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                  OffWorking Papers
OEA's Economic Analysis Division manages the FCC Working Papers, which are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The analyses and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other members of the Office of Economics and Analytics, other Commission staff, or the Commission itself. References in publications to these Working Papers by FCC economists (other than acknowledgment by a writer that he has access to such unpublished materials) should be cleared with the author to protect the tentative character of these papers.January 13, 2023
          Television Station Ownership Diversity
            Kim Makuch
    August 03, 2022
          Measurement Error and Misspecification in Demand-Based Diversion Ratios
            Patrick Sun
    February 19, 2021
          Impact of Broadband Penetration on U.S. Farm Productivity
            Katherine LoPiccalo
    January 15, 2021
          Market Size and Local Television News
            Kim Makuch and Jonathan Levy
    December 30, 2020
          The Digital Divide in U.S. Mobile Technology and Speeds
            Judith Dempsey and Patrick Sun
    July 08, 2019
          An Empirical Analysis of Broadband Access in Residential Multi-Tenant Environments
            Octavian Carare and Steven Kauffman
    April 05, 2019
          The Organization of Economists In Regulatory Agencies: Does Structure Matter?
            Jerry Ellig and Catherine Konieczny
    June 01, 2012
          Using a Market to Obtain the Efficient Allocation of Interference Rights
            Mark Bykowsky and William Sharkey
    December 01, 2010
          Potential Impacts on Communications from IPv4 Exhaustion & IPv6 Transition
            Robert Cannon
    October 01, 2010
          Transformative Choices: A Review of 70 Years of FCC Decisions
            Sherille Ismail

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(CARS)Commercial Leased AccessEffective CompetitionMultichannel Video Programming Distributor (MVPD)Political Programming and Candidate AccessSubmarine  CableCommunications Infrastructure                                Antenna                                Antenna Structure Marking and LightingAntenna Structure Registration (ASR)Distributed Antenna System (DAS)Base stationCell phoneCell siteEarth stationEnvironmental, Historic PreservationEquipment (Terminal Attachments)Facility SitingFixed stationHardwareInfrastructureMobile stationNational Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)Network architecturePole AttachmentsPortable devicePositive Train ControlRadar systemsReceiver performanceReceiversSoftwareTowerVehicle-mounted antennasWireless Local Area Network (WLAN)Communications Reliability & Security                                9-1-1 Outages9-1-1 ReliabilityBest PracticesCybersecurityDerechoDisaster Information Reporting SystemGovernment Emergency Telecommunications ServiceInternet Routing SecurityNetwork Outage Reporting SystemNetwork ReliabilityPriority Access ServicesTelecommunications Service PriorityWireless Priority ServicesWireless ResiliencyConstituencies                                Accessibility and Disability                                Hearing Aid CompatibilityMental DisabilityPhysical DisabilityText Telephone DevicesText-to-911African-AmericanAsian-American/Pacific IslanderChildren/YouthConsumers (general)Hispanic/LatinoLow-incomeNative Nations                                AdoptionAlaska NativeAmerican IndianColonyConsultationCultural PreservationEconomic DevelopmentEligible Telecommunications CarrierGovernment to governmentHawaiian Home LandsHistoric PreservationMobility FundNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)Native HawaiianPuebloReservationSpectrumState Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO)Tribal GovernmentTribal Mobility FundTribal PriorityOlder Americans/SeniorsRuralSmall, women and minority-owned businessesUnderservedConsumers                                Broadband Consumer Issues                                Emergency Benefit Broadband ProgramBroadband guideChildren's Internet Protection Act (CIPA)EquipmentInternetInternet guideInternet Protocol v6 (IPv6)IP RelayOnline safetyOpen InternetSpamVoice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)Broadcast Consumer Issues                                AdvertisingChildren's TelevisionClosed CaptioningDigital TV (DTV)Emergency InformationIndecencyInterferenceLoud CommercialsLow Power FMObscenityPublic BroadcastingRadio guideRadio rulesTelevision guideTelevision rulesV-ChipVideo DescriptionCable Consumer Issues                                Bundled ServicesCable guideChildren's TelevisionClosed CaptioningEmergency InformationEncryptionRatesRetransmission ConsentSignal QualityV-ChipVideo DescriptionChildren and Family                                AMBER AlertsChildren's Online SafetyEducational TelevisionParentsV-ChipConsumer Help Center                                Accessibility  guideBroadcast TV guideCable guideComplaint dataEmergency Communications guideInternet guideRadio guideWireless guideWireline guideDisability Issues                                711 servicesAccessibilityAccessibility guideClosed CaptioningEmergency AccessEquipmentHearing Aid CompatibilityIP CaptioningIP RelayNational Deaf-Blind Equipment DistributionSection 504Speech to Speech RelayTelecommunications Relay Service (TRS)Text telephone (TTY)Video DescriptionVideo Relay Service (VRS)Health and Safety                                911Distracted DrivingEmergency CommunicationsEmergency guideEncryptionHealth guideOnline SafetySafety guideSecurity guideTextingWireless SafetyInternational Consumer Issues                                International guidePre-Paid CardsRoamingSurchargesWireless callingPrivacy Consumer Issues                                Call recordingDo-not-callEncryptionInterceptionOnline privacyPrivacy guideRecord retentionSatellite Consumers Issues                                Broadcast rulesChildren's TelevisionClosed CaptioningEmergency informationInstallationLoud CommercialsRetransmission ConsentV-ChipVideo DescriptionScams                                90#900 numbersCollect callCrammingJammersJunk FaxesRedialingRobocallsScam guideSlammingSpamSplashingSpoofingUnauthorized equipmentVoice MailTelephone Consumer Issues                                900 numbersBill ShockBillingBundled ServicesCall recordingCrammingDo-not-callFraudInterferenceInternationalJunk FaxesLong distancePayphonePhone CardsRobocallSlammingTelephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA)Telephone Relay Service (TRS)Toll FreeWireline guideUniversal Service Consumer Issues                                E-RateLibraryLifelineLow incomeRural Health CareSchoolsUniversal Service guideWireless Consumer Issues                                911AccessibilityBillingDevice protectionDo-not-callEmergency CommunicationsHearing Aid CompatibilityInternational CallingPrivacyRoamingSpecific Absorption Rate (SAR)Text to 911TextingUnlockingWireless guidesWireless Equipment                                AntennasMicrophonesRadiationWireless Device SafetyWireless guideWireless NetworksData, Maps, Reports                                Data                                APIBroadband Deployment DataConnect America Fund Progress PortalForm 477 DataNECA & USAC DataNumbering (NRUF) DataStudy Area Boundary DataUrban Rate Survey DataMaps                                Broadcast Service ContoursService ContoursReports                                911 Fee Report/9-1-1 Fee ReportCommunications Marketplace ReportBroadband Progress ReportsBudget ReportCable Industry Prices ReportCross Border Interoperability ReportGovernment Accounting Office ReportInternet Access Services ReportsJunk Fax ReportLocal Telephone Competition ReportsMedia Ownership ReportMobile Wireless Competition ReportMulti-State Outage ReportORBIT Act ReportOwnership of Broadcast StationsSatellite Competition ReportSection 257 Triennial ReportUniversal Service Monitoring ReportsVideo Competition ReportWorking PapersDevices, Engineering & Technology                                Devices                                Digital deviceFixed deviceMedical radio deviceMobile deviceRadar devicesRadio frequency (RF) deviceOET software programsOET technical documents                                Measurement proceduresOET bulletinsOET reportsSafety                                Maximum permissible exposure (MPE)RF exposure limitsRF safetySpecific Absorption Rate (SAR)Technical analysis                                Conducted limitsContourCurvesDuty cycleDynamic frequency selection (DFS)Dynamic spectrum sharingEmission measurementEmission limitsHarmful interferenceInterferenceJammingMeasurementsMeasurement proceduresMillimeter wave propagationModelingModular transmittersPower limitsPropagationPropagation curvesRadiated emissionSpectrum etiquetteTechnical standardsTechnological Advisory CouncilTechnology                                AnalogBluetoothCubeSatDigitalGPSHardwareHearing aid compatibilityIntentional radiatorInternet protocolLong-Term Evolution (LTE)Medical radio deviceMicrophoneRadarRadio-frequency (RF) deviceSoftwareTechnical standardsUnintentional radiatorUnmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)Vehicular radarUnlicensed Devices                                Unlicensed OperationsUnlicensed Wireless DevicesWhite SpacesWhite space databaseEnforcement                                Actions                                Telecommunications Consumer Division - Telephone Solicitation - TCD-TSOLTelecommunications Consumer Division - Robocall - TCD-ROBOTelecommunications Consumer Division - Unsolicited Faxes - TCD-UFAXTelecommunications Relay Service - TCD-TRSTelecommunications Consumer Division - other - TCD-OTHTelecommunications Consumer Division - Marketing Actions - TCD-MKTRadio Frequency (RF) Safety Enforcement - RFSEProtecting CPNITelecom Unauthorized Assignment/Transfer of Control of Licenses - TUCTLTelecommunications Consumer Division - Anti-Slamming Actions - TCD-SLAMTelecommunications Consumer Division - Do Not Call - TCD-NCALTelephone Privacy Issues - TCD-TPIWireless Unauthorized Assignment/Transfer of Control of Licenses - WUCTLWireless Hearing Aid Compatability - HACEquipment Marketing Violations - MKTDEVWireless 911 and E911 ViolationsUnauthorized Operation in Wireless and Satellite Services - ULOToll Free - TCD-TFRTower Siting/Environmental Enforcement - TSEEU-NII and TDWR Interference Enforcement - NIIUnauthorized Broadcast Stations - ULBCPayola and Sponsorship Indentification - SPONSIDOther Universal Service Fund Actions - USFCBroadcast - Public Inspection Files - PIFBroadcast of Telephone Conversations - TELBroadcast - Contests - CONBilling - TCD-BILLAntenna Structure Registration, Marking, Lighting Enforcement - ASMLBroadcast Station Main Studio - MSTUDIOBroadcast Unauthorized Assignment/Transfer of Control of Licenses - BUCTLEmergency Information Access - TCD-EIAEnhanced Underwriting for Non-Commercial Broadcast Stations - ENHUNDEmergency Alert System Rules - EASCramming - TCD-CRAMCable Signal Leakage Enforcement - CSLEAmateur Radio Service Enforcement - AMATAccessibility - TCD-ACCENetwork Outage Reporting Enforcement - NETOUEMerger Enforcement Actions - MERGObscene, Profane and Indecent Broadcasts - OBINCObscene, Profane and Indecent Broadcasts : Notices of Apparent Liability - OBINNOperator Service Providers/Operator Service Disclosures - TCD-OSPOSDMarket Disputes Resolution Division Released Items Concerning Formal Complaints - MDRD208Lifeline/Link-up Outreach - TCD-LLUOFailure to Respond - TCD-FRESPField Actions 2016 - ACTACTJammer Enforcement - CELJAMBroadcast and Media                                Broadcast of Telephone ConversationsCableCARDCable Digital MigrationCable Switched Digital VideoCensorshipChildren's Commercial LimitsContestsElection IssuesEmergency Alert System (EAS) InformationEnhanced UnderwritingFraudulent FundraisingHoaxesIndecency BroadcastLive/Prerecorded ProgrammingLotteryLoud Commercial (CALM Act)News DistortionObscenity BroadcastOperation at Variance from AuthorizationOther - Broadcast/Media IssuePayola and Sponsorship IdentificationPersonal AttackStation IdentificationSubliminal BroadcastingTransmitting/Delivering to Foreign StationCompetition Enforcement                                Access ChargesBroadbandCollocationCommon Carrier TariffsDiscriminationDSL ProvisioningEqual AccessIntercarrier CompensationInterconnectionMarketingMerger Condition(s)Open InternetOther - Competition Enforcement IssuePayphone CompensationReciprocal CompensationSection 271 ComplianceTariff InterpretationTariff ReasonablenessToll-free NumbersTraffic BlockingTraffic PumpingUnbundled Network ElementsWireless RoamingConsumer Protection                                Access ChargesAdvertising/MarketingApplication Mill ScamBillingBundlingCaller IDCalling Party PaysCarrier Failure to RespondCasual Calling PracticesCloned PhonesContract IssueConsumer Proprietary Network Information (CPNI)CrammingDirectory AssistanceDivulgence/InterceptionDo Not CallEmergency Information AccessFraudLifeline/Link-UpLong DistanceOperator Service Providers/Operator Service DisclosuresOther - Telephone Consumer Protection Act IssueOther - Consumer Protection IssuePay-Per-CallPre-Paid ServicePrerecorded AdvertisementRates-PracticesResaleRoamingSection 222SlammingTelephone Privacy IssuesTelephone SolicitationUnsolicited FaxesDisability                                Closed CaptioningCVAAHearing Aid Compatibility and Volume Control for TelephonesOther - Disability IssueSection 255TRS-Section 225Wireless Hearing Aid CompatibilityEquipment                                DTVEquipment MarketingOther - Equipment IssueFederal Funds Compliance                                North American Number Plan (NANP)Telecommunications Relay Service (TRS)Universal Service Fund (USF) - Debarment from ParticipationUniversal Service Fund (USF) - E-RateUniversal Service Fund (USF) - High CostUniversal Service Fund (USF) - Low IncomeUniversal Service Fund (USF) - Rural Health CareInterference                                To Part 5  (Experimental Radio)From Part 5  (Experimental Radio)To Part 15 (Radio Frequency Device)From Part 15 (Radio Frequency Device)To Part 18 (ISM)From Part 18 (ISM)To Part 20 (CMRS)From Part 20 (CMRS)To Part 22 (Public Mobile Services)From Part 22 (Public Mobile Services)To Part 24 (PCS)From Part 24 (PCS)To Part 25 (Satellite)From Part 25 (Satellite)To Part 27 (Misc Wireless)From Part 27 (Misc Wireless)To Part 73 (Broadcast)From Part 73 (Broadcast)To Part 74 (Broadcast Auxilary)From Part 74 (Broadcast Auxilary)To Part 76 (MVPD-Cable)From Part 76 (MVPD-Cable)To Part 78 (Cable TV Relay Service)From Part 78 (Cable TV Relay Service)To Part 80 (Marine)From Part 80 (Marine)To Part 87 (Aviation)From Part 87 (Aviation)To Part 90 (Land Mobile-Public Safety and Industial/Business)From Part 90 (Land Mobile-Public Safety and Industial/Business)To Part 95 (Personal Radio Services)From Part 95 (Personal Radio Services)To Part 97 (Amateur)From Part 97 (Amateur)To Part 101 (Microwave)From Part 101 (Microwave)To Federal Government ServiceFrom Federal Government ServiceTo International ServiceFrom International ServiceFrom Unlicensed/Unauthorized ServiceLicensee Investigation                                Abuse of ProcessAlien OwnershipAuction CollusionCivil FraudContractual DisputeEnvironmental/NEPAFailure to File Required FormsFailure to NegotiateFailure to RespondFailure to Satisfy MilestoneHearing DesignationMerger ViolationMultiple OwnershipNumberingOmission of Material InformationOperation at variance from authorizationOSP ViolationPerformance ReportingPremature ProvisioningRural Call CompletionSatellite MilestoneSection 214 - Unauthorized Assignment/Transfer of Control of LicensesSection 214 - Unauthorized DiscontinuanceSection 214 - Unauthorized International ServiceSection 271Section 272Section 301 - Unauth. Operation (Non-Broadcast)Shared TransportSpecial AccessSpectrum CapSpectrum RelocationSpoofing and Phantom CallsTariffsZoning IssuesLicensee/Regulatee Investigation (Field)                                AmateurAviationBroadcastLand MobileMarineMicrowaveMVPDOtherPart 15 OperatorPart 18 (ISM)Personal Radio ServiceRFRSatellite (Part 25)TowerVHF Safety Frequency Stuck CarrierWireless Services-LicensedPublic Safety                                911 Call Processing911/E911 ViolationsCALEAEmergency Information AccessibilityLifeline - LinkupNetwork Outage ReportingReleased Documents                                Application for Review OrderEB-TCDCease and Disist OrderCitationConsent DecreeDebarment NoticeEnforcement AdvisoryForfeiture OrderMemorandum Opinion & Order (MO&O)Notice of Apparent Liability (NAL)Notice of Harmful Interference (NOHI)Notice of Unauthorized Operation (NOUO)Notice of Violation (NOV)OrderPetition for Reconsideration OrderShutdown OrderSuspension NoticeWarning LetterSpectrum Allocation                                OET - DTVOther - Spectrum Allocation IssueUnauthorized Operation                                AmateurAviationBDACBHFJammingLand MobileMarineOther - Unauthorized Operation IssuePart 15 Device (Non-Interference)FCC Management & Policies                                Audits and InvestigationsBudgetCertification of FCC DocumentsChairman CorrespondenceChairman TestimonyContractingEmployment                                Equal EmploymentNo Fear ActEx ParteFCC ReformField OfficesFreedom of Information Act (FOIA)Human ResourcesItems on CirculationOrganization ChartPaperwork ReductionPolicyPressRecords ManagementRulesStrategic PlanForms & Fees                                Fees                                Application processing feesFee DecisionsFee FileRegulatory FeesForms                                ARMISForm 160 (CORES)Form 477 DataOET FormsSection 214Technical FormsHealth & Medical                                Broadband HealthConnect2HealthFCC Task ForceMedicalMedical radio deviceTelehealthTelemedicineWireless Medical TelemetryInternational                                AgreementsFrequency CoordinationHigh FrequencyRoamingSatelliteSection 214TreatyLicensing & Registration                                Antenna Structure RegistrationAuctionCable                                Cable Operations and Licensing System (COALS)Call SignsEquipment Authorization                                Accreditation BodyDeclaration of conformity (DOC)Electronic labelsEquipment certificationFCC IDGrantee codeImportationKnowledge DatabaseLabellingMarketingModular approvalsPermissive changesPermit but ask (PBA)Telecommunication Certification Body (TCB)Test laboratoryExperimental licensesExpired LicensesIncentive AuctionLicensee-Conducted ContestsLicensing Customer SupportRadio and television                                Consolidated Database SystemLicensing and Management SystemRegistrationSearchesSection 214 Discontinuance of ServiceSection 214 InternationalSection 214 Transfer of ControlSpecial Temporary Authority/STA                                Radio and TelevisionOtherUniversal Licensing SystemWaiversLitigation                                WaiversMergers & Acquisitions                                Public Interest ObligationsTransactionsOwnership                                DiversityJSAs and SSAsLocalismMergers and AcquisitionsReports and SurveysPublic Safety                                911                                9-1-1 Apps9-1-1 Fee Report9-1-1 Fees9-1-1 Location Accuracy9-1-1 Outage9-1-1 Reliability9-1-1 Service ProviderCovered Text ProviderE 9-1-1Multi-Line Telephone ServiceNext Generation 9-1-1Non-Service Initialized Phones or HandsetsText-to-911Text-to-911 RegistryVoIP 9-1-1Communications Assistance for Law EnforcementDisaster Information Reporting SystemDisaster ResponseEmergency                                Disaster ResponseCommercial Advertisements by NCE StationsEarthquakesEmergency PreparednessEnhanced UnderwritingFCC Emergency ContactsHurricanesSpecial Temporary AuthorityWaiverEmergency Alert System                                Common Alerting ProtocolEmergency CommunicationsFCC Operations CenterFirst Responder Network AuthorityInteroperabilityNational Security and Emergency PreparednessNetwork Outage Reporting SystemNext Generation ServicesPreparednessPublic Safety Answering Point                                PSAP RegistryPublic Safety Support CenterWireless Emergency AlertsRadio                                AdvertisingAgreementsAM RadioBroadcast HoaxesBroadcast Program ComplaintsBroadcast Public FileBroadcast Sponsorship IDCDBS  Database and SearchesDigital RadioEEOFeesFM ModelFM RadioHistorical InterestIndecent ProgrammingJSAs and SSAsLow Power FMMap DataMergers and AcquisitionsNoncommercial Educational (NCE)Over-the-air television and radioPolitical Programming and Candidate AccessSpecial Temporary Authority (STA)Sponsorship IDTranslatorsTravelers Information Services/TISSatellite                                A-GNSSCommunications Infrastructure, SatellitesDirect Broadcast Satellite (DBS)GPSMobile Satellite Service (MSS)Spectrum                                2.5 GHz4.9 GHz470 MHz5.9 GHz700 MHz700 MHz Broadband700 MHz Narrowband800 MHz                                800 MHz RebandingAllocationCanadian CoordinationCompetitionFederal spectrumFrequency AllocationsFrequency bandFrequency CoordinationHigh Frequency Direction FindingIMSI CatcherIntelligent Transportation ServiceInterferenceInteroperabilityISM bandLand Mobile RadioLicensingMobile Broadband                                Mobility Fund Phase 1Mobile Spectrum HoldingsMobility FundNarrowbandingPagingPaging, MessagingPositive Train ControlRadio frequency allocationRadio spectrumRegional Planning Committee/RPCRoamingShared frequency bandsSignal Jamming/Signal JammersSpectrum CapSpectrum Policy Task Force                                Low Power Television (LPTV)TVUHF Commercial TelevisionVHF Commercial TelevisionSpectrum SharingSpectrum utilizationTable of Frequency AllocationsT-BandUHF and VHFWorld Radio ConferenceTelevision                                AdvertisingBroadcast Program ComplaintsAgreementsBroadcast HoaxesBroadcast Public FileBroadcast Sponsorship IDCable TelevisionCDBS Database and SearchesChildren’s TelevisionChildren's ProgrammingChildren's TelevisionClass A and Low Power TelevisionClosed CaptioningDigital TelevisionEEOFeesForeign OwnershipILLR and Longley-RiceIndecent ProgrammingJSAs and SSAsLoud CommercialsMap DataMergers and AcquisitionsMust Carry, Retransmission ConsentNext Gen TVNoncommercial Educational (NCE)Over the Air Reception DevicesOver-the-air television and radioPolitical Programming and Candidate AccessSatellite / Direct Broadcast SatelliteSatellite TelevisionSpecial Temporary Authority (STA)Sponsorship IDTV broadcast receiversTV StudyV-ChipV-Chip (Violence)VHF Commercial TelevisionVideo DescriptionVideo Program AccessibilityUniversal Service                                Alaska PlanRural Digital Opportunity FundConnect America Fund (High Cost)Connect America Fund (High Cost) - Price Cap CarriersConnect America Fund (High Cost) - Rate of Return CarriersContributionsE-Rate (Schools & Libraries)LifelineManagement/ReformMobility FundRural Health CareWireless Services                                28 GHz Service3.1-3.55 GHz3.7 GHz37 GHz Service47 GHz Service5GUpper Microwave Flexible Use Service (UMFUS)1.4 GHz1670-1675 MHz218-219 MHz Service220 MHz Service24 GHz Service3.5 GHz3650 - 3700 MHz39 GHz Service3G, 4G and 5G4.9 GHz5 GHz600 MHz700 MHz800 MHz850 MHz900 MHz                                900 MHz SMRAdvanced Wireless Services (AWS)AeronauticalAircraft StationsAir-Ground RadiotelephoneAMAmateur RadioAmateur Wireless ServiceAntennas and TowersAutomated Maritime Telecommunications System (AMTS)Aviation RadioBackhaulBidirectional AmplifiersBroadband AuxiliaryBroadband PCSBroadband Radio Service (BRS)Cellular                                Cellular RSACitizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS)CollocationCommercial Advertisements by NCE StationsCommercial Mobile Radio Service (CMRS)Commercial OperatorsCommercial WirelessDedicated Short Range CommunicationsDigital Audio Radio Service (DARS)                                DTVHDTVEducational Broadband Service (EBS)Enhanced UnderwritingFamily Radio Service (FRS)                                FM BroadcastFixed MicrowaveFixed servicesFloodplainFMGeneral Mobile Radio Service (GMRS)Ground StationsH BlockHandsetsIndustrial/BusinessInstructional Fixed Television ServiceIntelligent Transportations systemInteractive Video and Data Services (IVDS)InterferenceLand Mobile Radio ServiceLocal Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)Local Television Transmission ServiceLocation and Monitoring Services (LMS)Long Term Evolution/LTELow Power Radio Service (LPRS)Low Power Television (LPTV)Lower 700 MHzMarine 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