```

[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. Res. 99 Reported in Senate (RS)]

<DOC>
                                                        Calendar No. 54
118th CONGRESS
  1st Session
S. RES. 99

           Supporting the goals of International Women's Day.

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                             March 8, 2023

Mrs. Shaheen (for herself, Ms. Collins, Ms. Duckworth, Ms. Baldwin, Mr. 
     Kaine, Mr. Van Hollen, and Mr. Coons) submitted the following 
  resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations

                              May 4, 2023

  Reported by Mr. Menendez, without amendment and an amendment to the 
                                preamble
      [Strike the preamble and insert the part printed in italic]

_______________________________________________________________________

                               RESOLUTION

 
           Supporting the goals of International Women's Day.

Whereas, as of March 2023, there are approximately 3,990,000,000 women and girls 
        in the world, making up \1/2\ of the world's population;
Whereas women and girls around the world--

    (1) have fundamental human rights;

    (2) play a critical role in providing and caring for their families and 
driving positive change in their communities;

    (3) contribute substantially to food security, economic growth, the 
prevention and resolution of conflict, and the sustainability of peace and 
stability;

    (4) are affected in different and often disproportionate ways by 
global, country, and community circumstances, including economic downturns, 
global health concerns, conflict, and migration; and

    (5) must have meaningful protections and opportunities to more fully 
participate in and lead the political, social, and economic lives of their 
communities and countries;

Whereas the advancement and empowerment of women and girls around the world is a 
        foreign policy priority for the United States and is critical to the 
        achievement of global peace, prosperity, and sustainability;
Whereas, on October 6, 2017, the Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017 (22 
        U.S.C. 2152j et seq.) was enacted into law, which includes requirements 
        for a government-wide ``Women, Peace, and Security Strategy'' to promote 
        and strengthen the participation of women in peace negotiations and 
        conflict prevention overseas, enhanced training for relevant United 
        States Government personnel, and follow-up evaluations of the 
        effectiveness of the strategy;
Whereas the United States Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security, dated June 
        2019, recognizes that--

    (1) the ``[s]ocial and political marginalization of women strongly 
correlates with the likelihood that a country will experience conflict'';

    (2) there is a ``tremendous amount of untapped potential among the 
world's women and girls to identify, recommend, and implement effective 
solutions to conflict'', and there are ``benefits derived from creating 
opportunities for women and girls to serve as agents of peace via 
political, economic, and social empowerment''; and

    (3) barriers to the meaningful participation of women and girls in 
conflict prevention and resolution efforts ``include under-representation 
in political leadership, pervasive violence against women and girls, and 
persistent inequality in many societies'';

Whereas, according to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the 
        Empowerment of Women (commonly referred to as ``UN Women''), peace 
        negotiations are more likely to end in a peace agreement when women and 
        women's groups play a meaningful role in the negotiation process;
Whereas, according to a study by the International Peace Institute, a peace 
        agreement is 35 percent more likely to last at least 15 years if women 
        participate in the development of the peace agreement;
Whereas, according to the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement 
        Affairs of the Department of State, the full and meaningful 
        participation of women in criminal justice professions and security 
        forces vastly enhances the effectiveness of the resulting workforces;
Whereas, despite the contributions of women to society, hundreds of millions of 
        women and girls around the world continue to be denied the right to 
        participate freely in civic and economic life, lack fundamental legal 
        protections, and remain vulnerable to exploitation and abuse;
Whereas, every year, approximately 12,000,000 girls are married before they 
        reach the age of 18, which means that--

    (1) nearly 33,000 girls are married every day; or

    (2) nearly 23 girls are married every minute;

Whereas, despite global progress, it is predicted that by 2030 more than 
        150,000,000 more girls will marry before reaching the age of 18, and 
        approximately 2,400,000 girls who are married before reaching the age of 
        18 are under the age of 15;
Whereas girls living in countries affected by conflict or other humanitarian 
        crises are often the most vulnerable to child marriage, and 9 of the 10 
        countries with the highest rates of child marriage are considered 
        fragile or extremely fragile;
Whereas, on August 15, 2021, the Taliban entered Kabul, Afghanistan, and toppled 
        the elected government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, resulting 
        in de facto Taliban rule over the people of Afghanistan;
Whereas the Taliban continues to restrict the ability of women and girls to 
        exist in Afghan society, including by--

    (1) prohibiting girls from going to school past sixth grade, including 
banning women from attending university;

    (2) limiting the employment that women can pursue outside of their 
households;

    (3) mandating that women cover their heads and faces in public and 
punishing those who wear brightly colored clothing;

    (4) restricting the independent movement of women and girls;

    (5) closing domestic abuse shelters, sometimes forcing residents to 
return to their abusive families;

    (6) preventing women aid workers from operating in Afghanistan, thus 
restricting operations in support of humanitarian assistance for all 
Afghans;

    (7) jailing women human rights defenders; and

    (8) limiting access to women's healthcare, including preventative and 
emergency services, and requiring a male chaperone at most clinics and 
hospitals;

Whereas, according to the United Nation's Children's Fund (commonly referred to 
        as ``UNICEF'')--

    (1) approximately \1/4\ of girls between the ages of 15 and 19 have 
been victims of some form of physical violence;

    (2) approximately 120,000,000 girls worldwide, about 1 in 10, have 
experienced forced sexual acts; and

    (3) an estimated 1 in 3 women around the world has experienced some 
form of physical or sexual violence;

Whereas the overall level of violence against women is a better predictor of the 
        peacefulness of a country, the compliance of a country with 
        international treaty obligations, and the relations of a country with 
        neighboring countries than indicators measuring the level of democracy, 
        level of wealth, or level of institutionalization of the country;
Whereas women around the world remain vastly underrepresented in government 
        positions, as women account for only 25.6 percent of national 
        parliamentarians and 21 percent of government ministers;
Whereas the ability of women and girls to realize their full potential is 
        critical to the ability of a country to achieve strong and lasting 
        economic growth, self-reliance, and political and social stability;
Whereas, although the United Nations Millennium Project reached the goal of 
        achieving gender parity in primary education in most countries in 2015, 
        the COVID-19 global pandemic has deepened gender inequality in education 
        and more work remains to be done to achieve gender equality in primary 
        and secondary education, particularly in secondary education worldwide 
        as gender gaps persist and widen, by addressing--

    (1) discriminatory practices;

    (2) harmful cultural and social norms;

    (3) inadequate sanitation facilities, including facilities to manage 
menstruation;

    (4) child, early, and forced marriage;

    (5) poverty;

    (6) food insecurity and malnutrition;

    (7) early pregnancy and motherhood;

    (8) conflict and insecurity; and

    (9) other factors that favor boys or devalue girls' education;

Whereas, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 
        Organization--

    (1) approximately 118,500,000 girls between the ages of 6 and 17 remain 
out of school;

    (2) girls living in countries affected by conflict are 2.5 times more 
likely to be out of primary school than boys;

    (3) girls are twice as likely as boys to never set foot in a classroom; 
and

    (4) up to 30 percent of girls who drop out of school do so because of 
adolescent pregnancy or child marriage;

Whereas women around the world face a variety of constraints that severely limit 
        their economic participation and productivity and remain 
        underrepresented in the labor force;
Whereas, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 
        Nations--

    (1) agriculture and food systems are a major source of livelihoods, 
particularly for rural women;

    (2) wage and productivity gaps persist in agriculture and food systems, 
despite the crucial role that women play in those sectors;

    (3) the work of women in agriculture and food systems is more likely 
than that of men to be part-time, irregular, informal, vulnerable, labor-
intensive, and low-skilled;

    (4) in countries reporting on Sustainable Development Goal 5.a.1, more 
men than women are owners or have rights to agricultural land;

    (5) the gender gap in food insecurity is growing and has reached 4.3 
percentage points, with more women experiencing severe and moderate food 
insecurity in all regions than men; and

    (6) the empowerment of women can have important benefits for 
agricultural productivity, nutrition, and food security;

Whereas the economic empowerment of women is inextricably linked to a myriad of 
        other internationally recognized human rights that are essential to the 
        ability of women to thrive as economic actors, including--

    (1) living lives free of violence and exploitation;

    (2) achieving the highest possible standard of health and well-being;

    (3) enjoying full legal and human rights, such as access to 
registration, identification, and citizenship documents, and freedom of 
movement;

    (4) access to formal and informal education;

    (5) access to, and equal protection under, land and property rights;

    (6) access to fundamental labor rights;

    (7) the implementation of policies to address disproportionate care 
burdens; and

    (8) receiving business and management skills and leadership 
opportunities;

Whereas the Millennium Challenge Corporation (commonly referred to as the 
        ``MCC''), an independent United States foreign assistance agency, 
        recognizes that inequality and the exclusion of women from economic 
        opportunities can inhibit efforts to promote economic growth and reduce 
        poverty and decrease a country's economic growth trajectory, which is 
        why the gender policy of the MCC requires gender inequalities to be 
        identified and considered in every stage of agreements with 
        participating countries;
Whereas, according to the World Health Organization, global maternal mortality 
        decreased by approximately 38 percent from 2000 to 2017, yet 
        approximately 810 women and girls continue to die from preventable 
        causes relating to pregnancy or childbirth each day, and 94 percent of 
        all maternal deaths occur in developing countries, putting the global 
        community off-track to meeting Sustainable Development Goal 3.1 for 
        reducing maternal deaths;
Whereas the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reports 
        that women and girls comprise approximately \1/2\ of the 78,900,000 
        refugees and internally displaced or stateless individuals in the world;
Whereas the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on February 24, 2022, has 
        resulted in a disproportionate number of women and children seeking 
        safety outside of Ukraine;
Whereas those women and girls, like women and girls in all humanitarian 
        emergencies, including those subject to forced displacement, face 
        increased and exacerbated vulnerabilities to--

    (1) gender-based violence, including rape, child marriage, domestic 
violence, human trafficking, and sexual exploitation and assault;

    (2) disruptions in education and livelihood;

    (3) lack of access to health services; and

    (4) food insecurity and malnutrition;

Whereas malnutrition poses a variety of threats to women and girls specifically, 
        as malnutrition can weaken their immune systems, making them more 
        susceptible to infections, and affects their capacity to survive 
        childbirth, and children born of malnourished women and girls are more 
        likely to have cognitive impairments and higher risk of disease 
        throughout their lives;
Whereas it is imperative--

    (1) to alleviate violence and discrimination against women and girls; 
and

    (2) to afford women and girls every opportunity to be equal members of 
their communities; and

Whereas, March 8, 2023, is recognized as International Women's Day, a global 
        day--

    (1) to celebrate the economic, political, and social achievements of 
women in the past, present, and future; and

    (2) to recognize the obstacles that women face in the struggle for 
equal rights and opportunities: Now, therefore, be it

Whereas, as of March 2023, there are approximately 3,990,000,000 women and girls 
        in the world, making up \1/2\ of the world's population;
Whereas women and girls around the world--

    (1) have fundamental human rights;

    (2) play a critical role in providing and caring for their families and 
driving positive change in their communities;

    (3) contribute substantially to food security, economic growth, the 
prevention and resolution of conflict, and the sustainability of peace and 
stability;

    (4) are affected in different and often disproportionate ways by 
global, country, and community circumstances, including economic downturns, 
global health concerns, conflict, and migration; and

    (5) must have meaningful protections and opportunities to more fully 
participate in and lead the political, social, and economic lives of their 
communities and countries;

Whereas the advancement and empowerment of women and girls around the world is a 
        foreign policy priority for the United States and is critical to the 
        achievement of global peace, prosperity, and sustainability;
Whereas, on October 6, 2017, the Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017 (22 
        U.S.C. 2152j et seq.) was enacted into law, which includes requirements 
        for a government-wide ``Women, Peace, and Security Strategy'' to promote 
        and strengthen the participation of women in peace negotiations and 
        conflict prevention overseas, enhanced training for relevant United 
        States Government personnel, and follow-up evaluations of the 
        effectiveness of the strategy;
Whereas the United States Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security, dated June 
        2019, recognizes that--

    (1) the ``[s]ocial and political marginalization of women strongly 
correlates with the likelihood that a country will experience conflict'';

    (2) there is a ``tremendous amount of untapped potential among the 
world's women and girls to identify, recommend, and implement effective 
solutions to conflict'', and there are ``benefits derived from creating 
opportunities for women and girls to serve as agents of peace via 
political, economic, and social empowerment''; and

    (3) barriers to the meaningful participation of women and girls in 
conflict prevention and resolution efforts ``include under-representation 
in political leadership, pervasive violence against women and girls, and 
persistent inequality in many societies'';

Whereas, according to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the 
        Empowerment of Women (commonly referred to as ``UN Women''), peace 
        negotiations are more likely to end in a peace agreement when women and 
        women's groups play a meaningful role in the negotiation process;
Whereas, according to a study by the International Peace Institute, a peace 
        agreement is 35 percent more likely to last at least 15 years if women 
        participate in the development of the peace agreement;
Whereas, according to the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement 
        Affairs of the Department of State, the full and meaningful 
        participation of women in criminal justice professions and security 
        forces vastly enhances the effectiveness of the resulting workforces;
Whereas, despite the contributions of women to society, hundreds of millions of 
        women and girls around the world continue to be denied the right to 
        participate freely in civic and economic life, lack fundamental legal 
        protections, and remain vulnerable to exploitation and abuse;
Whereas, every year, approximately 12,000,000 girls are married before they 
        reach the age of 18, which means that--

    (1) nearly 33,000 girls are married every day; or

    (2) nearly 23 girls are married every minute;

Whereas, despite global progress, it is predicted that by 2030 more than 
        150,000,000 more girls will marry before reaching the age of 18, and 
        approximately 2,400,000 girls who are married before reaching the age of 
        18 are under the age of 15;
Whereas girls living in countries affected by conflict or other humanitarian 
        crises are often the most vulnerable to child marriage, and 9 of the 10 
        countries with the highest rates of child marriage are considered 
        fragile or extremely fragile;
Whereas, on August 15, 2021, the Taliban entered Kabul, Afghanistan, and toppled 
        the elected government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, resulting 
        in de facto Taliban rule over the people of Afghanistan;
Whereas the Taliban continues to restrict the ability of women and girls to 
        exist in Afghan society, including by--

    (1) prohibiting girls from going to school past sixth grade, including 
banning women from attending university;

    (2) limiting the employment that women can pursue outside of their 
households;

    (3) mandating that women cover their heads and faces in public and 
punishing those who wear brightly colored clothing;

    (4) restricting the independent movement of women and girls;

    (5) closing domestic abuse shelters, sometimes forcing residents to 
return to their abusive families;

    (6) preventing women aid workers from operating in Afghanistan, thus 
restricting operations in support of humanitarian assistance for all 
Afghans;

    (7) jailing women human rights defenders; and

    (8) limiting access to women's healthcare, including preventative and 
emergency services, and requiring a male chaperone at most clinics and 
hospitals;

Whereas, according to the United Nation's Children's Fund (commonly referred to 
        as ``UNICEF'')--

    (1) approximately \1/4\ of girls between the ages of 15 and 19 have 
been victims of some form of physical violence;

    (2) approximately 120,000,000 girls worldwide, about 1 in 10, have 
experienced forced sexual acts; and

    (3) an estimated 1 in 3 women around the world has experienced some 
form of physical or sexual violence;

Whereas the overall level of violence against women is a better predictor of the 
        peacefulness of a country, the compliance of a country with 
        international treaty obligations, and the relations of a country with 
        neighboring countries than indicators measuring the level of democracy, 
        level of wealth, or level of institutionalization of the country;
Whereas women around the world remain vastly underrepresented in government 
        positions, as women account for only 25.6 percent of national 
        parliamentarians and 21 percent of government ministers;
Whereas the ability of women and girls to realize their full potential is 
        critical to the ability of a country to achieve strong and lasting 
        economic growth, self-reliance, and political and social stability;
Whereas, although the United Nations Millennium Project reached the goal of 
        achieving gender parity in primary education in most countries in 2015, 
        the COVID-19 global pandemic has deepened gender inequality in education 
        and more work remains to be done to achieve gender equality in primary 
        and secondary education, particularly in secondary education worldwide 
        as gender gaps persist and widen, by addressing--

    (1) discriminatory practices;

    (2) harmful cultural and social norms;

    (3) inadequate sanitation facilities, including facilities to manage 
menstruation;

    (4) child, early, and forced marriage;

    (5) poverty;

    (6) early pregnancy and motherhood;

    (7) conflict and insecurity; and

    (8) other factors that favor boys or devalue girls' education;

Whereas, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 
        Organization--

    (1) approximately 118,500,000 girls between the ages of 6 and 17 remain 
out of school;

    (2) girls living in countries affected by conflict are 2.5 times more 
likely to be out of primary school than boys;

    (3) girls are twice as likely as boys to never set foot in a classroom; 
and

    (4) up to 30 percent of girls who drop out of school do so because of 
adolescent pregnancy or child marriage;

Whereas women around the world face a variety of constraints that severely limit 
        their economic participation and productivity and remain 
        underrepresented in the labor force;
Whereas the economic empowerment of women is inextricably linked to a myriad of 
        other internationally recognized human rights that are essential to the 
        ability of women to thrive as economic actors, including--

    (1) living lives free of violence and exploitation;

    (2) achieving the highest possible standard of health and well-being;

    (3) enjoying full legal and human rights, such as access to 
registration, identification, and citizenship documents, and freedom of 
movement;

    (4) access to formal and informal education;

    (5) access to, and equal protection under, land and property rights;

    (6) access to fundamental labor rights;

    (7) the implementation of policies to address disproportionate care 
burdens; and

    (8) receiving business and management skills and leadership 
opportunities;

Whereas the Millennium Challenge Corporation (commonly referred to as the 
        ``MCC''), an independent United States foreign assistance agency, 
        recognizes that inequality and the exclusion of women from economic 
        opportunities can inhibit efforts to promote economic growth and reduce 
        poverty and decrease a country's economic growth trajectory, which is 
        why the gender policy of the MCC requires gender inequalities to be 
        identified and considered in every stage of agreements with 
        participating countries;
Whereas, according to the World Health Organization, global maternal mortality 
        decreased by approximately 38 percent from 2000 to 2017, yet 
        approximately 810 women and girls continue to die from preventable 
        causes relating to pregnancy or childbirth each day, and 94 percent of 
        all maternal deaths occur in developing countries, putting the global 
        community off-track to meeting Sustainable Development Goal 3.1 for 
        reducing maternal deaths;
Whereas the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reports 
        that women and girls comprise approximately \1/2\ of the 78,900,000 
        refugees and internally displaced or stateless individuals in the world;
Whereas the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on February 24, 2022, has 
        resulted in a disproportionate number of women and children seeking 
        safety outside of Ukraine;
Whereas those women and girls, like women and girls in all humanitarian 
        emergencies, including those subject to forced displacement, face 
        increased and exacerbated vulnerabilities to--

    (1) gender-based violence, including rape, child marriage, domestic 
violence, human trafficking, and sexual exploitation and assault;

    (2) disruptions in education and livelihood;

    (3) lack of access to health services; and

    (4) food insecurity and malnutrition;

Whereas malnutrition poses a variety of threats to women and girls specifically, 
        as malnutrition can weaken their immune systems, making them more 
        susceptible to infections, and affects their capacity to survive 
        childbirth, and children born of malnourished women and girls are more 
        likely to have cognitive impairments and higher risk of disease 
        throughout their lives;
Whereas it is imperative--

    (1) to alleviate violence and discrimination against women and girls; 
and

    (2) to afford women and girls every opportunity to be equal members of 
their communities; and

Whereas March 8, 2023, is recognized as International Women's Day, a global 
        day--

    (1) to celebrate the economic, political, and social achievements of 
women in the past, present, and future; and

    (2) to recognize the obstacles that women face in the struggle for 
equal rights and opportunities: Now, therefore, be it

    Resolved, That the Senate--
            (1) supports the goals of International Women's Day;
            (2) recognizes that the fundamental human rights of women 
        and girls have intrinsic value that affect the quality of life 
        of women and girls;
            (3) recognizes that the empowerment of women and girls is 
        inextricably linked to the potential of a country to generate--
                    (A) economic growth and self-reliance;
                    (B) sustainable peace and democracy; and
                    (C) inclusive security;
            (4) recognizes and honors individuals in the United States 
        and around the world, including women human rights defenders, 
        activists, and civil society leaders, who have worked 
        throughout history to ensure that women and girls are 
        guaranteed equality and fundamental human rights;
            (5) applauds the women around the world who stand against 
        oppression in any form and fight for a better future, 
        especially in Ukraine, Iran, and Afghanistan;
            (6) recognizes the unique cultural, historical, and 
        religious differences throughout the world and urges the United 
        States Government to act with respect and understanding toward 
        legitimate differences when promoting any policies;
            (7) reaffirms the commitment--
                    (A) to end discrimination and violence against 
                women and girls;
                    (B) to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of 
                women and girls;
                    (C) to pursue policies that guarantee the 
                fundamental human rights of women and girls worldwide; 
                and
                    (D) to promote meaningful and significant 
                participation of women in every aspect of society and 
                community, including conflict prevention, protection, 
                peacemaking, and peacebuilding;
            (8) supports sustainable, measurable, and global 
        development that seeks to achieve gender equality and the 
        empowerment of women and girls; and
            (9) encourages the people of the United States to observe 
        International Women's Day with appropriate programs and 
        activities.

                                                        Calendar No. 54

118th CONGRESS

  1st Session

                               S. RES. 99

_______________________________________________________________________

                               RESOLUTION

           Supporting the goals of International Women's Day.

_______________________________________________________________________

                              May 4, 2023

      Reported without amendment and an amendment to the preamble
```