# Patent

## Title
Semiconductor Device

## Abstract

A semiconductor device includes: a p-type semiconductor layer; an n-type semiconductor layer; a first electrode layer; a second electrode layer; and a control electrode layer. The first and second electrode layers are electrically connected such as to each operate at an identical potential. The first electrode layer is connected with a part of a surface of the second electrode layer which is opposite to a surface of the second electrode layer that is in contact with the p-type semiconductor layer. The second electrode layer is connected with a connection line which is a part of a peripheral line of a joint interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer on an interface side between the second electrode layer and the p-type semiconductor layer, and is formed to be extended to a position on a control electrode layer side of the connection line.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application claims the priority based on Japanese Paten Application No. 2012-272984 filed on Dec. 14, 2012, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A known configuration of a semiconductor device has a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer connected with the p-type semiconductor layer. An electrode layer formed on the semiconductor layer of this semiconductor device is required to suppress the contact resistance, while ensuring the adhesiveness to the semiconductor layer. In order to meet this requirement, one proposed technique employs an electrode of a layered structure where an aluminum (Al) layer is formed on a titanium (Ti) layer as the electrode layer formed on the n-type semiconductor layer mainly made of gallium nitride (GaN) (see, for example, JP H07-45867A). Another proposed technique employs an electrode of a layered structure where a gold (Au) layer is formed on a nickel (Ni) layer as the electrode layer formed on the p-type semiconductor layer mainly made of gallium nitride (see, for example, JP H09-64337A).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In the case of forming an electrode (first electrode layer) on the n-type semiconductor layer of the semiconductor device and forming an electrode layer (second electrode layer) on the p-type semiconductor layer, the above prior techniques require that the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are formed to be isolated from each other according to the overlay accuracy of photolithography for formation of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. This requirement limits miniaturization of the semiconductor device. Additionally, the above prior techniques still have room for further improvement with respect to the performances, for example, the pressure resistance. Other demands for the conventional semiconductor device include easiness of manufacturing, resource saving, improvement in usability and improvement in durability. These problems are not limited in the semiconductor device having the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer mainly made of gallium nitride (GaN) but is commonly found in any semiconductor device having a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer made of another material, for example, silicon carbide (SiC).
In order to solve at least part of the problems described above, the invention provides aspects and embodiments described below.
(1) In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device comprises: a p-type semiconductor layer; an n-type semiconductor layer connected with the p-type semiconductor layer; a first electrode layer formed on the n-type semiconductor layer; a second electrode layer formed on the p-type semiconductor layer; and a control electrode layer formed at such a position as to be opposed to a position where the second electrode layer is formed on the p-type semiconductor layer, across the n-type semiconductor layer. The first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are electrically connected such as to each operate at an identical potential. The first electrode layer is connected with at least a part of a surface of the second electrode layer which is opposite to a surface of the second electrode layer that is in contact with the p-type semiconductor layer. The second electrode layer is connected with a connection line which is a part of a peripheral line of a joint interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer on an interface side between the second electrode layer and the p-type semiconductor layer, and is formed to be extended on a surface of the n-type semiconductor layer to a position on a control electrode layer side of the connection line. In the semiconductor device of this aspect, the first electrode layer is connected with at least a part of the surface of the second electrode layer which is opposed to the p-type semiconductor layer. The first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are formed to be laid one upon the other, so that the semiconductor device of this aspect does not need an alignment margin and thereby enables miniaturization of the electrode peripheral part. As a result, this enables downsizing of the semiconductor device and reduces the manufacturing cost of the semiconductor device. In the semiconductor device of this aspect, the second electrode layer is formed to be extended on the surface of the n-type semiconductor layer to a specific position on the control electrode layer side of the connection line which is a part of a peripheral line of a joint interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer on an interface side between the second electrode layer and the p-type semiconductor layer. This configuration enables a hole formed in a neighborhood of the control electrode layer under application of a high voltage to be effectively pulled out by the second electrode layer, thus improving the pressure resistance.
(2) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspect, a distance from the connection line to a control electrode layer-side end of the second electrode layer on a surface of the second electrode layer that is in contact with the n-type semiconductor layer may be equal to or greater than a layer thickness of the n-type semiconductor layer. The semiconductor device of this aspect enables a hole to be effectively pulled out by the second electrode layer without being interfered with by the n-type semiconductor layer, thus effectively improving the pressure resistance.
(3) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, a distance from the connection line to a control electrode layer-side end of the second electrode layer on a surface of the second electrode layer that is in contact with the n-type semiconductor layer may be equal to or greater than 0.5 μm but is equal to or less than 20 μm. The semiconductor device of this aspect enables the surface of the n-type semiconductor layer to be consistently covered with the second electrode layer even in taking into consideration the alignment accuracy of a mask used for processing for formation of the electrode layer, while enabling miniaturization of the electrode peripheral part, thus more effectively improving the pressure resistance.
(4) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the semiconductor device may further comprise: an inter-layer insulator film formed to cover the semiconductor layer and the electrode layer and have a contact hole that connects with a surface of the first electrode layer; and a wiring electrode layer formed in the contact hole to be connected with the first electrode layer, and the first electrode layer may be provided to cover a surface of the second electrode layer, such that the second electrode layer is isolated from the contact hole. As long as the first electrode layer is made of a material having process tolerance, the semiconductor device of this aspect enables the etching process for formation of the contact hole in the inter-layer insulator film after formation of the electrode layer to be performed without causing adverse effect on the second electrode layer, even when the second electrode layer is made of a material without process tolerance. This configuration enhances the flexibility in selection of the material for the second electrode layer.
(5) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer may be arranged to form a recess having a bottom face defined by the p-type semiconductor layer and a side face defined by the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer, and the second electrode layer may be formed to cover at least a part of a surface of the p-type semiconductor layer that defines the side face of the recess. The semiconductor device of this aspect enables a hole to be more effectively pulled out by the second electrode layer, thus more effectively improving the pressure resistance.
(6) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the first electrode layer may be formed to cover a part of a surface of the second electrode layer excluding a portion covered with a layer other than the first electrode layer. The semiconductor device of this aspect omits formation of an unnecessary portion of the electrode layer and thereby reduces the used amount of the electrode material.
(7) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer may be mainly made of gallium nitride (GaN). The semiconductor device of this aspect includes the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer which are mainly made of gallium nitride (GaN). This configuration enables downsizing of the semiconductor device by miniaturization of the electrode peripheral part and suppresses degradation of the performance of the semiconductor device by reduction in increase of the contact resistance.
(8) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the second electrode layer may include a p contact formation layer arranged on a side to be connected with the p-type semiconductor layer, and the p contact formation layer may contain at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) or an alloy of the selected metal. The semiconductor device of this aspect ensures the substantially ohmic contact between the second electrode layer and the p-type semiconductor layer.
(9) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the p contact formation layer may have a layer thickness of not less than 3 nm and not greater than 1000 nm. The semiconductor device of this aspect ensures the better ohmic contact between the second electrode layer and the p-type semiconductor layer. This configuration also avoids potential problems caused by the excessive layer thickness of the second electrode layer; for example, the occurrence of a failure such as disconnection of the first electrode layer formed on the second electrode layer and the increased material cost.
(10) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the second electrode layer may include a p barrier layer arranged on a side of the p contact formation layer that is opposite to a side of the p contact formation layer connected with the p-type semiconductor layer, and the p barrier layer may contain at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), TiSi, TiN, TiW, TaSi and TaN or an alloy of the selected metal. The semiconductor device of this aspect inhibits the reaction of the second electrode layer with the first electrode layer.
(11) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the p barrier layer may have a layer thickness of not less than 3 nm and not greater than 1000 nm. The semiconductor device of this aspect more effectively inhibits the reaction of the second electrode layer with the first electrode layer. This configuration also avoids potential problems caused by the excessive layer thickness of the second electrode layer; for example, the occurrence of a failure such as disconnection of the first electrode layer formed on the second electrode layer and the increased material cost.
(12) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the first electrode layer may include a first n contact formation layer arranged on a side connected with the n-type semiconductor layer, and a second n contact formation layer arranged on a side of the first n contact formation layer that is opposite to the side of the first n contact formation layer connected with the n-type semiconductor layer, and the first n contact layer may contain at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) or an alloy of the selected metal. The semiconductor device of this aspect ensures the substantially ohmic contact between the first electrode layer and the n-type semiconductor layer.
(13) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the first n contact formation layer may have a layer thickness of not less than 3 nm and not greater than 100 nm. The semiconductor device of this aspect ensures the better ohmic contact between the first electrode layer and the n-type semiconductor layer, while avoiding potential problems caused by the excessive layer thickness of the first n contact formation layer: for example, the complicated formation process and the increased material cost.
(14) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the second n contact formation layer may contain aluminum (Al) or an aluminum (Al) alloy. The semiconductor device of this aspect ensures the further better ohmic contact between the first electrode layer and the n-type semiconductor layer.
(15) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the second n contact formation layer has a layer thickness of not less than 100 nm and not greater than 100 μm. The semiconductor device of this aspect ensures the better ohmic contact between the first electrode layer and the n-type semiconductor layer, while avoiding potential problems caused by the excessive layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer: for example, the complicated formation process and the increased material cost.
(16) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the first electrode layer may include an n cap layer arranged on a side of the second n contact formation layer that is opposite to the side of the second n contact formation layer connected with the first n contact formation layer, and the n cap layer may contain at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), TiSi, TiN, TiW, TaSi and TaN or an alloy of the selected metal. In the semiconductor device of this aspect, the first electrode layer includes the n cap layer having etch resistance. In the case of formation of a contact hole after formation of an inter-layer insulator film on the first electrode, a material without etch resistance is thus employable as the material for the first n contact formation layer or as the material for the second n contact formation layer. This configuration enhances the flexibility in selection of the material for the first n contact formation layer and the material for the second n contact formation layer.
(17) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the n cap layer may have a layer thickness of not less than 3 nm and not greater than 100 μm. The semiconductor device of this aspect further enhances the etch resistance of the n cap layer, while avoiding potential problems caused by the excessive layer thickness of the n cap layer: for example, the complicated formation process and the increased material cost.
(18) In the semiconductor device according to above described aspects, the first electrode layer may include a first n contact formation layer arranged on a side connected with the n-type semiconductor layer, and the p barrier layer and the first n contact formation layer may be made of an identical material. The semiconductor device of this aspect enables the first n contact formation layer to simultaneously serve as the p barrier layer. This simplifies the process and reduces the material cost.
All the plurality of components included in each of the aspects of the invention described above are not essential. In order to solve part or all of the problems described above or in order to achieve part or all of the advantageous effects described in the specification hereof, part of the plurality of components may be arbitrarily changed, eliminated or replaced with other new components, and part of the limitations may be eliminated. In order to solve part or all of the problems described above or in order to achieve part or all of the advantageous effects described in the specification hereof, part or all of the technical features included in each aspect of the invention described above may be combined with part or all of the technical features included in another aspect of the invention described above to be implemented as another independent aspect of the invention.
The invention may be implemented by any of various aspects other than the semiconductor device: for example, a power converter including the semiconductor device and a manufacturing method of the semiconductor device.
In the semiconductor device of this invention, the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are formed to be laid one upon the other, so that the semiconductor device of this invention does not need an alignment margin and thereby enables miniaturization of the electrode peripheral part. As a result, this enables downsizing of the semiconductor device and reduces the manufacturing cost of the semiconductor device. In the semiconductor device of this invention, the second electrode layer is formed to be extended on the surface of the n-type semiconductor layer to a specific position on the control electrode layer side of the connection line which is a part of a peripheral line of a joint interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer on an interface side between the second electrode layer and the p-type semiconductor layer. This configuration enables a hole formed in a neighborhood of the control electrode layer under application of a high voltage to be effectively pulled out by the second electrode layer, thus improving the pressure resistance.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 10 according to a first embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device 10 according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 10a according to a first modification of the first embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 10b according to a second modification of the first embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 50 according to a second embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device 50 according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 50a according to a modification of the second embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device 50a according to the modification of the second embodiment; and
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the configuration of an inverter 20 which a semiconductor device is applied to.



DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
A. First Embodiment
A-1. Configuration of Semiconductor Device
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 10 according to a first embodiment. A part of the cross section of the semiconductor device 10 according to this embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates the technical features of the semiconductor device 10 in an easily comprehensible manner and does not intend to precisely specify the dimensions of the respective parts. In order to facilitate description, X, Y and Z axes orthogonal to one another are shown in FIG. 1. The same applies to the subsequent drawings.
The semiconductor device 10 according to this embodiment is a planar MOSFET and has a layered structure of an n-type substrate 110, a first n-type semiconductor layer 120, a p-type semiconductor layer 130 and a second n-type semiconductor layer 140 stacked in this sequence. Hereinafter the first n-type semiconductor layer 120 is also called “n− (n minus) layer 120;” the p-type semiconductor layer 130 is also called “p-type layer 130;” and the second n-type semiconductor layer 140 is also called “n+ (n plus) layer 140.” The direction in which the respective layers are stacked (X-axis direction) is also called the “stacking direction.” A layered structure 100 of the n-type substrate 110, the n− layer 120, the p-type layer 130 and the n+ layer 140 has surfaces: the surface defined by the n-type substrate 110 (surface on a −X axis direction side) is also called “drain-side surface DS” and the surface on the opposite side to the drain-side surface DS (surface on a +X axis direction side) is also called “source-side surface SS.”
The n-type substrate 110 is in a substantially plate-like shape that is approximately orthogonal to the stacking direction and is mainly made of silicon carbide (SiC). The n− layer 120 is arranged on the surface of one side (+X axis direction side) of the n-type substrate 110. The n− layer 120 is mainly made of silicon carbide (SiC).
The p-type layer 130 is a layer formed by ion implantation into the n− layer 120. More specifically, the p-type layer 130 is formed by implanting a specified ion (dopant) for formation of p-type semiconductor from a partial area of the source-side surface SS of the n− layer 120 (the surface on the opposite side (+X axis direction side) to the n-type substrate 110) at the time before formation of the p-type layer 130 into a predetermined implantation depth (first implantation depth) D1 and subsequently performing heat treatment for activation. Even in the range within the first implantation depth D1 from the source-side surface SS, a portion of the n− layer 120 which is not subjected to ion implantation for formation of the p-type layer 130 remains as the n− layer 120. Upon formation of the p-type layer 130, the surface (interface) of the p-type layer 130 other than the surface defining the source-side surface SS is covered with the n− layer 120.
The n+ layer 140 is a layer formed by ion implantation into a portion of the n− layer 120 where the p-type layer 130 is formed. More specifically, the n+ layer 140 is formed by implanting a specified ion (dopant) for formation of n-type semiconductor from a partial area of the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 130 at the time after formation of the p-type layer 130 into a predetermined implantation depth (second implantation depth) D2 and subsequently performing heat treatment for activation. Even in the range within the second implantation depth D2 from the source-side surface SS, a portion of the p-type layer 130 which is not subjected to ion implantation for formation of the n+ layer 140 remains as the p-type layer 130. The ion implantation for formation of the n+ layer 140 is performed in an area inside the edge of the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 130. The second implantation depth D2 is shallower than the first implantation depth D1, so that the surface (interface) of the n+ layer 140 other than the surface defining the source-side surface SS is covered with the p-type layer 130.
The p-type layer 130 and the n+ layer 140 are formed by ion implantation as described above, so that the source-side surface SS of the layered structure 100 of the n-type substrate 110, the n− layer 120, the p-type layer 130 and the n+ layer 140 includes an area formed by the n− layer 120, an area formed by the p-type layer 130 and an area formed by the n+ layer 140. The drain-side surface DS of the layered structure 100 is formed by the n-type substrate 110.
A drain electrode layer 210 is provided on the drain-side surface DS of the n-type substrate 110. The drain electrode layer 210 is made of nickel (Ni).
A p electrode layer 230 is provided on an area of the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 130 which is adjacent to the n+ layer 140 but is not adjacent to the n− layer 120. The p electrode layer 230 corresponds to the second electrode layer of the claims. The p electrode layer 230 is made of aluminum (Al). The p electrode layer 230 is substantially in ohmic contact with the p-type layer 130.
A source electrode layer 240 is provided on the source-side surface SS of the n+ layer 140. The source electrode layer 240 corresponds to the first electrode layer of the claims. The source electrode layer 240 is made of nickel (Ni). The source electrode layer 240 is substantially in ohmic contact with the n+ layer 140. The detailed configuration of the p electrode layer 230 and the source electrode layer 240 will be described later.
A gate insulator film 340 is formed on an area of the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 130 which is adjacent to both the n− layer 120 and the n+ layer 140 (i.e., an area of the p-type layer 130 opposed to an area where the p electrode layer 230 is formed, across the n+ layer 140). The gate insulator film 340 is made of silicon dioxide (SiO2). The gate insulator film 340 is provided to continuously cover the above described area of the p-type layer 130, the source-side surface SS of the n− layer 120 adjacent to this area of the p-type layer 130 and a part of the source-side surface SS of the n+ layer 140 adjacent to this area of the p-type layer 130. A gate electrode layer 250 is provided on the surface of the gate insulator film 340 on the opposite side (+X axis direction side) to the p-type layer 130. The gate electrode layer 250 is made of polysilicon. The gate electrode layer 250 is an electrode layer serving to control the electric current in the semiconductor device 10 and is thereby also called control electrode layer.
In the semiconductor device 10 of this configuration, in the state that no voltage is applied to the gate electrode layer 250, the presence of the p-type layer 130 causes the source electrode layer 240 and the drain electrode layer 210 to have no electrical continuity. When a specific or higher voltage is applied to the gate electrode layer 250, on the other hand, an inversion layer is formed in a portion of the p-type layer 130 in the vicinity of the interface between the p-type layer 130 and the gate insulator film 340. This inversion layer serves as a channel, so that the source electrode layer 240 and the drain electrode layer 210 have electrical continuity via the n+ layer 140, the inversion layer formed in the p-type layer 130, the n− layer 120 and the n-type substrate 110.
The following describes the configuration of the p electrode layer 230 and the source electrode layer 240 in more detail. As described above, the p electrode layer 230 is formed in a specific area of the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 130 which is adjacent to the n+ layer 140 but is not adjacent to the n− layer 120, and is formed in a shape to be extended from this specific area to another part. More specifically, the p electrode layer 230 is provided to continuously cover the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 130, a connection line TL, which is a part of the peripheral line of the joint interface between the n+ layer 140 and the p-type layer 130 on the interface side between the p electrode layer 230 and the p-type layer 130, and a part of the source-side surface SS of the n+ layer 140. In other words, the p electrode layer 230 is formed to be extended on the surface of the n+ layer 140 to the position on the gate electrode layer 250-side of the connection line TL where the p electrode layer 230 is connected with the above described joint interface. According to this embodiment, a distance L1 from the connection line TL to a gate electrode layer 250-side end of the p electrode layer 230 on the surface of the p electrode layer 230 that is in contact with the n+ layer 140 is equal to or greater than the layer thickness of the n+ layer 140 (i.e., second implantation depth D2). The designed value of the distance L1 is set to a sufficient distance (sufficient size), in order to enable the p electrode layer 230 to consistently cover the surface of the n+ layer 140 even in taking into consideration the alignment accuracy of a mask used for processing. The designed value of the distance L1 is set to be not less than 0.5 μm according to this embodiment. The excessive distance L1 interferes with miniaturization of the electrode peripheral part, so that the distance L1 is preferably not greater than 20 μm.
The source electrode layer 240, on the other hand, does not cover at least a portion of the source-side surface SS of the n+ layer 140, which forms the above described connection line TL of the joint interface (this portion is covered with the p electrode layer 230). The source electrode layer 240 is provided to cover the entire surface of the p electrode layer 230 other than a portion covered with the p-type layer 130 and a portion covered with the n+ layer 140 (i.e., the surface of the p electrode layer 230 on the opposite side to the surface that is in contact with the p-type layer 130 and the surfaces of the p electrode layer 230 approximately orthogonal to the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 130). Since the source electrode layer 240 covers the surface of the p electrode layer 230 as described above, the p electrode layer 230 and the source electrode layer 240 operate at the same potential (for example, both at the ground potential). In the specification hereof, “same potential” is not limited to a completely identical potential but includes substantially the same potential.
As described above, in the semiconductor device 10 of this embodiment, the source electrode layer 240 is formed to cover the surface of the p electrode layer 230 on the opposite side to the surface of the p electrode layer 230 that is in contact with the p-type layer 130. This configuration means that the p electrode layer 230 is connected with at least a part of the surface of the source electrode layer 240 that is opposed to the n+ layer 140. In other words, the p electrode layer 230 and the source electrode layer 240 are formed to be stacked along the stacking direction. Accordingly, compared with a semiconductor device having a p electrode layer 230 and a source electrode layer 240 formed distant from each other, the semiconductor device 10 of the embodiment does not need an alignment margin and thereby enables miniaturization of the electrode peripheral part. This embodiment thus enables downsizing of the semiconductor device 10 and reduces the manufacturing cost of the semiconductor device 10.
In the semiconductor device 10 of the embodiment, the p electrode layer 230 is formed to be extended on the surface of the n+ layer 140 to a position on the gate electrode layer 250-side of the connection line TL. Accordingly, compared with a semiconductor device where a p electrode layer 230 is not extended to a position on the gate electrode layer 250-side of the connection line TL, the semiconductor device 10 of the embodiment improves the pressure resistance. In the semiconductor device 10, with an increase in drain voltage, a high electrical field region is created on the drain side of a channel, and high energy electrons cause avalanche multiplication to form a hole of the high concentration. This results in an abrupt increase in drain current in a saturated region of drain current-drain voltage. In the semiconductor device 10 of the embodiment, the p electrode layer 230 which externally pulls out a hole is formed to be extended to a position on the gate electrode layer 250-side of the connection line TL. This configuration enables a hole formed in the vicinity of the gate electrode layer 250 under application of a high voltage to be effectively pulled out by the p electrode layer 230 and suppresses the occurrence of a secondary failure accompanied with avalanche multiplication. The semiconductor device 10 of the embodiment thus improves the pressure resistance.
In the semiconductor device 10 of the embodiment, the distance L1 from the above described connection line TL to the gate electrode layer 250-side end of the p electrode layer 230 on the surface of the p electrode layer 230 that is in contact with the n+ layer 140 is controlled to be equal to or greater than the layer thickness of the n+ layer 140. This configuration enables a hole to be effectively pulled out by the p electrode layer 230 without being interfered with by the n+ layer 140, thus effectively improving the pressure resistance.
A-2. Manufacturing Process of Semiconductor Device
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device 10 according to the first embodiment. The manufacturing process first forms the n− layer 120 on the n-type substrate 110 by crystal growth (step S110) and additionally forms the p-type layer 130 and the n+ layer 140 by ion implantation and heat treatment for activation (steps S120 and S130). The manufacturing process then forms the p electrode layer 230 on the p-type layer 130 (step S140) and forms the source electrode layer 240 on the n+ layer 140 (step S150) by electrode material deposition on a resist pattern by photolithography and subsequent lift-off process, and performs heat treatment for reduction of the contact resistance between the respective electrode layers and the respective semiconductor layers (step S160).
Subsequently, the manufacturing process forms the gate insulator film 340 and the gate electrode layer 250 on the p-type layer 130 (step S170), forms the drain electrode layer 210 on the n-type substrate 110 (step S180) and performs heat treatment for reduction of the contact resistance (step S190). The semiconductor device 10 of the embodiment is manufactured by the above process.
A-3. Modifications of First Embodiment
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 10a according to a first modification of the first embodiment. The semiconductor device 10a according to the first modification of the first embodiment differs in arrangement of a source electrode layer 240a from the semiconductor device 10 of the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 but otherwise has the same configuration as that of the semiconductor device 10 of the first embodiment. More specifically, the source electrode layer 240a according to the first modification of the first embodiment is provided to cover only a part of the surface of the p electrode layer 230 on the opposite side to the surface of the p electrode layer 230 that is in contact with the p-type layer 130 and only a part of the surfaces of the p electrode layer 230 approximately orthogonal to the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 130. The semiconductor device 10a of this modification is expected to be isolated on a −Y direction side of the p electrode layer 230. This modification omits formation of an unnecessary portion of the electrode layer and thereby reduces the used amount of the electrode material.
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 10b according to a second modification of the first embodiment. The semiconductor device 10b according to the second modification of the first embodiment differs in providing a p+ layer 132 from the semiconductor device 10 of the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 but otherwise has the same configuration as that of the semiconductor device 10 of the first embodiment. More specifically, in the second modification of the first embodiment, after formation of the p-type layer 130 and the n+ layer 140, a p+ layer 132 is formed by implanting a specified ion (dopant) into such a depth that reaches the p-type layer 130 in the area of the p-type layer 130 and the n+ layer 140 and subsequently performing heat treatment for activation. The p electrode layer 230 is formed on the surface (source-side surface SS) of the p+ layer 132. This modification further reduces the contact resistance of the p electrode layer 230.
B. Second Embodiment
B-1. Configuration of Semiconductor Device
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 50 according to a second embodiment. A part of the cross section of the semiconductor device 50 according to this embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 5. The semiconductor device 50 according to the second embodiment is a trench MOSFET and has a layered structure of an n-type substrate 510, a first n-type semiconductor layer 520, a p-type semiconductor layer 530 and a second n-type semiconductor layer 540 stacked in this sequence. Hereinafter the first n-type semiconductor layer 520 is also called “n− (n minus) layer 520;” the p-type semiconductor layer 530 is also called “p-type layer 530;” and the second n-type semiconductor layer 540 is also called “n+ (n plus) layer 540.” The direction in which the respective layers are stacked (X-axis direction) is also called the “stacking direction.” A layered structure 500 of the n-type substrate 510, the n− layer 520, the p-type layer 530 and the n+ layer 540 has surfaces: the surface defined by the n-type substrate 510 (surface on a −X axis direction side) is also called “drain-side surface DS” and the surface on the opposite side to the drain-side surface DS (surface on a +X axis direction side) is also called “source-side surface SS.”
The n-type substrate 510 is in a substantially plate-like shape that is approximately orthogonal to the stacking direction and is mainly made of gallium nitride (GaN). The n− layer 520 is arranged on the surface of one side (+X axis direction side) of the n-type substrate 510. The n− layer 520 is mainly made of gallium nitride (GaN).
The p-type layer 530 is a layer formed by crystal growth and is arranged on the surface of one side (+X axis direction side) of the n− layer 520.
The n+ layer 540 is a layer formed by crystal growth and is arranged on the surface of one side (+X axis direction side) of the p-type layer 530.
A drain electrode layer 610 is provided in the drain-side surface DS of the n-type substrate 510. The drain electrode layer 610 has a layered structure of an aluminum (Al) layer stacked on a titanium (Ti) layer (wherein the titanium layer is arranged on the n-type substrate 510 side).
A trench 720 and a recess 710 are formed on the source-side surface SS of the layered structure 500. The trench 720 is a concavity extended from the source-side surface SS into the n− layer 520. Accordingly, the inner surface of the trench 720 is defined by the n− layer 520, the p-type layer 530 and the n+ layer 540. The recess 710 is a concavity extended from the source-side surface SS into the p-type layer 530. Accordingly, the inner surface of the recess 710 is defined by the p-type layer 530 and the n+ layer 540. The cross sectional shapes of the trench 720 and the recess 710 may be set arbitrarily: for example, a rectangular shape having side faces that are parallel to the stacking direction as shown in FIG. 5; a trapezoidal shape or a wedge shape having side faces that are not parallel to the stacking direction; a partially circular shape or a partially elliptical shape; or a rectangular shape, a trapezoidal shape or a wedge shape having curved corners. The bottom face shapes of the trench 720 and the recess 710 may be set arbitrarily: for example, a rectangular shape, a polygonal shape, a circular shape or an elliptical shape.
A p electrode layer 630 is provided in a portion of the inner surface of the recess 710 defined by the p-type layer 530. The p electrode layer 630 corresponds to the second electrode layer of the claims. The p electrode layer 630 has a two-layer structure of a p contact formation layer 631 that is in contact with the p-type layer 530 and a p barrier layer 632 that is formed on the p contact formation layer 631. The p contact formation layer 631 is made of palladium (Pd), and the p barrier layer 632 is made of molybdenum (Mo). The layer thickness of the p contact formation layer 631 is preferably not less than 3 nm and not greater than 1000 nm. Controlling the layer thickness of the p contact formation layer 631 to this range prevents the excessive layer thickness of the p electrode layer 630, while maintaining the substantially ohmic contact between the p electrode layer 630 and the p-type layer 530. The excessively layer thickness of the p electrode layer 630 is undesired since it may cause problems: for example, the occurrence of a failure such as disconnection of a source electrode layer 640 formed on the p electrode layer 630; a difficulty in embedding a source electrode layer 640 in the recess 710 when the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640 are to be embedded in the miniaturized recess 710; and an increased material cost. The layer thickness of the p contact formation layer 631 is more preferably not less than 5 nm and not greater than 500 nm. Controlling the layer thickness of the p contact formation layer 631 to this range further restricts the layer thickness of the p electrode layer 630 and more effectively avoids the above problems, while maintaining the better ohmic contact between the p electrode layer 630 and the p-type layer 530. The layer thickness of the p barrier layer 632 is preferably not less than 3 nm and not greater than 1000 nm. Controlling the layer thickness of the p barrier layer 632 to this range prevents the excessive layer thickness of the p electrode layer 630, while inhibiting the reaction between the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640. The layer thickness of the p barrier layer 632 is more preferably not less than 5 nm and not greater than 500 nm. Controlling the layer thickness of the p barrier layer 632 to this range further restricts the layer thickness of the p electrode layer 630 and more effectively avoids the above problems, while more effectively inhibiting the reaction between the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640.
A source electrode layer 640 is provided on the source-side surface SS of the n+ layer 540. The source electrode layer 640 corresponds to the first electrode layer of the claims. The source electrode layer 640 has a three-layer structure of a first n contact formation layer 641 that is in contact with the n+ layer 540, a second n contact formation layer 642 that is formed on the first n contact formation layer 641 and an n cap layer 646 that is formed on the second n contact formation layer 642. The first n contact formation layer 641 is made of vanadium (V), the second n contact formation layer 642 is made of aluminum (Al) and the n cap layer 646 is made of molybdenum (Mo). The layer thickness of the first n contact formation layer 641 is preferably not less than 3 nm and not greater than 100 nm. Controlling the layer thickness of the first n contact formation layer 641 to this range prevents the excessive layer thickness of the first n contact formation layer 641 and avoids the problems such as a complicated formation process and an increased material cost caused by this excessive layer thickness, while maintaining the substantially ohmic contact between the source electrode layer 640 and the n+ layer 540. The layer thickness of the first n contact formation layer 641 is more preferably not less than 5 nm and not greater than 50 nm. Controlling the layer thickness of the first n contact formation layer 641 to this range further restricts the layer thickness of the first n contact formation layer 641 and more effectively avoids the above problems, while maintaining the better ohmic contact between the source electrode layer 640 and the n+ layer 540. The layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 is preferably not less than 100 nm and not greater than 100 μm. Controlling the layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 to this range prevents the excessive layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 and avoids the problems such as a complicated formation process and an increased material cost caused by this excessive layer thickness, while maintaining the better ohmic contact between the source electrode layer 640 and the n+ layer 540. The layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 is more preferably not less than 200 nm and not greater than 50 μm. Controlling the layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 to this range further restricts the layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 and more effectively avoids the above problems, while maintaining the further better ohmic contact between the source electrode layer 640 and the n+ layer 540. The layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 is furthermore preferably not less than 300 nm and not greater than 10 μm. Controlling the layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 to this range additionally restricts the layer thickness of the second n contact formation layer 642 and furthermore effectively avoids the above problems, while maintaining the furthermore better ohmic contact between the source electrode layer 640 and the n+ layer 540. The layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 is preferably not less than 3 nm and not greater than 100 μm. Controlling the layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 to this range allows the n cap layer 646 to have sufficient etch resistance and thereby enables a material without etch resistance to be used as the material for the first n contact formation layer 641 and the second n contact formation layer 642 in the case of formation of a contact hole after formation of an inter-layer insulator film on the source electrode layer 640. This enhances the flexibility in selection of the material for the first n contact formation layer 641 and the second n contact formation layer 642. Such controlling also prevents the excessive layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 and avoids the problems such as a complicated formation process and an increased material cost caused by this excessive layer thickness. The layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 is more preferably not less than 5 nm and not greater than 50 μm. Controlling the layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 to this range further restricts the layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 and more effectively avoids the above problems, while further enhancing the etch resistance of the n cap layer 646. The layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 is furthermore preferably not less than 5 nm and not greater than 10 μm. Controlling the layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 to this range additionally restricts the layer thickness of the n cap layer 646 and furthermore effectively avoids the above problems. The detailed structures of the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640 will be described later.
A gate insulator film 740 is formed on the inner surface of the trench 720. The gate insulator film 740 is made of silicon dioxide (SiO2). The gate insulator film 740 is provided to continuously cover the entire inner surface of the trench 720 and a part of the source-side surface SS of the n+ layer 540 adjacent to the trench 720. A gate electrode layer 650 is provided on the surface of the gate insulator film 740 on the opposite side to the surface of the gate insulator film 740 that is in contact with the semiconductor layers. The gate electrode layer 650 is made of aluminum (Al). The gate electrode layer 650 is an electrode layer serving to control the electric current in the semiconductor device 50 and is thereby also called control electrode layer.
In the semiconductor device 50 of this configuration, in the state that no voltage is applied to the gate electrode layer 650, the presence of the p-type layer 530 causes the source electrode layer 640 and the drain electrode layer 610 to have no electrical continuity. When a specific or higher voltage is applied to the gate electrode layer 650, on the other hand, an inversion layer is formed in a portion of the p-type layer 530 in the vicinity of the interface between the p-type layer 530 and the gate insulator film 740. This inversion layer serves as a channel, so that the source electrode layer 640 and the drain electrode layer 610 have electrical continuity via the n+ layer 540, the inversion layer formed in the p-type layer 530, the n− layer 520 and the n-type substrate 510.
The following describes the configuration of the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640 in more detail. As described above, the p electrode layer 630 is formed on a specific area of the inner surface of the recess 710, which is defined by the p-type layer 530, and is formed in a shape to be extended from this specific area to another part. More specifically, the p electrode layer 630 is provided to continuously cover the above described specific area of the p-type layer 530, a connection line TL, which is a part of the peripheral line of the joint interface between the n+ layer 540 and the p-type layer 530 on the interface side between the p electrode layer 630 and the p-type layer 530, an area of the inner surface of the recess 710, which is defined by the n+ layer 540, and a part of the source-side surface SS of the n+ layer 540. In other words, the p electrode layer 630 is formed to be extended on the surface of the n+ layer 540 to a position on a gate electrode layer 650-side of the above described connection line TL where the p electrode layer 630 is connected with the above described joint interface. According to this embodiment, a distance L1 from the connection line TL to a gate electrode layer 650-side end of the p electrode layer 630 on the surface of the p electrode layer 630 that is in contact with the n+ layer 540 is equal to or greater than a layer thickness t1 of the n+ layer 540. The designed value of the distance L1 is set to a sufficient distance (sufficient size), in order to enable the p electrode layer 630 to consistently cover the surface of the n+ layer 540 even in taking into consideration the alignment accuracy of a mask used for processing. The designed value of the distance L1 is set to be not less than 0.5 μm according to this embodiment. The excessive distance L1 interferes with miniaturization of the electrode peripheral part, so that the distance L1 is preferably not greater than 20 μm.
The source electrode layer 640, on the other hand, does not cover at least a portion of the surface of the n+ layer 540, which forms the above described connection line TL of the joint interface (this portion is covered with the p electrode layer 630). The source electrode layer 640 is provided to cover a part of the surface of the p electrode layer 630 other than a portion covered with the p-type layer 530 and a portion covered with the n+ layer 540 (i.e., the surface of the p electrode layer 630 on the opposite side to the surface that is in contact with the p-type layer 530 and the surfaces of the p electrode layer 630 approximately orthogonal to the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 530). Since the source electrode layer 640 covers the surface of the p electrode layer 630 as described above, the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640 operate at the same potential (for example, both at the ground potential). In the specification hereof, “same potential” is not limited to a completely identical potential but includes substantially the same potential.
As described above, in the semiconductor device 50 of this embodiment, the source electrode layer 640 is formed to cover the surface of the p electrode layer 630 on the opposite side to the surface of the p electrode layer 630 that is in contact with the p-type layer 530. This configuration means that the p electrode layer 630 is connected with at least a part of the surface of the source electrode layer 640 that is opposed to the n+ layer 540. In other words, the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640 are formed to be stacked along the stacking direction. Accordingly, compared with a semiconductor device having a p electrode layer 630 and a source electrode layer 640 formed distant from each other, the semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment does not need an alignment margin and thereby enables miniaturization of the electrode peripheral part. This embodiment thus enables downsizing of the semiconductor device 50 and reduces the manufacturing cost of the semiconductor device 50.
In the semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment, the p electrode layer 630 is formed to be extended on the surface of the n+ layer 540 to a position on the gate electrode layer 650-side of the connection line TL. Accordingly, compared with a semiconductor device where a p electrode layer 630 is not extended to a position on the gate electrode layer 650-side of the connection line TL, the semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment improves the pressure resistance. In the semiconductor device 50, with an increase in drain voltage, a high electrical field region is created on the drain side of a channel, and high energy electrons cause avalanche multiplication to form a hole of the high concentration. This results in an abrupt increase in drain current in a saturated region of drain current-drain voltage. In the semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment, the p electrode layer 630 which externally pulls out a hole is formed to be extended to a position on the gate electrode layer 650-side of the connection line TL. This configuration enables a hole formed in the vicinity of the gate electrode layer 650 under application of a high voltage to be effectively pulled out by the p electrode layer 630 and suppresses the occurrence of a secondary failure accompanied with avalanche multiplication. The semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment thus improves the pressure resistance.
In the semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment, the distance L1 from the above connection line TL to the gate electrode layer 650-side end of the p electrode layer 630 on the surface of the p electrode layer 630 that is in contact with the n+ layer 540 is controlled to be equal to or greater than the layer thickness t1 of the n+ layer 540. This configuration enables a hole to be effectively pulled out by the p electrode layer 630 without being interfered with by the n+ layer 540, thus effectively improving the pressure resistance.
In the semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment, the p electrode layer 630 is in contact with the p-type layer 530 on side faces of the inner surface of the recess 710 which are defined by the p-type layer 530 and the n+ layer 540 in addition to a bottom face of the inner surface of the recess 710 which is defined by the p-type layer 530. Accordingly, the semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment enables a hole to be more effectively pulled out by the p electrode layer 630, thus more effectively improving the pressure resistance.
In the semiconductor device 50 of this embodiment, the source electrode layer 640 is provided to cover only a part of the surface of the p electrode layer 630 on the opposite side to the surface of the p electrode layer 630 that is in contact with the p-type layer 530 and only a part of the surfaces of the p electrode layer 630 approximately orthogonal to the source-side surface SS of the p-type layer 530. The semiconductor device 50 of this embodiment is expected to be isolated on a −Y direction side of the p electrode layer 630. The semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment omits formation of an unnecessary portion of the electrode layer and thereby reduces the used amount of the electrode material.
B-2. Manufacturing Process of Semiconductor Device
FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device 50 according to the second embodiment. The manufacturing process first forms the n− layer 520 on the n-type substrate 510 by crystal growth (step S210) and additionally forms the p-type layer 530 and the n+ layer 540 by crystal growth (steps S220 and S230). The manufacturing process then forms the trench 720 and the recess 710 on the source-side surface SS of the layered structure 500 by dry etching (step S232), forms the p electrode layer 630 on the p-type layer 530 (step S240) and forms the source electrode layer 640 on the n+ layer 540 (step S250) by electrode material deposition on a resist pattern by photolithography and subsequent lift-off process, and performs heat treatment for reduction of the contact resistance between the respective electrode layers and the respective semiconductor layers (step S260).
Subsequently, the manufacturing process forms the gate insulator film 740 and the gate electrode layer 650 on the surface of the trench 720 (step S270), forms the drain electrode layer 610 on the n-type substrate 510 (step S280) and performs heat treatment for reduction of the contact resistance (step S290). The semiconductor device 50 of the embodiment is manufactured by the above process.
B-3. Modification of Second Embodiment
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view schematically illustrating the configuration of a semiconductor device 50a according to a modification of the second embodiment. The semiconductor device 50a according to the modification of the second embodiment differs in structure of a source electrode layer 640a and in providing an inter-layer insulator film 810 and a wiring electrode layer 820 from the semiconductor device 50 of the second embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 but otherwise has the same configuration as that of the semiconductor device 50 of the second embodiment.
In the semiconductor device 50a according to the modification of the second embodiment, an inter-layer insulator film 810 is formed on the layered structure 500 after formation of the respective electrodes. A contact hole 812 is formed in the inter-layer insulator film 810. The contact hole 812 is provided at a position where the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640a are formed in the layered structure 500. A wiring electrode layer 820 is formed on the inter-layer insulator film 810. The wiring electrode layer 820 is in contact with the surface of the inter-layer insulator film 810 and the inner surface (side face) of the contact hole 812 and is electrically connected with the source electrode layer 640a via the contact hole 812. The p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640a operate at the same potential, so that the wiring electrode layer 820 is also electrically connected with the p electrode layer 630. The source electrode layer 640a is provided to cover the surface of the p electrode layer 630, so that the p electrode layer 630 is isolated from the contact hole 812.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device 50a according to the modification of the second embodiment. The manufacturing process of the modification is the same as the manufacturing process of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 6 from formation of the n− layer 520 (step S210) to formation of the gate insulator film 740 and the gate electrode layer 650 (step S270). After formation of the gate insulator film 740 and the gate electrode layer 650, the manufacturing process deposits the inter-layer insulator film 810 on the layered structure 500 (step S272) and etches out a part of the inter-layer insulator film 810 to form the contact hole 812 (step S274). The manufacturing process then forms the wiring electrode layer 820 to be connected with the source electrode layer 640a via the contact hole 812 (step S276). Subsequently, in the same manner as the manufacturing process of the second embodiment, the manufacturing process forms the drain electrode layer 610 (step S280) and performs heat treatment for reduction of the contact resistance (step S290). The semiconductor device 50a according to the modification of the second embodiment is manufactured by the above process.
As described above, in the semiconductor device 50a according to the modification of the second embodiment, the source electrode layer 640a is provided to cover the surface of the p electrode layer 630, so that the p electrode layer 630 is isolated from the contact hole 812. As long as the source electrode layer 640a is made of a material having process tolerance, this arrangement enables the contact hole 812 to be formed without causing adverse effect on the p electrode layer 630 and enables the wiring electrode layer 820 to be electrically connected with the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640a in the etching process for formation of the contact hole 812, even when the p electrode layer 630 is made of a material without the process tolerance. In the semiconductor device 50a according to the modification of the second embodiment, this enhances the flexibility in selection of the material for the p electrode layer 630.
C. Other Modifications
The invention is not limited to the embodiments or their modifications described above but may be implemented by any of various other embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Some examples of possible modifications are described below.
C1. Another Modification 1
The above embodiments respectively describe the planar MOSFET and the trench MOSFET among the semiconductor devices, but the invention is applicable to other different types of semiconductor devices. For example, the invention is applicable to a lateral MOSFET, an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and a bipolar transistor (including a base electrode layer serving as a control electrode layer). Furthermore, the invention is applicable to semiconductor devices in general where a first electrode layer formed on an n-type semiconductor layer and a second electrode layer formed on a p-type semiconductor layer operate at the same potential.
The semiconductor device of the invention is also applicable to an inverter 20 which serves as a power converter as shown in FIG. 9. The inverter 20 shown in FIG. 9 is a circuit configured to convert the frequency of a commercial power source CP and supply the power of the converted frequency to, for example, a motor MO and includes a converter circuit 22, a smoothing capacitor 24 and an inverter circuit 26. The semiconductor device 10 or 50 described above is applicable as switching elements 28 included in the inverter circuit 26. Furthermore, the semiconductor device of the invention is applicable to another power converter, such as a power factor correction circuit.
C2. Another Modification 2
The manufacturing processes described in the above respective embodiments are only illustrative and may be modified in various ways. For example, in the first embodiment described above, the p-type layer 130 and the n+ layer 140 are formed by ion implantation. These layers may, however, be formed by another technique, such as impurity diffusion or selective regrowth. In the respective embodiments described above, heat treatment is performed (step S160 in FIG. 2 or step S260 in FIG. 6) after formation of the p electrode layer 230 or 630 and the source electrode layer 240 or 640. A modified process may, however, perform heat treatment for the p electrode layer 230 or 630 after formation of the p electrode layer 230 or 630 and perform heat treatment for the source electrode layer 240 or 640 after formation of the source electrode layer 240 or 640.
In the above respective embodiments, the p electrode layer 230 or 630 and the source electrode layer 240 or 640 are formed by electrode material deposition on a resist pattern by photolithography and subsequent lift-off process. A modified process may, however, form the p electrode layer 230 or 630 and the source electrode layer 240 or 640 by another technique, for example, a processing method using a resist pattern by photolithography as a mask.
C3. Another Modification 3
The formation materials of the respective semiconductor layers in the above respective embodiments are only illustrative and may be replaced with other materials. For example, in the first embodiment described above, each semiconductor layer is mainly made of silicon carbide (SiC). Alternatively, each semiconductor layer may be made of another material, such as gallium nitride (GaN) or silicon (Si). In the second embodiment described above, each semiconductor layer is mainly made of gallium nitride (GaN). Alternatively, each semiconductor layer may be made of another material, such as silicon carbide (SiC) or silicon (Si).
C4. Another Modification 4
The structures of the respective electrode layers in the above respective embodiments are only illustrative and may be modified in various ways. For example, in the respective embodiments described above, each electrode layer of the single-layered structure may be formed in a multi-layered structure, and each electrode layer of the multi-layered structure may be formed in a single-layered structure.
Additionally, the formation materials of the respective electrode layers in the above respective embodiments are only illustrative and may be replaced with other materials according to the number of layers included in each electrode layer and the material of a semiconductor layer which each electrode layer is connected with. For example, in the second embodiment described above, the p contact formation layer 631 may be formed by containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) or an alloy of the selected metal. This ensures the substantially ohmic contact between the p electrode layer 630 and the p-type layer 530. In the second embodiment described above, the p barrier layer 632 may be formed by containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), TiSi, TiN, TiW, TaSi and TaN or an alloy of the selected metal. This inhibits the reaction of the p electrode layer 630 with the source electrode layer 640.
In the second embodiment described above, the first n contact formation layer 641 may be formed by containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) or an alloy of the selected metal. This ensures the substantially ohmic contact between the source electrode layer 640 and the n+ layer 540. In the second embodiment described above, the second n contact formation layer 642 may be formed by containing aluminum (Al) or an aluminum (Al) alloy. This ensures the good ohmic contact between the source electrode layer 640 and the n+ layer 540. In the second embodiment described above, the n cap layer 646 may be formed by containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), TiSi, TiN, TiW, TaSi and TaN or an alloy of the selected metal. This causes the source electrode layer 640 to include the n cap layer 646 having the etch resistance. In the process of forming a contact hole after formation of an inter-layer insulator film on the source electrode layer 640, a material without the etch resistance may thus be employed as the material for the first n contact formation layer 641 or the material for the second n contact formation layer 642. This enhances the flexibility in selection of the material for the first n contact formation layer 641 and the material for the second n contact formation layer 642.
The first embodiment employs polysilicon and the second embodiment employs aluminum for the gate electrode layer 250 or 650 as the control electrode layer. Alternatively, the first embodiment may employ aluminum and the second embodiment may employ polysilicon. The gate electrode layer 250 or 650 may be made of another material or may be formed in a multi-layered structure. For example, the gate electrode layer 250 or 650 may be formed in a two-layered structure, such as Au/Ni structure, Al/Ti structure, Al/TiN structure (wherein Ni, Ti and TiN are respectively on the gate insulator film side) or may be formed in a three-layered structure, such as TiN/Al/TiN structure.
In the second embodiment described above, the p barrier layer 632 and the first n contact formation layer 641 may be made of the same material. This enables the first n contact formation layer 641 to simultaneously serve as the p barrier layer 632, thus simplifying the process and reducing the material cost. In one exemplified structure of the p electrode layer 630 and the source electrode layer 640, the p contact formation layer 631 may be made of palladium (Pd), a layer made of vanadium (V) may serve as the p barrier layer 632 and the first n contact formation layer 641, the second n contact formation layer 642 may be made of aluminum (Al), and the n cap layer 646 may be made of molybdenum (Mo).
C5. Another Modification 5
In the above respective embodiments, the gate insulator film 340 or 740 is made of silicon dioxide (SiO2). The gate insulator film 340 or 740 may, however, be made of another material, such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon nitride (SiN), hafnium oxide (HfO2) or zirconium oxide (ZrO2). Moreover, the gate insulator film 340 or 740 may be formed in a multi-layered structure. For example, the gate insulator film 340 or 740 may be formed in a two-layered structure, such as ZrO2/SiO2 structure wherein ZrO2 is provided on SiO2, HfO2/SiO2 structure, Al2O3/SiO2 structure or SiO2/SiN structure or may be formed in a three-layered structure, such as ZrO2/SiO2/SiN structure wherein SiO2 is provided on SiN and ZrO2 is further provided on SiO2 or HfO2/Al2O3/SiO2 structure.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments or the modifications described above but may be implemented by any of various other aspects or configurations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the technical features of each of the embodiments and the modifications corresponding to the technical features of each aspect described in SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION may be replaced or combined arbitrarily, in order to solve part or all of the problems described above or in order to achieve part of all of the advantageous effects described above. The technical features that are not described as essential in the specification hereof may be eliminated arbitrarily.

## Claims

1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a p-type semiconductor layer;
an n-type semiconductor layer connected with the p-type semiconductor layer;
a first electrode layer formed on the n-type semiconductor layer;
a second electrode layer formed on the p-type semiconductor layer and connected to ground; and
a control electrode layer formed above the p-type semiconductor layer, wherein
the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are electrically connected such as to each operate at an identical potential,
the first electrode layer is formed on or over the second electrode layer,
the second electrode layer is situated on a connection line which is a part of a peripheral line of an interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer, and is formed on the n-type semiconductor layer and is extended towards the control electrode layer, and
the second electrode layer includes an end portion contacting an upper surface of the n-type semiconductor layer, and the first electrode layer includes an end portion formed on the end portion of the second electrode layer and contacting the upper surface of the n-type semiconductor layer.

2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
a distance from the connection line on which the second electrode layer is situated to a control electrode layer-side end of the second electrode layer on the n-type semiconductor layer is equal to or greater than a layer thickness of the n-type semiconductor layer.

3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
a distance from the connection line on which the second electrode layer is situated to a control electrode layer-side end of the second electrode layer on the n-type semiconductor layer is equal to or greater than 0.5 μm but is equal to or less than 20 μm.

4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
an inter-layer insulator film formed to cover the semiconductor layer and the electrode layer and have a contact hole that connects with a surface of the first electrode layer; and
a wiring electrode layer formed in the contact hole to be connected with the first electrode layer,
wherein the first electrode layer is provided to cover the second electrode layer such that the second electrode layer is not exposed on the contact hole.

5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer are arranged to form a recess having a bottom face defined by the p-type semiconductor layer and a side face defined by the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer, and
the second electrode layer is formed to cover at least a part of a surface of the p-type semiconductor layer that defines the side face of the recess.

6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein t
he first electrode layer is formed to cover a part of a surface of the second electrode layer excluding a portion covered with a layer other than the first electrode layer.

7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer are mainly made of gallium nitride (GaN).

8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein
the second electrode layer includes a p contact formation layer arranged on a side to be connected with the p-type semiconductor layer, wherein
the p contact formation layer contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) or an alloy of the selected metal.

9. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein
the p contact formation layer has a layer thickness of not less than 3 nm and not greater than 1000 nm.

10. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein
the second electrode layer includes a p barrier layer arranged on a side of the p contact formation layer that is opposite to a side of the p contact formation layer connected with the p-type semiconductor layer, wherein
the p barrier layer contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), TiSi, TiN, TiW, TaSi and TaN or an alloy of the selected metal.

11. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein
the p barrier layer has a layer thickness of not less than 3 nm and not greater than 1000 nm.

12. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein
the first electrode layer includes a first n contact formation layer arranged on a side connected with the n-type semiconductor layer, and a second n contact formation layer arranged on a side of the first n contact formation layer that is opposite to the side of the first n contact formation layer connected with the n-type semiconductor layer, wherein
the first n contact layer contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) or an alloy of the selected metal.

13. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein
the first n contact formation layer has a layer thickness of not less than 3 nm and not greater than 100 nm.

14. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein
the second n contact formation layer contains aluminum (Al) or an aluminum (Al) alloy.

15. The semiconductor device according to claim 14, wherein
the second n contact formation layer has a layer thickness of not less than 100 nm and not greater than 100 μm.

16. The semiconductor device according to claim 14, wherein
the first electrode layer includes an n cap layer arranged on a side of the second n contact formation layer that is opposite to the side of the second n contact formation layer connected with the first n contact formation layer, wherein
the n cap layer contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), rhodium (Rh), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), TiSi, TiN, TiW, TaSi and TaN or an alloy of the selected metal.

17. The semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein
the n cap layer has a layer thickness of not less than 3 nm and not greater than 100 μm.

18. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein
the first electrode layer includes a first n contact formation layer arranged on a side connected with the n-type semiconductor layer, wherein
the p barrier layer and the first n contact formation layer are made of an identical material.

19. A power converter, comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 1.

20. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a layered structure comprising a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer formed in a portion of the p-type semiconductor layer such that a surface of the layered structure comprises an interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer;
a p-electrode formed on the p-type semiconductor layer and connected to ground;
a source electrode formed on the p-electrode and the n-type semiconductor layer, and being electrically connected to the p-electrode such that the p-electrode and the source electrode operate at substantially the same potential;
a drain electrode formed on a side of the layered structure which is opposite the p-electrode; and
a control electrode formed above the p-type semiconductor layer, and configured to control ON/OFF of a current between the source electrode and the drain electrode, under application of a voltage to the control electrode, wherein the p-electrode is formed on the interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer, and extends onto the n-type semiconductor layer towards the control electrode, and
wherein the p-electrode includes an end portion contacting an upper surface of the n-type semiconductor layer, and the source electrode includes an end portion formed on the end portion of the p-electrode and contacting the upper surface of the n-type semiconductor layer.