In the Missouri Court of Appeals

Eastern District

DIVISION TWO

MICHELLE R. LEAVITT, ) No. ED101040

and )

KEVIN T. WINKLER, )

)

Petitioners/Appellants, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

) of Franklin County

vs. ) 09AB-CC00368

)

GUS and FATMIRA KAKADIARIS, ) Honorable David L. Hoven

)

Defendants/Respondents. ) FILED: December 23, 2014

OPINION

Michelle R. Leavitt (Leavitt) and Kevin T. Winkler (Winkler) (collectively referred to as 

Buyers) appeal from the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Gus and Fatmira 

Kakadiaris (collectively referred to as Sellers) on Buyers’ claims related to the purchase of a 

house (the House). We reverse and remand.

Factual and Procedural Background

In November 2004, Buyers and Sellers entered into a contract (the Contract) for the sale 

of the newly-constructed House for the purchase price of $275,000. The Contract included a 

subsection entitled “INSPECTIONS, DISCLAIMERS, AND WARRANTIES” that stated, 

“Failure by Buyer to have an inspection within [the inspection period] shall constitute a waiver 

and acceptance of any conditions an inspection would have disclosed.” Buyers did not have a 

home inspection performed. The Contract also included a subsection entitled “SPECIAL 
2

AGREEMENTS,” which referred to an attached exhibit, Exhibit A. Exhibit A provided in part

that Sellers would provide Buyers with $6,000 of credits toward the purchase of landscaping and 

appliances, would “initiate and follow through with the repair of a water leak located in the area 

of the basement below the garage,” and would “provide a 1 year builders warranty beginning on 

the date of closing.” 

In December 2004, prior to closing on the sale of the House, Buyers conducted a “walk 

through” of the House. Buyers noticed a leak from the garage was causing water to puddle in the 

basement below the garage. The Buyers could see streak marks on the walls indicating that the 

water had run down the walls. Buyers and Sellers specifically addressed the leak in an 

amendment to the Contract: 

Seller[s] will have leak repaired after closing. Work will be done no later than 

April 1, 2005. Attempt to repair leak from inside garage will be done first. If first 

attempt is unsuccessful[,] Seller will attempt a fix from outside replacing entire 

section(s) of concrete pad(s) closest to garage if damaged.

 

A second amendment to the Contract provided:

Seller[s] will no longer give a credit for landscaping $5,000 and appliances 

$1,000. Seller[s] to give credit at closing to Buyers of $6,000 for closing 

costs/pre paids, etc.

Buyers and Sellers agreed that the credit at closing would be used to address “some of the issues 

[Buyers] had pointed out from [their] walk through.” Buyers and Sellers signed the amendments

to the Contract and closed the sale of the House on December 30, 2004. 

In February 2005, Buyers moved into the House. Leavitt came to the conclusion that the 

House was a “lemon” because it had a lot of “issues, including structural issues.” Buyers had 

difficulty “trying to reach [Sellers] to get things taken care of,” so Buyers made a video of the 

House to document the problems. Buyers noticed numerous defects to the House that were 

unrelated to the leak from the garage into the basement. The alleged defects included: water 
3

flooding from the street into the front and side yard of the House instead of flowing into the 

storm drain; an improperly constructed and sinking sidewalk to the House; cracks in the drywall 

corners of the interior of the House; improperly installed and leaking plumbing in the main floor 

half bath; an improperly installed countertop and backsplash that pulled away from the wall; an 

incorrectly anchored kitchen wall that moved in a “floating manner”; improperly mounted and 

installed cabinets; an improperly installed electrical system with incorrect, lighter-gauge wiring 

and reversed polarity in some parts of the House; and an improperly constructed basement or 

foundation such that large cracks developed in the basement floor and caused mold to form. 

Buyers asked Sellers to correct the problems, but Sellers did not repair the leak from the garage 

into the basement or correct any of the other defects. 

On December 31, 2009, Buyers filed their eight-count petition against Sellers alleging 

that Sellers had breached the implied warranty of a new home to be fit for its intended purpose; 

had committed negligence per se; had breached the implied warranties of habitability and 

construction in a skillful and workmanlike manner; had breached their express agreement to 

repair the leak from the garage into the basement; had fraudulently misrepresented, negligently 

misrepresented, and failed to disclose the defects in the House with the intent to deceive, 

defraud, and induce Buyers to purchase the House; and had violated the Missouri Merchandising 

Practices Act. Buyers requested the court to award damages or rescind the sale of the House. 

Sellers initially filed a motion to dismiss Buyers’ petition on the ground that the petition 

failed to state a cause of action. Following argument, the trial court denied Sellers’ motion to 

dismiss, finding that the petition, on its face, stated a cause of action. The trial court further 

found that it would consider whether Buyers’ claims were barred by the statute of limitations if 

Sellers filed a motion for summary judgment asserting such an argument. 
4

Sellers subsequently filed their motion for summary judgment, memorandum of law in 

support of the motion, and statement of uncontroverted material facts. Sellers alleged that they 

were entitled to judgment as a matter of law because Buyers did not have a home inspection 

performed and, under the terms, of the Contract, waived and accepted any conditions an 

inspection would have disclosed. Sellers also alleged that they were entitled to summary 

judgment because the statute of limitations governing Buyers’ claims had run given that Buyers 

“were put on notice of possible defects with the construction on or before December 30, 2004,” 

which was the closing date of the Contract, but Buyers did not file their petition until December 

31, 2009, more than five years after Buyers’ cause of action accrued. 

Buyers thereafter filed their response and memorandum in opposition to Sellers’ motion

for summary judgment. Buyers argued that their claims were not barred by the statute of 

limitations because (1) the amendment to the Contract expressly stated that Sellers would fix the 

leak from the garage into the basement by no later than April 1, 2005, so the statute of limitations 

on that claim did not begin to run until that date; and (2) the other unrelated defects in the House 

were latent defects that could not have been ascertained prior to living in the House for a period 

of time. Buyers argued that their claims regarding the latent defects in the House were not 

waived under the terms of the Contract due to the Buyers’ failure to perform an inspection 

because a genuine issue of fact existed as to whether an inspection would have disclosed the 

defects and Sellers had not provided an expert opinion in support of their motion for summary 

judgment indicating that the defects would have been disclosed. Leavitt’s affidavit was attached 

to Buyers’ memorandum in opposition to the motion for summary judgment. Leavitt attested 

that she had personal knowledge of the defects to the House that would not have been noticed 

upon an inspection of the House and that Sellers breached the amendment to the Contract 
5

regarding repairing the leak from the garage into the basement by failing to repair the leak no 

later than April 1, 2005. 

The trial court called and heard Sellers’ motion for summary judgment and took the 

matter under advisement. The trial court later entered summary judgment in favor of Sellers, 

finding that Buyers’ response opposing Seller’s motion for summary judgment failed to comply 

with Rule 74.04(c) because it cited no evidence in the record and included only Leavitt’s 

affidavit, which failed “to rely on information that is either not hearsay or which is within 

affiant’s personal knowledge, and[,] therefore, is incompetent to refute the allegations of fact 

made by [Sellers].” The trial court further found that all facts contained in Sellers’ statement of 

uncontroverted material facts were deemed true, that there existed no genuine issue of material 

fact, and that summary judgment in favor of Sellers was proper. The trial court found that 

Buyers knew the leak from the garage into the basement was a problem, that the Contract 

contained a provision granting Buyers the right to have an inspection performed but they did not 

have an inspection performed, that the Contract stated the failure to have an inspection 

performed constituted a waiver of the defects the inspection would have disclosed, and that

Buyers knowingly signed the Contract and expressly waived all warranties, express or implied. 

The trial court concluded that all counts of Buyers’ petition were barred by the statute of 

limitations, Section 516.1201

, which requires a plaintiff to commence an action within five years 

after the cause of action accrued, because the petition was filed one day late. 

This appeal followed.

 1 All statutory references are to RSMo 2000, as amended, unless otherwise indicated.
6

Standard of Review

Whether the trial court's grant of summary judgment was proper is a question of law that 

we review de novo. Todd v. Missouri United School Ins. Council, 223 S.W.3d 156, 160 (Mo. 

banc 2007); ITT Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-America Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 

376 (Mo. banc 1993). Summary judgment is proper when the movant establishes that there is no 

genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Rule 

74.04(c); Todd, 223 S.W.3d at 160. This Court will affirm a summary judgment under any 

theory supported by the record; however, where it is unclear from the summary judgment record 

that a basis exists for the grant of summary judgment, this Court will reverse. Jordan v. Peet, 

409 S.W.3d 553, 557 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013). “An abundance of caution must be exercised in 

granting a motion for summary judgment because it is an extreme and drastic remedy that 

borders on the denial of due process because the opposing party is denied its day in court.” 

Jordan, 409 S.W.3d at 557 (internal quotations omitted).

Where the defending party is the movant, it may establish a right to judgment by showing 

one or more of the following: (1) facts negating any one of the non-movant’s elements facts; (2) 

that the non-movant, after an adequate period of discovery, has not been able and will not be able 

to produce evidence sufficient to allow the trier of fact to find the existence of any one of the 

non-movant’s elements; or (3) that there is no genuine dispute as to the existence of each of the 

facts necessary to support the movant's properly-pleaded affirmative defense. ITT, 854 S.W.2d 

at 381. The movant bears the burden of establishing a legal right to judgment flowing from facts 

about which there is no genuine dispute; however, we review the record in the light most 

favorable to the party against whom summary judgment was entered. Id. at 376; State ex rel. 

Mahn v. J.H. Berra Const. Co., Inc., 255 S.W.3d 543, 545-46 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008). We take as 
7

true the facts set forth by affidavit or otherwise in support of the moving party's motion unless 

contradicted by the non-moving party’s response. Ehrhardt v. Herschend, 294 S.W.3d 58, 59 

(Mo. App. S.D. 2009). We accord the non-moving party the benefit of all reasonable inferences 

from the record. Id., 294 S.W.3d at 59. Furthermore, where competent materials in the record 

show there are two plausible but contradictory accounts of the necessary facts, there exists a 

genuine issue for trial. Risher v. Farmers Ins., 200 S.W.3d 84, 88 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006).

Analysis

For ease of reading and clarity of analysis, we have addressed Buyers’ points on appeal 

out of the order in which they were presented and have combined some of the points and 

arguments on appeal.

Leavitt’s Affidavit Supporting Buyers’ Response Opposing the Motion for Summary Judgment

In their fifth point, Buyers claim the trial court erred in striking Leavitt’s affidavit in 

support of Buyers’ opposition to Sellers’ statement of uncontroverted fact on the ground that it 

was based on Leavitt’s personal knowledge. Buyers argue that the only evidence Sellers relied 

on in their motion for summary judgment also was Leavitt’s knowledge. Buyers further argue 

that Leavitt’s affidavit “fully responds to [Sellers’] Statement of Uncontroverted Material Facts,” 

as required by Rule 74.04. 

Sellers counter argue that Buyers’ response improperly relied upon Leavitt’s affidavit 

because the affidavit did not contain information to which Leavitt would have been competent to 

testify at trial or that was within Leavitt’s personal knowledge and relied on hearsay.

A motion for summary judgment must be supported by an attached statement of 

uncontroverted material facts that states with particularity in separately numbered paragraphs 

each material fact as to which the movant claims there is no genuine issue, with specific 
8

references to the pleadings, discovery, exhibits or affidavits that demonstrate the lack of a 

genuine issue as to such facts. Rule 74.04(c)(1). Attached to the statement shall be a copy of all 

discovery, exhibits or affidavits on which the motion relies. Id. 

A response to the motion for summary judgment shall set forth each statement of fact in 

its original paragraph number and immediately thereunder admit or deny each of movant's 

factual statements. Rule 74.04(c)(2). A denial may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials 

of the party’s pleading. Id. Rather, the response shall support each denial with specific 

references to the discovery, exhibits or affidavits that demonstrate specific facts showing that 

there is a genuine issue for trial. Id. “A response that does not comply with Rule 74.04(c)(2)’s 

requirements with respect to any numbered paragraph in movant’s statement is an admission of 

the truth of that numbered paragraph.” Jordan, 409 S.W.3d at 558.

Here, Sellers’ statement of uncontroverted material facts recounted that Buyers had filed 

their petition alleging eight counts against Sellers related to the purchase of the House. Sellers’ 

statement of uncontroverted facts also asserted that: (1) Buyers conducted a “walk-through” of 

the House prior to closing the Contract; (2) Buyers’ discovered that the room in the basement 

underneath the garage had a leak that allowed in large amounts of water; (3) Buyers had stated it

would be obvious to anyone who entered the room that there was a problem; (4) Buyers had first 

viewed the House in October or November of 2004, and the pillars on the front porch were of the 

same size and condition as they were at the time the motion for summary judgment was filed; (5) 

Buyers’ had signed the Contract, which provided them the right to have a home inspection 

performed within a specific timeframe; (6) Buyers never had a home inspection performed; (7) 

the language of the Contract provided that the failure to have an inspection performed constituted 

a waiver of the defects that the inspection would have disclosed; (8) Buyers closed the Contract 
9

for the sale of the Home on December 30, 2004, with full knowledge of the issue with the room 

in the basement; and (9) the Contract signed by Buyers expressly waived all warranties, express 

or implied. In the remaining paragraphs numbered 25 through 32 of Sellers’ statement of 

uncontroverted facts, Sellers argued that each of the eight counts in Buyers’ petition failed to 

state a claim upon which relief could be granted because each claim was barred by the statute of 

limitations, Section 516.120. To support their statement of uncontroverted facts, Sellers attached 

Buyers’ petition, the depositions of Leavitt and Winkler, a copy of the Contract, a copy of the 

HUD Settlement Statement issued at the closing of the Contract, and a copy of the video Buyers 

had made to document the defects to the House. 

Buyers subsequently filed their opposition to Sellers’ statement of uncontroverted facts 

specifically admitting or denying Sellers’ assertions of fact in the corresponding original 

paragraph number. In paragraph 25, which corresponded to paragraph 25 of Sellers’ statement 

of uncontroverted facts regarding the statute of limitations, Buyers stated:

This assertion is one of law, but to the extent a response is required, 

[Buyers] deny same. This cause was tolled under [Section] 516.100 in that when 

there is more than one item of damage, the action is tolled until the last item of 

damage is sustained so that all damages may be recovered. Here, numerous 

issues have come to light over the period in which [Buyers] have occupied the 

[House].

Paragraph 25 included 10 sub-paragraphs specifically describing the defects in the House. 

Paragraph 25 cited Leavitt’s affidavit for support. Paragraphs 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, and 32 stated, 

“[s]ee response to para. 25.” Paragraph 28 stated:

See response to para. 25. Further, [Sellers] agreed as follows:

Seller will have leak repaired after closing. Work will be done no later than April 

1, 2005. Attempt to repair leak from inside of garage will be done first. If first 

attempt is unsuccessful Seller[s] will attempt to fix from outside replacing entire 

sections(s) of concrete pads(s) closest to garage if damaged.
10

Paragraph 28 cited Sellers’ exhibit containing the amendment to the Contract and Leavitt’s 

affidavit for support. 

Although Sellers argue that Buyers’ responses were inadequate, even if we were to find 

that Buyers failed to properly respond to Sellers’ motion for summary judgment and all of 

Sellers’ factual assertions should be deemed admitted, the motion for summary judgment still 

must be denied if Sellers’ factual assertions were not sufficient to entitle them to judgment as a 

matter of law. See Jordan, 409 S.W.3d at 558. In their statement of uncontroverted material 

facts, paragraphs 25 through 32 asserted that all eight counts of Buyers’ petition failed

to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, in that the sale of the home was 

finalized on December 30, 2004, but the Petition was not filed until December 31, 2009. 

As such, [Buyers’] cause of action is barred by the statute of limitations contained in Mo. 

Rev. Stat. [Section] 516.120, which requires a plaintiff to commence an action within 

five (5) years after the cause of action accrued. Said Petition was filed one (1) day late, 

and therefore is barred.

However, Sellers’ specific references to evidence from the summary judgment record to support 

their presumption that the statute of limitations had run before Buyers’ filed their petition was 

insufficient. Seller’s presumption regarding the statute of limitations was a legal conclusion, not

an assertion of fact, and was not binding on Buyers or the trial court. See Jordan, 409 S.W.3d at 

560. “A conclusion must be supported by factual allegations that provide the basis for that 

conclusion, that is, facts that demonstrate how or why the conclusion is reached.” Id. (internal 

quotation omitted). These “uncontroverted facts” do not on their face require the legal 

conclusion that the statute of limitations had run. It was Sellers’ obligation to demonstrate their 

entitlement to summary judgment, yet their motion failed to specifically address how or why the 

statute of limitations began to run on December 30, 2004, in spite of the amendment to the 

Contract that expressly stated Sellers would repair the leak from the garage to the basement by 

April 1, 2005. In particular, Paragraph 11 of Seller’s statement of uncontroverted facts 
11

referenced their Exhibit A, which revealed that the Contract was signed by the parties on 

December 30, 2004, but also contained the amendment to the Contract that states Seller would 

repair the leak from the garage into the basement by April 1, 2005. The trial court could not 

have found as a matter of law that the statute of limitations began to run from December 30, 

2004, given these inconsistent “facts.” Therefore, even if Buyers’ response to Sellers’ motion

was inadequate, Sellers were not entitled to summary judgment because they failed to 

demonstrate their right to judgment as a matter of law. Point granted.

Sellers’ Affirmative Defenses

In their sixth point, Buyers claim the trial court erred in entering summary judgment in 

favor of Sellers because Sellers did not carry their burden of proving each element of their 

affirmative defenses raising statute of limitations and waiver of warranties. 

In Missouri, all actions upon contracts, obligations or liabilities, express or implied,

except those mentioned in Section 516.110, and except upon judgments or decrees of a court of 

record, and except where a different time is herein limited, must be brought within five years. 

Section 516.120(1).

Statute of limitations and waiver are affirmative defenses that must be raised in a party’s 

responsive pleading. Rule 55.08; Section 509.090. A pleading that sets forth an affirmative 

defense shall contain a short and plain statement of the facts showing that the pleader is entitled 

to the defense. Rule 55.08. 

“A party who moves for summary judgment on the basis of a statute of limitations bears 

the burden of showing that the statute bars the plaintiff’s claims.” State ex rel. Mahn v. J.H. 

Berra Const. Co., Inc., 255 S.W.3d 543, 546 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008), quoting White v. Zubres, 

222 S.W.3d 272, 274 (Mo. banc 2007). “Once the defending party establishes ‘the plaintiff’s 
12

claim would be barred by the statute of limitations, the plaintiff bears the burden of showing that 

he [or she] comes within an exception in the statute so as to avoid the application of the 

limitations period to the claim.’” J.H. Berra Const., 255 S.W.3d at 546, quoting White, 222 

S.W.3d at 274.

In Sellers’ motion for summary judgment, Sellers asserted that Buyers’ claims accrued on 

the date of the closing of the Contract: December 30, 2004. Sellers argued that “the alleged

damage was sustained and ascertainable when the home was delivered in its defective condition 

at the closing” of the Contract. Sellers also argued that Buyers had waived any claimed defects 

that a home inspection would have disclosed by not exercising their option to have a home 

inspection performed within the inspection period pursuant to the terms of the Contract. 

Here, Sellers did not meet their burden of showing that statute of limitations or waiver 

barred Buyers’ claims in their motion for summary judgment. First, the undisputed facts 

established that Sellers signed the Contract containing the amendment stating that Sellers would 

repair the leak from the garage into the basement no later than April 1, 2005, but Sellers did not 

make the repairs. We note this would have required Sellers to have drawn a legal conclusion that 

the waivers under the Contract overrode the amendment to the Contract for purposes of statute of 

limitations. Furthermore, Sellers failed to provide any evidence establishing that the other 

defects would have been discovered during a home inspection. Thus, under the circumstances of 

this case, Sellers failed to make adequate factual assertions to sufficiently support their 

affirmative defenses of statute of limitations and waiver as a matter of law. “Since summary 

judgment is a drastic remedy, it is inappropriate unless the prevailing party has shown by 

unassailable proof, from which no genuine issue of material fact or any controlling issue exists, 

that as a matter of law judgment should be entered in his favor.” Jordan, 409 S.W.3d at 561, 
13

quoting Bakewell v. Missouri State Employees’ Retirement System, 668 S.W.2d 224, 226 (Mo. 

App. W.D. 1984). Point granted.

Statute of Limitations and Waiver of Warranties

In their first, second, third, and fourth points on appeal, Buyers argue the trial court erred 

in entering summary judgment in favor of Sellers on the ground that all counts of Buyers’ 

petition were barred by the statute of limitations because (1) Buyers were unable to ascertain the 

nature of the House’s defects prior to moving in given that the defects were latent; (2) the statute 

of limitations was tolled under Section 516.100 in that multiple items of damage existed but 

were not ascertainable until after Buyers moved into the House; (3) given the terms of the 

amendment to the Contract, the statute of limitations did not run until after Buyers’ petition was 

filed; and (4) given that Sellers did not present any evidence of what defects an inspection might 

have found, Buyers did not knowingly waive any warranties, Buyers and Sellers did not have a 

meeting of the minds regarding a waiver of any warranties, and the Contract was ambiguous.

Given our analysis and conclusion to reverse the grant of summary judgment, we need 

not address these points. 

Conclusion

The trial court’s grant of summary judgment is reversed and remanded.

 _________________________________

 Mary K. Hoff, Judge

Sherri B. Sullivan, Presiding Judge and Philip M. Hess, Judge, concur.