Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5697 

K. Determination Under Section 307(d) 

Pursuant to CAA section 307(d)(1)(B), 

this action is subject to the requirements 

of CAA section 307(d), as it promulgates 

a FIP under CAA section 110(c). 

L. Congressional Review Act (CRA) 

This rule is exempt from the CRA 

because it is a rule of particular 

applicability. 

M. Judicial Review 

Under section 307(b)(1) of the CAA, 

petitions for judicial review of this 

action must be filed in the United States 

Court of Appeals for the appropriate 

circuit by March 18, 2025. Filing a 

petition for reconsideration by the 

Administrator of this final rule does not 

affect the finality of this action for the 

purposes of judicial review, does not 

extend the time within which a petition 

for judicial review may be filed, and 

shall not postpone the effectiveness of 

such rule or action. This action may not 

be challenged later in proceedings to 

enforce its requirements. See CAA 

section 307(b)(2). 

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52 

Environmental protection, Air 

pollution control, Carbon monoxide, 

Greenhouse gases, Incorporation by 

reference, Intergovernmental relations, 

Lead, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone, 

Particulate matter, Reporting and 

recordkeeping requirements, Sulfur 

oxides, Volatile organic compounds. 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. 

Jane Nishida, 

Acting Administrator. 

For the reasons stated in the 

preamble, the Environmental Protection 

Agency is amending 40 CFR part 52 as 

follows: 

PART 52—APPROVAL AND 

PROMULGATION OF 

IMPLEMENTATION PLANS 

■ 1. The authority citation for part 52 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. 

Subpart BB—Montana 

§ 52.1392 [Amended] 

■ 2. In § 52.1392, remove and reserve 

paragraph (i). 

[FR Doc. 2025–00220 Filed 1–16–25; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 

40 CFR Part 59 

[EPA–HQ–OAR–2006–0971; FRL–7966–03– 

OAR] 

RIN 2060–AU94 

National Volatile Organic Compound 

Emission Standards for Aerosol 

Coatings Amendments 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA). 

ACTION: Final rule. 

SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) is finalizing 

amendments to the National Volatile 

Organic Compound Emission Standards 

for Aerosol Coatings. This action revises 

national emission standards for the 

aerosol coatings (aerosol spray paints) 

category under the Clean Air Act (CAA), 

which requires control of volatile 

organic compound (VOC) emissions 

from certain categories of consumer and 

commercial products for purposes of 

reducing VOC emissions contributing to 

ozone formation and ozone 

nonattainment. The regulation employs 

a relative reactivity-based approach to 

control aerosol coating products’ 

contribution to ozone formation by 

encouraging the use of less reactive VOC 

ingredients in formulations. In this final 

rule, the EPA is updating coating 

category product-weighted reactivity 

(PWR) limits, adding new compounds 

and reactivity factors, updating existing 

reactivity factors, revising the rule’s 

default reactivity factor, amending 

thresholds for VOC regulated by the 

rule, amending reporting requirements, 

updating test methods to reflect more 

recent versions, adding a new 

compliance date, and making clarifying 

edits. 

DATES: Effective date. The effective date 

of this final rule is January 17, 2025. 

The incorporation by reference of 

certain material listed in this rule is 

approved by the Director of the Federal 

Register as of January 17, 2025. The 

incorporation by reference of certain 

other material listed in this rule was 

approved by the Director of the Federal 

Register as of March 24, 2008. 

ADDRESSES: The EPA has established a 

docket for this action under Docket ID 

No. EPA–HQ–OAR–2006–0971. All 

documents in the dockets are listed on 

the www.regulations.gov website. 

Although listed, some information is not 

publicly available, e.g., Confidential 

Business Information (CBI) or other 

information whose disclosure is 

restricted by statute. Certain other 

material, such as copyrighted material, 

is not placed on the internet and will be 

publicly available only in hard copy 

form. Publicly available docket 

materials are available either 

electronically through 

www.regulations.gov, or in hard copy at 

the EPA Docket Center, WJC West 

Building, Room Number 3334, 1301 

Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC. 

The Public Reading Room hours of 

operation are 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. 

Eastern Standard Time (EST), Monday 

through Friday. The telephone number 

for the Public Reading Room is (202) 

566–1744, and the telephone number for 

the EPA Docket Center is (202) 566– 

1742. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For 

information about the National Volatile 

Organic Compound Emission Standards 

for Aerosol Coatings, contact Kaye 

Whitfield, U.S. EPA, Office of Air 

Quality Planning and Standards, Sector 

Policies and Programs Division, 

Minerals and Manufacturing Group 

(D243–02), Research Triangle Park, 

North Carolina 27711; telephone 

number: (919) 541–2509; fax number 

(919) 541–4991; and email address: 

whitfield.kaye@epa.gov. For questions 

related to enforcement, contact John 

Cox, Office of Enforcement and 

Compliance Assurance, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. 

EPA WJC South Building (2221A), 

Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, 

DC 20460; telephone number: (202) 

564–1395 and email address: cox.john@

epa.gov. For questions related to 

reporting, contact the EPA Regional 

Office where the regulated entity is 

located. For a complete list, see 

Addresses of EPA regional offices in 40 

CFR 59.512. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Preamble acronyms and 

abbreviations. Throughout this 

document the use of ‘‘we,’’ ‘‘us,’’ or 

‘‘our’’ is intended to refer to the EPA. 

We use multiple acronyms and terms in 

this preamble. While this list may not be 

exhaustive, to ease the reading of this 

preamble and for reference purposes, 

the EPA defines the following terms and 

acronyms here: 

ACA American Coatings Association 

ASTM American Society for Testing and 

Materials 

CARB California Air Resources Board 

CAA Clean Air Act 

CBI Confidential Business Information 

CDX Central Data Exchange 

CEDRI Compliance and Emissions Data 

Reporting Interface 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

CRA Congressional Review Act 

EJ Environmental Justice 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5698 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

FR Federal Register 

g 03/g product grams of ozone per grams of 

product 

IBR incorporation by reference 

ICR Information Collection Request 

MIR maximum incremental reactivity 

NTTAA National Technology Transfer and 

Advancement Act 

OMB Office of Management and Budget 

PRA Paperwork Reduction Act 

PWR product-weighted reactivity 

RF reactivity factor 

RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act 

UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

VOC volatile organic compound 

Background information. The EPA 

promulgated ‘‘The National Volatile 

Organic Compound Emission Standards 

for Aerosol Coatings,’’ on March 24, 

2008 (73 FR 15604) and codified the 

action at 40 CFR part 59, subpart E 

(§§ 59.500 through 59.516). The rule 

establishes nationwide VOC reactivitybased standards for the aerosol coatings 

source category under the statutory 

authority of section 183(e) of the CAA 

(42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.). Section 183(e) 

requires the EPA to control VOC 

emissions from certain categories of 

consumer and commercial products for 

purposes of reducing VOC emissions 

that contribute to ozone formation and 

nonattainment of the ozone national 

ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). 

The EPA has amended the original 

aerosol coatings rule several times to 

respond to petitions and to make rule 

clarifications. Many of the amendments 

were in accordance with a provision in 

40 CFR 59.511(j) that allows regulated 

entities who elect not to use the default 

reactivity factors (RF) to calculate PWR 

to ‘‘. . . petition the Administrator to 

add a compound to table 2A, 2B, or 2C 

of this subpart. Petitions must include 

the chemical name, [Chemical Abstract 

Services] (CAS) number, a statement 

certifying the intent to use the 

compound in an aerosol coatings 

product, and adequate information for 

the Administrator to evaluate the 

reactivity of the compound and assign a 

RF . . .’’ Accordingly, the EPA has 

amended the aerosol coatings rule to 

add 131 compounds, corresponding 

RFs, and CAS numbers for each 

compound or class of compounds listed 

in 40 CFR part 59, table 2 (79 FR 29604). 

As for rule clarifications, the EPA has 

made revisions that clarify which VOC 

are to be quantified in compliance 

determinations (79 FR 29604); to inform 

regulated entities that VOC normally 

exempt by definition under 40 CFR 

51.100(s)(1) and (s)(5) must be counted 

as VOC for the purposes determining 

compliance with the aerosol coatings 

rule (74 FR 29595); and, to ensure that 

both the certifying entity and the 

regulated entity have full knowledge of 

responsibilities assumed by the 

certifying entity (74 FR 29595). 

More recently, on September 17, 

2021, in response to petitions from 

American Coatings Association (ACA), 

the EPA proposed amendments to the 

aerosol coatings rule that promote 

consistency and uniformity between the 

California Air Resources Board (CARB) 

aerosol coating product regulation and 

the national aerosol coatings emission 

limitations, where appropriate (86 FR 

51851). 

This action finalizes the Agency’s 

response to the ACA petitions and 

makes additional revisions based on 

public comments the EPA received on 

the proposed action. For more 

information, see the docket for this 

action, Docket ID No. EPA–HQ–OAR– 

2006–0971, and section IV. of this 

preamble. 

Organization of this document. The 

information in this preamble is 

organized as follows: 

I. General Information 

A. Entities Potentially Affected by This 

Action 

B. Where can I get a copy of this document 

and other related information? 

C. Judicial Review and Administrative 

Reconsideration 

II. Background 

A. What amendments have been made 

since promulgation of the original rule? 

B. What changes did we propose for the 

National Volatile Organic Compound 

Emission Standards for Aerosol Coatings 

source category on September 21, 2021? 

III. Summary of the Final Standards and 

Changes Since Proposal 

A. Table 1 to Subpart E of Part 59: ProductWeighted Reactivity Limits by Coatings 

Category 

B. Table 2A, 2B, and 2C to Subpart E of 

Part 59: Reactivity Factors, Aliphatic 

Hydrocarbon Solvent Mixtures, and 

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvent Mixtures 

C. The Default Reactivity Factor 

D. VOC Regulated by the Rule 

E. Electronic Reporting of Notifications and 

Reports 

F. Test Methods 

IV. Response to Significant Comments 

A. Compliance Date of the Rule 

B. Effective Date of the Rule 

C. Definitions 

D. VOC Regulated by the Rule 

E. Default Reactivity Factor 

V. Summary of Impacts 

A. Environmental Impacts 

B. Energy Impacts 

C. Cost and Economic Impacts 

VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews 

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory 

Planning and Review and Executive 

Order 14094: Modernizing Regulatory 

Review 

B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) 

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

(UMRA) 

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation 

and Coordination With Indian Tribal 

Governments 

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

Risks and Safety Risks 

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions 

Concerning Regulations That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use 

I. National Technology Transfer and 

Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 1 CFR 

Part 51 

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions 

To Address Environmental Justice in 

Minority Populations and Low-Income 

Populations and Executive Order 14096: 

Revitalizing Our Nation’s Commitment 

to Environmental Justice for All 

K. Congressional Review Act (CRA) 

I. General Information 

A. Entities Potentially Affected by This 

Action 

The entities potentially affected by 

this regulation encompass those 

engaged in many aspects of the 

manufacture and sale of aerosol 

coatings. This includes manufacturers, 

processors, wholesale distributors, or 

importers of aerosol coating products for 

sale or distribution in interstate 

commerce in the United States, or 

manufacturers, processors, wholesale 

distributors, or importers who supply 

the entities listed above with aerosol 

coatings for sale or distribution in 

interstate commerce in the United 

States. In addition, affected entities 

include those listed in the North 

American Industry Classification 

System codes 32551 and 325998. This 

list is not intended to be exhaustive, but 

rather provides a guide for entities 

likely to be affected by this action. If 

you have any questions regarding the 

applicability of this action to a 

particular entity, consult the 

appropriate EPA contact listed in the 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT

section of this preamble. 

B. Where can I get a copy of this 

document and other related 

information? 

The EPA has established a docket for 

this rulemaking under Docket ID No. 

EPA–HQ–OAR–2006–0971. All 

documents in the dockets are listed in 

www.regulations.gov. In addition to 

being available in the docket, an 

electronic copy of this final action will 

also be available on the internet. 

Following signature by the EPA 

Administrator, the EPA will post a copy 

of this final action at www.epa.gov/ 

stationary-sources-air-pollution/aerosolcoatings-national-volatile-organiccompound-emission. Following 

publication in the Federal Register, the 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5699 

EPA will post the Federal Register 

version of the final rule and key 

technical documents at this same 

website. 

C. Judicial Review and Administrative 

Reconsideration 

Under CAA section 307(b)(1), judicial 

review of this final action is available 

only by filing a petition for review in 

the United States Court of Appeals for 

the District of Columbia Circuit by 

March 18, 2025. Under CAA section 

307(b)(2), the requirements established 

by this final rule may not be challenged 

separately in any civil or criminal 

proceedings brought by the EPA to 

enforce the requirements. Section 

307(d)(7)(B) of the CAA further provides 

that only an objection to a rule or 

procedure which was raised with 

reasonable specificity during the period 

for public comment (including any 

public hearing) may be raised during 

judicial review. This section also 

provides a mechanism for the EPA to 

reconsider the rule if the person raising 

an objection can demonstrate to the 

Administrator that it was impracticable 

to raise such objection within the period 

for public comment or if the grounds for 

such objection arose after the period for 

public comment (but within the time 

specified for judicial review) and if such 

objection is of central relevance to the 

outcome of the rule. Any person seeking 

to make such a demonstration should 

submit a Petition for Reconsideration to 

the Office of the Administrator, U.S. 

EPA, Room 3000, WJC South Building, 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 

Washington, DC 20460, with a copy to 

both the person(s) listed in the 

preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

CONTACT section, and the Associate 

General Counsel for the Air and 

Radiation Law Office, Office of General 

Counsel (Mail Code 2344A), U.S. EPA, 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 

Washington, DC 20460. 

II. Background 

A. What amendments have been made 

since promulgation of the original rule? 

The EPA has amended the original 

aerosol coatings rule several times to 

respond to petitions and to make rule 

clarifications. Many of the amendments 

were in accordance with a provision in 

40 CFR 59.511(j) that allows regulated 

entities who elect not to use the default 

RF to calculate PWR to ‘‘. . . petition 

the Administrator to add a compound to 

table 2A, 2B, or 2C of this subpart. 

Petitions must include the chemical 

name, [Chemical Abstract Services] 

(CAS) number, a statement certifying 

the intent to use the compound in an 

aerosol coatings product, and adequate 

information for the Administrator to 

evaluate the reactivity of the compound 

and assign a RF . . .’’ As such, the EPA 

has amended the rule to add 131 

compounds, corresponding reactivity 

factors, and CAS numbers for each 

compound or class of compounds listed 

in 40 CFR part 59 table 2 (79 FR 29604). 

As for rule clarifications, the EPA has 

made revisions to clarify which volatile 

organic compounds must be quantified 

in compliance determinations (79 FR 

29604); to inform regulated entities that 

VOC normally exempt by definition 

under 40 CFR 51.100(s)(1) and (s)(5) are 

to be counted as VOC for the purposes 

determining compliance with this rule 

(74 FR 29595); and to ensure that both 

the certifying entity and the regulated 

entity have full knowledge of 

responsibilities assumed by the 

certifying entity (74 FR 29595). 

B. What changes did we propose for the 

National Volatile Organic Compound 

Emission Standards for Aerosol 

Coatings source category on September 

21, 2021? 

On September 17, 2021, in response 

to petitions from ACA, the EPA 

proposed amendments to the standards 

that promote consistency and 

uniformity between the CARB aerosol 

coating product regulation and the EPA 

aerosol coatings rule emission 

limitations, where appropriate (86 FR 

51851). This action finalizes the 

Agency’s response to the ACA petitions 

and makes additional revisions based on 

public comments received on the 

proposal. For more information, see the 

docket for this action, Docket ID No. 

EPA–HQ–OAR–2006–0971, and section 

IV. of this preamble. 

III. Summary of the Final Standards 

and Changes Since Proposal 

A. Table 1 to Subpart E of Part 59: 

Product-Weighted Reactivity Limits by 

Coatings Category 

This final rule updates the PWR limits 

for the coating categories listed in table 

1 of 40 CFR part 59, subpart E. The 

changes, which are based on updates to 

the relative reactivity scale that 

underlies both the reactivity factors and 

limits, will further decrease the 

contribution of aerosol coatings to ozone 

formation. 

In addition, the EPA is adopting 

identical category names and limits as 

those in CARB’s aerosol coating product 

regulation and, where possible, 

including them in the EPA’s national 

aerosol coatings rule in table 1 of 40 

CFR part 59, subpart E. This amendment 

also led to the Agency combining two 

sets of coatings subcategories into two 

main categories and adding 

corresponding limits for those 

categories, as follows: 

• The subcategories ‘‘enamel,’’ 

‘‘lacquer,’’ and ‘‘clear or metallic’’ 

coatings are now subsumed under the 

category heading, ‘‘Hobby/Model/Craft 

Coatings,’’ with a category limit of 1.6 

grams of ozone per gram of VOC (g O3/ 

g VOC); and 

• The subcategories ‘‘clear’’ and 

‘‘pigmented’’ coatings are now 

subsumed under the category heading, 

‘‘Shellac Sealers,’’ with a category limit 

of1.00 g O3/g VOC. 

The EPA also is adding six new 

specialty coating categories and 

imposing corresponding emission 

limitations for consistency with CARB’s 

aerosol coating product regulation, as 

follows: 

• ‘‘Electrical/Electronic/Conformal 

Coatings,’’ with a category limit of 2.00 

O3/g VOC; 

• ‘‘Flexible Coatings,’’ with a category 

limit of 1.60 O3/g VOC; 

• ‘‘Mold Release Coatings,’’ with a 

category limit of 1.10 O3/g VOC; 

• ‘‘Rust Converter,’’ with a category 

limit of 1.10 O3/g VOC; 

• ‘‘Two Component Coating,’’ with a 

category of 1.20 O3/g VOC; and 

• ‘‘Uniform Finish Coating,’’ with a 

category limit of 1.30 O3/g VOC. 

B. Table 2A, 2B, and 2C to Subpart E 

of Part 59: Reactivity Factors, Aliphatic 

Hydrocarbon Solvent Mixtures, and 

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvent Mixtures 

The EPA is finalizing amendments to 

40 CFR part 59 subpart E, tables 2A, 2B, 

and 2C by adding 17 new compounds 

and corresponding RF to table 2A, and 

by updating the RF of one existing 

compound mixture to table 2B. Of the 

17 new compound additions to table 

2A, 15 have an assigned maximum 

incremental reactivity (MIR) value in 

CARB’s aerosol coatings regulation, 

which the Agency is adopting as RF 

values in this final action. The EPA is 

also finalizing the addition of two 

remaining compounds to table 2A: 

trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene 

(HFO–1233zdE), CAS 102687–65–0, and 

diethyl carbonate, CAS 105–58–8, with 

RFs of 0.04 g O3/g VOC and 0.71 g O3/ 

g VOC, respectively. The RFs that the 

EPA has assigned to these two 

compounds are based on MIR values 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5700 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

1 Venecek, Melissa (2020). Estimating Maximum 

Incremental Reactivity for Diethyl Carbonate. Final 

Report. Sacramento, California: Technical 

Development Section, Consumer Products and Air 

Quality Assessment Branch, Air Quality Planning 

and Science Division, California Air Resources 

Board. 

2Carter, William (2009). Investigation of 

Atmospheric Ozone Impacts of Trans 1-Chloro3,3,3—Trifluoropropene, Final Report. Riverside, 

California: Center for Environmental Research and 

Technology, University of California. 

3Title 17, CCR, Sections 94700–94701. 

4www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/ 

cedri. 

derived by Venecek 1 and Carter,2

respectively. 

One of the compounds the EPA is 

adding, dipropylene glycol monomethyl 

ether, CAS 34590–94–8, is a mixture of 

isomers. Another compound, 2-[2- 

methoxypropoxy]-1-propanol, CAS 

13588–28–8, is an isomer of 

dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, 

which is already on table 2A; and the 

EPA is assigning both of those 

compounds an RF of 2.58 g O3/g VOC. 

In addition to adding the new 

compounds listed above, the EPA is 

updating reactivity factors in tables 2A, 

2B, and 2C for other compounds already 

addressed in the EPA’s aerosol coatings 

rule to align with the MIR values in the 

current CARB aerosol coating product 

regulation.3 This will maintain the 

internal consistency of the relative 

reactivity scale and changes to the limits 

finalized in 40 CFR part 59 subpart E, 

table 1. The updates to the existing RFs 

listed in tables 2A, 2B, and 2C will take 

effect on January 17, 2025. Regulated 

entities who are already formulating 

their products to meet CARB’s aerosol 

coating product regulation may elect to 

use the new RFs and meet the new 

category emission limitations of the 

EPA’s aerosol coatings rule upon the 

effective date of this action. However, 

regulated entities must use the new RFs 

and meet the new emission limitations 

by the compliance date. All regulated 

entities must come into compliance 

with all provisions in this final rule by 

July 17, 2025. 

C. The Default Reactivity Factor 

In the EPA’s original national aerosol 

coatings rule, if a regulated entity used 

a VOC in an aerosol coating formulation 

that was not listed in tables 2A, 2B, or 

2C, it was assigned a default RF of 22.04 

g O3/g VOC (see 40 CFR 59.505(e)(4) and 

59.511(j)). In this final action, we reset 

the default RF for VOCs of unknown 

reactivity consistent with the 

methodology used in the original 

aerosol coatings rule, whereby we 

identified the VOC with the maximum 

RF value in table 2A, and then assigned 

that value as the default RF for any VOC 

that is not listed with a specific RF (73 

FR 15610). Therefore, the EPA is 

resetting the default RF to 18.50 g O3/ 

g VOC, the highest value in table 2A of 

this final action. Furthermore, the EPA 

is finalizing two additional 

requirements related to the default RF. 

First, regulated entities shall include the 

name and CAS number of all VOCs for 

which they are using the default RF, as 

specified in the reporting requirements 

in 40 CFR 59.511. Second, if a regulated 

entity uses a VOC in a product that is 

not listed in table 2A, but its isomer is 

listed in table 2A, then the regulated 

entity shall use the RF of the isomer. If 

more than one isomer of that VOC, or 

mixtures of the isomers of that VOC, is 

listed in table 2A, then the regulated 

entity shall use the highest RF 

associated with the listed isomers or 

isomer mixtures. 

D. VOC Regulated by the Rule 

The EPA is not making changes to the 

current definition of VOC in 40 CFR 

51.100(s)(7) in this final action. 

However, it is important to note that in 

the original aerosol coatings rule, the 

EPA amended the regulatory definition 

of VOC to remove the exemption of 

specific organic compounds identified 

in 40 CFR 51.100(s)(1) and (s)(5) for 

purposes of determining compliance 

with the reactivity-based emission 

limitations in the aerosol coatings rule. 

Thus, 40 CFR 51.100(s)(7) provides that 

‘‘any organic compound in the volatile 

portion of an aerosol coating is counted 

towards the product’s reactivity-based 

limit, as provided in part 59, subpart E. 

Therefore, the compounds that are used 

in aerosol coating products and that are 

identified in paragraph (s) of this 

section as negligibly reactive and 

excluded from the EPA’s definition of 

VOC are to be counted towards a 

product’s reactivity limit for the 

purposes of determining compliance 

with the EPA’s aerosol coatings 

reactivity-based national regulation, as 

provided in part 59, subpart E.’’ To 

eliminate consideration of VOC that 

make de minimis contributions to a 

product’s overall reactivity in the 

original aerosol coatings rule, the EPA 

also excluded from the applicable 

emission limitations those compounds 

that: (a) contribute less than 0.1 percent 

of the product weight (regardless of 

their RF); and (b) have reactivities less 

than ethane and comprise less than 7.3 

percent of product weight. We 

explained the basis for the derivation of 

the 7.3 percent threshold and its 

relationship to the RF for ethane and the 

default RF in the original rulemaking 

(see 73 FR 15604). In this action, the 

EPA is finalizing amendments to the 

aerosol coatings rule to retain part (a), 

where compounds that comprise less 

than 0.1 percent of the product weight 

are excluded from the product’s massweighted reactivity, but eliminate part 

(b), the exclusion of low reactivity 

compounds that comprise more than 0.3 

percent but less than 7.3 percent of the 

product weight. 

E. Electronic Reporting of Notifications 

and Reports 

The EPA is also finalizing the revision 

to the aerosol coatings rule to require 

that regulated entities submit electronic 

copies of required notifications and 

reports in template format through the 

EPA’s Central Data Exchange (CDX) 

using the Compliance and Emissions 

Data Reporting Interface (CEDRI), 

instead of the current hard copy 

submission requirement. A description 

of the electronic data submission 

process is provided in the memorandum 

Electronic Reporting Requirements for 

New Source Performance Standards 

(NSPS) and National Emission 

Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 

(NESHAP) Rules, available in the docket 

for this action. For the nine notifications 

and reports in the aerosol coatings rule, 

(i.e., Temporary Variances, Initial 

Notification, Change to Information in 

Initial Notification, Response to Written 

Notification, Exemption Claim Initial 

Notification, Exemption Claim Annual 

Report, Notice of Certifying Entity to 

Maintain Records, Notice Rescinding 

Certification and Triennial Report), this 

final rule requires that regulated entities 

use the appropriate spreadsheet 

template to submit information to 

CEDRI. A final version of the 

spreadsheet template for these 

notifications and reports is included in 

the docket and on the CEDRI web page.4

The EPA has also updated the 

spreadsheet in response to the 

comments received on the proposal. 

Furthermore, the EPA is finalizing 

revisions to the aerosol coatings rule 

that provide owners and operators the 

ability to seek extensions for submitting 

electronic reports for circumstances 

beyond the control of the facility, i.e., 

for a possible outage in the CDX or 

CEDRI or for a force majeure event, in 

the time just prior to a report’s due date, 

as well as the process to assert such a 

claim. 

F. Test Methods 

Regulated entities may use 

formulation data to demonstrate 

compliance with the emission 

limitations in the aerosol coatings rule. 

However, it is also necessary to have 

test methods in place that can be used 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5701 

by regulated entities, the EPA, or others 

to verify the accuracy of formulation 

data and determine compliance with the 

reactivity limits. In this final action, we 

are not requiring new test methods; 

instead, the EPA is amending the 

aerosol coatings rule to require use of 

the updated version of CARB Method 

310, ‘‘Determination of Volatile Organic 

Compounds (VOC) in Consumer 

Products and Reactive Organic 

Compounds in Aerosol Coating 

Products,’’ May 25, 2018, when 

verifying compliance using test 

methods. For measurement of specular 

gloss, the EPA will continue to require 

regulated entities to use, ‘‘Standard Test 

Method for Specular Gloss,’’ ASTM 

Method D523–08 (2008), formerly 

ASTM D523–89 (1999). As noted in 

section IV.A. of this preamble, regulated 

entities may elect to use the updated 

RFs and meet the revised emission 

limitations in this final rule in advance 

of the compliance date, but if they do 

so they must use the updated test 

methods. 

IV. Response to Significant Comments 

The EPA received a total of eight 

letters commenting on the September 

17, 2021, proposed rule. Significant 

comments and the EPA’s responses 

appear in this preamble; however, a 

summary of all public comments and 

the EPA’s responses are contained in the 

document titled, ‘‘Summary of Public 

Comments and Responses for the 

National Volatile Organic Compound 

Emissions for Aerosol Coatings— 

Amendments,’’ located in the docket for 

this action, Docket ID No. EPA–HQ– 

OAR–2006–0971. Copies of all the 

comment letters are available at the EPA 

docket Center Public Reading Room and 

electronically through 

www.regulations.gov by searching 

Docket ID No. EPA–HQ–OAR–2006– 

0971. 

A. Compliance Date of the Rule 

Four commenters requested that the 

EPA establish a 2-year compliance date 

for the revisions being made to the 

aerosol coatings rule in this final action. 

The commenters argue that sufficient 

time will be needed for manufacturers 

to comply with the new VOC MIR 

emission limitations if they do not 

already manufacture aerosol coating 

products for sale in California. In 

addition, one of the commenters asserts 

that a two-year compliance date will 

ensure that industry has sufficient time 

to reformulate their products and adapt 

their distribution methods to implement 

the amended rule’s requirements 

effectively and efficiently. According to 

the commenter, when a rule is 

amended, industry requires a reasonable 

amount of lead time to adjust 

formulations and supply chain 

processes to ensure compliance with 

VOC limits, labeling, and reporting 

requirements. Additionally, commenters 

state that manufacturers will need 

sufficient time to properly communicate 

these changes to their distributors and 

retail customers to ensure compliance 

with amended VOC emission 

limitations. Therefore, the commenters 

assert, a compliance date of two years 

after publication of a final rule would 

give industry enough time to 

reformulate with the updated/added 

compounds and ensure compliance 

with the new coatings category limits. 

The EPA agrees that, especially for 

regulated entities that do not 

manufacture or sell products in 

California, additional time may be 

needed to come into compliance with 

the amendments to the aerosol coatings 

rule. However, the EPA has determined 

that the two-year compliance period 

requested by commenters is not 

warranted, because based upon 

information available to the agency 

most, if not all, manufacturers of aerosol 

coatings already manufacture products 

that meet the CARB emission 

limitations, either for themselves or for 

others. Commenters did not identify any 

specific manufacturers of aerosol 

coatings who do not do so. 

Nevertheless, in this final action, the 

EPA is providing additional time for 

manufactures to make any necessary 

adjustments by finalizing a six-month 

compliance date for the revised aerosol 

coatings rule requirements. 

It is important to note that the 

effective date of this rule is the date of 

publication in the Federal Register, or 

January 17, 2025. In the intervening six 

months, all regulated entities are subject 

to the aerosol coatings rule in its current 

form but may elect to start complying 

with the amended aerosol coatings rule. 

This means that regulated entities, 

including those that are currently in 

compliance with the CARB aerosol 

coating product regulation on the 

effective date of this rule, may elect to 

begin complying immediately. However, 

all regulated entities shall come into 

compliance with all the provisions in 

this final action by July 17, 2025. The 

original tables with values for the PWR 

emission limits by coatings category and 

the reactivity factors are in appendix 

A—table 1 and tables 2A, 2B and 2C of 

this final action. 

B. Effective Date of the Final Rule 

Several commenters recommend that 

the EPA allow industry to use the new 

and updated RF values immediately, 

once they are finalized and published in 

the Federal Register. The commenters 

assert that this would allow industry to 

use the new and updated reactivity 

values in their formulations to come 

into compliance with the new coatings 

category limits in table 1 sooner. 

The EPA agrees that this is 

appropriate. We note that the effective 

date of this rule indicates when 

regulated entities may elect to begin 

meeting the new aerosol coatings 

product-weighted coating category 

emission limitations in 40 CFR part 59, 

subpart E—table 1 using the 

corresponding reactivity factors in 40 

CFR part 59, subpart E—table 2. The 

Agency directs the commenters to 40 

CFR 59.502 and the DATES section of 

this preamble, where the effective date 

of the rule is the date of publication in 

the Federal Register, or January 17, 

2025. Therefore, regulated entities may 

begin meeting the new emission 

limitations and using corresponding 

reactivity factors immediately upon 

publication of this final rule. The EPA 

emphasizes that all regulated entities 

must do so by the compliance date. Also 

note that, although regulated entities 

may elect to begin to use the new RF 

values immediately on January 17, 2025, 

the EPA is granting a six-month 

compliance date. 

In summary, the EPA has added a 

provision to 40 CFR 59.502 to clarify 

that regulated entities may elect to begin 

meeting the new coating category 

product-weighted limits in 40 CFR part 

59, subpart E—table 1 and use the 

corresponding reactivity factors in 40 

CFR part 59, subpart E—table 2 upon 

the effective date of the rule, or January 

17, 2025. However, all regulated entities 

must come into compliance with all the 

revised provisions in the amended 

aerosol coatings rule by July 17, 2025. 

For the reasons discussed above, this 

final rule is effective immediately upon 

publication. Section 553(d)(3) of the 

Administrative Procedure Act (‘‘APA’’), 

5 U.S.C. 553(d), provides that final rules 

shall not become effective until 30 days 

after publication in the Federal Register 

‘‘except . . . as otherwise provided by 

the agency for good cause.’’ The purpose 

of this provision is to ‘‘give affected 

parties a reasonable time to adjust their 

behavior before the final rule takes 

effect.’’ Omnipoint Corp. v. Fed. 

Commc’n Comm’n, 78 F.3d 620, 630 

(D.C. Cir. 1996). Thus, in determining 

whether good cause exists to waive the 

30-day delay, an agency should 

‘‘balance the necessity for immediate 

implementation against principles of 

fundamental fairness which require that 

all affected persons be afforded a 

reasonable amount of time to prepare for 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5702 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

the effective date of its ruling.’’ 

Gavrilovic, 551 F.2d at 1105. The EPA 

has determined that there is good cause 

for making this final rule effective 

immediately because, as noted above, 

regulated entities do not need to come 

into compliance with the revised 

provisions for another 181 days—that is, 

by July 17, 2025. 

C. Definitions 

Several commenters requested 

changes, additions, or deletions to the 

list of definitions included in the 

aerosol coatings rule. When CARB 

amended its aerosol coating product 

regulation in 2013, one commenter 

stated that they worked diligently with 

CARB staff to update the definitions so 

that they correctly characterized 

industry’s products. The commenter 

noted that further alignment with the 

definitions in CARB’s aerosol coatings 

regulation is critical and will assist with 

industry compliance. 

The EPA evaluated the commenters’ 

suggestions and has revised some 

definitions in the updated aerosol 

coatings rule. Where appropriate, we 

have amended definitions in the EPA 

aerosol coatings rule to be consistent 

with the CARB’s definitions. For 

example, for consistency, we have 

eliminated the use of the word ‘‘paint’’ 

in both category names and in 

definitions and replaced it with the 

more correct term ‘‘coating.’’ We have 

removed words from definitions that 

needlessly limited a definition, as 

suggested by commenters. The EPA has 

removed the term ‘‘synthetic’’ from the 

definition of slip-resistant coatings 

because it is possible that such a 

product could use non-synthetic 

material. We have also removed the 

term ‘‘elemental’’ from the definition of 

metallic coating, as recommended by a 

commenter. 

In several cases, we are unable to 

make the changes suggested by the 

commenters. The EPA does not agree 

that a claim made by a regulated entity 

on a label, or on a ‘‘principal display 

panel’’ as specified in CARB’s rule, is 

sufficient to define a category. Our 

definitions are based solely on the 

function of the coating and not on the 

printed claims. Therefore, we will not 

add a sentence to coatings that defer to 

a ‘‘principal display panel,’’ nor will we 

include a definition of that term in this 

final rule. In addition, we will not 

include definitions of several terms 

recommended by the commenter but are 

not used in the EPA’s aerosol coatings 

rule. For example, the term ‘‘Reactivity 

Limit’’ is the term used by CARB in its 

aerosol coating product regulation, 

while ‘‘Product-Weighted Reactivity 

(PWR) limit’’ is the term that the EPA 

uses in the national aerosol coatings 

rule. The EPA is not adding a definition 

for the term ‘‘Reactivity Limit’’ to the 

list of definitions because the Agency 

does not use this term in the aerosol 

coatings rule. 

A more complete discussion of the 

individual changes to definitions is 

included in the ‘‘Summary of Public 

Comments and Responses for the 

National Volatile Organic Compound 

Emissions for Aerosol Coatings— 

Amendments,’’ Docket ID No. EPA–HQ– 

OAR–2006–0971. 

D. VOC Regulated by the Rule 

The EPA proposed to retain a 

provision that excludes from the 

applicable limits those compounds that 

contribute less than 0.1 percent of the 

product weight (regardless of their RF) 

and eliminate a provision from 40 CFR 

59.505 that excludes low reactivity 

compounds that comprise more than 0.1 

percent but less than 7.3 percent of the 

product weight. The EPA received 

several comments supporting this 

revision and one that opposed it, based 

upon concerns that the exclusion of 

compounds could have unintended 

adverse impacts. The EPA has 

concluded that it is appropriate to make 

the proposed revisions and thus, we are 

amending 40 CFR 59.505 of this final 

rule, accordingly. We respond to the 

adverse comment in more detail in 

response to comment document titled, 

‘‘Summary of Public Comments and 

Responses for the National Volatile 

Organic Compound Emissions for 

Aerosol Coatings—Amendments,’’ 

Docket ID No. EPA–HQ–OAR–2006– 

0971. 

E. Default Reactivity Factor 

Five commenters suggested that the 

EPA adopt a default RF of 11.97 g O3/ 

g VOC to align with CARB’s default MIR 

value. 

The EPA considered whether to adopt 

CARB’s default MIR value as the EPA’s 

default RF in the amended national 

aerosol coatings rule but is declining to 

do so. The EPA’s methodology for 

setting a default RF value in the original 

aerosol coatings rule was to require 

regulated entities to use the maximum 

RF value for the compounds specified in 

table 2. The EPA has used this 

conservative methodology for setting the 

default RF to help to ensure the 

protection of public health by reducing 

ozone that may result from new and/or 

previously unstudied VOCs. Consistent 

with this preferred methodology and 

considering the updates to RF values in 

table 2, the EPA is resetting the default 

RF to 18.50 g O3/g VOC in this final 

action. 

V. Summary of Impacts 

A. Environmental Impacts 

There are no anticipated 

environmental impacts from compliance 

with this final rule. The revisions to the 

aerosol coatings rule in this final action 

are minor and not expected to result in 

net changes to an aerosol coating 

product’s potential to form ozone 

because the overall average changes to 

the values used to measure reactivity of 

a given regulated product, i.e., category 

emission limitations and RFs, are small 

compared to the values in the original 

rule. The final action is, however, 

expected to improve upon the original 

aerosol coatings rule by making updates 

(e.g., adding new compounds, updating 

reactivity factors, and adding electronic 

reporting) that promote consistency and 

uniformity between State and national 

regulations. The EPA anticipates that 

this final action will maintain the level 

of environmental protection to 

populations in affected ozone 

nonattainment areas without having any 

disproportionately high and adverse 

human health or environmental effects 

on any populations, including 

communities with environmental justice 

(EJ) concerns. 

B. Energy Impacts 

There are no adverse energy impacts 

anticipated from compliance with this 

final rule. 

C. Cost and Economic Impacts 

There are no adverse economic 

impacts anticipated from compliance 

with this final rule. This action 

primarily updates reactivity tables and 

factors and adds electronic reporting 

provisions. 

VI. Statutory and Executive Order 

Reviews 

Additional information about these 

statutes and Executive Orders can be 

found at www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/ 

laws-and-executive-orders. 

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory 

Planning and Review and Executive 

Order 14094: Modernizing Regulatory 

Review 

This action is not a significant 

regulatory action as defined in 

Executive Order 12866, as amended by 

Executive Order 14094, and was 

therefore not subject to a requirement 

for Executive Order 12866 review. 

B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) 

The information collection 

requirements in this final rule have been 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5703 

submitted for approval to OMB under 

the PRA. The information collection 

request (ICR) document that the EPA 

prepared for this action has been 

assigned OMB control number 2060– 

0617, EPA ICR Number 2289.06. You 

can find a copy of the ICR in the docket 

for this rule, and it is briefly 

summarized here. The information 

collection requirements are not 

enforceable until OMB approves them. 

There is no increase in burden 

associated with this action because the 

rule primarily adds compounds and 

reactivity factors, updates category 

limits and reactivity factors, and adds 

electronic reporting provisions. The 

burden associated with the change from 

paper to electronic reporting in this 

final action will not increase 

significantly because of this action, and 

results in a slight decrease in the annual 

average burden for reporters. In the 

short term, regulated entities will need 

time to become familiar with the new 

reporting scheme and template. In the 

long term, however, the Agency 

anticipates that electronic reporting will 

reduce the burden as regulated entities 

become more familiar with the 

electronic reporting process. 

Additionally, there is a decrease in 

burden due to a decrease in 

respondents, which is due to updated 

information on the number of sources. 

Respondents/affected entities: 

Manufacturers, distributors, and 

importers of aerosol coatings. 

Respondent’s obligation to respond: 

Mandatory (40 CFR part 59, subpart E). 

Estimated number of respondents: 47. 

Frequency of response: Initially, 

triennially, and occasionally. 

Total estimated burden: 9,562 hours 

(per year). Burden is defined at 5 CFR 

1320.3(b). 

Total estimated cost: $740,520 (per 

year), includes no annualized capital or 

operation and maintenance costs. 

An agency may not conduct or 

sponsor, and a person is not required to 

respond to, a collection of information 

unless it displays a currently valid OMB 

control number. The OMB control 

numbers for the EPA’s regulations in 40 

CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. When 

OMB approves this ICR, the Agency will 

announce that approval in the Federal 

Register and publish a technical 

amendment to 40 CFR part 9 to display 

the OMB control number for the 

approved information collection 

activities contained in this final rule. 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) 

I certify that this action will not have 

a significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities 

under the RFA. In making this 

determination, the EPA concludes that 

the impact of concern for this rule is any 

significant adverse economic impact on 

small entities and that the Agency is 

certifying that this rule will not have a 

significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities 

because the rule has no net increase in 

burden on the small entities subject to 

the rule. The EPA has determined that 

small entities will incur a reduction in 

burden over the long term because the 

primary revisions to the aerosol coatings 

rule include updating coating categories 

in table 1, adding compounds to table 2, 

and adding an electronic reporting 

provision, where the method of 

reporting from paper to electronic is the 

only change. The burden associated 

with the change from paper to electronic 

reporting will not increase significantly 

because of this action, at least in the 

long term. Small entities will need time 

to become familiar with the new 

reporting scheme and template. 

However, in the long term, the Agency 

anticipates that, because electronic 

reporting is more efficient than paper 

reporting, the burden will be reduced as 

small entities become more familiar 

with the electronic reporting process. 

We have therefore concluded that this 

action will have no net regulatory 

burden for all directly regulated small 

entities. 

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

(UMRA) 

This final action does not contain an 

unfunded mandate of $100 million 

(adjusted annually for inflation) or more 

(in 1995 dollars) as described in UMRA, 

2 U.S.C. 1531–1538, and does not 

significantly or uniquely affect small 

governments. The costs involved in this 

action are estimated not to exceed $183 

million in 2023 dollars ($100 million in 

1995 dollars adjusted for inflation using 

the GDP implicit price deflator) or more 

in any one year. 

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

This action does not have federalism 

implications. It will not have substantial 

direct effects on the States, on the 

relationship between the national 

government and the States, or on the 

distribution of power and 

responsibilities among the various 

levels of government. 

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation 

and Coordination With Indian Tribal 

Governments 

This action does not have Tribal 

implications as specified in Executive 

Order 13175. The final regulatory action 

does not have a substantial direct effect 

on one or more Indian Tribes, in that 

this action imposes no regulatory 

burdens on Tribes. Thus, Executive 

Order 13175 does not apply to this 

action. 

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

Risks and Safety Risks 

The EPA interprets Executive Order 

13045 as applying only to those 

regulatory actions that concern 

environmental health or safety risks that 

the EPA has reason to believe may 

disproportionately affect children, per 

the definition of ‘‘covered regulatory 

action’’ in section 2–202 of the 

Executive Order. Therefore, this final 

action is not subject to Executive Order 

13045 because it does not concern an 

increase in an adverse or environmental 

health risk or safety risk. Since this 

action does not concern human health, 

the EPA’s Policy on Children’s Health 

does not apply. 

H. Executive Order 13211 Actions 

Concerning Regulations That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use 

This action is not subject to Executive 

Order 13211 because it is not a 

significant regulatory action under 

Executive Order 12866. 

I. National Technology Transfer and 

Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 1 CFR 

Part 51 

The national VOC emission standards 

for aerosol coatings involves technical 

standards; however, no new technical 

standards are being finalized in this 

action. Instead, the EPA is amending 

this final rule to require that regulated 

entities use an updated version of an 

existing test method. As such, we 

conducted searches for the national 

VOC standards for aerosol coatings 

through the Enhanced NSSN Database 

managed by the American National 

Standards Institute. We also contacted 

VCS organizations and accessed and 

searched their databases. Searches were 

conducted for EPA Method 311 of 40 

CFR part 63, appendix A. During the 

search, if the title or abstract (if 

provided) of the VCS described 

technical sampling and analytical 

procedures that are like the EPA’s 

reference method, the EPA considered it 

as a potential equivalent method. All 

potential standards were reviewed to 

determine the practicality of the VCS for 

this final rule. This review requires 

significant method validation data 

which meets the requirements of EPA 

Method 301 for accepting alternative 

methods or scientific, engineering and 

policy equivalence to procedures in 

EPA reference methods. The EPA may 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5704 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

reconsider determinations of 

impracticality when additional 

information is available for particular 

VCS. One voluntary consensus standard 

was identified as an acceptable 

alternative to the EPA test method for 

the purposes of this rule. The voluntary 

consensus standard, CARB Method 310, 

‘‘Determination of Volatile Organic 

Compounds in Consumer Products and 

Reactive Organic Compounds in Aerosol 

Coating Products’’ amended May 25, 

2018 is an acceptable alternative to EPA 

Method 311 for determining speciated 

ingredients and weight percentage of 

each ingredient of each aerosol coating 

product. This method is used to 

determine the weight percent of VOC in 

consumer products and reactive organic 

compounds in aerosol coating products 

and is available from the California Air 

Resources Board (CARB), 1001 I Street, 

Sacramento, CA 95814. See 

ww2.arb.ca.gov. In addition, the EPA is 

incorporating by reference the ASTM 

D523–08, Standard Test Method for 

Specular Gloss. This test method is used 

to measure light reflectiveness of paints, 

coatings and smooth surface materials 

and is referenced in CARB Method 310. 

It covers the measurement of the 

specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens 

for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20 and 

85 degrees and is available at ASTM, 

International, 1850 M Street NW, Suite 

1030, Washington, DC 20036. See 

www.astm.org. 

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal 

Actions To Address Environmental 

Justice in Minority Populations and 

Low-Income Populations and Executive 

Order 14096: Revitalizing Our Nation’s 

Commitment to Environmental Justice 

for All 

The EPA believes that the human 

health and environmental conditions 

that existed prior to this action do not 

result in disproportionate and adverse 

effects on communities with 

environmental justice concerns. As 

stated in section V.A. of the preamble of 

this action, there are no anticipated 

adverse environmental impacts and no 

adverse economic impacts anticipated 

from compliance with this final rule. 

The EPA believes that this action is 

not likely to result in new 

disproportionate and adverse effects on 

communities with environmental justice 

concerns. As stated in section I. of this 

action, section 183(e) of the CAA 

requires the control of VOC emissions 

from certain categories of consumer and 

commercial products for purposes of 

reducing VOC emissions contributing to 

ozone formation and nonattainment of 

the ozone NAAQS. The health and 

environmental risks associated with 

ozone were considered in the 

establishment of the ozone NAAQS. The 

level is designed to be protective of the 

public with an adequate margin of 

safety. Accordingly, these actions would 

help increase the level of environmental 

protection to populations in affected 

ozone nonattainment areas without 

having any disproportionately high and 

adverse human health or environmental 

effects on any populations, including 

communities with environmental justice 

concerns. 

K. Congressional Review Act (CRA) 

This action is subject to the CRA, and 

the EPA will submit a rule report to 

each House of the Congress and to the 

Comptroller General of the United 

States. This action is not a ‘‘major rule’’ 

as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). 

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 59 

Environmental protection, 

Administrative practice and procedure, 

Aerosol coatings, Air pollution control, 

Coatings, Incorporation by reference, 

Reactivity. 

Jane Nishida, 

Acting Administrator. 

For the reasons stated in the 

preamble, the Environmental Protection 

Agency is amending part 59 of title 40, 

chapter I, of the Code of Federal 

Regulations as follows: 

PART 59—NATIONAL VOLATILE 

ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSION 

STANDARDS FOR CONSUMER AND 

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS 

■ 1. The authority citation for part 59 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7414 and 7511b(e). 

Subpart E—National Volatile Organic 

Compound Emission Standards for 

Aerosol Coatings 

■ 2. Amend § 59.502 by revising 

paragraph (a) and adding paragraph (d) 

to read as follows: 

§ 59.502 When do I have to comply with 

this subpart? 

(a) Except as provided in § 59.509 and 

paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, 

you must be in compliance with all 

provisions of this subpart by July 17, 

2025. 

* * * * * 

(d) Until July 17, 2025 appendix A— 

table 1, appendix A—table 2A, 

appendix A—table 2B, appendix A— 

table 2C and the test methods listed in 

appendix A table 3 to subpart E of part 

59 are applicable to this subpart. Prior 

to July 17, 2025 regulated entities may 

elect to use tables 1, 2A, 2B, and 2C. If 

a regulated entity elects to do so, it shall 

use the test methods specified in 

§ 59.508 of this subpart. After July 17, 

2025 tables 1, 2A, 2B, and 2C, and the 

test methods specified in § 59.508 of 

this subpart are applicable. 

■ 3. Revise § 59.503 to read as follows: 

§ 59.503 What definitions apply to this 

subpart? 

The following terms are defined for 

the purposes of this subpart only. 

Administrator means the 

Administrator of the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

or an authorized representative. 

Aerosol coating product means a 

pressurized coating product containing 

pigments or resins that is dispensed by 

means of a propellant and is packaged 

in a disposable container for hand-held 

application, or for use in specialized 

equipment for ground traffic/marking 

applications. For this regulation, 

applicable aerosol coatings categories 

are listed in table 1 of this subpart. 

Art fixative or sealant means a clear 

coating, including art varnish, workable 

art fixative and ceramic coating, which 

is designed and labeled exclusively for 

application to paintings, pencil, chalk, 

or pastel drawings, ceramic art pieces or 

other closely related art uses, in order to 

provide a final protective coating or to 

fix preliminary stages of artwork while 

providing a workable surface for 

subsequent revisions. 

ASTM means ASTM International. 

Autobody primer means an 

automotive primer or primer surfacer 

coating designed and labeled 

exclusively to be applied to a vehicle 

body substrate for the purposes of 

corrosion resistance, increased intercoat 

adhesion, or building a repair area to a 

condition in which, after drying, it can 

be sanded to a smooth surface. 

Automotive bumper and trim product 

means a product, including adhesion 

promoters and chip sealants, designed, 

and labeled exclusively to repair and 

refinish automotive bumpers and plastic 

trim parts. 

Aviation or marine primer means a 

coating designed and labeled 

exclusively to meet federal specification 

TT–P–1757. 

Aviation propeller coating means a 

coating designed and labeled 

exclusively to provide abrasion 

resistance and corrosion protection for 

aircraft propellers. 

Clear coating means a coating which 

is colorless or transparent, containing 

resins but no pigments except flatting 

agents, and is designed and labeled to 

form a transparent or translucent solid 

film. 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5705 

Coating means a material applied 

onto or impregnated into a substrate for 

protective, decorative, or functional 

purposes. 

Coating solids means the nonvolatile 

portion of an aerosol coating product, 

consisting of the film-forming 

ingredients, including pigments and 

resins. 

Commercial application means the 

use of aerosol coating products in the 

production of goods, or the providing of 

services for profit, including touch-up 

and repair. 

Corrosion resistant brass, bronze, or 

copper coating means a clear coating 

designed and labeled exclusively to 

prevent tarnish and corrosion of 

uncoated brass, bronze, or copper metal 

surfaces. 

Distributor means any person who 

purchases or is supplied aerosol coating 

product for the purposes of resale or 

distribution in commerce. Retailers who 

fall within this definition are 

distributors. Importers are not 

distributors. 

Electrical/electronic/conformal 

coating means a coating designed and 

labeled exclusively to coat electrical or 

electronic components or devices. 

Enamel means a coating which cures 

by chemical cross-linking of its base 

resin and is not resoluble in its original 

solvent. 

Engine paint means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively to coat 

engines and their components. 

Exact match finish, automotive means 

a topcoat which meets all of the 

following criteria: 

(1) The product is designed and 

labeled exclusively to exactly match the 

color of an original, factory-applied 

automotive coating during the touch-up 

of automobile finishes; 

(2) The product is labeled with the 

manufacturer’s name for which it is 

formulated; and 

(3) The product is labeled with one of 

the following: 

(i) The original equipment 

manufacturer’s (O.E.M.) color code 

number; 

(ii) The color name; or 

(iii) Other designation identifying the 

specific O.E.M. color to the purchaser. 

Notwithstanding the foregoing, 

automotive clear coatings designed and 

labeled exclusively for use over 

automotive exact match finishes to 

replicate the original factory-applied 

finish shall be considered to be 

automotive exact match finishes. 

Exact match finish, engine enamel 

coating means an enamel coating which 

meets all of the following criteria: 

(1) The product is designed and 

labeled exclusively to exactly match the 

color of an original, factory-applied 

engine paint; 

(2) The product is labeled with the 

manufacturer’s name for which it is 

formulated; and 

(3) The product is labeled with one of 

the following: 

(i) The O.E.M. color code number; 

(ii) The color name; or 

(iii) Other designation identifying the 

specific O.E.M. color to the purchaser. 

Exact match finish, industrial means 

a coating which meets all of the 

following criteria: 

(1) The product is designed and 

labeled exclusively to exactly match the 

color of an original, factory-applied 

industrial coating during the touch-up 

of manufactured products; 

(2) The product is labeled with the 

manufacturer’s name for which it is 

formulated; 

and 

(3) The product is labeled with one of 

the following: 

(i) O.E.M. color code number; 

(ii) The color name; or 

(iii) Other designation identifying the 

specific O.E.M. color to the purchaser. 

Extender means an ingredient added 

to an ‘‘Aerosol Coating Product’’ to 

increase coating solids. 

Flat coating means a coating which, 

when fully dry, registers specular gloss 

less than or equal to 15 on an 85° gloss 

meter, or less than or equal to 5 on a 60° 

gloss meter, or which is labeled as a flat 

coating. 

Flatting agent means a compound 

added to a coating to reduce the gloss 

of the coating without adding color to 

the coating. 

Flexible coating means a coating 

including, but not limited to, 

rubberized, mastic, or asphaltic 

products designed and labeled 

exclusively to protect surfaces. 

Floral spray means a coating designed 

and labeled exclusively for use on fresh 

flowers, dried flowers, or other items in 

a floral arrangement for the purpose of 

coloring, preserving, or protecting their 

appearance. 

Fluorescent coating means a coating 

labeled as such, which converts 

absorbed incident light energy into 

emitted light of a different hue. 

Formulation data, unless otherwise 

specified, means the recipe used to 

formulate or manufacture a coating 

product in terms of the weight fraction 

(g compound/g product) of each 

individual VOC in the product. 

General coating means the following 

aerosol coating products: ‘‘Clear 

Coating,’’ ‘‘Flat Coating,’’ ‘‘Fluorescent 

Coating,’’ ‘‘Metallic Coating,’’ ‘‘Non-flat 

Coating,’’ or ‘‘Primer.’’ 

Glass coating means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively for use 

on glass or other transparent material to 

create a soft, translucent light effect, or 

to create a tinted or darkened color 

while retaining transparency. 

Ground traffic/marking coating means 

a coating designed and labeled 

exclusively to be applied to dirt, gravel, 

grass, concrete, asphalt, warehouse 

floors, or parking lots. Such coatings 

must be in a container equipped with a 

valve and spray head designed to direct 

the spray toward the surface when the 

can is held in an inverted vertical 

position. 

High temperature coating means a 

coating, excluding engine coating, 

which is designed and labeled 

exclusively for use on substrates which 

will, in normal use, be subjected to 

temperatures in excess of 400 °F. 

Hobby/model/craft coating means a 

coating which is designed and labeled 

exclusively for hobby applications and 

is sold in aerosol containers of 6 ounces 

by weight or less. 

Importer means any person who 

brings an aerosol coating product that 

was manufactured, filled, or packaged at 

a location outside of the United States 

into the United States for sale or 

distribution in the United States. 

Impurity means an individual 

chemical compound present in a raw 

material which is incorporated in the 

final aerosol coatings formulation, if the 

compound is present in amounts below 

the following in the raw material: 

(1) For individual compounds that are 

carcinogens, each compound must be 

present in an amount less than 0.1 

percent by weight; 

(2) For all other compounds present 

in a raw material, a compound must be 

present in an amount less than 1 percent 

by weight. 

Ingredient means a component of an 

aerosol coating product. 

Label means any written, printed, or 

graphic matter affixed to, applied to, 

attached to, blown into, formed, molded 

into, embossed on, or appearing upon 

any consumer product or consumer 

product package, for purposes of 

branding, identifying, or giving 

information with respect to the product 

or to the contents of the package. 

Manufacturer means any person who 

manufactures or processes an aerosol 

coating product for sale or distribution 

within the United States. Manufacturers 

include: 

(1) Processors who blend and mix 

aerosol coatings; 

(2) Contract fillers who develop 

formulas and package these 

formulations under a distributor’s name; 

and 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5706 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

(3) Contract fillers who manufacture 

products using formulations provided 

by a distributor. 

Marine spar varnish means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively to 

provide a protective sealant for marine 

wood products. 

Metallic coating means a topcoat 

which contains at least 0.5 percent by 

weight metallic pigment in the 

formulation, including propellant, and 

is labeled as ‘‘metallic,’’ or with the 

name of a specific metallic finish such 

as ‘‘gold,’’ ‘‘silver,’’ or ‘‘bronze.’’ 

Mold release coating means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively to be 

applied to molds to prevent products 

from sticking to the surfaces of the 

mold. 

Multi-component kit means an aerosol 

spray paint system that requires the 

application of more than one 

component, e.g., foundation coat and 

topcoat, where both components are 

sold together in one package. 

Non-flat coating means a coating that, 

when fully dry, registers a specular 

gloss greater than 15 on an 85° gloss 

meter or greater than five on a 60° gloss 

meter. 

Ozone means a colorless gas with a 

pungent odor, having the molecular 

form O3. 

Person means an individual, 

corporation, partnership, association, 

State, any agency, department, or 

instrumentality of the United States, 

and any officer, agent, or employee 

thereof. 

Photographic coating means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively to be 

applied to finished photographs to 

allow corrective retouching, protection 

of the image, changes in gloss level, or 

to cover fingerprints. 

Pigment means either a natural or 

synthetic insoluble material added to a 

coating to provide color, opacity, or 

corrosion inhibition to a coating film. 

Plasticizer means an ingredient added 

to an aerosol coating product to aid in 

flexibility. 

Pleasure craft means privately owned 

vessels used for noncommercial 

purposes. 

Pleasure craft finish primer/surfacer/ 

undercoater means a coating designed 

and labeled exclusively to be applied 

prior to the application of a pleasure 

craft topcoat for the purpose of 

corrosion resistance and adhesion of the 

topcoat, and which promotes a uniform 

surface by filling in surface 

imperfections. 

Pleasure craft topcoat means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively to be 

applied to a pleasure craft as a final coat 

above the waterline, and below the 

waterline when stored out of water. This 

category does not include clear coatings. 

Polyolefin adhesion promoter means a 

coating designed and labeled 

exclusively to be applied to a polyolefin 

or polyolefin copolymer surface of 

vehicular body parts, bumpers, or trim 

parts to provide a bond between the 

surface and subsequent coats. 

Primer means a coating labeled as 

such, which is designed to be applied to 

a surface to provide a bond between that 

surface and subsequent coats. 

Product-Weighted Reactivity (PWR) 

Limit means the maximum allowed 

‘‘product- weighted reactivity,’’ as 

calculated in § 59.505, of an aerosol 

coating product that is subject to the 

limits specified in § 59.504 for a specific 

category, expressed as grams of ozone 

per gram of product (g O3/g product). 

Propellant means a liquefied or 

compressed gas that is used in whole or 

in part to expel a liquid or any other 

material from the same self-pressurized 

container or from a separate container. 

Reactivity Factor (RF) is a measure of 

the change in mass of ozone formed by 

adding a gram of a VOC to the ambient 

atmosphere, expressed to hundredths of 

a gram of ozone per gram of VOC (g O3/ 

g VOC). The RF values for individual 

compounds and hydrocarbon solvent 

mixtures are specified in tables 2A, 2B, 

and 2C to this subpart. 

Resin means a substance that 

comprises the film-forming ingredients 

in an aerosol coating product. Examples 

of resin ingredients include acrylic, 

alkyd, enamel, epoxy, lacquer, 

polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, 

shellac, silicone, and polystyrene. 

Retailer means any person who sells, 

supplies, or offers aerosol coating 

products for sale directly to consumers. 

Retailers who fall within the definition 

of ‘‘distributor’’ in this section are 

distributors. 

Retail outlet means any establishment 

where consumer products are sold, 

supplied, or offered for sale, directly to 

consumers. 

Rust converter means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively to 

convert rust to an inert material and 

which contains a minimum acid content 

of 1.0 percent by weight, and a 

maximum coating solids content of 6.0 

percent by weight. 

Shellac sealer means a clear or 

pigmented coating formulated solely 

with the resinous secretion of the lac 

beetle (Laccifer lacca), thinned with 

alcohol, and formulated to dry by 

evaporation without a chemical 

reaction. 

Slip-resistant coating means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively as 

such, which is formulated with grit and 

used as a safety coating. 

Small quantity manufacturer means a 

manufacturer whose total VOC by mass 

included in all aerosol coatings 

manufactured at all facilities in a given 

calendar year, in the aggregate, is less 

than 7,500 kilograms. 

Spatter coating/multicolor coating/ 

stucco coating means a coating labeled 

exclusively as such, wherein spots, 

globules, or spatters of contrasting 

colors appear on or within the surface 

of a contrasting or similar background. 

Specialty coating means any aerosol 

coating product that is not a ‘‘General 

Coating’’ unless specifically exempted. 

An aerosol coating that does not meet 

all the criteria for a specific ‘‘Specialty 

Coating’’ or an aerosol coating that is 

not defined in this section is a ‘‘General 

Coating.’’ 

Stain means a coating which is 

designed and labeled to change the 

color of a surface but not conceal the 

surface. 

Two-component coating means a 

coating packaged in an aerosol container 

with a separate integrated chamber for 

a hardener or activator. 

Uniform finish coating means a 

coating designed and labeled 

exclusively for application to the area 

adjacent to a spot repair for the purpose 

of blending the spot repair’s color or 

clear coating to match the appearance of 

an adjacent area’s existing coating. For 

the purpose of this rule, ‘‘spot repair’’ 

means repair of an area of less than 1 

square foot (929 square centimeters). 

United States means the United States 

of America, including the District of 

Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, 

American Samoa, and the 

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana 

Islands. 

Vinyl/fabric/leather/polycarbonate 

coating means a coating designed and 

labeled exclusively to coat vinyl, fabric, 

leather, or plastic substrates or to coat 

flexible substrates including rubber or 

thermoplastic substrates. 

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) 

means any organic compound as 

defined in § 51.100(s) of this chapter. As 

provided in 40 CFR 51.100(s)(7), 

exemptions from the definition of VOC 

in 40 CFR 51.100(s) for certain 

compounds that are used in aerosol 

coatings are inapplicable for purposes of 

this subpart. 

Webbing/veiling coating means a 

coating designed and labeled 

exclusively to provide a stranded or 

spider webbed appearance when 

applied. 

Weight fraction means the weight of 

an ingredient divided by the total net 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5707 

weight of the product, expressed to 

thousandths of a gram of ingredient per 

gram of product (excluding container 

and packaging). 

Weld-through primer means a coating 

designed and labeled exclusively to 

provide a bridging or conducting effect 

for corrosion protection following 

welding. 

Wood stain means a coating which is 

designed and labeled exclusively as a 

wood stain and is used to change the 

color of a wood surface but not conceal 

the grain pattern or texture. 

Wood touch-up/repair/restoration 

means a coating designed and labeled 

exclusively to provide an exact color or 

sheen match on finished wood 

products. 

Working day means any day from 

Monday through Friday, inclusive, 

except for days that are Federal 

holidays. 

■ 4. Amend § 59.505 by revising 

paragraphs (c) through (e) and adding 

paragraph (h) to read as follows: 

§ 59.505 How do I demonstrate compliance 

with the reactivity limits? 

* * * * * 

(c) You may use either formulation 

data (including information for both the 

liquid and propellant phases), CARB 

Method 310 (2018) (incorporated by 

reference, see § 59.515), or EPA’s 

Method 311 (40 CFR part 63, appendix 

A), to calculate the PWR. However, if 

there are inconsistencies between the 

formulation data and the CARB Method 

310 (2018) or EPA Method 311 results, 

the CARB Method 310 (2018) or EPA 

Method 311 results will govern. 

(d) If you manufacture a coating 

containing either an aromatic or 

aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent mixture, 

you must use the appropriate RF for that 

mixture provided in table 2B or 2C to 

this subpart when calculating the PWR 

using formulation data. However, when 

calculating the PWR for a coating 

containing these mixtures using data 

from CARB Method 310 (2018) 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 59.515), or EPA Method 311—(40 CFR 

part 63, appendix A), you must identify 

the individual compounds that are 

present in the solvent mixture and use 

the weight fraction of those individual 

compounds and their RF from table 2A 

to this subpart in the calculation. 

(e) The Reactivity Factor (RF) is 

assigned according to paragraphs (e)(1) 

through (4): 

(1) If a VOC is used in a product and 

listed in table 2A, 2B, or 2C to this 

subpart, then the assigned RF shall be 

used; 

(2) If a product contains a mixture 

and/or multiple isomers of a VOC, the 

highest RF of the mixture or multiple 

isomers from table 2A to this subpart 

shall be used; 

(3) If a VOC is used in a product but 

not listed in table 2A to this subpart, but 

more than one isomer or mixtures of 

isomers of the VOC is listed in table 2A 

to this subpart, then the highest RF 

associated with the listed isomers or 

isomer mixtures shall be used; and 

(4) If a VOC is used in a product but 

not listed in table 2A to this subpart, the 

assigned default RF of 18.50 g O3 /g 

VOC shall be used. 

* * * * * 

(h) Until July 17, 2025 the test 

methods listed in table 3 of appendix A 

to subpart E of part 59 are applicable to 

this subpart. 

■ 5. Revise § 59.508 to read as follows: 

§ 59.508 What test methods must I use? 

(a) Except as provided in § 59.505(c), 

you must use the procedures in CARB 

Method 310 (2018) (incorporated by 

reference, see § 59.515) or EPA’s Method 

311 (40 CFR part 63, appendix A) to 

determine the speciated ingredients and 

weight percentage of each ingredient of 

each aerosol coating product. EPA 

Method 311 (40 CFR part 63, appendix 

A) must be used in conjunction with 

ASTM Method D3063–94 or D3074–94 

for analysis of the propellant portion of 

the coating. Those choosing to use 

CARB Method 310 (2018) must follow 

the procedures specified in section 5.0 

of that method with the exception of 

section 5.3.1, which requires the 

analysis of the VOC content of the 

coating. For the purposes of this 

subpart, you are not required to 

determine the VOC content of the 

aerosol coating. For both CARB Method 

310 (2018) and EPA Method 311 (40 

CFR part 63, appendix A), you must 

have a listing of the VOC ingredients in 

the coating before conducting the 

analysis. 

(b) To determine the metal content of 

metallic aerosol coating products, you 

must use SCAQMD Method 318–95 

(incorporated by reference, see 

§ 59.515). 

(c) To determine the specular gloss of 

flat and non-flat coatings, you must use 

ASTM Method D523–08 (incorporated 

by reference, see § 59.515). 

■ 6. Amend § 59.509 by revising 

paragraph (a) introductory text and 

adding paragraphs (a)(6) and (g) to read 

as follows: 

§ 59.509 Can I get a variance? 

(a) Any regulated entity that cannot 

comply with the requirements of this 

subpart because of circumstances 

beyond its reasonable control may apply 

in writing to the Administrator for a 

temporary variance. The variance 

application must include the 

information specified in paragraphs 

(a)(1) through (6) of this section. 

* * * * * 

(6) All identification information 

included in § 59.511(b)(1) and (2). 

* * * * * 

(g) Beginning on July 17, 2025, or 

once the notification/report template for 

this subpart has been available on the 

CEDRI website for six months, 

whichever date is later, submit the 

request for a variance with the 

information in paragraphs (a)(1) through 

(6) following the procedure specified in 

§ 59.511(1). 

■ 7. Amend § 59.511 by: 

■ a. Removing and reserving paragraph 

(b)(8); 

■ b. Revising paragraphs (b)(9), (c), (d) 

introductory text, and (d)(5); 

■ c. Adding paragraph (d)(6); 

■ d. Revising paragraphs (i)(2) and (j); 

and 

■ e. Adding paragraphs (k), (l), (m), and 

(n). 

The revisions and additions read as 

follows: 

§ 59.511 What notifications and reports 

must I submit? 

* * * * * 

(b) * * * 

(8) [Reserved] 

(9) For each product category, VOC 

formulation data for each formulation 

that you anticipate manufacturing, 

importing, or distributing for calendar 

year 2009 or for the first year that 

includes your compliance date, if 

different than 2009. If a regulated entity 

can certify that the reporting is being 

completed by another regulated entity 

for any product, no second report is 

required. The formulation data must 

include the weight fraction (g 

compound/g product) for each VOC 

ingredient used in the product in an 

amount greater than or equal to 0.1 

percent. For each VOC ingredient 

reported, the formulation data must also 

include the information in either 

paragraph (b)(9)(i), (ii), or (iii) of this 

section. 

(i) For compounds listed in table 2A 

to this subpart, the chemical name, CAS 

number, and the applicable reactivity 

factor; 

(ii) For the hydrocarbon solvent 

mixtures listed in either table 2B or 2C 

to this subpart, the trade name, solvent 

mixture manufacturer, bin number, and 

the applicable reactivity factor; or 

(iii) For compounds not listed in table 

2A to this subpart, the chemical name, 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5708 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

CAS number, and the default RF in 

§ 59.505(e). 

* * * * * 

(c) If you change any information 

included in the initial notification 

required by paragraph (b) of this section, 

including the list of aerosol categories, 

contact information, records location, 

the category or date coding system, you 

must notify the Administrator of such 

changes within 30 days following the 

change. You are not required to notify 

the Administrator within 30 days of 

changes to the information provided as 

required by paragraph (b)(9) of this 

section. Changes in formulation are to 

be reported in the triennial reporting 

required by paragraph (i) of this section. 

(d) Upon 60 days written notice, you 

must submit to the Administrator a 

written report with all the information 

in paragraphs (d)(1) through (6) of this 

section for each product you 

manufacture, distribute, or import under 

your name or another company’s name. 

* * * * * 

(5) For each product, formulation data 

for each formulation that manufactured, 

imported, or distributed in the 

requested time period. The formulation 

data must include the weight fraction (g 

compound/g product) for each VOC 

ingredient used in the product in an 

amount greater than or equal to 0.1 

percent, plus the weight fraction of all 

other ingredients, including: Water, 

total solids, and any other compounds 

assigned an RF of zero. The formulation 

data must also include the information 

in either paragraph (d)(5)(i), (ii), or (iii) 

of this section. 

(i) For compounds listed in table 2A 

to this subpart, the chemical name, CAS 

number, and the applicable reactivity 

factor; 

(ii) For the hydrocarbon solvent 

mixtures listed in either table 2B or 2C 

to this subpart, the trade name, solvent 

mixture manufacturer, bin number, and 

the applicable reactivity factor; or 

(iii) For compounds not listed in table 

2A to this subpart, the chemical name, 

CAS number, and the default RF in 

§ 59.505(e). 

(6) All identification information 

included in paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of 

this section. 

* * * * * 

(i) * * * 

(2) For each product category, VOC 

formulation data for each formulation 

that was manufactured, imported, or 

distributed in the reporting year. If a 

regulated entity can certify that the 

reporting is being completed by another 

regulated entity for any product, no 

second report is required. The 

formulation data must include the 

weight fraction (g compound/g product) 

for each VOC ingredient used in the 

product in an amount greater than or 

equal to 0.1 percent. For each VOC 

ingredient reported, the formulation 

data must include the information in 

paragraph (i)(2)(i), (ii), or (iii) of this 

section. 

(i) For compounds listed in table 2A 

to this subpart, the chemical name, CAS 

number, and the applicable reactivity 

factor; 

(ii) For the hydrocarbon solvent 

mixtures listed in either table 2B or 2C 

to this subpart, the trade name, solvent 

mixture manufacturer, bin number, and 

the applicable reactivity factor; or 

(iii) For compounds not listed in table 

2A to this subpart, the chemical name, 

CAS number, and the default RF in 

§ 59.505(e). 

* * * * * 

(j) If a regulated entity identifies a 

VOC that is needed for an aerosol 

formulation that is not listed in table 2A 

to this subpart, it is assigned a default 

RF of 18.50 g O3/g VOC. Regulated 

entities may petition the Administrator 

to add a compound to table 2A, 2B, or 

2C to this subpart. Petitions must 

include the chemical name, CAS 

number, a statement certifying the 

intent to use the compound in an 

aerosol coatings product, and adequate 

information for the Administrator to 

evaluate the reactivity of the compound 

and assign an RF consistent with the 

values for the other compounds listed in 

table 2A to this subpart. Any requests 

submitted to EPA on or before June 1, 

2008, will be considered and, if 

appropriate, incorporated into table 2A, 

2B, or 2C to this subpart on or before 

January 1, 2009. 

(k) Beginning on July 17, 2025, or 

once the notification/report template for 

this subpart has been available on the 

CEDRI website for six months, 

whichever date is later, regulated 

entities shall submit all notifications, 

reports, and other information required 

in § 59.511 (b) through (j) following the 

procedure specified in paragraph (l) of 

this section. 

(l) If you are required to submit 

notifications or reports following the 

procedure specified in this paragraph 

(l), you must submit reports to the EPA 

via CEDRI, which can be accessed 

through the EPA’s Central Data 

Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/). 

The EPA will make all the information 

submitted through CEDRI available to 

the public without further notice to you. 

Do not use CEDRI to submit information 

you claim as confidential business 

information (CBI). Anything submitted 

using CEDRI cannot later be claimed 

CBI. You must use the appropriate 

electronic report template on the CEDRI 

website (www.epa.gov/electronicreporting-air-emissions/cedri) for this 

subpart. The date in which the report 

template becomes available will be 

listed on the CEDRI website. Unless the 

Administrator or delegated State agency 

or other authority has approved a 

different schedule for submission of 

reports, the report must be submitted by 

the deadline specified in this subpart, 

regardless of the method in which the 

report is submitted. Although we do not 

expect persons to assert a claim of CBI, 

if you wish to assert a CBI claim, submit 

a complete report, including 

information claimed to be CBI, to the 

EPA. The report must be generated 

using the appropriate template on the 

CEDRI website. The preferred method 

for CBI submittal is for it to be 

transmitted electronically using email 

attachments, File Transfer Protocol 

(FTP), or other online file sharing 

services. Electronic submissions must 

be transmitted directly to the OAQPS 

CBI Office at the email address: 

oaqpscbi@epa.gov and should include 

clear CBI markings and be flagged to the 

attention of the Group Leader, 

Measurement Policy Group. If assistance 

is needed with submitting large 

electronic files that exceed the file size 

limit for email attachments, and if you 

do not have your own file sharing 

service, please email oaqpscbi@epa.gov 

to request a file transfer link. If you 

cannot transmit the file electronically, 

you may mail the electronic medium to 

U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, 

Attention: Aerosol Coatings Sector Lead, 

(C404–02), Research Triangle Park, 

North Carolina 27711. The same file 

with the CBI omitted must be submitted 

to the EPA via the EPA’s CDX as 

described earlier in this paragraph (l). 

All CBI claims must be asserted at the 

time of submission. Furthermore, under 

CAA section 114(c), emissions data is 

not entitled to confidential treatment, 

and the EPA is required to make 

emissions data available to the public. 

Thus, emissions data will not be 

protected as CBI and will be made 

publicly available. 

(m) If you are required to 

electronically submit a report through 

CEDRI in the EPA’s CDX, you may 

assert a claim of EPA system outage for 

failure to timely comply with that 

reporting requirement. To assert a claim 

of EPA system outage, you must meet 

the requirements outlined in paragraphs 

(m)(1) through (7) of this section. 

(1) You must have been or will be 

precluded from accessing CEDRI and 

submitting a required report within the 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5709 

time prescribed due to an outage of 

either the EPA’s CEDRI or CDX systems. 

(2) The outage must have occurred 

within the period of time beginning five 

business days prior to the date that the 

submission is due. 

(3) The outage may be planned or 

unplanned. 

(4) You must submit notification to 

the Administrator in writing as soon as 

possible following the date you first 

knew, or through due diligence should 

have known, that the event may cause 

or has caused a delay in reporting. 

(5) You must provide to the 

Administrator a written description 

identifying: 

(i) The date(s) and time(s) when CDX 

or CEDRI was accessed, and the system 

was unavailable; 

(ii) A rationale for attributing the 

delay in reporting beyond the regulatory 

deadline to EPA system outage; 

(iii) A description of measures taken 

or to be taken to minimize the delay in 

reporting; and 

(iv) The date by which you propose to 

report, or if you have already met the 

reporting requirement at the time of the 

notification, the date you reported. 

(6) The decision to accept the claim 

of EPA system outage and allow an 

extension to the reporting deadline is 

solely within the discretion of the 

Administrator. 

(7) In any circumstance, the report 

must be submitted electronically as 

soon as possible after the outage is 

resolved. 

(n) If you are required to 

electronically submit a report through 

CEDRI in the EPA’s CDX, you may 

assert a claim of force majeure for 

failure to timely comply with that 

reporting requirement. To assert a claim 

of force majeure, you must meet the 

requirements outlined in paragraphs 

(n)(1) through (5) of this section. 

(1) You may submit a claim if a force 

majeure event is about to occur, occurs, 

or has occurred or there are lingering 

effects from such an event within the 

period of time beginning five business 

days prior to the date the submission is 

due. For the purposes of this section, a 

force majeure event is defined as an 

event that will be or has been caused by 

circumstances beyond the control of the 

regulated entity, its contractors, or any 

entity controlled by the regulated entity 

that prevents you from complying with 

the requirement to submit a report 

electronically within the time period 

prescribed. Examples of such events are 

acts of nature (e.g., hurricanes, 

earthquakes, or floods), acts of war or 

terrorism, or equipment failure or safety 

hazard beyond the control of the 

regulated entity (e.g., large scale power 

outage). 

(2) You must submit notification to 

the Administrator in writing as soon as 

possible following the date you first 

knew, or through due diligence should 

have known, that the event may cause 

or has caused a delay in reporting. 

(3) You must provide to the 

Administrator: 

(i) A written description of the force 

majeure event; 

(ii) A rationale for attributing the 

delay in reporting beyond the regulatory 

deadline to the force majeure event; 

(iii) A description of measures taken 

or to be taken to minimize the delay in 

reporting; and 

(iv) The date by which you propose to 

report, or if you have already met the 

reporting requirement at the time of the 

notification, the date you reported. 

(4) The decision to accept the claim 

of force majeure and allow an extension 

to the reporting deadline is solely 

within the discretion of the 

Administrator. 

(5) In any circumstance, the reporting 

must occur as soon as possible after the 

force majeure event occurs. 

■ 8. Revise § 59.512 to read as follows: 

§ 59.512 Addresses of EPA Regional 

Offices. 

(a) All requests (including variance 

requests), reports, submittals, and other 

communications to the Administrator 

pursuant to this regulation shall be 

submitted to the Regional Office of the 

EPA through CEDRI which serves the 

State or territory for the address that is 

listed on the aerosol coating product in 

question. These areas are indicated in 

the following list of EPA Regional 

Offices: 

(1) EPA Region I (Connecticut, Maine, 

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode 

Island, Vermont) Director, Enforcement 

and Compliance Assurance Division, 

U.S. EPA Region I, 5 Post Office 

Square—Suite 100 (04–2), Boston, MA 

02109–3912, Attn: Air Compliance 

Clerk. 

(2) EPA Region II (New Jersey, New 

York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands), 

Director, Division of Enforcement and 

Compliance Assistance, 290 Broadway, 

New York, NY 10007–1866. 

(3) EPA Region III (Delaware, District 

of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, 

Virginia, West Virginia), Chief, Air 

Section, Enforcement & Compliance 

Assurance Division, Air, RCRA and 

Toxics Branch, U.S. EPA Region 3, 1650 

Arch Street—3ED21, Philadelphia, PA 

19103. 

(4) EPA Region IV (Alabama, Florida, 

Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North 

Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee), 

Director, Air and Radiation Division, 61 

Forsyth Street SW, Atlanta, GA 30303– 

3104. 

(5) EPA Region V (Illinois, Indiana, 

Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin), 

Director, Air and Radiation Division, 77 

West Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604– 

3507. 

(6) EPA Region VI (Arkansas, 

Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, 

Texas), Chief, Air Enforcement Branch, 

Enforcement and Compliance Assurance 

Division, Mail Code ECDA, 1201 Elm 

Street, Suite 500, Dallas, Texas 75270– 

2102. 

(7) EPA Region VII (Iowa, Kansas, 

Missouri, Nebraska), Director, Air and 

Waste Management Division, 11201 

Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, Kansas 

66219. 

(8) EPA Region VIII (Colorado, 

Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, 

Utah, Wyoming), Chief, Air and Toxics 

Enforcement Branch, 1595 Wynkoop 

Street, Denver, CO 80202–1129. 

(9) EPA Region IX (American Samoa, 

Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, 

Nevada), Chief, Air Division, 75 

Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA 

94105. 

(10) EPA Region X (Alaska, Oregon, 

Idaho, Washington), Chief, Air Permits 

and Toxics Branch, Air and Radiation 

Division, 1200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 155, 

Seattle, WA 98101. 

(b) Beginning on July 17, 2025, or 

once the notification/report template for 

this subpart has been available on the 

CEDRI website for six months, 

whichever date is later, regulated 

entities shall submit all notifications, 

reports, and other information required 

in § 59.511(b) through (j) following the 

procedure specified in § 59.511(l). 

■ 9. Revise § 59.515 to read as follows: 

§ 59.515 Incorporations by reference. 

Certain material is incorporated by 

reference into this subpart with the 

approval of the Director of the Federal 

Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 

CFR part 51. All approved incorporation 

by reference (IBR) material is available 

for inspection at the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) and at the 

National Archives and Records 

Administration (NARA). Contact the 

EPA at: EPA Docket Center, Public 

Reading Room, EPA WJC West, Room 

3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW, 

Washington, DC; phone: (202) 566– 

1744. For information on the availability 

of this material at NARA, visit 

www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ 

ibr-locations or email fr.inspection@

nara.gov. The material may be obtained 

from the following sources: 

(a) ASTM, International (ASTM), 100 

Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box CB700, 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5710 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 

19428–2959; phone: (800) 262–1373; 

website: www.astm.org. 

(1) ASTM Method D523–08, Standard 

Test Method for Specular Gloss (June 1, 

2008), IBR approved for § 59.508(c). 

(2) ASTM Method D523–89 

(Reapproved 1999), Standard Test 

Method for Specular Gloss (May 10, 

1999), IBR approved for table 3 of 

appendix A to subpart E of part 59. 

(b) California Air Resources Board 

(CARB), 1001 I Street, P.O. Box 2815, 

Sacramento, CA 95812–2815, Telephone 

(916) 327–0900, www.arb.ca.gov. 

(1) California Air Resources Board 

Method 310—Determination of Volatile 

Organic Compounds (VOC) in 

Consumer Products and Reactive 

Organic Compounds in Aerosol Coating 

Products (May 25, 2018) (CARB Method 

310 (2018)), IBR approved for 

§§ 59.505(c) and 59.508(a). 

(2) California Air Resources Board 

Method 310—Determination of Volatile 

Organic Compounds (VOC) in 

Consumer Products and Reactive 

Organic Compounds in Aerosol Coating 

Products (May 5, 2005) (CARB Method 

310 (2005)), IBR approved for table 3 of 

appendix A to subpart E of part 59. 

(c) South Coast Air Quality 

Management District (SCAQMD), 21865 

Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, 

Telephone (909–396–2000), 

www.aqmd.gov. 

(1) South Coast Air Quality 

Management District Test Method 318– 

95, Determination of Weight Percent 

Elemental Metal in Coatings by X-ray 

Diffraction, (July, 1996) (SCAQMD Test 

Method 318–95), IBR approved for 

§ 59.508(b) and table 3 of appendix A to 

subpart E of part 59. 

(2) [Reserved] 

* * * * * 

■ 10. Revise tables 1, 2A, 2B, and 2C to 

subpart E of part 59 to read as follows: 

TABLE 1 TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—PRODUCT-WEIGHTED REACTIVITY LIMITS BY COATING CATEGORY

Coating category Category 

code a

Reactivity limit 

(g O3/g product) 

Art Fixatives or Sealants .................................................................................................................................... AFS 1.75 

Auto Body Primers ............................................................................................................................................. ABP 0.95 

Automotive Bumper and Trim Products ............................................................................................................. ABT 1.70 

Aviation or Marine Primers ................................................................................................................................ AMP 1.25 

Aviation Propeller Coatings ................................................................................................................................ APC 1.40 

Clear Coatings ................................................................................................................................................... CCP 0.85 

Corrosion Resistant Brass, Bronze, or Copper Coatings .................................................................................. CRB 1.80 

Electrical/Electronic/Conformal Coatings ........................................................................................................... ECC 2.00 

Exact Match Finish—Automotive ....................................................................................................................... EFA 0.95 

Exact Match Finish—Engine Enamel ................................................................................................................ EEE 0.95 

Exact Match Finish—Industrial .......................................................................................................................... EFI 1.20 

Flat Coatings ...................................................................................................................................................... FCP 0.80 

Flexible Coatings ................................................................................................................................................ FCC 1.60 

Floral Sprays ...................................................................................................................................................... FSP 0.85 

Fluorescent Coatings ......................................................................................................................................... FLP 1.30 

Glass Coatings ................................................................................................................................................... GCP 1.35 

Ground Traffic/Marking ...................................................................................................................................... GTM 0.85 

High Temperature Coatings ............................................................................................................................... HTC 1.85 

Hobby/Model/Craft Coatings .............................................................................................................................. HMC 1.60 

Marine Spar Varnishes ...................................................................................................................................... MSV 0.90 

Metallic Coatings ................................................................................................................................................ MCP 1.25 

Mold Release Coating ........................................................................................................................................ MRC 1.10 

Non-Flat Coatings .............................................................................................................................................. NFP 0.95 

Photograph Coatings ......................................................................................................................................... PHC 0.75 

Pleasure Craft Primers, Surfacers or Undercoaters .......................................................................................... PCS 0.90 

Pleasure Craft Topcoats .................................................................................................................................... PCT 0.60 

Polyolefin Adhesion Promoters .......................................................................................................................... PAP 2.50 

Primers ............................................................................................................................................................... PCP 0.70 

Rust Converter Coating ..................................................................................................................................... RCC 1.10 

Shellac Sealers .................................................................................................................................................. SSC 1.00 

Slip-Resistant Coatings ...................................................................................................................................... SRC 2.10 

Spatter/Multicolor Coatings ................................................................................................................................ SMC 1.05 

Two Component Coating ................................................................................................................................... TWC 1.20 

Uniform Finish Coating ...................................................................................................................................... UFC 1.30 

Vinyl/Fabric/Leather/Polycarbonate Coatings .................................................................................................... VFL 1.45 

Webbing/Veiling Coatings .................................................................................................................................. WFC 0.75 

Weld-Through Primers ....................................................................................................................................... WTP 1.00 

Wood Stains ....................................................................................................................................................... WSP 0.90 

Wood Touch-up/Repair or Restoration Coatings ............................................................................................... WTR 1.45 

a Regulated entities may use these category codes or define their own in accordance with § 59.511(b)(6). 

TABLE 2A TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS

Compound CAS No. Reactivity factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

Formaldehyde .......................................................................................................................................... 50–00–0 9.46 

Glycerol (1,2,3-Propanetriol) .................................................................................................................... 56–81–5 3.15 

Propylene Glycol ...................................................................................................................................... 57–55–6 2.58 

Ethanol ..................................................................................................................................................... 64–17–5 1.53 

Formic Acid .............................................................................................................................................. 64–18–6 0.06 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5711 

TABLE 2A TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS—Continued 

Compound CAS No. Reactivity factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

Acetic Acid ............................................................................................................................................... 64–19–7 0.68 

Methanol .................................................................................................................................................. 67–56–1 0.67 

Isopropyl Alcohol (2-Propanol) ................................................................................................................ 67–63–0 0.61 

Acetone (Propanone) ............................................................................................................................... 67–64–1 0.36 

n-Propanol (n-Propyl Alcohol) ................................................................................................................. 71–23–8 2.50 

n-Butyl Alcohol (Butanol) ......................................................................................................................... 71–36–3 2.88 

n-Pentanol (Amyl Alcohol) ....................................................................................................................... 71–41–0 2.83 

Benzene ................................................................................................................................................... 71–43–2 0.72 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane ............................................................................................................................... 71–55–6 0.01 

Propane ................................................................................................................................................... 74–98–6 0.49 

Vinyl Chloride ........................................................................................................................................... 75–01–4 2.83 

Acetaldehyde ........................................................................................................................................... 75–07–0 6.54 

Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) ................................................................................................... 75–09–2 0.04 

Ethylene Oxide ........................................................................................................................................ 75–21–8 0.03 

Isobutane ................................................................................................................................................. 75–28–5 1.23 

HFC–152A (1,1-Difluoroethane) .............................................................................................................. 75–37–6 0.02 

Propylene Oxide ...................................................................................................................................... 75–56–9 0.29 

t-Butyl Alcohol .......................................................................................................................................... 75–65–0 0.41 

Methyl t-Butyl Ketone .............................................................................................................................. 75–97–8 0.65 

Isophorone (3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexenone) ...................................................................................... 78–59–1 4.63 

Isopentane ............................................................................................................................................... 78–78–4 1.45 

Isobutanol ................................................................................................................................................ 78–83–1 2.51 

2-Butanol (s-butyl alcohol) ....................................................................................................................... 78–92–2 1.36 

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone) .......................................................................................................... 78–93–3 1.48 

Monoisopropanol Amine (1-Amino-2-Propanol) ...................................................................................... 78–96–6 5.42 

Trichloroethylene ..................................................................................................................................... 79–01–6 0.64 

Propionic Acid .......................................................................................................................................... 79–09–4 1.22 

Acrylic Acid .............................................................................................................................................. 79–10–7 11.38 

Methyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................................... 79–20–9 0.07 

Nitroethane .............................................................................................................................................. 79–24–3 0.06 

Methacrylic Acid ....................................................................................................................................... 79–41–4 18.50 

2-Nitropropane ......................................................................................................................................... 79–46–9 0.11 

a-Pinene (Pine Oil) .................................................................................................................................. 80–56–8 4.51 

Methyl Methacrylate ................................................................................................................................. 80–62–6 15.61 

Diethyl Phthalate ...................................................................................................................................... 84–66–2 1.62 

Dibutyl Phthalate ...................................................................................................................................... 84–74–2 1.25 

Naphthalene ............................................................................................................................................. 91–20–3 3.34 

2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol ............................................................................................................................. 94–96–2 2.05 

Xylene, ortho- .......................................................................................................................................... 95–47–6 7.64 

o-Cresol ................................................................................................................................................... 95–48–7 2.40 

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene ........................................................................................................................... 95–63–6 8.87 

3-Pentanone ............................................................................................................................................ 96–22–0 1.24 

Methyl Ethyl Ketoxime (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Oxime) ............................................................................. 96–29–7 1.58 

gamma-Butyrolactone .............................................................................................................................. 96–48–0 0.96 

Ethyl Lactate ............................................................................................................................................ 97–64–3 2.48 

Isobutyl Isobutyrate .................................................................................................................................. 97–85–8 0.60 

Isobutyl Methacrylate ............................................................................................................................... 97–86–9 8.62 

Butyl Methacrylate ................................................................................................................................... 97–88–1 8.70 

Tert-butyl benzene ................................................................................................................................... 98–06–6 1.95 

Benzotrifluoride ........................................................................................................................................ 98–08–8 0.29 

PCBTF (p-Trifluoromethyl-Cl-Benzene) ................................................................................................... 98–56–6 0.13 

Cumene (Isopropyl Benzene) .................................................................................................................. 98–82–8 2.52 

a-Methyl Styrene ...................................................................................................................................... 98–83–9 1.53 

Ethyl Benzene .......................................................................................................................................... 100–41–4 3.04 

Styrene ..................................................................................................................................................... 100–42–5 1.73 

Benzyl Alcohol ......................................................................................................................................... 100–51–6 5.11 

Benzaldehyde .......................................................................................................................................... 100–52–7 0.00 

Triethanolamine ....................................................................................................................................... 102–71–6 4.21 

2-Ethyl-Hexyl Acetate .............................................................................................................................. 103–09–3 0.66 

2-Ethyl-Hexyl Acrylate ............................................................................................................................. 103–11–7 2.52 

2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol (Ethyl Hexyl Alcohol) ................................................................................................. 104–76–7 2.00 

Ethyl Propionate ...................................................................................................................................... 105–37–3 0.77 

s-Butyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................................... 105–46–4 1.32 

Diethyl Carbonate .................................................................................................................................... 105–58–8 0.71 

n-Propyl Propionate ................................................................................................................................. 106–36–5 0.84 

Xylene, para- ........................................................................................................................................... 106–42–3 5.84 

p-Dichlorobenzene ................................................................................................................................... 106–46–7 0.18 

Dimethyl Succinate .................................................................................................................................. 106–65–0 0.23 

1,2-Epoxybutane (Ethyl Oxirane) ............................................................................................................ 106–88–7 0.91 

n-Propyl Bromide ..................................................................................................................................... 106–94–5 0.42 

Butane ...................................................................................................................................................... 106–97–8 1.15 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5712 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

TABLE 2A TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS—Continued 

Compound CAS No. Reactivity factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

1,3-Butadiene ........................................................................................................................................... 106–99–0 12.61 

Ethylene Glycol ........................................................................................................................................ 107–21–1 3.13 

2-Methyl-2,4-Pentanediol ......................................................................................................................... 107–41–5 1.45 

Hexamethyldisiloxane .............................................................................................................................. 107–46–0 0.00 

Isohexane Isomers .................................................................................................................................. 107–83–5 1.50 

Methyl n-Propyl Ketone (2-Pentanone) ................................................................................................... 107–87–9 2.81 

Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (1-Methoxy-2-Propanol) ................................................................ 107–98–2 2.44 

n,n-Dimethylethanolamine ....................................................................................................................... 108–01–0 5.62 

1-Nitropropane ......................................................................................................................................... 108–03–2 0.22 

Vinyl Acetate ............................................................................................................................................ 108–05–4 3.20 

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone ............................................................................................................................ 108–10–1 3.88 

Isopropyl Acetate ..................................................................................................................................... 108–21–4 1.07 

Propylene Carbonate (4-Methyl-1,3-Dioxolan-2one) ............................................................................... 108–32–7 0.28 

Xylene, meta- ........................................................................................................................................... 108–38–3 9.75 

Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (1-Methoxy-2-Propyl Acetate) ......................................... 108–65–6 1.70 

1,3,5-Trimethyl Benzene .......................................................................................................................... 108–67–8 11.76 

Di-Isobutyl Ketone (2,6-Dimethyl-4-Heptanone) ...................................................................................... 108–83–8 2.68 

Methylcyclohexane .................................................................................................................................. 108–87–2 1.70 

Toluene .................................................................................................................................................... 108–88–3 4.00 

Monochlorobenzene ................................................................................................................................ 108–90–7 0.32 

Cyclohexanol ........................................................................................................................................... 108–93–0 1.95 

Cyclohexanone ........................................................................................................................................ 108–94–1 1.35 

n-Butyl Butyrate ....................................................................................................................................... 109–21–7 1.08 

Propyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................................... 109–60–4 0.78 

Pentane .................................................................................................................................................... 109–66–0 1.31 

Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (2-Methoxyethanol) ......................................................................... 109–86–4 2.93 

Dimethoxy Methane ................................................................................................................................. 109–87–5 0.94 

Tetrahydrofuran ....................................................................................................................................... 109–99–9 4.31 

Methyl Isoamyl Ketone (5-Methyl-2-Hexanone) ...................................................................................... 110–12–3 2.41 

Isobutyl Acetate ....................................................................................................................................... 110–19–0 0.62 

Methyl Amyl Ketone ................................................................................................................................. 110–43–0 2.36 

Hexane ..................................................................................................................................................... 110–54–3 1.24 

n-Propyl Formate ..................................................................................................................................... 110–74–7 0.78 

2-Ethoxyethanol ....................................................................................................................................... 110–80–5 3.71 

Cyclohexane ............................................................................................................................................ 110–82–7 1.25 

Morpholine ............................................................................................................................................... 110–91–8 1.98 

Dipropylene Glycol ................................................................................................................................... 110–98–5 2.31 

Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate (2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate) ........................................................ 111–15–9 1.84 

Diethylenetriamine ................................................................................................................................... 111–40–0 15.53 

Diethanolamine ........................................................................................................................................ 111–42–2 2.47 

Diethylene Glycol ..................................................................................................................................... 111–46–6 3.35 

n-Octane .................................................................................................................................................. 111–65–9 0.90 

2-Butoxy-1-Ethanol (Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether) .......................................................................... 111–76–2 2.90 

Diethylene Glycol Methyl Ether (2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) Ethanol) ............................................................. 111–77–3 2.66 

n-Nonane ................................................................................................................................................. 111–84–2 0.78 

2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy) Ethanol ..................................................................................................................... 111–90–0 3.26 

Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate (2-Butoxyethyl Acetate) ........................................................ 112–07–2 1.62 

2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy) Ethyl Acetate ............................................................................................................ 112–15–2 1.48 

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-Ethanol ..................................................................................................................... 112–34–5 2.39 

Dimethyl Ether ......................................................................................................................................... 115–10–6 0.81 

Triethylamine ........................................................................................................................................... 121–44–8 3.84 

2-Phenoxyethanol; Ethylene Glycol Phenyl Ether ................................................................................... 122–99–6 4.49 

Diacetone Alcohol .................................................................................................................................... 123–42–2 0.60 

2,4-Pentanedione ..................................................................................................................................... 123–54–6 1.01 

Butanal ..................................................................................................................................................... 123–72–8 5.97 

Butyl Acetate, n ....................................................................................................................................... 123–86–4 0.83 

3-Methyl-Butyl Acetate ............................................................................................................................. 123–92–2 1.09 

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy) Ethyl Acetate ............................................................................................................ 124–17–4 1.38 

2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol .................................................................................................................. 124–68–5 0.25 

Perchloroethylene .................................................................................................................................... 127–18–4 0.03 

Ethanolamine ........................................................................................................................................... 141–43–5 6.81 

Ethyl acetate ............................................................................................................................................ 141–78–6 0.63 

Heptane ................................................................................................................................................... 142–82–5 1.07 

n-Hexyl Acetate (Hexyl Acetate) ............................................................................................................. 142–92–7 0.69 

2-Ethyl Hexanoic Acid ............................................................................................................................. 149–57–5 3.32 

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene ......................................................................................................................... 156–60–5 1.70 

1,2,3-Trimethyl Benzene .......................................................................................................................... 526–73–8 11.97 

t-Butyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................................... 540–88–5 0.18 

Methyl Isobutyrate ................................................................................................................................... 547–63–7 0.61 

Methyl Lactate ......................................................................................................................................... 547–64–8 2.67 

Methyl Propionate .................................................................................................................................... 554–12–1 0.66 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5713 

TABLE 2A TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS—Continued 

Compound CAS No. Reactivity factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

1,2-Butanediol .......................................................................................................................................... 584–03–2 2.52 

n-Butyl Propionate ................................................................................................................................... 590–01–2 0.84 

Methyl n-Butyl Ketone (2-Hexanone) ...................................................................................................... 591–78–6 3.14 

Dimethyl carbonate .................................................................................................................................. 616–38–6 0.06 

2-Methyl-1-Butyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................... 624–41–9 1.08 

n-Pentyl Propionate ................................................................................................................................. 624–54–4 0.71 

Ethyl Isopropyl Ether ............................................................................................................................... 625–54–7 3.74 

Dimethyl Adipate ...................................................................................................................................... 627–93–0 1.80 

Methyl n-Butyl Ether ................................................................................................................................ 628–28–4 3.15 

Amyl Acetate (Pentyl Ethanoate, Pentyl Acetate) ................................................................................... 628–63–7 0.84 

Ethyl n-Butyl Ether ................................................................................................................................... 628–81–9 3.48 

Ethyl t-Butyl Ether .................................................................................................................................... 637–92–3 2.01 

1,3-Dioxolane ........................................................................................................................................... 646–06–0 4.96 

Ethyl-3-Ethoxypropionate ......................................................................................................................... 763–69–9 3.58 

Methyl Pyrrolidone (n-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone) ........................................................................................... 872–50–4 2.41 

Dimethyl Gluterate ................................................................................................................................... 1119–40–0 0.42 

C8 Disubstituted Benzenes ..................................................................................................................... 1330–20–7 7.76 

Ethylene Glycol 2-Ethylhexyl Ether [2-(2-Ethylhexyloxy) Ethanol] .......................................................... 1559–35–9 1.55 

Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether (1-Propoxy-2-Propanol) ................................................................. 1569–01–3 2.68 

Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether (1-Ethoxy-2-Propanol) ..................................................................... 1569–02–4 3.09 

2-Methoxy-1-Propanol ............................................................................................................................. 1589–47–5 3.01 

Methyl t-Butyl Ether ................................................................................................................................. 1634–04–4 0.73 

trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO–1234ze) ..................................................................................... 1645–83–6 0.10 

Ethylcyclohexane ..................................................................................................................................... 1678–91–7 1.47 

Isoamyl Isobutyrate .................................................................................................................................. 2050–01–3 0.82 

2-Propoxy-ethanol (Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether) ......................................................................... 2807–30–9 3.30 

n-Butoxy-2-Propanol ................................................................................................................................ 5131–66–8 2.72 

d-Limonene (Dipentene or Orange Terpene) .......................................................................................... 5989–27–5 4.55 

2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate ........................................................................................... 6846–50–0 0.38 

Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether Isomer (2-[2Methoxypropoxy]-1-Propanol) ......................................... 13588–28–8 2.58

C9 Styrenes ............................................................................................................................................. 25013–15–4 1.53 

Texanol (1,3 Pentanediol, 2,2,4-Trimethyl, 1-Isobutyrate) ...................................................................... 25265–77–4 0.81 

Isodecyl Alcohol (8-Methyl-1-Nonanol) .................................................................................................... 25339–17–7 1.06 

Tripropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether ................................................................................................... 25498–49–1 1.92 

Glycol Ether DPNB (1-(2-Butoxy-1-Methylethoxy) 2-Propanol) .............................................................. 29911–28–2 1.83 

Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (mixture of isomers) ................................................................... 34590–94–8 2.58 

Propylene Glycol t-Butyl Ether (1-tert-Butoxy-2-Propanol) ..................................................................... 57018–52–7 1.61 

2-Methoxy-1-Propyl Acetate .................................................................................................................... 70657–70–4 1.12 

Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate Isomers .................................................................................. 88917–22–0 1.45 

Oxo-Heptyl Acetate .................................................................................................................................. 90438–79–2 0.83 

2-tert-Butoxy-1-Propanol .......................................................................................................................... 94023–15–1 1.81 

trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO–1233zdE) ............................................................................ 102687–65–0 0.04 

Oxo-Octyl Acetate .................................................................................................................................... 108419–32–5 0.81 

TABLE 2B TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS FOR ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON SOLVENT MIXTURES

Bin 

Average 

boiling 

point * 

(degrees F) 

Criteria 

Reactivity 

factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

1 .......................... 80–205 Alkanes (<2% Aromatics) .......................................................................................................... 1.42 

2 .......................... 80–205 N- & Iso-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .......................................................................... 1.31 

3 .......................... 80–205 Cyclo-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .............................................................................. 1.63 

4 .......................... 80–205 Alkanes (2 to <8% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.47 

5 .......................... 80–205 Alkanes (8 to 22% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.56 

6 .......................... >205–340 Alkanes (<2% Aromatics) .......................................................................................................... 1.17 

7 .......................... >205–340 N- & Iso-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .......................................................................... 1.03 

8 .......................... >205–340 Cyclo-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .............................................................................. 1.44 

9 .......................... >205–340 Alkanes (2 to <8% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.44 

10 ........................ >205–340 Alkanes (8 to 22% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.98 

11 ........................ >340–460 Alkanes (<2% Aromatics) .......................................................................................................... 0.70 

12 ........................ >340–460 N- & Iso-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics ........................................................................... 0.62 

13 ........................ >340–460 Cyclo-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .............................................................................. 0.86 

14 ........................ >340–460 Alkanes (2 to <8% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 0.99 

15 ........................ >340–460 Alkanes (8 to 22% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.57 

16 ........................ >460–580 Alkanes (<2% Aromatics) .......................................................................................................... 0.52 

17 ........................ >460–580 N- & Iso-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .......................................................................... 0.48 

18 ........................ >460–580 Cyclo-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .............................................................................. 0.60 

19 ........................ >460–580 Alkanes (2 to <8% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 0.66 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5714 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

TABLE 2B TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS FOR ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON SOLVENT MIXTURES— 

Continued 

Bin 

Average 

boiling 

point * 

(degrees F) 

Criteria 

Reactivity 

factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

20 ........................ >460–580 Alkanes (8 to 22% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 0.95 

TABLE 2C TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS FOR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON SOLVENT MIXTURES

Bin 

Boiling 

range 

(degrees F) 

Criteria 

Reactivity 

factor 

(g O3/g VOC 

21 ........................ 280–290 Aromatic Content (≥98%) .......................................................................................................... 7.64 

22 ........................ 320–350 Aromatic Content (≥98%) .......................................................................................................... 7.60 

23 ........................ 355–420 Aromatic Content (≥98%) .......................................................................................................... 6.85 

24 ........................ 450–535 Aromatic Content (≥98%) .......................................................................................................... 3.82 

■ 11. Add appendix A to subpart E of 

part 59 to read as follows: 

Appendix A to Subpart E of Part 59— 

In compliance with 40 CFR Part 59, 

Subpart E, the following standards will 

remain applicable prior to July 17, 

2025. 

I. Appendix A—Table 1 Under 40 CFR Part 

59, Subpart E 

APPENDIX A—TABLE 1 TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—PRODUCT-WEIGHTED REACTIVITY LIMITS BY COATING CATEGORY— 

APPLICABLE PRIOR TO JULY 17, 2025 

Coating category Category 

code a

Reactivity limit 

(g O3/g product) 

Clear Coatings ................................................................................................................................................... CCP 1.50 

Flat Coatings ...................................................................................................................................................... FCP 1.20 

Fluorescent Coatings ......................................................................................................................................... FLP 1.75 

Metallic Coatings ................................................................................................................................................ MCP 1.90 

Non-Flat Coatings .............................................................................................................................................. NFP 1.40 

Primers ............................................................................................................................................................... PCP 1.20 

Ground Traffic/Marking ...................................................................................................................................... GTM 1.20 

Art Fixatives or Sealants .................................................................................................................................... AFS 1.80 

Auto Body Primers ............................................................................................................................................. ABP 1.55 

Automotive Bumper and Trim Products ............................................................................................................. ABT 1.75 

Aviation or Marine Primers ................................................................................................................................ AMP 2.00 

Aviation Propellor Coatings ................................................................................................................................ APC 2.50 

Corrosion Resistant Brass, Bronze, or Copper Coatings .................................................................................. CRB 1.80 

Exact Match Finish—Engine Enamel ................................................................................................................ EEE 1.70 

Exact Match Finish—Automotive ....................................................................................................................... EFA 1.50 

Exact Match Finish—Industrial .......................................................................................................................... EFI 2.05 

Floral Sprays ...................................................................................................................................................... FSP 1.70 

Glass Coatings ................................................................................................................................................... GCP 1.40 

High Temperature Coatings ............................................................................................................................... HTC 1.85 

Hobby/Model/Craft Coatings, Enamel ................................................................................................................ HME 1.45 

Hobby/Model/Craft Coatings, Lacquer ............................................................................................................... HML 2.70 

Hobby/Model/Craft Coatings, Clear or Metallic ................................................................................................. HMC 1.60 

Marine Spar Varnishes ...................................................................................................................................... MSV 0.90 

Photograph Coatings ......................................................................................................................................... PHC 1.00 

Pleasure Craft Primers, Surfacers or Undercoaters .......................................................................................... PCS 1.05 

Pleasure Craft Topcoats .................................................................................................................................... PCT 0.60 

Polyolefin Adhesion Promoters .......................................................................................................................... PAP 2.50 

Shellac Sealers, Clear ....................................................................................................................................... SSC 1.00 

Shellac Sealers, Pigmented ............................................................................................................................... SSP 0.95 

Slip-Resistant Coatings ...................................................................................................................................... SRC 2.45 

Spatter/Multicolor Coatings ................................................................................................................................ SMC 1.05 

Vinyl/Fabric/Leather/Polycarbonate Coatings .................................................................................................... VFL 1.55 

Webbing/Veiling Coatings .................................................................................................................................. WFC 0.85 

Weld-Through Primers ....................................................................................................................................... WTP 1.00 

Wood Stains ....................................................................................................................................................... WSP 1.40 

Wood Touch-up/Repair or Restoration Coatings ............................................................................................... WTR 1.50 

a Regulated entities may use these category codes or define their own in accordance with § 59.511(b)(6). 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5715 

II. Appendix A—Table 2A Under 40 CFR 

Part 59, Subpart E 

APPENDIX A—TABLE 2A TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS—APPLICABLE PRIOR TO JULY 17, 2025 

Compound CAS No. Reactivity factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

Formaldehyde .......................................................................................................................................... 50–00–0 8.97 

Glycerol (1,2,3-Propanetriol) .................................................................................................................... 56–81–5 3.27 

Propylene Glycol ...................................................................................................................................... 57–55–6 2.75 

Ethanol ..................................................................................................................................................... 64–17–5 1.69 

Formic Acid .............................................................................................................................................. 64–18–6 0.08 

Acetic Acid ............................................................................................................................................... 64–19–7 0.71 

Methanol .................................................................................................................................................. 67–56–1 0.71 

Isopropyl Alcohol (2-Propanol) ................................................................................................................ 67–63–0 0.71 

Acetone (Propanone) ............................................................................................................................... 67–64–1 0.43 

n-Propanol (n-Propyl Alcohol) ................................................................................................................. 71–23–8 2.74 

n-Butyl Alcohol (Butanol) ......................................................................................................................... 71–36–3 3.34 

n-Pentanol (Amyl Alcohol) ....................................................................................................................... 71–41–0 3.35 

Benzene ................................................................................................................................................... 71–43–2 0.81 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane ............................................................................................................................... 71–55–6 0.00 

Propane ................................................................................................................................................... 74–98–6 0.56 

Vinyl Chloride ........................................................................................................................................... 75–01–4 2.92 

Acetaldehyde ........................................................................................................................................... 75–07–0 6.84 

Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) ................................................................................................... 75–09–2 0.07 

Ethylene Oxide ........................................................................................................................................ 75–21–8 0.05 

Isobutane ................................................................................................................................................. 75–28–5 1.35 

HFC–152A (1,1-Difluoroethane) .............................................................................................................. 75–37–6 0.00 

Propylene Oxide ...................................................................................................................................... 75–56–9 0.32 

t-Butyl Alcohol .......................................................................................................................................... 75–65–0 0.45 

Methyl t-Butyl Ketone .............................................................................................................................. 75–97–8 0.78 

Isophorone (3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexenone) ...................................................................................... 78–59–1 10.58 

Isopentane ............................................................................................................................................... 78–78–4 1.68 

Isobutanol ................................................................................................................................................ 78–83–1 2.24 

2-Butanol (s-Butyl Alcohol) ...................................................................................................................... 78–92–2 1.60 

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone) .......................................................................................................... 78–93–3 1.49 

Monoisopropanol Amine (1-Amino-2-Propanol) ...................................................................................... 78–96–6 13.42 

Trichloroethylene ..................................................................................................................................... 79–01–6 0.60 

Propionic Acid .......................................................................................................................................... 79–09–4 1.16 

Acrylic Acid .............................................................................................................................................. 79–10–7 11.66 

Methyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................................... 79–20–9 0.07 

Nitroethane .............................................................................................................................................. 79–24–3 12.79 

Methacrylic Acid ....................................................................................................................................... 79–41–4 18.78 

a-Pinene (Pine Oil) .................................................................................................................................. 80–56–8 4.29 

Methyl Methacrylate ................................................................................................................................. 80–62–6 15.84 

Naphthalene ............................................................................................................................................. 91–20–3 3.26 

Xylene, ortho- .......................................................................................................................................... 95–47–6 7.49 

o-Cresol ................................................................................................................................................... 95–48–7 2.34 

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene ........................................................................................................................... 95–63–6 7.18 

3-Pentanone ............................................................................................................................................ 96–22–0 1.45 

Methyl Ethyl Ketoxime (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Oxime) ............................................................................. 96–29–7 22.04 

gamma-Butyrolactone .............................................................................................................................. 96–48–0 1.15 

Ethyl Lactate ............................................................................................................................................ 97–64–3 2.71 

Isobutyl Isobutyrate .................................................................................................................................. 97–85–8 0.61 

Isobutyl Methacrylate ............................................................................................................................... 97–86–9 8.99 

Butyl Methacrylate ................................................................................................................................... 97–88–1 9.09 

Benzotrifluoride ........................................................................................................................................ 98–08–8 0.26 

PCBTF (p-Trifluoromethyl-Cl-Benzene) ................................................................................................... 98–56–6 0.11 

Cumene (Isopropyl Benzene) .................................................................................................................. 98–82–8 2.32 

a-Methyl Styrene ...................................................................................................................................... 98–83–9 1.72 

Ethyl Benzene .......................................................................................................................................... 100–41–4 2.79 

Styrene ..................................................................................................................................................... 100–42–5 1.95 

Benzaldehyde .......................................................................................................................................... 100–52–7 0.00 

Triethanolamine ....................................................................................................................................... 102–71–6 2.76 

2-Ethyl-Hexyl Acetate .............................................................................................................................. 103–09–3 0.79 

2-Ethyl-Hexyl Acrylate ............................................................................................................................. 103–11–7 2.42 

2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol (Ethyl Hexyl Alcohol) ................................................................................................. 104–76–7 2.20 

Ethyl Propionate ...................................................................................................................................... 105–37–3 0.79 

s-Butyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................................... 105–46–4 1.43 

n-Propyl Propionate ................................................................................................................................. 106–36–5 0.93 

Xylene, para- ........................................................................................................................................... 106–42–3 4.25 

p-Dichlorobenzene ................................................................................................................................... 106–46–7 0.20 

Dimethyl Succinate .................................................................................................................................. 106–65–0 0.23 

1,2-Epoxybutane (Ethyl Oxirane) ............................................................................................................ 106–88–7 1.02 

n-Propyl Bromide ..................................................................................................................................... 106–94–5 0.35 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5716 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

APPENDIX A—TABLE 2A TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS—APPLICABLE PRIOR TO JULY 17, 2025— 

Continued 

Compound CAS No. Reactivity factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

Butane ...................................................................................................................................................... 106–97–8 1.33 

1,3-Butadiene ........................................................................................................................................... 106–99–0 13.58 

Ethylene Glycol ........................................................................................................................................ 107–21–1 3.36 

2-Methyl-2,4-Pentanediol ......................................................................................................................... 107–41–5 1.04 

Hexamethyldisiloxane .............................................................................................................................. 107–46–0 0.00 

Isohexane Isomers .................................................................................................................................. 107–83–5 1.80 

Methyl n-Propyl Ketone (2-Pentanone) ................................................................................................... 107–87–9 3.07 

Propylene Glycol Monmethyl Ether (1-Methoxy-2-Propanol) .................................................................. 107–98–2 2.62 

n,n-Dimethylethanolamine ....................................................................................................................... 108–01–0 4.76 

1-Nitropropane ......................................................................................................................................... 108–03–2 16.16 

Vinyl Acetate ............................................................................................................................................ 108–05–4 3.26 

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone ............................................................................................................................ 108–10–1 4.31 

Isopropyl Acetate ..................................................................................................................................... 108–21–4 1.12 

Propylene Carbonate ............................................................................................................................... 107–46–0 0.00 

(4-Methyl-1,3-Dioxolan-2one) .................................................................................................................. 108–32–7 0.25 

Xylene, meta- ........................................................................................................................................... 108–38–3 10.61 

Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (1-Methoxy-2-Propyl Acetate) ......................................... 108–65–6 1.71 

1,3,5-Trimethyl Benzene .......................................................................................................................... 108–67–8 11.22 

Di-Isobutyl Ketone (2,6-Dimethyl-4-Heptanone) ...................................................................................... 108–83–8 2.94 

Methylcyclohexane .................................................................................................................................. 108–87–2 1.99 

Toluene .................................................................................................................................................... 108–88–3 3.97 

Monochlorobenzene ................................................................................................................................ 108–90–7 0.36 

Cyclohexanol ........................................................................................................................................... 108–93–0 2.25 

Cyclohexanone ........................................................................................................................................ 108–94–1 1.61 

n-Butyl Butyrate ....................................................................................................................................... 109–21–7 1.12 

Propyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................................... 109–60–4 0.87 

Pentane .................................................................................................................................................... 109–66–0 1.54 

Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (2-Methoxyethanol) ......................................................................... 109–86–4 2.98 

Tetrahydrofuran ....................................................................................................................................... 109–99–9 4.95 

Methyl Isoamyl Ketone (5-Methyl-2-Hexanone) ...................................................................................... 110–12–3 2.10 

Isobutyl Acetate ....................................................................................................................................... 110–19–0 0.67 

Methyl Amyl Ketone ................................................................................................................................. 110–43–0 2.80 

Hexane ..................................................................................................................................................... 110–54–3 1.45 

n-Propyl Formate ..................................................................................................................................... 110–74–7 0.93 

2-Ethoxyethanol ....................................................................................................................................... 110–80–5 3.78 

Cyclohexane ............................................................................................................................................ 110–82–7 1.46 

Morpholine ............................................................................................................................................... 110–91–8 15.43 

Dipropylene Glycol ................................................................................................................................... 110–98–5 2.48 

Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate (2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate) ........................................................ 111–15–9 1.90 

Diethylenetriamine ................................................................................................................................... 111–40–0 13.03 

Diethanolamine ........................................................................................................................................ 111–42–2 4.05 

Diethylene Glycol ..................................................................................................................................... 111–46–6 3.55 

n-Octane .................................................................................................................................................. 111–65–9 1.11 

2-Butoxy-1-Ethanol (Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether) .......................................................................... 111–76–2 2.90 

Diethylene Glycol Methyl Ether (2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) Ethanol) ............................................................. 111–77–3 2.90 

n-Nonane ................................................................................................................................................. 111–84–2 0.95 

2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy) Ethanol ..................................................................................................................... 111–90–0 3.19 

Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate (2-Butoxyethyl Acetate) ........................................................ 112–07–2 1.67 

2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy) Ethyl Acetate ............................................................................................................ 112–15–2 1.50 

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-Ethanol ..................................................................................................................... 112–34–5 2.70 

Dimethyl Ether ......................................................................................................................................... 115–10–6 0.93 

Triethylamine ........................................................................................................................................... 121–44–8 16.60 

2-Phenoxyethanol; Ethylene Glycol Phenyl Ether ................................................................................... 122–99–6 3.61 

Diacetone Alcohol .................................................................................................................................... 123–42–2 0.68 

2,4-Pentanedione ..................................................................................................................................... 123–54–6 1.02 

Butanal ..................................................................................................................................................... 123–72–8 6.74 

Butyl Acetate, n ....................................................................................................................................... 123–86–4 0.89 

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy) Ethyl Acetate ............................................................................................................ 124–17–4 1.38 

2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol .................................................................................................................. 124–68–5 15.08 

Perchloroethylene .................................................................................................................................... 127–18–4 0.04 

Ethanolamine ........................................................................................................................................... 141–43–5 5.97 

Ethyl acetate ............................................................................................................................................ 141–78–6 0.64 

Heptane ................................................................................................................................................... 142–82–5 1.28 

n-Hexyl Acetate (Hexyl Acetate) ............................................................................................................. 142–92–7 0.87 

2-Ethyl Hexanoic Acid ............................................................................................................................. 149–57–5 4.41 

1,2,3-Trimethyl Benzene .......................................................................................................................... 526–73–8 11.26 

t-Butyl Acetate ......................................................................................................................................... 540–88–5 0.20 

Methyl Isobutyrate ................................................................................................................................... 547–63–7 0.70 

Methyl Lactate ......................................................................................................................................... 547–64–8 2.75 

Methyl Propionate .................................................................................................................................... 554–12–1 0.71 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 5717 

APPENDIX A—TABLE 2A TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS—APPLICABLE PRIOR TO JULY 17, 2025— 

Continued 

Compound CAS No. Reactivity factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

1,2 Butanediol .......................................................................................................................................... 584–03–2 2.21 

n-Butyl Propionate ................................................................................................................................... 590–01–2 0.89 

Methyl n-Butyl Ketone (2-Hexanone) ...................................................................................................... 591–78–6 3.55 

Dimethyl carbonate .................................................................................................................................. 616–38–6 0.06 

Ethyl Isopropyl Ether ............................................................................................................................... 625–54–7 3.86 

Dimethyl Adipate ...................................................................................................................................... 627–93–0 1.95 

Methy n-Butyl Ether ................................................................................................................................. 628–28–4 3.66 

Amyl Acetate (Pentyl Ethanoate, Pentyl Acetate) ................................................................................... 628–63–7 0.96 

Ethyl n-Butyl Ether ................................................................................................................................... 628–81–9 3.86 

Ethyl t-Butyl Ether .................................................................................................................................... 637–92–3 2.11 

1,3-Dioxolane ........................................................................................................................................... 646–06–0 5.47 

Ethyl-3-Ethoxypropionate ......................................................................................................................... 763–69–9 3.61 

Methyl Pyrrolidone (n-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone) ........................................................................................... 872–50–4 2.56 

Dimethyl Gluterate ................................................................................................................................... 1119–40–0 0.51 

Ethylene Glycol 2-Ethylhexyl Ether [2-(2-Ethylhexyloxy) Ethanol] .......................................................... 1559–35–9 1.71 

Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether (1-Propoxy-2-Propanol) ................................................................. 1569–01–3 2.86 

Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether (1-Ethoxy-2-Propanol) ..................................................................... 1569–02–4 3.25 

2-Methoxy-1-Propanol ............................................................................................................................. 1589–47–5 3.01 

Methyl t-Butyl Ether ................................................................................................................................. 1634–04–4 0.78 

Ethylcyclohexane ..................................................................................................................................... 1678–91–7 1.75 

Isoamyl Isobutyrate .................................................................................................................................. 2050–01–3 0.89 

2-Propoxyethanol (Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether) .......................................................................... 2807–30–9 3.52 

n-Butoxy-2-Propanol ................................................................................................................................ 5131–66–8 2.70 

d-Limonene (Dipentene or Orange Terpene) .......................................................................................... 5989–27–5 3.99 

Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether Isomer (2-[2Methoxypropoxy]-1-Propanol) ......................................... 13588–28–8 3.02

Texanol (1,3 Pentanediol, 2,2,4-Trimethyl, 1-Isobutyrate) ...................................................................... 25265–77–4 0.89 

Isodecyl Alcohol (8-Methyl-1-Nonanol) .................................................................................................... 25339–17–7 1.23 

Tripropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether ................................................................................................... 25498–49–1 1.90 

Glycol Ether DPNB (1-(2-Butoxy-1-Methylethoxy) 2-Propanol) .............................................................. 29911–28–2 1.96 

Propylene Glycol t-Butyl Ether (1-tert-Butoxy-2-Propanol) ..................................................................... 57018–52–7 1.71 

2-Methoxy-1-Propyl Acetate .................................................................................................................... 70657–70–4 1.12 

Oxo-Heptyl Acetate .................................................................................................................................. 90438–79–2 0.97 

2-tert-Butoxy-1-Propanol .......................................................................................................................... 94023–15–1 1.81 

Oxo-Octyl Acetate .................................................................................................................................... 108419–32–5 0.96 

C8 Disubstituted Benzenes ..................................................................................................................... na 7.48 

C9 Styrenes ............................................................................................................................................. na 1.72 

III. Appendix A—Table 2B Under 40 CFR 

Part 59, Subpart E 

APPENDIX A—TABLE 2B TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS FOR ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON SOLVENT

MIXTURES—APPLICABLE PRIOR TO JULY 17, 2025 

Bin 

Average 

boiling 

point * 

(degrees F) 

Criteria 

Reactivity 

factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

1 .......................... 80–205 Alkanes (<2% Aromatics) .......................................................................................................... 2.08 

2 .......................... 80–205 N- & Iso-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .......................................................................... 1.59 

3 .......................... 80–205 Cyclo-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .............................................................................. 2.52 

4 .......................... 80–205 Alkanes (2 to <8% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 2.24 

5 .......................... 80–205 Alkanes (8 to 22% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 2.56 

6 .......................... >205–340 Alkanes (<2% Aromatics) .......................................................................................................... 1.41 

7 .......................... >205–340 N- & Iso-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .......................................................................... 1.17 

8 .......................... >205–340 Cyclo-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .............................................................................. 1.65 

9 .......................... >205–340 Alkanes (2 to <8% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.62 

10 ........................ >205–340 Alkanes (8 to 22% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 2.03 

11 ........................ >340–460 Alkanes (<2% Aromatics) .......................................................................................................... 0.91 

12 ........................ >340–460 N- & Iso-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .......................................................................... 0.81 

13 ........................ >340–460 Cyclo-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .............................................................................. 1.01 

14 ........................ >340–460 Alkanes (2 to <8% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.21 

15 ........................ >340–460 Alkanes (8 to 22% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.82 

16 ........................ >460–580 Alkanes (<2% Aromatics) .......................................................................................................... 0.57 

17 ........................ >460–580 N- & Iso-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .......................................................................... 0.51 

18 ........................ >460–580 Cyclo-Alkanes (≥90% and <2% Aromatics) .............................................................................. 0.63 

19 ........................ >460–580 Alkanes (2 to <8% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 0.88 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES
5718 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 11 / Friday, January 17, 2025 / Rules and Regulations 

APPENDIX A—TABLE 2B TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS FOR ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON SOLVENT

MIXTURES—APPLICABLE PRIOR TO JULY 17, 2025—Continued 

Bin 

Average 

boiling 

point * 

(degrees F) 

Criteria 

Reactivity 

factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

20 ........................ >460–580 Alkanes (8 to 22% Aromatics) ................................................................................................... 1.49 

* Average Boiling Point = (Initial Boiling Point + Dry Point)/2(b) Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvents. 

IV. Appendix A—Table 2C Under 40 CFR 

Part 59, Subpart E 

APPENDIX A—TABLE 2C TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—REACTIVITY FACTORS FOR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON SOLVENT

MIXTURES—APPLICABLE PRIOR TO JULY 17, 2025 

Bin 

Boiling 

range 

(degrees F) 

Criteria 

Reactivity 

factor 

(g O3/g VOC) 

21 ........................ 280–290 Aromatic Content (≥98%) .......................................................................................................... 7.37 

22 ........................ 320–350 Aromatic Content (≥98%) .......................................................................................................... 7.51 

23 ........................ 355–420 Aromatic Content (≥98%) .......................................................................................................... 8.07 

24 ........................ 450–535 Aromatic Content (≥98%) .......................................................................................................... 5.00 

V. Appendix A—Table 3 Under 40 CFR Part 

59, Subpart E 

APPENDIX A—TABLE 3 TO SUBPART E OF PART 59—METHODS—APPLICABLE PRIOR TO JULY 17, 2025 

Method name Description 

CARB 310 (2005) or ........................................... Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Consumer Products and Reactive Organic Compounds in Aerosol Coating Products (May 5, 2005), (incorporated by reference, 

see § 59.515) or 

Method EPA 311 ................................................ Analysis of Hazardous Air Pollutant Compounds in Paints and Coatings by Direct Injection into 

a Gas Chromatograph; 

SCAQMD Method 318–95 .................................. Determination of Weight Percent Elemental Metal in Coatings by X-ray Diffraction, July, 1996, 

(incorporated by reference, see § 59.515). 

ASTM Method D523–89 (Reapproved 1999) ..... Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss, (incorporated by reference, see § 59.515). 

[FR Doc. 2025–00436 Filed 1–16–25; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Bureau of Land Management 

43 CFR Part 3160 

43 CFR Part 9230 

[PO4820000251] 

RIN 1004–AF00 

Onshore Oil and Gas Operations and 

Coal Trespass—Annual Civil Penalties 

Inflation Adjustments 

AGENCY: Bureau of Land Management, 

Interior. 

ACTION: Final rule. 

SUMMARY: This final rule adjusts the 

amounts of civil monetary penalties 

contained in the Bureau of Land 

Management’s (BLM) regulations 

governing onshore oil and gas 

operations and coal trespass. This final 

rule is required by the Federal Civil 

Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act 

Improvements Act of 2015 and is 

consistent with applicable Office of 

Management and Budget (OMB) 

guidance. The adjustments made by this 

final rule constitute the 2025 annual 

inflation adjustments and account for 

one year of inflation spanning the 

period from October 2023 through 

October 2024. 

DATES: This rule is effective on January 

17, 2025. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For 

information regarding the BLM’s Fluid 

Minerals Program, please contact John 

Ajak, Acting Division Chief, Fluid 

Minerals Division, telephone: 505–549– 

9654; email: jajak@blm.gov. For 

information regarding the BLM’s Solid 

Minerals Program, please contact 

Matthew Marsh, Acting Division Chief, 

Solid Minerals Division, telephone: 

307–431–1113; email: mmarsh@

blm.gov. 

For questions relating to the 

regulatory process, please contact 

Stephen Pollard, Division of Regulatory 

Affairs, email: spollard@blm.gov. 

Individuals in the United States who are 

deaf, deafblind, hard of hearing, or have 

a speech disability may dial 711 (TTY, 

TDD, or TeleBraille) to access 

telecommunications relay services. 

Individuals outside the United States 

should use the relay services offered 

within their country to make 

international calls to the point-ofcontact in the United States. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background 

II. Calculation of 2024 Adjustments 

III. Procedural Requirements 

A. Administrative Procedure Act 

B. Regulatory Planning and Review 

(Executive Orders 12866 and 13563) 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act 

D. Congressional Review Act 

E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

F. Takings (E.O. 12630) 


KHAMMOND on DSK9W7S144PROD with RULES