# Patent

## Title
Virtual concatenation of PDH signals

## Abstract

Asynchronous/plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) signals, such as DS1 and E1, are transported using virtual concatenation. The packetized data signals are frame encapsulated and subsequently inverse multiplexed into a plurality of PDH frames. An overhead packet is inserted in the transmitted frames to enable the receiver to determine the status of the frames and extract the differential delay experienced by various frames as they are routed through virtually concatenated channels. The extracted delays enables the receiver to realign the various frames of the PDH signal to reconstitute the originally transmitted signals that travel through different paths of the transport network linking the source and sink of the virtually concatenated channel.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application claims benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. provisional application No. 60/658,945, filed Mar. 4, 2005, entitled “Virtual Concatenation Of PDH Signals”, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The global transport network has evolved to use SONET/SDH technology. However, benefits are gained by adding new capabilities to the previous generation asynchronous/plesiochronous digital hierarchy signal (e.g., DS1 and E1) technologies. Both the North American asynchronous hierarchy and the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) are referred to herein as PDH. These networks, however, are ubiquitously deployed and are more common than SONET/SDH signals for enterprise access applications. Among the reasons for their ongoing prevalence in the enterprise access networks is that many of the access interfaces are still delivered over copper wires.
At least as important as their availability is the advantage they provide due to the regulatory unbundling of services. U.S. incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) are required as part of unbundling to offer DS1 and DS3 access links to other carriers, such as competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) or interexchange carriers (IECs), for lower tariff rates than equivalent SONET interfaces. The result of the tariff advantage and the effectively ubiquitous availability of DS1 and DS3 connectivity is that when IECs or service providers lack their own facilities to connect to their enterprise subscribers, they typically lease DS1 or DS3 connections through the ILECs. An example of such a network configuration is shown in FIG. 1.
The availability of PDH based networks combined with the growing interest in providing native Ethernet connectivity leads inevitably to a desire for mapping of Ethernet into PDH signals. Although a number of proprietary implementations exist, there are no standards for mapping native Ethernet into DS1 and DS3, or N×DS1 and N×DS3 signals. In order to provide Ethernet connectivity to their enterprise customers over DS1/DS3 connections, the major U.S. IECs have asked for GFP mappings into DSn and En signals.
GFP provides an encapsulation of native Ethernet frames in order to carry them through a transport network; see PMC white paper entitled “A tutorial on SONET/SDH”, PMC-2030895, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and attached as Exhibit A. The resulting mappings are specified in the new ITU-T G.8040. Mapping data into multiple DSn or En signals is described in the following publicly available publications, the content of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety:

    
    
        IETF RFC 1990, The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP). K. Sklower, B. Lloyd, G. McGregor, D. Carr, T. Coradetti. August 1996
        Interoperability Requirements for N×56/64 kbit/s Calls, version 1.0, from the Bandwidth ON Demand INteroperability Group (BONDING) Consortium, 1992
        ATM Forum AF-PHY-0086.001 (1999)—Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) Specification
    
    


The GFP mapping into a single DS3 signal was defined first while mappings into DS1, E1, N×DS1, and N×E1 were studied. Carriers wanted to have the N×DS1 and N×E1 connections and use N=1 for mapping into single signals. Subsequently, interest developed for similar N×DS3 and N×E3 signals (e.g., for carrying data from 100Base Ethernet interfaces). Ideally, the N×DS1/E1/DS3/E3 should operate at Layer 1, providing transparent transport of Layer 2 protocol frames, independent of which Layer 2 protocol is being carried. The only existing non-proprietary solution is the Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol (ML-PPP defined in IETF RFC 1990), which performs inverse multiplexing at the packet level. Inverse multiplexing refers to taking the payload from a higher rate channel and transporting it by distributing it over multiple lower rate channels. The granularity used for assigning the payload data among the lower rate channels can be at the bit, byte, or packet/cell level.
Since ML-PPP is a Layer 2 protocol, it requires terminating the Ethernet signal in order to remap the packets into ML-PPP (i.e., change between the two different Layer 2 protocols). ATM solutions existed, including Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA). The carriers requesting the new mapping did not favor an ATM solution for this application due to its overhead inefficiency and it being another layer to provision. No byte level inverse multiplexing schemes such as VCAT existed since DS1 and DS3 signals lacked sufficient overhead to support VCAT, and reserving an entire payload channel for the overhead was too much capacity to lose.
Another potential solution exist from the Bandwidth ON Demand Interoperability Group (BONDING) consortium. Inverse multiplexing here is performed at the byte level rather than the packet level. An initialization sequence is sent on all the constituent lower-rate channels in order to synchronize the source and sink. While this technique requires no per-packet or per-link overhead, the channel must be disrupted for a long period of re-initialization when the channel size is changed. Table 1 below shows a comparison of the different candidate technologies that were considered.







TABLE 1







Comparison of technologies for inverse multiplexing into NxPDH signals









OPTION
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE





Layer 2 frame
Proven technology exists for ML-
Layer 2 technology specific - It


inverse
PPP and Ethernet Link
either enforces a Layer 2 approach


multiplexing
Aggregation
or requires re-mapping client data



No overhead required for each
packets.



individual E1/DS1/DS3/E3 link
Requires additional per-packet



Easy to add or remove links (trivial
overhead (e.g., for packet sequence



control protocol)
numbering)



NOTE - Layer 1 (i.e., GFP) packet
Egress queue management more



interleaving was also considered, with
complex due to the need to re-align



at least one proprietary solution
the packets from the different links



existing. Although it provides the
in the correct sequence.



Layer 2 transparency, it otherwise has
When there is a light load, a single



the same advantages and disadvantages
link (or subset of links) is used for



as Layer 2 packet interleaving.
each packet rather than the entire




set. This results in increased latency




for lightly loaded cases.




Under any load condition, the egress




queue management will tend to




introduce additional latency.


Byte inverse
Relatively simple.
Changing the number of links


multiplexing
Uses no additional per-link or per-
(members) requires taking the


with overhead
packet overhead.
connection down for a link re-


borrowing

synchronization.


Byte inverse
Simple (trivial) egress buffer since
Requires per-link overhead.


multiplexing
out-of-order packet arrival is not
Control protocol for adding and


with permanent
possible.
removing links is more complex


overhead
Can directly re-use SDH virtual
(same complexity as LCAS).


channel
concatenation technology.



No additional per-packet overhead.



Consistency with VCAT and



LCAS provides operational



consistency and network



predictability for the carrier.









SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, asynchronous/plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) signals, such as DS1 and E1, are virtually concatenated in order to transport data packets. To achieve this, the data packets are first encapsulated and are subsequently inverse multiplexed into a plurality of PDH signal frames. An overhead packet is inserted in the transmitted frames to enable the receiver determine the status of the frames and extract the differential delay experienced by various PDH signals as they are routed through virtually concatenated channels. The extracted delays enables the receiver to realign the various frames of the PDH signal to reconstitute the originally transmitted signal. The virtual concatenation of signals of the same type (e.g., DS1) allows the creation of a larger transport channel with a granularity equal to size of the signal type being concatenated. Virtual concatenation allows the constituent signals to take different paths through the transport network between the source and sink of the virtually concatenated channel with the sink performing the re-alignment of the signals to compensate for the differential delay in routes through the network.
In some embodiments, the encapsulation of packets into the PDH signals may be performed in accordance with the well know Generic Framing Procedure (GFP). Other encapsulation techniques may be used. In some embodiments, the PDH signal may be any one of DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 signals. The DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 signals as currently defined lack sufficient overhead bandwidth to carry the information required for the virtual concatenation differential delay compensation. In accordance with the present invention, the overhead bandwidth is derived in a manner that has minimum impact on the channel payload capacity while still providing sufficient refresh time for the overhead.
In some embodiments, the inserted overhead packet includes 16 bytes with each byte disposed in one of the frames of a multi-frame. In such embodiments, the 16-byte overhead includes both LCAS and VCAT overhead bits. In other embodiments, the inserted overhead packet includes 8 bytes with each byte disposed in one of the frames of a multi-frame.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of a transport network, as known in the prior art.
FIG. 2 is a high-level block diagram of a network system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3A shows a DS1 frame adapted to carry an overhead byte, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3B shows an E1 frame adapted to carry an overhead byte, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3C shows a DS3 frame adapted to carry an overhead byte, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3D shows an E3 frame adapted to carry an overhead byte, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4A shows the framing overhead as well overhead bits of a DS1 signal, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4B shows the framing overhead as well overhead bits of a DS3 signal, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows the LCAS and VCAT overhead bits carried by a PDH signal, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows the LCAS and VCAT overhead bits carried by a PDH signal, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 2 is a high-level block diagram of a network system 300, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. An incoming data signal, such as a native Ethernet signal, is received via an interface at the source 100 and is first processed at Ethernet MAC processing block 102 to ensure that it is a valid Ethernet frame. Thereafter the data is encapsulated in a frame for transmission using, for example, a Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) frame). The GFP standard is defined, in ITU-T Recommendation G.7041. Other encapsulation protocols, e.g., byte-oriented HDLC, may also be used. The encapsulated data is then inverse-multiplexed using inverse multiplexer 106 at the byte level into N PDH frames 110 (signals), namely PDH frames 1101, 1102 . . . 110N. As shown, the associated virtual concatenation (VCAT) and Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) overheads are added to these signals by overhead processor 120, subsequent to which the signals are transmitted over transport network 150. The LCAS for virtually concatenated channels is defined in the ITU-T Rec. G.7042 standard. An overhead processor is used to insert the overheads
Virtual concatenation is a technique for combining multiple smaller channels or signals to form a larger channel. The constituent channels/signals are time-aligned at the source, and the payload data is inverse multiplexed into the constituent channels/signals (members) in a round-robin manner. Unlike explicit concatenation, VCAT allows the constituent smaller channels/signals to take diverse paths/routes through the network. The result of the diverse routes is that constituent members are no longer time-aligned when they arrive at the receiver due to the difference in the route lengths. VCAT overhead is required in order to re-align the members so that the original data can be extracted. All of the constituent members are transmitted with an identical phase indication overhead (e.g., a multiframe number). The receiver uses this phase (multiframe) overhead information to compensate for the difference in route delays and re-align the members. The other required overhead is the original sequence number of the member within the round-robin rotation.
LCAS is a standard method for controlling VCAT channels. LCAS is specified in ITU-T Recommendation G.7042. The LCAS overhead includes the VCAT phase (multiframe) and sequence number indications. LCAS provides additional overhead associated with the status of each constituent member of the virtually concatenated group. This additional information is used to increase or decrease the size of a VCAT channel, signaling the member failure status for the opposite transmission direction, and a group identifier that allows the receiver to confirm that each member is truly part of that VCAT channel.
At the sink end 200, as shown in FIG. 2, framing recovery is performed first on each PDH signal 2101, 2102 . . . 210N in order to extract the differential delay information from the VCAT overhead. This information is then used to control the amount of buffer delay that is applied to each signal in order to re-align them to the phase in which they were launched at the source. The LCAS overhead information for the aligned signals is then processed to determine the status of the signals. The status defines whether the frame is properly received. Overhead processor 220 performs the tasks associated with extracting the VCAT and LCAS overhead information from the received frames. The data from the active signals is then merged together through byte interleaving at multiplexer 206 to reconstruct the original GFP encapsulated signal. The GFP frames are then terminated at GFP demapping block 204 and the Ethernet signal is extracted at Ethernet MAC processing block 202. The extracted signals are subsequently supplied from sink node 200 via an interface.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, byte-level inverse multiplexing is used, as shown in FIG. 2. One octet from the signal's payload area, once per multi-frame, is borrowed to carry the per-link overhead information rather than permanently reserving the entire time slot. This proposal has been adopted for the new ITU-T Recommendation G.7043. The content of this overhead octet is then defined in a manner consistent with the SONET/SDH H4 byte that is used for the virtual concatenation of SONET STS-1/Nc (SDH VC-4/4-Nc) links.
FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D respectively show the resulting multiframe formats for the DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 signals, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 3A, the VCAT and LCAS overhead, which together form an octet (i.e., 8 bits) are disposed after the F (framing bit) bit of the first frame of the 24 frames of a DS1 multi-frame. As is known, each of 24 frames of a DS1 multi-frame has a duration of 125 μsecs. Furthermore, the VCAT overhead is a subset of LCAS overhead.
Referring to FIG. 3B, the VCAT and LCAS overhead octet is disposed after the timeslot 0 (T.S.0) byte of the first frame of the 16 frames of an E1 multi-frame. As is known, each of the 16 frames of an E1 multi-frame has a duration of 125 μsecs.
Referring to FIG. 3C, the VCAT and LCAS overhead octet is disposed after the X1 bit of the first subframe of the DS3 multi-frame. As is known, there are 7 subframes in each DS3 multiframe, with each subframe containing 680 bits. Referring to FIG. 3D, the VCAT and LCAS overhead octet is disposed after the second frame alignment FA2 of the E3 multiframe. As is known, each of the frame alignments FA1 and FA2 include one byte.
FIGS. 4A and 4B respectively show mapping of GFP frames into PDH channels. In FIG. 4A the octet-aligned GFP frame is shown as being mapped into a DS1 signal. In FIG. 4B the octet-aligned GFP frame is shown as being mapped into a DS3 signal.
FIG. 5 shows the combined LCAS and VCAT control packet carrying the overhead bits, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The overhead bits shown in FIG. 5 are adapted to carry the same type of LCAS control packet as is used in the SONET/SDH H4 byte; see PMC white paper PMC-2030895, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The PDH and SONET/SDH control packet format and bit definitions are identical except for the number of bits used in the sequence number (SQ) and the specific multiplexing of the member status information into the MST bits of each control packet. As seen from FIG. 5, the control packet has 16 rows. the transmission order of the control packet in FIG. 5 is left to right for the bits, and top to bottom for the octets. In other words, each row of the control packet is inserted as an overhead octet in a different one of the multi-frames of, for example, the DS1 or E1 signals.
In all of the fields, the MSB is the first bit to be transmitted. In the case of the SQ, SONET/SDH allows a maximum of 256 members and hence uses a two-nibble (8-bit) SQ field. The maximum number of members is 16 for DS1/E1, and is eight for DS3/E3. Hence, they require a SQ field of 4-bits and 3-bits, respectively. Since the SQ values are justified to the LSBs with the upper, unused SQ field bits set to 0, the SQ field use is consistent for SONET/SDH (H4), DS1/E1, and DS3/E3 member types.
For DS1/E1, DS3/E3, and SONET/SDH member types, the member status is multiplexed into the MST field based on the multiframe count in the MFI1 and MFI2 fields. In the case of the DS3/E3 signals, a maximum of eight signals can be virtually concatenated into a single group. The member status of all eight signals is carried in each LCAS control packet, with MST bits 1-8 containing the status for the members with SQ 0-7, respectively. Since a maximum of 16 DS1/E1 signals is allowed in VCAT group, the member status must be multiplexed into the eight MST bits. Whenever the current MFI2 LSB (i.e., the MFI2 bit 8 value from the previous control packet) is 0, MST bits 1-8 will contain the status of members with SQ 0-7, respectively. Whenever the current MFI2 LSB is 1, MST bits 1-8 will contain the status of members with SQ 8-15, respectively.
In order to achieve adequate differential delay compensation, a sufficiently long multiframe count is required so that the receiver can compare the relative multiframe phases of each member signal. A multiframe of 512 ms is a typical objective for worst-case networks. In the case of DS1 and E1 signals, the signal has an inherent multiframe with duration of 3 ms and 2 ms, respectively. Since the VCAT overhead byte only appears once per multiframe, the multiframe duration can be used to shorten the multiframe counter portion of the VCAT overhead. Specifically, if the counter were limited to an 8-bit counter within the control packet itself, the VCAT multiframe would be 28×3=768 ms (±384 ms) for DS1 and 28×2=512 ms (+256 ms) for E1, which meet the desired worst-case criterion.
FIG. 6 shows a virtual concatenation control packet format, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In accordance with this embodiment, the entire 8-bits of the overhead byte are used for control packet instead just four bits, which decreases the time required to transmit a control packet. Cutting the control packet transmission time in half means that the member status information can be refreshed twice as fast. The virtual concatenation control packet shown in FIG. 6 includes 8 rows. Each row is inserted as an overhead octet in a different one of the multi-frames of the DS1, E1, DS3 or E3 signals.
Due to their continuing nearly universal availability, PDH networks will continue to play an important role as carriers roll out new data services. This will be especially true in North America as long as DS1s and DS3s have a cost advantage due to unbundling tariffs in the access networks. The new ITU-T Rec. G.8040 provides an efficient, robust GFP-based mapping into PDH signals and the new ITU-T Rec. G.7043 provides the virtual concatenation capability with LCAS to flexibly choose and adjust the channel size in a PDH network. The combination of these two technology enhancements to PDH networks provides carriers with powerful tools to offer new, higher-rate Ethernet connectivity services while continuing to derive benefit from their existing PDH infrastructures. Providing new services and maximizing the return on existing capital investment are always highly desirable for carriers. Accordingly, the present invention provides a highly flexible technique to allow the use of DS1/DS3/E1/E3 infrastructure to provide these new services, and do so in a manner that is operationally consistent with their deployment of virtual concatenation and LCAS technology in SONET/SDH networks.
Asynchronous hierarchy/PDH networks based on DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 networks are still more ubiquitous than SONET/SDH networks, and are the most common client payload signal carried within SONET/SDH networks. In areas such as North America, they currently also have cost advantages over SONET/SDH channels for leased connectivity through ILECs by other carriers. With the growth of interest in higher bandwidth Ethernet WAN service, in accordance with the present invention, the DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 signals are used to provide WAN access over the existing carrier infrastructure. As such, the present invention may be used to significantly increase the number of data access interfaces, especially those leased by service providers and interexchange carriers through ILEC networks, and multiple equipment vendors.
The above embodiments of the present invention are illustrative and not limiting. Various alternatives and equivalents are possible. The invention is not limited by the type of encapsulation or inverse multiplexing performed. The inventions is not limited by the type of PDH, e.g., DS1, E1, signal that is transmitted using virtual concatenation. The invention is not limited to any particular arrangement of overhead bits inserted in the frames. The invention is not limited by the rate used to transfer the data. The invention is not limited by the type of integrated circuit in which the present disclosure may be disposed. Nor is the disclosure limited to any specific type of process technology, e.g., CMOS, Bipolar, or BICMOS that may be used to manufacture the present disclosure. Other additions, subtractions or modifications are obvious in view of the present disclosure and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method for transmitting data over a plurality of channels each associated with a PDH signal said plurality of channels to be virtually concatenated to form a single second channel larger than each of the plurality of channels, the method comprising:
encapsulating the data packets;
inverse multiplexing said encapsulated data packets into N PDH signals, each PDH signal comprising P frames; wherein N and P are non-zero integers;
forming M groups of overhead bits for each of the N PDH signals, each of the M groups of overhead bits comprising a sequence number indicator and a multi-frame indicator;
substituting a different one of the M groups of overhead bits for a corresponding number of payload bits in one frame or a subframe out of every P frames of an associated PDH signal thereby to form M×P frames wherein M is a non-zero integer; and
transmitting each of the M×P frames, wherein × represents a multiplication operation, wherein each of the transmitted M groups of overhead bits forms an overhead packet that enables a receiver to determine the status of the M×P frames and extract the differential delay experienced by the N PDH signals as they are routed through the virtually concatenated channels.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is selected from a group consisting of DS1, DS3, E1 and E3 signals.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said encapsulation further comprises Generic Framing Procedure encapsulation.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is a DS1 signal and said M is 16, wherein each of the 16 groups of overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the framing bit of a first frame of the 24 multi-frames of the DS1 signal.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is an E1 signal and said M is 16, wherein each of the 16 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the time slot zero of a first frame of the 16 multi-frames of the E1 signal.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is a DS3 signal and said M is 16, wherein each of the 16 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the X1 bit of a first frame of the 7 multi-frames of the DS3 signal.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is an E3 signal and said M is 16, wherein each of the 16 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the second frame alignment byte of the E3 multi-frame.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein said M is 16 and wherein said 16 groups of overhead bits comprise Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) bits and virtual concatenation (VCAT) bits.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is a DS1 signal and said M is 8, wherein each of the 8 groups of overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the framing bit of a first frame of the 24 multi-frames of the DS1 signal.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is an E1 signal and said M is 8, wherein each of the 8 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the time slot zero of a first frame of the 16 multi-frames of the E1 signal.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is a DS3 signal and said M is 8, wherein each of the 8 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the X1 bit of a first frame of the 7 multi-frames of the DS3 signal.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein said PDH signal is an E3 signal and said M is 8, wherein each of the 8 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the second frame alignment byte of the E3 multi-frame.

13. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
receiving the P×M frames;
extracting differential delay information from the received overhead bits of the P×M frames; and
extracting status information from the received overhead bits of the P×M frames.

14. An apparatus configured to transmit data over a plurality of channels each associated with a plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) signal, said plurality of channels to be virtually concatenated to form a single second channel larger than each of the plurality of channels the apparatus comprising:
an encapsulation module configured to encapsulate the data packets;
an inverse multiplexer configured to inverse multiplex said encapsulated data packets into N PDH signals, each PDH signal comprising P frames; wherein N and P are non-zero integers;
an overhead processor configured to:
form M groups of overhead bits for each of the N PDH signals, each of the M groups of overhead bits comprising a sequence number indicator and a multi-frame indicator; and
substitute a different one of the M groups of overhead bits for a corresponding number of payload bits in one frame or a subframe out of every P frames of an associated PDH signal thereby to form M×P frames; wherein M is a non-zero integer; and

a transmitter configured to transmit each of the M×P frames, wherein × represents a multiplication operation, wherein each of the transmitted M groups of overhead bits forms an overhead packet that enables a receiver to determine the status of the M×P frames and extract the differential delay experienced by the N PDH signals as they are routed through the virtually concatenated channels.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said PDH signal is selected from a group consisting of DS1, DS3, E1 and E3 signals.

16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said encapsulation module is further configured to encapsulated in accordance with Generic Framing Procedure encapsulation.

17. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein PDH signal is a DS1 signal and said M is 16, wherein each of the 16 groups of overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the framing bit of a first frame of the 24 multi-frames of the DS1 signal.

18. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said PDH signal is an E1 signal and said M is 16, wherein each of the 16 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the time slot zero of a first frame of the 16 multi-frames of the E1 signal.

19. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said PDH signal is a DS3 signal and said M is 16, wherein each of the 16 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the X1 bit of a first frame of the 7 multi-frames of the DS3 signal.

20. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said PDH signal is an E3 signal and said M is 16, wherein each of the 16 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the second frame alignment byte of the E3 multi-frame.

21. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said M is 16 and wherein said 16 groups of overhead bits comprise Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) bits and virtual concatenation (VCAT) bits.

22. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said PDH signal is a DS1 signal and said M is 8, wherein each of the 8 groups of overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the framing bit of a first frame of the 24 multi-frames of the DS1 signal.

23. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said PDH signal is an E1 signal and said M is 8, wherein each of the 8 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the time slot zero of a first frame of the 16 multi-frames of the DS3 signal.

24. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said PDH signal is a DS3 signal and said M is 8, wherein each of the 8 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the X1 bit of a first frame of the 7 multi-frames of the DS3 signal.

25. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said PDH signal is an E3 signal and said M is 8, wherein each of the 8 groups of the overhead bits comprises an octet disposed adjacent the second frame alignment byte of the E3 multi-frame.

26. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising:
a receiver configured to receive the transmitted P×M frames;
a second overhead processor configured to extract differential delay information from the received overhead bits of the P×M frames, and further to extract status information from the received overhead bits of the P×M frames.