2008 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 9-9-2008 

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w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2008/558NOT P RE CE DE NT I AL UN I TED STATES CO UR T OF A PP EALS F O R T H E T H IR D C IR C U IT

N o. 06- 3770

UNI TE D ST ATE S OF AM ERI CA

v. TR O Y BR O A D U S, A ppel l ant

O n A p p ea l from the U n it ed S tat es D istri ct C o u rt fort he East ern D i s t r i ctof Penns y l vani a ( D . C . C r i m . N o. 04- cr - 00061) D i s t r i ctJ udge: H on. C ynt hi a M . R ufe

Subm i t t ed U nderT hi r d C i r cui tL A R 34. 1( a)

Sept ember8, 2008 B efor e: SL O V I T E R , FU E N T E S and N Y G A A R D , C i r cui tJ udges

( Fi l ed: Sept ember9, 2008)

OP I NI ON2

SL O V I T E R , C i r cui tJ udge. T ro yB ro a d u s (“ B ro a d u s” ) a p p e a ls th e D istric t C o u rt’s d e n ial o f h is m o tio n to s uppr es s and i t s r efus al t o gi ve an i nnocentpos s es s i on j ur yi ns t ruct i on. I. I n t he eve ni ng of D ece m ber1, 2003, Phi l adel phi a Pol i ce O ffi cer s C ur t i s Y ounger and J acob W i l l i ams w er e on r out i ne patr ol i n a know n hi gh cr i m e ar ea of Phi l adel phi a. Shor t l yaft er9 p. m . , t heyobs erved a bl ack 2001 Chevr ol etT ahoe w i t houta r egi s t r at i on s tic k e r, i n v io la tio n o f

th e P e n n s y lv a n ia M o to r V e h ic le C o d e , 7 5 P a . C o n s . S ta t. A n n . § 1332( b) . A ft erthe off

i cer s or der ed the vehi cl e t o s t op, O ffi cerW i l l i ams appr oache d t he dr i vers i de w hi l e O ffi cerY oungerappr oache d t he fr ontpas s engers i de w her e B r oadus w as s i t t i ng. Y oungernot i ced thatB r oadus w as cont i nuous l yl eani ng t o hi s l eftand p re ss in g h is e lb o w a g a in st h is le f t sid e w h e n Y o u n g e r o p e n e d th e p a ss e n g e r d o o r to i l l um i nat e the i ns i de of the ca r . A ccor di ng t o Y ounger , B r oadus act ed nervous l yand re p e a te d ly sta te d , “ [ e ]v e ryth in g ’s c o o l, it’ s a ll c o o l.” S u p p . A p p . a t 1 9 . B r oadus t r i ed t o s t ep outof the ca r , butw as t ol d byO ffi cerY oungert o “r el ax. ” Supp. A pp. at19. Y oungerdi r ect ed B r oadus t o putdow n a box of Chi nes e food he w as hol di ng and t o keep hi s hands i n vi ew . W hen B r oadus l eane d dow n t o putt he food on the fl oorof the ca r , Y oungert ouched Broa dus ’ ches tand fe l thi s heart“poundi ng har d. ” S u p p . A p p . at 2 0 . T h e lef t p a rt o f B ro a d u s’ b o d yw a s tu rn e d a w a yf ro m Y o u n g e r, an d h is l eftel bow and hand r emai ned pr es s ed t o hi s l efts i de.Th e g u n was l a wfu l l y o wne d b y Br o a d u s ’ c o u s i n , Fr ed 1 B r oadus , w ho h ad a va l i d l i cens e fori t . A tt r i al , Fr ed B r oadus t es t i fi ed thathe w as a bar ow ner w ho on t he ni ghti n ques t i on w as havi ng a part yat hi s bar and uni nt ent i onal l yl efthi s gun i n t he ca r w h en h e w as d rop p ed o ff at th e b ar. T he or i gi nal i ndi ctm entchar ged B r oadus w i t h a vi ol at i on 2 of 18 U . S. C . §§ 922( g) and 924( e). A s econd s uper s edi ng i ndict m en tcont ai ned the s ame § 922( g) char ge and a dded add i t i on al fact ors r el at i ng t o sentenci ng enh ancem ents . 3 “Fear i ng [B r oadus ] m i ghtbe conc eal i ng a fi r earm , ” O ffi cerY oungerconduct ed a s a f e ty f ri s k b yre a c h in g in to th e v e h ic le a n d to u c h in g B ro a d u s ’ l e f t w a is t a n d h ip a re a . S u p p . Ap p . a t2 0 . Yo u n g e rf e l tt h e h a n d l e o f

a h a n d g u n , a n d s o a l e r t e d Of f i c e rW i l l i a ms t hr ough t he us e of a code w or d. W i l l i ams then dr ew hi s gun as Y oungerhandcuf fed B r oadus i ns i de the ca rfors afe t yr eas ons . Y oungert hen r ecove r ed a l oaded Ruger. 357 M agnum re vol verfr om B r oadus ’ w ai s tband. B r oadus t ol d Y oungert hathe di d nothave a perm i tt o carr yt he gun, butas ked Y oungert o “gi ve [hi m ] a br eak” beca us e he w as t aki ng t he gun t o a r el at i ve w ho ow ned a ba r . Supp. A pp. at23. B r oadus w as t hen pl ace d under 1 a rre st, a n d w a s la ter c h a rg e d w ith o n e c o u n t o f b e in g a f

e lo n in p o ss e ss io n o f

a f ire a rm , in vi ol at i on of 18 U . S. C . § 922( g) . B r oadus pl ed notgui l t y , and hi s appoi nt ed couns el fi l ed 2 a mot i on t o s uppr es s evi dence on J une 2, 2004. T he D i s t r i ctC our tdeni ed the mot i on aft erhol di ng a hea r i ng, fi ndi ng t hatO ffi cerY ounger ’ s pat - dow n of B r oadus forw eapons w as re aso n ab le un d er T erryv . O h io, 39 2 U . S . 1 (19 6 8 ). Pr i ort o cl os i ng ar gum ent s att he end of a tw o- dayt r i al , B r oadus ’ couns el i nform ed t he D i stri ctC ou rtt hat he w as not r equ est i ng an innoc ent possess i on j urycharge b ecauseT he def ens e t h eo ry att r i al w as t hatB r oadus s houl d not 3 have be en arr es t ed bec aus e the gun w as found bet w een the v e h icle ’s c e n ter c o n so le a n d th e p a ss e n g e r se a t ra th e r th a n in B r oadus ’ w ai s tband. 4 “[i ] tw oul d be i ncons i s t entw i t h” the def ens e theoryt hatB r oadus di d notpos s es s t he gun. 3 Supp. A pp. at113- 14. B r oadus ’ couns el change d hi s m i nd aft ert he governm ent ’ s r ebut t al ar gum entw hi ch r efe r r ed t o B r oadus ’ comm entt hathe w as t aki ng t he gun t o hi s cous i n, b u t th e D istri ct C o u rtd en ied th e re q u est fo r an inn o ce n t po sses sion instruction . T h e C o u rt al s o deni ed the j ur or s ’ r eques tdur i ng t hei rdel i ber at i ons fora w r i t t en copyof the know i ng p o ss e ss io n c h a rg e , ins tea d re -re a d in g th o se in stru c tio n s o ra lly . B ro a d u s’ c o u n se l ag a in r enew ed hi s admi t t edl y“verybel at ed r eques t ” foran i nnocentpos s es s i on char ge, w hi ch t he C our tagai n deni ed. Supp. A pp. at154. T he j ur yfound B r oadus gui l t yof the § 922( g) char ge. B r oadus fi l ed t i m el ypos t - ver di ctm ot i ons , w hi ch w er e deni ed, and he w as s e n te n c e d to th ir ty m o n th s im p ri s o n m e n t f o llo w e d b yth re e y e a rs s u p e rv is e d re le a s e . B r oadus t i m el yappea l s hi s convi ct i on. II. A. T erry W eapo ns F ri sk W e re v iew th e D istric t C o u rt’s d e n ial o f th e m o tio n to su p p re ss f o r c lea r e rro r a s to the u n d erly ing fa ctua l fi n d ing s an d w e e x erc ise p lena ryrev iew o v er the C o u rt ’s ap p li ca ti o n o f th e law to tho se f ac ts. U n it ed S tat es v . P ere z, 28 0 F . 3 d 3 1 8 , 3 3 6 (3d C ir .5

2 0 0 2 ). T h e “ g en era l ru le” u n d er the F o u rth A m en d m en t i s tha t “w arran tl ess s ea rch es a re p re s u m p tiv e ly u n re a s o n a b le . . . .” H o rt o n v . C a lif o rn ia , 4 9 6 U .S . 1 2 8 , 1 3 3 (1 9 9 0 ). H ow ever , t he Supr eme C our thas r ecogni zed a num berof exc ept i ons t o t hi s rul e; t he one r el evantt o t hi s cas e i s t he Ter r y“s t op and fr i s k. ” See U ni t ed St at es v. U bi l es , 224 F. 3d 213, 217 ( 3d C i r . 2000) . I n T err y , 392 U . S. at27, t he Supr eme C our thel d t hata pol i ce offi cerm ayconducta r eas onabl e s ear ch forw eapons forhi s /herow n pr ot ect i on w i t hout vi ol at i ng t he Four t h A m endment“w her e [s /he] has r eas on t o bel i eve that[s /he] i s deal i ng w ith a n a rm e d a n d d a n g e ro u s in d iv id u a l . . . . T h e o f f ice r n e e d n o t b e a b so lu telyc e rta in t hatt he i ndi vi dual i s arm ed; t he i s s ue i s w hethera r eas onabl yprudent[per s on] i n t he c irc u m sta n c e s w o u ld b e w a rra n ted in th e b e lief th a t [ h is/h e r] s a f

e tyo r th a t o f

o th e rs w a s in d a n g e r.” T o m a k e a sh o w in g o f re a so n a b le s u sp icio n , “[ t]h e o f f ice r m u st b e a b le to art i culat e m ore than an incho at e and un part i cular i zed susp i ci on or ‘ hu nch ’ . . . . ” U bil es, 22 4 F . 3d at21 7 (ci t at i on s and int ernal qu otat i on m arks om i t t ed). R eview i ng cou rt s m ust m ake the r eas onabl e- s us pi ci on det erm i nat i on bas ed on the t ot al i t yof ci r cumst ance s . See U n it ed S tat es v . A rvizu , 5 3 4 U . S . 2 6 6 , 2 7 3 (20 0 2 ). A l t hough B r oadus ’ nervous nes s w as notal one enough t o s uppor tt he i nfer ence t hat h e w as c o n ce ali n g a w ea p o n , see U n it ed S tat es v . M cK o y , 4 2 8 F . 3 d 3 8 , 4 1 (1st C ir . 2 0 0 5 ), t he ci r cumst ance s i n t hi s cas e ar e cl os ert o ourdeci s i on i n U ni t ed St at es v. M oor efi el d, 111 F. 3d 10, 11- 12, 14 ( 3d C i r . 1997) , w her e w e r ever s ed the di s t r i ctcour t ’ s s uppr es s i on6

of the fi r earm s ei zed f

r om t he def

endant , w ho w as a pas s engeri n a ca rs ubj ectt o a l aw ful t r aff i c s t op. W e hel d t hatt he def endant ’ s “furt i ve hand movem ent s and r efus al t o obeyt he o f f ice rs’ o rd e rs,” sp e c if

ica llyth e o rd e r to re m a in in th e c a r w ith h is h a n d s in v iew , as w e ll a s th e f a c t th a t th e d e f

e n d a n t lea n e d b a c k a n d a p p e a re d to sh o v e so m e th in g to w a rd h is w ai s t , cons t i tut ed s us pi ci ous behavi or . I d. at14. I ndeed, “M oor efi el d’ s behavi or embodi ed the ki nd of s peci fi c, ar t i cul abl e fa ct s t hatT err ycont empl at es and, t her efor e, w arr ant ed a pa t - dow n s ear ch forw eapons . ” I d. W e di s pos e of thi s cas e s i m i l ar l y . Pur s uantt o a l aw ful t r aff i c s t op, O ffi cer Y ounger“l aw ful l yor der ed [Broa dus ] t o r emai n i n t he ca rw i t h hi s hands i n [vi ew ] . ” I d. at 1 3 . T h e p a t-d o w n f

o r w e a p o n s w a s a lso law f u l b e c a u se O f

f ice r Y o u n g e r “ p o in ted to ‘s pecifi c and art i culabl e facts w hich, t aken t og et her w i t h rat i on al i nferences from t ho se f a c ts ,’ r e a s o n a b ly w a rr a n te d th e p a t- d o w n .” Id . a t 1 4 (q u o tin g T e rr y , 3 9 2 U .S . a t 2 1 ). B r oadus act ed nervous l y , hi s heartw as poundi ng, he att empt ed t o getoutof the ca r , and he repeat edlyst at ed that“everyt hing’s coo l . ” S up p. A pp . at19 . A l t ho ug h n ervousn ess s t andi ng al one does notj us t i fya Ter r yfr i s k, “s uch beha vi orm aybe cons i der ed as a fa ct or in the totali tyo f c ir cu m stan ce s. ” U n it ed S tat es v . B row n , 1 8 8 F . 3 d 8 6 0 , 8 6 5 (7th C ir . 1999) . T he t ot al i t yof the ci r cumst ance s al s o i ncl uded B r oadus cont i nual l ym ovi ng hi s l eft arm and hand t o hi s l efts i de, al m os tpr event i ng Y oungerfr om s eei ng hi s l efthand eve n t hough Y oungerhad as ked hi m t o keep hi s hands i n vi ew . Fur t herm or e, t he tr aff i c s t op to o k p lac e in a h ig h c rim e n e ig h b o rh o o d , w h ich is a re lev a n t, alth o u g h n o t b yitse lf7

su ff ici en t, fa ctor in th e T erryan aly sis. S ee Il li n o is v. W ard low , 5 2 8 U . S . 1 1 9 , 1 2 4 (20 0 0 ). B e c a u se a n “ o f

f ice r n e e d n o t b e a b so lu telyc e rta in th a t th e in d iv id u a l is a rm e d ; th e iss u e is w hethera r eas onabl yprudentm an i n t he ci r cumst ance s w oul d be w arr ant ed i n t he bel i ef that h is safe tyo r th at of o thers w as in d an g er,” T erry , 3 9 2 U . S . at 27 , O ff icer Y o u n g er’s p a t-d o w n se a rc h o f

B ro a d u s w a s re a so n a b le u n d e r th e F o u rth A m e n d m e n t. B . I nnocentPoss es s i on I ns t ruct i on W e r evi ew t he D i s t r i ctC our t ’ s r efus al t o gi ve ce r t ai n j ur yi ns t ruct i ons forabus e of di s cr et i on. See G ov’ tof V . I . v. I s aac , 50 F. 3d 1175, 1180 ( 3d C i r . 1995) . “A s a gene r al pr opos i t i on, ‘ a def

endanti s ent i t l ed t o an i ns t ruct i on as t o anyr ecogni zed de fens e for w hi ch ther e exi s t s evi dence s uffi ci entfora r eas onabl e j ur yt o fi nd i n hi s favor , ’ ” eve n w hen the def

ens es ar e contr adi ct or y . I d. ( quot i ng M athew s v. U ni t ed St at es , 485 U . S. 58, 6 3 (1 9 8 8 )). H o w e v e r, th e D istric t C o u rt’s f a ilu re to in stru c t o n in n o c e n t p o ss e ss io n “ w ill be uphel d i f ther e w as no bas i s i n t he evi dence fr om w hi ch a r eas onabl e j ur ycoul d have found thatdefe ns e. ” I d. at1182. A l t hough t he C our tof A ppeal s fort he D i s t r i ctof C ol um bi a has adopt ed the i nnocentpos s es s i on defe ns e t o a fe l on- i n- pos s es s i on char ge, s ee U ni t ed St at es v. M as on, 2 3 3 F . 3 d 6 1 9 ( D. C. Ci r . 2 0 0 1 ) , t h i s c o u r th a s n o td o n e s o . I n a n ye v e n t , e v e n i f we fol l ow ed M as on, B r oadus cannotes t abl i s h t hathe fi t s w i t hi n t hathol di ng. I n M as on, t he co u rth eld th at a n arro w inn o ce n t po sses sion d ef en se m ayap p lyw h ere “(1 ) th e f ir ea rm w as a tt aine d inn o ce n tl yan d h eld w ith n o il li citp u rpo se a n d (2) p o sses sion o f th e f ir ea rm8

w as tran sit o ry. . . . ” 2 3 3 F . 3 d at 62 4 . In o rde r t o sati sfythe s ec o n d elem en t, “‘a defe ndant ’ s act i ons m us tdemonstr at e both t hathe had the i nt entt o tur n t he w eapon ove r t o t he pol i ce a nd t hathe w as pur s ui ng s uch an i nt entw i t h i m m edi acyand thr ough a reas on able course of con du ct . ’” I d. (ci t at i on om i t t ed). O nlyw hen bo t h o f t hese r equi r ement s ar e meti s pos s es s i on “‘ excus ed and j us t i fi ed as s t emm i ng fr om an aff i r m at i ve ef

for tt o ai d and enha nce s oci al pol i cyunder l y i ng l aw enfor cement . ’ ” I d. (cit ati o n o m itted). A s t he D i s t r i ctC our tnot ed, B r oadus pr i m ar i l yr el i es on hi s s t at ementt o O ffi cer Y oungert hatt he gun w as hi s cous i n’ s and he w as r etur ni ng i tt o hi m att he baras s uffi ci entevi dence t o ent i t l e hi m t o an i nnocentpos s es s i on j ur yi ns t ruct i on. U nderM as on, t he i nnocentpos s es s i on defe ns e appl i es onl yt o a def endantw hos e ac t i ons s how t hats /he i nt ended t o r etur n t he fi r earm t o t he pol i ce, nott o anotherci t i zen; her e, not hi ng i n t he r ecor d s how s t hatB r oadus i nt ended t o tur n t he gun overt o t he pol i ce or“‘ t hathe w as pur s ui ng s uch an i nt entw i t h i m m edi acyand thr ough a r eas onabl e cour s e of c onduct . ’ ” I d. (cit ati o n o m itted); see also U n it ed S tat es v . H en d ri ck s, 3 1 9 F . 3 d 9 9 3 , 1 0 0 7 -08 (7th C ir . 2003) . B r oadus had the oppor tuni t yt o pr om pt l ynot i fyO ffi cerY oungerof the w eapon w hen Y oungerappr oache d t he ca r , buthe fa i l ed t o do s o. I n fac t , t he evi dence i ndi cat es th a t B ro a d u s trie d to p re v e n t Y o u n g e r f ro m f in d in g th e g u n b yc o n sta n tlylea n in g to h is left an d p ressing h is el b o w ag ains t his l ef t si d e. T h u s, “[ w ]i tho u t anyev iden ti arysu p p o rt t hat[B r oadus ] t ook appr opr i at e ac t i on t o tur n t he w eapon ove rt o t he pol i ce, t he [D ] i s t r i ct[C ] our tpr oper l yr efus ed [Broa dus ’ ] r eques tt o gi ve the ‘ i nnocentpos s es s i on’ i ns t ruct i on. ”

H endr i cks , 319 F. 3d at1008. III . F o r th e a b o v e -sta ted re a so n s, w e w ill a f f irm th e ju d g m e n t o f

th e D istric t C o u rt.

9