[Cite as Miller v. Miller, 2017-Ohio-7646.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

SANDUSKY COUNTY 

 

DANIEL A. MILLER, CASE NO. S-16-27 

 

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, 

 v. 

AMY M. MILLER, O P I N I O N 

 DEFENDANT-APPELLEE. 

 

Appeal from Sandusky County Common Pleas Court 

Domestic Relations Division 

Trial Court No. 14DR1122 

Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, 

Cause Remanded 

Date of Decision: September 15, 2017 

 

APPEARANCES: 

Andrew R. Mayle for Appellant 

Lisa M. Snyder for Appellee 

 
Case No. S-16-027 

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WILLAMOWSKI, J. 

{¶1} In this case, Plaintiff-appellant Daniel A. Miller (“Daniel”) appeals the 

judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Sandusky County, challenging (1) 

several aspects of the trial court’s distribution of property, (2) the award of 

attorney’s fees to the defendant-appellee, Amy M. Miller (“Amy”), and (3) the 

award of spousal support. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment of the lower 

court is affirmed in part and reversed in part. 

Facts and Procedural History 

{¶2} Daniel and Amy were married on May 10, 1986. Doc. 1. Three 

children were born as issue of this marriage. Tr. 72. All three of these children are 

now emancipated. Tr. 72. Shortly after their marriage, Daniel began working at the 

concrete company owned by his father. Tr. 12. In 1990, Daniel’s father transferred 

ownership of this concrete company to Daniel, who continued to own and operate 

the company for the duration of this marriage. Tr. 12. The concrete business 

provided the primary source of income for the family, though Daniel, in 2000, began 

a second business that provided plowing and salting services. For periods of time 

during the course of their marriage, Amy held various part-time jobs while also 

serving as the primary caregiver for their children. Tr. 85-86. She also participated 

in the operation of the concrete business, performing various administrative tasks. 

Tr. 21, 86. 
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{¶3} In 1998, the Millers began to build a house in Sandusky County that 

was to become the marital residence. Tr. 15. The Millers began living in this home 

in 1999. Tr. 19. The concrete business was operated out of another building on this 

property. In 2012, upon the passing of her father, Amy inherited property worth 

approximately $276,585.00. Doc. 31. Of this total, Amy put $71,175.80 toward 

paying off the remaining balance on the mortgage on the marital residence. Id. Amy 

also used portions of her inheritance to pay off a vehicle, buy some equipment for 

the concrete business, and fund several investment accounts. Tr. 35-36, 87, 98-101. 

Doc. 31. 

{¶4} In February 2014, Daniel changed the P.O. box to which checks for the 

concrete business were sent, cutting Amy off from the family’s primary source of 

income. Tr. 96. In March 2014, Daniel started operating the business without Amy, 

which left her without a job. Tr. 106. By this point, he realized that his marriage 

was not going to survive. Tr. 29. Consequently, he went to the bank where Daniel 

and Amy had a joint bank account to withdraw funds for his independent support. 

Tr. 28. Thinking this bank account had roughly $50,000 in it, he requested a 

cashier’s check for $25,000. Tr. 29. By the time he attempted to cash this check, 

however, he was not able to use it because Amy had, by this point, removed the 

funds from the joint bank account and placed them in a different account. Tr. 29. 

He found out later that the bank account had contained $99,000. Tr. 30. He did not 
Case No. S-16-027 

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have access to these funds during the course of this divorce proceeding as these 

monies were under the sole control of Amy. Tr. 29-30. 

{¶5} At this time, Daniel took exclusive control over the accounts associated 

with the concrete business and was receiving all of the checks from the concrete 

business at his P.O. box. Tr. 81. Amy claimed at trial that Daniel had $94,000 in 

accounts receivables from the concrete business from a six-month period between 

January and June of 2014. Tr. 139. At trial, Daniel testified that he had less income 

than Amy had claimed and that he had to live off of a credit card initially during his 

separation. Tr. 146. Amy and Daniel separated on June 30, 2014. Doc. 31. On 

December 22, 2014, Daniel filed for a divorce in Sandusky County, Ohio. Id. On 

April 8, 2015, the trial court issued a temporary order that reads, in its relevant part, 

as follows: 

The parties shall each provide, through counsel, documentation 

verifying any and all account balances and expenditures made for 

the benefit of the family for further negotiation of a settlement for 

the termination of the marriage. In the meantime, the Defendant 

shall be responsible for and pay the household expenses from the 

funds secured from the parties’ previous joint checking account 

on deposit in Defendant’s name at the Fremont Federal Credit 

Union. Defendant shall provide a full accounting of all 

expenditures from said funds as part of continuing negotiation. 

Doc. 14. Amy testified that she used funds from the joint bank account that had 

contained $99,000 to support herself in between February 2014 and the date of the 

trial in April 2016. Tr. 137. By the time of the trial, roughly $2,500 was left of the 
Case No. S-16-027 

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$99,000. Id. At trial, Amy testified that she was, at that point, living off of the 

inheritance money she received from her father. Id. 

{¶6} This case was heard by the trial court on April 12, 2016. Id. Prior to 

this hearing, Amy and Daniel had determined through mediation the values and 

division of their personal property, the businesses, and their vehicles. Id. One of 

the primary issues before the court was the identification of the separate property 

inherited by Amy. Id. In particular, this implicated the marital residence since 

proceeds from Amy’s inheritance were applied to the mortgage debt on this 

property, raising the issue of whether this constituted a gift to Daniel from Amy. 

During mediation, the marital residence had been assigned a value of $253,000. Id. 

{¶7} At trial, Amy requested an award of spousal support and an award of 

attorney’s fees. Tr. 124-125. Regarding the attorney’s fees, Amy submitted a ninepage, itemized invoice that documented the fees Amy incurred in retaining an 

attorney for the divorce proceeding. Tr. 124-126. Ex. R. The invoice listed the 

date of each task, the time spent on each task, and the amount billed for each task. 

Ex. R. Altogether, Amy’s attorney’s fees amounted to $11,670.00. Id. On cross 

examination, Amy stated that she was not sure precisely how much of these fees 

had already been paid by her at the time of trial. Tr. 139-140. Amy also stated that 

the portion of the attorney’s fees that had been paid were paid with funds that had 

been withdrawn from a joint bank account, which contained roughly $99,000.00, 

prior to the commencement of this divorce proceeding. Id. 
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{¶8} On May 9, 2016, the trial court entered its decision. Doc. 31. In the 

judgment entry, the trial court concluded that Amy’s inheritance monies were 

separate property and were not a gift to Daniel because Amy was able to trace the 

inheritance money into their present form and Daniel was not able to carry the 

burden of proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that Amy intended to gift these 

monies to him in the process of spending these funds in transactions that would 

benefit both of them. Id. For this reason, Daniel was not given any credit for the 

sum of money that Amy used to pay off the mortgage. Id. The court also determined 

that the $94,000 in accounts receivable that Daniel had and the $99,000 that Amy 

had spent supporting herself out of the joint bank account essentially offset each 

other and were “a wash.” Id. The court also awarded Amy $5,000 in attorney’s 

fees and spousal support of $750.00 per month for seven years. Id. 

{¶9} On appeal, Daniel raises three assignments of error: 

First Assignment of Error 

The trial court purported to equally distribute the parties’ 

marital property, but (a) failed to give appellant any credit for the 

equity in the marital residence or other accounts, (b) failed to 

apply the proper legal standard for determining whether 

property is separate or marital, (c) failed to give appellant credit 

for a large sum of marital cash that appellee depleted unilaterally 

before the final divorce decree, and (d) improperly equated cashin-hand with pre-tax receivables. These failures caused an 

erroneous—and enormously unequal—distribution of marital 

property. 

 
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Second Assignment of Error 

The trial court erroneously awarded Ms. Miller attorney fees even 

though the fees—which were not proven to be reasonable or 

necessary—were already paid out of marital property. 

Third Assignment of Error 

Because of the trial errors addressed in the first two assignments 

of error, the award of spousal support must be reversed since any 

award of spousal support hinges upon the propriety of other 

awards. 

We will consider these assignments in the order in which they were presented in the 

appellant’s brief. 

First Assignment of Error 

{¶10} In his first assignment of error, Daniel challenges the distribution of 

marital property as ordered by the trial court on the grounds that the division was 

inequitable. He alleges and lists four distinct errors in the text of his first assignment 

of error, but the subject matter of these four errors fits into two general categories: 

the trial court’s (1) division of the equity in the marital residence and (2) treatment 

of $99,000 in marital cash and $94,000 in accounts receivable. Each of these two 

general categories contain two of the four errors contained in the text of the first 

assignment of error. We will first consider the two alleged errors that relate to the 

trial court’s division of the equity in the marital residence. We will then consider 

the two alleged errors related to the trial court’s treatment of the $99,000 in marital 

cash and the $94,000 in accounts receivable. 
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The Marital Residence 

{¶11} Concerning the marital residence, Amy inherited a sum of money from 

her father and used some of the proceeds of this inheritance to pay off the mortgage 

on the marital residence. The first issue under this assignment of error is whether 

this was a gift from Amy to Daniel. Daniel argues that the trial court incorrectly 

determined that this was separate property simply because it was traceable to the 

inheritance money. Daniel further argues that the trial court incorrectly placed the 

burden on him to establish that this transaction was a gift when the trial court should 

have applied the marital gift presumption and, in so doing, placed the burden of 

proof on Amy to establish that this was not a gift. In its judgment entry, the trial 

court concluded that Daniel did not carry the burden of proving that this transaction 

was a gift, making the money used to pay off the mortgage on the marital residence 

separate property. This conclusion leads to the second issue, which is that Daniel 

was not given a credit for any of the equity in the marital residence. On the basis of 

these arguments, Daniel requests that this Court reverse and remand this case to the 

trial court to reconsider these issues. 

Legal Standard 

{¶12} In dividing property between the parties to a divorce action, the trial 

court identifies what property is marital and what property is separate. R.C. 

3105.171(B). The separate property is retained by the party who obtained the 

separate property regardless of whether the separate property was acquired before 
Case No. S-16-027 

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or during the marriage. R.C. 3105.171(D). The marital property is then to be 

divided equally between the parties unless such a division would be inequitable. 

R.C. 3105.171(C)(1). Separate property includes “an inheritance by one spouse by 

bequest, devise, or descent during the course of the marriage.” 

3105.171(A)(6)(a)(i). If separate property is commingled with marital property, the 

separate property does not become marital property unless “the separate property is 

not traceable.” R.C. 3105.171(A)(6)(b). 

{¶13} However, “[i]t is well-settled that parties can transmute separate 

property into marital property by means of an inter vivos gift.” Kovacs v. Kovacs, 

6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-09-039, 2011-Ohio-154, ¶ 12, citing Helton v. Helton, 114 

Ohio App.3d 683, 686, 683 N.E.2d 1157 (2d Dist.1996). “Generally, conversion 

occurs when a donor spouse makes an inter vivos gift of the property to the donee 

spouse.” Soley v. Soley, 2017-Ohio-2817, --- N.E.3d ---, ¶ 19, citing Helton at 685. 

“The essential elements of an inter vivos gift are: ‘(1) [the] intent of the donor to 

make an immediate gift, (2) delivery of the property to the donee, [and] (3) 

acceptance of the gift by the donee.’” Soley at ¶ 20, quoting Barkley v. Barkley, 119 

Ohio App.3d 155, 694 N.E.2d 989 (4th Dist.1997), fn. 2, citing Bolles v. Toledo 

Trust Co., 132 Ohio St. 21, 4 N.E.2d 917 (1936). 

“The donee has the burden of showing by clear and convincing 

evidence that the donor made an inter vivos gift.” Clear and 

convincing evidence is that proof which establishes in the mind of 

the trier of fact a firm conviction as to the allegations sought to be 

proven. However, “[w]hen a transaction is made that benefits a 
Case No. S-16-027 

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family member, there is a presumption that the transaction was 

intended as a gift.” 

(Citations omitted.) Kovacs at ¶ 12. See Osborn v. Osborn, 11th Dist. Trumbull 

No. 2003-T-0111, 2004-Ohio-6476, ¶ 33, citing Davis v. Davis, 5th Dist. Stark No. 

2003CA00243, 2004-Ohio-820, ¶ 8; Williams v. Williams, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-

12-17, 2012-Ohio-6116, ¶ 16. 

{¶14} Generally, “a trial court’s classification of property as marital or 

separate is reviewed under a manifest weight standard.” Miller v. Miller, 6th Dist. 

Sandusky No. S-12-035, 2013-Ohio-5071, ¶ 22. “[H]owever, where the trial court 

has misstated the law or applied the incorrect law, * * * our review is de novo.” 

Shaffer v. Ohio Health Corp., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 03AP-102, 2004-Ohio-63, ¶ 

6. See State v. Nguyen, 157 Ohio App.3d 482, 2004-Ohio-2879, 811 N.E.2d 1180, 

¶ 16 (6th Dist.). In these situations, the appellate court is faced with a question of 

law and does not, therefore, need to give deference to the determination of the trial 

court. State v. Today’s Bookstore, 86 Ohio App.3d 810, 823, 621 Ohio App.3d 

1283, 1292 (2d Dist.1993). 

Legal Analysis 

{¶15} In this case, Amy inherited $276,585.00 from her father and used 

$71,175.80 of this total to pay off the mortgage on the Millers’ marital residence. 

Doc. 31. The trial court concluded that the portion of Amy’s inheritance that was 

used to pay off the marital residence should be categorized as separate property for 
Case No. S-16-027 

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two related reasons. Doc. 31. First, the trial court determined that Daniel did not 

carry the burden of establishing that the funds used to pay off the mortgage were a 

gift from Amy to Daniel, making the issue of traceability dispositive in determining 

whether this property should be classed as marital or separate. Id. Second, the trial 

court determined that Amy was able to establish, by a preponderance of the 

evidence, that the funds used to pay off the mortgage were traceable to the money 

she inherited from her father. Id. 

{¶16} In making this determination, however, the trial court failed to apply 

the marital gift presumption. Kovacs at ¶ 12. While the burden is typically on the 

donee to establish that the donor intended to give a gift to the donee, a different rule 

applies where the transaction is one that benefits a family member. Id. at ¶ 12-13. 

In situations where a family member is benefitted by a transaction, a gift is presumed 

to have been intended through the transaction. When the marital gift presumption 

is applicable, the burden is on the donor to establish that the transaction was not 

intended as a gift. In this case, a transaction occurred: Amy paid off the marital 

residence with her inheritance money. This transaction benefited a family 

member—Daniel. Thus, the marital gift presumption applies, and the trial court 

should have placed the burden of proving that this transaction was not a gift on Amy 

instead of placing the burden of proving that this transaction was a gift on Daniel. 

For this reason, the appellant’s first assignment of error, as to the argument 

addressing the trial court’s failure to apply the family gift presumption, is sustained. 
Case No. S-16-027 

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Since the trial court erred as a matter of law in applying the incorrect standard as to 

this issue, we reverse this determination and remand this case for consideration 

under the proper standard as set forth in this opinion. Coe v. Gamper, 6th Dist. Erie 

No. E-77-51, 1978 WL 214754, *1 (June 16, 1978). 

{¶17} Under his first assignment of error, Daniel also challenges, in a 

separate argument, the trial court’s decision not to give him any credit for the equity 

in the marital residence. The trial court’s ruling on the marital residence is closely 

related to its determination that the money Amy expended in paying off the 

mortgage on the marital residence was not a gift to Daniel. Thus, in light of our 

remand, we will not consider whether the trial court erred by not giving any credit 

to Daniel for the equity in the marital residence. 

Accounts Receivable and Marital Monies 

{¶18} The text of Daniel’s first assignment of error also alleges two errors 

with regard to how the trial court handled $94,000 in accounts receivables and 

$99,000 in marital cash as equivalent, considering them to be “a wash” in the context 

of this divorce action. The first alleged error, which is enunciated under section “C” 

in the first assignment of error, states that the trial court “failed to give appellant 

credit for a large sum of marital cash that appellee depleted unilaterally before the 

final divorce decree.” The brief, however, does not contain a corresponding 

argument that supports this assertion. The other three alleged errors listed in the 
Case No. S-16-027 

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first assignment of error were separately briefed in accordance with App.R. 

12(A)(2).1

 App.R. 12(A)(2), 16(A)(7). 

{¶19} “It is the duty of the appellant, not this court, to demonstrate [his] 

assigned error through an argument that is supported by citations to legal authority 

and facts in the record.” Marion v. Cendol, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-12-59, 2013-

Ohio-3197, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Linzy, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2012-CA-33, 2013–

Ohio–1129, ¶ 33, quoting State v. Taylor, 9th Dist. Medina No. 2783–M, 1999 WL 

61619, *3 (Feb. 9, 1999) and citing App.R. 16(A)(7). Appellant does not cite legal 

authority or identify facts in the record in support of this assertion. Since this error 

alleged in section “C” of the first assignment of error was not separately briefed and 

argued, we choose to overrule it pursuant to App.R. 12(A)(2). 2 State v. White, 6th 

Dist. Lucas No. L-96-215, 1997 WL 256683 (May 16, 1997), fn. 1. 

{¶20} We now turn to the next alleged error included under section “D” of 

the first assignment of error, which states that the trial court “improperly equated 

cash-in-hand with pre-tax receivables.” Where section “C” primarily challenges the 

division of specific assets, section “D” primarily addresses the trial court’s valuation 

of these assets. Specifically, section “D” argues that the trial court wrongly 

considered these two assets to be equivalent and, thus, capable of offsetting each 

 

1

 App.R. 12(A)(2) reads “[t]he court may disregard an assignment of error presented for review if the party 

raising it * * * fails to argue the assignment separately in the brief * * *.” 

2

 We will consider two related issues from section “D”: (1) whether the trial court’s decision to equate the 

values of the assets was against the manifest weight of the evidence and (2) whether these funds offset each 

other or—in the trial court’s words—were “a wash.” We will not consider issues related to the division of 

these assets, such as whether Daniel is entitled a credit for half of the marital monies spent. 
Case No. S-16-027 

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other. Appellant provides arguments that attempt to establish these two sums, 

though roughly equivalent in dollar terms, are not equal in value. Daniel contends 

that these two sums are not equivalent because the full value of these accounts 

receivable may never be realized by payment; Daniel will have to pay taxes on the 

proceeds that do come in from these accounts receivable; and these accounts 

receivable represent revenue for the concrete business, not pure profit. 

Legal Standard 

{¶21} The valuation of property in divorce proceedings is reviewed under a 

manifest weight standard. Moore v. Moore, 175 Ohio App.3d 1, 2008-Ohio-255, 

844 N.E.2d 1113, ¶ 50 (6th Dist.). “When determining the value of marital assets, 

a trial court is not confined to the use of a particular valuation method, but can make 

its own determination as to valuation based on the evidence presented.” Chattree 

v. Chattree, 2014-Ohio-489, 8 N.E.3d 390, ¶ 43 (8th Dist.), citing James v. James, 

101 Ohio App.3d 668, 681, 656 N.E.2d 399 (2d Dist.1995). “The trial court’s 

judgment will not be reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence 

if the court’s judgment is supported by some competent, credible evidence.” Moore 

at ¶ 50, citing C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Const. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 

578 (1978). 

{¶22} In a divorce proceeding, a trial court, in a domestic relations matter, 

has broad discretion in arriving at an equitable distribution of marital property. 

Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 218, 450 N.E.2d 1140, 1141 (1983), 
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citing Berish v. Berish, 69 Ohio St.2d 318, 432 N.E.2d 183 (1982). In dividing 

property between parties to a divorce proceeding, R.C. 3105.171(C)(1) prioritizes 

an equitable distribution of property over a strictly equal division of property. R.C. 

3105.171(C)(1). 

According to R.C. 3105.171(C)(1), the trial court’s division of 

marital property shall be equal. However, if an equal division of 

marital property would be inequitable, the court shall instead 

divide it between the spouses in the manner the court determines 

equitable. 

Gomer v. Gomer, 2017-Ohio-989, --- N.E.3d ---, ¶ 23 (6th Dist.), citing R.C. 

3105.171(C)(1).

{¶23} “It is well-established that an appellate court may not reverse a trial 

court’s property allocation decision absent a showing of an abuse of discretion.” 

Gomer at ¶ 22, citing Cherry v. Cherry, 66 Ohio St.2d 348, 421 N.E.2d 1293 (1981). 

“An abuse of discretion is more than an error of judgment. It suggests that the trial 

court’s ruling was ‘unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.’” State v. Dezanett, 

6th Dist. Wood No. WD-14-024, 2015-Ohio-1263, ¶ 9, quoting State v. Xie, 62 Ohio 

St.3d 521, 527, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992). “[W]hen applying this standard, an 

appellate court is not free to substitute its judgment for that of the trial judge.” Berk 

v. Matthews, 53 Ohio St.3d 161, 169, 559 N.E.2d 1301, 1308 (1990). 

In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, a 

reviewing court should not examine the valuation and division of 

a particular marital asset or liability in isolation. The reviewing 

court must, instead, view the property division under the totality 

of the circumstances to determine whether the property division 
Case No. S-16-027 

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reflects an unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable attitude on 

the part of the domestic relations court. 

(Citations omitted.) Harris v. Harris, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-02-1369, 2004-Ohio683, ¶ 19, citing Briganti v. Briganti, 9 Ohio St.3d 220, 222, 459 N.E.2d 896 (1984). 

Legal Analysis 

{¶24} In his first assignment of error, appellant essentially challenges the 

equity of the distribution of $99,000 of marital money to Amy and $94,000 of 

accounts receivable to Daniel. The arguments of appellant allege that this leads to 

an overall distribution that is inequitable as $94,000 in accounts receivable and 

$99,000 in a bank account are not equivalent in value even though the nominal 

amounts are roughly the same. The appellant compares and contrasts the attributes 

of the $99,000 in bank funds and $94,000 in accounts receivable, but these 

arguments isolate these assets from the larger context of the divorce proceeding and 

the distribution of assets. We find several factors important to understanding the 

rationale behind the trial court’s decision. 

{¶25} First, we begin by noting that the $99,000 in marital funds was spent 

pursuant to a consent order issued by the trial court. On April 8, 2015, the trial court 

issued a temporary consent order that required Amy to pay for the expenses of 

maintaining the marital residence and directed her to maintain the house using the 

funds from the account that had contained $99,000. Doc. 14. Tr. 142. The 

temporary consent order also directed Daniel to be responsible for the expenses 
Case No. S-16-027 

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associated with the concrete business. Doc. 14. At trial, Amy testified that she 

spent the $99,000 of marital funds down to $2,500 on living expenses pursuant to 

this consent order. Tr. 137. She also testified that she had paid for all of the 

expenses of the marital residence since the time of the separation in June 2014. Tr. 

114. 

{¶26} Second, Amy had lost her job at Daniel’s concrete business upon their 

separation and, thus, her primary source of income. Daniel continued to have 

income from the family business. Tr. 106. The $94,000 in accounts receivable 

represented the revenues for Daniel’s concrete business from January 2014 to June 

2014. Ex. F. He continued to operate the concrete business and had an income 

throughout this period but ceased sharing the proceeds of the business with Amy as 

early as February 18, 2016. Tr. 96, 135. Thus, Daniel had more to support himself 

than the $94,000 in accounts receivable that came into the concrete business in the 

first six months of 2014. While he testified that he initially had to use credit cards 

to pay for his living expenses, he did have a source of income through his business 

while Amy had no source of steady income. Tr. 30. The trial court does not appear 

to have considered these assets merely as stores of marital monies but as sources of 

funds for living expenses and business expenses during the duration of the divorce 

proceedings. When considered as sources of support, Daniel’s business and the 

$99,000 in the bank account are more equivalent than a cursory comparison of the 

characteristics of accounts receivable and funds in a bank account would reveal. 
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These monies were utilized by each party to give effect to the provisions in the 

temporary consent order. 

{¶27} Third, Amy changed the account numbers on the bank account 

containing $99,000 on the same day that she found out that Daniel had changed the 

location where the checks from the concrete business were received to a P.O. box 

that Amy could not access. Ex. 7B. Tr. 81. Daniel withheld the accounts receivable 

from Amy in the lead up to the separation as Amy, in turn, withheld the funds in the 

bank account from him. They each reserved a source of funds to cover living 

expenses in the divorce proceeding. Further, by the time of the trial, Amy testified 

that she was beginning to live off of her inheritance money to pay for living 

expenses. Tr.137. The trial court noted that Daniel did not contribute to Amy’s 

support from the proceeds of the family business after she was closed out of the 

operation. Doc. 31. Both then relied upon the sources of funds that they had 

reserved for themselves prior to the separation. By the time of the divorce 

proceeding, these funds had been expended, making them “a wash” in the eyes of 

the trial court. Id. 

{¶28} Our task in ruling on this particular issue is to determine whether the 

trial court made a ruling against the manifest weight of the evidence in determining 

that these assets were roughly equivalent. In reviewing the record, we find that the 

trial court did not make a decision against the manifest weight of the evidence when 

it determined that these assets offset each other in the overall distribution of property 
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between the parties in this case. The record provides the context of the trial court’s 

decision and shows that there is some competent, credible evidence that supports 

the determination that the $99,000 in the bank account and the $94,000 in accounts 

receivable were “a wash.” Doc. 31. 

{¶29} Depending on whether Amy can carry the burden of establishing that 

the funds used to pay off the mortgage on the marital residence were not a gift, it is 

possible that the overall distribution of property may be modified by the trial court 

on remand. Thus, we cannot consider whether the trial court abused its discretion 

in the overall distribution of the property in issuing its May 9 Judgment Entry as the 

division of property is not yet finalized. Doc. 31. However, we can say that the 

$99,000 in marital funds and the $94,000 in accounts receivable do not affect the 

overall balance between the parties in the distribution of property as the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in determining that these funds were countervailing 

assets and were, thus, “a wash” with respect to the overall distribution of assets. For 

these reasons, Daniel’s first assignment of error, as to this specific argument, is 

overruled. 

Second Assignment of Error 

{¶30} In his second assignment of error, Daniel asserts that the trial court 

erred in awarding $5,000 in attorney’s fees to Amy. First, he argues that Amy did 

not carry the burden of establishing that the fees incurred were reasonable because 

she only submitted the invoices she received from her attorney. Second, he argues 
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that the trial court did not properly provide the reasons for granting the award of 

attorney’s fees. Third, Daniel argues that the award is inequitable because the 

attorney’s fees were paid out of a $99,000 sum that Amy withdrew from a joint bank 

account and spent during her separation from Daniel. The trial court considered 

these spent funds to be “a wash,” finding this sum to have been offset by the $94,000 

in accounts receivables that Daniel had in his concrete business. On the basis of 

these arguments, Daniel requests that this Court either vacate the award of attorney’s 

fee to Amy or reverse and remand this case to the trial court with instructions to 

provide the reasons supporting its decision to award attorney’s fees to Amy. 

Legal Standard 

{¶31} R.C. 3105.73(A) governs the award of attorney’s fees in actions for 

divorce and reads as follows: 

In an action for divorce, dissolution, legal separation, or 

annulment of marriage or an appeal of that action, a court may 

award all or part of reasonable attorney’s fees and litigation 

expenses to either party if the court finds the award equitable. In 

determining whether an award is equitable, the court may 

consider the parties’ marital assets and income, any award of 

temporary spousal support, the conduct of the parties, and any 

other relevant factors the court deems appropriate. 

R.C. 3105.73(A). Thus, this “statute provides some factors that the court may

consider in determining whether an award is equitable.” (Emphasis sic.) Davis v. 

Davis, 2016-Ohio-1388, 62 N.E.3d 873, ¶ 19 (6th Dist.). “[A] party is not entitled 

to attorney’s fees; rather, the trial court decides on a case-by-case basis whether 
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attorney’s fees would be equitable.” Foster v. Foster, 2017-Ohio-4311, --- N.E.3d 

---, ¶ 57 (10th Dist.), quoting Cryder v. Cryder, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 07AP-546, 

2008-Ohio-26, ¶ 42. 

{¶32} “A trial court’s decision regarding the award of attorney’s fees in a 

divorce proceeding should not be interfered with absent a clear showing of prejudice 

or an abuse of discretion.” Carmony v. Carmony, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-02-1354, 

2004-Ohio-1035, ¶ 28, citing Birath v. Birath, 53 Ohio App.3d 31, 39, 558 N.E.2d 

63, 72 (1988). See Rand v. Rand, 18 Ohio App.3d 356, 359, 481 N.E.2d 609, 612 

(1985). “An abuse of discretion is more than an error of judgment. It suggests that 

the trial court’s ruling was ‘unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.’” Dezanett

at ¶ 9, quoting Xie at 527. “[W]hen applying this standard, an appellate court is not 

free to substitute its judgment for that of the trial judge.” Berk at 169. 

Legal Analysis 

{¶33} R.C. 3105.73(A) gives trial court’s the authority to award “all or part 

of reasonable attorney’s fees” in an action for divorce. (Emphasis added.) R.C. 

3105.73(A). Appellant cites case law from several other districts that places the 

burden of proving that attorney’s fees were reasonable on the party requesting 

attorney’s fees and claims that Amy did not carry this burden. See Hubbard v. 

Hubbard, Defiance App. No. 4-08-37, 2009-Ohio-2194, ¶ 12; Bray v. Bray, 4th 

Dist. Ross No. 10CA3167, 2011-Ohio-861, ¶ 46-47; Miller v. Miller, 9th Dist. 

Wayne No. 09CA0025, 2010-Ohio-1251, ¶ 29-34; Falk v. Falk, 10th Dist. Franklin 
Case No. S-16-027 

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No. 08AP-843, 2009-Ohio-4973, ¶ 39. However, these cases also generally hold 

that “[a] trial court may also use its own knowledge and experience when evaluating 

the nature of the services rendered and the reasonableness of the fees charged.” Falk

at ¶ 39, citing McCord v. McCord, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-102, 2007-Ohio164, ¶ 19. Further, of these cases, those in which an award of attorney’s fees was 

found to be inappropriate involved situations where no supporting documentation—

such as an invoice, a billing statement, or records of hourly rates—was submitted 

for the trial court to evaluate. See Hubbard at ¶ 12; Bray at ¶ 47-48; Miller at ¶ 34. 

{¶34} In this case, Amy submitted documents to the court showing that she 

incurred $11,670 in attorney’s fees. Ex. R. Consequently, the trial court’s $5,000 

award of attorney’s fees does not amount to half of the total that Amy incurred in 

attorney’s fees. Id. The nine-page invoice submitted by Amy included a list of all 

actions undertaken by her attorney in the course of this representation, how much 

time was spent on each of these tasks, and how much the attorney billed Amy for 

each of these undertakings. Id. An examination of these records shows that a trial 

court judge, based on his or her experience, could have found from these detailed 

invoices that the fees charged by Amy’s attorney were reasonable and necessary for 

this divorce proceeding. Thus, we find this particular argument against the award 

of attorney’s fees to be unpersuasive. 

{¶35} Appellant also argues against this award on the grounds that Amy has 

paid for a portion of these fees from monies that were in a joint bank account prior 
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to the commencement of this action. We find this argument to be unpersuasive as 

the fact that some of these fees were paid out of funds reserved for Amy’s living 

expenses does not, in itself, make the award of attorney’s fees an abuse of discretion. 

While the source of these funds is a factor that can be considered in weighing the 

equity of awarding attorney’s fees to a party, the equity of an award of attorney’s 

fees depends on a much broader view of the situation surrounding the divorce 

proceeding. 

{¶36} Appellant also challenges this award on the grounds that the trial court 

did not provide the reasons for its decision. Amy requested attorney’s fees at the 

same time as she requested spousal support. Tr. 125. In the judgment entry, the 

trial court considered a variety of factors that addressed the length of the marriage, 

the age of the two parties, the income of both parties, the living situation of the 

parties, and the career prospects of both Amy and Daniel. Doc. 31. In two brief 

paragraphs following this analysis, the trial court awarded Amy spousal support and 

attorney’s fees. Id. From the structure of the judgment entry, it appears that the 

trial court arrived at its conclusion in these two matters by way of considering these 

factors. Id. 

{¶37} Additionally, R.C. 3105.73(A) lists several factors that a trial “court 

may consider” in the process of determining whether an award of attorney’s fees is 

equitable. R.C. 3105.73(A). However, this statute ultimately commits this 

determination to what the trial court, in its discretion, finds to be equitable. Id. As 
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we review the record, we find that the trial court did consider a variety of factors 

leading up to the award of attorney’s fees that are relevant to the decision to award 

attorney’s fees in its May 9, 2016, Journal Entry. Doc. 31. Since we do not find 

evidence in the record that shows the trial court abused its discretion in awarding 

Amy attorney’s fees, Daniel’s second assignment of error is overruled. 

Third Assignment of Error 

{¶38} In his third assignment of error, Daniel challenges the award of 

spousal support. Daniel argues that the trial court improperly classified and 

distributed the property owned by Daniel and Amy at the time of their divorce. 

Since the equity of an award of spousal support is partly determined on the basis of 

the property distribution at the time of the divorce, Daniel argues that the award of 

spousal support should be reconsidered. As this determination relies upon an 

equitable distribution of property based upon a proper classification of that property, 

Daniel requests that this Court should order the trial court to revisit the issue of 

spousal support on remand. 

Legal Standard 

{¶39} A party to a divorce proceeding may request an award of spousal 

support. R.C. 3105.18(B). Any award of spousal support is to be made “after the 

court determines the division or disbursement of property under section 3105.171 

of the Revised Code * * *.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 3105.18(B). “R.C. 

3105.18(C)(1) governs the award of spousal support and sets forth a number of 
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factors that a trial court must consider, first, in determining whether spousal support 

is appropriate and reasonable, and, second, in determining the nature, amount, terms 

of payment, and duration of such support.” Morse v. Morse, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. 

OT-16-023, 2017-Ohio-5690, ¶ 6. 

{¶40} “A trial court judgment awarding spousal support need not address 

every single one of [the factors listed in R.C. 3105.18(C)(1)], but the judgment must 

contain sufficient detail to demonstrate that the trial court considered all the relevant 

factors.” Morse at ¶ 7, citing Allan v. Allan, 6th Dist. Sandusky Nos. S-12-017, S12-023, 2013-Ohio-1475, ¶ 11. “Absent an abuse of discretion, we will not reverse 

a trial court judgment awarding spousal support.” Morse at ¶ 7, quoting Hahn v. 

Hahn, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-16-029, 2017-Ohio-4018, ¶ 14. “An abuse of 

discretion is more than an error of judgment; it means that the trial court was 

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable in its ruling.” Baldonado v. Tackett, 6th 

Dist. Wood No. WD-08-079, 2009-Ohio-4411, ¶ 19, citing Blakemore at 219. 

“When applying the abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing court is not free to 

merely substitute its judgment for that of the trial court.” In re Jane Doe 1, 57 Ohio 

St.3d 135, 138, 566 N.E.2d 1181 (1991). 

Legal Analysis 

{¶41} In the first assignment of error, we concluded that the trial court erred 

in placing the burden of proof on Daniel to establish that the money used to pay off 

the mortgage on the marital residence was a gift. We sustained the appellant’s first 
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assignment of error and remanded this case to the trial court for reconsideration of 

that issue under the proper standard. The distribution of marital property and 

income generating assets under R.C. 3105.171 may be affected by whether Amy 

can carry the burden of proving that the money she spent from her inheritance to 

pay off the mortgage on the marital residence was not a gift. Courts are directed by 

statute to consider the propriety of an award of spousal support after the equitable 

distribution of property has been determined because the application of the factors 

listed in R.C. 3105.171 depends upon the distribution of separate and marital 

property between the parties. 

{¶42} “Since we cannot determine whether the property distribution was 

equitable, we cannot conclude whether the court’s spousal support award constitutes 

an abuse of discretion.” Sicilia v. Sicilia, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 99-CO-66, 2001 

WL 1126664 *3 (Sept. 17, 2001). See Taylor v. Taylor, 7th Dist. Belmont No. 01-

BA-17, 2002-Ohio-6884, ¶ 22. For this reason, appellant’s third assignment of error 

is sustained. On remand, the trial court must finalize the distribution of property 

before the equity of the award of spousal support can be evaluated. After the proper 

standard is used to determine whether Daniel is entitled to credit for equity in the 

marital residence, the trial court may apply the factors set forth in R.C. 

3105.18(C)(1) to determine whether any adjustments to the award of spousal 

support are necessary. 
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Conclusion 

{¶43} Having found no error in the particulars assigned and argued in the 

second assignment of error, the judgment of the trial court as to those issues is 

affirmed. Having found error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars assigned 

and argued in the first and third assignments of error, the judgment of the trial court 

is reversed in part and affirmed in part as to those issues. The matter is remanded 

to the Court of Common Pleas of Sandusky County for further proceedings in accord 

with this opinion. 

 Judgment Affirmed in Part, 

Reversed in Part 

Cause Remanded 

PRESTON, P.J. and SHAW, J., concur. 

/hls 

Judges Vernon L. Preston, John R. Willamowski and Stephen R. Shaw, from the 

Third District Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice of the 

Supreme Court of Ohio.