United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

___________________________

No. 12-2395

___________________________

Miles LaCross

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

City of Duluth; Officer Anton Mark; Lt. Dan Chicos; 

Unknown/Unnamed Police Officers of the City of Duluth

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees

____________

 Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis

____________

 Submitted: March 13, 2013

 Filed: May 8, 2013

____________

Before WOLLMAN, BYE, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.

____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

Miles LaCross appeals from the district court’s grant of summary judgment

1

to officer Anton Mark on LaCross’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action alleging a Fourth

The Honorable Joan N. Ericksen, United States District Judge for the District 1

of Minnesota.
Amendment violation based on an excessive use of force claim. LaCross also

contends that the district court should have granted his motion to amend the

2

complaint. We affirm. 

I. Background

According to police logs, Duluth, Minnesota, police officer Anton Mark came

into contact with LaCross during the early morning hours of September 17, 2006. 

Mark suspected that LaCross, who appeared to be a minor and who was accompanied

by a young female companion, may have been drinking alcohol. Ultimately, LaCross

was handcuffed and seated in the back seat of a squad car. At least two other officers

were present at the scene with Mark and LaCross.

The parties offer substantially differing accounts of what next occurred. 

According to LaCross, one officer opened the driver’s side rear door, “grabbed onto

my shirt, ripped me into the seat and held me onto the back of the police car” while

another officer opened the passenger’s side rear door and “began tasering me from

behind.” According to the police report and the Taser-use report, Mark applied the

Taser once, in stun-drive mode, after LaCross had kicked at the car’s windows, spat,

and attempted to bite Mark.

3

 

On September 18, 2006, LaCrosssought medical care for bruising on his wrists

related to the handcuffs. He testified that he “never thought about telling [the doctor]

The Honorable Leo I. Brisbois, United States Magistrate Judge for the District 2

of Minnesota, to whom pretrial matters were assigned pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 636(b)(1)(A). 

Mark’s Taser was discharged three times in the early morning hours of 3

September 17, 2006. LaCross challenges only the Taser application that occurred

while he was handcuffed and seated in the squad car.

-2-
about the taser marks all over me or anything like that.” He did not seek any

treatment for injuriesrelated to the Taser application, nor has he been diagnosed with

any injuries or conditions related thereto. LaCross testified that, at some point after

September 17 or 18, 2006, he began having episodes of anxiety. When asked to

describe his symptoms, he replied, “My heart just starts beating, gets scared. . . . [A]

weird feeling comes over me.”

LaCross filed suit in September 2010, alleging federal civil rights claims and

state common law claims against a number of defendants. He thereafter sought to

amend the complaint to add a claim under Minnesota Statutes § 611A.79, entitled

Civil Damagesfor Bias Offenses. The magistrate judge applied the pleading standard

set forth in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), and denied the motion to amend as futile. Except for the

§ 1983 claim alleging that Mark’s application of the Taser constituted an

unconstitutional use of force, all claims against all defendants were eventually

dismissed from the suit.

The district court granted Mark’s motion for summary judgment, holding that

he was entitled to qualified immunity. In doing so, the district court determined that

Mark had used a reasonable amount of force and that, even if the Taser application

constituted excessive force, it was not clearly established on September 17, 2006, that

the use of force resulting in only de minimis injuries might violate the Fourth

Amendment. 

II. Discussion

A. Summary Judgment Based on Qualified Immunity

We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment based on

qualified immunity. Chambers v. Pennycook, 641 F.3d 898, 904 (8th Cir. 2011). 

-3-
Qualified immunity shields government officials from liability and the burdens of

litigation in a § 1983 action unlessthe official’s conduct violates a clearly established

constitutional or statutory right of which a reasonable person would have known. 

Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982); Brown v. City of Golden Valley, 574

F.3d 491, 495 (8th Cir. 2009). Determining the question of qualified immunity

involves a two-part inquiry: whether the facts shown by the plaintiff make out a

violation of a constitutional or statutory right, and whether that right was clearly

established at the time of the defendant’s alleged misconduct. Saucier v. Katz, 533

U.S. 194, 201 (2001). We have discretion to decide which part should be addressed

first, Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009), and have decided to address the

latter.

In Chambers v. Pennycook, we considered whether a plaintiff’s showing of

“only de minimis injury necessarily forecloses a claim of excessive force under the

Fourth Amendment[,]” and concluded that it did not. 641 F.3d at 906. We

determined that “[t]he appropriate inquiry is ‘whether the force used to effect a

particular seizure is “reasonable.”’” Id. (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386,

396 (1989)) (emphasis omitted). So although a de minimis use of force isinsufficient

to support a claim, a de minimis injury does not necessarily foreclose a claim. See id. 

The distinction between de minimis force and de minimisinjury, however, was

not clear until Chambers was decided. In September 2006, when Mark deployed his

Taser, “a reasonable officer could have believed that aslong as he did not cause more

than de minimis injury to an arrestee, his actions would not run afoul of the Fourth

Amendment.” Chambers, 641 F.3d at 908. LaCross has not set forth sufficient

evidence to show that Mark’s application of the Taser caused more than de minimis

injury. Accordingly, Mark is entitled to qualified immunity because he did not

violate LaCross’s then clearly established constitutional rights.

-4-
LaCross contends that the Taser is different from other implements of force in

that it can cause excruciating pain without lasting physical effects. Because it is

different in kind, the argument goes, the Taser should not be judged by the physical

injury it causes. LaCross argues that our post-Chambers opinion in Shekleton v.

Eichenberger, 677 F.3d 361 (8th Cir. 2012), establishes that “de minimis injury is

effectively irrelevant where an officer uses a taser on a nonresistant misdemeanant

suspect.” Appellant’s Reply Br. 7. In other words, he argues that Chambers does not

apply to excessive force claims involving Tasers. We disagree. Shekleton did not

consider the extent of the plaintiff’s injuries, beyond noting that the plaintiff

sustained minor head injuries and was treated at a hospital. 677 F.3d at 365. The

decision thus did not address whether the plaintiff suffered only de minimis injury,

and if so, whether that injury is viewed differently because it was caused by a Taser.4

While mention has been made of “the unique nature of this type of weapon[,]”

McKenney v. Harrison, 635 F.3d 354, 361 (8th Cir. 2011) (Murphy, J., concurring),

we have not categorized the Taser as an implement of force whose use establishes,

as a matter of law, more than de minimis injury. In Chambers, we said that “the

nature of the force applied cannot be correlated perfectly with the type of injury

inflicted.” 641 F.3d at 906. This observation may be of special relevance regarding

Taser-inflicted injuries, some of which are only minorin nature, but otherssometimes

severe and unexpected. Compare Cook v. City of Bella Villa, 582 F.3d 840, 850 (8th

Cir. 2009) (Arrestee “sustained only minor scrapes and two taser puncture marks

which did not require medical treatment.”), with McKenney, 635 F.3d at 357-58

(Following Taser shock, arrestee fell froma second-story window and later died from

his injuries.), and Mahamad v. Anderson, 612 F.3d 1084, 1086 (8th Cir. 2010)

(Prisoner sought medical and psychiatric care for alleged injuries including

Likewise, our opinion in Brown v. City of Golden Valley, 574 F.3d 491 (8th 4

Cir. 2009), did not address the question whether de minimis injury can support a

claim for excessive force. 

-5-
incontinence, impotence, and nerve damage from Taser shock to his testicle and

hand.). Though it offers no aid to LaCross, the degree of injury is not dispositive

after Chambers, and it is now clearly established that an officer is not entitled to

qualified immunity if his use of force is excessive in the circumstances, even if the

injury inflicted was minor.

B. Denial of Motion to Amend Complaint

LaCross argues that the district court erred in applying the pleading standard

set forth in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal to deny as futile his

motion to amend the complaint to add a state-law claim. We find no error in the

application of the pleading standard set forth in those cases, for “[w]e apply federal

pleading standards . . . to the state substantive law to determine if a complaint makes

out a claim under state law.” Karnatcheva v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 704 F.3d

545, 548 (8th Cir. 2013). 

III. Conclusion

The judgment is affirmed.

______________________________

-6-