14‐1410‐cv

In re: Advanced Battery Technologies

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

3

4 August Term, 2014

5

6 (Argued: October 21, 2014     Decided: March 25, 2015)

7

8 Docket No. 14‐1410‐cv

9 _____________________________________

10

11 In re ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES, INCORPORATED

12 _____________________________________

13

14 RUBLE SANDERSON,  

15 individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,

16

17 Plaintiff‐Appellant,

18

19 v.

20

21 BAGELL, JOSEPHS, LEVINE & CO., LLC,  

22 FRIEDMAN LLP, EFP ROTENBERG, LLP,

23

Defendants‐Appellees.

* 24

25 _____________________________________

26

27 Before:   

28

29 WALKER, CABRANES, and LOHIER, Circuit Judges.

30        

31 Lead Plaintiff Ruble Sanderson appeals from an order of the United

32 States District Court for the Southern District of New York (McMahon, J.)

33 denying plaintiffs’ motion for leave to file an amended complaint.  Sanderson

                                              

* The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the official caption to conform

with the above.
2

1 claims that certain auditor defendants committed securities fraud by

2 recklessly making false statements in their audit reports relating to the

3 financial statements of Advanced Battery Technologies, Inc.  After dismissing

4 the initial complaint because it failed adequately to plead that the auditor

5 defendants acted with the requisite scienter, the District Court denied as futile

6 Sanderson’s motion to amend.  We AFFIRM.

7       

8 MURIELLE J. STEVEN WALSH, Pomerantz

9 LLP, New York, NY (Marc I. Gross, Star

10 M. Tyner, Pomerantz LLP, New York,

11 NY; William B. Federman, Federman &

12 Sherwood, Oklahoma City, OK;

13 Laurence Mathew Rosen, The Rosen

14 Law Firm, P.A., New York, NY, on the

15 brief), for Plaintiff‐Appellant.

16

17 WILLIAM J. KELLY (Peter J. Larkin, on the

18 brief), Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz,

19 Edelman & Dicker LLP, White Plains,

20 NY, for Defendants‐Appellees Bagell,

21 Josephs, Levine & Co., LLC, and

22 Friedman LLP.

23

24     GABRIEL MARK NUGENT (Paul Andrew

25 Sanders, on the brief), Hiscock & Barclay,

26 LLP, Syracuse, NY, for Defendant‐

27 Appellee EFP Rotenberg, LLP.

28

29 LOHIER, Circuit Judge:

30 Lead Plaintiff Ruble Sanderson, individually and on behalf of all others

31 similarly situated, appeals from an order of the United States District Court

32 for the Southern District of New York (McMahon, J.) denying the plaintiffs’
3

1 motion for leave to file a second amended complaint (the “Proposed

2 Complaint”).  As relevant here, the District Court dismissed the previous

3 complaint against defendants Bagell, Josephs, Levine & Co., Friedman LLP,

4 and EFP Rotenberg, LLP (collectively, the “Auditor Defendants”) because it

5 failed adequately to plead scienter as required by the Private Securities

6 Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 78u‐4.  Sanderson

7 sought to correct these deficiencies by moving to file the Proposed Complaint.  

8 That complaint claims that the Auditor Defendants committed securities

9 fraud by falsely representing that they performed their audits of Advanced

10 Battery Technologies, Inc. (“ABAT”) in accordance with professional

11 standards and that ABAT’s filings accurately reflected its financial condition

12 from the 2007 through the 2010 fiscal years.  Concluding that the Proposed

13 Complaint failed to remedy the deficiencies identified in the initial complaint,

14 the District Court denied the motion to amend as futile.  We affirm.

15 BACKGROUND

16 I. The Allegations in the Proposed Complaint

17 We accept as true the facts alleged in the Proposed Complaint because

18 Sanderson appeals from the denial of leave to amend on the ground of
4

1 futility.  See Panther Partners Inc. v. Ikanos Commc’ns, Inc., 681 F.3d 114, 116

2 n.1 (2d Cir. 2012).

3 ABAT is a Delaware corporation whose primary operations and

4 subsidiaries are located in China.  It principally “design[s], manufacture[s],

5 and market[s] . . . rechargeable polymer lithium‐ion (PLI) batteries” for use in

6 consumer products, such as portable computers, as well as electric vehicles.  

7 In 2004 ABAT became obligated to file financial statements with the Securities

8 and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) when it decided to list its stock on a

9 United States exchange through a reverse merger.  At all relevant times,

10 ABAT contemporaneously filed financial statements with China’s State

11 Administration of Industry and Commerce (“AIC”), a regulatory agency to

12 which Chinese companies must submit such statements as part of an annual

13 examination.    

14 Between May 15, 2007, and March 29, 2011, ABAT’s SEC filings painted

15 a favorable financial picture that included “increasing revenues, gross profits

16 and net income.”  These financial figures, however, contrasted with the

17 figures reported in ABAT’s contemporaneous filings with the AIC in China.  

18 In particular, from 2007 to 2009 ABAT reported losses to the AIC while it
5

1 reported significant profits to the SEC.  The differences were indisputably

2 material.  Taking 2007 as an example, ABAT reported to the AIC that its

3 revenues were approximately $145,000 and that it suffered an operating loss

4 of $1 million, while it reported to the SEC revenues of $31.9 million and a

5 profit of $10.2 million.     

6 The Proposed Complaint alleges that these and other discrepancies in

7 the financial figures reported to the AIC and SEC cannot be explained by

8 differences between those agencies’ reporting requirements and practices

9 alone.  If anything, it claims, Chinese accounting rules more generously

10 recognize revenue than Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”)

11 in the United States.   

12 In addition to presenting two very different financial pictures to

13 regulators in China and the United States, ABAT is alleged to have

14 misrepresented or failed to fully disclose material facts about two

15 transactions.   

16 First, in December 2010 ABAT announced that it would purchase

17 Shenzhen Zhongqiang New Energy Science & Technology Co., Ltd.

18 (“Shenzhen Zhongqiang”) for $20 million, even though Shenzhen
6

1 Zhongqiang had generated revenues of less than $450,000 in 2009 and had

2 suffered losses each year since its inception in 2007.  The Proposed Complaint

3 alleges that in announcing the Shenzhen Zhongqiang acquisition ABAT failed

4 to disclose that its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Zhiguo Fu, owned

5 Shenzhen Zhongqiang and had paid a mere $1 million for the company in

6 2008.  The transaction allegedly enabled Fu to siphon funds from ABAT for

7 his own personal use.  

8 Second, ABAT allegedly misrepresented the nature of its ownership

9 interest in one of its purported subsidiaries, Heilongjiang ZhongQiang

10 Power‐Tech Co., Ltd. (“ZQ Power‐Tech”).  In its SEC filings for 2007 and

11 2008, ABAT identified ZQ Power‐Tech as a wholly‐owned subsidiary of

12 Cashtech, which was itself a wholly‐owned ABAT subsidiary.  ABAT’s 2009

13 SEC filings revealed that ZQ Power‐Tech was actually owned by Fu and other

14 investors.  On April 6, 2011, moreover, ABAT responded to allegations of

15 fraud by “effectively admit[ting] that it did not actually own [ZQ Power‐

16 Tech] from 2004 through 2009.”  Although it sought to justify initially

17 accounting for ZQ Power‐Tech as a wholly‐owned subsidiary because Fu and

18 his co‐investors had transferred to ABAT all of the “benefits and obligations”
7

1 of ZQ Power‐Tech, ABAT explained that it ultimately “decided that it would

2 be more appropriate to explain the relationship in detail.”  

3 The remaining defendants in this matter are two auditing firms, to

4 which we refer as the Auditor Defendants.  ABAT’s outside auditors from

5 2006 through December 14, 2010, were defendants Bagell, Josephs, Levine &

Co., and its successor, Friedman LLP (together, “Bagell Josephs”).1 6   Defendant

7 EFP Rotenberg, LLP (“EFP”) served as ABAT’s auditor from December 14,

8 2010, through the filing of the Proposed Complaint in September 2012.   

9 The relevant audit opinions issued during these periods certified that

10 ABAT’s financial statements conformed with GAAP and “present[ed] fairly,

11 in all material respects, the financial position of [ABAT].”  They also

12 represented that the audits themselves were conducted “in accordance with

13 the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.”  The

14 Proposed Complaint alleges that these statements were materially false and

15 misleading and that the Auditor Defendants “ignored or recklessly

16 disregarded numerous red flags that should have alerted them to ABAT’s

17 fraudulent financial statements.”  As relevant here, the Proposed Complaint

                                              

1 In 2010 Bagell, Josephs, Levine & Co. merged into Friedman LLP.   
8

1 identifies the following “red flags”: (1) the contrasting set of financial filings

2 to the AIC and the SEC, (2) the Shenzhen Zhongqiang related‐party

3 transaction, (3) the mischaracterization of the ownership of ZQ Power‐Tech,

4 (4) the unreasonably high profits that ABAT reported, and (5) the mere fact

5 that ABAT became listed on a United States exchange through a reverse

6 merger.  It focuses in particular on the first two of these “red flags.”  As to

7 both, the Proposed Complaint alleges that Bagell Josephs auditors visited

8 ABAT’s offices in China, had “ready access to ABAT’s financial records”

9 there, and “presumably relied on the same underlying financial records and

10 data . . . that had formed the basis for ABAT’s AIC filings.”  Finally, an

11 accounting expert’s opinion concludes that the Auditor Defendants’ failure to

12 uncover or appreciate the significance of these “red flags” constituted “an

13 extreme departure from the reasonable standards of care [they were]

14 obligated to meet as ABAT’s auditor[s].”   

15 In 2011 ABAT’s fraudulent conduct and its reporting of significantly

16 lower revenue and profit in its AIC filings as compared to its SEC filings was

17 exposed in reports by third‐party publications.  A March 2011 report
9

1 discussed ABAT’s financial statements.  Almost immediately after that report

2 was published, the price of ABAT shares plunged nearly forty‐eight percent.   

3 II. Procedural History

4 Starting in April 2011, five related securities fraud actions were filed

5 against ABAT and certain ABAT executives (collectively, the “ABAT

6 Defendants”).  After these actions were consolidated, lead plaintiff Sanderson

7 filed a Corrected First Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint (the

8 “Consolidated Complaint”) to add Bagell Josephs and EFP as defendants.

9 Both the ABAT Defendants and the Auditor Defendants moved to dismiss the

10 Consolidated Complaint.   

11 The District Court denied the motion as to the ABAT Defendants but

granted it as to the Auditor Defendants.2 12   The court held that the

13 Consolidated Complaint’s allegations that the auditors failed to conform their

14 audits to professional standards established at best an inference of negligence,

15 not recklessness or intentional misconduct.  It also determined that all but one

16 of the purported “red flags” were either not red flags or not alleged to have

17 been known to the Auditor Defendants.  It concluded that the remaining

                                              

2 Sanderson and the ABAT Defendants subsequently settled.
10

1 alleged “red flag” — the recharacterization of the ownership of ZQ Power‐

2 Tech — was “not sufficiently egregious” to support the requisite scienter.  

3 Lastly, the court held that the named plaintiffs lacked standing to sue EFP

4 because they purchased their ABAT shares before EFP issued its audit.   

5 Sanderson moved for leave to amend by filing the Proposed Complaint

6 to cure the standing and scienter deficiencies identified by the District Court.  

7 The District Court denied the motion, concluding that even the new

8 allegations failed to “rise to the level of recklessness.”     

9 DISCUSSION

10 We consider only whether the Proposed Complaint adequately pleaded

11 facts giving rise to a strong inference that the Auditor Defendants acted with

12 “scienter, a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.”  

13 Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 319 (2007) (quotation

14 marks omitted); see Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 306‐07 (2d Cir. 2000)

15 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u‐4(b)(2)).  In determining whether the facts alleged in

16 the Proposed Complaint establish “the requisite ‘strong inference’ of scienter,

17 a court must consider plausible, nonculpable explanations for the defendant’s

18 conduct, as well as inferences favoring the plaintiff.”  Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 324.  
11

1 In other words, it is not enough “to set out ‘facts from which, if true, a

2 reasonable person could infer that the defendant acted with the required

3 intent.’”  S. Cherry St., LLC v. Hennessee Grp. LLC, 573 F.3d 98, 110 (2d Cir.

4 2009) (quoting Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314).  The inference of scienter must be

5 “cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference one could draw

6 from the facts alleged.”  Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 324.   

7 Sanderson argues that the Proposed Complaint adequately and with

8 sufficient particularity alleges facts that constitute strong circumstantial

9 evidence of conscious recklessness.  Because Sanderson does not allege any

10 motive for the Auditor Defendants to defraud and premises his claim entirely

11 on a theory of recklessness, “the strength of the circumstantial allegations

12 must be correspondingly greater.”  Kalnit v. Eichler, 264 F.3d 131, 142 (2d Cir.

13 2001).  In the securities fraud context, recklessness “must be conduct that is

14 highly unreasonable, representing an extreme departure from the standards

15 of ordinary care,” Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 98 (2d Cir. 2000) (quotation

16 marks omitted), “not merely a heightened form of negligence,” Novak, 216

17 F.3d at 312 (quotation marks omitted).  And for an independent auditor, the

18 conduct “must, in fact, approximate an actual intent to aid in the fraud being
12

1 perpetrated by the audited company,” Rothman, 220 F.3d at 98 (quotation

2 marks omitted), as, for example, when a defendant conducts an audit so

3 deficient as to amount to no audit at all, or disregards signs of fraud so

4 obvious that the defendant must have been aware of them, see Gould v.

5 Winstar Commc’ns, Inc., 692 F.3d 148, 160‐61 (2d Cir. 2012).  Mere

6 “allegations of GAAP violations or accounting irregularities,” Novak, 216

7 F.3d at 309, or even a lack of due diligence, see S. Cherry St., 573 F.3d at 112,

8 will not state a securities fraud claim absent “evidence of corresponding

9 fraudulent intent,” Novak, 216 F.3d at 309 (quotation marks omitted).   

10 In asking us to assess the allegations in the Proposed Complaint,

11 Sanderson leaves unchallenged the District Court’s partial dismissal of the

12 initial Consolidated Complaint and appeals only its denial of leave to amend.  

13 With that in mind, we consider de novo only whether the Proposed

14 Complaint alleges non‐conclusory facts that, if taken as true, would raise a

15 strong inference of scienter as to each of the Auditor Defendants.   

16 I. Bagell Josephs

17 Sanderson argues that the amendment would not be futile because the

18 Proposed Complaint now alleges that when Bagell Josephs audited ABAT’s
13

1 SEC filings, it had access to ABAT’s conflicting AIC filings and financial

2 information, and adds a reference to the accounting expert’s opinion that “no

3 reasonable auditor would have failed to obtain ABAT’s AIC filings.”  

4 Sanderson also invokes the allegations in the Proposed Complaint relating to

5 the one “red flag” recognized as such by the District Court:  that Bagell

6 Josephs ignored obvious signs that ABAT misrepresented the ownership of

7 ZQ Power‐Tech.   

8 We agree with the District Court that these allegations together still fail

9 to constitute strong circumstantial evidence of recklessness.  As Sanderson

10 conceded at oral argument, none of the accounting standards on which he

11 relies — the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards, Statements on Auditing

12 Standards, or GAAP — specifically requires an auditor to inquire about or

13 review a company’s foreign regulatory filings.  Such a legal duty could arise

14 under certain circumstances.  But without more than exists here — including

15 the accounting expert’s conclusory statement — we do not view these

16 standards as imposing a general duty to inquire the breach of which would

17 constitute recklessness.   

18 Sanderson alternatively argues that the Auditor Defendants had a duty
14

1 to review ABAT’s AIC filings in view of ABAT’s unusually high profit

2 margins reported in its SEC filings and because ABAT, based largely in

3 China, employed a reverse merger to access our capital markets.  We briefly

4 address each argument in turn.  First, in our view, ABAT’s report of high

5 profit margins in its SEC filings triggered, at most, a duty to perform a more

6 rigorous audit of those filings.  They did not obligate Bagell Josephs to review

7 ABAT’s AIC filings.  And “the fact that [Bagell Josephs] did not automatically

8 equate record profits with misconduct cannot be said to be reckless.”  Chill v.

9 Gen. Elec. Co., 101 F.3d 263, 270 (2d Cir. 1996).  Second, as for the impact of

10 ABAT’s reverse merger, Sanderson does not allege that heightened scrutiny

11 of Chinese companies that used reverse mergers in the United States began

12 prior to mid‐2011 — in other words, after the relevant audits in this case.  

13 Accordingly, we are not persuaded that these allegations signify that Bagell

14 Josephs’s failure to review ABAT’s Chinese regulatory filings in connection

15 with its audits from 2007 through 2010 represented an “extreme departure

16 from the standards of ordinary care” tantamount to fraud.  See Rothman, 220

17 F.3d at 98.   

18 Nor are we persuaded to infer recklessness from the allegations that
15

1 Bagell Josephs had access to and “presumably relied on” the raw financial

2 data underlying ABAT’s AIC filings in China in 2008 but failed to see that the

3 data contradicted ABAT’s SEC filings.  Sanderson urges that the only non‐

4 speculative inference to be drawn from these allegations is that Bagell

5 Josephs’s failure to spot the discrepancies was reckless.  We disagree:  a

6 somewhat more compelling inference is that ABAT maintained two sets of

7 data — one for its Chinese regulators and another for its regulators in the

United States — and fed Bagell Josephs false data to complete its audits.3 8   This

9 contrary inference coheres with the allegation that ABAT initially concealed

10 rather than disclosed important facts about ZQ Power‐Tech and the Shenzhen

11 Zhongqiang transaction.  

12 Finally, Sanderson argues that the allegations of fraud relating to ZQ

13 Power‐Tech create an inference that Bagell Josephs acted with the requisite

14 recklessness.  As alleged, Bagell Josephs’s failure to discover that ABAT

15 owned merely a beneficial, rather than a legal, interest in ZQ Power‐Tech

16 before ABAT disclosed the proper ownership does not give rise to a strong

17 inference of scienter.  This is true even when we consider this allegation

                                              

3 Indeed, ABAT also may have fed Chinese regulators false data.
16

1 together with all the other facts alleged in the Proposed Complaint.  See

2 Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 322‐23.  At most, we can infer that Bagell Josephs was

3 negligent in failing to uncover ZQ Power‐Tech’s true ownership prior to the

4 disclosure.   

5 For these reasons we agree that, as alleged in the Proposed Complaint,

6 Bagell Josephs’s failure to detect ABAT’s fraudulent reporting is not conduct

7 “approximat[ing] an actual intent to aid in the fraud being perpetrated by the

8 audited company.”  Rothman, 220 F.3d at 98 (quotation marks omitted).   

9 II. EFP

10 Sanderson argues that the Proposed Complaint adequately pleads

11 scienter on the part of EFP because it references the accounting expert’s

12 opinion and includes allegations that EFP “would have” discovered the

13 fraudulent nature of the Shenzhen Zhongqiang acquisition had it performed

14 “the most basic of audit duties.”   

15 Having already rejected the first argument in connection with Bagell

16 Josephs, we address only the second.  We have previously suggested that

17 conditional allegations of the sort “that [a defendant] ‘would’ have learned

18 the truth” about a company’s fraud “if [it] had performed the ‘due diligence’
17

1 it promised” are generally insufficient to establish the requisite scienter for

2 private securities fraud claims “under the PSLRA’s heightened pleading

3 instructions.”  See S. Cherry St., 573 F.3d at 110, 112 (quotation marks and

4 alteration omitted).  Nonetheless, Sanderson attempts to bolster the allegation

5 by claiming that Shenzhen Zhongqiang’s inflated purchase price should have

6 alerted EFP that the transaction was a sham.  But the Proposed Complaint

7 fails to allege that EFP knew that ABAT paid an inflated price for Shenzhen

8 Zhongqiang.  As alleged, EFP’s failure to uncover and appreciate the

9 significance of the inflated price therefore does not represent “an extreme

10 departure from the standards of ordinary care.”  Rothman, 220 F.3d at 98.  

11 Nor do these factual allegations give rise to a strong inference of either

12 fraudulent intent or conscious recklessness, rather than mere negligence.  

13 CONCLUSION

14     We AFFIRM the judgment of the District Court.