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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 

Docket No. 41912

IRWIN RYAN RAY ADAMS,

 Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

STATE OF IDAHO,

 Respondent.

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Boise, December 2014 Term

2015 Opinion No. 32

Filed: March 19, 2015

Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk

Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho, 

Jerome County. Hon. John K. Butler, District Judge

District court order dismissing post-conviction petition, affirmed.

Sara B. Thomas, Idaho State Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. 

Jason C. Pintler, Deputy Appellate Public Defender, argued.

Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Idaho Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. John 

C. McKinney, Deputy Attorney General, argued.

__________________________________

BURDICK, Chief Justice

The Idaho Supreme Court granted a petition for review of a Court of Appeals decision in 

this case. Irwin Ryan Ray Adams appealed the Jerome County district court’s decision 

summarily dismissing his post-conviction relief petition, which the Idaho Court of Appeals 

affirmed. Adams asserts that the district court erroneously: (1) weighed the State’s accident 

reconstruction expert’s trial testimony against Adams’s accident reconstruction expert’s

affidavits; (2) reached its own conclusions as to purported flaws in Adams’s accident 

reconstruction expert’s conclusions; and (3) wrongfully determined that even if Adams’s

accident reconstruction expert’s testimony would have been presented at trial, it would not have 

changed the outcome of the case. Adams also contends that the district court erred when it 

dismissed the claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present 

evidence that Adams’s vehicle was incapable of going the speeds the State alleged during trial.

Accordingly, Adams asks this Court to vacate the district court’s order summarily dismissing his 
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post-conviction relief petition and remand the case back to the district court for an evidentiary 

hearing. We affirm the district court’s decision. 

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On October 24, 2009, Irwin Ryan Ray Adams (“Adams”) lost control of his vehicle while 

traveling at a high rate of speed and crashed. Adams’s best friend, who was in the passenger seat, 

died from injuries he sustained in the accident. The State subsequently charged Adams with 

felony vehicular manslaughter. The State contended that Adams drove with gross negligence by 

driving 108 miles per hour (mph) in a 50 mph zone trying to chase down another vehicle, which 

resulted in Adams crashing his vehicle and killing his friend. Adams entered a not guilty plea on 

June 28, 2010, and the trial began on March 9, 2011.

Two attorneys represented Adams in the underlying case. Dan Taylor (“Taylor”), who

represented Adams before trial, retained Carl Cover (“Cover”), an accident reconstruction expert. 

Taylor gave Cover photographs of the roadway where the accident occurred, interviews of 

Adams’s family members, and the Idaho State Police (“ISP”) accident reconstruction report.

Cover subsequently presented his preliminary results to Taylor, which concluded that Adams 

was traveling between 70 and 75 mph when the accident occurred. However, Cover advised 

Taylor that he needed to see copies of all accident scene photographs the ISP took before he 

could finalize his findings as to Adams’s speed. Cover also informed Taylor that he needed to 

view Adams’s vehicle if Taylor intended to proceed with the theory that Adams lost control of 

his vehicle because another vehicle struck him from behind. In response, Taylor told Cover to 

finish the report and agreed to provide him with the additional photographs he requested. 

According to Cover, that was the last contact he had with Taylor despite Cover’s numerous 

attempts to reach him, and Cover never received the additional material he requested. Cover 

testified that from that point forward, he never had contact with anyone else acting on Adams’s

behalf.

Adams’s second counsel, Stacey Gosnell (“Gosnell”), took over Adams’s case after she 

and Taylor dissolved their legal partnership. On two separate occasions prior to trial, Gosnell

represented to the court that she had been in contact with Cover. First, at a continuance hearing, 

Gosnell informed the district court that Cover’s report was delayed because he was involved in 

another trial. Following yet another continuance, Gosnell advised the State and the district court 
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that after speaking to Cover on the phone, she decided she would not call Cover as a witness at 

trial. Gosnell never did call Cover as a witness at trial.

At trial, the State contended that on October 24, 2009, Adams was chasing his girlfriend 

who was in another vehicle at the time of the accident. The State argued that Adams was going 

approximately 108 mph when he lost control and rolled his vehicle, resulting in his passenger’s 

death. There were no witnesses to the accident other than individuals who came to the scene

shortly after the accident had already occurred. Sean Walker (“Walker”) and Denise Gibbs 

(“Gibbs”) of the ISP investigated the accident. They concluded that Adams’s vehicle hit a crest 

in the roadway and went airborne, leaving two parallel gouge marks approximately seven feet 

long where it touched down, beginning 77-80 feet from where the vehicle went airborne. The 

ISP investigation further revealed that Adams’s vehicle then slid for approximately 200 feet, 

where it left the roadway and traveled another 19 feet until it struck an irrigation ditch, which

caused the vehicle to roll and travel approximately another 138 feet to its final resting point. In 

all, Adams’s vehicle traveled approximately 578 feet from the time Adams lost control to the 

final resting point. Gibbs presented extensive testimony at trial regarding the report and the 

formula the ISP used to determine Adams’s speed. 

Adams argued at trial that someone in a white or gray Honda was chasing him at the time 

of the accident and that he was not traveling faster than 75 mph.1 Adams testified that he had not 

seen his girlfriend that day and that he and his friend left his house to purchase a fuel pump in 

Twin Falls when the Honda started following him and “pushing” him from behind.

2 Adams 

stated that he decided to go to the Jerome Police Department and that the last time he looked at 

his speedometer he was doing approximately 75 mph and the other vehicle was right on his tail.

Adams then testified that after that, he did not remember anything until after his car came to a 

rest. Adams’s theory was that the vehicle chasing him struck his vehicle from the rear, which 

caused him to lose control and crash. 

On March 11, 2011, the jury returned a guilty verdict on the felony vehicular 

manslaughter charge. Adams subsequently appealed his conviction. While his appeal was 

 1 Adams also testified that it was possible he could have been traveling faster than 75 mph when he lost control. 2 However, in his petition for post-conviction relief, Adams changed his story. There, Adams stated that his 

girlfriend used his car earlier that day to drive to her mother’s house and that he spoke with her at that time. Adams 

further stated that after his girlfriend returned to his house from her mother’s later that day, she and Adams’s sister 

got into an argument. Adams asserted that his girlfriend then called her mother to pick her up and that once she left 

Adams’s house with her mother, Adams and his friend got into Adams’s vehicle intending to follow his girlfriend. 
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pending, Adams filed a post-conviction petition. In that petition, Adams asserted several grounds 

for relief, including that his counsel was ineffective by failing to investigate and present evidence

that another vehicle was chasing Adams and that Adams could not have been traveling faster 

than 75 mph at the time of the accident. Adams filed several affidavits to support his petition, 

including affidavits from Cover, a mechanic, and Adams’s father. 

On December 12, 2011, the district court issued a notice of intent to dismiss, which 

pointed out several deficiencies in Adams’s petition that prevented the district court from 

granting Adams’s requested relief. Specifically, the district court found that Cover’s affidavit 

was conclusory and that Adams failed to present facts to show how Gibbs’s formula for 

calculating Adams’s speed was erroneous or unreliable. Moreover, the court pointed out that 

Adams’s family sold Adams’s vehicle before the State charged Adams and that although 

Adams’s father later recovered the motor, the rest of the vehicle was no longer available to 

inspect. The court reasoned that those facts created a presumption that the evidence would have

been unfavorable to Adams and that Adams could not argue his counsel was ineffective for

failing to present evidence of the vehicle’s mechanical difficulties when Adams’s own family 

destroyed the evidence. 

Adams subsequently filed a memorandum opposing the court’s notice of intent to dismiss

and several affidavits in support of that memorandum, including a supplemental affidavit from 

Cover. The district court found that Adams’s additional evidence did not cure the deficiencies in 

his claims and as a result, Adams failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact that would 

entitle Adams to his requested relief. The district court summarily dismissed Adams’s postconviction petition. Adams appealed the district court’s decision, arguing that there was a 

genuine issue of material fact as to whether he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to: (1) 

present Cover’s expert witness testimony; and (2) investigate and present evidence of Adams’s

motor’s mechanical issues. 

The Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s decision on the basis that Cover’s 

proffered testimony was conclusory and speculative and that neither Cover’s testimony nor the 

mechanic’s testimony created a reasonable probability that the jury’s verdict would have 

changed. Adams petitioned this Court for review. 
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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

On a petition for review, this Court gives serious consideration to the Court of Appeals’ 

views, but directly reviews the lower court’s decision. State v. Purdum, 147 Idaho 206, 207, 207 

P.3d 182, 183 (2009). A post-conviction petition under the Uniform Post-Conviction Procedure 

Act is a civil proceeding governed by the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure. Pizzuto v. State, 146 

Idaho 720, 724, 202 P.3d 642, 646 (2008). Therefore, an applicant must prove his or her 

allegations by a preponderance of evidence. Hauschulz v. State, 144 Idaho 834, 838, 172 P.3d 

1109, 1113 (2007); I.C.R. 57(c). Furthermore, admissible evidence supporting the applicant’s

allegations must accompany the post-conviction petition, otherwise the application is subject to 

dismissal. State v. Payne, 146 Idaho 548, 561, 199 P.3d 123, 136 (2008) (citing I.C. § 19-4903).

Idaho Code section 19-4906 authorizes trial courts to summarily dismiss post-conviction 

petitions pursuant to a party’s motion or upon the court’s own initiative. Summary dismissal of a 

petition is the procedural equivalent of summary judgment under I.R.C.P. 56. Payne, 146 Idaho 

at 561, 199 P.3d at 136. Therefore, summary dismissal is permissible only when the applicant 

fails to raise a genuine issue of material fact that, if resolved in the applicant’s favor, would 

entitle the applicant to the relief requested. Id. If the applicant presents a genuine issue of 

material fact, the trial court must conduct an evidentiary hearing. Id. “However, summary 

dismissal may be appropriate even where the State does not controvert the applicant’s evidence 

because the court is not required to accept either the applicant’s mere conclusory allegations, 

unsupported by admissible evidence, or the applicant’s conclusions of law.” Id.

When this Court reviews a district court’s summary dismissal of a post-conviction 

petition without a hearing, this Court must determine whether the pleadings, depositions, 

admissions, and affidavits on file create a genuine issue of fact. Id. “[W]here the evidentiary 

facts are not disputed and the trial court rather than a jury will be the trier of fact, summary 

judgment is appropriate, despite the possibility of conflicting inferences because the court alone 

will be responsible for resolving the conflict between those inferences.” Id. (quoting State v. 

Yakovac, 145 Idaho 437, 443, 180 P.3d 476, 482 (2008)). Moreover, the trial judge is not 

constrained to draw inferences in favor of the party opposing a summary judgment motion. 

Instead, “the trial judge is free to arrive at the most probable inferences to be drawn from 

uncontroverted evidentiary facts.” Id.
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III. ANALYSIS

Adams argues the district court erred by summarily dismissing his petition for postconviction relief because there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether he was 

prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to: (1) present Cover’s expert witness testimony at trial; and 

(2) investigate and present evidence of Adams’s motor’s mechanical condition. 

A. The district court did not err when it summarily dismissed Adams’s post-conviction 

petition. 

A post-conviction relief claim based on ineffective assistance of counsel will only avoid 

summary dismissal where the defendant establishes the existence of material issues of fact as to 

whether: (1) counsel’s performance was objectively deficient and; (2) the deficiency prejudiced 

the defendant’s case. Kelly v. State, 149 Idaho 517, 522, 236 P.3d 1277, 1282 (2010); Strickland 

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). 

Under the first prong of the Strickland analysis, the defendant bears the burden of

proving that “counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Aragon 

v. State, 114 Idaho 758, 762, 760 P.2d 1174, 1178 (1988) (emphasis omitted) (quoting 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). The appellate court presumes that trial counsel was competent “and 

that trial tactics were based on sound legal strategy.” State v. Porter, 130 Idaho 772, 792, 948 

P.2d 127, 147 (1997). Trial counsel’s tactical decisions cannot justify relief “unless the decision 

is shown to have resulted from inadequate preparation, ignorance of the relevant law or other 

shortcomings capable of objective review.” Payne, 146 Idaho at 561, 199 P.3d at 136. 

The second prong requires a defendant to “show that the deficient conduct so undermined 

the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied upon as having 

produced a just result.” Ivey v. State, 123 Idaho 77, 80, 844 P.2d 706, 709 (1992); see also 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 (The second prong “requires showing that counsel’s errors were so 

serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.”). We have

recognized that this is a “weighty burden” for a defendant to carry. Aragon, 114 Idaho at 764, 

760 P.2d at 1180. Indeed, a defendant must show a reasonable probability that the trial’s 

outcome would have been be different but for counsel’s deficient performance. State v. Row, 131 

Idaho 303, 312, 955 P.2d 1082, 1091 (1998). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient 

to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. 

It is not enough “to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of 

the proceeding.” Id. “Virtually every act or omission of counsel would meet that test, and not 
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every error that conceivably could have influenced the outcome undermines the reliability of the 

result of the proceeding.” Id. at 693. Indeed, we have recognized that to undermine confidence in 

the outcome, a plaintiff must show a substantial, not just conceivable, likelihood of a different 

result. Murray v. State, 156 Idaho 159, 164, 321 P.3d 709, 714 (2014). Therefore, 

a court hearing an ineffectiveness claim must consider the totality of the evidence 

before the judge or jury. Some of the factual findings will have been unaffected 

by the errors, and factual findings that were affected will have been affected in 

different ways. Some errors will have had a pervasive effect on the inferences to 

be drawn from the evidence, altering the entire evidentiary picture, and some will 

have had an isolated, trivial effect. Moreover, a verdict or conclusion only weakly 

supported by the record is more likely to have been affected by errors than one 

with overwhelming record support. Taking the unaffected findings as a given, and 

taking due account of the effect of the errors on the remaining findings, a court 

making the prejudice inquiry must ask if the defendant has met the burden of 

showing that the decision reached would reasonably likely have been different 

absent the errors.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695–96. Thus, to determine whether counsel’s errors prejudiced the trial’s

outcome, it is essential to compare the evidence actually presented to the jury with the evidence 

that may have been presented had counsel acted differently. Clark v. Arnold, 769 F.3d 711, 728 

(9th Cir. 2014). Courts must focus their inquiry on the fundamental fairness of the trial and 

whether the result is “unreliable because of a breakdown in the adversarial process that our 

system counts on to produce just results.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696.

The district court in this case concluded that there was “a triable issue of fact as to 

whether counsel for the petitioner was deficient and there [was] a prima facie showing as to the 

first element of ineffective assistance of counsel.” The parties do not challenge the court’s 

decision that Adams’s counsel’s representation was deficient. Rather, the parties focus on the 

court’s findings as to Strickland’s prejudice prong. Therefore, we confine our analysis to whether 

the district court erred in determining trial counsel’s performance did not prejudice Adams. 

1. There is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether trial counsel’s failure to present

Cover’s expert testimony prejudiced Adams. 

Adams argues that the district court erred when it determined that Adams failed to 

present admissible evidence sufficient to undermine the jury’s verdict. Specifically, Adams 

argues the district court erred twice: first, by finding that Cover’s proffered testimony was 

conclusory and speculative; and second, by finding that even if Cover’s testimony had been 

offered at trial, it would not have changed the jury’s verdict. Adams asserts that had the district 
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court conducted an evidentiary hearing, Cover would have explained his conclusion that Gibbs’s

calculations were wrong and that Adams was only traveling 75 mph at the time of the accident.

A post-conviction petition “must present or be accompanied by admissible evidence 

supporting its allegations, or the application will be subject to dismissal.” Payne, 146 Idaho at

561, 199 P.3d at 136; I.C. § 19-4903. Only expert opinions that are based upon a proper factual 

foundation are admissible at trial. Bromley v. Garey, 132 Idaho 807, 811, 979 P.2d 1165, 1169 

(1999). Expert opinion that is speculative, conclusory, or unsubstantiated by facts in the record is 

of no assistance to the jury in rendering its verdict, and is therefore inadmissible as evidence 

under I.R.E. 702. Coombs v. Curnow, 148 Idaho 129, 140, 219 P.3d 453, 464 (2009). Testimony 

is speculative when it “theoriz[es] about a matter as to which evidence is not sufficient for 

certain knowledge.” Karlson v. Harris, 140 Idaho 561, 565, 97 P.3d 428, 432 (2004). District 

courts may properly exclude expert opinion that merely suggests possibilities because it would 

only invite conjecture. Bromley, 132 Idaho at 811, 979 P.2d at 1169. 

In its notice of intent to dismiss, the district court found that Cover’s affidavit was 

deficient because it did not discuss how Cover reached his conclusions regarding Adams’s speed 

or upon what data Cover based his speed calculation. Adams submitted Cover’s supplemental 

affidavit in an attempt to cure the deficiencies and to provide further proof of what Cover would 

have testified to at trial. The district court concluded that Cover’s proffered testimony in his 

supplemental affidavit was speculative and conclusory. 

Adams argues that in reaching this decision, the district court erroneously weighed 

Cover’s affidavits against Gibbs’s testimony and concluded that Gibbs was correct. Adams also 

asserts that the district court applied the incorrect legal standard when it concluded an 

evidentiary hearing was not required. Adams contends that because there was disputed evidence 

as to Adams’s speed, the district court was required to construe the evidence and draw all 

reasonable inferences in Adams’s favor as the non-moving party. Instead, Adams argues, the 

district court erroneously weighed the evidence in the State’s favor and criticized the specifics of 

Cover’s conclusions. 

There is nothing in the record to indicate the district court “weighed Cover’s affidavits 

against Gibbs’s trial testimony” or that the district court “concluded that Gibbs was correct.” 

Instead, the district court reviewed Cover’s affidavits and ultimately determined that Cover’s 

proffered testimony was speculative and conclusory and the court implied that the testimony
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would have therefore been inadmissible at trial. Specifically, the district court noted that “Mr. 

Cover is of the opinion that it is unnecessary to view the accident scene to determine the location 

of the take-off point or to measure the launch angle; yet he opines that the ISP investigation is in 

error, without being able to say where the alleged error occurred.” Because Cover could not 

point to where the alleged error occurred in Gibbs’s calculations, but only opine that “an error 

did occur,” the district court concluded Cover’s opinions were conclusory and speculative, 

noting that such testimony would have been of no assistance to the jury and was therefore 

inadmissible evidence. That decision was within the district court’s discretion. Bromley, 132 

Idaho at 811, 979 P.2d at 1169 (“The admission of expert testimony is within the sound 

discretion of the trial court.”). 

The district court also applied the correct legal principles. After determining Cover’s 

opinions were conclusory and speculative, the district court then looked at the uncontroverted

facts of the case—namely, that Adams drove at such a rate of speed that when his vehicle hit a 

crest in the road it went airborne and traveled 80 feet before touching down, where it left sevenfoot gouge marks, slid another 200 feet, left the roadway, and struck an irrigation ditch, which 

caused the vehicle to roll another 138 feet to its final resting point, resulting in his passenger’s 

death. Based on these uncontroverted facts, the court determined that even if Cover’s testimony 

had been presented at trial, it would not have changed the jury’s verdict. Therefore, the district 

court essentially concluded that even viewing Cover’s testimony in the light most favorable to 

Adams, it still would not entitle Adams to his requested relief. Again, the district court was 

entitled to make such an inference. Loomis v. City of Hailey, 119 Idaho 434, 437, 807 P.2d 1272, 

1275 (1991) (“When an action is to be tried before the court without a jury, the judge is not 

constrained to draw inferences in favor of the party opposing a motion for summary judgment 

but rather the trial judge is free to arrive at the most probable inferences to be drawn from 

uncontroverted evidentiary facts.”). The district court applied the correct legal principles and we 

find no error in the court’s reasoning. 

After reviewing the facts and the record, we agree with the district court that Cover’s 

testimony was speculative and conclusory. Therefore, Cover’s testimony would have been 

inadmissible at trial. The following excerpts from Cover’s supplemental affidavit are relevant to 

our decision: 
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. . . Because airborne equations involve trigonometric functions, a small error in 

field data (especially at low launch angles) may produce a large error in the 

calculated speed results. The investigating officer’s report and calculations 

indicate an angle of 1.8 degrees was used for the take-off angle. The officer did 

not note in any of the material provided to me how the take-off angle was 

measured nor how the vertical fall distance was measured. There was also no 

indication of how a take-off point was established in order to measure an airborne 

distance . . . 

. . . .

. . . Without details concerning the exact measurements and procedures utilized by 

the investigating officers I cannot say where the error occurred in their airborne 

calculation, only that it is my opinion that an error did occur and given the 

roadway geometry and physical evidence available it is my expert opinion that an 

airborne evaluation error would be easy to make.

These averments, taken together with the rest of Cover’s affidavits, indicate that Cover criticized 

the ISP’s conclusion as to Adams’s speed based on a lack of information in the investigative 

reports. Thus, Cover relied on reports that he received months before trial rather than on Gibbs’s

trial testimony, which detailed the techniques and calculations Gibbs used to determine Adams’s

speed. Indeed, Gibbs testified at trial that the crest of the roadway north of the gouge marks was 

the only area of the roadway that could have been the “take-off point,” and that the take-off 

angle, or “launch angle,” was measured at the crest of the roadway with a digital level, which 

recorded a launch angle of 1.8 degrees. Gibbs then testified that she measured from where the 

level sat at the crest of the roadway to where the touchdown marks began to determine the 

distance the vehicle traveled from take-off to touch-down, which was 80.33 feet. Finally, Gibbs 

testified that to determine the height measurement of how far the car fell, she used a level and 

construction line string to measure from the crest of the roadway straight out to where the 

touchdown marks were and then down from the string to the roadway surface. Gibbs testified 

that that measurement was 1.6 feet. From there, Gibbs testified that she put those three 

measurements—the launch angle, the distance the car traveled, and the height measurement of 

how far the car fell—to determine the vehicle’s speed at the point of take-off, which was 108.2 

miles per hour. Cover’s affidavits are devoid of any mention of this trial testimony let alone any 

averments that specifically contest the detailed testimony regarding the “measurements and 

procedures” Cover states were necessary before he could determine where the alleged error in 

Gibbs’s calculations occurred.
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Therefore, Cover’s averments merely theorize that an error occurred in Gibbs’s airborne 

calculation without identifying any evidence that would support the theory. Karlson, 140 Idaho 

at 565, 97 P.3d at 432. Indeed, Cover explicitly stated in his supplemental affidavit that he was 

missing information as to: (1) how the take-off angle was measured; (2) how the vertical fall 

distance was measured; and (3) how a take-off point was established in order to measure an 

airborne distance. As illustrated above, Gibbs’s trial testimony elaborated on all three of these 

calculations. What is more, Cover never visited the accident scene to take his own measurements 

or to apply his own procedures in determining these three calculations. That Cover based his 

opinion on an incomplete set of facts is further evident from his averment that he could not say 

definitively where an error occurred, but only that it was his “opinion” that an error did occur.

Expert opinion that is speculative, conclusory, or unsubstantiated by facts in the record does not 

assist the jury in rendering its verdict and, therefore, is inadmissible as evidence. Weeks v. E.

Idaho Health Servs., 143 Idaho 834, 838, 153 P.3d 1180, 1184 (2007). We affirm the district 

court’s determination that Cover’s proffered testimony was speculative, conclusory, and 

unsubstantiated by facts in the record. Therefore, the testimony would have been inadmissible at 

trial. Consequently, Cover’s proffered testimony was insufficient to create a genuine issue of 

material fact that trial counsel’s failure to present Cover’s testimony prejudiced Adams. 

2. There is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether trial counsel’s failure to 

investigate and present evidence on Adams’s vehicle’s mechanical issues prejudiced 

Adams.

Adams also argues that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether trial

counsel’s failure to investigate and present evidence of Adams’s vehicle’s mechanical issues

prejudiced Adams. The district court concluded that the mechanic’s testimony only went to the 

attainable speed of Adams’s vehicle, which would not, in and of itself, undermine the jury’s 

verdict or satisfy Strickland’s prejudice prong. We agree. 

Several unfavorable facts work against Adams on this issue. First, it is not clear how the 

evidence could be admitted, as the vehicle’s motor was out of the Adams family’s possession for 

almost a year before trial. Indeed, although Adams’s father stored the vehicle at his home for 

several months after the accident, he sold it to a salvage yard in April of 2010, nearly a year 

before the trial began. That salvage yard subsequently removed the motor from the vehicle and 

crushed the body. Adams’s father did not attempt to retrieve the motor from the salvage yard to

have the mechanic examine it until the end of July 2011, which was four months after the trial
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resulted in a guilty verdict. By that time, the vehicle’s motor had been out of the Adams family’s 

possession for over a year. Second, it is unclear from the record when Adams informed his trial

counsel of the alleged mechanical issues. Adams admitted to never discussing the alleged 

mechanical issues with his first counsel but did attempt, at some point, to discuss the issue with 

his second counsel. Finally, the mechanic stated in his affidavit that it was possible that Adams’s

vehicle’s motor “could have still produced speeds of up to one hundred eight (108) miles per 

hour.” From these facts alone, this Court cannot conclude that trial counsel’s failure to 

investigate and present evidence regarding the vehicle’s mechanical issues prejudiced Adams. In 

any event, and assuming, arguendo, that the mechanic’s testimony had been presented to the 

jury, we conclude that it is not reasonably probable that the jury’s verdict would have changed.

Indeed, as the district court correctly pointed out, the mechanic’s testimony would have 

only gone to the maximum speed Adams’s vehicle was capable of reaching, which allegedly 

would have been 70 to 75 mph. Adams assumes the jury would accept this testimony as true and,

on that basis alone, conclude that he did not drive with gross negligence. We disagree. Evidence 

of Adams’s speed would have only been a building block in Adams’s defense and could not, in 

and of itself, be proof of whether Adams was driving his vehicle with gross negligence. In other 

words, Adams’s speed is not dispositive of whether he drove with gross negligence at the time of 

the accident. The jury had to look at Adams’s driving at the time of the accident and consider the 

totality of the evidence to determine whether Adams drove with gross negligence. The jury’s

finding of gross negligence was not necessarily limited to Adams’s speed.

At trial, the State was required to show that Adams committed an unlawful act while 

operating his vehicle; that he committed the unlawful act with gross negligence; and that the 

operation of his vehicle was a significant cause of the passenger’s death. Idaho Criminal Jury 

Instruction 342 defines “gross negligence” as “a wanton, flagrant or reckless disregard of 

consequences or willful indifference of the safety or rights of others.” Whether Adams was 

driving 25 mph or 50+ mph over the posted speed limit, it did not change the fact that Adams, 

beyond a reasonable doubt, committed an unlawful act: speeding. Indeed, even if the mechanic 

testified at trial that the vehicle’s motor prevented Adams from going any faster than 70 to 75 

mph and the jury believed that testimony, there was no dispute Adams operated his vehicle in a 

way that significantly contributed to his passenger’s death. That is, the uncontroverted evidence 

would still show that Adams drove at least 20 mph over the speed limit and in such a manner that 
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he lost control of his vehicle, which then traveled nearly 600 feet to its final resting point, 

resulting in his passenger’s death. Aside from those facts, there was ample testimony at trial for 

the jury to conclude Adams drove with gross negligence. 

Specifically, the following evidence from trial was sufficient to establish Adams acted 

with gross negligence:

1) Adams’s testimony that it was possible he could have been traveling faster than 75 

mph when he lost control; 

2) Several witnesses’ testimony that Adams told them that he was traveling in excess of 

100 mph;

3) Witness testimony that Adams said that the victim had asked Adams to stop and let 

him out of the vehicle at one point during the high-speed chase;

4) Expert testimony and evidence that showed Adams was needlessly chasing the 

vehicle his girlfriend was in at a high rate of speed on a narrow country road that had 

significant rises and falls; and

5) Expert testimony and evidence that showed Adams’s speed, combined with the road 

conditions, caused the vehicle to go airborne for approximately 80 feet before it

returned to the roadway, leaving two parallel gouge marks approximately seven feet 

long, then sliding approximately 200 feet, where it left the roadway and traveled 

another 19 feet until it struck an irrigation ditch, which caused the vehicle to roll and 

travel another 138 feet to its final resting point;

Based on these facts, the totality of circumstances indicate that Adams’s conduct amounted to “a 

wanton, flagrant or reckless disregard of consequences or willful indifference of the safety or 

rights of others.” The mechanic’s testimony would have done little to rebut this evidence, 

particularly in light of the fact that (1) the mechanic stated in his affidavit that it was “within the 

realm of possibility that the motor I disassembled and observed could have still produced speeds 

of up to one hundred eight (108) miles per hour” and (2) that witness testimony at trial had 

destroyed Adams’s credibility beyond repair.3

Overwhelming evidence from trial supports the jury’s conclusion that Adams acted with 

gross negligence. Adams had to show more than a conceivable likelihood of a different result at 

trial had trial counsel presented evidence of the motor’s mechanical condition. He failed to do so.

Indeed, Adams has not shown that his trial counsel’s failure to present the evidence “so 

 3 Several witnesses, including Adams’s friends and the victim’s family, testified at trial that Adams made statements 

to them that he was traveling over 100 mph. Adams himself testified at trial that it was possible he was going faster 

than 75 mph when he lost control. Furthermore, one of Adams’s friends also testified that Adams stated that “he 

should have listened [to the passenger] a couple miles back when . . . [he] was saying he wanted to get out.” One 

witness even testified that Adams switched his story as to who was chasing who. Finally, two witnesses testified at 

trial that they were involved in a road-rage incident with Adams the day before the accident. 
14

undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied upon 

as having produced a just result.” Ivey, 123 Idaho at 80. As the district court noted, trial

counsel’s failure to present the mechanic’s testimony did not “clear [Adams] of alleged guilt, 

excuse his actions, or reduce his punishment.” (quoting Baker v. State, 142 Idaho 411, 422, 128 

P.3d 948, 959 (Ct. App. 2005).4

Given the overwhelming evidence supporting the jury’s verdict, we conclude that it is not 

reasonably probable that the mechanic’s testimony would have changed the outcome of the trial. 

We therefore hold that the district court correctly determined there was no genuine issue of 

material fact that trial counsel’s failure to present evidence as to the vehicle’s mechanical issues

prejudiced Adams. 

Because we hold that Adams failed to present a genuine issue of fact that he was 

prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to present Cover’s testimony or by trial counsel’s failure to 

present evidence as to Adams’s vehicle’s mechanical issues, the district court did not err when it 

summarily dismissed Adams’s post-conviction petition. 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s decision summarily dismissing 

Adams’s post-conviction petition. We award costs on appeal to respondent. 

Justices EISMANN, J. JONES and HORTON, CONCUR.

KIDWELL, Justice Pro-Tem, dissenting.

The right to counsel is one of the foundations of the legal system and our form of 

government. In this case the majority opinion and the record makes it clear that Irwin Ryan Ray 

Adams did not receive effective assistance of public defender counsel from the trial and up 

through the judicial system. No counsel followed up on the accident reconstruction expert that 

had initially been retained. The record clearly indicates that this competent expert was willing to 

 4 In that case, Baker crashed his vehicle while speeding in a 35 mph zone, which resulted in his passenger’s death. 

Baker, 142 Idaho at 415, 128 P.3d at 952. Baker pled guilty to vehicular manslaughter and subsequently petitioned 

the court for post-conviction relief. Id. Baker alleged his counsel was ineffective in failing to discover that the ISP 

accident reconstruction expert’s estimate that Baker was driving 97 mph was wrong. Id. Baker always asserted that 

he was driving less than 97 mph. Id. at 417, 128 P.3d at 954. The district court summarily dismissed the petition and 

the Court of Appeals affirmed. The Court of Appeals reasoned that evidence showing Baker was traveling as little as 

66 mph would not have provided the basis of a viable defense to vehicular manslaughter because there was other 

evidence to support his conviction on that charge. Id. The Court of Appeals went on to conclude that the evidence 

Baker presented did not “tend to clear Baker of alleged guilt, excuse his actions, or reduce punishment.” Id. at 422, 

128 P.3d at 959. 
15

assist, but Mr. Adams’s counsel did not follow through. Then the Rule 35 counsel did not pursue 

the matter. Then all of the appellate public defenders argued in cursory briefs and to this Court 

that Mr. Adams’s expert would not have made any difference to the jury. Public defenders are 

for defendants, not to protect lower court public defenders.

Because of the fact that the expert reconstruction expert for Mr. Adams was not even 

pursued or presented, the jury heard only the State’s expert. The experts differed in estimated 

speed by at least 30 mph. Whether this would have influenced the jury to find Mr. Adams guilty 

of the lesser crime of misdemeanor vehicular manslaughter rather than felony vehicular 

manslaughter (gross negligence) is unknown, but Mr. Adams should have had that testimony 

heard by the jury. 

Because Mr. Adams did not receive effective assistance of counsel this case should be 

remanded for a new trial.