T.C. Memo. 2012-119

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

DAVID A. OLAGUNJU AND VICTORIA A. OLAGUNJU, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 6073-10. Filed April 23, 2012.

David A. Olagunju and Victoria A. Olagunju, pro sese.

Kristin H. Joe, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

MARVEL, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners’

Federal income taxes and accuracy-related penalties as follows under section

6662(a):1

1Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue

(continued...)
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 Penalty

 Year Deficiency Sec. 6662(a)

 2006 $53,672 $10,734

 2007 47,894 9,579

 2008 32,533 6,507

After concessions, the issues for decision are: (1) whether petitioners had

unreported income during the years at issue; (2) whether petitioners are entitled to

various deductions claimed on Schedules C for 2006-08; (3) whether petitioners are

entitled to a moving expense deduction of $8,600 for 2008; (4) whether petitioners

are entitled to charitable contribution deductions for 2006-08; (5) whether

petitioners are entitled to deduct other unreimbursed employee expenses for 2006-

08; and (6) whether petitioners are liable for the accuracy-related penalties under

section 6662(a).2

1

(...continued)

Code (Code) in effect for the years in issue, and Rule references are to the Tax

Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Monetary amounts have been rounded to

the nearest dollar.

2Respondent concedes that petitioners are entitled to moving expense

deductions of $23,134 and $14,593 for 2006 and 2007, respectively. Respondent

concedes that petitioners are entitled to a charitable contribution deduction of

$2,435 for 2006 in addition to what he had allowed in the notice of deficiency and

charitable contribution deductions of $12,392 and $9,418 for 2007 and 2008,

respectively. The remaining charitable contribution deductions ($24,020, $16,308,

and $5,458 for 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively) are at issue.

(continued...)
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FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated. We incorporate the stipulation of

facts into our findings by this reference. Petitioners resided in the State of

Washington when the petition was filed.

2

(...continued)

With respect to 2006 respondent concedes that petitioners may deduct (1)

$3,300 of advertising expenses and $4,652 of supplies expenses for Epharm

Consulting (consulting business) (both amounts exceed the deductions claimed on

the return); (2) a $265 miscellaneous expense, although petitioners did not claim

that deduction on the 2006 Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business, for the

consulting business; and (3) $2,160 of office expenses for the Big Mall of Africa

(Big Mall) business, with a portion of that deduction, $600, remaining at issue.

With respect to the 2007 Schedule C for the consulting business, respondent

concedes the following deductions: (1) supplies expenses of $1,788, with the

remaining amount, $612, still at issue; and (2) office expenses of $2,062 (petitioners

did not claim an office expense deduction on the return).

With respect to 2008 respondent concedes that petitioners are entitled to

deductions for (1) supplies expenses of $3,899 for the consulting business, with the

remaining amount, $412, still at issue; (2) other expense of $59 for the consulting

business, although petitioners did not claim it on the return; and (3) supplies

expenses of $3,899 for Epharm Staffing & Training (staffing business), although

petitioners did not claim a deduction for these expenses on the return.

Petitioners concede the $84 adjustment to dividend income and a $9,023

adjustment to capital gain, which were in their favor. Lastly, various adjustments in

the notice of deficiency are computational.
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Petitioner husband David A. Olagunju studied computer science and statistics

in Nigeria and the United States and holds a master’s degree. His professional

background is in the field of clinical trial development.

This case concerns Mr. Olagunju’s four businesses. Mr. Olagunju’s first

business, the consulting business, involved consulting work in the pharmaceutical

industry. Petitioners reported items related to this business on Schedules C for

2006-08 as follows:

 Year Gross income Deductions Net profit (loss)

 2006 $7,340 $25,690 ($18,350)

 2007 3,400 22,306 (18,906)

 2008 3,500 26,057 (22,557)

Mr. Olagunju’s second business was Ola Textil Mills (Ola Textil or the

textile business), a family run business in Nigeria. Ola Textil purchased wholesale

cotton, wheat material, dye, and readymade material for resale. Mr. Olagunju was

an investor, and during the years at issue, he provided funding to this business. 

Because the local economy was largely cash based, he withdrew cash from his bank

account in the United States and either delivered it to the business when he traveled

to Nigeria one to three times every year or asked a friend to deliver cash.

Ola Textil maintained two offices and a warehouse and employed temporary

workers. It prepared financial statements for Mr. Olagunju’s review and gave him
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what purported to be receipts for expenses. Petitioners’ Schedules C reported the

following items for Ola Textil:

 Gross Returns and Cost of goods Net profit 

Year income allowances sold Expenses (loss) 

 2006 $28,130 $3,400 $37,300 $22,083 ($34,653) 

 2007 31,023 4,536 68,300 21,469 (63,282) 

 2008 6,500 1,100 12,000 11,021 (10,052) 

In 2006-07 Mr. Olagunju’s third business was Big Mall, which operated an

online Web site through which he sold items imported from Kenya and Nigeria. He

stored inventory for Big Mall in his garage. Petitioners reported items related to this

business as follows:

 Gross Returns and Net profit

 Year income allowances Expenses (loss) 

 2006 $3,400 $450 $20,284 ($17,334) 

 2007 -0- -0- 4,696 (4,696) 

For 2007 and 2008 petitioners also reported a fourth business, the staffing

business, which was an online temporary staffing agency. Petitioners reported

income and expenses for this business as follows:

 Gross Net profit 

 Year income Expenses (loss) 

 2007 -0- $20,872 ($20,872) 

 2008 $4,100 9,741 (5,641) 
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Respondent disallowed all Schedule C deductions, except (1) a repairs and

maintenance expense deduction of $2,470 reported on the 2007 Schedule C for the

textile business and (2) a car and truck expense deduction of $7,775 reported on the

Schedule C for the staffing business.3 In addition, respondent adjusted other items. 

First, for each year at issue petitioners claimed a moving expense, and the 2008

moving expense of $8,600 remains at issue. Second, for each year at issue

petitioners claimed charitable contribution deductions and unreimbursed employee

expenses deductions. All unreimbursed employee expenses deductions and a part of

the charitable contribution deduction for each year remain at issue. Third, in 2008

Mr. Olagunju received a $35,677 distribution from his individual retirement account

(IRA) which he treated as a nontaxable distribution. Respondent increased

petitioners’ income by the amount of the IRA distribution. Fourth, respondent

increased petitioners’ interest income by $159, $357, and $102 for 2006, 2007, and

2008, respectively. Fifth, respondent adjusted petitioners’ qualified dividends, and

$152 and $734 for 2006 and 2008, respectively, remain at issue.

3Respondent states that he allowed these deductions inadvertently but does

not assert an increased deficiency.
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OPINION

I. Burden of Proof

The Commissioner’s determination of a deficiency is presumed correct, and

the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the determination is improper. See

Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Deductions are a

matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that he is

entitled to any claimed deduction. INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79,

84 (1992).

In addition to disallowing various deductions in the notice of deficiency,

respondent also increased petitioners’ income for unreported dividend income,

interest income, and a distribution from the IRA. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the

Ninth Circuit, to which an appeal in this case would lie absent a stipulation to the

contrary, see sec. 7482(b)(1)(A), has held that for the presumption of correctness to

attach to the notice of deficiency in unreported income cases, the Commissioner

must establish “some evidentiary foundation” connecting the taxpayer with the

income-producing activity, see Weimerskirch v. Commissioner, 596 F.2d 358, 361-

362 (9th Cir. 1979), rev’g 67 T.C. 672 (1977), or demonstrating that the taxpayer

actually received unreported income, Edwards v. Commissioner, 680 F.2d 1268,

1270-1271 (9th Cir. 1982). If the Commissioner introduces some evidence that the
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taxpayer received unreported income, the burden shifts to the taxpayer, who must

establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the unreported income adjustment

was arbitrary or erroneous. See Hardy v. Commissioner, 181 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th

Cir. 1999), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1997-97.

The record contains a jointly stipulated Form 1099-R, Distributions From

Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance Contracts,

etc., showing a taxable distribution of $35,677 to Mr. Olagunju. Because

respondent has introduced evidence that petitioner received an IRA distribution, the

burden of proof with respect to this adjustment is on petitioners. 

With respect to the determinations of interest income and dividends,

respondent failed to introduce into evidence third-party reporting documentation, the

transcripts of petitioners’ tax accounts, or other credible evidence showing that

petitioners received dividends and interest income in excess of what they reported. 

Accordingly, respondent failed to carry his burden of production with respect to the

adjustments to interest income and dividends.

Petitioners do not contend that section 7491(a) shifts the burden of proof to

respondent, and the record does not permit us to conclude that the requirements of

section 7491(a) are met. In sum, petitioners bear the burden of proof and the burden
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of production with respect to all adjustments at issue, except the adjustments to

interest income and dividends.

II. Adjustments to Income

Respondent adjusted dividends for 2006 and 2008 and interest income for

each year at issue. As discussed above, respondent bears the burden of production

with respect to these adjustments, but failed to carry it. Accordingly, we do not

sustain the adjustments to interest income and dividends for the relevant years.

Respondent also increased petitioners’ taxable IRA distribution income by

$35,677 for 2008.4 Petitioners contend that the distribution is not taxable because it

was a business loan, that they repaid it, and that they substantiated repayments by

checks, which are in the record.

Section 402(a) provides that distributions from a qualified plan are taxable to

the distributee in the year in which the distribution occurs. Under the general rule of

section 72(p)(1)(A), if a participant receives a loan from a qualified plan, the loan is

a taxable distribution in the year received. However, a loan is not a taxable

distribution if it meets three requirements: (1) the principal amount of the loan does

not exceed the statutorily specified amount; (2) the loan is repayable within five

4The parties refer to Mr. Olagunju’s plan as an IRA, and respondent does not

contend that the loan was a prohibited transaction. We address this adjustment on

the grounds raised by the parties. 
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years; and (3) the loan requires substantially level amortization over the loan term. 

Sec. 72(p)(2). In addition, the loan must be evidenced by a legally enforceable

agreement. See sec. 1.72(p)-1, Q&A-3, Income Tax Regs.

The record contains a Form 1099-R issued by Fidelity Investments that shows

a taxable distribution of $35,677 to Mr. Olagunju. The record also contains nine

canceled checks written by Mr. Olagunju to Fidelity Investments in 2007, each for

$574. The record, however, contains no loan documents or other documentary

evidence showing that the distribution was evidenced by a legally enforceable

agreement, as required by the regulations. Because petitioners failed to establish

that the requirements of section 72(p)(2) have been met, they must include the

distribution in gross income.

III. Adjustments to the Schedules A, Itemized Deductions

A. Unreimbursed Employee Expenses

Petitioners claimed, and respondent disallowed, unreimbursed employee

expenses of $17,736,5 $2,110, and $13,090 for 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively.

5The notice of deficiency shows that the amount of the unreimbursed

employee expense deduction petitioners claimed on the 2006 return was $17,736

and that respondent disallowed it in full. However, the amount of unreimbursed

employee expenses claimed on the 2006 return totals $21,990. We interpret the

inconsistency as respondent’s partial allowance of the deduction.
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Generally, a taxpayer who is an employee may deduct unreimbursed

employee expenses as an ordinary and necessary business expense under section

162. Lucas v. Commissioner, 79 T.C. 1, 6 (1982). An employee, however, cannot

deduct such expenses to the extent that the employee is entitled to reimbursement

from his employer. Id. at 7. In addition, section 6001 requires a taxpayer to

maintain sufficient records to allow the determination of the taxpayer’s correct tax

liability. Two Forms 2106, Employee Business Expenses, attached to petitioners’

2006 and 2008 returns, show that petitioners deducted vehicle expenses, parking

fees, and travel expenses.6 Petitioners did not introduce any credible evidence to

substantiate these expenses, nor did they explain their business purposes. 

Accordingly, we sustain respondent’s adjustments to unreimbursed employee

expenses.

B. Charitable Contributions

Respondent disallowed charitable contribution deductions of $26,455,

$28,700, and $14,876 for 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. After respondent’s

concessions, see supra note 2, a portion of the deduction for each year remains at

issue.

6The 2007 return in the record does not contain a Form 2106.
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Generally, section 170(a) allows a deduction for any “charitable contribution”

made by the taxpayer. Charitable contribution deductions are subject to the

recordkeeping requirements of section 1.170A-13(a), Income Tax Regs., for

contributions of money, or section 1.170-13(b), Income Tax Regs., for contributions

of property other than money. Any contribution of $250 or more also must satisfy

the requirement of section 1.170A-13(f)(1), Income Tax Regs., which provides that

to claim a charitable contribution deduction of $250 or more, the taxpayer must

substantiate the contribution with a contemporaneous written acknowledgment from

the donee organization.7 Sec. 170(f)(8)(A); sec. 1.170A-13(f)(1), Income Tax Regs. 

If a taxpayer makes a charitable contribution of property other than money in excess

of $500, the taxpayer must maintain written records showing the manner of

acquisition of the item and approximate date of the acquisition. See sec. 1.170A13(b)(3), Income Tax Regs.

The record contains several documents that petitioners offered to substantiate

the remaining charitable contribution deductions. However, these documents (1)

7Separate contributions of less than $250 are not subject to the requirements

of sec. 170(f)(8), regardless of whether the contributions made by a taxpayer to a

donee organization during a taxable year total $250 or more. Sec. 1.170A-13(f)(1),

Income Tax Regs.
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substantiate deductions that respondent has conceded;8 (2) fail the contemporaneous

written acknowledgment requirement for contributions exceeding $250; (3) appear

to be documentation for expenses that are not charitable contributions, such as

confirmations of payments of taxes and mortgage statements and payments to

Seattle Pacific University, Northwest University, and Santa Clara University that

appear to be payments for tuition, room, and board; (4) constitute general

fundraising correspondence and refer to petitioners’ charitable contributions but fail

to state the amounts of the contributions; or (5) fail the substantiation requirements

for nonmonetary contributions in excess of $500, in that the documents do not show

the dates of the acquisition of the items of property.9 Accordingly, we sustain

respondent’s determinations regarding the remaining charitable contribution

deductions.

8We refer to a $200 check to Renovation House and all checks written to City

Church.

9We refer to a receipt for $600 dated October 12, 2008, issued by the Mercer

County Library for a contribution of books and receipts for contributions of

household items to Goodwill and Everett Gospel Mission.
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IV. Adjustments to the Schedules C

A. In General

Section 162(a) permits a taxpayer to deduct the ordinary and necessary

expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on a trade or business. 

See Commissioner v. Lincoln Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 403 U.S. 345, 352 (1971). A

trade or business expense is ordinary for purposes of section 162 if it is normal or

customary within a particular trade, business, or industry, and it is necessary if it is

appropriate and helpful for the development of the business. Commissioner v.

Heininger, 320 U.S. 467, 471 (1943). Section 262(a) disallows deductions for

personal, living, or family expenses. See also sec. 1.162-17(a), Income Tax Regs.

Generally, the taxpayer must maintain adequate records to substantiate the

amounts of his income and entitlement to any deductions or credits claimed. Sec.

6001; INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. at 84; sec. 1.6001-1(a), Income

Tax Regs. When a taxpayer establishes that he paid or incurred a deductible

expense but does not establish the amount of the expense, we may estimate the

amount allowable in some circumstances (the Cohan rule). See Cohan v.

Commissioner, 39 F.2d 540, 543-544 (2d Cir. 1930). There must be sufficient

evidence in the record, however, to permit us to conclude that the taxpayer paid or
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incurred a deductible expense in at least the amount allowed. See Williams v.

United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560 (5th Cir. 1957). In estimating the amount

allowable, we bear heavily upon the taxpayer who failed to maintain required

records and to substantiate deductions as the Code requires. See Cohan v.

Commissioner, 39 F.2d at 544.

For certain kinds of business expenses, section 274(d) overrides the Cohan

rule. See Sanford v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. 823, 827 (1968), aff’d per curiam, 412

F.2d 201 (2d Cir. 1969). Under section 274(d), a taxpayer must satisfy strict

substantiation requirements before a deduction is allowable. These strict

substantiation requirements of section 274(d) apply to any traveling expense,

including meals and lodging away from home, any item with respect to an activity in

the nature of entertainment, or the use of listed property, as defined in section

280F(d)(4), including passenger automobiles.

To deduct these expenses, the taxpayer must “substantiate[ ] by adequate

records or by sufficient evidence corroborating the taxpayer’s own statement”: (1)

the amount of the expense or other item; (2) the time and place of travel,

entertainment, or use of the property; (3) the business purpose of the expense or

other item; and (4) the business relationship of the taxpayer to the persons

entertained. Sec. 274(d). To satisfy the requirements of section 274(d), a taxpayer
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must maintain records and documentary evidence that in combination are sufficient

to establish each element of an expenditure or use. Sec. 1.274-5T(c)(1) and (2),

Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46016-46017 (Nov. 6, 1985). 

Although a contemporaneous log is not required, corroborative evidence created at

or near the time of the expenditure to support a taxpayer’s reconstruction “of the

elements * * * of the expenditure or use must have a high degree of probative value

to elevate such statement” to the level of credibility of a contemporaneous record. 

Sec. 1.274-5T(c)(1), Temporary Income Tax Regs., supra.

B. Deductions for Car and Truck Expenses

Respondent disallowed deductions for car and truck expenses that petitioners

claimed on the 2006-08 Schedules C for the consulting business (totaling $18,645)

and on the 2006 Schedules C for the textile business ($7,569) and Big Mall

($5,109). Petitioners did not claim deductions for car and truck expenses for 2007

and 2008 for the textile business but have introduced documentation into evidence

in an effort to substantiate them.

Generally, passenger automobiles and any other property used as a means of

transportation are listed property, see sec. 280F(d)(4)(A)(i) and (ii), and these

expenses are subject to the strict substantiation requirements of section 274(d). 

Petitioners introduced into evidence various receipts but acknowledge that they did
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not maintain logs for the use of the vehicles. Petitioners failed to establish the

business use of the vehicles, and we sustain respondent’s determination denying all

deductions for car and truck expenses.

C. Meals and Entertainment Expenses

Petitioners deducted meals and entertainment expenses for 2006-08 for the

consulting business (totaling $3,850), for 2006-08 for the textile business (totaling

$3,062) and for 2006 for Big Mall ($635). Although the record contains receipts for

most expenses, petitioners introduced no credible evidence to establish the business

purpose of each expense, as required by section 274(d). We sustain respondent’s

determination.

D. Travel Expenses

Petitioners deducted travel expenses on the 2006-08 Schedules C for the

consulting business (totaling $23,415), the 2006-08 Schedules C for the textile

business (totaling $15,990), and the 2006 Schedule C for Big Mall ($750). The

record contains receipts for airline tickets, rental cars, and parking. Most expenses

relate to petitioners’10 travel to Nigeria and to and from Washington and New

Jersey. Mr. Olagunju testified he traveled to Nigeria up to three times per year for

the textile business as well as to visit with his family one or two hours daily while

10Petitioners also deducted their daughters’ travel expenses.
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in Nigeria. Mr. Olagunju did not keep a travel log. Mr. Olagunju’s broad 

testimony that he traveled to Nigeria to tend to the textile business matters is

insufficient to establish the business purpose of each trip as required by section

274(d).

With respect to travel for the consulting and Big Mall businesses, the record

contains various receipts for travel between Washington and New Jersey. Mr.

Olagunju testified that at the time both petitioners worked in New Jersey as

consultants for Novartis and that they owned a townhome in New Jersey and a

home in Washington. According to petitioner, when he came to Seattle, he took

care of Big Mall and when he traveled to New Jersey, he worked as a consultant.

We are not convinced that petitioners’ expenses for travel between their

homes in New Jersey and Washington were anything but personal expenses of

maintaining two households. See Tokarski v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 74, 77 (1986). 

In addition, such broad testimony is insufficient to establish the business purpose of

each trip, as required by section 274(d). We sustain respondent’s determination

with respect to travel expenses

E. Utilities

Petitioners deducted utilities expenses on their 2006-08 Schedules C for the

consulting business (totaling $6,195), the 2006-08 Schedules C for the textile 
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business (totaling $4,400), and the 2006 Schedule C for Big Mall ($3,650). They

claim that they paid these expenses to maintain a home office for operating the

businesses.

Generally, expenses of maintaining a household, including amounts paid for

water, utilities, and similar expenses, are not deductible. Sec. 1.262-1(b)(3),

Income Tax Regs. However, subject to the rules of section 280A, if a part of the

home is used as a place of business, a corresponding portion of the expenses, as is

properly attributable to such place of business, is deductible as a business expense. 

Id. Taxpayers must provide the Court with a basis to determine what portion of the

utilities was allocable to their business. See, e.g., Adler v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2010-47, aff’d, 443 Fed. Appx. 736 (3d Cir. 2011).

Petitioners introduced no credible evidence to substantiate utilities expenses

for the consulting business for 2006 or for the textile business for 2007, and we

disallow the corresponding deductions. To substantiate other deductions,

petitioners introduced into evidence canceled checks, bills, and other documents,

including foreign documents (for the textile business). Mr. Olagunju testified that

“the whole basement was also devoted to that” business. Such general testimony

does not provide a basis for allocating the utilities expenses between the business
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use and personal use of a home.11 Accordingly, we sustain respondent’s

determination.

F. Legal and Professional Services

Petitioners claimed deductions for legal and professional services expenses on

their 2006-07 Schedules C for the consulting business (totaling $1,850), the 2006

Schedule C for the textile business ($360), and the 2006 Schedule C for Big Mall

($750). Although petitioners did not claim legal and professional expense

deductions for 2007-08 for the textile business or for 2008 for the consulting

business, they submitted documentation to substantiate them.

Petitioners provided no substantiation for legal and professional services

expenses for the consulting business for 2006 and 2007, nor did they provide a basis

for estimating them under the Cohan rule. To substantiate the legal and professional

services expenses for the consulting business for 2008, petitioner submitted several

checks written to the City of Mill Creek, River Crossing HOA, Consumer Reports,

AARP, and the Snohomish County auditor. We do not see how these payments

relate to petitioners’ business. Therefore, petitioners may not deduct legal and

professional expenses for the consulting business for 2006-08.

11Mr. Olagunju testified that TurboTax, which he used to prepare the returns,

had a formula for calculating the deductible portion of the utilities expenses.
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For the textile business, petitioners presented payment invoices issued by a

Nigerian firm to Ola Textil. The payment invoices are handwritten and bear the

handwritten notation “paid in cash”. The amounts are written in local currency with

a handwritten notation showing the exchange rate and the U.S. dollar equivalent.12

The payment invoices describe services rendered as “legal consulting”, “business

name renewal”, and “Legal letters to clients”, etc. We do not find the documents

credible or sufficient, even if credible, to substantiate the expenses. Petitioners

introduced no credible evidence that would have shown that they paid the amounts

shown on the invoices, nor were the payment invoices accompanied by third-party

testimony. We disallow the deductions for legal and professional services expenses

that petitioners claimed on the Schedules C for the textile business. See, e.g., Lam

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2006-265.

For the legal and professional services expenses for Big Mall for 2006,

petitioners presented a receipt issued to Ola Textil for $925 by a Nigerian firm. 

Nothing on the receipt indicates that the expense relates to Big Mall and that it was

not a personal expense. We disallow this deduction.

12For 2007 petitioners’ conversion calculations appear incorrect.
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G. Depreciation and Section 179 Expenses

Petitioners claimed depreciation and section 179 deductions on the 2006-08

Schedules C for the consulting business (totaling $1,317), the 2006-08 Schedules C

for the textile business (totaling $6,522), on the 2006-07 Schedules C for Big Mall

(totaling $7,256), and on the 2007-08 Schedules C for the staffing business (totaling

$22,838). Respondent disallowed these deductions in full. Petitioners introduced

no credible evidence to substantiate these deductions claimed on the 2006 Schedule

C for Big Mall and the 2007 Schedules C for the textile and staffing businesses. 

Accordingly, we disallow those deductions.

For depreciation expenses for the consulting and textile businesses for 2006,

the record shows that petitioners depreciated computers. However, respondent has

allowed petitioners to deduct the cost of those computers as part of the supplies

expense deduction. Accordingly, we disallow these depreciation deductions.

With respect to the remaining deductions in this category, the record contains

the depreciation schedules but no credible evidence of the costs of the assets. In

addition, some deductions relate to vehicles, which are listed property, and

petitioners failed to satisfy the section 274(d) strict substantiation requirements. We

sustain respondent’s determination with respect to depreciation and section 179

expenses.
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H. Rent or Lease

Petitioners claimed a deduction of $2,400 for a rent or lease expense on the

2006 Schedule C for the consulting business. They provided neither documentary

evidence to substantiate these expenses nor a basis for estimating them. Therefore,

we sustain respondent’s disallowance of this deduction.

Petitioners did not claim a rent expense deduction on their 2008 Schedule C

for the textile business but introduced into evidence cash receipts for “land leased to

the company”. We question the credibility and authenticity of petitioners’ cash

receipts because we find the handwriting on them matches the handwriting on some

other receipts issued by different vendors, for example: (1) receipt No. 2069 that is

intended to substantiate travel expenses for the textile business, (2) receipt Nos.

000777 and 000428 that are intended to substantiate supplies expenses for the

textile business for 2008, and (3) receipt No. 1243 intended to substantiate

advertising expenses for the textile business for 2007.13 In addition, petitioners do

not explain the business purpose of the expenses, nor do they corroborate the

expense by a lease agreement or third-party testimony. We disallow this deduction.

13Questioning the authenticity of petitioners’ cash receipts, respondent also

points to the same format of all cash receipts of various Nigerian vendors in the

record.
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I. Repairs and Maintenance

Respondent disallowed deductions for repairs and maintenance that

petitioners claimed on the 2007-08 Schedules C for the consulting business (totaling

$4,350) and the 2006 Schedule C for Big Mall ($760). Petitioners provided no

documentary evidence to substantiate these expenses, nor did they provide a basis

for estimating them. We disallow those deductions.

Petitioners did not claim repairs and maintenance expense deductions on the

2006 and 2008 Schedules C for the textile business,14 but they introduced into

evidence receipts issued in Nigeria to Ola Textil. For 2006 only the receipt issued

by M.C. Plumbing Works dated October 13, 2006, for $703 explains that the

expense related to plumbing repairs. We allow petitioners to deduct this expense. 

For 2008 petitioners presented only uncorroborated invoices with notations “paid in

cash” and no credible evidence of payment. We therefore disallow this deduction

for 2008.

14Petitioners claimed a $2,470 expense deduction for repairs and maintenance

on the 2007 Schedule C for the textile business, but respondent allowed it. 

Respondent states he did so mistakenly, but does not assert an increased deficiency.
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J. Taxes and Licenses

Petitioners claimed deductions for taxes and licenses on the 2006 and 2007

Schedules C for the consulting business (totaling $960) and the 2006 Schedule C for

Big Mall ($560). Petitioners also introduced documentation to substantiate taxes

and licenses expenses for 2006 for the textile business.

Mr. Olagunju testified that the 2006 expense for the consulting business

related to licensing software for their Web site, but the record contains no credible

evidence for estimating the amount of the expense. The record contains no evidence

regarding the 2007 expense for the consulting business. We disallow these

deductions.

To substantiate the taxes and licenses expense for Big Mall for 2006,

petitioners rely on a $1,438 check written to the State of New Jersey. Petitioner

testified that probably they paid the expense for license plate renewal for a vehicle

used for the Big Mall matters. We disallow any car-related expenses because of the

lack of compliance with substantiation requirements for listed property. 

With respect to the 2006 expense for the textile business, petitioners

introduced into evidence an invoice issued to Mr. Olagunju for “Mall of Africa,

local name search and business registration”. The invoice bears a handwritten

notation “Paid in cash”. In the absence of corroborating credible evidence that
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petitioners paid the expense, that notation is insufficient to establish that they paid

the invoice, and we disallow this deduction.

K. Supplies

Respondent disallowed petitioners’ deductions for supplies claimed on the

2006-08 Schedules C for the consulting business (totaling $8,521), the 2008

Schedule C for the textile business ($3,200), and the 2006 Schedule C for Big Mall

($1,400). Petitioners did not claim a supplies expense deduction on the 2007

Schedule C for the textile business or the 2008 Schedule C for the staffing business

but now attempt to substantiate those expenses. After respondent’s concessions, the

following expenses remain at issue: 2007-08 for the consulting business (in part),

2007-08 for the textile business (in full), 2006 for Big Mall (in full), and 2008 for

the staffing business (in part). We address these expenses below.

1. The Consulting Business

For 2007 other than the confirmation of the purchase of a computer that

respondent allowed, the record contains a bank statement showing a payment of

$3,343 to a furniture store and a price quotation for various items from the same

store. We disallow this deduction because petitioners failed to establish that this

was not a personal expense. See sec. 262(a).
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For 2008 respondent conceded many of petitioners’ expenses.15 To

substantiate the remaining amount, petitioners introduced into the record

documentary evidence showing that they paid for lamps, FedEx, postal service, gas,

an iPod, a Nikon camera, and a generator and made payments to Ryan Moline,

Tarum Raghav, Costco, Barnes & Noble, T-Mobile, and to what appears to be an

online furniture store. The amounts in many of these documents are illegible, and

some receipts are duplicates or pertain to a different year. Petitioners do not explain

the business purpose of any of these payments, and we disallow a deduction for

these expenses.16

2. The Textile Business

The record establishes that Ola Textil purchased an automatic voltage

regulator, and we allow petitioners to deduct this expense. We disallow deductions

for the remaining amounts because (1) the documentation is illegible; (2) invoices

15Petitioners presented the same documents to substantiate the supplies

expense for the staffing business for 2008, although they did not report them on the

Schedule C. Respondent conceded that some of those expenses were deductible

and split them between the consulting and staffing businesses equally ($3,899 in

supplies expenses for each business).

16For the same reasons, petitioners may not deduct these expenses as part of

their supplies expense for the staffing business for 2008. 
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are not accompanied by receipts; (3) the description of the purchased items is

unclear; or (4) the business purpose of the purchase is unclear.

3. Big Mall

Petitioners submitted canceled checks written to Cablevision and to Verizon

Wireless. The record does not explain why cable service was necessary for the

business or identify who used the cell phone.17 We disallow this deduction.

4. The Staffing Business

Respondent conceded $3,899 of this deduction. See supra note 15. As

discussed above, see supra pp. 26-28, petitioners did not establish a business

purpose for any of the payments, and we disallow this deduction to the extent not

already conceded by respondent.

L. Office Expenses

Respondent disallowed all office expenses that petitioners claimed on their

2006-07 Schedules C for the textile business (totaling $1,800) and the 2006

Schedule C for Big Mall ($2,760).

With respect to the office expenses for the textile business for 2006,

petitioners presented several receipts issued in Nigeria for mailing documents. The

17In addition, during the years at issue cell phones were listed property

subject to the strict substantiation requirements of sec. 274(d). See sec.

280F(d)(4)(A)(v). 
- 29 -

record does not establish that those expenses were business related, and we

disallow a deduction for them. Other documents petitioners rely on are invoices and

not receipts. In the absence of credible evidence establishing that petitioners paid

those expenses, we disallow the deduction.

To substantiate the office expenses claimed on the 2007 Schedule C for the

textile business, petitioners submitted:

• A confirmation of purchasing a media center for $1,550 from HP Home Store,

but respondent allowed this expense as part of an office expense deduction

for the consulting business.

• A confirmation of purchasing a calling card. We shall disallow the expense

of a calling card because petitioners failed to establish its business purpose.

• A receipt for the purchase of a $1,818 notebook. We question the

authenticity of this receipt because petitioners introduced an identical receipt

(except for the date) to substantiate the 2006 expenses, which respondent

allowed.

• Invoices Nos. 0093, 155, and 224, which are duplicates of what petitioners

submitted to substantiate supplies expense discussed above.

• Other documents bear a handwritten notation “paid in cash”, and without

corroborating evidence, we reject those invoices as proof of payment.
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Accordingly, we sustain respondent’s determination with respect to the office

expense deduction for the 2007 Schedule C for the textile business.

To substantiate office expenses for Big Mall for 2006 in addition to what

respondent concedes, petitioners introduced into evidence a $43 receipt from an

unknown vendor and several checks written to Verizon Wireless. Petitioners failed

to establish the business purpose of the expenses, and we disallow this deduction.

Petitioners did not claim, but now attempt to substantiate, office expense

deductions for 2007 for the consulting business. Respondent partially conceded this

deduction. See supra note 2. We shall allow petitioners to deduct a $40 expense

for Corel WordPerfect Office X3. Petitioners’ remaining expenses were expenses

for three-hour photography coverage, calling cards, gas, and purchases at various

stores. In the absence of any evidence of the business purpose of each expense, we

disallow this deduction.

M. Miscellaneous Expense

Petitioners did not claim a deduction for this expense on the 2006 Schedule C

for the consulting business but have introduced into evidence documentation to

substantiate it, and respondent concedes it in part. Petitioners’ documentation for

the expenses that remain at issue shows payments to Time, Arrowgate at Randolph,
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River Crossing HOA, and cleaning businesses. Petitioners did not establish these

expenses were not personal, and therefore these expenses are not deductible. See

sec. 262(a).

N. Other Expenses

Petitioners claimed a $600 other expense deduction on the 2008 Schedule C

for the textile business, and respondent disallowed it in full. Petitioners introduced

no credible evidence to substantiate or estimate this deduction, and we sustain

respondent’s determination.

Petitioners did not deduct this category of expenses on the 2008 Schedule C

for the consulting business, but after petitioners introduced evidence regarding this

deduction, respondent concedes it in part. See supra note 2. Petitioners’ remaining

documentation shows payments to the Snohomish County auditor, the City of Mill

Creek, River Crossing HOA, Consumer Reports, AARP, and the Seattle Times. 

Petitioners did not establish the business purpose of each payment, and these

expenses are not deductible.

O. Miscellaneous Office Expense

Petitioners attempt to substantiate this deduction for the 2006 Schedule C for

the consulting business, although they did not claim it on the 2006 return. 

Petitioners’ receipts show that they paid a bookstore, Consumer Reports, and
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Verizon Wireless. Petitioners did not establish the business purpose of each

purchase, and these expenses are not deductible.

P. Advertising Expenses

Of the advertising expenses that petitioners claimed on the returns, only the

2006 expense for Big Mall remains at issue. Petitioners introduced no credible

evidence to substantiate it, and we sustain respondent’s determination. 

Petitioners did not deduct this category of expenses on the 2007 Schedule C

for the textile business but introduced into evidence three receipts. Two of those

receipts were issued by an “Art and Publicity” company in Nigeria. The receipts

establish that petitioners paid $74 and $38 for advertising materials,18 and we allow

petitioners to deduct these expenses.

We do not find petitioners’ receipt No. 1243 dated July 11, 2007, to be

credible. The handwriting on this receipt matches the handwriting on several other

receipts issued by different vendors, see supra p. 23, and we disallow a deduction

for this expense.

18These receipts, as well as other Nigerian documentation in the record, show

the amounts in local currency. Each receipt bears a handwritten notation,

presumably petitioners’, of the applicable exchange rate and the U.S. dollar

equivalent of the amount. For the deductions that we allow herein that are

substantiated by foreign receipts, the parties shall verify the applicable exchange

rate as part of their Rule 155 computations.
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Q. Returns and Allowances

Petitioners deducted, and respondent disallowed in full, returns and

allowances for the 2006-08 Schedules C for the textile business (totaling $9,036)

and the 2006 Schedule C for Big Mall ($450). The record contains no

documentation regarding these deductions. Mr. Olagunju testified at trial that for

the textile business, the local manager estimated the cost of damaged cotton and

sold materials for which Ola Textil was not paid by a customer. No one from Ola

Textil testified, and Mr. Olagunju’s vague testimony is insufficient to establish the

amount of the deduction. We sustain respondent’s determination disallowing the

returns and allowances deductions.

R. Wages

Petitioners reported wage expenses of $1,900 and $6,700 on the 2006 and

2007 Schedules C for the textile business, respectively. Respondent disallowed

them in full. Mr. Olagunju testified that Ola Textil had temporary workers. To

substantiate wages paid, petitioners presented contemporaneous records that show

employee names and the amount for every month in local currency. Each employee

signed the corresponding line attesting to the receipt of the payment. Each sheet

bears a stamp “For Treasury use only” and is signed in the bottom by the company
- 34 -

cashier. We find petitioners’ evidence credible and allow petitioners to deduct

wages expenses on the Schedules C for the textile business for 2006-07.

S. Cost of Goods Sold

For the textile business, petitioners reported cost of goods sold of $37,300,

$68,300, and $12,000 for 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. To substantiate cost

of goods sold, petitioners introduced into evidence beginning and ending inventory

lists prepared by an Ola Textil employee and invoices for materials purchased

during each year. We question the correctness of the inventory lists: The 2006

ending inventory does not match the 2007 beginning inventory, and the 2007 ending

inventory does not match the 2008 beginning inventory. In addition, petitioners did

not establish by credible evidence that they paid the invoices for the purchases of

materials. We sustain respondent’s determination disallowing petitioners’ claimed

cost of goods sold.

V. Other Adjustments

On their 2008 return petitioners deducted moving expenses of $8,600. 

Petitioners make no argument why they are entitled to the deduction, but they

introduced into evidence (1) a Uniform Household Goods Bill of Lading and Freight

Bill issued by A Security Moving & Storage, Inc.; (2) an estimate from a moving

company; and (3) a receipt for $49 from a vendor.
- 35 -

Generally, section 217(a) provides that “[t]here shall be allowed as a

deduction moving expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in connection

with the commencement of work by the taxpayer as an employee or as a selfemployed individual at a new principal place of work.” Petitioners failed to

introduce credible evidence that the move was job related.19 Therefore, we sustain

respondent’s determination.

VI. Accuracy-Related Penalty Under Section 6662(a)

Respondent determined that petitioners’ underpayment was attributable to (1)

negligence or disregard of rules or regulations under section 6662(b)(1); or (2)

substantial understatement of income tax under section 6662(b)(2).20

Generally, section 6662(a) and (b)(1) authorizes the Commissioner to impose

a 20% penalty on the portion of an underpayment of income tax attributable to

negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. The term “negligence” includes any

failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of the internal

19Petitioners do not contend that they incurred expenses in connection with

commencement of work as self-employed individuals for the staffing business,

which Mr. Olagunju set up between 2007 and 2008.

20One attachment to the notice of deficiency lists negligence and substantial

understatement of income tax as alternative grounds for the penalty, whereas the

Form 886-A, Explanation of Items, lists only the substantial understatement as the

ground for the penalty. Because on brief respondent raises both grounds for the

accuracy-related penalty, we address the applicability of both grounds.
- 36 -

revenue laws, and the term “disregard” includes any careless, reckless, or

intentional disregard. Sec. 6662(c); sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1) and (2), Income Tax Regs. 

Disregard of rules or regulations is careless if “the taxpayer does not exercise

reasonable diligence to determine the correctness of a return position” and is

reckless if “the taxpayer makes little or no effort to determine whether a rule or

regulation exists, under circumstances which demonstrate a substantial deviation

from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe.” Sec.

1.6662-3(b)(2), Income Tax Regs.; see also Neely v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 934,

947 (1985).

Section 6662(a) and (b)(2) also authorizes the Commissioner to impose a

20% penalty if there is a substantial understatement of income tax. An

understatement means the excess of the amount of the tax required to be shown on

the return over the amount of the tax imposed which is shown on the return, reduced

by any rebate. Sec. 6662(d)(2)(A). An understatement is substantial in the case of

an individual if the amount of the understatement for the taxable year exceeds the

greater of 10% of the tax required to be shown on the return or $5,000. Sec.

6662(d)(1)(A). The accuracy-related penalty does not apply with respect to any

portion of the underpayment for which the taxpayer shows that there was reasonable

cause and that he acted in good faith. Sec. 6664(c)(1).
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The Commissioner bears the burden of production with respect to the

taxpayer’s liability for the section 6662(a) penalty and must produce sufficient

evidence indicating that it is appropriate to impose the penalty. See sec. 7491(c). 

Once the Commissioner meets his burden of production, the taxpayer must come

forward with persuasive evidence that the Commissioner’s determination is

incorrect or that the taxpayer had reasonable cause or substantial authority for the

position. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 447 (2001).

Respondent met his burden of production with respect to negligence. He

introduced evidence that petitioners’ deductions did not satisfy the standard for

deductions under section 162 and that various other adjustments were appropriate.

The exact amounts of petitioners’ underpayments will depend on the Rule

155 computations, in accordance with this opinion. If those computations establish

that petitioners have substantial understatements of income tax, respondent has also

met his burden of production with respect to the substantial understatement ground

for the penalty under section 6662(a) and (b)(2).

Petitioners do not argue that they were not negligent or that they had

reasonable cause for the underpayments. Petitioners do not explain their failure to

keep adequate records and to substantiate items properly. We hold that for each

year at issue, petitioners are liable for a section 6662(a) penalty for negligence or,
- 38 -

alternatively, a substantial understatement of income tax, if applicable as the Rule

155 computations will show.21

We have considered all the other arguments made by the parties, and to the

extent not discussed above, find those arguments to be irrelevant, moot, or without

merit.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered under

Rule 155.

21Only one accuracy-related penalty may apply with respect to any given

portion of an underpayment. Sec. 1.6662-2(c), Income Tax Regs.