[ DO NOT PUBLISH ] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 17

- 13726

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1: 16

- cr - 00224

- WS

- MU

- 1 UNITED S TATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

versus ANTONEZ TERRIL JOHNSON , Defendant

- Appellant

.

________________________ Appeal from t he United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

______ _________________ (October 4 , 2018) Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and VRATIL ,* District Judge. VRATIL, District Judge:

_______________________ * Honorable Kathryn H. Vratil , United States District Judge for the District of Kansas , sitting by designation. Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 1 of 92 Defendant appeals his conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Defendant was a pedestrian walking near the middle of a road when a police officer stopped and questioned him. During the stop, the officer searched defendant’s backpack and found a firearm. Defendant filed a motion to sup press the firearm on the ground that befo re searching the backpack, the officer unlawfully extended the scope of the pedestrian stop under Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 (1968)

. T he D istrict C ourt overruled defendant’s motion to suppress , and he appeals

. For reasons stated below, w e affirm.
I. BACKGROUND Johnny Duval, a police officer in Mobile , Alabama, testified at the hearing on defendant’s motion to suppress

. Officer Duval was the only witness, and he testified substantially as follows: At approximately 1:00 a.m. on Nov ember 2, 2015, Officer Duval responded to a call from a nursing home about a suspicious person looking t hrough windows
in parked cars. Defendant

- Appellant Ant onez Terril Johnson’s Appellate Appendix filed November 14, 2017, Tab 40, Transcript Of Evidentiary Hearing at 5

- 6 , 13 . The caller described the suspicious person as a black male

. Id. at 13. While en route to the nursing home, Officer Duval saw defendant (a black male)

Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 2 of 93 and a female companion walking on Spri ngdale Boulevard

. 1 Id. at 6

- 7. Officer Duval then watched as a car had to swerve to avoid one of the two indivi duals in the street. Id. at 7, 26. Officer Duval activated his emergency lights and stopped his car in the center turn lane, near defendant and his companion. Id. at 7

- 8 . Officer Duval testified that he stopped them because they posed a “safety risk.” Id. at 14. For safet y reasons , Officer Duval had defend ant and his companion step to the back of the police car. Id. at 8. They did so. Officer Duval asked them where they had been

. The individuals st ated that they were walking from a nearby Walmart , which was open 24 hours per day, to their motel room. Id. at 17. Although they did not have Walmart bags, Officer Duval acknowledged that their purchases could have been in their pockets or in the backpack which defendant was wearing

. In response to questioni ng , defendant and his companion gave Officer Duval their names and dates of birth. Id. at 21

- 22. Officer Duval handcuffed them until he could verify their identities and a backup officer arrived. Id. at 8, 21

- 22. When asked why he handcuffed them, Officer Duval testified, “I put them in handcuffs for my safety and their safety. It’s, you know, two against one. The numbers are

1 O ne was walking in the center turn lane while the other was walking in a lane of traffic

. Springdale Boulevard is a four

- lane road with a turn lane in the middle. Defendant and his companion were walking on a portion of the road whi ch is near a service road off Interstate 65, near several stores, restaurants and hotels. Springdale Boulevard has no sidewalks.

Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 3 of 94 against me.” Id. at 8. After Officer Duval handcuffed the m, he asked defendant, “Do you have a problem with me searching you [before you go] in the back of my police car? ” Id. at 23. Defendant responded, “[N] o, I do not.” Id. Officer Duval then searched defendant. Id. Officer Duval testified that he did so to ensure that defendant did not put anything in the back of his patrol car. Id. As Officer Duval searche d defendant, he asked him , “[I] s there anything in this bag that I need to be

co ncerned about, anything illegal? ” Id. Defendant replied, “[N] o. My homeboy told me to get it, and you can search it.” Id. at 24. After a second officer arrived, defendant and his companion remained handcuffed. Id. at 21

- 22. The officers locke d them inside t he back of separate patrol cars, and they were not free to leave. Id. Officer Duval searched defendant’s backpack and found a .357 revolver and two unfir ed shell casings

. Id. at 9, 24. The warrant check revealed that defendant had no war rants. Id. at 22

- 23, 25. A check of the serial number revealed , however, that the gun was stolen. Officer Duval contacted his supervisor, who tol d him to take defendant to jail

. Id. at 25. The District Court found that Officer Duval’s unrefuted t estimony was credible and accepted it as true. Id. at 35. The District Court ruled that based on Officer Duval’s observations, he had probable cause to believe that defendant had

Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 4 of 95 violated Alabama’s disorderly conduct statute, Ala. Code § 13A

- 11

- 7(a)(5) ( 1975) , and that because he had probable cause to arrest, he had not only the right but the obligation to handc uff defendant for safety. Id. at 35

- 36. Finally, the District
Court concluded that defendant had voluntarily consented to the search of his back pack. Id.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW Rulings on motions to suppress involve mixed questions of fact and law. United States v. Bervaldi , 226 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2000)

. We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its application of the law to the facts de novo

. Id. All facts are construed in the light most favorable to the government, as the prevailing party below. Id.
III. DISCUSSION The parties present two issues on appeal. First, the parties dispute w hether the search of defendant’s backpack can be upheld as a search incident to arrest. Second, the parties dispute whether the search can be upheld on the alternative ground that after Officer Duval hand cuffed defendant as part of a Terry stop, defendant consented to the search of his backpack. For reasons stated below, we need not directly addr ess these two issues. Instead, we find that the se arch of defendant’s backpack must be upheld because (1) when Officer Duval initially stopped defendant, he had p robable cause to believe that d efendant had violated

Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 5 of 96 Alabama’s disorderly conduct statute and (2) after Officer Duval arrested defendant by handcuffing him, defendant consented to the search of his backpack.
A. Probable Cause To Arrest The District C ourt found that based on Officer Duval’s observations, he had probable cause to arrest defendant for disorderly conduct. Under Alabama law, “[a] person commits the crime of disorderly conduct if, with intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, o r recklessly creat ing a risk thereof, he or she

. . . [o]bstructs vehicular or pedestrian traffic, or a transportation facility.” Ala. Code § 13A

- 11

- 7(a)(5). Defendant argues that absent further information, Officer Duval could not determine that defenda nt or his companion had the intent to cause public inco nvenience, annoyance or alarm. This argument is easily rejected. Intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm is not a necessary element of Alabama’s disorderly conduct
statute : reckless creation of such a risk is sufficient to sustain a conviction

. Officer
Duv al described Springdale Boulev ard as a five

- lane road with a number of businesses including a 24

- hour Walmart, hotels and restaurants; he noted that a car had to swerve to avoid defendant and his companion ; and he saw defendant and his companion walking in both the turn lane and one lane of traffic. Viewing these facts in a light most favorable to the government, the District C ourt did not err in finding that Officer Duval had probable cause to believe that (at a minimum),

Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 6 of 97 defendant and his companion had v iolated the disorderly conduct statute by recklessly creating a risk of public inconvenience , annoyance or alarm

. B. Search Of Defenda nt’s Backpack The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects persons and their houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
See U.S. Const. amend. IV. We have defined three categories of police/citizen
encounte rs: (1) voluntary exchanges which involve no coercion or detention; (2) investigatory detentions or Terry stops ; and (3) full

- scale arrests. United States
v. Perez , 443 F.3d 772, 777 (11th Cir. 2006); see Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
T he initial enc ounter between Offic er Duval and defendant fall s into the second category

– an investigatory detention or Terry stop

. Defendant does not challenge this initial encounter . Instead, he argues that Officer Duval exceeded the limited scope of a Terry s top when he handcuffed him and searched his backpack. A stop constitutes a seizure for purposes of the Fourth Amendment “even though the purpose of the stop is limited and the resulting detention quite brief.” Brendlin v. California , 551 U.S 249, 255 (2007) (quoting Delaware v. Prouse , 440 U.S. 648, 653 (1979)). Under Terry , in addition to being justified at its inception, defendant’s continued detention must be “reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interf erence in the first place.” Terry , 392 U.S. at 20; see United States v. Hardy , 855 F.2d 753, 759 (11th Cir. 1988) ( Terry stop

Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 7 of 98 not basis for full search that normally requires “probable ca use, consent, or a valid
arrest ” ). A detention that is so intrusive as to exceed the outer boundaries of a n investigatory Terry stop may become a de facto arrest which must be supported by proba ble cause. United States v. Dunn , 345 F.3d 1285, 1289

- 90 (11th Cir. 2003) ;

see Hayes v. Florida , 4 70 U.S. 811, 815

- 16 (1985) (at some point in investigative process, police pro cedures can be so intrusive as to trigger full protection of Fourth and Fourteenth Amen dments) ; United States v. Diaz

- Lizaraza , 981 F.2d 1216, 1221 (11th Cir. 1993) (character of seizure as arrest or Terry stop depends on nature and degree o f intrusion, not on whether officer pronounces detainee “ under
arrest ”) (citation omitted)

. If police have probable cause to arrest a suspect, however, Terry and the ordinary limits of investi gatory detentions do not apply.
See Dunn , 345 F.3d at 12 90 (if detention ripens into de facto arrest, Terry ’s reasonable suspicion standard supplanted by probable cause requirement that attends making of arrest)

. Here, we need not address the precise limits of whe n the investigatory stop of defendant became an arrest. See id. (unnecessary to engage in analysis whether detention permissible under Terry because even assuming police effected de facto arrest, officers had probable cause to arrest). For purposes of thi s appeal, we assume that putting defendant in handcuffs transformed the stop into a n arrest which had to b e supported by probable cause. As explained above, however, the

Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 8 of 99 District C ourt did not err in fin ding that before Officer Duval handcuffed defendant, he had probable cause to believe that defendant had violated Alabama’s disorderly conduct statute

. 2 Therefore Officer Duval had authority to arrest and handcuff defendant. Defen dant argues that his unl awful detention tainted his consent to the search of his backpack , but he has not established that any unlawful detention preceded his consent

. Furthermore, he presented n o evidence or argument which suggested that his consent was coerced or involuntary. For these reasons, we affirm the District C ourt ruling that overruled defendant’s motion to suppress

. Defendant’s conviction is AFFIRMED

.

2 An officer’s state of mind as to the reason for an arrest is not ordinarily relevant to the probable cause inquiry. See Devenpeck v. Alford , 543 U.S. 146, 153 (2004) (subjective reason for making arrest need not be criminal offense as to which known facts provide probable cause); Scott v. United States , 436 U.S. 128, 138 (1978) (fact that officer does not have state of mind hypothecated by reasons which provide legal justification for his action does not invalidate action taken if circumstances, viewed objectively, justify that action).

Case: 17-13726 Date Filed: 10/04/2018 Page: 9 of 9