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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

No. 22-TX-0088 

DISTRICT HOSPITAL PARTNERS, LP, APPELLANT,

v.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, APPELLEE.

Appeal from the Superior Court

of the District of Columbia

(2021-CVT-000013)

(Hon. John F. McCabe, Trial Judge)

(Argued January 19, 2023 Decided March 2, 2023)

Kelley C. Miller for appellant.

Nitisha Baronia, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee. Karl A. Racine, 

Attorney General for the District of Columbia at the time the brief was filed, 

Caroline S. Van Zile, Solicitor General, Ashwin P. Phatak, Principal Deputy 

Solicitor General, Carl J. Schifferle, Deputy Solicitor General, and Sonya L. 

Lebsack, Assistant Attorney General, were on the brief for appellee.

Before BECKWITH, EASTERLY, and MCLEESE, Associate Judges.

MCLEESE, Associate Judge: Appellant District Hospital Partners, LP, doing 

business as The George Washington University Hospital (GWUH), sought a refund 

of sales taxes. The Superior Court held that GWUH was not entitled to a refund. 

We affirm.
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I. Background

Retail vendors in the District of Columbia are generally required to pay a sales 

tax in connection with sales of tangible personal property. D.C. Code § 47-2002(a). 

The vendor is required to collect the tax from the purchaser, who is required to 

reimburse the vendor for the tax. D.C. Code § 47-2003(a). The sales tax does not 

apply, however, to sales of personal property that the purchaser intends to resell. 

D.C. Code § 47-2001(n)(1). 

The D.C. Code specifies the procedure for claiming that a sale is exempt from 

the sales tax because the purchaser intends to resell the property at issue:

It shall be presumed that all receipts from the sale of 

tangible personal property and services mentioned in this 

chapter are subject to tax until the contrary is established, 

and the burden of proving that a receipt is not taxable 

hereunder shall be upon the vendor or the purchaser as the 

case may be. . . . [U]nless the vendor shall have taken 

from the purchaser a certificate signed by and bearing the 

name and address of the purchaser and the number of his 

registration certificate to the effect that the property or 

service was purchased for resale . . . , the receipts from all 

sales shall be deemed taxable. . . . [I]n case no certificate 

is furnished or obtained prior to the time the sale is 

consummated, the tax shall apply to the gross receipts 

therefrom as if the sale were made at retail. 

 
3

D.C. Code § 47-2010.

Except as indicated, the following facts appear to be undisputed. The present 

case involves certain purchases made by GWUH from 2016 to 2019. GWUH paid 

nearly $1,000,000 in sales taxes on the purchases. GWUH claims that the sales taxes 

were paid in error because GWUH purchased prepared meals that were then resold. 

At the time of the purchases, GWUH did not provide the seller with a certificate 

stating that the purchases were for resale. 

GWUH filed a claim for a refund of the sales tax. See D.C. Code § 47-2020(a) 

(“Any tax that has been erroneously or illegally collected shall be refunded if 

application under oath is filed with the Mayor for such refund within 3 years from 

the payment thereof.”). The Office of Tax and Revenue (OTR) denied the claim for 

a refund on the ground that GWUH had not provided the seller with a resale 

certificate at the time of the purchases, as required by D.C. Code § 47-2010. GWUH 

appealed that ruling to the Superior Court, which upheld OTR’s decision. 
4

II. Analysis

This case turns on the interpretation of provisions of the D.C. Code. We 

generally decide issues of statutory interpretation de novo. E.g., Briscoe v. United 

States, 181 A.3d 651, 655 (D.C. 2018). In some circumstances, however, we give 

deference to an expert agency’s interpretation of ambiguous statutes that the agency 

administers. E.g., D.C. Metro. Police Dep’t v. D.C. Pub. Emp. Rels. Bd., 282 A.3d 

598, 603 (D.C. 2022). See generally, e.g., D.C. Off. of Tax & Revenue v. BAE Sys. 

Enter. Sys., Inc., 56 A.3d 477, 480-81 (D.C. 2012) (discussing question whether 

court owed deference to OTR’s interpretation of tax statute). The parties take the 

position that our review in this case is de novo. 

The last two sentences of D.C. Code § 47-2010 by their plain terms foreclose 

GWUH’s claim for a refund. Specifically, those sentences specify a clear procedure 

for purchasers who wish to avoid sales tax on the ground that the purchaser intends 

to resell the purchased items: at the time of the purchase, the purchaser must provide 

the vendor with a certificate stating that the purchased items are intended for resale. 

D.C. Code § 47-2010. Those sentences also impose a clear consequence for failing 

to follow the specified procedure: the purchases at issue “shall be deemed taxable . . .
5

[and] the [sales] tax shall apply to the gross receipts therefrom as if the sale were 

made at retail.” Id.

Our interpretation of the plain language of § 47-2010 finds strong support 

from a decision of the Court of Appeals of Maryland interpreting a statute worded 

almost identically to § 47-2010. Comptroller of Treasury, Retail Sales Tax Div. v. 

Atlas Gen. Indus., 198 A.2d 86, 89 (Md. 1964) (interpreting Md. Code art. 81, § 333 

(1957)) (“It is difficult to see how the Legislature could have used plainer or more 

precise language to express an intention that the [sales] tax applies, unless 

certificates of resale are obtained.”).

We do not, however, construe statutory terms in isolation. See, e.g., United 

States v. Hawkins, 261 A.3d 914, 917 (D.C. 2021) (Statutory interpretation is “a 

holistic endeavor, in which we look not at words in isolation but at their placement 

and purpose in the statutory scheme.”) (brackets, ellipses, and internal quotation 

marks omitted). Relying on a number of considerations, GWUH argues that a 

purchaser who fails to provide the required certificate and instead pays sales tax at 

the time of a purchase can nevertheless later obtain a refund by proving that the 

purchased items were intended for resale and in fact were resold. We are not 

persuaded by GWUH’s arguments.
6

First, GWUH argues that interpreting the last two sentences of § 47-2010 to 

flatly foreclose refunds to purchasers who fail to provide the required certificate at 

the time of purchase would make the first sentence of § 47-2010 superfluous. As 

previously noted, the first sentence of § 47-2010 provides that

[i]t shall be presumed that all receipts from the sale of 

tangible personal property and services mentioned in this 

chapter are subject to tax until the contrary is established, 

and the burden of proving that a receipt is not taxable 

hereunder shall be upon the vendor or the purchaser as the 

case may be.

 

Contrary to GWUH’s contention, the first sentence of § 47-2010 is not superfluous 

when the last two sentences of § 47-2010 are read to flatly foreclose refunds to 

purchasers who fail to provide the required certificate at the time of purchase. For 

example, in some cases, a purchaser will provide a certificate stating that the 

purchaser intends to resell the purchased items, but OTR will later take the position 

that in fact the purchased items were not intended for resale or were not resold. The 

first sentence of § 47-2010 provides guidance about how such disputes are to be 

resolved: there is a presumption that the purchase is taxable, and the party seeking 

to argue otherwise bears the burden of proving otherwise. 
7

Second, GWUH appears to argue that the first sentence of § 47-2010 creates 

a general rebuttable presumption of taxability that should prevail over the last two 

sentences of § 47-2010. We disagree. Reading the general rebuttable presumption 

in the first sentence of § 47-2010 to completely nullify the more specific flat rule 

stated in the last two sentences of § 47-2010 would run contrary to two well-settled 

principles of statutory interpretation: (1) the principle that “statute[s] should be 

construed so that general language does not apply to matters covered by more 

specific language,” Nat’l Org. for Women v. Mut. of Omaha Ins. Co., 531 A.2d 274, 

279 (D.C. 1987); see also, e.g., Bloate v. United States, 559 U.S. 196, 208 (2010) 

(“[G]eneral language of a statutory provision, although broad enough to include it, 

will not be held to apply to a matter specifically dealt with in another part of the 

same enactment.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); and (2) the principle that 

“each provision of the statute should be construed so as to give effect to all of its 

provisions, not rendering any provision superfluous,” Animal Legal Def. Fund v. 

Hormel Foods Corp., 258 A.3d 174, 183 (D.C. 2021) (brackets and internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

Third, GWUH relies on D.C. Code § 47-2020(a), which provides that “[a]ny

tax that has been erroneously or illegally collected shall be refunded . . . .” 

Essentially for the reasons just stated, however, we do not agree that this general 
8

language negates the more specific flat rule stated in the last two sentences of 

§ 47-2010. Moreover, in light of the flat rule stated in § 47-2010, sales taxes

collected from a purchaser who fails to present the required certificate are simply 

not “erroneously or illegally collected.” 

Fourth, GWUH argues that § 47-2020 is a remedial statute that should be 

construed broadly in favor of taxpayers seeking refunds. GWUH does not, however, 

cite authority specifically holding that tax-refund provisions should be construed 

liberally in favor of taxpayers. To the contrary, we have held that tax statutes should 

generally “be given a reasonable construction, without bias or prejudice against 

either the taxpayer or the state, in order to carry out the intention of the legislature 

and further the important public interests which such statutes subserve.” Expedia, 

Inc. v. District of Columbia, 120 A.3d 623, 631 (D.C. 2015) (internal quotation 

marks omitted). “Only if the statute remains ambiguous after resorting to all of the 

normal tools of statutory construction should the [c]ourt construe any remaining 

reasonable ambiguity against the District and in favor of the taxpayer[].” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). We see no such ambiguity here.

Fifth, GWUH cites D.C. Code § 47-2020(c), which permits taxpayers seeking 

refunds to introduce evidence in support of their refund requests. That provision
9

applies to tax refunds in general, however, and does not provide a basis upon which 

to supersede § 47-2010’s flat rule that no refund of sales tax is available to a 

purchaser who fails to provide a certificate to the vendor at the time of purchase.

Sixth, GWUH relies on 9 D.C.M.R. § 414, which governs sales tax on 

purchases for resale. In our view, that regulation is consistent with § 47-2010’s flat 

rule that no refund of sales tax is available to a purchaser who fails to provide a 

certificate to the vendor at the time of purchase. For example, 9 D.C.M.R. § 414.11, 

which GWUH specifically cites, addresses the situation in which a certificate is 

provided at the time of sale but the property is then given away. Id. Another 

provision, 9 D.C.M.R. § 414.1, addresses who bears the burden of proof if an issue 

later arises about whether a purchase was for resale, providing that the vendor bears 

the burden of proof unless the vendor “timely takes in good faith” the required 

certificate. Id. That provision does not expressly contradict § 47-2010’s flat rule. 

It is true, however, that § 414.1, considered in isolation, could at least arguably be 

read to imply that a purchaser who did not provide a certificate at the time of 

purchase could nevertheless establish an exemption from the sales tax if the 

purchaser could carry the burden of showing that the purchase was for resale. We 

decline to interpret the regulation in that fashion, however, because an arguable 

implication of a regulation cannot prevail over the plain language of a statute. See, 
10

e.g., Riley v. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 258 A.3d 834, 846 (D.C. 2021) (“[E]xpress, 

mandatory [statutory] language overrides any regulation inconsistent with it.”).

Seventh, GWUH relies on the principle that “courts deal with the substance, 

rather than the form, of transactions.” D.C. Off. of Tax & Revenue v. Shuman, 82 

A.3d 58, 68 (D.C. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). That is a well-settled 

principle in interpreting tax laws. See, e.g., Mazzei v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 

998 F.3d 1041, 1054 (9th Cir. 2021). “But like any background maxim that informs 

the construction and application of a statute, the doctrine of substance over form can 

be negated by . . . express statutory language.” Id. “Thus, there are some 

circumstances when form—and form alone—determines the tax consequences of a 

transaction, such as when statutory provisions deliberately elevate, or have been 

construed to elevate, form above substance.” Id. at 1055 (citations and internal 

quotation marks omitted). We conclude that the last two sentences of § 47-2010 

deliberately and explicitly make what could be viewed as a matter of form—the 

failure to provide a certificate at the time of purchase—dispositive of whether sales 

tax must be paid.

Eighth, GWUH argues that treating § 47-2010 as establishing a flat rule

results in “double taxation” of GWUH. We disagree with that characterization of 
11

the events in this case. Because GWUH did not provide a timely resale certificate, 

GWUH was required to pay sales tax to its vendor, which was then required to pay 

the tax to the District of Columbia. See D.C. Code §§ 47-2002(a), -2003(a), -2010. 

We assume for current purposes the truth of GWUH’s claim that GWUH resold the 

prepared meals. Presumably, GWUH therefore collected sales tax from the 

purchasers of the prepared meals and paid those collected taxes to the District. Id. 

In practical terms, GWUH thus bore the ultimate burden of paying sales tax only 

once. More accurately described, GWUH’s objection is that GWUH was required 

to bear the burden of sales taxes that GWUH should not have been required to pay, 

because only the ultimate consumers of the meals should have been required to pay 

those sales taxes. That consequence, however, is entirely attributable to GWUH’s 

failure to follow the required procedures. 

Ninth, GWUH argues that it is “absurd” to require GWUH to pay sales taxes

on transactions that in reality should have been exempt from sales taxes. To the 

contrary, we do not view it as at all absurd for the legislature to determine that any 

claim of exemption from sales tax must be supported by certificates presented to the 

vendor at the time of purchase. Requiring a contemporaneous resale certificate 

appears to us to be a reasonable approach to the problem potentially presented by 

trying to verify the purpose of numerous transactions entirely after the fact. See 
12

Comptroller of Treasury, 198 A.2d at 83 (“It seems apparent that [a virtually 

identical provision of Maryland law] was designed as an easy method of establishing 

that a purchase has been made for the purpose of resale, but, at the same time, when 

resale certificates are not obtained to avoid possibly protracted and tedious litigation 

in attempts to establish that purchases have, in fact, been made for the purpose of 

resale.”); cf. Scholastic Servs. Org., Inc. v. Commonwealth, 721 A.2d 74, 78 (Pa. 

Commw. Ct. 1998) (“By ignoring the requirement of initially demanding and 

receiving a valid complete [sales-tax] exemption certificate, this Court would not 

only eliminate the uniformity of the sales tax collection process but also 

unnecessarily burden the Department by forcing it to examine each claimed 

exemption on a case-by-case basis . . . .”).

Tenth, GWUH cites two non-binding decisions, District Paving Corp. v. 

District of Columbia, No. 7268-97 (D.C. Super. Ct. Aug. 9, 2000), and Steelcase, 

Inc. v. Dir., Div. of Tax’n, 13 N.J. Tax 182 (Tax Ct. 1993). We do not view those 

decisions as supporting GWUH’s argument. The decision in District Paving rests 

on a conclusion that the type of sale at issue there (purchase of utility power) was 

exempted from sales tax under D.C. Code § 47-2005(11) (1997), a provision 

separate from the “resale” exemption. District Paving, No. 7268-97, slip op. at 5, 

25-26 (“This Court concludes only that if a taxpayer whose purchases of utility 
13

power are statutorily exempt demands a refund, such refund cannot be denied on the 

basis of lack of presentation of an exemption certificate or ‘resale’ certificate at the 

time of the prior purchase.”). The decision in Steelcase involves a statute worded 

quite differently from § 47-2010, with the most notable difference being that the 

New Jersey statute did not expressly require that a resale certificate be “furnished or 

obtained prior to the time the sale is consummated.” D.C. Code § 47-2010; see N.J.

Stat. Ann. § 54:32B-12(b). 

Finally, GWUH states in passing that interpreting § 47-2010 as a flat rule is 

error “as a matter of law on due process grounds.” GWUH neither cites authority 

nor provides argument in support of a separate constitutional claim. We therefore 

need not address such a claim. See, e.g., Miller v. United States, 209 A.3d 75, 80 

(D.C. 2019) (declining to address issue not adequately briefed on appeal). In any 

event, essentially for the reasons we have already stated, we see no basis for a 

conclusion that § 47-2010’s flat rule offends the Due Process Clause. 

 

In sum, we conclude that § 47-2010 precludes GWUH’s claim for a refund, 

because GWUH failed to provide the vendor with a resale certificate at the time of 

the purchases at issue. We therefore affirm the judgment of the Superior Court. 

So ordered.