III 

★(Star Print)

Calendar No. 54 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. RES. 99 

Supporting the goals of International Women’s Day. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

MARCH 8, 2023 

Mrs. SHAHEEN (for herself, Ms. COLLINS, Ms. DUCKWORTH, Ms. BALDWIN, 

Mr. KAINE, Mr. VAN HOLLEN, and Mr. COONS) submitted the following 

resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations 

MAY 4, 2023 

Reported by Mr. MENENDEZ, without amendment and an amendment to the 

preamble 

[Strike the preamble and insert the part printed in italic] 

RESOLUTION 

Supporting the goals of International Women’s Day. 

Whereas, as of March 2023, there are approximately 

3,990,000,000 women and girls in the world, making up 

1⁄2 of the world’s population; 

Whereas women and girls around the world— 

(1) have fundamental human rights; 

(2) play a critical role in providing and caring for 

their families and driving positive change in their communities; 


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(3) contribute substantially to food security, economic growth, the prevention and resolution of conflict, 

and the sustainability of peace and stability; 

(4) are affected in different and often disproportionate ways by global, country, and community circumstances, including economic downturns, global health 

concerns, conflict, and migration; and 

(5) must have meaningful protections and opportunities to more fully participate in and lead the political, social, and economic lives of their communities and countries; 

Whereas the advancement and empowerment of women and 

girls around the world is a foreign policy priority for the 

United States and is critical to the achievement of global 

peace, prosperity, and sustainability; 

Whereas, on October 6, 2017, the Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017 (22 U.S.C. 2152j et seq.) was enacted 

into law, which includes requirements for a governmentwide ‘‘Women, Peace, and Security Strategy’’ to promote 

and strengthen the participation of women in peace negotiations and conflict prevention overseas, enhanced training for relevant United States Government personnel, 

and follow-up evaluations of the effectiveness of the strategy; 

Whereas the United States Strategy on Women, Peace, and 

Security, dated June 2019, recognizes that— 

(1) the ‘‘[s]ocial and political marginalization of 

women strongly correlates with the likelihood that a 

country will experience conflict’’; 

(2) there is a ‘‘tremendous amount of untapped potential among the world’s women and girls to identify, 

recommend, and implement effective solutions to conVerDate Sep 11 2014 23:59 May 10, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6300 E:\BILLS\SR99.RS SR99

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flict’’, and there are ‘‘benefits derived from creating opportunities for women and girls to serve as agents of 

peace via political, economic, and social empowerment’’; 

and 

(3) barriers to the meaningful participation of 

women and girls in conflict prevention and resolution efforts ‘‘include under-representation in political leadership, 

pervasive violence against women and girls, and persistent inequality in many societies’’; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations Entity for Gender 

Equality and the Empowerment of Women (commonly referred to as ‘‘UN Women’’), peace negotiations are more 

likely to end in a peace agreement when women and 

women’s groups play a meaningful role in the negotiation 

process; 

Whereas, according to a study by the International Peace Institute, a peace agreement is 35 percent more likely to 

last at least 15 years if women participate in the development of the peace agreement; 

Whereas, according to the Bureau of International Narcotics 

and Law Enforcement Affairs of the Department of 

State, the full and meaningful participation of women in 

criminal justice professions and security forces vastly enhances the effectiveness of the resulting workforces; 

Whereas, despite the contributions of women to society, hundreds of millions of women and girls around the world 

continue to be denied the right to participate freely in 

civic and economic life, lack fundamental legal protections, and remain vulnerable to exploitation and abuse; 

Whereas, every year, approximately 12,000,000 girls are married before they reach the age of 18, which means that— 


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(1) nearly 33,000 girls are married every day; or 

(2) nearly 23 girls are married every minute; 

Whereas, despite global progress, it is predicted that by 2030 

more than 150,000,000 more girls will marry before 

reaching the age of 18, and approximately 2,400,000 

girls who are married before reaching the age of 18 are 

under the age of 15; 

Whereas girls living in countries affected by conflict or other 

humanitarian crises are often the most vulnerable to 

child marriage, and 9 of the 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are considered fragile or extremely fragile; 

Whereas, on August 15, 2021, the Taliban entered Kabul, 

Afghanistan, and toppled the elected government of the 

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, resulting in de facto 

Taliban rule over the people of Afghanistan; 

Whereas the Taliban continues to restrict the ability of 

women and girls to exist in Afghan society, including 

by— 

(1) prohibiting girls from going to school past sixth 

grade, including banning women from attending university; 

(2) limiting the employment that women can pursue 

outside of their households; 

(3) mandating that women cover their heads and 

faces in public and punishing those who wear brightly 

colored clothing; 

(4) restricting the independent movement of women 

and girls; 

(5) closing domestic abuse shelters, sometimes forcing residents to return to their abusive families; 


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(6) preventing women aid workers from operating in 

Afghanistan, thus restricting operations in support of humanitarian assistance for all Afghans; 

(7) jailing women human rights defenders; and 

(8) limiting access to women’s healthcare, including 

preventative and emergency services, and requiring a 

male chaperone at most clinics and hospitals; 

Whereas, according to the United Nation’s Children’s Fund 

(commonly referred to as ‘‘UNICEF’’)— 

(1) approximately 1⁄4 of girls between the ages of 15 

and 19 have been victims of some form of physical violence; 

(2) approximately 120,000,000 girls worldwide, 

about 1 in 10, have experienced forced sexual acts; and 

(3) an estimated 1 in 3 women around the world has 

experienced some form of physical or sexual violence; 

Whereas the overall level of violence against women is a better predictor of the peacefulness of a country, the compliance of a country with international treaty obligations, 

and the relations of a country with neighboring countries 

than indicators measuring the level of democracy, level of 

wealth, or level of institutionalization of the country; 

Whereas women around the world remain vastly underrepresented in government positions, as women account for 

only 25.6 percent of national parliamentarians and 21 

percent of government ministers; 

Whereas the ability of women and girls to realize their full 

potential is critical to the ability of a country to achieve 

strong and lasting economic growth, self-reliance, and political and social stability; 


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Whereas, although the United Nations Millennium Project 

reached the goal of achieving gender parity in primary 

education in most countries in 2015, the COVID–19 

global pandemic has deepened gender inequality in education and more work remains to be done to achieve gender equality in primary and secondary education, particularly in secondary education worldwide as gender gaps 

persist and widen, by addressing— 

(1) discriminatory practices; 

(2) harmful cultural and social norms; 

(3) inadequate sanitation facilities, including facilities to manage menstruation; 

(4) child, early, and forced marriage; 

(5) poverty; 

(6) food insecurity and malnutrition; 

(7) early pregnancy and motherhood; 

(8) conflict and insecurity; and 

(9) other factors that favor boys or devalue girls’ 

education; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization— 

(1) approximately 118,500,000 girls between the 

ages of 6 and 17 remain out of school; 

(2) girls living in countries affected by conflict are 

2.5 times more likely to be out of primary school than 

boys; 

(3) girls are twice as likely as boys to never set foot 

in a classroom; and 

(4) up to 30 percent of girls who drop out of school 

do so because of adolescent pregnancy or child marriage; 

Whereas women around the world face a variety of constraints that severely limit their economic participation 


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SRES 99 RS1S 

and productivity and remain underrepresented in the 

labor force; 

Whereas, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization 

of the United Nations— 

(1) agriculture and food systems are a major source 

of livelihoods, particularly for rural women; 

(2) wage and productivity gaps persist in agriculture 

and food systems, despite the crucial role that women 

play in those sectors; 

(3) the work of women in agriculture and food systems is more likely than that of men to be part-time, irregular, informal, vulnerable, labor-intensive, and lowskilled; 

(4) in countries reporting on Sustainable Development Goal 5.a.1, more men than women are owners or 

have rights to agricultural land; 

(5) the gender gap in food insecurity is growing and 

has reached 4.3 percentage points, with more women experiencing severe and moderate food insecurity in all regions than men; and 

(6) the empowerment of women can have important 

benefits for agricultural productivity, nutrition, and food 

security; 

Whereas the economic empowerment of women is inextricably 

linked to a myriad of other internationally recognized 

human rights that are essential to the ability of women 

to thrive as economic actors, including— 

(1) living lives free of violence and exploitation; 

(2) achieving the highest possible standard of health 

and well-being; 


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SRES 99 RS1S 

(3) enjoying full legal and human rights, such as access to registration, identification, and citizenship documents, and freedom of movement; 

(4) access to formal and informal education; 

(5) access to, and equal protection under, land and 

property rights; 

(6) access to fundamental labor rights; 

(7) the implementation of policies to address disproportionate care burdens; and 

(8) receiving business and management skills and 

leadership opportunities; 

Whereas the Millennium Challenge Corporation (commonly 

referred to as the ‘‘MCC’’), an independent United States 

foreign assistance agency, recognizes that inequality and 

the exclusion of women from economic opportunities can 

inhibit efforts to promote economic growth and reduce 

poverty and decrease a country’s economic growth trajectory, which is why the gender policy of the MCC requires 

gender inequalities to be identified and considered in 

every stage of agreements with participating countries; 

Whereas, according to the World Health Organization, global 

maternal mortality decreased by approximately 38 percent from 2000 to 2017, yet approximately 810 women 

and girls continue to die from preventable causes relating 

to pregnancy or childbirth each day, and 94 percent of 

all maternal deaths occur in developing countries, putting 

the global community off-track to meeting Sustainable 

Development Goal 3.1 for reducing maternal deaths; 

Whereas the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reports that women and girls comprise approximately 1⁄2 of the 78,900,000 refugees and 

internally displaced or stateless individuals in the world; 


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Whereas the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on February 24, 2022, has resulted in a disproportionate number of women and children seeking safety outside of 

Ukraine; 

Whereas those women and girls, like women and girls in all 

humanitarian emergencies, including those subject to 

forced displacement, face increased and exacerbated 

vulnerabilities to— 

(1) gender-based violence, including rape, child marriage, domestic violence, human trafficking, and sexual 

exploitation and assault; 

(2) disruptions in education and livelihood; 

(3) lack of access to health services; and 

(4) food insecurity and malnutrition; 

Whereas malnutrition poses a variety of threats to women 

and girls specifically, as malnutrition can weaken their 

immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections, and affects their capacity to survive childbirth, and 

children born of malnourished women and girls are more 

likely to have cognitive impairments and higher risk of 

disease throughout their lives; 

Whereas it is imperative— 

(1) to alleviate violence and discrimination against 

women and girls; and 

(2) to afford women and girls every opportunity to 

be equal members of their communities; and 

Whereas, March 8, 2023, is recognized as International 

Women’s Day, a global day— 

(1) to celebrate the economic, political, and social 

achievements of women in the past, present, and future; 

and 


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SRES 99 RS1S 

(2) to recognize the obstacles that women face in the 

struggle for equal rights and opportunities: Now, therefore, be it 

Whereas, as of March 2023, there are approximately 

3,990,000,000 women and girls in the world, making up 

1⁄2 of the world’s population; 

Whereas women and girls around the world— 

(1) have fundamental human rights; 

(2) play a critical role in providing and caring for 

their families and driving positive change in their communities; 

(3) contribute substantially to food security, economic 

growth, the prevention and resolution of conflict, and the 

sustainability of peace and stability; 

(4) are affected in different and often disproportionate ways by global, country, and community circumstances, including economic downturns, global health 

concerns, conflict, and migration; and 

(5) must have meaningful protections and opportunities to more fully participate in and lead the political, social, and economic lives of their communities and countries; 

Whereas the advancement and empowerment of women and 

girls around the world is a foreign policy priority for the 

United States and is critical to the achievement of global 

peace, prosperity, and sustainability; 

Whereas, on October 6, 2017, the Women, Peace, and Security 

Act of 2017 (22 U.S.C. 2152j et seq.) was enacted into law, 

which includes requirements for a government-wide 

‘‘Women, Peace, and Security Strategy’’ to promote and 

strengthen the participation of women in peace negotiations and conflict prevention overseas, enhanced training 


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SRES 99 RS1S 

for relevant United States Government personnel, and follow-up evaluations of the effectiveness of the strategy; 

Whereas the United States Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security, dated June 2019, recognizes that— 

(1) the ‘‘[s]ocial and political marginalization of 

women strongly correlates with the likelihood that a country will experience conflict’’; 

(2) there is a ‘‘tremendous amount of untapped potential among the world’s women and girls to identify, recommend, and implement effective solutions to conflict’’, 

and there are ‘‘benefits derived from creating opportunities 

for women and girls to serve as agents of peace via political, economic, and social empowerment’’; and 

(3) barriers to the meaningful participation of women 

and girls in conflict prevention and resolution efforts ‘‘include under-representation in political leadership, pervasive violence against women and girls, and persistent inequality in many societies’’; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations Entity for Gender 

Equality and the Empowerment of Women (commonly referred to as ‘‘UN Women’’), peace negotiations are more 

likely to end in a peace agreement when women and women’s groups play a meaningful role in the negotiation process; 

Whereas, according to a study by the International Peace Institute, a peace agreement is 35 percent more likely to last 

at least 15 years if women participate in the development 

of the peace agreement; 

Whereas, according to the Bureau of International Narcotics 

and Law Enforcement Affairs of the Department of State, 

the full and meaningful participation of women in crimiVerDate Sep 11 2014 23:59 May 10, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6300 E:\BILLS\SR99.RS SR99

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SRES 99 RS1S 

nal justice professions and security forces vastly enhances 

the effectiveness of the resulting workforces; 

Whereas, despite the contributions of women to society, hundreds of millions of women and girls around the world 

continue to be denied the right to participate freely in 

civic and economic life, lack fundamental legal protections, 

and remain vulnerable to exploitation and abuse; 

Whereas, every year, approximately 12,000,000 girls are married before they reach the age of 18, which means that— 

(1) nearly 33,000 girls are married every day; or 

(2) nearly 23 girls are married every minute; 

Whereas, despite global progress, it is predicted that by 2030 

more than 150,000,000 more girls will marry before reaching the age of 18, and approximately 2,400,000 girls who 

are married before reaching the age of 18 are under the 

age of 15; 

Whereas girls living in countries affected by conflict or other 

humanitarian crises are often the most vulnerable to child 

marriage, and 9 of the 10 countries with the highest rates 

of child marriage are considered fragile or extremely fragile; 

Whereas, on August 15, 2021, the Taliban entered Kabul, Afghanistan, and toppled the elected government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, resulting in de facto 

Taliban rule over the people of Afghanistan; 

Whereas the Taliban continues to restrict the ability of women 

and girls to exist in Afghan society, including by— 

(1) prohibiting girls from going to school past sixth 

grade, including banning women from attending university; 


SSpencer on DSK126QN23PROD with BILLS
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SRES 99 RS1S 

(2) limiting the employment that women can pursue 

outside of their households; 

(3) mandating that women cover their heads and 

faces in public and punishing those who wear brightly colored clothing; 

(4) restricting the independent movement of women 

and girls; 

(5) closing domestic abuse shelters, sometimes forcing 

residents to return to their abusive families; 

(6) preventing women aid workers from operating in 

Afghanistan, thus restricting operations in support of humanitarian assistance for all Afghans; 

(7) jailing women human rights defenders; and 

(8) limiting access to women’s healthcare, including 

preventative and emergency services, and requiring a male 

chaperone at most clinics and hospitals; 

Whereas, according to the United Nation’s Children’s Fund 

(commonly referred to as ‘‘UNICEF’’)— 

(1) approximately 1⁄4 of girls between the ages of 15 

and 19 have been victims of some form of physical violence; 

(2) approximately 120,000,000 girls worldwide, about 

1 in 10, have experienced forced sexual acts; and 

(3) an estimated 1 in 3 women around the world has 

experienced some form of physical or sexual violence; 

Whereas the overall level of violence against women is a better 

predictor of the peacefulness of a country, the compliance 

of a country with international treaty obligations, and the 

relations of a country with neighboring countries than indicators measuring the level of democracy, level of wealth, 

or level of institutionalization of the country; 


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SRES 99 RS1S 

Whereas women around the world remain vastly underrepresented in government positions, as women account for 

only 25.6 percent of national parliamentarians and 21 

percent of government ministers; 

Whereas the ability of women and girls to realize their full potential is critical to the ability of a country to achieve 

strong and lasting economic growth, self-reliance, and political and social stability; 

Whereas, although the United Nations Millennium Project 

reached the goal of achieving gender parity in primary 

education in most countries in 2015, the COVID–19 global 

pandemic has deepened gender inequality in education 

and more work remains to be done to achieve gender equality in primary and secondary education, particularly in 

secondary education worldwide as gender gaps persist and 

widen, by addressing— 

(1) discriminatory practices; 

(2) harmful cultural and social norms; 

(3) inadequate sanitation facilities, including facilities to manage menstruation; 

(4) child, early, and forced marriage; 

(5) poverty; 

(6) early pregnancy and motherhood; 

(7) conflict and insecurity; and 

(8) other factors that favor boys or devalue girls’ education; 

Whereas, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization— 

(1) approximately 118,500,000 girls between the ages 

of 6 and 17 remain out of school; 


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SRES 99 RS1S 

(2) girls living in countries affected by conflict are 

2.5 times more likely to be out of primary school than 

boys; 

(3) girls are twice as likely as boys to never set foot 

in a classroom; and 

(4) up to 30 percent of girls who drop out of school 

do so because of adolescent pregnancy or child marriage; 

Whereas women around the world face a variety of constraints 

that severely limit their economic participation and productivity and remain underrepresented in the labor force; 

Whereas the economic empowerment of women is inextricably 

linked to a myriad of other internationally recognized 

human rights that are essential to the ability of women to 

thrive as economic actors, including— 

(1) living lives free of violence and exploitation; 

(2) achieving the highest possible standard of health 

and well-being; 

(3) enjoying full legal and human rights, such as access to registration, identification, and citizenship documents, and freedom of movement; 

(4) access to formal and informal education; 

(5) access to, and equal protection under, land and 

property rights; 

(6) access to fundamental labor rights; 

(7) the implementation of policies to address disproportionate care burdens; and 

(8) receiving business and management skills and 

leadership opportunities; 

Whereas the Millennium Challenge Corporation (commonly referred to as the ‘‘MCC’’), an independent United States 

foreign assistance agency, recognizes that inequality and 

the exclusion of women from economic opportunities can 


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SRES 99 RS1S 

inhibit efforts to promote economic growth and reduce poverty and decrease a country’s economic growth trajectory, 

which is why the gender policy of the MCC requires gender 

inequalities to be identified and considered in every stage 

of agreements with participating countries; 

Whereas, according to the World Health Organization, global 

maternal mortality decreased by approximately 38 percent 

from 2000 to 2017, yet approximately 810 women and 

girls continue to die from preventable causes relating to 

pregnancy or childbirth each day, and 94 percent of all 

maternal deaths occur in developing countries, putting the 

global community off-track to meeting Sustainable Development Goal 3.1 for reducing maternal deaths; 

Whereas the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner 

for Refugees reports that women and girls comprise approximately 1⁄2 of the 78,900,000 refugees and internally 

displaced or stateless individuals in the world; 

Whereas the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on February 24, 2022, has resulted in a disproportionate number 

of women and children seeking safety outside of Ukraine; 

Whereas those women and girls, like women and girls in all 

humanitarian emergencies, including those subject to 

forced displacement, face increased and exacerbated 

vulnerabilities to— 

(1) gender-based violence, including rape, child marriage, domestic violence, human trafficking, and sexual exploitation and assault; 

(2) disruptions in education and livelihood; 

(3) lack of access to health services; and 

(4) food insecurity and malnutrition; 


SSpencer on DSK126QN23PROD with BILLS
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SRES 99 RS1S 

Whereas malnutrition poses a variety of threats to women and 

girls specifically, as malnutrition can weaken their immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections, 

and affects their capacity to survive childbirth, and children born of malnourished women and girls are more likely to have cognitive impairments and higher risk of disease 

throughout their lives; 

Whereas it is imperative— 

(1) to alleviate violence and discrimination against 

women and girls; and 

(2) to afford women and girls every opportunity to be 

equal members of their communities; and 

Whereas March 8, 2023, is recognized as International Women’s Day, a global day— 

(1) to celebrate the economic, political, and social 

achievements of women in the past, present, and future; 

and 

(2) to recognize the obstacles that women face in the 

struggle for equal rights and opportunities: Now, therefore, 

be it 

1 Resolved, That the Senate— 

2 (1) supports the goals of International Women’s 

3 Day; 

4 (2) recognizes that the fundamental human 

5 rights of women and girls have intrinsic value that 

6 affect the quality of life of women and girls; 

7 (3) recognizes that the empowerment of women 

8 and girls is inextricably linked to the potential of a 

9 country to generate— 


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1 (A) economic growth and self-reliance; 

2 (B) sustainable peace and democracy; and 

3 (C) inclusive security; 

4 (4) recognizes and honors individuals in the 

5 United States and around the world, including 

6 women human rights defenders, activists, and civil 

7 society leaders, who have worked throughout history 

8 to ensure that women and girls are guaranteed 

9 equality and fundamental human rights; 

10 (5) applauds the women around the world who 

11 stand against oppression in any form and fight for 

12 a better future, especially in Ukraine, Iran, and Af13 ghanistan; 

14 (6) recognizes the unique cultural, historical, 

15 and religious differences throughout the world and 

16 urges the United States Government to act with re17 spect and understanding toward legitimate dif18 ferences when promoting any policies; 

19 (7) reaffirms the commitment— 

20 (A) to end discrimination and violence 

21 against women and girls; 

22 (B) to ensure the safety, health, and wel23 fare of women and girls; 


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1 (C) to pursue policies that guarantee the 

2 fundamental human rights of women and girls 

3 worldwide; and 

4 (D) to promote meaningful and significant 

5 participation of women in every aspect of soci6 ety and community, including conflict preven7 tion, protection, peacemaking, and 

8 peacebuilding; 

9 (8) supports sustainable, measurable, and glob10 al development that seeks to achieve gender equality 

11 and the empowerment of women and girls; and 

12 (9) encourages the people of the United States 

13 to observe International Women’s Day with appro14 priate programs and activities. 


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Calendar No. 54 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. RES. 99 

RESOLUTION 

Supporting the goals of International Women’s 

Day. 

MAY 4, 2023 

Reported without amendment and an amendment to the 

preamble 


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