IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 53294-8-II

Respondent,

v.

JOSHUA DEAN ROUSE, UNPUBLISHED OPINION

Appellant.

WORSWICK, J. — Joshua Rouse appeals his conviction and sentence for felony violation 

of a no contact order. After his jury trial conviction, Rouse requested a drug offender sentencing 

alternative (DOSA), but the trial court declined and instead sentenced him to a standard range 

sentence.

On appeal, Rouse argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move to 

redact the prior no contact order that was admitted into evidence, and that the DOSA statute is 

unconstitutionally vague and violates due process. In a Statement of Additional Grounds (SAG)

for Review, Rouse argues there was insufficient evidence to convict because of discrepancies in 

eyewitness testimony.

We hold that Rouse did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel. We further hold 

that the DOSA statute is not unconstitutionally vague and does not create a constitutionally 

protected liberty interest. Finally, we hold that there was sufficient evidence to determine the 

jury could have found the State proved each element to convict beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Thus, we affirm.

Filed

Washington State

Court of Appeals

Division Two

October 20, 2020
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FACTS

Beginning in December 2017, Rouse was subject to a post-conviction no contact order

that prohibited him from coming within 500 feet of Megan Hopson or her residence. Rouse was 

previously convicted of no contact order violations in December 2017. The no contact order was 

titled “Domestic Violence No Contact Order,” and ordered Rouse to surrender all firearms. Ex. 

3. The order stated that the order was needed to “prevent possible recurrence of violence.” Ex. 

3. 

In November 2018, Megan Hopson’s neighbor called 911 to report that she had seen a 

man, later identified as Rouse, wearing khakis and a red backpack coming from Hopson’s lawn. 

The neighbor also told the operator the man had tattoos on his arms. The neighbor saw Rouse 

come from the direction of Hopson’s house, and saw that one of Hopson’s windows was open 

with the blinds mangled. Police apprehended Rouse a short distance away and brought the 

neighbor to the arrest scene. Rouse admitted to being in the area to see Hopson. The neighbor

identified him as the same man who crossed her lawn. Rouse had no tattoos on his arms. 

The State charged Rouse with residential burglary—domestic violence, and felony 

violation of a no contact order—domestic violence. At trial, the jury heard testimony consistent 

with the facts above. Also, the trial court admitted into evidence an unredacted copy of Rouse’s 

December 2017 no contact order. Rouse’s counsel did not object. 

The jury found Rouse not guilty of burglary, but found him guilty of one count of 

violation of a no contact order—domestic violence. At the sentencing hearing, Rouse requested 

a DOSA sentence. The State filed a sentencing memorandum, arguing against a DOSA 

sentence. The State’s memorandum included information that Rouse had previously received a 
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DOSA sentence. Before imposing the sentence, the trial court noted that it had reviewed 

Rouse’s criminal history. The trial court denied Rouse’s request stating, “Based on all of the 

factors that have been put forth to me, though, I don’t think the [DOSA] is appropriate.”

Verbatim Report of Proceedings (Feb. 20, 2019) at 25. The court imposed a standard range 

sentence of 48 months’ confinement plus community supervision. Rouse appeals.

ANALYSIS

I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

Rouse argues that he received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel because 

counsel did not request redaction of—or object to admission of—the prior no contact order. We

disagree.

A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel presents a mixed question of fact and law 

that this court reviews de novo. State v. Sutherby, 165 Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009). 

For Rouse to demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, he must show that (1) defense 

counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that the deficient performance resulted in prejudice 

to the defendant. State v. Linville, 191 Wn.2d 513, 524, 423 P.3d 842 (2018) (citing Strickland 

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984)). We may deem 

counsel’s performance deficient if it is not objectively reasonable. State v. Estes, 188 Wn.2d 

450, 458, 395 P.3d 1045 (2017). Prejudice results if the outcome of the trial below would have 

been different if counsel had not performed deficiently. Estes, 188 Wn.2d at 458. This court 

strongly presumes counsel’s performance was effective. State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741, 755, 

278 P.3d 653 (2012). The failure to demonstrate either prong ends our enquiry. State v. Classen, 

4 Wn. App. 2d 520, 535, 422 P.3d 489 (2018).
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Rouse cannot show that the outcome below would have been different had the no contact

order been redacted. Accordingly, he cannot show prejudice. First, there was an abundance of 

evidence presented to the jury on the charge of violation of the no contact order. This evidence 

included the neighbor’s eyewitness account, followed by a showup identification, and Rouse’s

admission to police officers that he was in the area of Hopson’s house attempting to work on his 

relationship with her.

Second, there is nothing in the record to suggest the jury was so prejudiced that it did not 

“reasonably, conscientiously, and impartially” apply the law. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. 

Indeed, the jury’s decision to acquit Rouse of the more serious burglary charge suggests that the 

jury did not have an emotional response to the evidence in the record. Because Rouse cannot 

show that defense counsel’s failure to redact the no contact order resulted in prejudice, he cannot 

show ineffective assistance of counsel, and this claim fails.

II. DOSA CONSTITUTIONAL CLAIMS

Rouse argues that he was improperly denied a DOSA because the DOSA statute, RCW 

9.94A.660, is unconstitutionally vague. He further argues that because the DOSA statute does 

not require a trial court to state its reasons for denying a DOSA sentence, the statute violated his 

right to due process. We disagree on both counts.

A. Vagueness

A trial court’s decision whether to grant a DOSA is not generally reviewable. State v. 

Lemke, 7 Wn. App. 2d 23, 27, 434 P.3d 551 (2018). However, the imposition of a standard 

range sentence, instead of an alternative, may be challenged on constitutional grounds. In re 

Pers. Restraint of Tricomo, 13 Wn. App. 2d 223, 234-35, 463 P.3d 760 (2020). This court 
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reviews constitutional challenges de novo. In re Pers. Restraint of Troupe, 4 Wn. App. 2d 715, 

721, 423 P.3d 878 (2018). We presume a statute’s constitutionality, and the challenger bears the 

burden of proving the statute is unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt. Troupe, 4 Wn. App. 

2d at 721.

A constitutional due process vagueness analysis contains two points. First, the criminal 

statute “must be specific enough that citizens have fair notice of what conduct is proscribed.” 

State v. Baldwin, 150 Wn.2d 448, 458, 78 P.3d 1005 (2003). Second, the statute “must provide 

ascertainable standards of guilt to protect against arbitrary arrest and prosecution.” Baldwin, 150 

Wn.2d at 458. A statute that fails on both points is unconstitutionally vague. 

In Baldwin, our Supreme Court analyzed a constitutional vagueness challenge to two 

sentencing guideline statutes in the Sentencing Reform Act (SRA) of 1981, chapter 9.94A. 150 

Wn.2d at 458-49. On the first point, the court explained that “[s]entencing guidelines do not 

inform the public of the penalties attached to a criminal conduct nor do they vary the statutory 

maximum and minimum penalties assigned to illegal conduct by the legislature.” Baldwin, 150 

Wn.2d at 459. Second, the court noted that guideline statutes do not force citizens to guess at 

potential consequences of prosecution because the guidelines do not set the penalties. Baldwin, 

150 Wn.2d at 459. As a result, the court held that “the due process considerations that underlie 

the void-for-vagueness doctrine have no application in the context of sentencing guidelines.” 

Baldwin, 150 Wn.2d at 459. 

The same logic applies here. Like the portions of the SRA at issue in Baldwin, the 

DOSA sentencing guidelines in RCW 9.94A.660 do not set the penalties for particular crimes. 

Instead, the DOSA guidelines at issue here lay out eligibility criteria for a trial court to decide 
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whether to impose a sentencing alternative. As a result, under Baldwin, a vagueness challenge to 

RCW 9.94A.660 fails. 

Furthermore, Rouse’s vagueness argument is self-defeating. Should the DOSA sections 

of the SRA be held void for vagueness, the sentencing alternative made available by the statute 

would be struck down. All that would remain would be the standard range sentence—just like 

the one imposed. The case could not be remanded for a prison based DOSA sentence as Rouse 

requests, because there would be no sentencing alternative. In either situation, Rouse’s argument 

fails. Accordingly, we hold the DOSA statute is not unconstitutionally vague.

B. Due Process

Rouse argues for the first time on appeal that the DOSA statute violates procedural due 

process because it does not require the trial court to articulate the basis for denying a DOSA 

sentence. We do not consider Rouse’s procedural due process argument for the first time on 

appeal because the DOSA statute does not create a protected liberty interest, thus, this is not 

manifest constitutional error.

Generally, this court will not review a claim of error raised for the first time on appeal. 

RAP 2.5(a); State v. A.M., 194 Wn.2d 33, 38, 448 P.3d 35 (2019). However, this general rule 

includes an exception when the claimed error is a manifest error affecting a constitutional right. 

State v. Burns, 193 Wn.2d 190, 207, 438 P.3d 1183 (2019). A party raising such an error must 

show that the error is manifest and “truly of constitutional dimension.” State v. O’Hara, 167 

Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). We analyze the argument to determine if a constitutional 

interest is implicated. O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d at 98. “We do not assume the alleged error is of 

constitutional magnitude.” O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d at 98.
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Protected liberty or property interests generally arise either from the Due Process Clause 

or from a state-created statutory entitlement. See Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576-

77, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 33 L. Ed. 2d 548 (1972) (plurality opinion). Our Supreme Court in Baldwin 

examined the due process implications of a sentencing guideline statute, and held that statutes

granting a significant degree of discretion cannot create a liberty interest. 150 Wn.2d at 460. 

The court noted that the sentencing guidelines did “not specify that a particular sentence must be 

imposed.” Baldwin, 150 Wn.2d at 461. The court then held that because the sentencing 

guideline statutes required no certain outcome, “the statutes create[d] no constitutionally 

protectable liberty interest.” Baldwin, 150 Wn.2d at 461.

Here, Rouse cannot show that the alleged error is of constitutional magnitude. The 

DOSA statute here, like the statutes at issue in Baldwin, does not specify a particular sentence. 

RCW 9.94A.660; 150 Wn.2d at 461. As a result, the DOSA statute creates no constitutionally 

protected liberty interest. Baldwin, 150 Wn.2d at 461. Because Rouse has no constitutionally 

protected liberty interest in a DOSA sentence, he cannot demonstrate manifest constitutional 

error. RAP 2.5(a). Because there is no manifest constitutional error, this ends our inquiry.

III. STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS FOR REVIEW

Rouse makes an additional claim in his SAG, arguing that the discrepancies in the 

eyewitness’s testimony regarding tattoos creates a factual question regarding the accuracy of the 

witness’s identification. This amounts to an argument that his conviction is not supported by 

sufficient evidence. We disagree. 

When an appellant challenges the sufficiency of evidence, this court examines the record 

to determine if a “rational finder of fact could have found that the State proved each element 
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beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Farnsworth, 185 Wn.2d 768, 775, 374 P.3d 1152 (2016)

(plurality opinion). Upon this challenge, the appellant admits the truth of all the State’s 

evidence. Farnsworth, 185 Wn.2d at 775; State v. Homan, 181 Wn.2d 102, 106, 330 P.3d 182 

(2014). This court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, and draws 

reasonable inferences in the State’s favor. Farnsworth, 185 Wn.2d at 775; Homan, 181 Wn.2d at 

106. We consider circumstantial and direct evidence as equally reliable. Farnsworth, 185 

Wn.2d at 775; State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 874, 83 P.3d 970 (2004).

The elements for conviction of felony violation of a no contact order, as noted in the jury 

instructions are (1) that at the time of the event, there existed a protection order applicable to the 

defendant; (2) that the defendant knew of the existence of this order; (3) that on or about said 

date, the defendant knowingly violated a provision of this order; (4) that the defendant has twice 

been previously convicted for violating the provisions of a court order; and (5) that the 

defendant’s act occurred in the State of Washington. Rouse’s argument challenges the third 

element. 

Given that Rouse admits to the truth of the State’s evidence, there was sufficient evidence 

for the jury to determine that Rouse knowingly violated the no contact order. Despite the 

discrepancy in the eyewitness’s observations regarding tattoos, there is other evidence, both 

direct and circumstantial, for the jury to rely on. First, the neighbor saw Rouse coming from the 

direction of Hopson’s open window. She confirmed at a showup that the person she saw was 

Rouse. She also identified Rouse in the courtroom as the person she saw cross her lawn. 

Finally, Rouse admitted to police to being in the area to see Hopson.
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Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the State, and drawing reasonable 

inferences in the State’s favor, this evidence is enough to determine that the jury could have 

found the State proved each element beyond a reasonable doubt. Farnsworth, 185 Wn.2d at 775. 

We therefore hold that the evidence was sufficient for conviction.

We hold that Rouse’s counsel was not ineffective because there was no showing of 

prejudice affecting the jury’s determination. We hold that the DOSA statute is not 

unconstitutionally vague and that it does not create a constitutionally protected liberty interest. 

Finally, we hold that sufficient evidence supports conviction. Accordingly, we affirm.

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

____________________________

Worswick, P.J.

_____________________________

Melnick, J.

_____________________________

Cruser, J.