FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

September 20, 2005

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 05-10091

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

Agency Nos. A75-352-244, A75-352-245

VERA PROTSENKO, 

JURI PROTSENKO, 

Petitioners, 

versus 

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

Respondent. 

________________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

_________________________

(September 20, 2005)

Before BIRCH, CARNES and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
 On 25 November 2002, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (“HSA”), Pub. L. No. 107-296, 1

116 Stat. 2135, was signed into law. The HSA abolished the INS and transferred its functions to the

newly created Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”). Because this case was initiated while

the INS was still in existence, however, this opinion will reference the INS rather than the DHS.

2

Vera and Juri Protsenko, proceeding pro se, petition for review of the Board

of Immigration Appeals’s (“BIA”) adoption and affirmation of the Immigration

Judge’s (“IJ”) order denying asylum and withholding of removal under the

Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158 and 1231(b)(3), and

the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or

Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). We

AFFIRM. I. BACKGROUND

The petitioners, a married couple of Russian ethnicity who lived in Estonia

for most of their lives, were admitted into the United States in April 1997 as

nonimmigrant visitors. They were given authorization to remain in the United

States until 30 September 1997. On 14 March 2001, the petitioners were issued a

notice to appear (“NTA”) before an IJ by the Immigration and Naturalization

Service (“INS”) which alleged that they were citizens and natives of Russia and 1

charged them with removability. 

At their preliminary hearing before the IJ, the petitioners, through counsel,

conceded removability and admitted to the charges set forth in their NTAs, with

the exception that they denied Russian citizenship. They asserted that they were
3

born in the Soviet Union at a time when Russia was not an independent country

and thereafter lived in Estonia for many years. After the collapse of the Soviet

Union, the petitioners alleged that their applications for Estonian citizenship were

denied because the father of Vera Protsenko was part of the former Soviet Union

military. The temporary travel documents issued to them by the Estonian

government indicated their country of citizenship as “XXX.” AR at 70. At the

conclusion of the hearing, the IJ found the petitioners removable, but reserved

ruling on the issue of the petitioners’ citizenship until a subsequent hearing. 

Finally, the IJ asked petitioners whether they wanted to designate a country of

removability, to which they responded negatively.

Subsequently, petitioners submitted an application for asylum and

withholding of removal based on the persecution they suffered in Estonia on

account of their religion, nationality, and membership in a particular social group. 

To support her claims of persecution, Vera Protsenko alleged, inter alia, that: (1)

she had been persecuted for her Christian Orthodox faith, a prominent faith among

ethnic Russians, by the Estonian government which refused to recognize the

Christian Orthodox religion; (2) Estonian law denominated her a foreigner because

she was of Russian nationality and hindered her from attaining Estonian

citizenship; (3) she had been fired from her job as a teacher based on her lack of

Estonian citizenship; (4) she and her family had been the victims of hate crimes as
4

anti-Russian Estonians burglarized their home twice, and sprayed red stars on their

home in one such incident; and (5) on 23 January 1997, the Kaitselit, an antiRussian paramilitary group, beat Juri because of his status as a former Soviet

military officer. In support of these claims, the petitioners submitted various

documentation, including: hospital records which indicated that Juri was treated at

a hospital for injuries after the January 1997 incident; a certificate from the

Estonian government denying Vera Estonian citizenship and permanent residency;

certificates from the Russian embassy which indicated there was no record

petitioners were citizens of Russia; Juri’s former military identification card; a

certificate from Vera’s employer which indicated she was terminated from her

teaching position due to a “lack of pedagogical education,” AR 208, and various

newspaper articles which documented discrimination of ethnic Russians living in

Estonia. In response, the government submitted the 2000 United States

Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Estonia and

Russia. The Country Report for Estonia noted that former Soviet military officers

and their families are often precluded from obtaining Estonian citizenship. 

Estonian naturalization laws were, however, in line with international standards,

according to the report. Moreover, although ethnic Russians often complained of

discriminatory treatment in the workplace and in living conditions, the Estonian

Country report stated that foreign government officials monitoring the situation in
5

Estonia found no such pattern of human rights violations. The Russian Country

Report indicated that immigrants with a legal claim to Russian citizenship often

have difficulty emigrating to Russia from former Soviet republics and obtaining

Russian citizenship.

At the removal hearings, the petitioners provided testimony to buttress their

asylum application. Particularly, Vera Protsenko testified that she was stateless

because Estonian law had declared that anyone not residing in Estonia before 1940

was a foreigner, and because the Estonian government had denied her applications

for citizenship four times. She admitted that she had not applied for Russian

citizenship because she had lived in Estonia her entire life and would have

difficulty obtaining Russian residency permits and living in Russia without any ties

to the area. Vera also testified that she had been a teacher for several years, but

was terminated because she lacked the proper education. She stated that this was

just an excuse to fire her, however, and that the real reason for her termination was

her participation in a teacher’s union and her reluctance to support the school

administrators’ plan to rapidly “Estonianize” the education system in place of the

old Russian system. Vera admitted, however, that not all Russian teachers at her

school were terminated. In addition, Vera testified that she participated in

demonstrations to fight religious and anti-Russian persecution, and that she had

been arrested and detained for twenty-four hours during one such demonstration. 
6

Finally, Vera testified that she and her family were targeted by an anti-Russian

youth group on two specific occasions. In January 1993, she testified that a group

of youth burglarized their home and left anti-communist graffiti on their walls. 

Although police investigated the burglary, she testified that they did not report or

investigate the anti-Russian hate crime aspect of the incident. She testified that the

same group burglarized her family’s summer residence in 1995, but she did not

report the crime because she felt that the police would not have helped her. 

The IJ then rendered a decision denying the petitioners’ application for

asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection. Although the IJ found

Vera’s testimony credible, she also found that the petitioners failed to meet their

burden of showing eligibility for asylum or CAT protection. Specifically, the IJ

noted that it appeared as though the petitioners had been victimized and suffered

isolated incidents of discrimination, but not to the extent necessary to show that

they had suffered past persecution. The IJ found that it was not enough that Vera

had lost her job, noting that the stated reason for her termination was that Vera did

not have a degree in education, which she had admitted was true. With regard to

Juri’s beating incident, the IJ found that, although it was “reprehensible,” it was, at

most, an isolated incident resulting from an Estonian “backlash” against the

Russian military occupation prior to Estonia gaining its independence. AR at

59-60. The IJ proceeded to note that the petitioners were “not just innocent
7

Russian settlers in the area for Estonia,” but, rather both Juri and Vera’s father

“were members of the military serving what Estonia now sees as the foreign

enemy. And now they’re basically paying the consequences of that.” AR at 60. 

With regard to Russia being the country of removal, the IJ noted that the

petitioners were ethnic Russians and found that it was “unreasonable” for the

petitioners to claim that they had no roots or ties to Russia when the same could be

said about their decision to apply for asylum in the United States. AR at at 61. 

The IJ concluded that the petitioners had a “duty to avail themselves of the

citizenship and protection of” Russia. AR at 62. In sum, because petitioners had

established that they suffered from a “level of discrimination and nothing more,”

the IJ denied the petitioners’ application for asylum and withholding of removal

and ordered them removed to the Russian Federation, or alternatively, in the case

of Vera, to Estonia. AR at 63.

Petitioners, through counsel, appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. They

argued that the IJ erred because: (1) substantial evidence supported their asylum

claims; (2) they were improperly ordered removed to Russia; and (3) the IJ

expressed a political bias by suggesting that any anti-Russian discrimination they

suffered was deserved after Estonia gained its independence. The BIA affirmed

the IJ’s decision that petitioners had failed to establish eligibility for asylum and

dismissed their claims of error.
 Because the petitioner’s removal proceedings commenced after 1 April 1997, the effective 2

date of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (“IIRIRA”), this

case is governed by the permanent provisions of the INA, as amended by IIRIRA. See

Gonzalez-Oropeza v. United States Att’y Gen., 321 F.3d 1331, 1332 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam).

8

On appeal, the petitioners make three arguments that the BIA’s order should

be reversed. First, they argue that substantial evidence does not support the IJ’s

finding that they failed to demonstrate eligibility for asylum and withholding of

removal under the INA. Second, they argue that their due process rights were

violated because the IJ did not give them notice they could be removed to Russia

and because the IJ’s comments betrayed an anti-Russian political bias. We address

each argument in turn. 

II. DISCUSSION2

A. Denial of Asylum and Withholding of Removal

“We review only the [BIA’s] decision, except to the extent that it expressly

adopts the IJ’s opinion. Insofar as the [BIA] adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we review

the IJ’s decision as well.” Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir.

2001) (citations omitted). Here, because the BIA concurred with the IJ’s findings

and reasoning, we review both the IJ’s and BIA’s decisions. We review legal

determinations de novo. Mohammed v. Ashcroft, 261 F.3d 1244, 1247 (11th Cir.

2001). The BIA’s and IJ’s factual determination that an alien is not entitled to

withholding of removal must be upheld if it is supported by substantial evidence. 
9

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1283. To reverse the IJ’s decision, a reviewing court must

conclude that the record not only supports such a conclusion, but compels it. INS

v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1, 112 S. Ct. 812, 815 n.1 (1992).

The INA provides the Attorney General with the discretion to grant asylum

to an otherwise removable alien. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). The Attorney

General may exercise such discretion upon finding that the alien is a “refugee.” Id.

A ‘refugee’ is ‘any person who is outside any country of such

person’s nationality or, in the case of a person having no nationality,

is outside any country in which such person last habitually resided,

and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling

to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of

[past] persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion . . . .’

D-Muhumed v. United States Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir. 2004)

(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). The burden of proof is on the applicant for

asylum to establish that he or she is a refugee. Id. To establish past persecution,

an “extreme concept,” the asylum applicant must show “more than a few isolated

incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation,” Sepulveda v. United States Att’y

Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (internal quotations and

citation omitted) (finding one bombing targeted at the asylum applicant and three

threatening telephone calls insufficient to establish past persecution). To establish

a “well-founded fear of persecution” to qualify for asylum, the alien must present
10

“specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled

out for persecution on account of [his or her nationality].” Id. (internal quotations

omitted). Where an alien has failed to establish eligibility for asylum, the alien 

likewise has failed to establish eligibility for withholding of removal under the

INA or CAT. Nreka v. United States Att’y Gen., 408 F.3d 1361, 1369 (11th Cir.

2005).

Based on the foregoing precedent, we conclude that the record does not

compel a reversal of the BIA’s order. With regard to the loss of Vera’s job, the

record demonstrates that the stated reason for her termination—her lack of an

education degree—had a factual basis which Vera admitted. Moreover, she

admitted that she was not supportive of the school’s plan to change its educational

system from the old Russian system and that other ethnic Russian teachers were

not fired. Thus, despite her allegations of pretext, the record does not compel a

finding contrary to the one reached by the IJ and the BIA. In addition, with regard

to the two incidents in which the Protsenkos’ home was burglarized and the one

incident in which Juri was beaten, the record does not demonstrate that these were

more than isolated acts and therefore did not rise to the level of persecution. See

Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231. Moreover, in light of the facts that Estonian police

investigated the first incident of burglary after being called by the Protsenkos, and

that Juri was treated for injuries by an Estonian hospital, the record does not
11

demonstrate that the Estonian government had refused to protect the Protsenkos. 

Additionally, the fact that Vera was detained after participating in a demonstration

does not compel a contrary finding on the issue of past persecution. See Rojas v.

United States Att’y Gen., 134 Fed. Appx. 330, 334-35 (11th Cir. 2005) (per

curiam) (one incident of short-term government detention along with threatening

telephone calls insufficient to constitute past persecution). Accordingly, taking

these allegations in the aggregate, we conclude that substantial evidence supported

the IJ’s and the BIA’s determination that the petitioners had not demonstrated past

persecution. Likewise, we conclude the petitioners did not sufficiently establish a

well-founded fear of future persecution. Although they were allegedly denied

citizenship and residency four times, they did not demonstrate that the Estonian

government would decline to protect their rights because of their Russian ethnicity. 

Moreover, the government offered evidence from the Estonian Country Report

which indicated that there was no pattern of human rights abuses against ethnic

Russians in Estonia, and that programs existed for integrating ethnic Russians into

Estonia. See Gonahasa v. INS, 181 F.3d 538, 542 (4th Cir. 1999) (“A State

Department report on country conditions is highly probative evidence in a

well-founded fear case.”). In addition, the IJ noted that Vera’s parents and her

brother, now an Estonian citizen, still live in Estonia, and yet the record does not

reflect that they suffered any persecution. See Tawm v. Ashcroft, 363 F.3d 740,
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743 (8th Cir. 2004) (finding that an alien did not establish a well-founded fear

where, inter alia, the alien’s family continued to live in Lebanon without incident). 

Thus, because the petitioners failed to establish past persecution on account of their

ethnicity or a well-founded fear of future persecution, substantial evidence

supported the IJ’s finding that they were not entitled to asylum. Moreover,

because they could not establish eligibility for asylum, the BIA and IJ properly

refused petitioners’ claims for withholding of removal. Nreka, 408 F.3d at 1369. 

B. Due Process Violations 

We review de novo an asylum applicant’s claim that due process rights were

violated during removal proceedings. Lonyem v. United States Att’y Gen., 352

F.3d 1338, 1341 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). To prevail on a due process

challenge to the sufficiency of removal proceedings, an alien must show that the

due process violation caused substantial prejudice, which typically requires a

showing that the outcome would have differed had the due process violation not

occurred. See Ibrahim v. INS, 821 F.2d 1547, 1550 (11th Cir. 1987). Here, the

Protsenkos argue that their due process rights were violated because they were not

given notice that they could be removed to Russia and because of the IJ’s alleged

anti-Russian bias.

1. Notice of Removal to Russia 
13

Aliens are entitled to the Fifth Amendment’s due process rights during

deportation proceedings. Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 306, 113 S. Ct. 1439, 1449

(1993). The Fifth Amendment’s guarantee of “[d]ue process is satisfied only by a

full and fair hearing.” Ibrahim, 821 F.2d at 1550. A fair hearing occurs when

applicants are given notice of the hearing and an opportunity to be heard. See Anin

v. Reno, 188 F.3d 1273, 1277 (11th Cir. 1999) (per curiam). Courts have found

due process was violated where an asylum applicant was not given proper notice of

a potential country of deportation and subsequently was ordered removed to that

country. See Kossov v. INS, 132 F.3d 405, 408 (7th Cir. 1998).

Based on the foregoing precedent, we conclude that petitioners’ argument

about a lack of notice they could be deported to Russia is without merit. The

record reflects that when asked to name a country of deportation at their hearing

before the IJ, the Protesenkos declined to name a particular country. 

Notwithstanding this, the government submitted a State Department Country

Report for Russia and there were extended colloquies in the record about the

petitioners’ ties to Russia and their interactions with the Russian government. In

addition, at one point in the record, the issue of denominating Russia as a potential

country of deportation was discussed. See AR at 81. Moreover, Vera Protsenko

was offered an opportunity to discuss why Russia would not be a suitable country

of deportation. See AR at 96-98. Accordingly, in contrast to the facts in Kossov,
 In addition, the petitioners argue that the IJ erred in making its removal order because it 3

failed to determine first whether they were “stateless.” Because a finding on the issue of

statelessness would not have impacted the analysis of petitioners’ asylum applications, see Najjar

F.3d at 1295, this argument is without merit. 

14

the record in this case reveals that the petitioners were given ample notice and an

opportunity to be heard on the issue of Russia as a potential country of deportation. 

Thus, we reject the petitioners’ argument that their due process rights were violated

by the purported failure to notify them that they could be deported to Russia. 

Additionally, we note that when an alien refuses to designate a removal country, as

in the instant case, the Attorney General has “very broad discretion” in specifying

the country to which the alien will be sent. Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1295. Because the

petitioners were ordered removed to a country pursuant to the regulations

established by 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(E), the IJ did not abuse its discretion in

denominating Russia as the country of deportation.3

2. IJ’s Alleged Bias

As we noted previously, due process requires that petitioners are afforded “a

full and fair hearing.” Ibrahim, 821 F.2d at 1550. Courts have recognized that due

process guarantees that petitioners in removal proceedings “are entitled to an

unbiased arbiter who has not prejudged their claims.” Ahmed v. Gonzales, 398

F.3d 722, 725 (6th Cir. 2005). Due process is violated when an IJ abandons the

role of neutral factfinder and becomes a partisan advocate in the proceedings. See
15

Reyes-Melendez v. INS, 342 F.3d 1001, 1006-07 (9th Cir. 2003). Where the IJ’s

inquiry and statements are supported by the record, however, there is no due

process violation. See id. 

Based on the foregoing, we reject petitioners’ due process claim regarding

the IJ’s bias. In characterizing the alleged attacks on petitioners by anti-Russian

groups, the IJ noted that these events stemmed from a “backlash” by Estonians

newly independent from the Soviet regime. Rather than showing a bias on the part

of the IJ, this characterization of events finds support in the record in the Country

Report for Estonia. See AR 172-73. Moreover, in contrast to situation in which

the IJ revealed its bias by aggressively questioning an asylum applicant, see, e.g.,

Reyes-Melendez, 342 F.3d at 1007, the record does not demonstrate that the IJ

actively questioned the petitioners or assumed the role of a partisan advocate. 

Moreover, assuming the IJ’s comments could be construed as a due process

violation, petitioners have failed to demonstrate they were substantially prejudiced. 

Because petitioners conceded removability, and because we have determined that

substantial evidence did support the IJ’s denial of their asylum application,

petitioners cannot show the outcome would have been different in the absence of

any due process violation. Accordingly, we reject petitioners’ due process claim

regarding the IJ’s purported bias. 

III. CONCLUSION 
16

 On appeal, Vera and Juri Protsenko petitioned for review of the BIA’s

affirmation of the IJ’s order denying their application for asylum and withholding

of removal and directing their removal to Russia. As we have explained, the IJ’s

denial of their asylum application was supported by substantial evidence and we

discern no reversible due process violations in the removal proceedings.

Accordingly, the PETITION is DENIED.