. Tran, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 1044; People v. Sengpadychith

(2001) 26 Cal.4th 316, 322-323.) Defendant’s 2002 offense supplied that proof. The 

record shows the trial court expressly considered the prejudicial effect of the evidence of 

the 2002 offense both separately and in combination with the six other predicate offenses. 

At trial, the evidence of the 2002 offense involved only three pages of testimony and a

brief comment by the prosecutor during closing argument. The jury was expressly 

instructed based on CALCRIM No. 1403 to consider the gang evidence to show the 

intent required to prove the gang enhancement but not as propensity evidence to show 

bad character or disposition to commit a crime. It was not an abuse of discretion to allow 

that evidence because the probative value outweighed any prejudice. (People v. Kelly

(2007) 42 Cal.4th 763, 783, 785.)
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IV

INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

Defendant next contends defense counsel rendered deficient representation in

violation of defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel by failing to object to the 

prosecutor's questions to the gang expert. The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal 

defendant the right to effective legal representation. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 

466 U.S. 668, 694; People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 215-218; People v. Pope

(1979) 23 Cal.3d 412, 422.) Defendant bears the burden of proving ineffective assistance 

of counsel (IAC). (Pope, at p. 425.) To this end, he must show (1) defense counsel’s 

performance was below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing 

professional norms, and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced him. (Strickland, at pp.

687, 691-692; People v. Frye (1998) 18 Cal.4th 894, 979.) Prejudice is demonstrated 

“when there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the 

result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a 

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. [Citations.]” (People v. 

Majors (1998) 18 Cal.4th 385, 403.)

During direct examination of the gang expert, the prosecutor elicited the expert’s 

opinion about whether the charged offenses benefited the West Side Verdugo gang. The 

expert testified that, after Stille recognized defendant’s gang tattoos, he was terrified for 

himself and on behalf of his grandchildren because he feared gang retaliation. The expert 

also testified that the robbery benefited the West Side Verdugo gang because it was a tool 
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used by the gang to earn money and to increase its reputation for dangerousness. 

Defendant flashing his tattoos benefited the gang by intimidating the victims and 

witnesses. The location of the crime—where the gang was trying to expand outside its

traditional territory—was another gang benefit. The expert believed it would have been a 

different kind of crime, not a benefit to the gang, if defendant had committed the robbery 

elsewhere and not flashed his gang tattoos so aggressively.

We reject defendant’s mischaracterization of the expert’s testimony as being about 

“what [defendant] specifically intended when he committed the assault and robbery” and

defendant’s assertion that said testimony invaded the province of the jury because an 

expert witness may not offer an opinion that a defendant had specific knowledge or 

intent. (People v. Killebrew (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 644, 658; People v. Torres (1995) 

33 Cal.App.4th 37, 47.) Based on our reading of the record, there was no professional 

responsibility for defense counsel to object to the prosecutor’s inquiry about why the 

expert believed defendant’s conduct benefited the gang. Certainly, defendant did not 

succeed in showing that defense counsel’s performance was below an objective standard 

of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms or that a deficient performance 

prejudiced defendant. There was no IAC and no prejudice.

V

INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF GANG ENHANCMENT

Defendant additionally contends the evidence was insufficient to show the specific 

intent to promote, further, or assist criminal conduct by gang members as required under 
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section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1), for a gang enhancement. Upon review of a claim of 

insufficient evidence, “the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.]” (Jackson v.

Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 319.) The issue must be resolved in light of the record as a 

whole and the reviewing court must “judge whether the evidence of each of the essential 

elements . . . is substantial.’” (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 577.) It must be 

determined whether the record “discloses substantial evidence—that is, evidence which is 

reasonable, credible, and of solid value . . . .” (Id. at p. 578.) “A trier of fact may rely on 

inferences to support a conviction only if those inferences are ‘of such substantiality that 

a reasonable trier of fact could determine beyond a reasonable doubt’ that the inferred 

facts are true. [Citation.]” (People v. Rios (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 542, 564.)

As already discussed, we conclude the evidence supported the gang enhancement. 

Defendant has been a gang member since he was 14 years old. In 2002, defendant 

committed a gang-related crime with another gang member. In 2010, he admitted to the 

police that he was still a gang member. In 2012, West Side Verdugo was expanding its 

territory eastward. Defendant burst into a convenience store located on the border of 

gang territory, tore off his shirt and flashed his tattoos, the symbols of his gang 

allegiance, to the two occupants of the store. He terrorized both men, assaulted one, and 

threatened and robbed the other. In the opinion of the gang expert, all these facts
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demonstrated that defendant acted to benefit his gang. Substantial evidence supports the 

gang enhancement. (People v. Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 60-63.)

VI

INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR

Defendant’s penultimate argument, before asserting cumulative error, is the trial 

court erred in its instructions on circumstantial evidence by using CALCRIM No. 224

[circumstantial evidence: sufficiency of evidence] and not CALCRIM No. 225

[circumstantial evidence: intent or mental state], and violated defendant’s due process 

right to a fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment. Defendant maintains that the 

prosecutor relied primarily on circumstantial evidence to prove defendant’s specific 

intent to benefit the West Side Verdugo gang. Defendant asserts there was an alternative

explanation for why defendant removed his shirt, which was to bandage his hand after he 

hit Stille, not to display his gang tattoos. Therefore, defendant contends because there 

was a reasonable alternative, the court should have given CALCRIM No. 225 sua sponte.

As a preliminary matter, we agree defendant forfeited this issue by not requesting 

the instruction below. (People v. Hart (1999) 20 Cal.4th 546, 622.) Additionally, we

perceive that defendant announcing his gang allegiance by the nonverbal conduct of 

flashing his gang tattoos is actually direct, not circumstantial, evidence of defendant’s 

intent to benefit the gang. Furthermore, because the prosecutor relied on circumstantial 

evidence to prove other elements of the gang enhancement and not only defendant’s
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specific intent, CALCRIM No. 225 would have been too narrow and should not have 

been used by the trial court.

A trial court is required to instruct the jury on the general relevant principles of 

law. (People v. Abilez (2007) 41 Cal.4th 472, 517.) In reviewing a claim of instructional 

error, the court must look at the instructions given as a whole to determine whether the 

error was prejudicial. (People v. Cain (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1, 36.)

When the prosecution’s case rests “substantially” on circumstantial evidence, the 

court must instruct on this principle sua sponte. (People v. Wiley (1976) 18 Cal.3d 162,

174.) Two standard instructions may be used in a circumstantial evidence case. 

CALCRIM No. 224 is the more general instruction applicable to all types of 

circumstantial evidence and should be used “when the prosecution substantially relies on 

circumstantial evidence to establish any element of the case.” (People v. Samaniego 

(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1171, citing People v. Yrigoyen (1955) 45 Cal.2d 46, 49.) 

In contrast, CALCRIM No. 225 is a specific instruction that is for use instead of

CALCRIM No. 224 in a specific intent or mental state case in which the only element of 

the offense which rests substantially or entirely on circumstantial evidence is the element 

of specific intent or the mental state. (Samaniego, at pp. 1171-1172; People v. Bloyd

(1987) 43 Cal.3d 333, 351-352.)

CALCRIM No. 225 was not appropriate in this case because the prosecutor used 

circumstantial evidence to prove much more than defendant’s specific intent. 

Circumstantial evidence proved that West Side Verdugo was a criminal street gang,
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defendant was a member, and the gang benefited from defendant’s crimes. If defendant’s 

act of flashing gang tattoos while committing his crimes was circumstantial, and not 

direct evidence, it was not the only or primary circumstantial evidence relied upon by the 

prosecution. Furthermore, the trial court adequately instructed the jury on circumstantial 

evidence using CALCRIM Nos. 223 and 224. Therefore, there was no possibility of 

prejudice caused by the omission of CALCRIM No. 225.

VII

DISPOSITION

In the absence of error, there is no cumulative error. (People v. Cunningham

(2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 1009.)

We affirm the judgment.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

RAMIREZ

J.

We concur:

CODRINGTON

P. J.

MILLER

J.