1

    Judge Joel M. Flaum and Judge Ilana Diamond Rovner took no part in the

consideration of this matter.

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

June 24, 2009

Before

DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge

JOHN DANIEL TINDER, Circuit Judge

Nos. 07‐3605 & 08‐1224

DENNIS HECKER, et al.,

Plaintiffs‐Appellants,

v.

DEERE & COMPANY, FIDELITY

MANAGEMENT TRUST CO., and

FIDELITY MANAGEMENT &

RESEARCH CO.,

Defendants‐Appellees.

Appeals from the United States

District Court for the Western

District of Wisconsin

No. 06 C  719

John C. Shabaz, Judge.

O R D E R

Appellants filed their Petition for Panel Rehearing and Petition for Rehearing En Banc

on March 9, 2009. Appellee Deere & Company and Appellees Fidelity Management Trust

Company and Fidelity Management & Research Company filed their Answers to the Petition

on April 6, 2009. In addition, three amicus curiae briefs in support of rehearing or rehearing en

banc were filed in conjunction with the Petition: one from the Secretary of Labor (filed March

20, 2009), one from the AARP and other groups (filed March 18, 2009), and one from a group

of law professors (filed March 20, 2009). No judge1 asked for a vote on the petition forrehearing

en banc, and all members of the panel have voted to deny the petition for rehearing, with the

following addition to the original opinion, Hecker v. Deere & Co., 556 F.3d 575 (7th Cir. 2009):

The Secretary of Labor has made a number of points in her amicus brief that deserve a
Nos. 07‐3605 and 08‐1224 2

briefresponse. First, she argues that the panel has erred by failing to give appropriate deference

to herinterpretation of the regulation implementing 29 U.S.C. § 1104(d), 29 C.F.R. § 2550.404c‐1.

But, as the Secretary herself acknowledges, the panel did not ignore any language in the

regulation proper. Instead, it did not give the weight that the Secretary believes is due to some

language in a footnote to the preamble to the regulation. (We are speaking here of the version

of the regulation that was in force at the time relevant to this suit; it should go without saying

that the Secretary is free to propose and enact new regulations addressed more specifically to

the way in which choice of investment options in a plan relates to the safe harbor provision, if

she believes that this would be appropriate.) In her brief, the Secretary explains that she

presently “interprets herregulation to mean that, even iftheplan otherwise qualifies as a section

404(c) plan, the fiduciary is not relieved by 404(c) from liability for plan losses resulting from

the imprudent selection and monitoring of an investment option offered by the plan . . . .” As

supportforthat statement, she cites 56 Fed.Reg. 10724, 10732 n.21 (Mar. 13, 1991); DOL Opinion

Letter No. 98‐04A, 1998 WL 326300 at*3 n.1 (May 28, 1998); DOL Information Letterto Douglas

O. Kant, 1997WL 1824017 at*2 (Nov. 26, 1997)(Kant Letter). This is enough, she asserts, to make

that proposition a rule, entitled to deference under Chevron USA Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense

Council,Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842‐43 (1984),ratherthan a more informal statement of administrative

practice, entitled only to respect underthe standards of United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218,

229‐30 (2001), which in turn relies on Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944).  

With respect, we cannot agree with the Secretary that the footnote in the preamble is

entitled to full Chevron deference. The panel did defer to the Secretary’s concerns, to the extent

thatitrefrainedfrom making anydefinitivepronouncement on “whetherthe safeharbor applies

to the selection of investment options for a plan.” Hecker, 556 F.3d at 589. Instead, as we explain

further in this order, we left this area open for future development, whether on the basis of a

different set of pleadings, or on the basis of a regulation directed to this issue. The Secretary

admits that the panel’s primary holding – that there was no duty to scourthe market to find the

fund with the lowest imaginable fees, and that the fees themselves in the Funds identified in the

complaint could not be deemed imprudent because they were offered at the same prices to the

general public – does not call into question the validity of even the preamble to the Secretary’s

regulation, much less the regulation taken as a whole. Thus, her real quibble is with the panel’s

alternate holding that the complaint the court was evaluating contained enough information to

warrant the conclusion that Deere was entitled to the safe harbor defense. In our view, the

Secretary’s concern is more hypothetical than real. She fears that some case in the future may

arise in which a Plan fiduciary acts imprudently by selecting an overpriced portfolio of funds,

and that this opinion will somehow immunize the fiduciary from accountability for that

decision.

The panel’s opinion, however, stands for no such broad proposition.It was limited to the

complaint before the court, as supplemented by the materials the panel found were properly

before the district court. Applying the pleading standards enunciated in Bell Atlantic Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), we concluded that these plaintiffs failed to state a claim for the
Nos. 07‐3605 and 08‐1224 3

kind of fiduciary misfeasance the Secretary describes. At the time we wrote, the Court had not

yet handed down Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (2009). Iqbalreinforces Twombly’s message that

“[a] claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court

to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at

1949. The Court explained furtherthat “where the well‐pleaded facts do not permit the court to

infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged – but it has not

‘show[n]’ – ‘that the pleader is entitled to relief.’ Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 8(a)(2).” Id. at 1950.

The Secretary also fears that our opinion could be read as a sweeping statement that any

Plan fiduciary can insulate itself from liability by the simple expedient of including a very large

number of investment alternatives in its portfolio and then shifting to the participants the

responsibility for choosing among them. She is right to criticize such a strategy. It could result

in the inclusion of many investment alternatives that a responsible fiduciary should exclude. It

also wouldplace anunreasonable burden onunsophisticatedplanparticipants whodonothave

the resources to pre‐screen investment alternatives. The panel’s opinion, however, was not

intended to give a green light to such “obvious, even reckless, imprudence in the selection of

investments” (as the Secretary puts it in her brief). Instead, the opinion was tethered closely to

the facts before the court. Plaintiffs never alleged that any of the 26 investment alternatives that

Deere made available to its 401(k) participants was unsound orreckless, nor did they attack the

BrokerageLink facility on that theory. They argued – and especially in their Petition for

Rehearing they continue to argue – that the Plans were flawed because Deere decided to accept

“retail” fees and did not negotiatepresumptively lower “wholesale” fees.The opiniondiscusses

a number of reasons why that particular assertion is not enough, in the context of these Plans,

to state a claim, and we adhere to that discussion.

We add another point that was raised earlier but that we did not mention in the opinion:

the complaint is silent about the services that Deere participants received from the company‐

sponsored plans. It would be one thing if they were treated exactly like all other retail market

purchasers of Fidelity mutual fund shares; it would be quite another if, for example, they

received extra investment advice from someone dedicated to the Deere accounts, or if they

received other extra services. If the Deere participants received more for the same amount of

money, then their effective cost of participation may in fact have approached wholesale levels.

We return, therefore, to the general point made in the opinion: this complaint, alleging that

Deere chose this package of funds to offerforits 401(k) Plan participants, with this much variety

and this much variation in associated fees, failed to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted.

We therefore DENY the Petition for Rehearing and Petition for Rehearing En Banc.