No. 02-166

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2003 MT 69N

FISH ON A FEATHER, INC.

d/b/a/ RENT-A-WRECK OF BILLINGS,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

DESIREE BELL,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District,

In and for the County of Yellowstone, Cause No. DV 2000-1015

The Honorable Russell C. Fagg, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Jack E. Sands, Billings, Montana

For Respondent:

Kevin T. Sweeney, Sweeney & Healow, Billings, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: August 29, 2002

 Decided: April 3, 2003

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk
2

Justice Patricia O. Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court 1996 Internal

Operating Rules, the following decision shall not be cited as precedent but shall be filed as

a public document with the Clerk of the Supreme Court and shall be reported by case title,

Supreme Court cause number and result to the State Reporter Publishing Company and to

West Group in the quarterly table of noncitable cases issued by this Court.

¶2 Desiree Bell (Bell) appeals from the District Court's ruling holding her responsible

for the costs of repair for a rental car and for the rental car company's attorney's fees. We

reverse and remand.

ISSUES 

¶3 Bell presents the following issues on appeal:

1. Did the District Court err in concluding that the parties were precluded as a

matter of law from orally modifying the written car rental agreement?

2. Did the District Court err in its calculation of damages?

3. Did the District Court err in awarding attorney's fees to Fish on a Feather (FF),

doing business as Rent-A-Wreck, when FF did not request attorney's fees in its complaint?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶4 FF is a Montana corporation that owns and operates a car rental business in Billings.

Bell is a resident of Harlem, Blaine County, Montana. 

¶5 On March 25, 2000, Bell and her family were shopping in Billings when the

transmission in their vehicle went out. Upon learning from the automobile repair shop that
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it would take a few days to repair, Bell signed a rental agreement and rented a car from FF

to drive home, a distance of approximately 175 miles. Bell was the only authorized driver

under the contract. 

¶6 At the time she entered into the rental agreement, Wes Nussbaum (Nussbaum), owner

of FF, reviewed the agreement with Bell. Among other provisions, Nussbaum explained

the optional Damage Waiver (DW) available under the contract. The DW provided that

should the rental car be physically damaged during Bell's rental term, FF would waive all

costs of repair or replacement except $500.00. The relevant sections of this provision read:

If you elect to purchase DW, and if DW is not voided, we waive our right to

collect from you a portion of Physical Damage to the Vehicle. You must pay

for DW when you return the Vehicle or when the rental is terminated in order

for DW to be effective. DW is not insurance. DW is void if: a) the Vehicle

is used: (i) by anyone who is not an Authorized Driver, or . . . ; (iv) in

furtherance of any illegal purpose or under any circumstance that would

constitute a violation of law. . . .

Bell agreed to purchase the DW at an additional cost of $5.00 per day payable upon the

vehicle's return.

¶7 Additionally, the contract contained the following clause which requires that any

modifications, including extensions of the term of the contract, must be in writing.

Modifications. No term of this Agreement can be waived or modified except

by a writing that we have signed. If you wish to extend the rental period, you

must return the Vehicle to our rental office for inspection and written

amendment by us of the due-in date. This Agreement constitutes the entire

agreement between you and us. All prior representations and agreements

between you and us regarding this rental are merged into this Agreement.
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¶8 Based upon the repair time estimated by the repair shop, Bell entered into the rental

car agreement with FF on March 25 with a contractual obligation to return the car on March

27. When Bell called the auto repair shop on March 27, she was informed her vehicle was

not ready. She called Nussbaum, explained that her vehicle was not ready, and requested

that her rental period be extended for a day. Nussbaum agreed, without requiring that the

vehicle be returned or a written modification to the contract be executed. The following day,

the repair shop told Bell her car would be ready on Thursday, March 30. Bell called

Nussbaum again and the parties orally agreed that Bell would return the car by close of

business on March 30. No written modification of the contract was performed. However,

there is no dispute that the two informal extensions were verbally accepted by Nussbaum.

¶9 On March 30, Bell learned that her employer Ken Nicholson and his sixteen-year old

daughter, Kassie, were going to Billings. Bell testified at trial that she called Nussbaum and

asked him if it would be acceptable for Kassie to return the rental vehicle. Bell asserts that

Nussbaum agreed but informed her that if the car did not arrive by 6:00 p.m., he would

charge her another day's rental fee. Nussbaum denies authorizing Kassie to return the

vehicle. 

¶10 While traveling from Harlem to Billings and just outside of Roundup, Kassie was

involved in an automobile accident in which the rental car sustained extensive damage. Bell

claims that she called Nussbaum at approximately 5:15 p.m. to inform him that she expected

Kassie to arrive by 6:00 p.m, and that Nussbaum told her at that time that he had been

notified by the Highway Patrol of Kassie's accident. Nussbaum told Bell to contact her
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insurance company, which she did. The company informed her, and she in turn informed

Nussbaum, that it would not provide coverage because she had purchased coverage under

the rental agreement, i.e., the DW; therefore, the rental agreement coverage would be

responsible. 

¶11 Bell testified that, at that time, she offered to pay the fees owed to FF under the rental

contract, including the rental fee, the DW fee and the $500.00 DW deductible, but that

Nussbaum refused to talk to her about it.

¶12 On April 3, 2000, without Bell's permission or knowledge, FF used Bell's debit card

imprint provided when she rented the car to make seven withdrawals of $96.00 each from

Bell's bank account. Nussbaum testified that he intended to apply this money toward the

amount Bell owed under the rental agreement and the towing charges. Bell learned of these

debits from her bank, rather than from Nussbaum, and had these withdrawals canceled.

¶13 On April 5, 2000, FF's insurance adjuster, PurCo, notified Bell that the DW in her

rental contract had been voided for failure to comply with the terms of her contract. PurCo's

letter also demanded a $5,558.74 payment from Bell. Bell attempted to resolve this matter

with PurCo but was unsuccessful.

¶14 On June 15, 2000, and again without Bell's permission or knowledge, FF withdrew

$9,180.15 from Bell's account. Bell also arranged for this withdrawal to be reversed.

¶15 On October 24, 2000, FF filed a Complaint against Bell alleging that, under the rental

contract, Bell is responsible for all damages and other costs associated with the damage and

repair of the rental vehicle. FF sought damages in the amount of $9,756.15, the costs of the
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lawsuit, and "[s]uch other and further relief as the Court deems appropriate." A bench trial

was conducted on August 16, 2001. The court's Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

were entered on September 13, 2001, and its Judgment was entered on November 15, 2001.

The District Court concluded that Bell was responsible for various costs associated with the

vehicle's damage and awarded judgment to FF in the amount of $8,755.49. This amount

included specific vehicle-related costs and FF's attorney's fees of $750.00. Bell filed a

timely appeal.

¶16 It is undisputed that FF has not sought payment of the amounts due under the rental

contract at any time nor has Bell paid such contractual obligations. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶17 We review the findings of a district court sitting without a jury to ascertain whether

the findings are clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by

substantial evidence, if the trial court misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if our

review of the record convinces us that a mistake has been committed. The standard of

review of a district court's conclusions of law is whether the court's interpretation of the law

is correct. Graveley Simmental Ranch Co. v. Quigley, 2003 MT 34, 314 Mont. 226, ___

P.3d ___ (citations omitted).

DISCUSSION

¶18 The first issue we address is whether the District Court erred in concluding that the

parties were precluded as a matter of law from orally modifying the written car rental

agreement. We conclude the court erred. 
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¶19 Bell alleges that the rental contract was orally modified on three occasions. She

testified that on Monday, March 27, the original due date under the rental agreement, she

called Nussbaum and informed him that her car was not ready and that she would need the

rental car for another day. Nussbaum agreed. 

¶20 On Tuesday, March 28, Bell called the auto repair shop and was told her car would

not be ready until Thursday, March 30. She called Nussbaum again and requested a two-day

extension. Nussbaum agreed. 

¶21 Lastly, on Thursday, March 30, the day the car was to be returned, Bell testified that

she called Nussbaum and asked if Kassie Nicholson, a high school student with a driver's

license, could return the car. Bell presented phone records from her place of business

confirming that three calls were made from her extension to FF on March 30. Bell maintains

that Nussbaum agreed to allow Kassie to drive the car, explaining that if the car was not

returned by 6:00 p.m., he would charge Bell for another day's rental.

¶22 Nussbaum advances several arguments to counter Bell's allegations and to support his

claim. First, while Nussbaum agrees that he orally extended the term of Bell's contract twice

without requiring that the rental extension terms of the contract be met, he strenuously denies

that he authorized an unauthorized driver, i.e., Kassie, to return the vehicle. Moreover, he

asserts that such a verbal authorization violates a firmly held company policy. 

¶23 Second, he argues that if such an oral agreement was reached, it violates § 28-2-702,

MCA, which reads:
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Section 28-2-702. Contracts which violate policy of the law--exemption

from responsibility. All contracts which have for their object, directly or

indirectly, to exempt anyone from responsibility from violation of law,

whether willful or negligent, are against the policy of the law.

Nussbaum asserts that it is the policy of Montana not to permit uninsured persons to drive

and that because Kassie was an uninsured driver, an oral contract authorizing her to drive

was an illegal and unenforceable oral contract. He further claims that his insurance does not

provide coverage for him in the event one of his cars is damaged in an accident while driven

by an unauthorized driver under the age of twenty-five. 

¶24 Third, he maintains that, under § 28-2-1602, MCA, any alleged oral modification

purporting to allow Kassie to return the car was not fully performed and therefore was never

executed. The statute provides:

Section 28-2-1602. How written contract may be altered by parties.

A contract in writing may be altered by a contract in writing or by an executed

oral agreement, and not otherwise.

¶25 Lastly, he asserts that because Bell did not pay for the DW when he regained

possession of the vehicle, the DW is void and Bell is responsible for all costs associated with

the vehicle repair. 

¶26 The District Court heard conflicting testimony from the parties pertaining to whether

Nussbaum orally authorized Kassie to drive the rental car and therefore orally modified the

contract. Rather than resolve the factual question of whether permission had been granted,

however, the court concluded as a matter of law that the parties were precluded from orally

modifying the written rental agreement. In its Findings of Fact, the District Court stated:
9

The Court finds whether or not Bell received permission from Nessbaum [sic]

to have Cassie [sic] return the car is not dispositive, because it is unrefuted

Bell did not pay the damage waiver, nor did she return the car to Plaintiff, and

thus has not fully performed any oral modification of the agreement in any

case.

The court relied on § 28-2-1602, MCA, in making this finding.

¶27 The District Court correctly interpreted this Court's case law to require that the terms

of any oral agreement, altering a written agreement, must be fully performed before the oral

agreement is an "executed oral agreement" under this statute. Ikovich v. Silver Bow Motor

Car Co. (1945), 117 Mont. 268, 157 P.2d 785. The court found that because neither Bell

nor Kassie had returned the car, that the required full performance had not occurred and,

therefore, the oral agreement had not been executed.

¶28 Based upon its factual findings, the District Court concluded, as a matter of law, that

1) FF's claim for damages stands because Bell never paid for the DW; 2) the alleged oral

agreement authorizing Kassie to return the car was not fully performed as required under §

28-2-1602, MCA, because neither Bell nor Kassie returned the car to FF, and the oral

agreement was therefore not executed; and 3) the alleged oral agreement authorizing Kassie

to return the car was against public policy in Montana because Kassie was an uninsured

driver. As a result, the District Court concluded that the alleged oral contract was an illegal

and unenforceable oral contract.

¶29 We disagree with the District Court's findings and its conclusions. We will first

address the court's factual findings pertaining to Bell's failure to perform the contractual

obligations.
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¶30 The District Court concluded that Bell failed to perform her contractual obligations

by failing to pay the DW fee and failing to return the rental car. While we agree that these

were Bell's obligations under the original contract, the circumstances underlying these

obligations warrant discussion. 

¶31 Under the original contract and the two verbal term extensions, Bell was obligated

to return the vehicle by 6 p.m. on March 30. It is undisputed that Bell did not personally

return the vehicle. Rather, Bell arranged for Kassie to perform this service. It is also

undisputed that as Kassie was performing it, she was involved in an automobile accident

caused by another driver. The car could not be driven as a result of the accident, and

therefore the damaged car was returned to FF by a tow truck.

¶32 Did Bell or Kassie personally return the car to FF? No. Was the car returned to FF

on the date agreed upon? Yes. Bell never agreed to return the car undamaged. In fact, in

recognition of the possibility that rental cars might be involved in automobile accidents,

Nussbaum offered and Bell accepted the DW option. It appears to us when a rental car has

been seriously damaged in an accident, it is highly probable that the person who rented the

vehicle will not be the person who physically returns the vehicle. That is what happened in

this case. The DW clause does not say it is void in the event the damaged vehicle is returned

by a tow truck. We conclude that, under these circumstances, the contractual obligation to

return the vehicle was performed.

¶33 The larger question that would ordinarily remain to be answered is whether Bell

allowed an unauthorized driver to use the vehicle and thus breached the rental agreement.
11

However, FF has never asserted such a claim against Bell. FF alleges only that Bell failed

to pay the DW and failed to personally return the vehicle. While FF's claim that Bell did not

personally return the vehicle might imply the existence of a contract breach, the fact remains

that FF never stated such a breach of contract claim against Bell for allowing an

unauthorized driver to operate the vehicle. Moreover, we find it significant that FF concedes

it consented to two oral modifications of the contract. Thus, it has waived its right to insist

that the failure of Bell to secure a written modification of the contract constitutes a breach

in any event. Therefore, a determination of whether Bell breached the contract by allowing

Kassie to return the vehicle need not be made.

¶34 Next, we address the District Court's conclusion that FF's claim must stand because

Bell failed to pay for the DW. Under the contract, at the time Bell returned the car, she was

obligated to pay the costs associated with renting the vehicle. These costs, according to FF's

fee entries on the contract, would have included the daily fee of $34.99 for five days (May

25 - May 30), the DW fee of $5.00 per day for five days, and any fuel surcharges and

miscellaneous taxes. Additionally, she would have had to pay the $500.00 deductible under

the DW since the vehicle had been seriously damaged. 

¶35 Bell claims to have tried to perform this contractual obligation upon learning that the

car had been returned to FF by the towing contractor. She asserts that FF would not accept

her offer of payment or discuss it with her. She also claims to have attempted to discuss the

matter with FF's representative, PurCo, without satisfaction. Whether Bell offered to pay

and Nussbaum rejected the offer is a significant factual matter that was not resolved by the
12

District Court. It is therefore premature to conclude that Bell failed to perform under the

contract by failing to pay for the DW. If FF rejected a tendered offer of full performance

under the contract, Bell's failure to pay the DW may be excused. Unfortunately, the court

did not resolve this factual question. 

¶36 Lastly, we reject the argument that the alleged oral agreement authorizing Kassie to

return the car was against public policy in Montana because Kassie was an uninsured driver.

It is undisputed that under this rental car agreement the DW was requested. Therefore, the

issue is whether the DW was waived or is enforceable.

¶37 We therefore conclude that the District Court erred in concluding that the parties were

precluded as a matter of law from orally modifying the written car rental agreement and in

failing to determine whether Bell attempted to perform the contract by tendering all sums

due under the contract. We therefore reverse and remand to the District Court for further

proceedings consistent with this discussion.

¶38 In light of the fact that we are reversing the District Courtís judgment and remanding

for a resolution of factual issues, the award of damages in FFís favor is obviously vacated.

Typically, we would not under these circumstances address alleged irregularities in the

calculation of damages. However, we will do so here to a limited extent so as to forestall

another appeal on the issue of damages should the District Court again rule in favor of FF

based upon its findings of fact. 

¶39 First, if the court finds that Bell attempted full performance under the contract but was

precluded from giving it by the actions of FF, then there will be no contractual basis for an
13

award of the cost of vehicle repair against Bell, as the DW will be valid and enforceable by

Bell. If, however, the court finds that Bell failed to tender performance of her DW

obligations, then the court will again be obligated to assess the damage to the vehicle. In this

event, we caution the court to refrain from relying for its damage calculation upon

unsubstantiated and self-serving ìsupplemental repairî bills prepared by a company owned

by Nussbaum, and submitted to Bell after FFís insurer had already performed and delivered

to Bell an independent estimate of the full cost of repairs. 

¶40 Lastly, we vacate the District Court's award of attorney fees to FF on the grounds that

having reversed and remanded this matter, there is no current judgment in favor of FF.

¶41 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand this matter to the District Court for

further proceedings in accordance with this Opinion. 

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

We Concur:

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART