[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 19-14733

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 5:18-cr-00074-MTT-CHW-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

RONNIE LEE HUGHES, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Georgia

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(October 15, 2020)

Before BRANCH, BRASHER, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Ronnie Hughes appeals his conviction for possession of a firearm by a 

convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). Because the 

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jury convicted shortly after the district court placed an alternate juror, Hughes argues 

that the district court erred in failing to inquire sua sponte into whether the jurors 

had begun deliberations anew after the alternate joined the jury. On the facts of this 

case, the length of the jurors’ deliberations is unremarkable and, ultimately, 

irrelevant. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

We presume familiarity with the factual and procedural history and describe 

it below only to the extent necessary to address the issues raised in this appeal.

Hughes was indicted on charges of knowingly possessing two firearms that 

had been shipped and transported in interstate commerce as a convicted felon in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). At trial, the district court informed 

the jury that the parties had stipulated that Hughes was previously convicted of a 

felony and that Hughes knew of his prior conviction. The government then presented 

its case over the course of two-and-a-half hours. The government called four 

witnesses. 

The first witness was a confidential informant. He testified that he had been a 

confidential informant for the past eighteen years. One day, while he was doing 

yardwork for Hughes, Hughes invited him into his house, showed him two firearms, 

and asked him if he knew someone who might be interested in purchasing them. The 

informant later contacted the local officers and arranged a firearms sale with Hughes. 

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The government admitted into evidence texts between Hughes and the informant 

with pictures of the firearms and prices. The day after Hughes sent the texts, the 

officers arrested him en route to the informant’s house for the sale.

The second witness was the officer who bought the firearms from Hughes.

After the informant contacted him, the purchasing officer confirmed that Hughes 

was a convicted felon and helped the informant set up a controlled buy of the 

firearms. While in the officer’s presence, the informant called Hughes to discuss the 

sale and Hughes stated that “he is a convicted felon, and that the buyers better not 

be cops.” When the officers arrested Hughes, they found firearms in his car that 

matched the firearms in the photos Hughes sent to the informant. 

Another officer testified as the government’s third witness. He stated that 

while Hughes was in the officer’s car, Hughes asked, “Why are you taking my 

guns?” The government’s fourth and final witness was an ATF special agent who 

identified two of the seized firearms as having been manufactured outside of 

Georgia. The government then rested its case.

Hughes called only one witness, his mother-in-law. She provided no useful 

information.

After Hughes rested, the court charged the jury, including the alternates, and 

instructed the jury to begin deliberations. During deliberations, the jury submitted to 

the court three questions about the interstate-commerce element of Section 

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922(g)(1). First, the jury asked, “Are we finding on possession or interstate 

commerce?” Second, whether “federal possession with interstate commerce [is] 

different than non-federal possession by a felon.” And third, what is the statute “on 

interstate commerce.” The court responded to each question by referring the jury to 

the instruction regarding the facts that the government had to prove.

The jury then stated that they were “unable to come to an agreement at this 

time” and the court instructed them to continue deliberating. One of the jurors then 

sent the court a note that said the jury had reached a verdict of guilty and he was the 

only holdout because he “refuse[d] to vote guilty because of the way the law is 

written.” The parties agreed to have the court ask the juror for an explanation. The 

juror responded, “It’s pretty simple really. I know that he’s guilty,” but “[t]he 

problem I have is with ... the interstate commerce part of it” because “I cannot see 

them being charged with interstate commerce ... when it may have been just the next

door neighbor that had already bought it, [and who] either gave it to him or sold it 

to him.” The juror further stated that “just about every gun in the country comes 

from some state other than Georgia.” The government, defense counsel, and the 

court interpreted this statement to be a disagreement with the law. The court

dismissed the juror without objection.

The district court summoned the remaining jurors to the courtroom and put 

the first alternate on the jury. Because the newly appointed juror had not been with 

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the jurors from the beginning of their deliberations, the court instructed the 

reconstituted jury to begin their deliberations from the start. Fifteen minutes later,

the jury returned a guilty verdict. The district court discharged the jury, and the 

defense neither lodged an objection nor requested to poll the jurors.

The court sentenced Hughes to 210 months of imprisonment and five years of 

supervised release. Hughes timely appealed.

DISCUSSION

Hughes does not challenge the district court’s decision to replace the juror 

with an alternate, only the district court’s failure to make sure that the jury began to 

deliberate anew after the alternate was placed. Specifically, Hughes argues that the 

district court violated his Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury when it did not 

inquire into whether the jury had begun deliberations anew when it returned a verdict 

less than fifteen minutes after an alternate was added. The government responds that 

the district court instructed the jury to begin deliberations anew and courts must 

presume that the jury followed instructions. The government further notes that this 

Court has never required deliberations to last a specific amount of time. We agree 

with the government and affirm.

We review whether a defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights were violated de 

novo. United States v. Terry, 60 F.3d 1541, 1543 (11th Cir. 1995). But we review 

for plain error where, as here, a claim is unpreserved, even if that claim is a

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constitutional one. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Simmons, 961 F.2d 183, 

185 & n.1 (11th Cir. 1992). Under plain error review, the defendant must 

demonstrate that: (1) there was an error; (2) the error was plain; (3) the error affects 

his substantial rights; and (4) “the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or 

public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 

1291, 1298 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted). 

The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant the right to an 

impartial jury. “The jury must determine guilt solely on the basis of the evidence 

presented at trial and the court’s instructions as to the applicable law.” United States 

v. Siegelman, 640 F.3d 1159, 1182 (11th Cir. 2011). We presume that the jury was 

impartial and followed the district court’s instructions. Id. at 1182, 1184.

We have admonished district courts that they should be reluctant to invade the 

sanctity of the jury’s deliberation room and should “err on the side of too little 

inquiry as opposed to too much.” United States v. Abbell, 271 F.3d 1286, 1304 n.20 

(11th Cir. 2001). This reluctance extends to the length of deliberations, and we have 

never set a precise length of time that a jury must deliberate in a criminal case. See 

Armstrong v. Dugger, 833 F.2d 1430, 1434 (11th Cir. 1987) (“A defendant’s right 

to due process is not violated when the jury deliberates for a short period of time 

because the empaneled jury is of one mind before beginning deliberations.”). And it 

is neither “suspicious, questionable, [n]or remarkable” when a jury returns a verdict 

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within twenty minutes in a straightforward case. Kimes v. United States, 242 F.2d 

99, 101 (5th Cir. 1957) (all facts undisputed except defendant’s alibi). Standing 

alone, a short period of deliberations does not show prejudice. See United States v. 

Annamalai, 939 F.3d 1216, 1222 (11th Cir. 2019) (“The jury’s quick deliberation 

and straight-ticket conviction on all charges give us some pause, but we presume 

that juries will follow the instructions given by the district court.”).

No error occurred in permitting the newly reformed jury to return a verdict in 

fifteen minutes, and even if there were error, it was not plain. That the jury 

deliberated for a relatively short period of time after the alternate juror was placed 

is unremarkable. The jury was presented with a straightforward case. Under Sections 

922(g) and 924(a)(2), the government needed to prove that Hughes knew he was a 

felon and knowingly “possess[ed] in or affecting commerce, any firearm or 

ammunition.” All of the evidence clearly indicated Hughes’s guilt on each element 

of the government’s case. Hughes stipulated that he was a felon. He admitted that he 

was a felon on a phone call. He texted pictures of firearms with prices to the 

informant. Upon arrest, he asked the officer why he was taking his guns. The ATF 

special agent testified that the guns were manufactured outside of Georgia. There is 

also no indication that the district court failed to take steps to prevent the alternate

juror from learning extrinsic information, and the court instructed the jury to begin 

deliberations anew. Absent any evidence to the contrary, we assume that the jury 

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followed this instruction. United States v. Acevedo, 141 F.3d 1421, 1426–27 (11th 

Cir. 1998).

Hughes cites to Peek v. Kemp, but Peek says nothing about whether a district 

court’s failure to inquire into the jury’s relatively short deliberations was error. Peek

was a habeas case addressing the level of inquiry constitutionally necessary to 

replace a juror. 784 F.2d 1479, 1481 (11th Cir. 1986) (en banc). In Peek, the trial

court received the consent of both parties to replace a juror after the juror became 

too ill to proceed. Id. at 1482. Fifteen to thirty minutes later the jury reached a verdict 

of guilty. Id. at 1482 n.2. The parties later learned that the ill juror was the only not 

guilty vote. Id. at 1482. We held that the record supported the fact that the juror was 

too ill to continue, even though the district court neither instructed the jury to begin 

deliberations anew nor questioned the juror before dismissing him, so there was no 

constitutional violation. Id. at 1484–85. We found no error in Peek, and we noted 

the short time of deliberations only in a footnote. Peek does not support Hughes’s 

argument at all.

Because there was no error, plain or otherwise, and Hughes was not 

prejudiced, we need not address the fourth element of our plain error review. 

CONCLUSION

The district court is AFFIRMED.

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