1 We substitute Michael B. Mukasey, the current Attorney General of the United States, as the Respondent in this action. See Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2). 

## In the



# United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

____________

No. 07-1098

J EANNE N. T. O GAYONNE , Petitioner

, v.

M ICHAEL B. M UKASEY , Attorney General of the United States, 1 Respondent

.

____________ Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals. No. A98-131-188

____________ A RGUED O CTOBER 29, 2007—D ECIDED J UNE 18, 2008

____________

Before B AUER, R IPPLE , and W ILLIAMS , Circuit Judges

. W ILLIAMS , Circuit Judge . The petitioner in this case, Jeanne Nadia Tambo Ogayonne, a native of the Central African Republic (“CAR”), seeks asylum, withholding ofremoval, and protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CA T”). She claims she will be2 No. 07-1098

persecuted or killed if she returns to the CAR, but we reject Ogayonne’s petition for asylum because we lack jurisdiction over this claim. As the immigration judge (“IJ”) and the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) concluded, Ogayonne’s filing was unti mely and not justified by extraordinary circumstances. We also conclude that therewas sufficient evidence to justify the denial of withholding of removal and relief under the CAT. Accordingly, we deny Ogayonne’s petition for review.

I. BACKGROUND The Central African Republic is a former French colony in the heart of Africa, surrounded by Chad, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and Cameroon. It has a population of about 4.4 million people and is slightly smaller than Texas. By all accounts, the CAR has been a politically turbulent place ever since it gained independence in 1960. The country has experienced a series of military coups and dictatorships, including one led by General André Kolingba in 1981. Although Ge neral Kolingba lost power after the country held elections in 1993, he attempted another coup in May 2001, this time against PresidentAnge-Félix Patassé. The Patassé regime violently suppressed the coup attempt, and Kolingba and his followers were sentenced to death in absentia. Kolingba fled to Uganda, and many members of Kolingba’s tribe, the Yakoma, were killed.

Jeanne Ogayonne was born on April 26, 1984, in the CAR. Although Ogayonne admits she has never met André Kolingba, she claims to be his sister-in-law. Like Kolingba, Ogayonne and her family belong to the Yakoma tribe,No. 07-1098 3

which makes up about 3% of the CAR population. They are all also members of the Central African Democratic Party, a.k.a. , Rally for Democracy.

Although Ogayonne does not claim to have suffered from violence or persecution while in the CAR, her parents were not so lucky. Ogayonne’s father René Félix died in 1985, purportedly from being poisoned after a political meeting. Ogayonne’s mother died of a blood disease in 1997 because she was unable to get treatment due to the politically unst able situation in the CAR.

On October 30, 2000, when she was sixteen years old, Ogayonne came to the United States on a student visa that permitted her to attend the Dayton Christian School in Dayton, Ohio. Later, she moved with her brother and his family to attend Richmond High School, a public school in Richmond, Indi ana. Apparently, Ogayonne did not know that her visa did not allow her to change schools.

In February 2002, the director at Richmond High School told Ogayonne’s brother that Ogayonne had to go either to a private school or to college to renew her visa. Ogayonne completed her junior year at Richmond inMay 2002 and explored the possibility of going to college. In January 2003, she talked to personnel at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (“IUPUI”), who told her it would be impossible for her to renew her visa because it had expired six months earlier. Following Kolingba’s failed coup, in which members of Ogayonne’s family were k illed, Ogayonne decided notto return to the CAR and applied for asylum in December 2003. The United States Citizen and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) returned her application as incomplete4 No. 07-1098

on three occasions. Her app lication was finally acceptedon April 14, 2004. On about May 17, 2004, the Department of Homeland Security issued a Notice to Appear, alleging that Ogayonne co uld be removed from the country for not attending th e school indicated on her visa. In pleadings submitted on June 3, 2004, Ogayonne conceded her removability an d stated she intended to pursue applications for asylum and related relief, or alternatively, voluntary departure.

On May 11, 2005, an IJ held a hearing on Ogayonne’s various applications for relief. During the hearing, Ogayonne testified that because of her relation to André Kolingba, she was afraid of being raped, detained, or killed if she returned to the CAR. Indeed, she stated that her three sisters had soughtrefugee status elsewhere. Ogayonne also introduced a letter from her sister Sophie, a refugee in Senegal at the time, which stated that although Sophie had not obtained any “official paperwork or marriage license,” sh e was a traditional “secondwife” of André Kolingba. Additionally, Ogayonne introduced an article indicating that there had been an assassination attempt on Kolingba’s life two months before the hearing. The IJ considered letters submitted by Ogayonne’s other siblings and other evidence indicating that the CAR was a dangerous place prone to chronic instability. The IJ also introduced into evidence several documents from his own Internet research. The documents included a March 14, 2005, article from BBC News entitled “Results due in landmark CAR vote,” a 2005 Amnesty International document describing events in the CAR, and three articles from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The documentsNo. 07-1098 5

stated that Kolingba had apol ogized for his role in the failed coup against Patassé ; that Kolingba and other backers of the coup had been granted amnesty and had their death sentences lifted bycurrent President François Bozizé (who had overthrown Patassé in 2003); that Kolingba had returned to the CAR with 800 soldiers; and that he had run a public campaign for president. Neither Ogayonne’s counsel nor the government objectedto the introduction of these documents. The IJ also questioned Ogayonne about the information in these documents and gave Ogayonne’s counsel an opportunity (which he declined) to ask questions about the documents.

Later that day, the IJ issued an oral decision denying Ogayonne’s applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT, and granting her request for voluntary departure. After Ogayonne filed a timely notice of appeal, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed her appeal. Ogayonne then filed her petition in this court.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of review Because the BIA adopted, affirmed, and supplemented the IJ’s decision denying Ogayonne’s claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the CAT, we review the IJ’s decision and the additional reasoning in the BIA opinion. Mema v. Gonzales , 474 F.3d 412, 416(7th Cir. 2007). We review these claims under the substantial evidence standard and will not reverse unless a petitioner can demonstrate that the evidence not only supports that conclusion, but compels it. Mabasa v. Gonzales , 455 F.3d 740, 744-45 (7th Cir. 2006). In particular, we look to see if “the BIA’s determination was sup-6 No. 07-1098

ported by reasonable, substa ntial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. at 744 (internal quotation marks omitted).

B. Asylum claim 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B) provides that an alien who is physically present in the Un ited States and seeks asylum must show “by clear and convincing evidence that the application [for asylum] has been filed within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in the United States.” An application may be consider ed even if the one-year filing deadline has passed if the applicant “demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Attorney General either the existence of changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application.” Id. § 1158(a)(2)(D). 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3) provides, however, that “[n]o court shall have jurisdiction to review any determination of the Attorney General under [section 1158(a)(2)].” The statute has been amended recently to allow review of “constitutional claims or questions of law,” 8 U.S.C.§ 1252(a)(2)(D), but “discretionary or factual determinations continue to fall outside the jurisdiction of the court of appeals entertaining a petition for review.” Vasile v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 766, 768 (7th Cir. 2005). One suchunreviewable decision includes “the BIA’s factual determination that [an applicant] failed to file his asylum claim within one year and its decision that he failed to qualify for an extension of time.” Id. Ogayonne correctly notes th at being an unaccompanied minor can be an extraordinar y circumstance that delays the start of the one-year clock. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(5)(ii).No. 07-1098 7

But even if we accept Ogayonne ’s claim that she first filed her asylum application in December 2003—that is, despite the fact that her application was not finally accepted by USCIS until April 2004—her app lication was still filed over eighteen months after she turned eighteen, well after the one-year deadline. Ogayonne argued before the IJ (as she argues now) that she received bad advice and did not know about her changed immigration status until January 2003, when she attempted to enroll at IUPUI; hence, she claims her December 2003 filing should be considered timely. But the IJ and BIA did not believe that these facts justified he r late application. We lack jurisdiction to review this discretionary finding. See Vasile

, 417 F.3d at 768-69.

C. Withholding of removal claim The Attorney General may not remove an alien to a country if he decides that the “alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). Because Ogayonne has not alleged, and the Attorney General has not found, that Ogayonne suffered past persecution, she is not enti tled to a presumption that her life or freedom would be threatened in the future. See BinRashed v. Gonzales , 502 F.3d 666, 670-71 (7th Cir. 2007); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1)(i). So Ogayonne must demonstrate a “clear probability of persecution” by showing that it is more likel y than not that she would be subject to persecution if returned to the CAR. See Tariq v. Keisler , 505 F.3d 650, 656 (7th Cir. 2007). In deciding against Ogayonne on her withholding of removal claim, the IJ relied on documents that he had8 No. 07-1098

introduced into evidence on his own initiative, in addition to documents introduced by the parties. Ogayonne did not object to the documents the IJ introduced but claims the IJ insufficiently considered certain documents she provided. We examine these issues in turn.

1. The IJ did not err in relying on the documents he introduced into the record. At first blush, it might seem problematic that the IJ decided to introduce evidence on his own, given that the relevant statutory and regu latory provisions suggest that an IJ may receive but not present his own evidence. See, e.g. , 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(1) (“The immigration judge shall administer oaths, receive evidence , and interrogate, examine, and cross-examine the alien and any witnesses.” (emphasis added)); 8 C.F.R. § 1240.1(c) (An “immigration judge shall receive and consider material and relevant evidence . . . .” (emphasi s added)). And contrast § 1229a(b)(1) with its predecessor, which stated that the immigration judge “shall . . . determine the deportability of any alien, and shall administer oaths, present and receive evidence , interrogate, examine, and cross-examine the alien or witnesses.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b) (amended in 1996) (emphasis added).

We need not dwell long on this issue as Ogayonne has not challenged the IJ’s action here. We simply note thatthe IJ did not err in introducing these particular documents because they merely stated commonly acknowledged facts that were amenable to official notice. See Kaczmarczyk v. INS , 933 F.2d 588, 594 (7th Cir. 1991) (“We reiterate today that the BIA may take official notice of uncontroverted facts concerni ng political conditions inNo. 07-1098 9

asylum seekers’ home countries . . . .”). And the IJ gave the parties an opportunity to respond to the documents that he entered and to qu estion Ogayonne about the information contained therein. See id. at 590 (noting that asylum petitioners are enti tled to an opportunity to respond to officially noticed facts); see also 5 U.S.C. § 556(e) (“When an agency decision rests on official notice of a material fact not appearing in the evidence in the record, a party is entitled, on timely request, to an opportunity to show the contrary.”). Ogayonne’s counsel neither objected to the documents nor suggested to either the IJ or the BIA that the documents were inaccurate or that they otherwise unfairly prejudiced Ogayonne. Cf. Rehman v. Gonzales , 441 F.3d 506, 509 (7th Cir. 2006) (“[C]ourts do not set aside agencies’ decisions unless mistakes cause prejudice . . . .”). So even if Ogay onne had asked us to overturn the IJ’s decision, she did not preserve a basis for us to do

so. See Capric v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1075, 1087 (7th Cir. 2004) (“An alien is required to raise and exhaust his remedies as to each claim or ground for relief if he is to preserve the right to judicial review of that claim.”). Additionally, we are not particularly troubled by the IJ’s reliance on these documents because the relevantinformation was independently included in other properly admitted evidence. For ex ample, Ogayonne testified that she knew Kolingba had returned to the CAR in March 2005 and had run for presiden t and lost. And Ogayonne had already submitted a 2003 Amnesty International article describing the amnesty grant. So the IJ did not even need to rely on the documents he admitted to decide Ogayonne’s claims the way he did.10 No. 07-1098

2. The record supports the decision to deny withholding of removal. Ogayonne claims the IJ did not adequately consider various documents that Ogayonne introduced into the record. But the IJ’s decision indicates that he did consider each of these documents; he just did not find they were sufficient to establish Ogayonne’s withholding of removal claim. Ogayonne first points to a 2004 State Department Country Condition Report that she provided describing the ongoing and seemingly in terminable human rights abuses occurring in the CA R. Nothing in the report, however, suggests that the government is currently targeting André Kolingba or Yakoma tribe members. In fact, the report suggests the opposite, describing how the Patassé regime, which had sentenced Kolingba and his followers to death, was overthrown in Bozizé’s 2003 coup. And as noted previous ly, other documents in the record demonstrate that Bo zizé had amnestied Kolingba and allowed him to return to the CAR. Ogayonne also points to an October 23, 2004, affidavit of Steve Snyder, a former Peace Corps volunteer who had served in the CAR. Snyder claimed that Ogayonne would be singled out for harassment and persecutiondue to her relation to Kolingba and her tribal membership. Snyder also claimed that the Patassé regime hadoppressed the Yakoma people, who hail from the southern part of the CAR, and that President Bozizé might continue the oppression because he hails from the same northern region of the CAR as Patassé and “share[s] a similar incentive to remove Yakoma and other southerners from positions of power in the government and military.”No. 07-1098 11

Although the IJ did not address Snyder’s testimony in detail, there was nothing Snyder said that would alter the outcome. First, the affidavit indicates that Snyder was a Peace Corps volunteer during 1985-1988 and that he had visited the CAR in 1996-1997. Given that thesevisits occurred quite some time ago, Snyder’s on-theground knowledge was stale. More importantly, Snyder’s affidavit was contradicted by evidence demonstrating that Bozizé has not contin ued Patassé’s repression of the Yakoma people, given that Bozizé had amnestied Kolingba and many of his followers. Finally, Ogayonne points to a BBC News article entitled, “CAR ‘assassination attempt’ fails,” which describes a shoot-out that occurred outside Kolingba’s house in March 2003, after he had returned to the CAR and lost the presidential election. Ogayonne further notes that unlike Kolingba, she will not have the protection ofsoldiers if she is sent back to the CAR; hence, the situation might be more dangerous for her. As the IJ noted, there is a dispute whether this was an“assassination attempt”; General Kolingba’s spokesman described it as such, but the government claimed it was just a “misunderstandin g” among soldiers. Given that the CAR is by all accounts a rather dangerous place,it is not clear that the government was behind the “assassination attempt” or was targeting Kolingba. Cf. Chakir v. Gonzales, 466 F.3d 563, 570 (7th Cir. 2006) (“The acts of private citizens do not constitute persecution unless the government is complicit in those acts or is unable or unwilling to take steps to pr event them.”). More importantly, the IJ further obse rves—correctly we believe— that “it’s difficult to accept the proposition that [Ogayonne] is at greater risk than th e very person on whom she12 No. 07-1098

is relying as a basis for her claim, particularly where that person has a much higher public profile than [Ogayonne] does . . . . ” In deed, Ogayonne admitted during the hearing that she had never even met or contacted Kolingba. Hence, we agree with the IJ that it ishard to believe that Ogayonne would be closely identified with Kolingba if she were sent back to the CAR. This, combined with the apparent reduced threat that General Kolingba faces, makes withholding of removal inappropriate.

D. Convention Against Torture claim To receive protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT), an alien must demonstrate that it is more likely than not that she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country. See8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2).Ogayonne only mentions the CAT as an argument heading, makes no points on this issue, and does not claim any past torture. Accordingly, this perfunctory argument is waived. Campania Mgmt. Co. v. Rooks, Pitts & Poust , 290 F.3d 843, 852 n.6 (7th Cir. 2002). Moreover, the same reasons that militated agai nst withholding of removal apply just as strongly here, so the IJ did not err in denying Ogayonne’s CA T application.

E. Due process claim Ogayonne also claims the IJ violated her due process rights in two ways. First, Og ayonne alleges the IJ “stopped counsel from pursuing a line of questioning concerning the death of [Ogayonne’s] mother due to fear of taking her to the hospital.” When asked about the relevance ofNo. 07-1098 13

this testimony, Ogayonne’s co unsel replied, “I am trying to tie this in to the fact th at the treatment she did or did not receive at the hospital was greatly [sic] because ofher relationship with Andre Kolingba and also as a member of the [Yakoma] tribe.” Aliens are entitled to due process of law, which requires a meaningful opportunity to be heard on an application for asylum. Kerciku v. INS , 314 F.3d 913, 917-18 (7th Cir. 2003). This means an IJ cannot “bar[ ] complete chunks of oral testimony that would su pport the applicant’s claims” such as by not allowing an applicant “to present corroborating testimony from family members about his past persecution.” Nonetheless, an IJ can “limit[ ] the extentof some testimony or frequently interrupt[ ] the applicant’s presentation” with out violating due process. This is because such limitatio ns “serve to focus the proceedings and exclude irrelevant evidence.” Id. Here, Ogayonne’s main argument is that she would be subject to persecution if she were sent back to the CARbecause of her ethnic background and her alleged relation to André Kolingba. Ogay onne’s mother died four years before Kolingba’s failed coup attempt, and three years before Ogayonne came to America. Although the IJ recognized that this evidence might help show a long-standing prejudice against Ogayonne’s family, the IJ did not err in concludingthat this testimony had limited relevance. Given that Ogayonne’s basis for asylum and withholding of removal hinged primarily on Kolingba’s status in the CAR, it made sense for the IJ to focus the proceedings on that issue and not spend time on this tangent. Second, Ogayonne claims the IJ injected himself in an “adversarial” manner by engaging “in a cross-examination,14 No. 07-1098

and an argumentative one atthat, of [Ogayonne].” Thetranscript shows that the IJ questioned Ogayonne regarding the Internet articles he had found. In response, she stated: The problem is the government. You know only what you read on the paper and on the [I]nternet. Well you only read what’s on the Internet, but you don’t know what’s really happening in Africa, it’s much worse. Ogayonne also claimed that“when Kolingba returns to Central Africa he is protected, he has guards. I have no one around me.” The IJ later said: All right. Well, I just th ink you should know that there is this information and it should be part of the record and I’ll mark itas Exhibit 8 and I’ll give either side an opportunity . . . to question you further about this, before I decide what action to take on it. I have given both sides the reports from which the information on which I predicated these questions was derived.Given that the IJ did not err in relying on the information in these documents, the IJ could “question [Ogayonne]provided that his conduct [did] not demonstrate impatience, hostility, or a predisposition against [Ogayonne’s] claim.” Huang v. Gonzales , 403 F.3d 945, 948 (7th Cir. 2005). Here, the IJ began questioning Ogayonne only after Ogayonne’s counsel said he was done with his direct examination. The IJ’s questioning appears to have beenbrief and targeted. And the issue on which the IJ questioned Ogayonne—whether the amnesty of Kolingba had negated the threat to Ogayonne—directly related to Ogayonne’s applications for relief. Moreover, with-No. 07-1098 15

out this questioning, this testimony might never have gotten into the record, as the government seems to have neglected this issue. See Hasanaj v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 780, 783 (7th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he fact that an IJ asks questions during the proceedings is he lpful to develop the recordand is better than a silent bench that says nothing throughout the proceedings and thendenies the request forasylum because the petitioner did not provide sufficient evidence.”). Accordingl y, Ogayonne’s due process rights were not violated.

III. CONCLUSION The petition for review is D ENIED

.

USCA-02-C-0072—6-18-08