Table of Contents 

Preface.............................................................................................. iii
 

Acknowledgments....................................................................... iv
 

Summary of Changes.................................................................. vi
 

Table of Contents ........................................................................ iix
 

Chapter 1
 

Departure Procedures ............................................................. 1-1
 

Introduction ............................................................................... 1-1
 

Surface Movement Safety ...................................................... 1-2
 

Airport Sketches and Diagrams ....................................... 1-2
 

Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) section of the Chart


 Supplement (CS) ............................................................... 1-2
 

Surface Movement Guidance Control System


 (SMGCS)................................................................................ 1-3
 

Advanced Surface Movement Guidance Control


 System (A-SMGCS)............................................................1-4
 

Airport Signs, Lighting, and Markings...........................1-5
 

Runway Incursions................................................................ 1-5
 

Runway Hotspots..................................................................1-6
 

Standardized Taxi Routes ................................................... 1-6
 

Taxi and Movement Operations Change...................... 1-8
 

Weather and the Departure Environment ....................... 1-8
 

Takeoff Minimums ................................................................ 1-8
 

Takeoff Minimums for Commercial Operators ........... 1-8
 

Operations Specifications (OpSpecs)............................. 1-8
 

Ceiling and Visibility Requirements..............................1-10
 

Visibility .................................................................................1-10
 

Prevailing Visibility..............................................................1-10
 

Runway Visibility Value (RVV) .........................................1-10
 

Tower Visibility .....................................................................1-11
 

Runway Visual Range (RVR) .............................................1-11
 

Adequate Visual Reference..............................................1-11
 

Ceilings ...................................................................................1-11
 

Automated Weather Systems .............................................1-12
 

Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) .......1-12
 

Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service


 (D-ATIS) ...............................................................................1-12
 

IFR Alternate Requirements ............................................1-13
 

Alternate Minimums for Commercial Operators .....1-14
 

Departure Procedures ...........................................................1-16
 

Design Criteria......................................................................1-16
 

Low, Close-In Obstacles....................................................1-18
 

One-Engine-Inoperative (OEI) Takeoff Obstacle


 Clearance Requirements .............................................1-20
 

Categories of Departure Procedures................................1-23
 

Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODPs)......................1-23
 

ODP Flight Planning Considerations............................1-23
 

Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)......................1-26
 

Transition Routes ................................................................1-26
 

SID Flight Planning Considerations..............................1-28
 

Area Navigation (RNAV) Departures............................1-30
 

SID Altitudes ........................................................................1-36
 

Pilot Responsibility For Use Of RNAV Departures ...1-37
 

Radar Departures................................................................1-38
 

Diverse Vector Area ............................................................1-42
 

Visual Climb Over Airport (VCOA).................................1-42
 

Noise Abatement Procedures.........................................1-42
 

Procedural Notes .....................................................................1-43
 

DP Responsibilities .............................................................1-43
 

Departures From Tower-Controlled Airports ............1-43
 

Departures From Airports Without an Operating


 Control Tower ...................................................................1-43
 

Ground Communication Outlet.....................................1-44
 

See and Avoid Techniques...............................................1-44
 

VFR Departures....................................................................1-44
 

Chapter 2
 

En Route Operations ................................................................ 2-1
 

Introduction ................................................................................ 2-1
 

En Route Navigation................................................................. 2-2
 

Airways ..................................................................................... 2-2
 

Air Route Traffic Control Centers ..................................... 2-3
 

Safe Separation Standards................................................. 2-4
 

Sectors ...................................................................................... 2-5
 

In-flight Requirements and Instructions ...................... 2-6
 

High Altitude Area Navigation Routing........................2-7
 

Preferred IFR Routes............................................................. 2-7
 

Substitute Airway or Route Structures..........................2-9
 

Substitute Airway En Route Flight Procedures........... 2-9
 

viii 
Tower En Route Control....................................................2-10
 

Tower En Route Control Route Descriptions.............2-10
 

Airway and Route System ....................................................2-13
 

Airway/Route Depiction...................................................2-13
 

IFR En Route Low Altitude Chart ...................................2-14
 

IFR En Route High Altitude Chart .................................2-17
 

VHF Airways ..........................................................................2-18
 

Victor Airway Navigation Procedures..........................2-18
 

LF/MF Airways......................................................................2-18
 

En Route Obstacle Clearance Areas..............................2-18
 

Primary and Secondary En Route Obstacle Clearance


 Areas....................................................................................2-19
 

Changeover Points .............................................................2-20
 

Direct Route Flights............................................................2-21
 

Published RNAV Routes ....................................................2-23
 

Composition of Designators ...........................................2-23
 

Use of Designators in Communications .....................2-24
 

Random RNAV Routes .......................................................2-25
 

Off-Airway Routes...............................................................2-26
 

Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude ................2-27
 

Monitoring of Navigation Facilities ..............................2-29
 

Navigational Gaps...............................................................2-29
 

NAVAID Accuracy Check...................................................2-29
 

VOR Accuracy .......................................................................2-29
 

VOT...........................................................................................2-29
 

VOR Checkpoint Signs.......................................................2-30
 

Dual VOR Check...................................................................2-31
 

Airborne VOR Check...........................................................2-31
 

NDB Accuracy Check..........................................................2-31
 

RNAV Accuracy Check .......................................................2-31
 

Waypoints ..................................................................................2-32
 

User-Defined Waypoints...................................................2-32
 

Floating Waypoints.............................................................2-32
 

Computer Navigation Performance .................................2-33
 

Required Navigation Performance ...................................2-34
 

RNP Levels .............................................................................2-35
 

Standard RNP Levels ..........................................................2-35
 

Application of Standard RNP Levels.............................2-35
 

IFR En Route Altitudes ...........................................................2-35
 

Minimum En Route Altitude (MEA) ..............................2-35
 

RNAV Minimum En Route Altitude ...............................2-35
 

Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA)............................2-35
 

Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA).........................2-35
 

Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)2-36
 

Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA) .................................2-38
 

Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA)...............................2-40
 

Minimum IFR Altitude (MIA)............................................2-40
 

Minimum Vectoring Altitudes (MVA) ...........................2-41
 

IFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level.............................2-42
 

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums (RSVM).....2-43
 

Cruise Clearance..................................................................2-43
 

Lowest Usable Flight Level ..............................................2-43
 

Operations in Other Countries.......................................2-44
 

Altitude Above Ground (QFE).........................................2-45
 

Barometric Pressure for Standard Altimeter Setting


 (QNE)....................................................................................2-45
 

Barometric Pressure for Local Altimeter Setting


 (QNH)...................................................................................2-45
 

En Route Reporting Procedures ........................................2-46
 

Non-Radar Position Reports............................................2-46
 

Flights in a Radar Environment......................................2-46
 

Position Report Items ........................................................2-46
 

Additional Reports..............................................................2-46
 

Communication Failure.........................................................2-47
 

ARTCC Radio Frequency Outage...................................2-48
 

Climbing and Descending En Route ................................2-48
 

Aircraft Speed and Altitude.............................................2-49
 

En Route Holding Procedures.............................................2-51
 

ATC Holding Instructions .................................................2-51
 

Maximum Holding Speed................................................2-52
 

High Performance Holding .............................................2-52
 

En Route Safety Considerations.........................................2-52
 

Fuel State Awareness.........................................................2-52
 

Diversion Procedures.........................................................2-52
 

Chapter 3
 

Arrivals........................................................................................... 3-1
 

Introduction ................................................................................ 3-1
 

Navigation in the Arrival Environment..............................3-2
 

Descent Planning..................................................................3-3
 

Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Planning.............................3-4
 

LNAV/VNAV Equipment ...................................................... 3-6
 

Descent Planning for High Performance Aircraft......3-6
 

Descending From the En Route Altitude...................... 3-8
 

Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)...............................3-9
 

Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs) ......................3-10
 

RNAV STARs or STAR Transitions ....................................3-12
 

Interpreting the STAR ........................................................3-12
 

STAR Procedures .................................................................3-16
 

Preparing for the Arrival........................................................3-16
 

Reviewing the Approach..................................................3-16
 

Altitude ..................................................................................3-18
 

Airspeed ................................................................................3-20
 

Holding Patterns .................................................................3-21
 

Approach Clearance...........................................................3-22
 

Present Position Direct......................................................3-24
 

Radar Vectors to Final Approach Course ...................3-24
 

Special Airport Qualification ...............................................3-26
 

ix 
Chapter 4
 

Approaches ................................................................................. 4-1
 

Introduction ................................................................................ 4-1
 

Approach Planning .................................................................. 4-2
 

Weather Considerations ........................................................ 4-2
 

Weather Sources .................................................................. 4-2
 

Broadcast Weather ............................................................... 4-4
 

Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS) ....... 4-5
 

Automated Weather Observing Programs .................. 4-5
 

Automated Weather Observing System ....................... 4-5
 

Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)/
 

Automated Weather Sensor System (AWSS) .............. 4-5
 

Center Weather Advisories (CWA)...................................4-6
 

Weather Regulatory Requirements ............................... 4-6
 

Weather Requirements and Part 91 Operators .......... 4-6
 

Weather Requirements and Part 135 Operators........ 4-7
 

Weather Requirements and Part 121 Operators ....... 4-7
 

Aircraft Performance Considerations.................................4-7
 

Aircraft Performance Operating Limitations .............. 4-7
 

Aircraft Approach Categories ........................................... 4-8
 

Instrument Approach Charts ................................................ 4-9
 

Approach Chart Naming Conventions ......................... 4-9
 

Straight-In Procedures ....................................................... 4-9
 

Circling-Only Procedures ................................................4-11
 

Communications ....................................................................4-11
 

Approach Control ..............................................................4-13
 

Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)....................4-13
 

High or Lack of Minimum Vectoring Altitudes


 (MVAs) .................................................................................4-14
 

Lack of Approach Control Terrain Advisories............4-15
 

Airports With an ATC Tower ............................................4-15
 

Airports Without A Control Tower ................................4-15
 

Primary NAVAID .......................................................................4-17
 

Equipment Requirements ....................................................4-17
 

Courses........................................................................................4-17
 

Traditional Courses ............................................................4-17
 

Area Navigation Courses .................................................4-18
 

Altitudes ....................................................................................4-19
 

Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude .....................................4-19
 

Final Approach Fix Altitude ............................................4-19
 

Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA), Decision Altitude 


(DA), And Decision Height (DH).....................................4-19
 

Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS) and Instrument 


 Approaches ...........................................................................4-20
 

Vertical Navigation..................................................................4-23
 

Wide Area Augmentation System ................................4-25
 

Benefits Of WAAS In The Airport Environment.........4-25
 

Advantages Of WAAS Enabled LPV Approaches .....4-25
 

Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS)..........4-26
 

Required Navigation Performance (RNP)...................4-30
 

RNAV Approach Authorization .....................................4-30
 

Baro-VNAV .............................................................................4-31
 

Hot and Cold Temperature Limitations.......................4-33
 

LNAV, LANV/VNAV and Circling Minimums...............4-34
 

Airport/Runway Information ..........................................4-34
 

Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Briefing............4-35
 

Navigation and Communication Radios ...................4-35
 

Flight Management System (FMS) ...............................4-35
 

Autopilot Modes .................................................................4-36
 

Descents .....................................................................................4-37
 

Stabilized Approach ..........................................................4-37
 

Descent Rates and Glidepaths for Nonprecision 


Approaches ..............................................................................4-37
 

Maximum Acceptable Descent Rates..........................4-37
 

Transition to a Visual Approach ....................................4-39
 

Missed Approach ...............................................................4-39
 

Example Approach Briefing ............................................4-42
 

Instrument Approach Procedure Segments .............4-42
 

Feeder Routes.......................................................................4-42
 

Terminal Routes ..................................................................4-42
 

DME Arcs ...............................................................................4-43
 

Course Reversal ..................................................................4-43
 

Initial Approach Segment ...............................................4-49
 

Intermediate Approach Segment ................................4-49
 

Final Approach Segment..................................................4-49
 

Missed Approach Segment ............................................4-50
 

Approach Clearance ..........................................................4-50
 

Vectors To Final Approach Course ...............................4-53
 

Nonradar Environment ....................................................4-54
 

Types of Approaches..............................................................4-54
 

Visual and Contact Approaches ....................................4-55
 

Visual Approaches .............................................................4-56
 

Contact Approaches .........................................................4-57
 

Charted Visual Flight Procedures .................................4-57
 

RNAV Approaches ..............................................................4-57
 

Terminal Arrival Areas .......................................................4-58
 

RNAV Approach Types ...........................................................4-60
 

GPS Overlay of Nonprecision Approach ....................4-60
 

GPS Stand-Alone/RNAV (GPS) Approach ...................4-60
 

RNAV (GPS) Approach Using WAAS .............................4-63
 

ILS Approaches ....................................................................4-63
 

ILS Approach Categories..................................................4-63
 

CAT II and III Approaches .................................................4-63
 

Simultaneous Approaches To Parallel Runways .....4-64
 

Simultaneous Dependent Approaches.......................4-64
 

Simultaneous Independent Approaches ...................4-65
 

Simultaneous Close Parallel Precision Runway Monitor


 (PRM) Approaches .........................................................4-65
 

Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches


 (SOIAs) ................................................................................4-66
 

Converging ILS Approaches............................................4-66
 

VOR Approach .....................................................................4-66
 

x 
NDB Approach ....................................................................4-69
 

Radar Approaches .............................................................4-69
 

Precision Approach Radar (PAR) ....................................4-72
 

Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) ...................................4-72
 

Localizer Approaches ........................................................4-75
 

Localizer and Localizer DME............................................4-75
 

Localizer Back Course ........................................................4-76
 

Localizer-Type Directional Aid (LDA)............................4-76
 

Simplified Directional Facility (SDF) .............................4-78
 

Chapter 5
 

Improvement Plans .................................................................. 5-1
 

Introduction ................................................................................ 5-1
 

Next Generation Air Transportation (NextGen)


 System....................................................................................... 5-2
 

NextGen Existing Improvements .................................... 5-5
 

Benefits of NextGen ............................................................. 5-7
 

Head-Up Displays (HUD)......................................................... 5-7
 

Synthetic and Enhanced Vision Systems............................5-8 


Synthetic Vision System (SVS)........................................... 5-8
 

Synthetic Vision Guidance System (SVGS)....................5-9 


Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS)........................... 5-9
 

Combined Vision System Technology .......................... 5-9
 

Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) ...................................................5-10
 

Access to Special Use Airspace............................................5-11
 

Civilians Using Special Use Airspace ............................5-11
 

Chapter 6
 

Airborne Navigation Databases...........................................6-1
 

Introduction ............................................................................... 6-1
 

Airborne Navigation Database Standardization............6-3
 

ARINC 424................................................................................6-4
 

Fix Records............................................................................... 6-4
 

Simple Route Records ......................................................... 6-4
 

Complex Route Records ..................................................... 6-5
 

Miscellaneous Records........................................................ 6-5
 

Path and Terminator Concept...............................................6-5
 

Path and Terminator Legs .................................................. 6-5
 

Path and Terminator Limitations ..................................... 6-9
 

Role of the Database Provider ............................................6-13
 

Role of the Avionics Manufacturer ...............................6-13
 

Users Role ..............................................................................6-14
 

Operational Limitations of Airborne Navigation 

Databases...................................................................................6-14
 

Closed Indefinitely Airports ............................................6-14
 

Storage Limitations ............................................................6-15
 

Charting/Database Inconsistencies .............................6-15
 

Naming Conventions.........................................................6-15
 

Issues Related To Magnetic Variation...........................6-16
 

Issues Related To Revision Cycle....................................6-17
 

Chapter 7
 

Helicopter Instrument Procedures...................................... 7-1
 

Introduction ................................................................................ 7-1
 

Helicopter Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) Certification .. 7-2
 

Flight and Navigation Equipment .................................. 7-2
 

Miscellaneous Requirements ........................................... 7-2
 

Stabilization and Automatic Flight Control


 System (AFCS) ................................................................... 7-2
 

Helicopter Flight Manual Limitations ........................... 7-3
 

Operations Specifications ................................................. 7-5
 

Minimum Equipment List (MEL)......................................7-5
 

Pilot Proficiency .................................................................... 7-5
 

Helicopter VFR Minimums ................................................ 7-8
 

Helicopter IFR Takeoff Minimums .................................. 7-8
 

Helicopter IFR Alternates ................................................... 7-8
 

Part 91 Operators ................................................................. 7-8
 

Part 135 Operators ............................................................... 7-9
 

Helicopter Instrument Approaches................................ 7-9
 

Standard Instrument Approach Procedures to an


 Airport .................................................................................. 7-9
 

Copter Only Approaches to An Airport or


 Heliport ..............................................................................7-10
 

Copter GPS Approaches to an Airport or


 Heliport ..............................................................................7-10
 

Helicopter Approaches to VFR Heliports ...................7-14
 

Approach to a PinS ............................................................7-14
 

Approach to a Specific VFR Heliport ...........................7-14
 

Inadvertent IMC ..................................................................7-16
 

IFR Heliports .........................................................................7-17
 

Appendix A
 

Emergency Procedures ..........................................................A-1
 

Introduction ...............................................................................A-1
 

Emergencies ...............................................................................A-1
 

Inadvertent Thunderstorm Encounter ..........................A-1
 

Inadvertent Icing Encounter.............................................A-2
 

Aircraft System Malfunction .............................................A-2
 

Generator Failure ..................................................................A-3
 

Instrument Failure ................................................................A-3
 

Pilot/Static System Failure .................................................A-3
 

Loss of Situational Awareness (SA) .................................A-3
 

Inadvertent Instrument Meteorological Condition


 (IIMC) .....................................................................................A-4
 

ATC Requirements During an In-Flight Emergency ......A-5
 

Provide Information.............................................................A-5
 

Radar Assistance....................................................................A-5
 

Emergency Airports ............................................................A-6
 

Emergency Obstruction Video Map (EOVM)...............A-6
 

Responsibility .........................................................................A-6
 

xi 
Escort ........................................................................................A-6
 

Appendix B
 

Acronyms .....................................................................................B-1
 

Glossary.........................................................................................G-1
 

xii