J-S38022-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

DANIEL GRABOWSKI 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 539 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 19, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County

Criminal Division at CP-51-CR-0004661-2021

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., MURRAY, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.: FILED DECEMBER 22, 2022

Daniel Grabowski (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence 

imposed after the trial court convicted him of possession of a firearm with 

altered manufacturer’s number, possession of a firearm by a prohibited 

person, possession of a firearm without a license, and possession of a firearm 

on the public streets of Philadelphia.1 We affirm.

On April 1, 2021, Philadelphia Highway Patrol Officer Michael Chichearo 

attempted to stop a Chevy Trailblazer for having illegally tinted windows. The 

Trailblazer fled but was forced to stop when it encountered traffic at the 

intersection of Wakeling Street and Aramingo Avenue. The Trailblazer 

unsuccessfully attempted to push vehicles out of the way. When that failed, 

one man fled on foot from the driver side, while two others ran from the front 

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1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6110.2, 6105, 6106, 6108. 
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and rear passenger sides. Officer Chichearo engaged in a foot chase and 

apprehended Appellant, who had exited from the rear passenger side. As 

Officer Chichearo escorted Appellant back to the police vehicle, he saw that 

the rear passenger side door of the Trailblazer was open and observed a 

firearm on the floor of the rear passenger side. Police arrested Appellant and 

the Commonwealth charged him with various firearms offenses.

The trial court held a non-jury trial and convicted Appellant of the four

firearms offenses enumerated above. On January 19, 2022, the trial court 

sentenced Appellant to an aggregate 3 - 6 years in prison. Appellant timely 

appealed. Both Appellant and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 

1925.

Appellant presents the following questions for review:

[1.] Is the evidence sufficient as a matter of law to sustain 

[Appellant’s] convictions of the Uniform Firearms Act, 18 

Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105, 6106 and 6108[,] where the competent 

evidence of record did not establish beyond a reasonable doubt 

that [Appellant] constructively possessed the handgun recovered 

in the vehicle in which [Appellant] was merely a passenger?

[2.] Is the evidence sufficient as a matter of law to sustain 

[Appellant’s] convictions of the Uniform Firearms Act, 18 

Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6106 and 6108[,] where the competent evidence of 

record did not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

alleged firearm was operable or capable of being converted into 

an object that could fire a shot?

[3.] Is the evidence sufficient as a matter of law to sustain 

[Appellant’s] convictions of the Uniform Firearms Act, 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 6105[,] where the competent evidence of record did 

not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the alleged firearm 

was designed to or may readily be converted to expel any 
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projectile by the action of an explosive or the frame or receiver of 

any such weapon?

Appellant’s Brief at 4-5 (some capitalization changed). 

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. As an appellate 

court, we examine whether the evidence and all reasonable inferences, viewed 

in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, were 

sufficient for the trial court to conclude that the Commonwealth established 

the challenged element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Commonwealth v. Yandamuri, 159 A.3d 503, 514 (Pa. 2017). “It is wellestablished that the Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proof by means 

of wholly circumstantial evidence and the [fact-finder], while passing upon the 

credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence, is free to believe all, 

part, or none of the evidence.” Id. Only “where the evidence offered to 

support the verdict is in contradiction to the physical facts, in contravention 

to human experience and the laws of nature, [is] the evidence ... insufficient 

as a matter of law.” Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 

2000).

Appellant first challenges the trial court’s determination that he 

constructively possessed the firearm recovered on the rear floor of the

Trailblazer. Appellant’s Brief at 17. Appellant emphasizes that two other men 

were in the Trailblazer. Id. at 18. According to Appellant, Officer Chichearo 

recovered the firearm from under the front passenger seat, with only half of 

the weapon sticking out in the backseat area. Id. at 19. Appellant also directs 
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our attention to evidence that Officer Chichearo could not see where Appellant 

had been seated before exiting the vehicle, and the fact that the vehicle was 

not registered to Appellant. Id. Appellant further emphasizes that the firearm 

was not tested for DNA evidence or submitted for fingerprint analysis. Id.

Appellant analogizes the facts in this case to the facts in

Commonwealth v. Armstead, 305 A.2d 1 (Pa. 1973), where the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court found the evidence insufficient to support a 

finding of the passenger’s constructive possession of a firearm recovered from 

“the middle of the front seat of the automobile.” Id. at 2. Appellant asserts:

It was equally logical to infer that the driver [of the Trailblazer] –

who fled from police in a vehicle and then on foot – or the front 

seat passenger seated directly on top of the gun, were the 

individual(s) who had knowledge of, and control over, the gun 

found in the [Trailblazer]. Applying our Supreme Court’s holding 

in Armstead, the evidence of record ... is legally insufficient to 

sustain [Appellant’s] conviction under the Uniform Firearms Act.

Appellant’s Brief at 21.

Appellant also relies on Commonwealth v. Townsend, 237 A.2d 192 

(Pa. 1968), where the Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed a conviction after 

determining the evidence failed to establish constructive possession. 

Appellant’s Brief at 22. In Townsend, officers saw a man exit a vehicle, drop 

a firearm, pick it up, and then throw the firearm on the seat of the vehicle. 

Id. Another firearm was inside the vehicle. Id. at 23. Our Supreme Court 

reversed the firearm conviction of a passenger who had remained inside the 

vehicle. Id. at 22. Appellant relies on the Townsend holding that an 
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accused’s mere presence in a vehicle containing a weapon is not sufficient to 

establish constructive possession. Id. at 22-23. Appellant claims he was 

merely present in the Trailblazer. Id. at 23. 

To convict Appellant of persons not to possess firearms, the 

Commonwealth was required to show that Appellant: 1) was previously 

convicted of an enumerated offense; and 2) possessed a firearm. 18 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 6105. “Possession can be found by proving actual possession, constructive 

possession, or joint constructive possession.” Commonwealth v. Parrish, 

191 A.3d 31, 36 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted). 

Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct to 

deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement. We have 

defined constructive possession as conscious dominion, meaning 

that the defendant has the power to control the contraband and 

the intent to exercise that control. To aid application, we have 

held that constructive possession may be established by the 

totality of the circumstances.

It is well established that, as with any other element of a crime, 

constructive possession may be proven by circumstantial 

evidence. In other words, the Commonwealth must establish 

facts from which the trier of fact can reasonably infer that the 

defendant exercised dominion and control over the contraband at 

issue.

Id. at 36-37 (citations, brackets, and quotation marks omitted). “The 

evidence must show a nexus between the accused and the item sufficient to 

infer that the accused had the power and intent to exercise dominion and 

control over it.” Commonwealth v. Peters, 218 A.3d 1206, 1209 (Pa. 2019) 

(citation omitted). “Dominion and control means the defendant had the ability 
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to reduce the item to actual possession immediately or was otherwise able to 

govern its use or disposition as if in physical possession.” Id. (citations 

omitted). 

The power and intent to control does not need to be exclusive. The 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court has recognized that “constructive possession 

may be found in one or more actors where the item in issue is in an area of 

joint control and equal access.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 26 A.3d 1078, 

1094 (Pa. 2011) (citation and brackets omitted). This Court has held that 

evasive behavior during a traffic stop along with the discovery of a firearm

may support a conviction for firearms possession. See Commonwealth v.

Cruz, 21 A.3d 1247, 1253 (Pa. Super. 2011) (constructive

possession established where driver gave multiple false names to arresting 

officer and gun was found in compartment of car); see also Commonwealth 

v. Perez, 220 A.3d 1069, 1078 (Pa. Super. 2019) (en banc) (flight from crime

scene can constitute circumstantial evidence of consciousness of guilt); 

Commonwealth v. Jones, 570 A.2d 1338, 1349 (Pa. Super. 1990) (holding 

that fact finder may infer consciousness of guilt from person’s flight or other 

evasive conduct during police presence).

At trial, the Commonwealth presented testimony from Officer Chichearo. 

N.T., 10/15/21, at 8. Officer Chichearo testified that he was patrolling the 

area of 5200 Harbison Avenue in Philadelphia when he saw the Trailblazer with 

what appeared to be illegally tinted windows. Id. at 10. When Officer 
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Chichearo attempted to stop the Trailblazer, it “fled southbound on Harbison 

and then it continued over Bridge Street. Southbound on Aramingo, which I 

believe is the 5000 block of Aramingo Avenue.” Id. at 10-11. Officer 

Chichearo and his partner were pursuing the Trailblazer when it encountered

traffic at Wakeling Street and Aramingo Avenue. Id. at 12. Officer Chichearo 

explained:

The vehicle was stuck in traffic. Actually tried making its way 

through some traffic. Bumped a few cars out of the way.

....

[T]he vehicle came to a stop. My partner got out of the vehicle. 

Ran up to the driver’s side of that vehicle. And that’s when I saw 

two males run from the passenger’s side of the vehicle from it

[sic] would be the front passenger door. And then [Appellant] 

r[a]n from the rear passenger door.

....

I pursued [Appellant] and another unknown male southbound on 

Aramingo.

Id. at 11-12. 

Officer Chichearo apprehended Appellant “on the 2200 block of 

[Wakeling] in the rear yard which is a block, a block and a half from the vehicle 

stop where they fled from.” Id. at 13. Officer Chichearo and Appellant walked 

past the Trailblazer. Officer Chichearo stated:

As I returned to the vehicle, both the passenger side doors, the 

front and back, that I observed the males flee from[,] were both 

still open. And as I walked [Appellant] back to my police vehicle, 

I could look in the open door in the rear passenger door. And 

right there on the floorboard I could see a black semiautomatic 

firearm with the barrel facing towards me which I immediately 
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knew to be a firearm. And I placed [Appellant] in the back of our 

car.

Id. at 14. 

Officer Chichearo identified Commonwealth’s Exhibit C-13 as the firearm 

he saw on the floor of the Trailblazer. Id. at 16. Officer Chichearo described 

the serial number of the firearm as “obliterated.” Id. Officer Chichearo

testified that he handles firearms daily as part of his job. Id. at 17. He further 

explained that he is required to participate in firearms training and qualify at 

a shooting range every year. Id. Officer Chichearo opined that the firearm 

recovered from the Trailblazer was a functioning firearm. Id. 

Officer Chichearo further described the firearm being “on the back 

floorboard area on the passenger’s side partially sticking out.” Id. The officer 

testified that approximately half of the firearm was “sticking out from the 

floorboard towards the back.” Id. On cross-examination, Officer Chichearo

specified that the barrel was facing the back of the Trailblazer. Id. at 25. 

When asked whether the Trailblazer had “slammed” into the back of another 

vehicle, the officer stated:

I wouldn’t say slammed. It was more like trying to push it out of 

the way. It was not enough damage. Where the other operator 

was like, I don’t even want to make a report.

Id. Officer Chichearo explained the Trailblazer was not moving fast “because 

we were literally stuck in heavy traffic. It was pretty heavy where they were.” 

Id. at 26. Pertinently, Appellant stipulated that he did not have a license or 
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permit to carry a firearm. Id. at 27. On these facts, we are not persuaded 

by Appellant’s reliance on Armstead.

In Armstead, the firearm was recovered from the middle of the front 

seat of the vehicle. 

Philadelphia police officers ... stopped an automobile in which 

appellant was a passenger and requested that both the driver []

and appellant get out of the car. The original arresting officers did 

not observe any weapon. However, while appellant was on the 

sidewalk, next to the car, another police vehicle arrived on the 

scene. One door of the car was open, and the interior lights were 

on, enabling the police in the second vehicle to observe a .38 

caliber automatic pistol lying in the middle of the front seat.

Armstead, 305 A.2d at 2. Our Supreme Court concluded there was 

insufficient evidence of constructive possession by the appellant, who was the

passenger, because an “equally logical argument can be made that the 

weapon was on the person of the driver during the time appellant was a 

passenger ....” Id. Here, the facts are different and support the trial court’s

finding that Appellant constructively possessed the firearm recovered from the

rear of the Trailblazer.

Appellant was the sole occupant in the rear of the Trailblazer and Officer

Chichearo saw him exit from the rear of the passenger side where the firearm

was discovered. The firearm was accessible to Appellant and the barrel was

positioned toward the rear, i.e., toward Appellant, and partially under the front

passenger seat, when Appellant fled.

Appellant’s reliance on Townsend is also unavailing. In Townsend, 

the police found a firearm partially concealed under the front passenger seat 
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of a vehicle containing multiple occupants, but there was no evidence as to 

where the defendant was seated. Townsend, 237 A.2d at 193-95. Here, 

Appellant was the only person in the rear of the Trailblazer. N.T., 10/15/21, 

at 11-12. Appellant’s first issues does not merit relief.

In his second issue, Appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to 

sustain his conviction of carrying a firearm without a license and carrying a 

firearm on the streets of Philadelphia. Appellant’s Brief at 33. Appellant 

argues that the evidence did not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

firearm “was operable or capable of being converted into an object that could 

fire a shot.” Id. Appellant asserts:

A determination that the gun recovered by Officer Chichearo was 

operable or capable of being converted into an object that could 

fire a shot can only be based upon conjecture, suspicion or 

surmise in light of the evidence received at trial. 

Id. at 35-36 (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

The seminal case on firearm operability is Commonwealth v. Layton,

307 A.2d 843 (Pa. 1973). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed a

conviction under the predecessor of 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105, where the record

demonstrated that the defendant’s firearm could not have been fired at the

time of his arrest. Layton, 307 A.2d at 845. Notably, our Supreme Court

stated: “A reasonable fact finder may, of course, infer operability from an

object which looks like, feels like, sounds like or is like, a firearm. Such an

inference would be reasonable without direct proof of operability.”

Id. at 844 (emphasis added).
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In Commonwealth v. Horshaw, 346 A.2d 340 (Pa. Super. 1975), 

where an appellant claimed that the Commonwealth failed to present evidence 

that a weapon was operable, we explained:

The Commonwealth need not show the weapon to have been 

operable until evidence of its inoperability has been 

introduced into evidence, and [b]ecause no evidence as to 

inoperability was introduced into evidence, the appellant’s claim 

is without merit.

Id. at 342 (emphasis added). 

Instantly, Appellant presented no evidence that the firearm recovered 

from the Trailblazer was inoperable. Thus, the Commonwealth was not 

required to show the firearm was operable. See id.

In his third issue, Appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to 

support his conviction of persons not to possess a firearm, as there was no 

evidence the firearm was “designed to or may readily be converted to expel

any projectile by the action of an explosive or the frame or receiver of any 

such weapon.” Appellant’s Brief at 38. Appellant is simply repeating his 

challenge to the trial court’s “inference” that the weapon was capable of firing. 

Id. As noted above, Appellant stipulated at trial that he did not have a license 

or permit to carry a firearm. N.T., 10/15/21, at 27. This claim does not merit 

relief. 

Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 12/22/2022