2023 IL 127241

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket No. 127241) 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, 

v. JOHN PRANTE, Appellee.

Opinion filed May 18, 2023.

JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Chief Justice Theis and Justices Neville, Overstreet, and Holder White

concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

 Justices Rochford and O’Brien took no part in the decision. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Petitioner John Prante filed a motion in the circuit court of Madison County 

seeking leave to file a successive postconviction petition challenging his conviction 

for murder. In his motion and accompanying petition, Prante asserted that recent 

scientific studies had fully discredited forensic bite mark opinion testimony that 

was introduced by the State at trial. Prante raised a claim of actual innocence, a 
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separate due process claim, and three additional claims. The circuit court denied 

Prante leave to file all claims. 

¶ 2 On appeal, the appellate court reversed the judgment of the circuit court denying 

Prante leave to file his due process claim and affirmed the judgment of the circuit 

court denying Prante leave to file his claim of actual innocence. The appellate court 

did not address Prante’s remaining claims. 2021 IL App (5th) 200074. For the 

reasons that follow, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court allowing Prante 

to file his due process claim and affirm the judgment of the appellate court denying 

Prante leave to file his claim of actual innocence. We remand the cause to the 

appellate court to address Prante’s remaining claims.

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 Following a jury trial in the summer of 1983, Prante was found guilty of the 

murder of 22-year-old Karla Brown. Evidence at trial established the following. 

¶ 5 On June 20, 1978, Brown and her fiancé, Mark Fair, spent the day moving into 

their newly purchased home in Wood River, Illinois. Friends of the couple helped 

with the move and stayed into the evening for dinner and drinks. 

¶ 6 That same day, Prante and his friend, John Scroggins, were next door at the 

home of Paul Main, drinking and partying. At trial, Scroggins testified that he saw 

Brown, whom he knew from school, and said hello to her outside the house. He 

also introduced her to Prante. The three spoke briefly, and Scroggins and Prante 

then returned to Main’s house. Thereafter, according to Scroggins, Prante began 

talking about Brown, telling Scroggins “how good” she looked and how he was 

particularly interested in her “chest.” Scroggins stated that Prante showed “more 

interest” in Brown than he had with other women, seemed to be excited about her, 

and kept bringing the conversation back to her. When Prante drove Scroggins home 

later that evening, he again talked about Brown. Prante was also “upset” and 

“irritated” that he could not join the gathering of friends at Brown’s house. 

¶ 7 The next morning, on June 21, 1978, Fair went to work, leaving Brown home 

alone. Sometime between 10 and 11 a.m., Brown spoke with Fair’s mother on the 

phone. The conversation ended when Brown said that someone was at the door. 
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¶ 8 At approximately 10:45 a.m., Edna Moses was driving with her six-year-old 

grandson, Eric Moses, on the street where Brown lived. Realizing that she was 

heading in the wrong direction, Edna pulled into the driveway of Brown’s house to 

turn around. As she did so, she saw a man and a woman standing near the garage, 

talking. The woman, who matched Brown’s description, turned and walked toward 

the house with the man following after her. Eric testified that he also saw the man 

and woman. He stated that the woman was wearing a short-sleeved shirt with 

flowers on it and that she “sort of got mad at” the man. 

¶ 9 At approximately 11 a.m., Brown’s friend Debbie Davis stopped by Brown’s 

house to visit. She knocked on the front and back doors but left when there was no 

answer. She did not see anyone on the porch next door. Between noon and 2:30 

p.m., Davis and two other friends phoned Brown’s home but, again, got no answer.

¶ 10 Fair returned home from work at approximately 5 p.m. with his friend Tom 

Fiegenbaum. Fair went into the house, calling for Brown. He made his way to the 

basement, where he saw the room in disarray and blood “all over” the floor and 

couch. As he was turning to run back upstairs, he glanced into the basement laundry 

room and saw Brown’s body. 

¶ 11 Brown was bent over at the waist, with her head and shoulders inside a metal 

barrel. The barrel, which had been used to store clothes, was filled with water. 

Brown’s hands were tied behind her back with a white extension cord, and two 

men’s socks were tied around her neck. She was wearing a heavy sweater that she 

normally wore only in the winter and was naked from the waist down. She also had 

large cuts on her forehead and chin. Fair immediately lifted Brown’s body out of 

the barrel and laid her on the floor. Fiegenbaum called the police, who arrived 

within a few minutes.

¶ 12 Wood River police chief Ralph Skinner testified that he arrived at Brown and 

Fair’s home at approximately 6 p.m. He stated that the area was secured and that 

no civilians were allowed in the home while the crime was being investigated. 

¶ 13 Wood River police detective Charles Nonn arrived at the crime scene about 20 

minutes after Chief Skinner. He stated that he saw two men, whom he identified as 

Prante and Main, standing in Main’s front yard. 
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¶ 14 Police investigating the crime scene found blood splattered on the basement 

floor and a bloodied couch cushion heavily saturated with water. A blood-stained 

tampon was found on a coffee table near the couch, and a stand of TV trays was 

overturned. A coffee pot from a coffee maker kept in the kitchen was found in the 

rafters of the laundry room. A fingerprint was recovered from the coffee pot, but it 

did not match Prante’s prints or anyone else whose prints were submitted for 

comparison. 

¶ 15 Dr. Harry Parks performed an autopsy on Brown. At trial, he testified that she 

had suffered a fractured jaw, several bruises, and severe scraping around her throat 

that he believed was consistent with strangulation. She also had lacerations on her 

forehead, nose, and chin that were caused by a blunt object. Dr. Parks concluded 

that the cause of Brown’s death was strangulation and that the time of death was 

approximately 11:45 a.m., although that time could have varied by several hours. 

¶ 16 Prante was interviewed by Wood River police chief Skinner on June 24, 1978. 

During this interview, Prante told Chief Skinner that he and Scroggins were at 

Main’s house the day before the murder. They saw Brown and Fair moving in with 

the help of several other people and then having a party. According to Prante, 

Scroggins said that he knew Brown and that they ought to go over to the party, but 

they never did. 

¶ 17 Prante also told Chief Skinner that the next morning, around 8:30 a.m., he went 

to Main’s house to see if Main wanted to go to St. Louis to drop off some job 

applications. Main could not go, however, because he had a job painting a house, 

so Prante went by himself. Prante told Chief Skinner that, after dropping off the job 

applications, he “bummed around or stopped by somewhere.” Prante said that he 

did not see Main again until approximately 6 p.m. at the home of his friend Harold 

Pollard. While there, Main told Prante that Brown had been killed. 

¶ 18 On July 5, 1978, Prante was interviewed by Wood River police detective Eldon 

McEuen. During this interview, Prante again confirmed that he had been at Main’s 

house the day before the murder and had watched the party next door. Prante told 

Detective McEuen that he was “very much aware of this young lady that lived 

there” and that “he felt she was beautiful.” Prante stated that he had wanted to join 

the party, but he had not been invited. 
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¶ 19 Prante also told Detective McEuen that the next morning he went to Main’s 

house to see if Main wanted to drop off job applications. However, Main was busy 

painting a house, so Prante went alone. When Detective McEuen asked Prante if he 

had returned to Main’s house after that, Prante said “he wasn’t sure if he did or 

didn’t.” 

¶ 20 Main’s aunt, Edna Vancil, lived across the street from Main. At trial, she 

testified that she saw Prante, whom she had known for eight or nine years, arrive at 

Main’s house between 9:30 and 10 a.m. on the day of the murder. She stated that 

Main had been painting a house but joined Prante on Main’s front porch. According 

to Ms. Vancil, the two sat on the porch, “smoking pot and drinking beer” and then 

“disappeared from eleven o’clock until almost twelve o’clock.” They then returned 

to the porch and stayed there until approximately 3 p.m. when Prante left. Ms. 

Vancil spoke to police on the night of the murder, but she was not asked any 

questions about Prante at that time. 

¶ 21 Two years after the murder, in the summer of 1980, Wood River police 

investigators sent photographs of Brown’s body that had been taken at the crime 

scene and during the autopsy to Dr. Homer Campbell, a forensic dentist and expert 

in image enhancement. The photographs were black and white and were unscaled, 

meaning that there was no ruler or other measuring standard placed next to the body 

to establish the size of any wounds. After reviewing the photographs, Dr. Campbell 

informed the police that there were bite marks on Brown’s right collarbone. Prior 

to this, no police officer or other official had been aware of the possible existence 

of bite marks on Brown’s body. 

¶ 22 Nearly two years later, in March 1982, police investigators decided to exhume 

Brown’s body and conduct a second autopsy. As part of an intentional media 

campaign, police notified reporters about the exhumation, told them about the 

purported bite marks on Brown’s collarbone, and indicated that they were nearing 

an arrest.

¶ 23 Brown’s body was exhumed on June 1, 1982, and a second autopsy was 

performed by Dr. Mary Case. Her findings largely confirmed those of the first 

autopsy, although she opined that drowning was the cause of death rather than 

strangulation. Dr. Case also examined the wounds on Brown’s collarbone, which 
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had been identified as bite marks, and testified that the injuries occurred at or near 

the time of death.

¶ 24 Following the exhumation of Brown’s body and the accompanying publicity, 

four friends of Prante’s—Vicki White, Mark White, Spencer Bond, and Roxanne 

Bond—came forward with information for the police. All four testified at trial.

¶ 25 Vicki White testified that within three days of the murder she and Mark White, 

her then-husband, were at the home of Spencer Bond and his wife Roxanne. 

According to Vicki, Prante entered the house and began talking about Brown. 

Prante stated that Brown “was murdered and that her body was down in her 

basement, and she was in a curled up position, and she had teeth marks on her 

body.” Vicki testified that, when Prante mentioned the teeth marks, he made a 

gesture by putting “his arm over his shoulder.” Vicki also stated that Prante was 

“nervous” and that he told the group that he was at Brown’s house on the day of 

the murder but that Brown was “all right” when he left. Prante also told them that 

“he had to get his story straight and he had to get out of town because the police 

were looking for him.” 

¶ 26 Mark White also testified that, within a few days of the murder, he and Vicki 

were at the home of Spencer and Roxanne Bond when Prante arrived. Prante was 

“nervous” and acting “strange” and brought up the subject of Brown’s murder. 

Prante told the group that he knew Brown and had been over to her house on the 

day of the murder and was supposed to return there that evening. Although Prante 

did not say why he was at Brown’s house, Mark testified that he had a “feeling” 

that “it was probably to go over there to have sex with her.” Mark stated that while 

Prante was talking to Spencer, Prante “made a gesture of putting his hand up to his 

shoulder,” although he did not hear what Prante said. Mark also stated that Prante 

told the group he was going to be questioned by the police about Brown’s murder 

and that he was afraid that “he could have been the last one to see her alive.” 

¶ 27 Spencer Bond similarly testified that Prante came to his house and discussed 

the murder a few days after it happened. According to Spencer, Prante was “a little 

agitated” and “more nervous” than usual and said that he and Main “had to get their 

stories together as to what they were doing that day” “so the police wouldn’t be 

able to crack his alibi.” Prante stated that he was at Main’s house the day of the 

murder. Main had been painting a house next door and then joined Prante in 
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“getting drunk and getting high.” Prante said that he talked to Brown at about 2 or 

3 p.m. and that he “was supposed to go back and see her because he might have a 

possible date with her.” Prante also said that “the girl was in a curled position stuck 

in a pail of water down in the basement,” “had teeth marks on her shoulder where 

she had been bitten,” and “had been tied up.” 

¶ 28 Roxanne Bond also testified that Prante was at her house with Spencer, Mark, 

and Vicki. However, Roxanne stated that she did not hear any of the group’s 

conversation because she was busy taking care of her daughter. Roxanne did recall 

Prante saying on one occasion that “he had to get his story straight,” but she could 

not remember when he said it.

¶ 29 After speaking with police investigators, Spencer had two conversations with 

Prante while secretly wearing a recording device. In these conversations, Prante 

acknowledged that, on the day of the murder, he was on Main’s front porch from 

10 or 11 a.m. until evening and that he saw Brown “putterin’ around outside.” He 

also said that he may have spoken with Brown on the “walkway” but did not go 

into her house. Prante further stated that, after the police arrived, Brown’s house 

was sealed off and no one could have gotten inside. Prante also told Spencer that 

he was “not guilty of anything,” did not “remember the bite marks,” and “didn’t 

know nothin’ about it.” 

¶ 30 Harold Pollard, who had known Prante for approximately 11 years, also 

testified at trial. Pollard stated that, on the day of the murder, Prante came to his 

house at approximately 6:30 or 7 p.m. Prante seemed “agitated” and “anxious” and 

asked Pollard if he “had any tranquilizers that he could use.” Prante told Pollard 

that he had just come from Main’s house where he had been “smoking pot and 

drinking beer” and that the girl next door had been murdered or killed. Prante said 

that Brown’s “body was found curled up on the floor with its hands tied behind its 

back.” When Pollard asked Prante how he knew this, Prante said “he got a glimpse 

of the girl by looking over the policeman’s shoulder at the crime scene” inside the 

house. According to Pollard, Main came to his house sometime after Prante arrived, 

and the two exchanged comments about the murder. Pollard also testified that, a 

day or two earlier, Prante had told Pollard that Brown was “a really nice looking 

girl” and “he wouldn’t mind, you know, having relations with her.” 
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¶ 31 Susan Lutz, who had previously had a sexual relationship with Prante, also 

testified. Ms. Lutz stated that on a couple of occasions Prante bit her on the neck 

during sex. She also stated that Prante once whispered in her ear after having sex 

that “he had killed a woman.” When Ms. Lutz asked why he had killed the woman, 

Prante said “he was mad” but offered no other explanation, stating that he could not 

talk about it because he would “lose [his] freedom.” 

¶ 32 The State offered the testimony of two forensic dentists, Dr. Campbell and Dr. 

Lowell Levine. Dr. Campbell testified that bite mark analysis had improved in 

recent years and had gained wide acceptance among pathologists. He explained that 

“[e]verybody’s dentition is individual” and compared dental impressions to 

fingerprints. He further stated that human skin was a “very excellent” medium for 

bite marks and an “excellent reproducer of tooth characteristics.”

¶ 33 Dr. Campbell testified that the autopsy photographs of Brown “definitely” 

showed at least three overlapping human bite marks on her right collarbone. Dr. 

Campbell compared the bite marks in the photographs to the dental impressions of 

Prante, Main, and two other individuals. According to Dr. Campbell, Prante’s teeth 

were “consistent with” the bite marks, meaning that his “teeth could have made the 

bite marks, period.” The teeth of the other individuals, however, could not. Dr. 

Campbell acknowledged that the autopsy photographs were black and white rather 

than color and were unscaled. Nevertheless, Dr. Campbell stated there was nothing 

about the quality of the photographs or the process by which they were taken that 

altered his opinion that the bite marks were consistent with Prante’s teeth.

¶ 34 Like Dr. Campbell, Dr. Levine similarly compared bite mark analysis to 

fingerprint analysis, stating that bite mark analysis “really is no different than a 

fingerprint person looking at the characteristics left by a bloody handprint on a 

wall” and that different persons cannot leave identical bite marks. He further stated 

that human “skin can capture the unique and individual characteristics of the teeth 

with *** excellent fidelity.” Dr. Levine testified that there were bite marks shown 

in the autopsy photographs. He stated that Prante’s teeth “could have caused that 

injury pattern” and further that, if only the teeth of Main and Prante were 

considered, he “would have to say [the bite marks] had to be left by Mr. Prante.” 
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¶ 35 The State also called Prante’s own dentist, Dr. Ronald Mullen, to testify. He 

stated that he saw 6000 to 7000 patients a year and that the spacing in Prante’s teeth 

was very unique, so much so that less than 1% of his patients had teeth like that. 

¶ 36 Dr. Edward Pavlik, a forensic odontologist, testified on Prante’s behalf. Dr. 

Pavlik stated that there were several problems with the autopsy photographs that 

purportedly showed bite marks: the photographs were not taken at the correct angle, 

there was no scale present for purposes of comparison, and the pathologist appeared 

to be pulling on the skin in one photograph, thereby causing distortion. Dr. Pavlik 

stated that the photographs were “one step above useless” and there was “very little 

evidence *** to even substantiate that we have a bite mark.” When asked to assume 

that the injury in the photographs was a bite mark, Dr. Pavlik stated that Prante’s 

teeth were consistent with the mark but that as much as 10% of the adult population 

had spacing of their teeth similar to Prante’s. 

¶ 37 A second forensic odontologist, Dr. Norman Sperber, also testified that the 

autopsy photographs were not “suitable” for making bite mark comparisons and 

that, given their poor quality, he had “no way of knowing” what he was looking at. 

Dr. Sperber stated that the injuries in the photographs “resembled other things” as 

well as bite marks and he was “not sure that there are any bite marks shown.” Dr. 

Sperber also stated that attempting to identify a bite mark from such poor-quality 

photographs would be akin to “witchcraft or opinion.” When asked to assume that 

the injuries were bite marks, Sperber stated that, at most, it was “possible” Prante’s 

teeth made them. 

¶ 38 Prante testified on his own behalf. Prante stated he had “virtually no memory” 

of the day of the murder but that his memory had “improved over the last year” 

when he started reading the discovery in the case and “things started clicking back 

into place.” He acknowledged that he and Scroggins were at Main’s house the 

evening before the murder and that Scroggins had gone over and talked to Brown. 

Prante denied, however, that Scroggins had introduced Brown to him. 

¶ 39 Prante stated that, on the day of the murder, he went to Main’s house around 8 

or 8:30 a.m. and then left to drop off some job applications. He returned to Main’s 

house sometime between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. and then “sat around” on the front 

porch and “probably got high again.” When asked how long he stayed on the porch, 

Prante stated, “I keep having this feeling that I was there all day; that I stayed the 
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entire day; that it just keeps coming to mind.” He also stated that he may have left 

the porch at one point to see the house that Main was painting and may have gone 

to the store. 

¶ 40 Prante acknowledged seeing Brown on the day of the murder. According to 

Prante, she was “out in the front yard puttering around” sometime in the morning 

or early afternoon and was wearing “white shorts and like a white flowered top.” 

¶ 41 Prante testified that he remembered being on the front porch when police 

arrived following the murder and then going inside Main’s house with Main. He 

stated that he left Main’s house in the early evening and then went to Pollard’s 

house. He further stated that he first learned of the murder when Main told him 

about it at Pollard’s house. 

¶ 42 Prante acknowledged that, when he was first interviewed by Chief Skinner, he 

told him that on the day of the murder he did not return to Main’s house after 

dropping off the job applications. Prante explained that he must have made this 

statement due to a “memory problem” or “confusion.” Prante denied making the 

statements attributed to him by Pollard, Lutz, Spencer Bond, and Mark and Vicki 

White and denied ever biting Lutz. He also denied killing Brown. 

¶ 43 Following arguments, the jury found Prante guilty of murdering Brown. He was 

subsequently sentenced to 75 years’ imprisonment. 

¶ 44 On direct appeal, the appellate court rejected Prante’s claim that the State’s 

expert testimony concerning the bite marks should not have been admitted. People 

v. Prante, 147 Ill. App. 3d 1039, 1062 (1986). The court held that Prante had waived 

the issue and, in the alternative, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

“allowing expert testimony concerning bite marks to aid comparison between the 

wounds on the victim’s right shoulder and the dentition of the defendant.” Id.

¶ 45 In 1993, Prante filed a postconviction petition in which he raised a claim of 

ineffective assistance of counsel and a due process claim based on “material 

misrepresentation of evidence relating to evidence of blood found at the crime 

scene.” The circuit court dismissed the petition as untimely, and the appellate court 

affirmed the dismissal. People v. Prante, 275 Ill. App. 3d 1153 (1995) (table)

(unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). 
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¶ 46 In 2002, Prante filed a petition for relief from judgment in which he contended 

that his sentence violated Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). The circuit 

court dismissed the petition, and the appellate court affirmed the dismissal. People 

v. Prante, 369 Ill. App. 3d 1066 (2006) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois 

Supreme Court Rule 23). 

¶ 47 In 2017, Prante filed a motion for DNA and fingerprint testing pursuant to 

section 116-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/116-3 (West 

2016)). He sought testing of several items of physical evidence as well as analysis 

of the fingerprint found on the coffeepot discovered in the laundry room rafters. 

The circuit court entered agreed orders for the testing. No interpretable DNA 

profiles were obtained, and no match was found for the fingerprint. 

¶ 48 In 2018—35 years after he was convicted—Prante filed the motion seeking 

leave to file the successive postconviction petition that is at issue in this appeal. In 

his petition, Prante raised five claims: (1) a claim of actual innocence pursuant to 

People v. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d 475 (1996); (2) a separate due process claim 

alleging that his trial proceedings were rendered fundamentally unfair by the 

admission of bite mark analysis evidence; (3) ineffective assistance of trial counsel; 

(4) ineffective assistance of appellate counsel; and (5) cumulative error. 

¶ 49 Prante attached to his petition two affidavits from Dr. Iain Pretty, an expert in 

forensic odontology. In these affidavits, Dr. Pretty averred that at the time of 

Prante’s trial “the use of bitemark evidence was a well-accepted forensic technique, 

generally understood by its practitioners and by the scientific community to be valid 

and reliable.” However, since the time of Prante’s trial, that understanding has 

“shifted significantly” as a result of new research and scientific review. In light of 

this new research, Dr. Pretty stated there is no “evidence to support the fact that 

forensic dentists can even agree on what a bitemark is—never mind the more 

advanced proposal that this pattern may actually be linked to someone.” (Emphasis 

in original.) Further, according to Dr. Pretty, “even board-certified forensic dentists 

cannot reliably answer the threshold inquiry in bitemark analysis: whether the 

injury at issue is or is not a bitemark.” Dr. Pretty stated that the conclusions “drawn 

by the forensic dentists in [this] case, even at the level of identifying these injuries 

as human bitemarks, would not be supported [by the scientific community] today.”
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¶ 50 Prante also appended three reports on bite mark analysis to his petition, all of 

which were referenced by Dr. Pretty: a 2009 report of the National Academy of 

Sciences (Nat’l Acad. of Sci., Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: 

A Path Forward (2009), https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228091.pdf 

[https://perma.cc/J2NU-CYYM]), a 2016 report from the President’s Council of 

Advisors on Science and Technology (President’s Council of Advisors on Sci. and 

Tech., Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of 

Feature-Comparison Methods (2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/

sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_forensic_science_report_final.pdf

[https://perma.cc/5KTD-C4DF]), and a 2016 report from the Texas Forensic 

Science Commission (Tex. Forensic Sci. Comm’n, Forensic Bitemark Comparison 

Complaint Filed by National Innocence Project on Behalf of Steven Mark Chaney—

Final Report (2016), https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1454500/finalbitemark

report.pdf [https://perma.cc/EGX5-V6JW]). 

¶ 51 These three reports were uniform in concluding that bite mark analysis is not 

scientifically valid. According to these reports, it has not been scientifically 

established that human bite marks are unique or that human skin can record those 

marks with accuracy and permanency. Further, there is no scientific basis for 

identifying one individual to the exclusion of all others based on bite mark analysis 

and no basis for stating that a particular injury can be associated with an 

individual’s dental impressions. 

¶ 52 Prante also attached to his petition an affidavit from Dr. Nancy Franklin, a 

professor of psychology who studies cognition and false memories. Dr. Franklin 

discussed limitations and biases that may affect human memory and averred that 

these limitations likely affected the ability of several witnesses to accurately recall 

the details of their conversations with Prante.

¶ 53 The circuit court denied Prante leave to file all claims. On appeal, the appellate 

court reversed the judgment of the circuit court with respect to Prante’s due process 

claim. 2021 IL App (5th) 200074. Addressing that claim, the appellate court 

focused on whether bite mark analysis is “scientific evidence” that must satisfy the 

general acceptance test of Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923), to 

be admitted at trial. 2021 IL App (5th) 200074, ¶¶ 63-87. The appellate court 

concluded that bite mark analysis is scientific evidence within the meaning of Frye
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but that no Illinois court had ever subjected bite mark analysis to the Frye test. Id.

¶ 77. The appellate court also concluded that Prante had made a prima facie

showing of cause and prejudice and, therefore, that “the circuit court erred in 

denying the petitioner leave to file his successive postconviction petition on this 

basis.” Id. ¶ 87. The appellate court then affirmed the judgment of the circuit court 

denying Prante leave to file his claim of actual innocence (id. ¶¶ 89-97) but did not 

address Prante’s remaining claims. 

¶ 54 We allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Oct. 

1, 2020). Prante has requested cross-relief from the appellate court’s judgment 

denying him leave to file his claim of actual innocence. Ill. S. Ct. R. 318(a) (eff. 

Oct. 1, 2020). 

¶ 55 ANALYSIS

¶ 56 At the outset, we take judicial notice of the fact that Prante, who was sentenced 

in 1983 under the day-for-day, good-time credit scheme (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 

38, par. 1003-6-3(a)(2)), has now fully served his sentence, including any period of 

parole or mandatory supervised release. However, this fact does not affect our 

disposition of this appeal. 

¶ 57 Section 122-1(a) of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-

1(a) (West 2016)) requires that the petitioner be imprisoned at the time the 

postconviction proceedings are “instituted.” Here, there is no dispute that Prante 

was imprisoned when he filed his motion for leave to file his successive 

postconviction petition in 2018. The Act’s imprisonment requirement was therefore 

satisfied. See People v. Coe, 2018 IL App (4th) 170359, ¶ 43 (“current 

imprisonment is a condition for ‘institut[ing]’ a postconviction proceeding, not for 

continuing to litigate it” (emphasis in original)). In addition, Prante’s interest “ ‘in 

purging [himself] of the stigma and disabilities which attend a criminal 

conviction’ ” prevents his case from being moot. Id. ¶ 50 (quoting People v. Davis, 

39 Ill. 2d 325, 329 (1968)). Accordingly, although Prante is no longer serving any 

sentence, we are not precluded from addressing the matters raised in this appeal. 

¶ 58 At issue here is the circuit court’s denial of Prante’s motion for leave to file a 

successive postconviction petition under the Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 
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2016)). The Act provides the statutory means for a criminal defendant to assert that 

“in the proceedings which resulted in his or her conviction there was a substantial 

denial of his or her rights under the Constitution of the United States or of the State 

of Illinois or both.” Id. § 122-1(a)(1). “The Act is not a substitute for an appeal, but 

rather, is a collateral attack on a final judgment.” People v. Edwards, 2012 IL

111711, ¶ 21. 

¶ 59 Both the Act and our caselaw make clear that the filing of only one 

postconviction petition is contemplated. 725 ILCS 5/122-3 (West 2016) (“Any 

claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an 

amended petition is waived.”); People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 42.

However, there are two exceptions to the bar against successive proceedings. The 

first is the “cause and prejudice” exception, which has been codified in the Act. See

725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2016). The second, the “fundamental miscarriage of 

justice” exception, requires a petitioner to make a persuasive showing of “actual 

innocence.” People v. Taliani, 2021 IL 125891, ¶ 55. Under either exception, a 

petitioner seeking to file a successive postconviction petition must first obtain leave 

of court. Id. ¶ 58. A circuit court’s denial of a petitioner’s motion for leave to file a 

successive petition is subject to de novo review. Id. ¶ 52. 

¶ 60 Due Process Claim

¶ 61 In his postconviction petition, Prante raises a due process claim in which he 

alleges that the admission of bite mark analysis evidence rendered his trial 

fundamentally unfair. Prante contends (and the State agrees) that, for purposes of 

deciding whether he should be granted leave to file this claim, we must take as true 

the conclusions reached in the materials attached to Prante’s postconviction 

petition. This means that we must assume that bite mark analysis, i.e., expert 

opinion testimony comparing an injury on human skin to the dental impressions of 

another person, has been thoroughly discredited. Prante asserts that the “admission 

of scientific evidence now found to be invalidated and unreliable” means that he 

was convicted “in violation of due process” and is therefore entitled to a new trial. 

Prante further asserts that he has satisfied the cause and prejudice test and, 

therefore, should be permitted to go forward with this claim. 
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¶ 62 The circuit court denied Prante leave to file his due process claim, but the 

appellate court reversed the circuit court’s ruling. In doing so, however, the 

appellate court did not adopt Prante’s characterization of the claim. Rather than 

applying a due process analysis, the appellate court engaged in an extensive 

discussion of the Frye general acceptance test that is used when considering the 

evidentiary admission of new scientific principles or methodologies. 2021 IL App 

(5th) 200074, ¶¶ 63-87. The appellate court determined that bite mark analysis is 

subject to the Frye test and noted that no Illinois court has ever held a Frye hearing 

for bite mark analysis. In addition, the appellate court’s analysis and ruling 

appeared to require the circuit court to conduct a Frye hearing on remand to that 

court. Id. ¶ 95 (noting that “it remains to be determined how the Frye analysis will 

determine the scope, if at all, of the admission of comparison testimony”). The 

appellate court concluded its discussion by stating: 

“Since [Prante’s] trial, the law regarding the admissibility of scientific 

evidence has developed, to the extent that bite mark evidence would now be 

considered ‘scientific’ evidence that must withstand a Frye analysis. 

Furthermore, the petition effectively alleges, and supports with documentation, 

a recent change within the scientific community regarding the validity and 

reliability of bite mark evidence, suggesting that the evidence presented by the 

State at [Prante’s] trial is no longer generally accepted within the scientific 

community. We find that the petition made a prima facie showing of cause and 

prejudice and that the circuit court erred in denying the petitioner leave to file 

his successive postconviction petition on this basis.” Id. ¶ 87. 

¶ 63 From this, it appears the appellate court determined that Prante’s due process 

claim required an examination of the Frye test and that the trial court’s failure to 

hold a Frye hearing before admitting the bite mark evidence was a constitutional 

violation. This was error by the appellate court. 

¶ 64 Relief under the Act is limited to constitutional violations that occurred at trial. 

People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 380 (1998). The Frye test is a common-law 

evidentiary rule, adopted by this court and codified in the Illinois Rules of 

Evidence. See Ill. R. Evid. 702 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). The Frye test is not a 

constitutional rule, and the failure to comply with Frye is not, in itself, a 

constitutional violation. Milone v. Camp, 22 F.3d 693, 702 (7th Cir. 1994). 
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Accordingly, Prante’s due process claim cannot go forward on the grounds offered 

by the appellate court.1

¶ 65 Prante contends that, even if the appellate court erred by focusing its analysis 

on Frye, he has nevertheless set forth a cognizable constitutional violation by 

alleging that the admission of bite mark analysis evidence violated his right to due 

process. He maintains, therefore, that he should be permitted to proceed with this 

claim.

¶ 66 Both the federal and state constitutions protect against “conviction based on 

evidence of questionable reliability.” Perry v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 237 

(2012). Ordinarily, though, this protection is provided not by the due process clause 

but by other constitutional guarantees, such as the right to counsel and the right to 

confrontation, as well as various other nonconstitutional evidentiary rules. Id.

However, when evidence “ ‘is so extremely unfair that its admission violates 

fundamental conceptions of justice,’ ” the due process clause prohibits its use. Id.

(quoting Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 352 (1990)); see also, e.g., United 

States v. Sanders, 708 F.3d 976, 983 (7th Cir. 2013) (“when evidence is so 

extremely unfair that its admission violates fundamental conceptions of justice, due 

process, like the sleeping giant, awakens” (internal quotation marks omitted)); 

People v. Cornille, 95 Ill. 2d 497, 508-09 (1983). 

¶ 67 In this case, Prante acknowledges that he was permitted to fully cross-examine 

the State’s forensic dental experts, Drs. Campbell and Levine, regarding their 

conclusions that bite marks found on Brown’s body were consistent with Prante’s 

teeth, and he was able to present his own expert witnesses to challenge those 

conclusions. Prante asserts, however, that his trial was nevertheless unfair because 

we now know that bite mark analysis is not a proper subject for expert testimony 

and that the testimony of Drs. Campbell and Levine was, in fact, false. As Prante 

explains, in light of recent scientific developments, we now know that, when Drs. 

Campbell and Levine each stated that bite mark analysis is the equivalent of 

fingerprint analysis, those statements were not true. Similarly, their statements, that 

1

Confusingly, the appellate court at times also referred to Prante’s due process claim as “the 

petitioner’s cause and prejudice claim.” 2021 IL App (5th) 200074, ¶ 97. The cause and prejudice 

test is the analytical tool used to determine whether a procedurally defaulted constitutional claim 

may be considered on its merits. The cause and prejudice test is not the underlying claim itself.
- 17 - 

human skin is an excellent medium for recording bite marks and that every 

individual’s dentition is unique, also were not true. According to Prante, 

“[e]veryone in the courtroom—from the State, the defense, the jury and the judge—

were operating under a false premise: bite mark evidence was valid and reliable 

‘scientific’ evidence. It was not.” Prante further asserts that the false bite mark

testimony was emphasized by the State throughout the trial and, in this way, 

rendered the proceedings fundamentally unfair. Accordingly, Prante contends that 

he has pled a cognizable due process claim. We disagree.

¶ 68 Prante’s due process claim is foreclosed by this court’s decision in People v. 

Brown, 169 Ill. 2d 94 (1995). In Brown, the defendant filed a postconviction 

petition alleging that he was denied his constitutional right to a fair trial because his 

convictions were based on the false testimony of one of the State’s witnesses. Id. at 

95-96. The circuit court summarily dismissed the petition, and this court affirmed 

the dismissal. Id. at 96. In so doing, this court noted that both Illinois courts and the 

federal circuit courts were divided over whether a criminal defendant must show 

that the government’s use of false testimony was knowing in order to establish a 

constitutional violation. Id. at 103-06. After acknowledging this split of authority, 

this court stated: 

“[W]e find that the better rule is the one expressed in those cases requiring an 

allegation of knowing use of false testimony in order to establish a 

constitutional violation. In the absence of an allegation of the knowing use of 

false testimony, or at least some lack of diligence on the part of the State, there 

has been no involvement by the State in the false testimony to establish a 

violation of due process. (See Cornille, 95 Ill. 2d at 513.) Without such 

involvement, the action of a witness falsely testifying is an action of a private 

individual for which there is no remedy under the due process clause.” Id. at 

106. 

¶ 69 Under Brown, a defendant must allege that the State’s use of false testimony 

was knowing in order to establish a constitutional violation. In this case, Prante has 

not done so. There are no allegations in Prante’s motion or postconviction petition 

that the State knew or should have known that the testimony of Drs. Campbell and 

Levine was false. To the contrary, Prante acknowledges that at the time of trial it 
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was assumed by all parties that, although experts might disagree in individual cases, 

the principles underlying bite mark analysis were valid and true. 

¶ 70 In support of his due process claim, Prante cites federal decisions that have 

recognized a due process claim where the defendant alleges the improper admission 

of subsequently discredited forensic evidence. See, e.g., Lee v. Houtzdale SCI, 798 

F.3d 159, 162 (3d Cir. 2015) (fire science and gas chromatography); Ege v. Yukins, 

485 F.3d 364, 375-78 (6th Cir. 2007) (bite marks). These decisions are inapposite. 

They do not apply Illinois law, nor do they recognize the rule adopted by this court 

in Brown. 

¶ 71 In the absence of any allegation that the State knowingly used the false bite mark

testimony or that the State failed to exercise diligence to discover that the testimony 

was false, Prante has not pled a cognizable due process claim under Illinois law. 

Accordingly, the circuit court properly denied Prante leave to file his due process 

claim. We therefore reverse the judgment of the appellate court allowing Prante to 

go forward on that claim. Because he has not pled a cognizable due process claim 

under Illinois law, we need not consider whether Prante has satisfied the cause and 

prejudice test.

¶ 72 Actual Innocence Claim

¶ 73 In his postconviction petition, Prante raises as his “primary ground for relief” a 

claim of actual innocence pursuant to Washington, 171 Ill. 2d 475. In Washington, 

this court recognized a “freestanding” claim of actual innocence as a matter of state 

law under the due process clause of the Illinois Constitution of 1970 (Ill. Const. 

1970, art. I, § 2). Washington, 171 Ill. 2d at 485-90. We explained that such a claim 

is one in which newly discovered evidence is not being used to “supplement an 

assertion of a constitutional violation” with respect to the petitioner’s trial. Id. at 

479-80. Instead, a freestanding claim of actual innocence is one in which it is 

alleged that newly discovered evidence makes a persuasive showing that the 

petitioner did not commit the offense with which he was charged and was, 

therefore, wrongfully convicted. Id. at 489. 

¶ 74 To obtain relief when raising a claim of actual innocence, the newly discovered 

evidence offered by the petitioner must be material, noncumulative, and of such a 
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conclusive character that it would “ ‘probably change the result on retrial.’ ” Id.

The new evidence must place the trial evidence in a different light and undermine 

the court’s confidence in the factual correctness of the guilty verdict. People v. 

Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 97. Where, as here, a petitioner raises an actual 

innocence claim in a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition, 

the petitioner should be denied leave to file only where, as a matter of law, no 

colorable claim of actual innocence has been presented. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, 

¶¶ 31-33. This simply means that the petitioner must produce newly discovered 

evidence that, when considered along with all the evidence presented at trial, would 

probably lead to a different result on retrial. Taliani, 2021 IL 125891, ¶ 59. 

¶ 75 In this case, the parties’ dispute centers primarily on the conclusive character 

of Prante’s evidence regarding the shift in scientific understanding that has taken 

place with respect to bite mark analysis. Because bite mark analysis has been 

discredited, Prante argues that, in any retrial, the State would not be permitted to 

introduce expert opinion testimony identifying the wound on Brown’s right 

collarbone as a bite mark and would not be permitted to introduce any testimony 

comparing that wound to dental impressions of Prante’s teeth. Given this fact, 

Prante contends that his newly proffered evidence is of such conclusive character 

as to warrant relief.

¶ 76 In support of this contention, Prante focuses largely on the testimony of Vicki 

White and Spencer Bond and their statements that Prante told them he had seen bite 

marks on Brown’s shoulder or collarbone at a time when the public had not yet 

been told of any such injury. Prante contends that, “[i]f the State cannot tell the jury 

there are bite marks at all, there is no point of the testimony” and, without that 

evidence, “a huge portion of the State’s case unravels.” Thus, according to Prante, 

he has presented conclusive new evidence that merits postconviction relief. We 

disagree. 

¶ 77 Even assuming that, in a retrial, the State would not be permitted to introduce 

expert testimony identifying a bite mark on Brown’s collarbone, there would be no 

bar to admitting Prante’s statements that he, himself, saw a bite mark. Nor would 

there be any prohibition to the State offering testimony that there was a wound (of 

unknown cause) on Brown’s collarbone. Thus, even without the expert testimony 

identifying a bite mark, a jury would still hear evidence that Prante was aware of 
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an injury on Brown’s body that could only have been known by someone who 

participated in the murder. 

¶ 78 Further, Prante’s statements describing the crime scene were not limited to 

saying that he saw a bite mark. He told Spencer Bond that Brown was found “in a 

curled position stuck in a pail of water down in the basement” and similarly told 

Vicki White and Harold Pollard that she was found in a “curled position” in the 

basement. Prante also told Spencer and Pollard that Brown had “been tied up” or 

had her “hands tied behind [her] back.” None of this evidence would be affected by 

the exclusion of the expert testimony regarding bite mark analysis.

¶ 79 Prante notes that none of the witnesses who testified regarding Prante’s 

statements shared those statements with police near the time of the murder. Prante 

points to the affidavit from Dr. Franklin attached to his petition that discusses false 

memories and contends this is new evidence that supports the conclusion that the 

witnesses’ testimony was tainted and that they only testified as they did because of 

reports discussing the crime they heard in the media after Brown’s body was 

exhumed and the second autopsy was conducted. Prante contends that this is an 

additional basis for allowing him to file his actual innocence claim. Here, too, we 

disagree. 

¶ 80 Dr. Franklin’s affidavit is cumulative to evidence introduced at trial. The 

witnesses were questioned as to why they did not come forward earlier with their 

information regarding Prante. They explained that the police either did not ask them 

about Prante or they were unaware that his statements about seeing Brown’s body 

were important. Further, impeachment evidence such as that offered in Dr. 

Franklin’s affidavit typically is insufficient to justify postconviction relief. People 

v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 335 (2009). 

¶ 81 Additional evidence presented by the State at trial is also unaffected by the shift 

in scientific understanding of bite mark analysis. Scroggins testified that Prante met 

and spoke with Brown the night before the murder, expressed a sexual interest in 

her, and was irritated that he could not join her party. Detective McEuen and Pollard 

also testified that Prante said Brown was “beautiful” and “nice-looking” and that 

he was sexually attracted to her. 
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¶ 82 In addition, Prante admitted at trial that he was at Main’s house from 

approximately 10 a.m. until shortly after the police arrived in the evening. Ms. 

Vancil, Main’s aunt and neighbor, corroborated that account, stating that Prante 

was on Main’s front porch from about 10 a.m. to 11 a.m., “disappeared” for about 

an hour, and then returned to the porch around noon. Prante also admitted that he 

saw Brown in her front yard in the morning or early afternoon on the day of the 

murder and stated she was wearing a “white flowered top.” In one of the recorded 

conversations with Spencer Bond, Prante said that he may have spoken with Brown 

in the driveway that day. These statements are consistent with testimony by Edna 

and Eric Moses that they saw a man and a woman matching Brown’s description 

in her driveway and that the woman was wearing a floral top. 

¶ 83 Additional evidence offered by the State showed that, later that evening, Prante 

told Pollard that Brown had been killed and stated that her “body was found curled 

up on the floor with its hands tied behind its back.” When asked by Pollard how he 

knew this, Prante claimed to have looked over a policeman’s shoulder at the crime 

scene. Yet Brown’s body was found in the basement, and the house had been 

secured by the police. Prante thus could not have seen Brown’s body in the way he 

described to Pollard. 

¶ 84 Within a few days, Prante told Spencer Bond that Brown was found “in a curled 

position stuck in a pail of water down in the basement” and had “been tied up.” 

These were also facts that, at the time the statements were made, could only have 

been known by someone who participated in the murder. 

¶ 85 In addition, when Prante was first interviewed by the police he could not 

account for his whereabouts around the time of the murder. Only later did he state 

that he was on Main’s porch at that time. Further, all the witnesses who spoke with 

Prante following the murder described him as nervous and agitated and stated he 

told them that he and Main had to get their stories straight. 

¶ 86 Even absent the bite mark testimony, the State presented considerable evidence 

that Prante had the motive and opportunity to commit the crime and, most 

importantly, that he was aware of facts about the crime scene at a time when they 

could only have been known by someone who participated in the murder. As this 

court has noted, “[b]ecause a successive postconviction claim of actual innocence 

undermines the finality of a conviction obtained after a fair trial, a postconviction 
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petitioner seeking to file a claim of actual innocence is held to a high standard.” 

Taliani, 2021 IL 125891, ¶ 68. Having carefully reviewed the record, we conclude 

that Prante has not met the high standard for setting forth a colorable claim of actual 

innocence. The circuit court properly denied Prante leave to file his claim of actual 

innocence. Accordingly, we affirm that part of the appellate court’s judgment that 

affirmed the circuit court’s ruling with respect to that claim.

¶ 87 Remaining Claims

¶ 88 In his postconviction petition Prante also raised three additional claims, 

including claims of ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. Because 

the appellate court allowed Prante to go forward on his separate due process claim, 

it did not reach these three additional claims. 2021 IL App (5th) 200074, ¶ 97. We 

therefore remand this cause to the appellate court to address the unresolved claims. 

See, e.g., People v. Lowery, 178 Ill. 2d 462, 473 (1997) (“where trial errors were 

raised but not ruled upon in the appellate court, it is appropriate for this court to 

remand the cause to the appellate court for resolution of those remaining issues”). 

¶ 89 CONCLUSION

¶ 90 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court granting Prante 

leave to file his due process claim is reversed. The judgment of the appellate court 

denying Prante leave to file his claim of actual innocence is affirmed. The cause is 

remanded to the appellate court to resolve Prante’s remaining claims.

¶ 91 Appellate court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. 

¶ 92 Cause remanded.

¶ 93 JUSTICES ROCHFORD and O’BRIEN took no part in the consideration or 

decision of this case.