*The Honorable Ronald A. White, District Judge, United States 

District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, sitting by designation.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

January 3, 2006

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 03-2189

v. (D. New Mexico)

JUAN CARLOS HERRERA, 

Defendant-Appellant.

 (D.C. No. 02-CR-00375)

ORDER ON REMAND FROM THE 

UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT 

Before TACHA and HENRY, Circuit Judges, and WHITE, District Judge.*

Juan Carlos Herrera contends that the district court committed plain

constitutional Booker error when it adjusted his sentence for (1) possessing a

weapon in connection with a drug trafficking crime under USSG 2D1.1(b)(1)(2)

and (2) for his role as an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of an illegal

enterprise under USSG 3B1.1(c). For the reasons stated herein, we affirm Mr.

Herrera’s sentence.
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I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual History

We recounted the facts previously in United States v. Herrera, 118 F.

App’x 448, 450 (10th Cir. Dec. 14, 2004) (unpublished) (“Herrera I”), vacated

and remanded, 126 S. Ct. 103 (2005) (“Herrera II”):

This case arises out of an undercover agent’s purchase of crack

cocaine (cocaine base) from Mr. Herrera at an Albuquerque apartment

that police officers suspected to be the site of a drug trafficking

operation. On December 13, 2001, the agent made a request to Mr.

Herrera to purchase two ounces of crack cocaine. Mr. Herrera then

instructed co-defendant Fidel Laroza to retrieve the drug. Mr. Laroza

retrieved the drug from the front porch area and handed it to Mr.

Herrera. Mr. Herrera then gave the drug to the agent and received

$1,200 in return.

A second sale took place on January 15, 2002, when a

confidential informant contacted Mr. Herrera's brother, Julian Herrera,

to negotiate the purchase of another $1,200 worth of crack cocaine.

Later that day, an undercover agent arrived at the same apartment and

met with Mr. Herrera, Mr. Laroza, and the third co-defendant, Magnolto

Coll. Mr. Herrera asked the agent what he needed and then directed the

agent to remain inside while he walked outside to retrieve the crack

cocaine. After revealing that he did not have enough cocaine at the

apartment, Mr. Herrera signaled Mr. Coll to follow him, and the two

left the apartment for an undisclosed location. When they returned, they

sold the undercover agent approximately seventy-seven grams of crack

cocaine.

On February 12, 2002, agents obtained a warrant to search the

apartment that served as the site of the two previous sales. The search

revealed a bag of marijuana and a .45 caliber revolver loaded with six

rounds of ammunition, discovered behind two mattresses in one of the

bedrooms. In the same bedroom, agents discovered documents

belonging to Mr. Herrera and various drug paraphernalia. The agents

arrested Mr. Herrera and the other two co-defendants at the time of the
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search.

118 F. App’x at 449-50.

B. Procedural History

On March 13, 2002, a federal grand jury indicted Mr. Herrera and two codefendants on one count of conspiracy to distribute more than fifty grams of a

mixture and substance containing cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§

841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 846; and two counts of distribution of more than

fifty grams of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and

841(b)(1)(A). Mr. Herrera pleaded guilty to all three counts and was sentenced to

135 months’ imprisonment. 

Following Mr. Herrera’s plea, the probation officer prepared a presentence

report (PSR). It recommended that Mr. Herrera receive (1) a two-level upward

adjustment to his base offense level pursuant to USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1) because a

dangerous weapon was possessed during the drug trafficking offense, and (2) an

additional two-level upward adjustment pursuant to USSG § 3B1.2 because he

was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in the instant offense. Based on

those upward adjustments and a three-level downward adjustment for acceptance

of responsibility, the PSR recommended an adjusted offense level of 33 and a

criminal history category of I.

Mr. Herrera objected to these upward adjustments but not on the grounds of 
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a Blakely Sixth Amendment violation. He argued that there was no evidence of

his involvement in a drug conspiracy after January 15, 2002, and that the

government presented no evidence that he was in fact a leader or organizer of

anything in the drug deals. The district court overruled his objections and

sentenced him to 135 months’ imprisonment, the low end of the guideline range. 

In rejecting Mr. Herrera’s objection to the firearm enhancement pursuant to

USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1), the district court acknowledged that the weapon was not

found until one month after the final sale of cocaine in January 2002. However,

the court noted, “this defendant has admitted to his participation in a conspiracy

to distribute crack cocaine which encompassed his arrest.” Aplt’s App. vol. II, at

108 (Sentencing Hr’g, dated Aug. 11, 2003). In addition, the district court noted

that the PSR indicated that on the day of Mr. Herrera’s arrest, “various drug

paraphernalia was located in the same bedroom of the apartment where the

revolver was found.” Id.

As to the leader/organizer adjustment under USSG 3B1.1(c), the district

court reviewed the offense reports and noted that “[t]he offense reports, as

outlined in the [PSR], indicated that Mr. Herrera exercised control over [his]

codefendants.” Id. The district court concluded that “[t]he conduct of [Mr.

Herrera] during these transaction meets the requirement that would identify him

as a leader/organizer,” and overruled the objection. Id. at 109. The district court
-5-

acknowledged that Mr. Herrera was not eligible for a safety valve reduction and

stated that “[s]ince the defendant admitted – and, of course, he did receive a

three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, . . . I do think a sentence on

the low end of the guideline range is applicable.” Id. at 110. The district court

sentenced Mr. Herrera to 135 months, the lowest possible sentence under the

guidelines range.

On appeal, Mr. Herrera argued that the district court erred in accepting his

guilty plea and sought to have the plea withdrawn or amended. In the alternative,

he challenged the district court’s upward adjustments of his sentence for

possession of a dangerous weapon in connection with a drug trafficking crime and

for being an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of the criminal activity. 

Finally, in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Blakely v. Washington, 542

U.S. 296 (2004), he also argued that the district court committed plain error when

it applied the same upward adjustments to his sentence. 

We affirmed his conviction and sentence in all respects. See Herrera I, 118

F. App’x at 454. Thereafter, Mr. Herrera filed a petition for a writ of certiorari in

the United States Supreme Court, asserting that the sentence was erroneous

pursuant to Blakely. During the pendency of the Supreme Court proceeding, the

Court decided United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). Thereafter, the

Court summarily vacated judgment and remanded for further consideration in
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light of Booker. See Herrera II, 125 S. Ct. at 103.

At our direction, the parties have filed supplemental briefs on the

applicability of Booker. Mr. Herrera contends that the district court erred when it

found facts that increased his offense level by two levels for the application of the

specific offense characteristic of possessing a firearm under USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1),

and two levels for being a leader or organizer under USSG § 3B1.1(c). Without

these adjustments, Mr. Herrera contends he faced a mandatory minimum sentence

of 120 months. He also maintains that, without these upward adjustments, he

qualified for the safety valve under USSG § 5C1.2 and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f),

which might have allowed him to receive a sentence below 120 months. For the

following reasons, we affirm Mr. Herrera’s sentence and reinstate our original

order and judgment.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

Because Mr. Herrera did not raise a Booker claim before the district court,

we review for plain error. To establish plain error, he must demonstrate there is

(1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) the error affects his substantial rights. United

States v. Dazey, 403 F.3d 1147, 1174 (10th Cir. 2005); United States v.

Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 732 (10th Cir. 2005) (en banc). If these three
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prongs are met, we may exercise our discretion to correct the error if (4) it

“seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.” Dazey, 403 F.3d. at 1174.

B. Plain error

“A district court commits constitutional Booker error when it applies the

Guidelines in a mandatory fashion, makes factual findings (other than the fact of

prior convictions), and imposes a sentence above the maximum that would apply

in the absence of such findings.” United States v. Clark, 415 F.3d 1234, 1238

(10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted). Constitutional

Booker error satisfies the first two prongs of the plain-error test. Id. at 1240. 

The burden of satisfying the third prong is on the defendant. Id. He can

meet this burden by showing that the district court would impose a sentence

outside the applicable guidelines range if the case were remanded, or by showing

a reasonable probability that a jury, applying a beyond-a-reasonable-doubt

standard, would not have found the facts necessary to enhance the sentence. Id. 

If the defendant can satisfy the third prong, the fourth prong still requires him to

show that the error “seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation

of judicial proceedings.” Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 732 (internal quotation

marks omitted). Although we conduct this review less exactingly in cases of

constitutional Booker error, see Dazey, 403 F.3d at 1174, it is still a “demanding
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standard.” Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 737.

Because the fourth prong imposes such a high burden, these cases are often

resolved at the fourth prong rather than the third. Id. at 736. “[S]entencing error

meets the fourth prong of plain-error review only in those rare cases in which

core notions of justice are offended.” Id. at 739.

Mr. Herrera is unable to satisfy this burden. His briefing on this issue

consists of two short paragraphs that do no more than allege the error without

setting forth any facts or supporting argument. He does not point to anything in

the record that suggests the district court would impose a lower sentence on

remand, and nothing in the record to indicate that this might be the case. See

United States v. Lawrence, 405 F.3d 888, 907 (10th Cir. 2005) (“Whether the

district court would simply reimpose the same sentence on remand, or whether

instead the sentence would likely change to a significant degree if [the case] were

returned to the district court for discretionary resentencing, is one factor to

consider in determining whether the defendant can satisfy the fourth plain-error

prong.” (brackets in original, internal quotation marks omitted)). Mr. Herrera has

not demonstrated that the Booker error in any way “seriously affects the fairness,

integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Gonzalez-Huerta, 403

F.3d at 732 (internal quotation marks omitted).
*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10TH CIR. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

DEC 14 2004

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we REINSTATE our prior Order and

Judgment and AFFIRM Mr. Herrera’s sentence. 

Entered for the Court

Robert H. Henry

United States Circuit Judge

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 03-2189

v. (D. New Mexico)

JUAN CARLOS HERRERA, 

Defendant-Appellant.

(D.C. No. 02-CR-00375)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
**The Honorable Ronald A. White, District Judge, United States 

District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, sitting by designation.

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Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, HENRY, Circuit Judges, and WHITE,

District Judge.**

On March 13, 2002, a federal grand jury indicted Juan Carlos Herrera and

two co-defendants on one count of conspiracy to distribute more than fifty grams

of a mixture and substance containing cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§

841(a)(1), 841 (b)(1)(A), and 846, and two counts of distribution of more than

fifty grams of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and

841(b)(1)(A). Mr. Herrera pleaded guilty to all three counts. He now argues that

the district court erred in accepting his guilty plea and seeks to have the plea

withdrawn or amended. In the alternative, he challenges the district court’s

upward adjustments of his sentence for possession of a dangerous weapon in

connection with a drug trafficking crime and for being an organizer, leader,

manager, or supervisor of the criminal activity. Finally, in light of the Supreme

Court’s recent decision in Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), he also

argues that the district court committed plain error when it applied the same

upward adjustments to his sentence.

As Mr. Herrera, with counsel, clearly entered a plea at trial in an effort to

receive safety valve treatment and did not move to withdraw his plea before the
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district court, we review for plain error and affirm the conviction based on his

guilty plea. As for the sentencing adjustments we conclude that they were based

on overwhelming evidence in the record, and, because Mr. Herrrera cannot

establish plain error, we likewise reject his Blakely claim. We therefore affirm

his sentence.

I. BACKGROUND

This case arises out of an undercover agent’s purchase of crack cocaine

(cocaine base) from Mr. Herrera at an Albuquerque apartment that police officers

suspected to be the site of a drug trafficking operation. On December 13, 2001,

the agent made a request to Mr. Herrera to purchase two ounces of crack cocaine. 

Mr. Herrera then instructed co-defendant Fidel Laroza to retrieve the drug. Mr.

Laroza retrieved the drug from the front porch area and handed it to Mr. Herrera. 

Mr. Herrera then gave the drug to the agent and received $1,200 in return. 

A second sale took place on January 15, 2002, when a confidential

informant contacted Mr. Herrera’s brother, Julian Herrera, to negotiate the

purchase of another $1,200 worth of crack cocaine. Later that day, an undercover

agent arrived at the same apartment and met with Mr. Herrera, Mr. Laroza, and
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the third co-defendant, Magnolto Coll. Mr. Herrera asked the agent what he

needed and then directed the agent to remain inside while he walked outside to

retrieve the crack cocaine. After revealing that he did not have enough cocaine at

the apartment, Mr. Herrera signaled Mr. Coll to follow him, and the two left the

apartment for an undisclosed location. When they returned, they sold the

undercover agent approximately seventy-seven grams of crack cocaine.

On February 12, 2002, agents obtained a warrant to search the apartment

that served as the site of the two previous sales. The search revealed a bag of

marijuana and a .45 caliber revolver loaded with six rounds of ammunition,

discovered behind two mattresses in one of the bedrooms. In the same bedroom,

agents discovered documents belonging to Mr. Herrera and various drug

paraphernalia. The agents arrested Mr. Herrera and the other two co-defendants

at the time of the search.

 On July 8, 2002, Mr. Herrera pleaded guilty to two counts of distribution of

more than fifty grams of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and

(b)(1)(A) (Counts II and III), and one count of conspiracy to distribute more than

fifty grams of a mixture and substance containing cocaine base in violation of 21

U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841 (b)(1)(A), and 846 (Count I). Mr. Herrera was not

offered a plea agreement, but pleaded guilty “with the hope and the possibility

that he may qualify for the safety valve [19 U.S.C. § 3553(f) and USSG §
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5C1.2].” Aplt’s App. vol. II, at 82 (Plea Tr., dated July 8, 2002). 

Following Mr. Herrera’s plea, the probation officer prepared a presentence

report (PSR) recommending that Mr. Herrera receive a two-level upward

adjustment to his base offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) because a

dangerous weapon was possessed during the drug trafficking offense, and an

additional two-level upward adjustment pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 because he

was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in the instant offense. Based on

those upward adjustments and a three level downward adjustment for acceptance

of responsibility, the PSR determined Mr. Herrera to have an adjusted offense

level of 33 and a criminal history category of I. Mr. Herrera objected to these

upward adjustments, but the district court overruled his objections and sentenced

him to 135 months’ imprisonment, the low end of the guideline range. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. The Guilty Plea

Mr. Herrera argues that the district court erred in entering his guilty plea on

all three counts because he “never admitted the conspiracy count.” Aplt’s Br. at

20. He asserts that “[a]t no time did the trial court ask [him] regarding each count

what or how his [sic] pleaded,” id. at 18, and that he “never made any statements

admitting to having been in a conspiracy beyond the second sale on January 15,
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2002.” Id. 

While Mr. Herrera admits that he did not move to withdraw his plea in the

district court, he requests that we review this issue for fundamental or plain error. 

See United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55, 59 (2002) (holding that a defendant who

lets an error in the trial court’s plea colloquy pass without objection “has the

burden to satisfy the plain-error rule and that a reviewing court may consult the

whole record when considering the effect of any error on substantial rights”).

“Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which (3) affects

substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Price, 265 F.3d 1097, 1107

(10th Cir. 2001). The government responds that we should not consider Mr.

Herrera’s claim at all because “plain error review is not appropriate when the

alleged error involves a resolution of factual disputes.” Aple’s Br. at 9 (citing

United States v. Easter, 981 F.2d 1549, 1555-56 (10th Cir. 1992)). 

As we see it, Mr. Herrera’s argument does not require us to resolve a

factual dispute. Instead, this argument requires us to determine whether the

district court conducted a proper inquiry to ensure that Mr. Herrera’s guilty plea

was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. We will therefore review for plain error. 

During the plea colloquy, Mr. Herrera answered “yes” to questions from the

court regarding whether he was pleading guilty of his own free will, whether he
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had discussed his decision to plead guilty with his attorney, and whether he

understood the charges against him and the ramifications of pleading guilty. 

Aplt’s App. vol. II, at 83-88. Mr. Herrera’s attorney then stated, 

My client is prepared to plead to the two transactions that he did, which

are Count II and III. With regard to the conspiracy count, to the extent

that the basis of the conspiracy is his involvement in those two

transactions, he’s going to plead to that but wants to make clear that,

with regard to the other named codefendants in the conspiracy count,

they were not involved with him in those two transactions. 

Id. at 88-89. 

As the above portion of the colloquy clearly shows, despite considerable

evidence of the involvement of his co-defendants, Mr. Herrera sought persistently

to testify on their behalf. But after ensuring that pleading guilty would not hinder

his ability to testify for Mr. Laroza and Mr. Coll, Mr. Herrera did knowingly and

intelligently plead guilty to conspiracy to distribute more than 50 grams of

cocaine base. Mr. Herrera’s attorney stated that “he’s going to plead to that,”

referring to the conspiracy count. Id. at 88. Mr. Herrera and his counsel then

sought the government’s approval in entering this plea, and the government

informed the court that Mr. Herrera’s unwillingness to admit to conspiring with

Mr. Coll and Mr. Laroza would not “prevent [him] from pleading guilty to the

conspiracy count so long as he agrees that he did conspire with others,” id. at 89,

as the indictment covered other co-conspirators besides the two co-defendants. 
-8-

The court then allowed Mr. Herrera and his lawyer to confer. After this

conference and upon being advised by counsel that the defendant “understands

that,” the court clearly asked Mr. Herrera if he was pleading guilty to Count I. Id.

“Yes” was the reply. Id. at 90. The court later asked Mr. Herrera, “[H]ow do you

plead to the three counts in the indictment, guilty or not guilty?” Id. at 95. He

replied, “Guilty.” Id. 

The plea colloquy might have been more straightforward had the court

demanded that the Mr. Herrera state precisely with whom he had conspired, but

that would be adding a belt to the suspenders. From the record of the plea

proceedings, it is clear that Mr. Herrera made a knowing, voluntary, and

intelligent plea to all charges, including conspiracy “with other persons whose

names are known and unknown to the grand jury.” Aplt’s App. vol. I, at 27

(Indictment, filed March 13, 2002). We therefore hold that the district court did

not plainly err when it accepted Mr. Herrera’s guilty plea with respect to all three

counts.

B. Sentencing Adjustments

Mr. Herrera also challenges the district court’s application of two upward

adjustments under the Sentencing Guidelines: (1) a two-level adjustment because

“a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed,” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b),
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during the drug trafficking offense; and (2) an additional two-level adjustment

because Mr. Herrera was determined to be an “organizer, leader, manager, or

supervisor,” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, in the criminal activity. “We review the district

court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo, and its factual

findings for clear error, giving due deference to the district court’s application of

the Guidelines to the facts.” United States v. Jardine, 364 F.3d 1200, 1206 (10th

Cir. 2004). 

1. Firearm Enhancement

Mr. Herrera argues that the district court erred when it applied the firearm

enhancement because there was no evidence that the revolver discovered during

the February 12, 2002 search was present during either of the two transactions in

which Mr. Herrera admitted involvement. He asserts that there is no evidence of

his involvement in a drug conspiracy after January 15, 2002, and that at the plea

hearing, he “twice limited his involvement in charged criminal activity to no later

than January 15, 2002.” Aplt’s Br. at 23. 

 We disagree. The uncontroverted facts show that Mr. Herrera sold drugs

in the residence and that the revolver was found in a room with Mr. Herrera’s

belongings and various drug paraphernalia. Mr. Herrera does not dispute

possession of the firearm; he argues only that the interval between the last
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transaction and the discovery of the firearm was such that it is improbable that the

weapon was connected to the offense. This argument, however, fails to take into

account Mr. Herrera’s guilty plea with respect to Count I. In addition to pleading

guilty to the December 13, 2001, and January 15, 2002, transactions covered by

Counts II and III, Mr. Herrera pleaded guilty to engaging in a drug trafficking

conspiracy “[f]rom on or about December 13, 2001, up to and including February

12, 2002,” Aplt’s App. vol. I, at 27 (Indictment, filed March 13, 2002), the day he

was arrested and the weapon was found. During the plea colloquy, Mr. Herrera

never objected to the dates used in Count I. His only concern with Count I of the

indictment surrounded the inclusion of his co-defendants. Upon being assured

that he could plead guilty to Count I without implicating his co-defendants in the

conspiracy, Mr. Herrera knowingly and intelligently pleaded guilty to the

conspiracy count without expressing a concern about the dates used in the

indictment. 

In light of Mr. Herrera’s guilty plea, the two-level adjustment for

possession of a firearm is supported by the record. The “plain language of section

2D1.1(b)(1) and its commentary permit a trial judge to enhance a drug

defendant’s sentence for mere possession of a dangerous weapon even if there is

no evidence other than proximity to suggest the gun was connected to the
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offense.” United States v. Roberts, 908 F.2d 645, 647 (10th Cir. 1992). Once the

government meets its burden of proving possession by a preponderance of the

evidence, “[t]he enhancement is then appropriate unless the defendant proves . . .

that it is clearly improbable the weapon was connected with the offense.” United

States v. Smith, 131 F.3d 1392, 1400 (10th Cir. 1997). Here, there is ample

evidence that the firearm was connected to the offense. 

2. Aggravating Role Enhancement

Mr. Herrera’s primary argument concerning the aggravating role

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 is that he never admitted he was the

organizer or leader of anyone involved in the December 2001 or January 2002

crack cocaine sales. According to Mr. Herrera, the government “offered no inside

information from its confidential sources that Mr. Herrera was in fact a leader or

organizer of anything in the drug deals.” Aplt’s Br. at 27. He contends that the

information provided by confidential sources actually indicated that Mr. Herrera’s

brother, Julian Herrera, was the true leader and organizer of the drug trafficking

operation. He also notes that the government provided 

no evidence of drug records kept by Mr. Herrera, no evidence that

Laroza or Coll worked for Mr. Herrera, no evidence that Mr. Herrera

paid Laroza or Coll, no evidence that Mr. Herrera controlled Laroza or

Coll [sic] drug dealing activities, no evidence that Mr. Herrera set

prices, controlled the manner of sales, or claimed a larger share of the

proceeds that [sic] Laroza or Coll, and no evidence that Mr. Herrera
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recruited Laroza or Coll.

Aplt’s Br. at 28. 

The two-level aggravating role enhancement in U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) applies

“[i]f the defendant was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any

criminal activity other than that described in [3B1.1] (a) or (b).” U.S.S.G. §

3B1.1(c). Once again, the uncontroverted evidence showed that Mr. Herrera

directly negotiated with an undercover agent and orchestrated his co-defendants in

various maneuvers, including instructing Mr. Laroza to retrieve crack cocaine

from the porch on December 13, 2001, and signaling Mr. Coll to follow him on

January, 15, 2002. Mr. Herrera and Mr. Coll then left to obtain the crack cocaine

for the agent. During each transaction, Mr. Herrera collected the cash from the

agent.

We have previously held that “section 3B1.1(c) and the term ‘supervisor’

are satisfied upon a showing that the defendant exercised any degree of direction

or control over someone subordinate to him in the distribution scheme.” United

States v. Backas, 901 F.2d 1528, 1530 (10th Cir. 1990). The record is replete

with conduct to establish the requirements of U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). See United

States v. Gonzales Edeza, 359 F.3d 1246, 1249 (10th Cir. 2004) (holding that

defendant was a manager or supervisor based on “factual citations in [which]

there were communications, specifically from the defendant to [a co-conspirator]
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giving instructions, as well as other activities by [the defendant] where he was

ordering and directing the conduct of [the co-conspirator]”). The fact that Mr.

Herrera’s brother Julian may have been the primary leader and organizer of the

operation is inapposite, as the commentary to § 3B1.1 specifically provides that

“[t]here can, of course, be more than one person who qualifies as a leader or

organizer of a criminal association or conspiracy.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n.4. 

We therefore hold that the district court did not err when it applied the two-level

aggravating role enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c).

C. Blakely Claim

On July 29, 2004, Mr. Herrera filed an unopppsed motion for leave to file

supplemental briefing concerning Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 253 (2004),

challenging the constitutionality of the upward adjustments to his sentence. He

argues that Blakely requires that the enhancement to his sentence be found beyond

a reasonable doubt by a jury. Because Mr. Herrera never raised this issue before

the district court, this court reviews it only for plain error. See United States v.

Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 629, 631 (2002); United States v. Badilla, 383 F.3d 1137,

1142 n.2 (10th Cir. 2004). 

This court will correct an error not raised before the district court only if:

(1) there is an error; (2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4)
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that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings. Cotton, 535 U.S. at 631. Even assuming that there was an error

that was plain under Blakely, Mr. Herrera has failed to satisfy the fourth factor of

the plain error analysis as to each adjustment. The evidence of the nexus between

the firearm and the conspiracy is overwhelming. Similarly, there is overwhelming

evidence that Mr. Herrera was a leader or organizer of the conspiracy. Because

the evidence is overwhelming, we hold that the fourth element of the plain error

test cannot be satisfied. United States v. Keeling, 235 F.3d 533, 540 (10th Cir.

2000).

III. CONCLUSION

The district court did not commit plain error in entering Mr. Herrera’s

guilty plea, and it did not err in upwardly adjusting Mr. Herrera’s offense level

under USSG §§ 2D1.1(b). and 3B1.1. Because the evidence supporting those

adjustments is overwhelming, Mr. Herrera has also not demonstrated that, in light

of Blakely, the district court plainly erred in basing those enhancements on facts

not found by a jury. Accordingly, we AFFIRM Mr. Herrera’s conviction and

sentence.

Entered for the Court,
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Robert H. Henry

United States Circuit Judge