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FBIFederal Bureau of Investigation

# Economic Espionage: 'Company Man' Campaign

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# **Economic Espionage**

## FBI Launches Nationwide Awareness Campaign

07/23/15

Industries in the United States spend more on research and development than any other country in the world. The amount of effort and resources put into developing a unique product or process that can provide an edge in the business world is not unsubstantial. But what happens if someone comes in and steals that edge—a company’s trade secrets—for the benefit of a foreign country? The damages could severely undermine the victim company and include lost revenue, lost employment, damaged reputation, lost investment for research and development, interruption in production—it could even result in the company going out of business.

It’s called economic espionage, and it’s a problem that costs the American economy billions of dollars annually and puts our national security at risk. While it is not a new threat, it is a growing one, and the theft attempts by our foreign competitors and adversaries are becoming more brazen and more varied in their approach.

**Defining the Crime**

Theft of trade secrets occurs when someone knowingly steals or misappropriates a trade secret for the economic benefit of anyone other than the owner.

Similarly, economic espionage occurs when a trade secret is stolen for the benefit of a foreign government, foreign instrumentality, or foreign agent.

Proving the foreign nexus in court is difficult, and cases that start out as economic espionage often end up prosecuted as theft of trade secrets. Both crimes are covered by the Economic Espionage Act of 1996, Title 18, Sections 1831 and 1832 of the U.S. Code. 

Historically, economic espionage has been leveled mainly at defense-related and high-tech industries. But recent FBI cases have shown that no industry, large or small, is immune to the threat. Any company with a proprietary product, process, or idea can be a target; any unprotected trade secret is ripe for the taking by those who wish to illegally obtain innovations to increase their market share at a victim company’s expense.

To raise awareness of the issue, the FBI, in collaboration with the National Counterintelligence and Security Center, has launched a nationwide campaign and released a short film aimed at educating businesses, industry leaders, and anyone with a trade secret about the threat and how they can help mitigate it. Based on an actual case, The Company Man: Protecting America's Secretsillustrates how one U.S. company was targeted by foreign actors and how that company worked with the FBI to resolve the problem and bring the perpetrators to justice. 

**Protect Your Trade Secrets**

Any company that has invested time and resources into developing a product or idea needs to protect it. The FBI recommends the following methods for economic protection:

- Recognize the threat.- Identify and value trade secrets.- Implement a definable plan for safeguarding trade secrets.- Secure physical trade secrets and limit access to trade secrets.- Provide ongoing security training to employees.- Develop an insider threat program.- Proactively report suspicious incidents to the FBI before your proprietary information is irreversibly compromised.

The Bureau has provided more than 1,300 in-person briefings on the economic espionage threat to companies and industry leaders over the past year, using The Company Man as a training tool. But through this campaign, the FBI hopes to expand the scope of the audience to include a wider range of industry representatives, trade associations, and smaller companies and encourage them to come forward if they suspect they are a victim of economic espionage.

Understandably, companies are often hesitant to reach out for help when faced with a potential threat of this nature, usually because they don’t want to risk their trade secrets being disclosed in court or compromised in any way. But the FBI will do all it can to minimize business disruption and safeguard privacy and data during its investigation and will seek protective orders to preserve trade secrets and business confidentiality whenever possible. The Department of Justice also has a variety of protections in place to ensure that sensitive information is protected throughout any criminal prosecution.

Each of the FBI’s 56 field offices has a strategic partnership coordinator (SPC) whose role is to proactively develop relationships with local companies, trade groups, industry leaders, and others so that if an incident occurs, a liaison has already been established. To report suspected economic espionage-related activity, please contact the SPC at your local FBI field office or submit a tip at tips.fbi.gov.

**Case Examples**

- In May 2015, two Chinese professors were among six defendants charged with economic espionage and theft of trade secrets in connection with their roles in a long-running effort to obtain U.S. trade secrets for the benefit of universities and companies controlled by the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Details

- In January 2015, a computer science engineer was sentenced for stealing sensitive trade secrets from a trading firm in New Jersey and a Chicago-based financial firm. Details

- In July 2014, a California man was sentenced to 15 years in prison on multiple economic espionage-related charges in connection with his theft of trade secrets from DuPont regarding its chloride-route titanium dioxide (TiO2) production technology and the subsequent selling of that information to state-owned companies of the PRC. Details

- In May 2014, five Chinese military hackers were indicted on charges of computer hacking, economic espionage, and other offenses directed at six victims in the U.S. nuclear power, metals, and solar products industries. Details

- In March 2013, a New Jersey-based defense contractor was sentenced for theft of trade secrets and exporting sensitive U.S. military technology to the PRC. Details

- In December 2011, a Massachusetts man was sentenced on a charge of foreign economic espionage for providing trade secrets to an undercover federal agent posing as an Israeli intelligence officer. Details

- In February 2010, a former Boeing engineer was sentenced to nearly 16 years in prison for stealing aerospace secrets for the benefit of the PRC. This was the first economic espionage trial in U.S. history. Details

**Economic Espionage**

Economic espionage is a problem that costs the American economy billions of dollars annually and puts our national security at risk.

To raise awareness of the issue, the FBI and the National Counterintelligence and Security Center have launched a nationwide campaign and released a short film aimed at educating anyone with a trade secret about the threat and how they can help mitigate it. Based on an actual case, *The Company Man: Protecting America’s Secrets* illustrates how one U.S. company was targeted by foreign actors and how that company worked with the FBI to resolve the problem and bring the perpetrators to justice.

**Look**

The targeted company’s corporate attorney and the FBI’s lead investigator in the real-life version of *The Company Man* share their perspectives on the case.

- Corporate Attorney at Targeted Company- FBI Special Agent Jeremiah Crabtree

Corporate executives discuss the importance of protecting trade secrets and how their collaboration with the FBI has helped them in that endeavor.

- Ed Montooth, DuPont Corporation- Bob Trono, Lockheed Martin Corporation- Andy Ubel, Valspar Corporation

**Additional Downloads**

- Movie trailer for The Company Man: Protecting America’s Secrets- Actual arrest surveillance footage in case on which The Company Man is based

**Learn**

- Checklist for Reporting an Economic Espionage or Theft of Trade Secrets Offense-Economic Espionage Brochure- Intellectual Property Brochure- Visitors: Risks & Mitigations Brochure- Elicitation Brochure

**Listen**

Our FBI podcasts explore the topic of economic espionage.

- Inside the FBI: Economic Espionage- FBI, This Week • Economic Espionage- Two Sentenced in Economic Espionage Case

**Additional Resources**

- National press release: FBI Announces Economic Espionage Awareness Campaign- Testimony: Combating Economic Espionage and Trade Secret Theft- Video: Randy Coleman, FBI Counterintelligence Division- Video: The Company Man: Protecting America’s Secrets- Counterintelligence brochures- Administration Strategy on Mitigating the Theft of U.S. Trade Secrets- The Case for Enhanced Protection of Trade Secrets in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement- IP Commission report on the theft of American intellectual property- Related FBI Economic Espionage Campaign: The Insider Threat

 

### Videos

                          -  The Company Man: Movie Trailer 
                          -  The Company Man: Interview with Lockheed Martin Executive 
                          -  The Company Man: Interview with DuPont Executive 

**The Company Man: Frequently Asked Questions**

**Did the high-rise fire in Shanghai actually happen?**

Yes. The fire occurred on November 15, 2010 and resulted in the death of 58 people and the injury of 70 more individuals. The cause of the blaze was directly linked to faulty building materials, specifically the insulation used in the construction. The civil unrest caused by the poor building codes resulted in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) government enacting very stringent building codes.

**Why was this particular company aggressively targeted?**

After the new building codes were enacted, only a few companies made materials that met the code. The PRC government then provided tens of millions of investment dollars to anyone who could produce the needed insulating materials indigenously. As a result, the two subjects took government funds, which permitted them to purchase land, build a factory, and acquire the technology by any means necessary.

**What social networking sites did the subjects use to target the company employees and how did they use the information they learned?**

The subjects used LinkedIn and Facebook to spot and assess employees working at the target company. They then used a “headhunter” as a proxy to see which employees might be interested in leaving their positions.

**After being turned down for the proposed joint venture, how soon did they attempt to trespass at the plant?**

The two subjects waited four days, then departed the corporate headquarters area and flew to a rural town across the country where the manufacturing plant was located. Upon arrival, they checked into a local hotel. In the evening, they attempted to access the plant without authorization for the first time.

**Did the subjects actually walk into the plant despite being denied a tour?**

Yes. The company denied the subjects’ initial request to visit the manufacturing plant. Undeterred, the subjects traveled over 500 miles directly to the rural plant. The subjects entered the plant in the evening and took their own self-guided tour, taking photographs until challenged. Their initial pretext was they were looking for a gas station. They returned the next day and were found in the employee parking lot watching employees enter and exit the plant. When confronted, the subjects advised they were looking for a fishing lake nearby. Since the plant was located in a small rural town, the factory doors were left unattended.

**Did the PRC government play a role in the two subjects’ attempts to steal the glass insulation trade secret?**

Not directly, but the PRC leverages its large cash reserves to award substantial loans and grants to anyone who might be able to indigenously produce a certain product or technology for the country in the shortest time possible. How the private businessmen deliver on their promises is not the government’s concern.

**Were there new job postings for the same job even after the two subjects were arrested and convicted?**

Yes. Just weeks after the two subjects were convicted, new job postings for the same exact insulation technology were posted on Craigslist and other job sites. There are plenty of others eager to utilize government funds to acquire the technologies the PRC needs. This emphasizes the persistent and inexhaustible nature of the threat.

**Did the conviction of the subjects have a negative impact on the reputation or stock prices of the company?**

No. In fact, this type of aggressive action by the company to protect its trade secrets and employees from this threat has only strengthened the confidence in the company’s ability to maintain long-term profitability in a global market. The company was frustrated by the aggressive nature of the attempts and expressed pride in taking necessary action to protect their valuable information.

**Were the glass insulation trade secrets disclosed or compromised during the prosecution?**

No. The Department of Justice has a variety of protections in place to ensure sensitive corporate intellectual property is protected throughout any criminal prosecution. The company’s trade secret documents were never at risk during the FBI “sting” operation. The documents used in the operation were not true documents pertaining to the victim company, but rather counterfeit replications.

**What techniques were used in the film to illicitly acquire the company’s trade secrets?**
                    -  Used social media to spot and assess potential recruits
                    - Attempted a joint venture
                    - Hired a headhunter to identify potential insiders
                    - Attempted cyber intrusion (via unprotected USB ports)
                    - Trespassed at the factory
                    - Bribery of employees
                    - Online job ads posted on popular job websites

**What actions could RIS have taken to strengthen their security program?**
                    - Issued visitor badges, maintained visitor logs, and required escorted access at all times
                    - Not left computers unlocked while unattended
                    - Disabled USB drives and other removable media devices
                    - Kept gates locked and/or not left them unmonitored (including dumpsters)
                    - Created an easier and more anonymous reporting channel for employees
                    - Continually educated employees about the threats to the company’s trade secrets
                    - Restricted physical/electronic access to trade secrets and other proprietary information

**What indicators might RIS have seen to proactively detect a potential insider like Robert Moore?**
                    - Excessive printing
                    - Use of encryption software
                    - Spike in e-mail and USB storage/transfer volumes
                    - Increase in foreign IP traffic
                    - Unusual network and building access times
                    - Unexplained wealth or affluence
                    - Unusual foreign travel (or unreported foreign travel for those required to report it)
                    - Disillusionment/entitlement due to missed promotions or other perceived grievances
                    - Increased amount of non-business-related activities (i.e., web surfing, job hunting, social media etc.)

**What was the value of the trade secret portrayed in the video and how was it calculated?**

The estimated economic value of the glass insulation trade secret was worth nearly $300 million. It was calculated based on the potential sales to the Asian market that would have been lost if an Asian competitor was able to produce the same product locally.

**Why is cultivating a strong relationship with the counterintelligence strategic partnership coordinator (SPC) in your area so vital?**

Each of the 56 FBI field offices has an SPC who proactively develops relationships with the private sector, academia, and cleared contractors, so if a security incident occurs, the liaison relationship with the FBI has already been established. The SPC provides counterintelligence threat briefings and intelligence products on current trends and indicators to help companies detect, deter, and defend against attacks to sensitive proprietary information from foreign adversaries.

***To report suspicious activity, contact your local FBI office or go to https://tips.fbi.gov***

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