Blackwell v City of New York

2024 NY Slip Op 30012(U)

January 2, 2024

Supreme Court, New York County

Docket Number: Index No. 450986/2019

Judge: Judy H. Kim

Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip

Op 30001(U), are republished from various New York

State and local government sources, including the New

York State Unified Court System's eCourts Service.

This opinion is uncorrected and not selected for official

publication.
NYSCEF DOC. NO. 84 

INDEX NO. 450986/2019 

RECEIVED NYSCEF: 01/02/2024 

SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

NEW YORK COUNTY 

PRESENT: HON. JUDY H. KIM PART OSRCP 

Justice 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------X 

TALIAH BLACKWELL, 

Plaintiff, 

- V -

THE CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK CITY 

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, PHILJO HOLDING 

CORPORATION, HUGHES TAVERN LLC, and ANDI 

ASSOCIATES CO., 

Defendants. 

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INDEX NO. 450986/2019 

MOTION DATE 02/08/2023 

MOTION SEQ. NO. 003 

DECISION + ORDER ON 

MOTION 

The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 003) 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 

57,58,59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,81, 82, 83 

were read on this motion for JUDGMENT-SUMMARY 

Upon the foregoing documents, Philjo Holding Corporation ("Philjo") and Hughes Tavern 

LLC's ("Hughes Tavern") motion, pursuant to CPLR §3212, for summary judgment dismissing 

this action is denied for the reasons set forth below. 

Plaintiff brings this action to recover for injuries allegedly sustained on April 13, 2018, 

when she tripped and fell on "uneven sidewalk flagstones, and a gap between said sidewalk 

flagstones" in front of 1682 First A venue, New York, New York ( the "Building"), at the comer of 

88th Street and First Avenue (NYSCEF Doc. No. 56 [Compl. at ,J20]). In her affidavit in opposition 

to the instant motion, plaintiff attests that two separate defects within the subject sidewalk caused 

her to fall: 

My accident occurred, when the toe of my left foot went inside an uneven gap in 

the sidewalk, which was about 2 inches deep x 2 inches wide, and located about an 

inch off of the curb. I tried to catch myself, but stumbled forward, catching my 

other foot in a second uneven gap, which was located closer to the curb, a little 

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above the curb, and had a crack in it. As a result, I was caused to continue to move 

forward, landing on my knee, turning over and landing on my buttocks. 

(NYSCEF Doc. No. 78 [Blackwell Aff. at iFD- Photographs marked at her examination before 

trial ("EBT") depict one defect within a pedestrian ramp and the other defect within a sidewalk 

flag adjacent to the pedestrian ramp. This sidewalk flag contains a traffic pole signal embedded 

within it (See NYSCEF Doc. Nos. 66-68]). 

Plaintiff asserts negligence claims against 1: (i) the City of New York and New York City 

Department of Transportation (collectively, the "City"), (ii) Philjo, the owner of the Building, and 

(iii) Hughes Tavern, the lessee of the Building. Plaintiff alleges that each of these defendants 

caused and created the defective sidewalk conditions and failed to remedy same. 

Philjo and Hughes Tavern now move, pursuant to CPLR §3212, for summary judgment 

dismissing plaintiffs complaint and all crossclaims against them. Philjo argues that it is exempt 

from liability because the pedestrian ramp does not fall within the ambit of Administrative Code 

§7-210 and that any obligation to maintain and repair the sidewalk flag in question was displaced 

under 34 RCNY §2-20 and adds that it did not cause or create the defective condition or made 

special use of the area of plaintiffs fall. Hughes Tavern argues that, as a commercial tenant, it 

does not owe plaintiff a duty of care, and neither caused or created the defective condition nor 

made special use of the area of plaintiffs fall. 

In support of their motion, Philjo and Hughes Tavern submit the affidavit of James Moran, 

in which he attests that he and his brother each own fifty percent of Hughes Tavern, and adds that: 

Hughes Tavern occupies the first floor of the building at 1682 First Avenue and 

operates a restaurant. The tavern was in business and in operation on and prior to 

plaintiffs alleged accident of April 13, 2018. 

1 Plaintiff also asserts negligence claims against Andi Associates Co., who has yet to appear in this action. 

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Hughes Tavern orally leases the ground floor space at 1682 First Avenue from 

Philjo Holding Corporation, the owner of the building. My parents, James and 

Teresa Moran, are the owners of Philjo Holding Corporation. 

I have reviewed the photographs of the accident location and the alleged conditions 

on and around the pedestrian ramp[,] which plaintiff alleges caused her to trip and 

fall back on April 13, 2018 ... Prior to plaintiffs alleged accident of April 13, 2018, 

I had never previously taken notice of either of these conditions having been present 

on the sidewalk. 

Neither Hughes Tavern nor Philjo maintained this area of the sidewalk prior to, or 

after the April 13, 2018 accident alleged. No repairs had ever been made to the 

pedestrian ramp or the flagstone upon which the traffic control devices were 

situated, prior to plaintiffs accident of April 13, 2018[,] by either Philjo or Hughes 

Tavern. No actions on the part of Philjo or Hughes Tavern caused the alleged 

defective conditions to exist as no work had ever been performed on the sidewalk, 

at this location, while neither Philjo nor Hughes Tavern made any special use of 

the sidewalk at this specific location. 

(NYSCEF Doc. No. 64 [Moran Aff. at iJi11-5]). 

Philjo and Hughes Tavern also submit Moran's EBT testimony in which he testified, in 

pertinent part, that he has managed the Building since 2004 and that, while there is no written 

agreement detailing his maintenance obligations, he removes the snow from the sidewalk abutting 

the Building when it snows and generally maintains it, keeping it clean (NYSCEF Doc. No. 63 

[Moran EBT at pp. 9-10, 13-14, 16, 35). He added that an employee of Hughes Tavern sweeps and 

cleans the sidewalk every day, including the area of the sidewalk where plaintiff fell (Id. at pp. 15, 

26). However, Moran would hire contractors to make certain unspecified repairs to the Building 

(Id. at 22). 

Plaintiff opposes Philj o and Hughes Tavern's motion, arguing that Philj o is responsible for 

maintaining the pedestrian ramp under Administrative Code §7-210 and that it has failed to 

establish that it lacked actual or constructive notice of these conditions. Plaintiff further argues 

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that Hughes Tavern owed a duty to plaintiff because its lease was so comprehensive and exclusive 

that it entirely displaced Philjo's duty under Administrative Code §7-210 to maintain the sidewalk. 

In reply, defendants argue, as pertinent here, that Hughes Tavern did not displace Philjo's 

duty to maintain the sidewalk because no lease agreement between the parties existed and Moran 

does not maintain the abutting sidewalk in his capacity as owner of Hughes Tavern. 

DISCUSSION 

"The proponent of a summary judgment motion must make a prima facie showing of 

entitlement to judgment as a matter of law, tendering sufficient evidence to demonstrate the 

absence of any material issues of fact. Failure to make such prima facie showing requires a denial 

of the motion, regardless of the sufficiency of the opposing papers. Once this showing has been 

made, however, the burden shifts to the party opposing the motion for summary judgment to 

produce evidentiary proof in admissible form sufficient to establish the existence of material issues 

of fact which require a trial of the action" (Alvarez v Prospect Hosp., 68 NY2d 320,324 [1986] 

[internal citations omitted]). 

The Court first addresses Philjo's motion for summary judgment. Philjo contends that it is 

exempt from liability because it has no duty under Administrative Code §7-210 to repair either 

defect that caused plaintiffs fall. 

Administrative Code §7-210 provides, as relevant here, that: 

the owner of real property abutting any sidewalk ... shall be liable for any injury to 

property or personal injury, including death, proximately caused by the failure of 

such owner to maintain such sidewalk in a reasonably safe condition. Failure to 

maintain such sidewalk in a reasonably safe condition shall include, but not be 

limited to, the negligent failure to install, construct, reconstruct, repave, repair or 

replace defective sidewalk flags ... 

(Administrative Code§ 7-210[b]). 

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Philjo has established that it cannot be held liable for any defective condition within the 

subject pedestrian ramp. It is well settled that, under Administrative Code §7-210, "a landowner 

is not liable for a defect in a pedestrian ramp leading from the street onto a sidewalk unless the 

landowner created the defect or the ramp was constructed for its special use" 2 (Gary v IO I Owners 

_C_m:_Q_,_, 89 AD3d 627, 627 [1st Dept 2011]). This exception is inapplicable here, as it is undisputed 

that the pedestrian ramp was not constructed for Philjo's special use and that Moran's EBT and 

affidavit establish that Philjo did not cause or create the defect within the pedestrian ramp. 

However, a question of fact remains as to whether Philjo was responsible for maintaining 

the sidewalk flag at issue. Philjo argues that the traffic pole embedded within this sidewalk flag 

meant that Philjo was precluded from maintaining the sidewalk flag by Rules of the City of New 

York Department of Transportation (34 RCNY) §2-20. This provision states, in relevant part, that: 

Any person installing, repairing, removing, using or working within three (3) feet 

of any type of City electrical equipment or non-City electrical equipment attached 

to City Property, including communication circuits, shall comply with the 

following requirements: 

Only public utilities, public benefit corporations, City agencies or licensed and 

insured contractors shall be permitted to install, repair, use or work within three (3) 

feet of any type of City electrical equipment or non-City electrical equipment 

attached to City Property, including communication circuits. 

(34 RCNY §2-20[a][2] [emphasis added]). 

The Court agrees with Philjo that the subject traffic pole falls within the ambit of this 

provision. Although 34 RCNY §2-01 defines "City electrical equipment" as "city property to 

which electrical connections can be made, including but not limited to, electrical devices, wood 

2 Plaintiff's contention that the principle set forth in Ortiz v City of New York, 67 AD3d 21 (1st Dept 2009), i.e., that 

the abutting property owner is not responsible for maintaining pedestrian ramps under Administrative Code §7-210, 

was overruled by the Court of Appels, in incorrect (See Ortiz v City of New York, 14 NY3d 779 [2010]). 

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poles and metal street light/lampposts," and does not expressly include traffic poles, the Court 

notes that this definition is non-exhaustive and, moreover, that 34 RCNY §2-20(a)(l)-which 

immediately precedes the provision at issue-defines "City electrical equipment" to include the 

"street light poles and poles containing electrical traffic control devices," at issue here. 

As such, the Court turns to the question of whether 34 RCNY §2-20(a)(2) bars Philjo from 

performing any work on the subject sidewalk flag. While there is a paucity of authority on this 

question, the Court is persuaded by the conclusion reached by the court in Steen v Ethan Allen 

Design Center, after a review of the legislative history behind 34 RCNY §2-20, that this provision 

does not remove a property owner's responsibility to repair sidewalk flags under Administrative 

Code §7-210, but only constrains the manner in which a property owner may perform such work 

(Steen v Ethan Allen Design Ctr., 2021 NY Slip Op 31134[U], 6-8 [Sup Ct, NY County 2021]). 

The Court also agrees that defendants' attempt to analogize 34 RCNY §2-20(a)(2) to 34 

RCNY §2-07(b) is not persuasive. 34 RCNY §2-07(b) "assumes private ownership of sidewalk 

gratings . . . and explicitly imposes both monitoring and maintenance requirements" where, by 

contrast, "34 RCNY § 2-20(a)(2) merely states that only certain personnel are allowed to work 

within three feet of City electrical equipment" (Steen v Ethan Allen Design Ctr., 2021 NY Slip Op 

31134[U], *8 [Sup Ct, NY County 2021]; see also Doyley v Steiner, 107 AD3d 517,518 [1st Dept 

2013]). 

In light of the foregoing, Philjo must, in order to establish its entitlement to summary 

judgment, prove "that it neither created the defective condition nor had actual or constructive 

notice of its existence for a sufficient length of time to discover and remedy it" (Garcia v City of 

New York, 99 AD3d 491,492 [1st Dept 2012]). Although Philjo has established through Moran's 

EBT that it did not cause or create the alleged defect, it has not established that it lacked actual or 

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constructive notice such that it could have corrected the defect ( and in fact makes no such claim 

in its papers). Accordingly, defendants' motion for summary judgment is denied as to Philjo. 

Defendants' motion is also denied as to Hughes Tavern. As a tenant, Hughes Tavern may 

not be held liable for a failure to maintain the abutting sidewalk unless it "affirmatively caused or 

created the defect that caused plaintiff to trip" or "put the subject sidewalk to a special use for its 

own benefit, thus assuming a responsibility to maintain the part used in reasonably safe condition" 

or its "lease was so comprehensive and exclusive as to sidewalk maintenance as to entirely displace 

the landowner's duty to maintain the sidewalk" (Abramson v Eden Farm, Inc., 70 AD3d 514,514 

[1st Dept 2010]; Kellogg v All Sts. Hous. Dev. Fund Co., Inc., 146 AD3d 615, 617 [1st Dept 

2017]). 

Hughes Tavern has demonstrated through Moran's affidavit that it did not affirmatively 

create the alleged defects. In addition, it is undisputed that Hughes Tavern did not put the subject 

portion of the sidewalk to special use for its own benefit (See Abramson v Eden Farm, Inc., 70 

AD3d 514, 514 [1st Dept 2010]; Gary v 101 Owners Corp., 89 AD3d 627, 628 [1st Dept 2011]). 

However, Moran's EBT testimony and affidavit that Hughes Tavern had an oral lease with Philjo 

raises an issue of fact as to the scope of the sidewalk maintenance under this oral lease and whether 

its obligations were so "comprehensive and exclusive" that Hughes Tavern displaced Philjo's 

statutory obligations to maintain the sidewalk.3 Accordingly, defendants' motion for summary 

judgment is denied as to Hughes Tavern. 

In light of the foregoing, it is 

ORDERED that Philjo Holding Corporation and Hughes Tavern LLC's motion for 

summary judgment is denied; and it is further 

3 It remains an open question whether the "oral lease" between Philjo and Hughes Tavern is enforceable (See General 

Obligations Law §5-703). 

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ORDERED that, within fifteen days of the date of this decision and order, counsel for 

plaintiff shall serve a copy of this decision and order, with notice of entry, on defendants as well 

as on the Clerk of the Court (60 Centre Street, Room 141B) and the Clerk of the General Clerk's 

Office (60 Centre Street, Room 119); and it is further 

ORDERED that such service upon the Clerk of the Court and the Clerk of the General 

Clerk's Office shall be made in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Protocol on 

Courthouse and County Clerk Procedures for Electronically Filed Cases ( accessible at the 

"EFiling" page on this Court's website at the address www.nycourts.gov/supctmanh). 

This constitutes the decision and order of the Court. 

1/2/2024 

DATE 

CHECK ONE: 

APPLICATION: 

CHECK IF APPROPRIATE: 

~ CASE DISPOSED 

GRANTED 0 DENIED 

SETTLE ORDER 

INCLUDES TRANSFER/REASSIGN 

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HON. JUDY H. KIM, J.S.C. 

NON-FINAL DISPOSITION 

GRANTED IN PART 

SUBMIT ORDER 

FIDUCIARY APPOINTMENT 

□ OTHER 

□ REFERENCE 

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