# Patent

## Title
Methods of forming earth-boring tools having features for affecting cuttings flow

## Abstract

Methods of forming earth-boring tools include assembling a plurality of head sections about a longitudinal axis to form a bit body, rotatably mounting a cutter to a cutter bearing shaft of each head section, and forming at least one groove on an outer surface of a bit leg of at least one head section, causing the at least one groove to extend along a curved path from a leading side of the bit leg to a trailing side of the bit leg between an upper sidewall and a lower sidewall.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/169,962, filed Jul. 9, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,918,292, issued Apr. 5, 2011, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by this reference in its entirety.


TECHNICAL FIELD
Embodiments of the invention relate generally to earth-boring tools, such as rotary drill bits, and, particularly, to earth-boring tools having features for affecting the flow of drilling fluid and formation cuttings past the tools during drilling, and to methods of forming such tools.
BACKGROUND
In drilling bore holes in subterranean earth formations by the rotary method, drill bits fitted with one or more cutters are conventionally employed. For example, rolling cutter or “rock bits” that include three rolling cutters or cones may be employed. The drill bit is secured to the lower end of a drill string, which may be rotated from the surface using a rotary table or top drive, from within the bore hole using a downhole motor or turbine, or using a combination of drive systems. The rolling cutters mounted on the drill bit roll and slide on and across the exposed surface of the formation at the bottom of the bore hole as the bit is rotated, crushing and scraping away the formation material. Cutting elements in the form of inserts or integrally formed teeth are provided on the exterior surface of the rolling cutters and the weight-on-bit (WOB) applied thereto forces the cutting elements on the rolling cutters to penetrate and gouge the formation.
During drilling, drilling fluid is pumped down the bore hole through the drill string to the drill bit. The drilling fluid passes through an internal longitudinal bore (or plenum) within the drill bit and through other fluid conduits or passageways within the drill bit to nozzles that direct the drilling fluid out from the drill bit at relatively high velocity. The nozzles may be directed toward the rolling cutters and cutting elements thereon to clean formation cuttings and detritus from the cutters and prevent “balling” of the drill bit. The nozzles also may be directed past the rolling cutters and toward the bottom of the bore hole to flush cuttings and detritus off from the bottom of the bore hole and up the annulus between the drill string and the bore hole wall.
In inclined and horizontal bore holes, the cuttings that are flushed from the bottom of the well bore may gravitate to the lower side of the annulus where they accumulate in a layer or bed of mud and cuttings. The thickness of this cuttings bed may vary depending on the inclination of the bore hole, the rotational speed of the drill bit and the ability of the nozzles and drilling fluid to flush the cuttings. The exterior surfaces of the drill bit must rotate through this bed of abrasive cuttings that can cause the surfaces of the drill bit to wear, and may eventually lead to failure of the drill bit. In addition, the outer surfaces of the drill bit (e.g., the legs of a roller cone drill bit) form a large, smooth bearing surface that, in an inclined bore hole, causes the drill bit to ride up or sit on the cuttings bed. As the bit rides up on the cuttings bed, the entire bit can become wedged between the cuttings bed and the opposing wall of the bore hole, resulting in increased torque and drag against the drill bit surfaces. This increase in torque and drag reduces the power delivered to the drill bit and can, in extreme cases, cause the drill bit to become stuck in the bore hole. Furthermore, formation cuttings that are preferentially extruded through the narrow, open space between the rolling cutters and the bit legs that support them can damage the seals that are positioned between the rolling cutters and the bearing shafts that extend from the bit legs and on which the rolling cutters are mounted.
It is known in the art to apply a layer of hardfacing over portions of the exterior surfaces of the drill bit to protect the bit against abrasive wear. As used herein, the term “hardfacing” means any material or mass of material that is applied to a surface of a separately formed body and that is relatively more resistant to wear (abrasive wear and/or erosive wear) relative to the material of the separately formed body at the surface. Conventional hardfacing includes hard particles, such as sintered, cast, or macrocrystalline tungsten carbide, dispersed in a metal or metal alloy matrix material. Such hardfacing materials are conventionally applied to the surfaces of a drill bit using a flame-spray process or a welding process.
Various attempts have been made to improve the flow of formation cuttings upward in the bore hole and to reduce the accumulation of formation cuttings between the rolling cutters and the bit legs. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,182,162 to Beuershausen et al., the disclosure of which patent is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference, discloses drill bits that are configured to reduce the damaging effects of formation cuttings. However, as the lifespan of rolling cutters and drill bits employing rolling cutters continues to grow, the accumulation of formation cuttings over time can eventually damage the bearing seals between the rolling cutters and the bearing shafts on which they are mounted.
BRIEF SUMMARY
Various embodiments of the present invention are directed toward earth-boring bits comprising a bit body, a rotatably mounted cutter, and at least one groove region. The bit body may comprise a plurality of head sections joined together about a longitudinal axis. The at least one groove region may be formed in or on a laterally outer surface of at least one of the head sections, which may also be characterized as a radially outer surface. The at least one groove region may comprise an upper edge and a lower edge extending in a generally oblique orientation, which may also be characterized as a generally helical orientation across the at least one head section from a rotationally leading side thereof to a trailing side thereof. The at least one groove region may be configured to allow the flow of cuttings underneath the legs of the drill bit and divert the cuttings axially upward and across the at least one head section when the bit is rotated to drill an earth formation in an inclined bore hole.
Additional embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods of forming earth-boring bits. The methods comprise assembling a plurality of head sections about a longitudinal axis to form a bit body. Each head section of the plurality of head sections may comprise a cutter bearing shaft depending therefrom and a cutter may be rotatably mounted to the cutter bearing shaft. At least one groove may be formed on a laterally outer surface of at least one of the plurality of head sections and, more specifically, on a laterally outer surface of a leg portion thereof. The at least one groove may extend from a rotationally leading side to a rotationally trailing side of the at least one head section and may comprise an upper sidewall and a lower sidewall.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevation view of an embodiment of an earth-boring bit of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an elevation view of an embodiment of a head section of the invention.
FIG. 3A is a partial cross-sectional view taken along section line 3-3 of the head section shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 3B is a partial cross-sectional view like that of FIG. 3A illustrating an additional embodiment of a head section of the invention.
FIG. 4 is an elevation view of yet another embodiment of a head section of the present invention that includes more than one groove region.
FIG. 5 is an elevation view depicting a leading side of a head section according to one embodiment.
FIG. 6 illustrates an elevation view of an embodiment of an earth-boring bit in which at least two of the head sections include a bit leg comprising at least one groove region at different heights than the groove region on the other bit leg.
FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate an elevation view of individual head sections, which may be assembled to comprise a bit body including three head sections similar to the bit body shown in FIG. 6.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The illustrations presented herein are, in some instances, not actual views of any particular drill bit or portion of a drill bit, but are merely idealized representations, which are employed to describe the present invention. Additionally, elements common between figures may retain the same numerical designation.
In some embodiments, the present invention includes earth-boring bits comprising one or more head sections having one or more grooves therein for directing formation cuttings over an outer surface thereof along a selected, predefined path. FIG. 1 is an elevation view of an embodiment of an earth-boring bit 10 of the present invention. Earth-boring bit 10 includes a bit body 12 having threads 14 at its upper longitudinal end for connection to a drill string (not shown). The bit body 12 may comprise a plurality (e.g., three) of head sections 16 (which are separated by the dotted lines in FIG. 1) that are welded together concentrically about a longitudinal axis 17 during fabrication of the earth-boring bit 10, threads 14 then being machined in the conical upper shank region of the bit body 12. Two of the head sections 16 are visible from the perspective shown in FIG. 1, and for the purpose of convenience while describing each head section 16, only a single head section 16 is shown in FIGS. 2 through 5.
Each head section 16 comprises a head section body or upper section 18 nearest threads 14 (which are cut after assembly of the three head sections 16) and a bit leg 20 depending therefrom. Each upper section 18 of earth-boring bit 10 may be provided with a lubricant compensator 22. At least one nozzle 24 may be provided in bit body 12 for directing pressurized drilling fluid from within the drill string to flush cuttings and cool earth-boring bit 10 during drilling operation. A cutter or cone 26 is rotatably secured to a bearing shaft 40 (FIG. 5) of each respective bit leg 20 of bit body 12. By way of a non-limiting example, bit 10 has three cones 26, one of the three cones 26 being obscured from view in FIG. 1. Each cone 26 has rows of cutting elements 32. Cutting elements 32 may comprise teeth machined in the exterior of the cone body. Alternatively, the cutting elements 32 may comprise tungsten carbide inserts pressed into holes drilled in the surface of the cone body. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 1, a groove region 44 and a ridge region 50 may extend across an outer surface 42 of each bit leg 20, as discussed in further detail below.
FIG. 2 is an elevation view of an embodiment of a head section 16 of the present invention. Each bit leg 20 includes a rotationally leading side 36 and a rotationally trailing side 38. Leading side 36 is the side that generally first encounters the subterranean material in the bore hole being drilled due to the direction of rotation of the bit 10. Each bit leg 20 has an outer surface 42, and the outer surfaces 42 of the bit legs 20 of the bit 10 collectively define at least part of a circumferential outer surface of the bit 10 when all of the head sections 16 are assembled together to form the earth-boring bit 10. The outer surfaces 42 of each bit leg 20 may be machined to a relatively smooth finish, and may be sized and configured such that they do not extend radially outward beyond the radially outward-most point on each of the cones 26 (FIG. 1).
As shown in FIG. 2, the outer surface 42 of each bit leg 20 may comprise several different areas or regions. For example, the outer surface 42 may comprise a first shirttail region 62, a second ridge region 50, a third groove region 44, and a fourth upper region 60. FIG. 3A is a partial cross-sectional view taken along section line 3-3 of the head section 16 shown in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 3A, the shirttail region 62, ridge region 50, the groove region 44, and the upper region 60 may be located at differing average radial distances from the longitudinal axis 17 of the bit 10. For example, the upper region 60 may be located at an average radial distance D1 from the longitudinal axis 17 of the bit 10, the groove region 44 may be located at an average radial distance D2 from the longitudinal axis 17 of the bit 10, the ridge region 50 may be located at an average radial distance D3 from the longitudinal axis 17 of the bit 10, and the shirttail region 62 may be located at an average radial distance D4 from the longitudinal axis 17 of the bit 10. In some embodiments, the average radial distance D2 may be less than each of the average radial distances D1, D3, and D4 such that the groove region 44 is, or comprises, a groove extending along the outer surface 42 of the bit leg 20, and the average radial distance D3 may be greater than each of the average radial distances D1, D2, and D4, such that the ridge region 50 is, or comprises, a ridge extending along the outer surface 42 of the bit leg 20 adjacent to and longitudinally below the groove region 44.
As shown in FIG. 3A, in some embodiments, the outer surface 42 of the bit leg 20 may be generally smooth and continuous, and differing thicknesses of hardfacing 52 may be applied to the outer surface 42 of the bit leg 20 in upper region 60, groove region 44, ridge region 50 and shirttail region 62 so as to define the differing average radial distances D1, D2, D3, and D4. By way of example and not limitation, the groove region 44 may comprise a first region of hardfacing material, the upper region 60 may comprise a second region of hardfacing material, the shirttail region 62 may comprise a third region of hardfacing, and the ridge region 50 may comprise a fourth region of hardfacing. Each region may comprise the average radial distance as described above.
As shown in FIG. 3B, in additional embodiments, the outer surface 42 of the bit leg 20 may be shaped and configured (e.g., machined) to form the shirttail region 62, ridge region 50, groove region 44, and upper region 60, and a layer of hardfacing 52 having substantially uniform thickness may be applied to the outer surface 42 of the bit leg 20 so as to define the differing average radial distances D1, D2, D3, and D4. For example, groove region 44 may comprise a depression or channel formed into the outer surface 42. The one or more groove regions 44 and/or ridge regions 50 may be formed into the outer surface 42 of the bit leg 20 by conventional methods as are known in the art. By way of example and not limitation, the outer surface 42 may be machined to form groove region 44 and/or ridge region 50. For example, the outer surface 42 may be ground, milled, or otherwise machined to form the upper region 60, groove region 44, ridge region 50, and shirttail region 62. Another non-limiting example includes forming the groove region 44 and/or ridge region 50 by forging or casting the head section 16 in a mold to define the features of the groove region 44, ridge region 50, upper region 60, and shirttail region 62.
In embodiments in which the groove region 44 is formed into the outer surface 42, the outer surface 42, including the groove region 44, may be covered by hardfacing 52. If the ridge region 50 is formed into the outer surface 42, the ridge region 50 may also be covered by the hardfacing 52. In other embodiments, an additional layer of abrasive material may be disposed to form the ridge region 50.
Referring again to FIG. 2, the groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 may divert formation cuttings over and past the bit leg 20 during drilling in a manner that reduces torque and drag as well as wear to the earth-boring bit 10. In other words, a lower edge 48 that is formed at the intersection between the groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 provides a wall that may aid in diverting drilling fluid and/or cuttings upward and away from the cutters. The groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 may extend from the leading side 36 in a generally helical direction to the trailing side 38 of the bit leg 20. In other words, the groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 may extend from the leading side 36 in a direction that is oriented at an angle to both a longitudinal plane (not shown) comprising the longitudinal axis 17 of the bit 10 and a transverse plane (not shown) oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 17 of the bit 10. The groove region 44 may be defined between an upper edge 46 and a lower edge 48.
In some embodiments, the groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 each may begin at the front edge or rotationally leading side 36 with the lower edge 48 beginning in or proximate the shirttail region 62. At the leading side 36, the groove region 44 may be configured so that there is little or no lip (FIG. 5), thereby allowing cuttings to freely flow into the groove region 44.
As shown in FIG. 2, on the rotationally leading side 36 of the bit leg 20, the groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 may extend toward the trailing side 38 in a general direction parallel to a plane 64 oriented at a first acute angle 66 relative to the longitudinal axis 17. By way of example and not limitation, the first acute angle 66 may be between about 10° and about 45°. As the groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 progress from the leading side 36 toward the trailing side 38, the upward angle of the groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 may gradually curve to become more shallow. On the rotationally trailing side 38 of the bit leg 20, the groove region 44 and the ridge region 50 may extend toward the trailing side 38 in an average direction parallel to a plane 68 oriented at a second acute angle 70 with the longitudinal axis 17 that is greater than the first acute angle 66. By way of example and not limitation, the second acute angle 70 may be between about 20° and about 80°.
In additional embodiments of the invention, the bit legs 20 may not include both a groove region 44 and a ridge region 50. For example, the bit legs 20 may include only a groove region 44 and not a ridge region 50, or the bit legs 20 may include only a ridge region 50 and not a groove region 44.
In some embodiments, substantially all of the outer surface 42 of the bit legs 20 may be covered with hardfacing 52. By way of example and not limitation, hardfacing 52 may be disposed over substantially the entire upper region 60, and may extend upward from the upper edge 46 to proximate the lubricant compensator 22. Hardfacing 52 also may be disposed over the groove region 44, the ridge region 50, and substantially over the remaining shirttail region 62 (including over and around any ball bearing plug).
Referring to FIG. 4, in yet further embodiments, the bit legs 20 may comprise two or more groove regions 44 and/or ridge regions 50. In such embodiments, a ridge region 50 may extend along and below each groove region 44. In other words, the lower edge 48 of each groove region 44 may be at least partially defined by a ridge region 50. For example, a ridge region 50′ may extend along and below a groove region 44′, and a ridge region 50′′ may extend along and below a groove region 44′′. The groove regions 44′, 44′′ may extend from the leading side 36 to the trailing side 38 in a manner similar to that described above with reference to an embodiment having a single groove region 44 and a single ridge region 50, such as that illustrated in FIG. 2. In additional embodiments, the bit legs 20 may comprise more than two groove regions 44 and/or ridge regions 50. Furthermore, the bit legs 20 may have an equal number of ridge regions 50 and groove regions 44, or the bit legs 20 may have a different number of ridge regions 50 than groove regions 44.
FIG. 5 is an elevation view depicting the rotationally leading side 36 of a head section 16. As shown therein, a portion of the leading side 36 may include a layer or a bead of hardfacing 52. The hardfacing 52 may be disposed over a lower portion 72 of the leading side 36, as well as along an outer edge 74 of leading side 36 to prevent excessive wear along the leading side 36. The hardfacing 52 disposed over the lower portion 72 and along the outer edge 74 of the leading side 36 may be configured so that there is little or no lip at the entrance to the groove region 44 to allow cuttings to enter into the groove region 44 without obstruction.
In embodiments comprising more than one groove region 44 and/or more than one ridge region 50, the groove regions 44 and/or ridge regions 50 may be defined using differing thicknesses of hardfacing 52 applied to the outer surface 42, as previously described with reference to FIG. 3A, or the groove regions 44 and/or ridge regions 50 may be defined by machining the outer surface 42 of the bit legs 20 and providing a substantially uniform layer of hardfacing 52 material over the outer surface 42 of the bit legs 20.
By way of example and not limitation, the hardfacing 52 may be disposed on the outer surface 42 of the bit legs 20 by conventional means including flame spray processes and welding processes.
In operation, the earth-boring bit 10 is rotated on the end of a drill string and cones 26 are placed in contact with subterranean features in a bore hole. As pieces of the subterranean formation are cut from the bottom surface of the bore hole, those cuttings are mixed with the drilling fluid and caused to flow through groove region 44 along the outer surface 42, which may reduce accumulation of cuttings between the cones 26 and the bit leg 20.
FIG. 6 illustrates an elevation view of an embodiment of an earth-boring bit 10 in which at least two of the head sections 16 include a bit leg 20 comprising at least one groove region 44 extending across the outer surface 42 thereof. The at least one groove region 44 on one bit leg 20 may be positioned at a height 76 (FIGS. 7A-7C) differing from the height 76 of the at least one groove region 44 on at least one other bit leg 20. The height 76 is generally shown as the height of a generally central flow axis 78 (FIGS. 7A-7C) from the lower portion of the shirttail region 62. Although the head sections 16 in this embodiment may be configured similar to the head sections 16 described above with relation to FIGS. 2-4, including a groove region 44 as well as a ridge region 50, this embodiment is not so limited. Indeed, head sections 16 in this embodiment may also comprise a groove region 44, which does not include a ridge region 50 as well as any other configurations known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate an elevation view of individual head sections, which may be assembled to comprise a bit body including three head sections similar to the bit body shown in FIG. 6. Each head section 16 may comprise at least one groove region 44 extending across the outer surface 42 of the head sections 16, each groove region 44 being positioned at a height 76, which differs from the height 76 on each of the other head sections 16. The groove region 44 on each head section 16 may extend generally helically across the outer surface 42. In some embodiments, the head sections 16 may be positioned so that a first head section may comprise a groove region 44 located generally in a lower portion of the bit leg 20, such as that illustrated in FIG. 7A. By way of example and not limitation, the groove region 44 in the first head section 16 may be positioned generally in a lower one-third portion of the bit leg 20. The rotationally following or second head section 16 may be configured with a groove region 44 located generally central on the bit leg 20, such as illustrated in FIG. 7B. In some embodiments, the groove region 44 in the second head section 16 may be positioned at a height 76 such that at the rotationally leading side 36 of the bit leg 20, the groove region 44 of the second head section 16 may be generally aligned with the rotationally trailing side 38 of the groove region 44 of the first head section 16. Similarly, a third head section 16 rotationally following the second head section 16 may include a groove region 44 located generally in an upper portion of the bit leg 20, such as illustrated in FIG. 7C. By way of example and not limitation, the groove region 44 in the third head section 16 may be positioned generally in an upper one-third portion of the bit leg 20. In some embodiments, this groove region 44 in the third head section 16 may be positioned at a height 76 such that at the rotationally leading side 36 of the bit leg 20, the groove region 44 of the third head section 16 may be generally aligned with the rotationally trailing side 38 of the groove region 44 of the second head section 16.
In embodiments employing the pattern described above with relation to FIGS. 7A-7C, the combination of groove regions 44 on each of the circumferentially spaced head sections 16 may form a generally helical path for cuttings to flow around the outer circumference of the bit body 12 (FIGS. 1 and 6). Such a configuration may direct the cuttings upward (as the bit is positioned during drilling) and out from the bore hole as the earth-boring bit 10 is rotated in the bore hole. The flow of cuttings upward and outward from the bore hole may reduce the thickness of the cuttings bed, or may substantially eliminate such a cuttings bed.
Although the embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 6-7C describe the groove regions 44 having a sequential increase in height 76 from bit leg 20 to bit leg 20, it should be understood that the invention is not so limited. Indeed, in some embodiments comprising at least one groove region 44 on a plurality of bit legs 20, one bit leg 20 of the plurality of bit legs 20 may have at least one groove region 44 at a height 76 which is any one of higher, lower or equal to the height 76 of the at least one groove region 44 on the rotationally preceding bit leg 20 of the plurality of bit legs 20.
While the present invention has been described herein in relation to embodiments of earth-boring drill bits that include roller cones, other types of earth-boring tools including those employing roller cones or fixed cutters (such as polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters) or a combination thereof in the form of a so-called “hybrid” tool in the form of, for example, core bits, eccentric bits, bicenter bits, reamers, mills, and other such structures employing a rotational movement to remove formation material as known in the art may embody teachings of the present invention and may be formed by methods that embody teachings of the present invention, and, as used herein, the term “body” encompasses bodies of earth-boring roller cone bits, as well as bodies of other earth-boring tools including, but not limited to, core bits, eccentric bits, bicenter bits, reamers, mills, rotary drill bits, as well as other drilling and downhole tools. By way of example and not limitation, embodiments of the present invention may be provided on gage pads of fixed-cutter, PDC rotary drill bits.
Furthermore, while certain embodiments have been described and shown in the accompanying drawings, such embodiments are merely illustrative and not restrictive of the scope of the invention, and this invention is not limited to the specific constructions and arrangements shown and described, since various other additions and modifications to, and deletions from, the described embodiments will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the scope of the invention is only limited by the literal language, and equivalents, of the claims that follow.

## Claims

1. A method of forming an earth-boring tool, comprising:
assembling a plurality of head sections about a longitudinal axis to form a bit body, each head section of the plurality of head sections comprising a bit leg and a cutter bearing shaft depending from the bit leg;
rotatably mounting a cutter to the cutter bearing shaft of each head section of the plurality of head sections;
forming at least one groove on an outer surface of the bit leg of at least one head section of the plurality of head sections, comprising:
disposing a first region of hardfacing material over a groove region of the bit leg;
disposing a second region of hardfacing material over an upper region of the outer surface of the bit leg;
disposing a third region of hardfacing material over a shirttail region of the outer surface of the bit leg; and
causing the first region of hardfacing material to have an average thickness that is less than an average thickness of the second region of hardfacing material and an average thickness of the third region of hardfacing material; and

causing the at least one groove to extend along a curved path from a leading side of the bit leg to a trailing side of the bit leg between an upper sidewall and a lower sidewall.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising disposing a fourth region of hardfacing material over a ridge region of the bit leg extending adjacent to and below the groove region of the bit leg, and causing the fourth region of hardfacing material to have an average thickness that is greater than the average thickness of the second region of hardfacing material and the average thickness of the third region of hardfacing material.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one groove further comprises:
machining a recess in an exterior surface of the bit leg, the recess extending from the leading side of the bit leg to the trailing side of the bit leg; and
disposing the first region of hardfacing material in the recess.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
machining the exterior surface of the bit leg to form a ridge extending adjacent to and below the recess, and
disposing the third region of hardfacing material over the ridge.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one groove comprises forming at least one groove on an outer surface of the bit leg of at least two of the plurality of head sections, the at least one groove on the at least two of the plurality of head sections being at differing heights on the outer surface of the bit leg.