FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

SEPT 12, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 07-12998

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 06-60237 CV-PAS

STUART WEITZMAN, LLC,

Plaintiff-CounterDefendant-Appellee,

versus

MICROCOMPUTER RESOURCES, INC.,

Defendant-CounterClaimant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

_________________________

(September 12, 2008)

Before ANDERSON, HULL and SILER, Circuit Judges. *

ANDERSON, Circuit Judge:

___________________

 Honorable Eugene Siler, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by * 

designation.
2

Microcomputer Resources, Inc. (“MCR”) appeals the district court’s grant

of summary judgment in favor of Stuart Weitzman, LLC (“Weitzman”) in this

declaratory judgment action, arguing both that the district court lacked subject

matter jurisdiction, and that summary judgment was inappropriate due to the

existence of genuine issues of material fact. We do not reach the merits of MCR’s

appeal because we conclude that the district court was without subject matter

jurisdiction to entertain Weitzman’s suit. Accordingly, we vacate the district

court’s order and remand this case with instructions to dismiss it for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction.

I. BACKGROUND

Weitzman is a designer, manufacturer, and seller of women’s shoes and

related fashion items. MCR is a company that provides computer software,

software programming, and related services. Weitzman hired MCR in the 1990s

to provide computer support and to design and create computer software. At first,

MCR performed services on Weitzman’s existing computer order management

system, but eventually Weitzman engaged MCR to replace that system. MCR then

created a new piece of order management software, modified Weitzman’s existing

order fulfillment software, and integrated the two systems, resulting in the piece of
3

custom software that is at issue in this case. Both parties agree that MCR owns

the copyright in this custom software, and both parties also agree that MCR has

never registered its copyright. 

For years, the parties operated pursuant to an oral agreement without

incident, but eventually the relationship deteriorated. On December 6, 2005, MCR

sent a letter to Weitzman, asserting, among other things, that 

[Weitzman] is not entitled to the use or possession of MCR’s

source code, explicitly or impliedly. Weitzman has the right to use the

software but it cannot be modified, changed or reverse engineered by

anyone. MCR must agree and consent, in writing, to any changes in this

regard. 

MCR retains and reserves 100% ofthe intellectual property rights

to all software developed by MCR.

A few months later, Weitzman filed this suit in federal court pursuant to the

Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§2201-2202, seeking a declaration that,

pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §117 of the United States Copyright Act, “Weitzman is the

rightful owner of a copy of custom computer software,” and that the company may

therefore “use, maintain, and/or modify its custom computer software” without

infringing MCR’s copyrights. (Compl. ¶19.)

 

II. DISCUSSION

Turning to the jurisdictional issue, we first discuss the appropriate analysis
4

of jurisdiction in the context of a declaratory judgment action. We then turn to

jurisdiction of a copyright infringement claim. Finally, we discuss whether

completely preempted state law claims can provide jurisdiction.

A. Jurisdiction Analysis in the Context of Declaratory Judgment

Of course, it is well established that the Declaratory Judgment Act does not,

of itself, confer jurisdiction upon federal courts. See, e.g., Household Bank v. JFS

Group, 320 F.3d 1249, 1253 (11th Cir. 2003); see also Aetna Life Ins. Co. v.

Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 240, 57 S. Ct. 461, 463 (1937) (“[T]he operation of the

Declaratory Judgment Act is procedural only.”). Rather, in the context of a

declaratory judgment action, “the normal position of the parties is reversed;

therefore, we do not look to the face of the declaratory judgment complaint in

order to determine the presence of a federal question.” Hudson Ins. Co. v. Am.

Elec. Corp., 957 F.2d 826, 828 (11th Cir. 1992). “Instead, this court must

determine whether or not the cause of action anticipated by the declaratory

judgment plaintiff arises under federal law.” Id. Our inquiry is thus “whether,

absent the availability of declaratory relief, the instant case could nonetheless have

been brought in federal court. To do this, we must analyze the assumed coercive

action by the declaratory judgment defendant.” Gulf States Paper Corp. v. Ingram,

811 F.2d 1464, 1467 (11th Cir. 1987), abrogated on other grounds by King v. St.
 Because the parties are not diverse, we must determine whether the anticipated cause of 1

action presents a federal question or arises under the Copyright Act. Furthermore, although

jurisdiction over federal questions is conferred by 28 U.S.C. §1331, and jurisdiction over

copyright cases is conferred separately by 28 U.S.C. §1338, we need not distinguish the two

sources of jurisdiction here because the only possible federal question suggested in this case

arises under the Copyright Act. 

 Section 117(a) reads as follows:

2

(a) Making of additional copy or adaptation by owner of copy. – Notwithstanding the

provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a

computer program to make or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of

that computer program provided:

(1) that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step

in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a

machine and that it is used in no other manner, or

(2) that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only and

that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that continued

possession of the computer program should cease to be rightful.

17 U.S.C. §117(a).

5

Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 217, 112 S. Ct. 570, 572 (1991); see also 22A Am.

Jur. 2d Declaratory Judgments §202 (2003). Federal question jurisdiction “exists

in a declaratory judgment action if the plaintiff has alleged facts in a well-pleaded

complaint which demonstrate that the defendant could file a coercive action

arising under federal law.” Household Bank, 320 F.3d at 1251 (emphasis added).1

In its complaint, Weitzman asserted that the district court possessed subject

matter jurisdiction because the action pertains to copyright and requires an

interpretation of 17 U.S.C. §117(a), a provision of the Copyright Act. On appeal,

2
6

Weitzman advances two types of coercive actions that MCR could bring that

would potentially support federal subject matter jurisdiction. First, Weitzman

argues that MCR could bring a copyright infringement suit. Second, Weitzman

argues that MCR could bring state law claims for breach of contract or conversion

that would be completely preempted by the Copyright Act. We address each type

of claim in turn.

B. Whether a Copyright Infringement Claim Can Provide Jurisdiction

The most logical reading of Weitzman’s declaratory complaint, which seeks

a declaration that Weitzman enjoys rights under §117(a) as an “owner of a copy of

a computer program,” suggests that Weitzman anticipates a copyright infringement

suit by MCR. After all, §117(a) specifically defines conditions under which “it is

not an infringement” to make a copy or adaptation of a computer program. 

§117(a) (emphasis added). 

Normally, of course, the district court would certainly have subject matter

jurisdiction over a copyright infringement claim. However, the Copyright Act

makes clear that “no action for infringement of the copyright in any United States

work shall be instituted until . . . registration of the copyright claim has been made

in accordance with this title.” 17 U.S.C. §411(a) (noting also that an infringement

action may be brought if application for a copyright has been made and denied). 
7

“The consensus among federal appellate courts is that the provisions of 17 U.S.C.

§ 411(a) are jurisdictional.” Walton v. United States, 80 Fed. Cl. 251, 260 (2008)

(collecting cases). More importantly, this circuit has held that §411(a)’s

“registration requirement is a jurisdictional prerequisite to an infringement suit.” 

M.G.B. Homes, Inc. v. Ameron Homes, Inc., 903 F.2d 1486, 1488 & n.4 (11th Cir.

1990). Thus, although courts have split over whether it is enough to have applied

for registration or whether registration must have been approved/denied before an

infringement suit may be maintained, see Walton, 80 Fed. Cl. at 260; La Resolana

Architects, PA v. Clay Realtors Angel Fire, 416 F.3d 1195, 1197 (10th Cir. 2005),

and although “a copyright exists the moment an original idea leaves the mind and

finds expression in a tangible medium,” La Resolana, 416 F.3d at 1198, the case

law is clear that only those copyright holders that at least apply to register their

copyrights may invoke the subject matter jurisdiction of the federal courts in an

infringement suit, id. at 1199. 

Because MCR has not applied for a copyright on the disputed software

program, much less received one or been denied one, the district court would lack

subject matter jurisdiction if MCR brought an infringement suit against Weitzman. 

Accordingly, because the Declaratory Judgment Act cannot, of itself, confer

jurisdiction upon the federal courts, and because MCR could not sustain an
 Weitzman points out that one district court reached a contrary conclusion, ruling in a 3

brief memorandum opinion that even though a copyright holder could not bring a federal

infringement action due to the fact that he had never registered the copyright, subject matter

jurisdiction still existed for an alleged infringer to file a declaratory suit. Application Sci. &

Tech., LLC v. Statmon Techs. Corp., No. 05 C 6864, 2006 WL 1430215, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 21,

2006). The court was apparently influenced by the fact that the copyright holder had filed a

claim in state court for infringement. However, the court rejected the argument that it lacked

jurisdiction because the copyright holder had not registered. The court said:

But can a party accuse another of infringement and prevent the alleged infringer from

seeking redress by failing to bring a coercive lawsuit? The answer is obviously “no”;

that is a reason for permitting declaratory judgment actions. We think that answer

pertains when the accuser seeks to prevent the alleged infringer from seeking redress

by failing to register the copyright.

 Id.

Other district courts, however, have staked out positions in line with our opinion today,

noting that because registration is a jurisdictional requirement for an infringement action, a

declaratory judgment suit seeking to establish “no infringement” cannot properly lie in federal

court if the relevant copyright has not been registered. E.g., Optovue Corp. v. Carl Zeiss

Meditec, Inc., No. C 07-2010 CW, 2007 WL 2406885, at *3-*4 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 20, 2007). The

Optovue court explicitly distinguished Application Science by noting that the Optovue copyright

holder had not filed an infringement suit. Id. at *4 (“[A]pprehension of infringement litigation is

too remote to support a claim under the [D]eclaratory [J]udgment [A]ct.”). Putting aside the

abbreviated and questionable reasoning of Application Science, the instant case is

distinguishable, just as Optovue was, in that no state court infringement action has been filed by

the holder of the unregistered copyright.

8

infringement action in federal court, we hold that such a hypothetical coercive

action cannot provide the district court with subject matter jurisdiction over

Weitzman’s declaratory suit.3

C. Whether Completely Preempted State Law Claims Can Provide

Jurisdiction

Weitzman posits that in addition to a possible infringement claim, MCR

might bring state law causes of action that would be completely preempted by the
 It is important to distinguish between “ordinary preemption” and “complete 4

preemption” (also called “field preemption”). In the context of federal removal jurisdiction, we

have explained the difference as follows:

Preemption is the power of federal law to displace state law substantively. The

federal preemptive power may be complete, providing a basis for jurisdiction in the

federal courts, or it may be what has been called “ordinary preemption,” providing

a substantive defense to a state law action on the basis of federal law.

More specifically, ordinary preemption may be invoked in both state and

federal court as an affirmative defense to the allegations in a plaintiff's complaint.

Such a defense asserts that the state claims have been substantively displaced by

federal law. However, a case may not be removed to federal court on the basis of a

federal defense, including that of federal preemption.

Complete preemption, on the other hand, is a doctrine distinct from ordinary

preemption. Rather than constituting a defense, it is a narrowly drawn jurisdictional

rule for assessing federal removal jurisdiction when a complaint purports to raise

only state law claims. It looks beyond the complaint to determine if the suit is, in

reality, “purely a creature of federal law,” even if state law would provide a cause of

action in the absence of the federal law. It transforms the state claim into one arising

under federal law, thus creating the federal question jurisdiction requisite to removal

to federal courts.

. . . The SupremeCourt has cautioned that complete preemption can be found

only in statutes with “extraordinary” preemptive force. 

Geddes v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 321 F.3d 1349, 1352-53 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal citations and

footnote omitted).

9

Copyright Act, thus supporting federal subject matter jurisdiction. At the outset,

we note that pursuant to the well-pleaded complaint rule, any state law claim

brought by MCR would not support federal subject matter jurisdiction unless the

claim is completely preempted, even if §117(a) provides an affirmative defense

that arises under federal law, and even if federal law governs MCR’s hypothetical

state law claims pursuant to “ordinary preemption.”4

Although our circuit has not decided whether the Copyright Act has such
 The cases applying the complete preemption doctrine ask (1) whether the particular 5

work falls within the type of works protected by the Copyright Act under 17 U.S.C. §§102 and

103 (the subject matter requirement); and (2) whether the claim seeks to vindicate rights that are

equivalent to one of the bundle of exclusive rights of a copyright holder protected by 17 U.S.C.

§106 (the general scope requirement). See Briarpatch, 373 F.3d at 305. In evaluating the second

prong, courts ask whether the state law claim has “extra elements that make it qualitatively

different from a copyright infringement claim.” Id. Our Dunlap decision endorsed the two

pronged test, 381 F.3d at 1293-94, and we first endorsed the “extra element” test in Bateman v.

Mnemonics, Inc., 79 F.3d 1532, 1549 (11th Cir. 1996); see Foley, 249 F.3d at 1285 (noting that

Bateman adopted the test); see also Lipscher v. LRP Publ’ns, Inc., 266 F.3d 1305, 1311-12 (11th

Cir. 2001) (applying the test). 

10

complete preemptive effect, four other circuits have held that at least some state

law claims are preempted by the Copyright Act such that federal subject matter

jurisdiction exists over the claim under the complete preemption doctrine. See

Santa-Rosa v. Combo Records, 471 F.3d 224, 226-27 (1st Cir. 2006); Ritchie v.

Williams, 395 F.3d 283, 285-87 (6th Cir. 2005); Briarpatch Ltd., L.P., v. Phoenix

Pictures, Inc., 373 F.3d 296, 303-05 (2d Cir. 2004); Rosciszewski v. Arete

Assocs., Inc., 1 F.3d 225, 230-33 (4th Cir. 1993); see also Dunlap v. G&L Holding

Group, Inc., 381 F.3d 1285, 1289-91, 1293-98 (11th Cir. 2004) (suggesting that

the Copyright Act might have complete preemptive effect under some

circumstances); Foley v. Luster, 249 F.3d 1281, 1287-88 (11th Cir. 2001) (same).5

In this case, we need not decide whether to follow our four sister circuits

and hold that the Copyright Act has complete preemptive effect. Before

explaining why we need not decide that in this case, a brief note describing
11

complete preemption is appropriate. The Supreme Court, in Beneficial National

Bank v. Anderson, noted that complete preemption occurs when the preemptive

force of the federal statute is “so powerful as to displace entirely any state cause of

action.” 539 U.S. 1, 7, 123 S. Ct. 2058, 2062 (2003) (quoting Franchise Tax Bd.

v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Tr., 463 U.S. 1, 23-24, 103 S. Ct. 2841, 2853

(1983)). In holding that the National Bank Act had complete preemptive effect,

the Court held: 

In actions against national banks for usury, these provisions supersede

both the substantive and the remedial provisions of state usury laws and

create a federal remedy for overcharges that is exclusive, even when a

state complainant, as here, relies entirely on state law. Because §§ 85

and 86 provide the exclusive cause of action for such claims, there is, in

short, no such thing as a state-law claim of usury against a national

bank. 

Id. at 11, 123 S. Ct. at 2064. Thus, if as Weitzman argues, the Copyright Act has

complete preemptive effect, then the state law causes of action that Weitzman

postulates are simply displaced, and substituted therefor would be the exclusive

federal cause of action.

As we noted above, a logical reading of Weitzman’s complaint suggests that

it anticipates that the hypothetical coercive action that MCR could file would be a

copyright infringement suit, or if a state law claim, would be a state law claim that

sounds in the nature of an infringement action. Because of the nature of complete
 We note that this circuit has allowed injunctive relief to be sought prior to registration 6

in one unusual circumstance. In Pacific & Southern Co. v. Duncan, 744 F.2d 1490, 1499 & n.17

(11th Cir. 1984), the copyright holder, a television station, registered its copyright, filed an

infringement suit, and was awarded a rather small damage recovery. In the situation there

involving an infringement of a registered work, a continuing series of original works created with

predictable regularity, and a substantial likelihood of future infringements, the court held that an

injunction against infringement of related future works was permissible even though the future

works were of course not registered. Id. Notwithstanding their specific opportunity to identify

any potential hypothetical coercive action that MCR might bring, Weitzman did not suggest an

infringement action seeking only injunctive relief. Accordingly, we deem any such argument as

having been abandoned. Moreover, the instant situation would not seem analogous to the

Duncan case in any event.

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preemption, as described above, if such a state law claim is completely preempted, 

the state law claim would be entirely displaced, and substituted therefor would be

the equivalent federal claim – i.e., a copyright infringement claim. However, as

we have held above, the district court would be required to dismiss such a federal

copyright infringement claim for lack of jurisdiction. Because MCR has never

applied for registration of its copyright, and because of the jurisdictional nature of

§411, the district court would have no jurisdiction over such an infringement

claim. 

This panel’s supplemental briefing instructions to the parties specifically

noted the possibility that we would hold that such a copyright infringement claim

would be barred in this manner, and specifically gave Weitzman an opportunity to

identify some other hypothetical coercive cause of action that MCR could bring

that would raise a federal question and provide federal question jurisdiction.6
 However, we note that all of the circuit court decisions holding that the Copyright Act 7

has complete preemptive effect have involved infringement claims or claims of ownership of a

copyright. And we note that ownership of a copyright encompasses the exclusive rights set out

in §106.

13

In its supplemental briefing, Weitzman identified two possible hypothetical

coercive actions that MCR could bring – i.e., a state law breach of contract claim

and a state law conversion claim. Weitzman’s supplemental briefing attempts to

establish three propositions: first, that such state law claims would be completely

preempted; second, that when such preemption thus displaces the state law claim,

there would remain a federal claim arising under the Copyright Act; and third, that

such federal claim would be a claim arising under the Copyright Act other than an

infringement claim so as to avoid the jurisdictional bar of §411. 

For purposes of this appeal, we can assume arguendo, but we expressly do

not decide, that the two state law causes of action identified by Weitzman would

be completely preempted and displaced by a federal cause of action arising under

the Copyright Act. Similarly, we need not decide in the instant case whether in

some other case there might be a federal cause of action arising under the

Copyright Act which would both have complete preemptive force and also be

sufficiently different in nature from an infringement suit so as to avoid the bar of

§411. 

7
 Section 117(a) provides: “[I]t is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a 8

computer program to make or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that

computer program” under certain limited conditions. 

14

We need not decide whether in the abstract there might be such a copyright

cause of action other than an infringement action because in this particular case we

can be assured that the hypothetical coercive action by MCR that Weitzman’s

particular complaint anticipates is an action in the nature of an infringement

action. We know this because Weitzman “seeks a declaratory judgment and

related relief pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 117 of the United States Copyright Act,”

(Compl. ¶3), and seeks a declaration that Weitzman is “the rightful owner of a

copy of the computer software . . . pursuant to §117” and “is therefore authorized

to use, maintain and/or modify said custom computer software” pursuant to §117

without constituting an infringement, (Compl. ¶19). In other words, the crux of

Weitzman’s complaint seeks to have the court declare Weitzman’s rights pursuant

to §117. However, the only rights provided for by §117 are in the nature of certain

limited defenses to an infringement suit that accrue to an owner of a copy of a

copyrighted computer program. Because the only rights that Weitzman seeks to 8

have declared are in the nature of defenses to an infringement suit, it follows that

the only hypothetical coercive action by MCR that is contemplated by this

particular complaint is a suit in the nature of an infringement suit. Thus, we know
15

that for this particular declaratory judgment complaint, any state law cause of

action that would be displaced pursuant to the doctrine of complete preemption

would be replaced by a federal copyright infringement action. 

Of course, we have already held that the district court would not have

subject matter jurisdiction over such an infringement action. Accordingly, the

district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Weitzman’s declaratory action,

which merely seeks to establish an affirmative defense to such a hypothetical

claim by MCR.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the district court lacked subject matter

jurisdiction over Weitzman’s declaratory judgment action. Although we recognize

that our holding may place alleged infringers of unregistered copyrights in an

awkward position – i.e., they cannot seek a federal declaratory judgment to clear

up whether their actions are infringing even though the copyright holder threatens

future infringement litigation – we nonetheless are bound by the law of this

circuit. We cannot overlook the jurisdictional nature of §411(a)’s registration

requirement. Notwithstanding the unfortunate position of potential defendants

who are accused of infringing an unregistered copyright, the law remains clear that
 Although the issue is not before us, and we express no opinion thereon, it is of course

9

possible that a party in the shoes of MCR would be estopped from claiming any infringement

damages prior to its registration. Moreover, we note that a three-year statute of limitation serves

to limit the recovery period for each distinct act of infringement, Peter Letterese & Assocs., Inc.

v. World Inst. of Scientology Enters., Int’l, 533 F.3d 1287, 1320 n.39 (11th Cir. 2008), and

furthermore, laches may provide an equitable defense even to timely filed infringement actions

under extraordinary circumstances, id. at 1320-21.

Finally, declaratory relief in state courts may be possible. For example, the supplemental

briefs in this appeal reveal strong arguments both for and against complete preemption. Of

course, we express no opinion in this regard. We simply suggest that the plight of an alleged

infringer may not be bad as Weitzman suggests in light of the possibilities mentioned here, and

others that creative lawyers might suggest.

16

the Declaratory Judgment Act does not independently create subject matter

jurisdiction, and federal courts are without jurisdiction to hear infringement claims

unless the disputed copyright has been registered.

9

Accordingly, we VACATE the district court’s order and REMAND with

instructions to dismiss this case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

VACATED and REMANDED.