Change 1 (December 2015)

Parachute Rigger Handbook

U.S. Department of Transportation

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

Flight Standards Service

August 2015
iv
vii

Change 1 (December 2015)

This is an updated version of FAA-H-8083-17A, Parachute Rigger Handbook, dated August 2015. This version contains 

error corrections, revised graphics, and updated performance standards. All pages containing changes are marked with the 

change number and change date in the page footer. The original pagination has been maintained so that the revised pages 

may be replaced in lieu of repurchasing or reprinting the entire handbook. The changes made in this version are as follows:

• Updated Table of Contents page numbers (page ix).

• Replaced Figure 2-12 (page 2-8) with version from previous version of the handbook (FAA-H-8083-17, Figure 2-10).

• Revised the third sentence in the second paragraph in the left column of page 2-14: changed “3⁄8"” to “1⁄2".”

• Revised the caption for Figure 3-17 (page 3-7): changed “Tape” to “Webbing.”

• Revised the caption for Figure 3-18 (page 3-7): changed “Tape” to “Webbing.”

• Revised the last sentence in the first paragraph in the right column of page 7-2: changed “FAA-licensed” to “FAAcertificated.”

• Revised the third bullet under Square Canopy – Rib Repair in the right column of page 7-25: added “—mains and 

reserves; FAA Senior Parachute Rigger—mains.”

• Revised Figure G at the bottom of page 7-82: removed “+2"” after “X = Required length.”

• Revised Appendix A Table of Contents (page A-1): revised titles of new documents and updated page numbers.

• Revised Appendix A: replaced PIA TS-100—Standardized Nomenclature for Ram-Air Parachutes with latest version 

(pages A-3 – A-10).

• Revised Appendix A: replaced SAE AS 8015B—Minimum Performance Standards for Parachute Assemblies and 

Components with Personnel PIA TS 135—Performance Standards for Personnel Parachute Assemblies and Components

(pages A-26 – A-43)

• Revised Appendix A: updated page numbering for all documents (pages A3 – A-65).

Record of Changes

Change 1 (December 2015)
viii
Change 1 (December 2015) ix

Preface....................................................................iii

Acknowledgments..................................................v

Record of Changes...............................................vii

Table of Contents ..................................................ix

Chapter 1

Introduction to Parachute Rigging ....................1-1

Regulations and Human Factors....................................1-1

Parachute Rigger Certificates.........................................1-2

Eligibility and Requirements .....................................1-2

Earning a Parachute Rigger Certificate ......................1-2

Testing ....................................................................1-3

Alternate Means of Qualifying for a Parachute 

Rigger Certificate ...................................................1-3

Retesting .................................................................1-3

Responsibilities of a Certificated Parachute Rigger ......1-5

Facilities and Tools ....................................................1-5

Performance Standards ..............................................1-5

Currency Requirements .............................................1-6

Record Keeping .........................................................1-7

Sealing the Parachute .................................................1-8

Regulatory Compliance .................................................1-8

14 CFR part 1—Definitions .......................................1-8

14 CFR part 21, subpart O—Technical Standard 

Orders (TSO)..............................................................1-8

14 CFR part 39—Airworthiness Directives (ADs)....1-8

14 CFR part 91—General Operating and Flight 

Rules ..........................................................................1-9

14 CFR part 105, subpart C—Parachute 

Equipment and Packing .............................................1-9

Rigging Ethics ...............................................................1-9

Certification Specifications ........................................1-9

Pilot Versus Parachute Size........................................1-9

Parachute Service Life................................................1-9

Chapter Summary ........................................................1-10

Chapter 2

Design and Construction....................................2-1

Introduction....................................................................2-1

Parachute Design and Construction...............................2-2

Component Parts ...........................................................2-2

Main Parachute Canopy ............................................2-2

Reserve Parachute Canopy.........................................2-2

Emergency Parachute Canopy....................................2-2

Harness/Container......................................................2-2

Pilot Chutes and Bridles for the Main and 

Reserve Parachutes ................................................2-2

Ripcords or Equivalent Devices for the Main 

and Reserve Parachutes .........................................2-3

Deployment Devices for the Main and Reserve 

Parachutes...............................................................2-3

Main Parachute Release Mechanism and 

Associated Handles or Static Lines .......................2-3

Risers and Associated Steering Toggles.................2-3

TSO Standards...............................................................2-4

Canopy Design...............................................................2-5

Nomenclature .............................................................2-5

Construction Concepts and Techniques ....................2-5

Operational Theory.....................................................2-6

Materials.....................................................................2-6

Damage.......................................................................2-6

Containers...................................................................2-6

Configuration..............................................................2-7

Harness Design ..............................................................2-9

Bridles and Deployment Devices.................................2-11

Deployment Types ...................................................2-12

Type 1: Canopy First Deployment ......................2-12

Type 2: Two-Stow Diaper or Half Diaper ...........2-12

Type 3: Ascuitto or Piglet-Style Flat Diaper .......2-13

Type 4: Handbury or Preserve Full Diaper ..........2-13

Type 5: Free Bag .................................................2-13

Type 6: Sleeves.....................................................2-13

Bridles ......................................................................2-15

Pilot Chutes .................................................................2-17

Spring-Loaded Pilot Chutes.....................................2-17

Hand Deploy Pilot Chutes .......................................2-17

Automatic Activation Devices (AADs) and 

Reserve Static Lines (RSLs) .......................................2-18

Automatic Activation Devices ................................2-18

Operation..................................................................2-19

Reserve Static Line (RSL) Systems ........................2-21

RSL Designs.............................................................2-21

Table of Contents
x Change 1 (December 2015)

Main Riser Attachment.........................................2-22

Ripcord Cable Routing ........................................2-23

RSL Lanyard and Container Mount ....................2-23

Joint Efficiency .....................................................2-24

Chapter Summary ........................................................2-25

Chapter 3

Materials...............................................................3-1

Introduction....................................................................3-1

Specifications.................................................................3-2

Fabrics............................................................................3-2

Webbing and Tapes........................................................3-3

Webbing Selection .....................................................3-4

Cords, Lines, and Threads ............................................3-8

Hardware......................................................................3-12

Plastics and Synthetics.................................................3-20

Fasteners ......................................................................3-21

Housings ......................................................................3-22

Ripcords, Cables, and Swages.....................................3-24

Miscellaneous ..............................................................3-26

Chapter Summary ........................................................3-26

Chapter 4

Operations............................................................4-1

Introduction ...................................................................4-1

Sport Parachute Main Packing Techniques ...................4-2

Deployment and Inflation Characteristics......................4-8

Main Pilot Chute ........................................................4-9

Bridle Length............................................................4-10

Rubber Bands...........................................................4-10

Assembly of the Main Canopy To The Harness

 and Container..............................................................4-11

Assembly of Components and Compatibility..............4-13

Reserve Bag Extraction Force..................................4-14

TSO Certification and Placard Limitations..............4-14

Harness Strength.......................................................4-14

Volume .....................................................................4-16

Deployment Type.....................................................4-16

Chapter Summary ........................................................4-17

Chapter 5

Inspection and Packing ......................................5-1

Introduction....................................................................5-1

Identification ..................................................................5-2

Inspection.......................................................................5-2

Component Compatibility ..........................................5-4

Round Canopies and Pilot Emergency Systems.........5-7

Straightening the Canopy ...........................................5-7

Damage Identification ................................................5-8

Pilot Chute and Bridle ................................................5-8

Reserve Canopy..........................................................5-9

Suspension Lines and Connector Links...................5-10

Harness.....................................................................5-11

Container..................................................................5-12

Ripcord .....................................................................5-12

Airing and Drying ....................................................5-13

Ram-Air Reserves and Sport Piggyback Systems....5-13

Pilot Chute and Free Bag/Bridle...........................5-13

Ram-Air Reserve Canopy.....................................5-13

Canopy Assembly and Line Continuity................5-14

Inspection..............................................................5-16

Harness .................................................................5-17

Container...............................................................5-17

Ripcord .................................................................5-18

Rigging and Repairs.....................................................5-19

Packing.........................................................................5-19

Round Canopy into a Pilot Emergency 

Parachute System .....................................................5-20

Layout...................................................................5-20

Pleating the Canopy..............................................5-21

Fold the Skirt ........................................................5-22

Closing the Diaper and Stowing the Lines...........5-23

Skirt or Diaper Placement.....................................5-24

Accordion Folding the Canopy.............................5-25

Closing the Container ...........................................5-25

Ripcord Pull Force ...................................................5-27

Sealing the Parachute ...............................................5-27

Ram-Air Reserve into a Sport Piggyback System....5-28

Assembling the Reserve System...........................5-28

Ram-Air Reserve into a Two-Pin Piggyback ..........5-38

Documentation.............................................................5-39

Chapter Summary ........................................................5-42

Chapter 6

Hand Tools, Sewing Machines, and the 

Parachute Loft .....................................................6-1

Introduction....................................................................6-1

Hand Tools.....................................................................6-2

Hand Tools Description..............................................6-2

Sewing Machines.........................................................6-14

Identification and Nomenclature ..............................6-16

Sewing Theory.............................................................6-18

Needles.....................................................................6-20

Operation..................................................................6-21

Installing the Needle and Threading the Machine....6-21

Machine Maintenance ..............................................6-23

Sewing Machine Attachments..................................6-24

The Parachute Loft.......................................................6-24

Packing and Inspection Area ................................6-25

Work Area Including Layout Tables and 

Sewing Machines..................................................6-26
Change 1 (December 2015) xi

Harness Table and Machines................................6-27

Cutting Table ........................................................6-27

Metal Working Area .............................................6-27

Office Area ...............................................................6-27

Materials Storage Area.............................................6-28

Chapter Summary ........................................................6-28

Chapter 7

Repairs, Alterations, and Manufacture..............7-1

Introduction....................................................................7-1

Inspection Process..........................................................7-2

Major or Minor Repairs.................................................7-8

Contamination Conditions.............................................7-8

Acid Contamination .................................................7-10

Action ...................................................................7-10

Salt Water Contamination ........................................7-10

Action ...................................................................7-10

Removal of Perspiration...........................................7-10

Removal of Fresh Water...........................................7-10

Removal of Mildew..................................................7-10

Removal of Petroleum Products...............................7-10

Removal of Bloodstains...........................................7-10

Removal of Soil........................................................7-10

Drying a Parachute ...................................................7-11

Cleaning the Parachute ............................................7-11

Hand Washing (If Absolutely Necessary)............7-11

Approved Data .............................................................7-11

Types of Approved Data ..........................................7-12

Repair Techniques .......................................................7-12

Section 1, Canopy and Lines .......................................7-13

Detailed Information on Square Canopy Repairs.....7-14

Materials...................................................................7-14

Seam Restitching......................................................7-15

Procedure ..............................................................7-15

Inspection..............................................................7-15

Canopy Ripstop Tape Repair ...................................7-16

Procedure ..............................................................7-16

Inspection..............................................................7-17

Round and Square Canopy—Basic Patch Repair.....7-17

Procedure ..............................................................7-18

Round Canopy—Panel Replacement.......................7-21

Procedure ..............................................................7-21

Inspection..............................................................7-22

Square Canopy—Partial Panel Replacement ...........7-22

Procedure ..............................................................7-22

Inspection..............................................................7-25

Square Canopy—Rib Repair....................................7-25

Procedure ..............................................................7-25

Inspection..............................................................7-28

Square Canopy—Pilot Chute Attachment Point 

Repair .......................................................................7-28

Procedure ..............................................................7-28

Inspection..............................................................7-30

Round Canopy—Non-continuous Line 

Replacement.............................................................7-30

Procedure ..............................................................7-30

Inspection..............................................................7-31

Square Canopy—Main Line Replacement...............7-31

Procedure ..............................................................7-31

Inspection..............................................................7-32

Square Canopy—Control Line Replacement...........7-33

Procedure ..............................................................7-33

Continuous Line Method..........................................7-34

Non-continuous Line Method ..................................7-34

Inspection..............................................................7-35

Square Canopy—Crossport Repair..........................7-36

Procedure ..............................................................7-36

Inspection..............................................................7-36

Square Canopy—Trim Check and Re-trim..............7-37

Procedure ..............................................................7-37

Inspection..............................................................7-38

Section 2, Container.....................................................7-38

Container Fabric Panel Repair .................................7-38

Procedure ..............................................................7-39

Binding Tape Repair or Splice .............................7-39

Hidden Patches .....................................................7-40

Overlay Patches....................................................7-40

Single-Side Fabric Patches...................................7-41

Inspection..............................................................7-42

Container Grommet Replacement............................7-42

Procedure ..............................................................7-42

Material Repair and Grommet Replacement............7-43

Inspection..............................................................7-43

Container Velcro® Replacement ..............................7-43

Procedure ..............................................................7-43

Inspection..............................................................7-44

Container Plastic Stiffener Replacement..................7-44

Procedure ..............................................................7-44

Main Container Side Flap Replacement...................7-46

Procedure ..............................................................7-46

Inspection..............................................................7-48

Bottom of Container (BOC) Pocket Replacement ...7-48

Procedure ..............................................................7-48

Inspection..............................................................7-49

Ring Release Housing Replacement ........................7-49

Procedure ..............................................................7-49

Inspection..............................................................7-50
xii Change 1 (December 2015)

Section 3, Harness and Risers......................................7-51

Chest Strap Replacement..........................................7-51

Procedure ..............................................................7-51

Inspection..............................................................7-54

Lower Leg Strap Shortening ....................................7-54

Procedure ..............................................................7-54

Inspection..............................................................7-55

Ripcord Pocket Velcro® Replacement .....................7-55

Procedure ..............................................................7-55

Inspection..............................................................7-56

Articulated Upper Leg Hardware Replacement.......7-56

Procedure ..............................................................7-56

Inspection..............................................................7-56

Standard Harness Main Lift Web Replacement.......7-57

Background...........................................................7-58

Procedure ..............................................................7-59

Inspection..............................................................7-62

Main Riser 3-Ring Locking Loop Replacement ......7-62

Procedure ..............................................................7-63

Main Riser Steering Toggle Velcro® Replacement..7-64

Procedure ..............................................................7-64

Inspection..............................................................7-65

Section 4, Accessory Components...............................7-65

Reserve Pilot Chute Repair—Mesh, Tackings, 

and Bad Grommet ....................................................7-65

Procedure ..............................................................7-65

Inspection..............................................................7-66

Inspection..............................................................7-67

Reserve Free Bag Repair—Grommet Pullout..........7-67

Procedure ..............................................................7-67

Inspection..............................................................7-68

Main Pilot Chute Repair—Top Canopy 

Reinforcing...............................................................7-68

Procedure ..............................................................7-68

Inspection..............................................................7-69

Main Pilot Chute Collapsible Bridle Replacement ..7-69

Procedure ..............................................................7-69

Inspection..............................................................7-71

Main Deployment Bag Repair—Closing Flap 

Grommet Pullout......................................................7-72

Procedure ..............................................................7-72

Inspection..............................................................7-73

Section 5, Alterations...................................................7-73

Articulated Harness Main Lift Web (MLW) 

Resizing....................................................................7-73

Procedure ..............................................................7-74

Leg Pad Resizing......................................................7-74

Procedure ..............................................................7-75

Inspection..............................................................7-77

Automatic Activation Device (AAD) Installation....7-77

Procedure ..............................................................7-77

Built-In Channel Modification Configuration ......7-78

Adhesive Channel Installation..............................7-78

Cutter Channel and Elastic Installation ................7-79

Inspection..............................................................7-80

Section 6, Manufacturing.............................................7-80

Main and Reserve Closing Loop Manufacture.........7-80

Procedure ..............................................................7-80

Inspection..............................................................7-82

Main Deployment Bag .............................................7-82

Procedure ..............................................................7-83

Inspection..............................................................7-84

Bottom of Container (BOC) Pocket.........................7-85

Procedure ..............................................................7-85

Inspection..............................................................7-86

Section 7, Manufacturing.............................................7-86

Hand Tacking Techniques........................................7-86

Procedure ..............................................................7-87

Cleaning and Washing Procedures...........................7-89

Background...........................................................7-89

Colorfastness............................................................7-89

Procedure ..............................................................7-89

Chapter Summary ........................................................7-90

Appendix A..........................................................A-1

Glossary ..............................................................G-1

Index ......................................................................I-1
2-8

Figure 2-10. Modern military container. 

Figure 2-11. Square reserve hesitator loop configuration.

Figure 2-12. Non-restrictive container corners. 

most influential concept in the evolving container design. 

Cones were replaced by fabric closing loops, and main 

ripcords and pins were replaced by hand deploy bridles and 

locking pins. It was no longer necessary to compress the 

spring-loaded pilot chute inside the container. Thru closing 

loops were used to compress the pack and make it thinner to 

conform to the body shape. The use of deployment bags and 

other devices helped provide shaping to the container. This 

was true for both square and round canopies.

Today, most modern container designs have completely done 

away with frames and bow stiffeners. This has resulted in 

smaller, more flexible, more comfortable, and more efficient 

container designs. Instead of metal stiffeners, nylon plastic 

is used to reinforce the container flaps for backing the 

grommets. The nylon is lighter, easier to work with, and 

cheaper. Many of the modern military designs now follow the 

design concepts pioneered by the sport industry as they have 

proven better and more cost effective. Figure 2-10 shows a 

modern military container.

Modern Design Concepts 

The containers of today do more than simply enclose the 

canopy and deployment device. Sport containers in particular 

need to be designed so that they contribute to the deployment 

needs of the specific parachute. Piggyback designs have 

separate requirements for the main and reserve containers.

The reserve container is generally small, tight, and mostly 

wedge-shaped. Virtually all popular sport systems are 

designed around the use of a ram-air canopy. The deployment 

method of choice is a Type 5 deployment bag. In the early 

days of the ram-air reserve, there were certain container 

design requirements specified by the manufacturers which 

are listed below: 

1. A hesitator loop configuration secures the bridle 

and holds the bag in until the reserve pilot chute is 

deployed and under drag. [Figure 2-11]

2. Nonrestrictive corners to allow the bag to be lifted 

off by the bridle in the event of a horseshoe-type 

malfunction. [Figure 2-12]

Change 1 (December 2015)
2-14

Figure 2-30. Safety Stow®. 

Figure 2-28. Hesitator loops.

Figure 2-29. Para-Flite O-rings.

Figure 2-27. Tail pocket.

Securing the Deployment Device 

With all deployment methods, it is necessary to properly 

fold or stow the canopy and secure the deployment device 

with the lines. The early parachutes utilized hesitator loops 

to secure the lines. [Figure 2-28] This method is still used 

today in many military systems.

In modern designs that utilize types 1 through 4 and 6, 

the preferred method of locking the deployment device is 

rubber bands. The specification for standard rubber bands 

is MIL-R-1832. Type 1 are made of natural rubber and are 

1

⁄2" × 2". These were designed for use with the thicker Type 

III nylon lines such as on the 28' C-9 canopy. Many of the 

newer lightweight, round canopies use smaller diameter and 

fewer lines. Consequently, the standard rubber bands do not 

work well. Some manufacturers supply smaller, 11⁄4" diameter 

rubber bands to be used with their canopies. It is extremely 

important to utilize the correct size rubber bands.

With the introduction of the free bag system in 1977, ParaFlite, Inc., used a BUNA-N “O” ring to secure the locking 

stows. [Figure 2-29] During testing of the free bag system, 

they found inconsistent holding and breaking strengths of 

rubber bands. They wanted the locking stows to release at a 

consistent force to prevent bag lock. The “O” rings provided 

this. A couple of years later, the “O” rings were upgraded to 

a thicker diameter model. In 1983, Para-Flite, Inc. replaced 

the “O” rings with the Safety Stow®. The Safety Stow® is 

a continuous loop of elastic shock cord that runs through a 

webbing channel and through two grommets to secure the 

first two locking stows. [Figure 2-30] In the event of any 

restriction on the locking stow, as the loop stretches, it allows 

first one side to release and then the opposite side. 

It is important to maintain the rubber bands or Safety Stow®. 

Rubber bands are susceptible to heat degradation and may dry 

out. If they break prematurely during use, the parachute may 

malfunction. Non-mil. specification rubber bands may react to 

natural brass grommets and may become gummy and sticky, 

causing the lines to stick to the diaper or bag. Rubber bands 

should be replaced during routine Inspection and Repack. 

[Figure 2-31A and B] The BUNA-N “O” rings should be 

replaced with the Safety Stow®. The Safety Stow® should 

be inspected for broken stitching or internal rubber strands. 

[Figure 2-32]

In response to occasional violent openings on ram-air 

canopies, Parachute Labs (Jump Shack) in 2003 introduced 

the “speed bag” to eliminate “line dump” (line strip). The 

lines are retained in rubber bands 25 percent in from the edge 

of the bag. This balances the mass of the stows between the 

Change 1 (December 2015)
3-7

Specification:

Strength:

Identification:

Common Use:

Comment:

PIA-W-4088

500 lb

2/2 HB twill, 9/16" width, no color 

code

Stow band retainer loops on main 

deployment bags

N/A

Specification:

Strength:

Identification:

Common Use:

Comment:

PIA-W-4088

2,500 lb

2/2 HB twill, 123/32" width, red 

centerline

Buffer strips, harness attachment 

straps on Navy containers

N/A

Specification:

Strength:

Identification:

Common Use:

Comment:

PIA-W-4088

1,800 lb

2/2 HB twill, 3" width, some slider 

edge tapes

Confluence wraps, container 

reinforcing

Not to be confused with 5038 Ty-4 

square weave.

Specification:

Strength:

Identification:

Common Use:

Comment:

PIA-W-4088

6,000 lb

Double plain weave, 123/32" width, 1

/16" thick, with yellow tracer thread 

at each selvage edge

Modern sport harness, risers

Originally intended for cargo 

netting use; also used in sport 

harnesses

Figure 3-17. 9⁄16" Type-1 Webbing. Figure 3-19. Type-6 Webbing.

Figure 3-18. 3" Type-4 Webbing.

Figure 3-20. Type-7 Webbing.

Change 1 (December 2015)
7-2

As stated in Chapter 1 of this handbook, Regulations and 

Human Factors, it is imperative that riggers be able to 

distinguish between minor and major repairs. This ensures 

that riggers do not exceed the limitations of their certificate 

or endanger the parachute user. The basic rule for repairs is 

to return the damaged parachute or component to its original 

airworthy configuration. However, in many instances, the 

remanufacture of the parachute may not be practical or cost 

effective. In these cases, there are approved repair techniques 

riggers can use to return the parachute to service. These 

techniques form an important part of the rigger’s store of 

knowledge. To make a decision as to the confirmation for the 

possible need for repairs, we must first understand the Federal 

Aviation Administration (FAA) requirement of inspection.

Inspection Process

Chapter 5 of this handbook, Inspection and Packing, 

addresses the purpose of the 180-day cycle as required by 

the FAA. This action insures that the approved/certificated 

parachute assembly meets the standards and conditions for 

safe return to service; it also become the cornerstone of the 

maintenance and repair process.

The confirmation of wear or damage is critical in the 

determination of actions that may be needed as set forth in 

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 

43 and key in the assessment of actions and clarity of the 

repair that may need to be performed.

As is the character of any device or object, use and physical 

location conditions (heat, moisture, sand, dirt) over time 

cause wear to an item and, on occasion, misuse or improper 

actions during use result in damage. Certain parts or areas of 

a device incur more wear or damage according to use, action 

of handling, and contact with other components. Knowledge 

of this aspect should require increased or location specific 

consideration during the inspection process. 

This recognition possibility of high-wear components or areas 

does not decrease or eliminate the inspection of any other 

part of the parachute assembly. It only identifies that the wear 

or damage probabilities are greater at these locations. These 

areas are referred to as common wear or damage patterns 

and apply to both round and square parachutes and parachute 

assemblies. These types of common wear/damage pattern 

applies in greater detail to the parachute that is utilized as 

the main parachute and deployed on each jump in sport use. 

The inspection of a reserve canopy after deployment 

should be very concise and complete. Much care should 

be taken for a very thorough inspection of the parachute 

and related components. Parachutes are manufactured in 

two categories: approved (certificated) and non-approved 

(non-certificated). All reserve emergency use parachutes 

are approved (certificated) and are tested to FAA-required 

Technical Standard Order (TSO) standards. They are used 

and maintained by FAA standards (inspection and repaired 

by FAA-cetificated rigger or the manufacturer) as airframe 

and powerplant (A&P) mechanics are used. 

Non-approved or non-certificated parachutes are generally 

main parachutes, and related components, which can be 

packed, used, and repaired outside of FAA maintenance and 

repair requirements. Rigger inspections and rigger repairs 

are highly recommended but not required. Inspection of 

and approved (certificated) parachute calls for inspection 

of all related components, which are listed below. Related 

components are parts of the parachute, deployment system, 

harness, and container system, and any item that has 

responsibility for containment, deployment, or operation of 

an approved (certificated) parachute and are a critical part 

of the assembly. They must be inspected for use the same as 

the reserve parachute. 

• Deployment bag (freebag, safety stow)

• Bridle and pilot chute 

• Slider, slider fabric, and grommets 

• Rapid links (soft links)

• Rapid link covers (soft link covers)

• All seams and seam fabric

• Suspension lines and line attachments

• Ripcord housing and attachments

• Ripcord assembly

• Upper and lower skins of canopy, all load and non-load 

bearing ribs, all cross ports

All of these areas can sustain wear or damage during normal 

use. The event of use at very high speeds can be contributed 

to the possibility of increased damage from exceeding the 

maximum speed allowed during deployment.

During inspection of certificated/approved parachutes, 

it is advisable to map related damage found on a chart 

which is shown in Figure 7-1. This chart can be used to 

describe the location of needed repair to a customer, assist 

in quickly locating the damage, and answer questions that 

the manufacturer may have relating to possible repair. 

[Figure 7-1]

If a rigger were to receive a damaged sport main canopy for 

repair, it would be advantageous to gain as much information 

as possible as to the cause and situation that created the 

damage. Inspection of the canopy should be as follows:

Change 1 (December 2015)
7-25

11. Check the tension of the new partial panel piece 

against the edges of the other panels that formed the 

original seam. They should all be equal. [Figure K]

12. Refold the original seam with the three panel edges and 

stitch as per the original seam. [Figure L] Overstitch 

a minimum of 2 inches on each end.

13. If a line attachment has been removed for the repair, 

the tab must be replaced. Make sure that the line/tab 

does not have a twist in it. Locate it at the correct 

location and reattach as per original.

Inspection

• Check the fabric tension of the replaced panel. It 

should be equal to that in the remainder of the cell.

• Spanwise reinforcing tape should be straight and sewn.

• Seams should be folded correctly and thread tension 

even along both rows of stitching.

• Line should be attached correctly and have no twists.

Square Canopy—Rib Repair

• Applicable products: square canopies; main and 

reserve

• Description: Rib repair on a square canopy

• Authorized repairmen: FAA Master Parachute 

Rigger —mains and reserves; FAA Senior Parachute 

Rigger—mains 

• Materials: E thread; fabric—type and color to match, 

reinforcing tape—type and color as per original

• Machines: 301 dtraight dtitch—medium duty 7–11 

SPI, 1 inch × 42 stitch bar tack, double needle with 

puller attachment (optional) and SPI to match original

• Equipment: Scissors, seam ripper, marking pencil, 

ruler, pin board, straight pins, and patching square

Procedure

Repairing a rib of a square canopy is similar to doing a 

partial panel repair. The biggest difference comes when the 

rib is either:

1. A “loaded” rib or one with support tapes for the line 

attachment points, or 

2. A crossport is damaged and needs to be repaired 

and recut. In this case, the crossport area needs 

replacement. [Figure A]

Disassembly

1. Determine the extent of the damaged area and unpick 

the top and bottom seams to access the rib. [Figure B]

In most cases, restitching the rib to the top and bottom 

panels is fairly straightforward. Because of this, 

opening up the seam for a good distance (18 inches 

plus either side of the proposed patch) allows easier 

access and sewing.

2. Pin the damaged rib to the pin board to stabilize the 

material for marking. Mark out the damaged portion 

of the panel, following the weave of the fabric. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-1

PIA TS-100—Standardized Nomenclature for Ram-Air Parachutes ........................................................................A-3

PIA TS-108—Parachute Canopy Fabric Pull Test, Non-Destructive Method ........................................................A-16

TSO C23d—Personnel Parachute Assemblies ........................................................................................................A-24

PIA TS 135—Performance Standards for Personnel Parachute Assemblies and Components...............................A-26

TSO C23c—Personnel Parachute Assemblies.........................................................................................................A-44

TSO C23b—Parachutes...........................................................................................................................................A-46

TSO C23f—Personnel Parachute Assemblies and Components.............................................................................A-48

NAS 804—Specification–Parachutes ......................................................................................................................A-54

Senior Rigger Training Syllabus..............................................................................................................................A-59

Master Rigger Training Syllabus.............................................................................................................................A-63

Change 1 (December 2015)

Technical Documents

Appendix A
A-2
A-3

Page 1 of 8

PIA Technical Standard 100

Parachute Industry Association Publications

March 27, 2015

Standardized Nomenclature for Ram-Air Parachutes

Introduction

This Technical Standard was adopted by the Parachute Industry Association (PIA) on March 27, 2015.

Input concerning revisions and additions should be submitted to:

Parachute Industry Association, Inc.

Attention: Technical Committee Chair

3833 West Oakton Street

Skokie, IL 60076

Telephone: 847-674-9472

Fax: 847-674-9743

Email: TechComChair@pia.com

Definitions

Airlock: On a canopy, a valve which permits air flow more easily in one direction, and restricts airflow in 

the opposite direction. In most case, airlocks are installed in the nose of the canopy to permit air to enter 

during deployment and flight, and restrict air from flowing out the nose to ensure better pressurization in 

turbulent air. 

Angle of

Attack: The angle formed between the flight path and the chord line. The Greek letter alpha (α) 

is used to denote the angle of attack. See Figure 3.

Trim: The angle formed between the horizontal reference line and the trim line. The Greek letter 

theta (θ) is used to denote the angle of trim. Used instead of the somewhat analogous aircraft 

term “angle of incidence.” See Figure 1b.

Area, 

Airfoil Section: The finished cross sectional area of a given rib (airfoil) section. When ribs are 

not identical, the specific rib must be identified. Used for calculations of pack volume and internal 

volume of canopy.

Planform: The product of the average chord times the average span of the canopy.

Projected: The area of an inflated canopy as viewed from above, perpendicular to the chord line 

at the centerline of the parachute. Due to canopy curvature and cell inflation bulging the projected 

area is always smaller than the planform area.

Aspect Ratio: Span2

/Area, which for a rectangular planform reduces to Span/Chord. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
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Attachment Point: A loop of tape, webbing, or the functional equivalent, for attaching something to the 

surface of the canopy.

Pilot Chute. An attachment point for the pilot chute or pilot chute bridle, including any 

reinforcement to reduce the effects of abrasion, and also including any additional rib- or canopyreinforcing tapes intended to distribute the load from the pilot chute to the canopy.

Suspension Line. An attachment point for a suspension line or control line. Some canopies use 

extensions of rib-reinforcing or flare-reinforcing load tapes to form line attachment points. See 

also Flare, Suspension Line Attachment.

Cell: The chamber formed by upper and lower surfaces and two adjacent loadbearing ribs.

Channel, 

Drawstring: A fabric or tape channel that encloses a drawstring, most often found on main 

canopy sliders. 

Pilot Chute Reefing: A channel that runs through the center of the canopy, from upper surface

to the lower surface, to allow the pilot chute bridle to connect to the slider. 

Chord: The distance from the farthest forward point to the farthest aft point on an airfoil section. If the 

canopy airfoil sections are not identical, an average chord may be specified. Airfoil dimensions are 

assumed to be finished dimensions unless otherwise specified. See also Span, and Line (Design), 

Chord.

Construction,

Chordwise: A construction method in which upper and lower surfaces are assembled from 

panels which run from front to rear (chordwise) and are joined to the ribs and each other using a 

variety of sewn seams. The most common type of ram-air parachute construction. 

Spanwise: A construction method in which the upper and lower surfaces are assembled from 

panels that run from side to side (spanwise) across the full width of the canopy. Personnel 

parachutes usually require three or four panels each for the upper and lower surfaces.

Crossports: Holes cut in the rib sections to balance the air pressure between adjacent chambers.

Drawstring, Slider: A length of tape or line which may be pulled to collapse or remove a slider after 

deployment.

Flare, Suspension Line Attachment: An extension of a load bearing rib used on some canopies to 

distribute suspension line loads along the lower rib seams. A suspension line attachment flare may be 

integral with the rib or may be sewn to it.

Line (Design),

Chord: A line drawn through the farthest forward point and the farthest aft point on an airfoil 

section. See Figure 3.

Reference, Horizontal: A line drawn at a right angle to the Vertical Reference Line. Usage is 

equivalent to the practice of using the aircraft longitudinal axis as an aircraft reference line. See 

Figure 3.

Reference, Vertical: A line drawn through the links and the quarter chord point.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-5

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Trim: A line drawn through the farthest forward and farthest aft line attachment points (excluding

control line attachment points). See Figure 1b.

Line (Rigging), 

Cascade: A line attached with one end at the canopy and the other end to an intermediate point 

of an adjacent line. Contrast with Continuous.

Continuous: A line attached with one end at the canopy and the other end at the riser of 

connector link. Contrast with Cascade.

Control: A line fastened to the trailing edge of the canopy, used to steer and modulate the

forward speed and descent rate of the parachute. Also known as steering or brake line.

Flare: A control line intended primarily for flaring the canopy for landing, but which may 

also for steering. Also known as Secondary control lines, in which case the remaining 

control lines are known as Primary control lines.

Brake-Toggle: When a control line is constructed in sections, that portion of the line 

between the toggle and the deployment set eye (“cat-eye”).

Lower: When a control line is constructed in sections, that portion of the line between 

the deployment set eye and the upper portion.

Upper: When a control line is constructed in sections, that portion of the line between 

the canopy and where it converges with other lines attached to the canopy.

Identification System for: 

Suspension lines: lettered “A,” “B,” “C,” . . . from front to rear along each load-bearing 

seam. Numbered from outboard to inboard (outboard lines numbered “1”; see Figure 2a ) 

or inboard to outboard (lines on center load-bearing seams numbered “1”; see Figure 2b).

Control lines: numbered by rib seam, including non-load-bearing ribs, from outboard to 

inboard. See Figures 2a and 2b.

Suspension: One of the lines that carries the load from the canopy surface to the risers. Control 

lines are usually not considered suspension lines.

Pilot Chute Controlled Reefing (PCR): A parachute reefing system that uses the drag of the pilot chute 

to modulate the opening rate of the canopy.

Planform: The overall shape of the wing as viewed from above, perpendicular to the chord line.

Quarter Chord Point: a point on the chord line one quarter of the distance from the nose to the tail of 

an airfoil.

 

Removable Deployment System (RDS): A slider variation that permits the slider to be removed and 

stowed separately after deployment. “Full RDS” is a further variation that also permits the pilot chute, 

bridle, and deployment bag to be removed and stowed after deployment.

Rib: A section of fabric installed between the upper and lower surfaces of a canopy. Used to establish the 

airfoil shaped of the canopy. Rib numbering systems (for example, from outboard to inboard, or from 

inboard to outboard) vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-6

Page 4 of 8

Rib, crossbrace: A rib or partial rib installed at an angle other than a 90° angle to the upper and 

lower surfaces of a canopy.

Rib, loadbearing: A rib to which suspension lines are attached, installed at a 90° angle to the 

upper and lower surfaces of a canopy.

Rib, non-loadbearing: A rib without attached suspension lines, installed at a 90° angle to the 

upper and lower surfaces of a canopy.

Rib, stabilizer: A stabilizer-end rib assembly with line attachments along the lower edge.

Rigging, 

Crown: A suspension line length pattern in which all “A” lines are the same length across the 

span of the canopy, all “B” lines are the same length across the span of the canopy, and similarly 

all “C” and “D” lines, etc. 

Flat: A suspension line length pattern in which the lines in the center of the canopy are shorter 

than the lines farther outboard. In flight, the center part of the airfoil is flatter and creates more 

vertical lift than a crown-rigged canopy, which generates lift along the radius of the spanwise arc.

Setting,

Deployment: The position of the trailing edge when the control lines are pulled down to their 

deployment position.

Full-Flight: The position of the trailing edge when the control lines are fully extended.

Slider: A parachute reefing device usually consisting of a rectangular section of canopy cloth reinforced 

on the edges with lightweight webbing or tape, and with a large grommet or D-ring installed at each 

corner. Sliders may have fabric removed from the rectangular section or may have fabric edge extensions 

installed to change opening characteristics. Slider variations include:

• Domed, with a planform similar to a flat rectangular slider, but with fabric pleated along the edges.

• Split, capable of being disassembled into halves after deployment .

• Spider, made of two lengths of webbing sewn in an “X,” and usually used with pilot chute 

controlled reefing. See Pilot Chute Controlled Reefing (PCR).

• Removable. See Removable Deployment System.

Slider Bumper: A small device, typically made from vinyl/silicon tubing, Type-4 tape, or Type-12 

webbing, installed at the lower end of the suspension lines to prevent damage to the slider grommets 

caused by the slider contacting the connector links.

Slider Stop: A small piece of rigid material (metal, plastic, phenolic, etc.) normally covered in tape or light 

webbing, installed on the lower edge of a stabilizer panels to prevent a slider grommet from riding up over 

the stabilizer material and damaging the stabilizers or the slider. 

Slider Stop Chafing Pad: A tape or fabric reinforcement installed on a stabilizer at a slider stop to 

reduce wear from abrasion.

Soft link: A connector link constructed primarily of fabric or tape.

Span: The distance from one side of a canopy to the opposite side. Measurements taken at various 

distances aft of the nose will yield different results, Measurements taken across the upper surface will 

typically be longer than those taken across the lower. An average span, or separate leading and trailing 

edge dimensions, may be specified. Airfoil dimensions are assumed to be finished dimensions unless 

otherwise specified. See also Chord.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-7

Page 5 of 8

Stabilizer: A fabric panel installed at the end of a canopy, intended primarily to reduce wingtip vortices 

(much as an end plate on an aircraft wing), and to provide some directional stability. Some stabilizer

designs are ram-air pressurized for additional rigidity.

Tapes, Reinforcement: A tape installed in the canopy to provide additional strength or dimensional 

stability. Tapes are identified by location.

Cross Tapes: A reinforcing tape that runs spanwise on the upper or lower surface to distribute 

loads through the canopy. With chordwise construction, a cross tape typically runs from a line 

attachment point to laterally adjacent line attachment point, although some may run from a 

suspension line attachment point diagonally to a control line attachment point. With spanwise 

construction, a cross tape may be rolled into a seam joining spanwise panels.

Leading Edge Tape: A tape applied to or rolled into the leading edge of a upper or lower panel. 

May be continuous across the span of the canopy.

Line Attachment Reinforcement Tape: A tape sewn chordwise into a seam at a line 

attachment point.

Load Tape: A tape applied to a rib section and used to distribute the load from a line attachment 

to the canopy. When applied in a “V” may also be known as a “V-tape.” In some canopies, load 

tapes may extend through the lower seam to become line attachment points.

Rib Leading Edge Tape: A tape applied to or rolled into the leading edge of a rib section.

Trailing Edge Tape: A tape applied to or rolled into the trailing edge seam. Usually continuous 

across the span of the canopy.

Toggle, Control: A grip attached to the end of the control line to allow the user an adequate handhold on 

the line. Most commonly consists of a tape/webbing loop or a hard plastic dowel. Typically supplied as 

part of the container assembly.

Trim: The arrangement of differential line lengths to produce a desired trim angle and anhedral. See 

also Angle of Trim. See Figures 1a and 1b.

Vent, Lower Surface: An opening in the lower surface to provide an alternate path for pressurization 

during deployment (“inflation vent”) or depressurization during flight (“accuracy vent”). 

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-8

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Change 1 (December 2015)
A-9

Page 7 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-10

Page 8 of 8

Figure 3. Angle of attack.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-11

Figure 1.

Slider

Lower control line

Upper control line

Line set 1

Line set 4

Cross tapes

Full cell 1 Half cell 6R

Half cell 2L

Full cell 1

Risers

Control toggle

Note: In this view

 “B” lines are cascaded to “A” lines

 “D” lines are cascaded to “C” lines

Note: All numbering/lettering precedence is left to right and front to rear (relative to direction of flight).

“A” suspension

line length

“B” line

“A” line

“C” line

“D” line

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-12

Crossports

Spanwise construction

panels shown

Spanwise seam

Stabilizer panel

Trailing edge tape (rolled inside seam)

Trailing edge

Upper

leading

edge tape

Lower leading edge tape

Leading edge

Loaded ribs

Non-loaded ribs

Load tapes

8

7

7

6

6

6

5

4

4

1 2 3 4

3

3

2

2

1

1 2 3

1

Direction of flight

SPAN

CHORD

Figure 2. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-13

4

Measurements are trim dimensions. 1 2 3

Measurement is used to specify full flight

and deployment brake setting relative to “A” line length.

Note: “A” line length +1 = “B” line length

 “A” line length +1+2 = “C” line length

 “A” line length +1+2+3 = “D” line length

 “A” line length +4 = control line length

 for full-flight setting

 “A” line length +4 = control line length for

 deployment brake settings

1

2

3

4

“B” line “C” line “D” line

Airfoil section

“A” line length

Control lines

Note: In this view, suspension lines are not cascaded.

FF

DB

Loaded Rib with Directly Attached Suspension Lines Showing

Suspension Line Measurements and Trim Dimensions

Loaded Rib Using Flares for Suspension Line Attachments

Note: Trim and rigging information is 

 the same as shown in Figure 3A.

Flares

Lower

surface

Upper

surface

Figure 3B. 

Figure 3A. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-14

Half Cell Chordwise Construction

Lower surface panels

Loaded ribs

Typical

Non-loaded ribs

Upper surface panels

Section view from front

Full Cell Chordwise Construction “I” Beam

Lower surface panels

Loaded ribs

Typical

Typical

Typical

Typical

Non-loaded ribs

Upper surface panels

Section view from front

Full Cell Construction Interlocking “T” Beam

Lower

surface

panels

Loaded ribs

Typical Typical Typical

Typical

Non-loaded ribs

Upper surface panels

Section view from front

Figure 4A. 

Spanwise Construction

Lower

surface

panels

Loaded ribs

Typical Typical

Non-loaded ribs

Upper surface panels

Section view from front

Figure 4B.

Figure 4C. Figure 4D.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-15

25% Chord point–usually assumed as aerodynamic center

Confluence point of connector lines

LEGEND

Plumb line

Reference line

Chord line

Trim line

Horizon

Flight path

Chord Line

90°

Ø + 90°

Figure 5. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-16

PIA-TS-108.1

15 January 2010

Superseding 

PIA-TS-108

12 December 1992

PIA Technical Standard

Parachute Canopy Fabric Pull Test Non-Destructive Method

Disclaimer: Parachute canopy manufacturers may have pull test requirements that 

differ in methods, procedures, and loads applied. Test procedures specified by the 

canopy manufacturer takes precedence over the test procedures described in this 

document. The person performing the pull tests must determine if the canopy 

manufacturer has a specific method of pull testing their canopy fabric.

Background: The purpose of this test method is to provide a simple, standardized, nondestructive method of verifying the strength of parachute canopy fabric. This test method may

be used when no other procedure is specified by the manufacturer. Although this test is

intended to be non-destructive, caution should be exercised as this test could damage the fabric, 

if the fabric is not positioned correctly or is not secured tightly. It may also affect the fabric

permeability.

This method is designed to replace the old "Riggers' Thumb Test", first devised in response to 

the "canopy acid-mesh" discovery in the mid-1980's. It is now the accepted method for all

parachutes requiring canopy fabric strength tests. Reasons for testing may include: 

Manufacturer’s Service Bulletins (SBs), Airworthiness Directives (AD’s), aging material,

chemical contamination, UV exposure or discoloration of a suspicious origin, such as grease.

Tools required and possible sources are as follows:

2 ea. Locking Fabric Clamps Figure 1

Para-Gear Equipment Co. 800-323-0437 (P/N S7989)

3839 W. Oakton St. www.para-gear.com

Skokie, IL 60076-3438

Aerostar International, Inc. 605-331-3500 (P/N 51406M)

1814 N. www.aerostar.com

Sioux Falls, SD 57117-5057

Ink, Marking (for parachutes and other textile items)

A-A-59211 (21Jul/98) Supersedes MIL-I-6903C (5Mar/68)

American Writing Ink Co. 781-762-0026

33 Endicott St.

Norwood, MA 02062

Page 1 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-17

PIA-TS-108.1

Strata Blue P/N 7510-00-286-5362 Available in 1 pint container

Orange-Yellow P/N 7510-00-634-6583 Available in 1 pint container

Hitt Marking Devices, Inc. 714-979-1405

3231 W. MacArthur Blvd. 800-969-6699 (toll free)

Santa Ana, CA 92704 www.hittmarking.com

Sharpie Pen- black

1 ea. Calibrated Spring Scale, 50 lb. (23 kg.) minimum capacity

This scale should be calibrated at least once a year to an accuracy of +/- 3 lbs. It should be

identified with a serial number and written verification of calibration must be kept on file. An 

adhesive label (or similar) should be affixed to the scale showing the date calibrated and the date

next calibration is due. If the scale is damaged in any manner, such as dropping, it must be

pulled from service and tagged as unserviceable until its recalibration.

Test Procedures: The following procedures do not take precedence over a

manufacturer’s test procedures for their products. Before testing make sure you have the 

manufacturer’s most current test procedures.

A minimum of 2 areas should be tested on a canopy, but not less than 2 pull tests on each 

separate color (1 in the warp direction and 1 in the fill direction). When testing look for areas of

contamination and/or discoloration. If possible remain approximately 6 inches (150mm) from

any seam.

Proceed as follows:

NOTE: Steps 1 and 2 apply to cases involving acid-mesh pull testing.

1. Locate the mesh vents in the canopy and determine the fabric areas which are in contact with

the mesh when the canopy is packed. These areas are shown as the diagonally shaded lines in

typical tri-vent canopies (see FIGURE 2).

2. Perform one 40 lb. (18 kg.) pull test on each panel of material that comes in contact with the

mesh when the canopy is packed. Alternate tests from the warp to fill direction on the panels.

This could be as few as four tests or as many as twelve tests on some bias constructed canopies.

CAUTION: Never attach fabric clamps or perform pull tests on the mesh covered areas of

any canopy. Extensive damage will result.

NOTE: Steps 3 through 6 apply to all pull tests (not just acid-mesh).

3. The area to be tested must be visibly marked for future reference. Refer to FIGURE 3 for

examples of how to mark the parachute to be tested.

4. After the marking ink has dried, attach the locking fabric clamps to the ripstop fabric as shown

in FIGURE 4. The distance between the clamps should be 3 inches (76.2mm) plus or minus 1⁄4

Page 2 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-18

PIA-TS-108.1

inch (6.35mm) and the clamps must be aligned so that the ripstop pattern is parallel (not on bias)

to the edge of the jaws. Lock the clamps VERY SECURELY. This will prevent slippage and

possible damage to the fabric.

NOTE: If the area to be tested is too small to allow 3 inches (76.2mm) plus or minus 1⁄4 inch

(6.35mm) between the jaws of the fabric clamps (such as the apex area of a round canopy), the

distance between the jaws may be reduced to 2 inches (50.8mm) plus or minus 1⁄4 inch (6.35mm).

5. Secure one clamp to the packing table or other object which will allow a sufficient load to be

applied without movement of the fabric clamp. Attach the spring scale hook to the other fabric 

clamp and apply the load very smoothly and steadily. Hold the load for 3 seconds.

6. Record test results on the tested areas in contrasting ink as shown in FIGURE 5. Information

should include the following:

• The amount of loading pulled to in pounds or kilograms

• The date tested

• The word PASS or FAIL

• The name and certificate number of the individual performing the test.

After completing the tests record the information in your rigger logbook and on the packing data

card.

(THIS SPACE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK)

Page 3 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-19

PIA-TS-108.1

Fabric clamp (rubber padded/square jaw) 

FIGURE 1

NOTE: Use only approved fabric clamps. Improvised or homemade clamps may increase

the chances of damaging the area to be tested.

Page 4 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-20

PIA-TS-108.1

Below are diagrams of typical tri-vent modifications.

NOTE: Diagonally shaded areas show examples of fabric that comes in contact with mesh

or may contact mesh.

FIGURE 2

Page 5 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-21

PIA-TS-108.1

LB/KG PULL TEST:

DATE:

RIGGER’S NAME AND CERTIFICATE NUMBER

NOTE: This method uses either the corners of the box (above) or 

the dots (below) as guides for the fabric clamps.

LB/KG PULL TEST:

DATE:

RIGGER’S NAME AND CERTIFICATE NUMBER

Examples of canopy markings 

FIGURE 3

NOTE: Use only a rubber stamp and approved ink or a black SharpieTM pen to mark the 

areas to be tested. Do not use a ballpoint pen, pencils or similar items to mark the test

area. This could result in damaging the fabric being tested.

Page 6 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-22

PIA-TS-108.1

Indicator Dots*

(4 Each Test)

Direction

of Load

Clamp 1” Jaw 1”

3”

Ripstop pattern

parallel to edge of clamp jaw

Clamp

Jaw

Direction

of Load

Clamp Jaws

3”

Parachute Fabric

How to attach clamps 

FIGURE 4

Page 7 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-23

PIA-TS-108.1

40 LB PULL TEST: PASSED 

DATE: 14 JUN 2009

MASTER RIGGER: JOE RIGGER 1234567

Example of completed test

FIGURE 5

Page 8 of 8

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-24

Department of Transportation 

Federal Aviation Administration

Aircraft Certification Service 

Washington, DC 

TSO-C23d 

Date: 6/1/94

Technical Standard Order 

Subject: TSO-C23d, PERSONNEL PARACHUTE ASSEMBLIES

a. Applicability.

(1) Minimum Performance Standards. This technical standard order (TSO) 

prescribes the minimum performance standard that personnel parachute assemblies must meet in 

order to be identified with the applicable TSO marking. New models of personnel parachute 

assemblies that are to be so identified and that are manufactured on or after the date of this TSO 

must meet the standards set forth in Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE) Aerospace 

Standard (AS) Document No. AS 8015B, “Minimum Performance Standards for Parachute 

Assemblies and Components, Personnel,” dated July 7, 1992. 

b. Marking. Each personnel parachute assembly or separate sub-assembly must be 

marked in accordance with 14 CFR part 21, section 21.607(d) and paragraph 4.2 of SAE AS 

8015B. This marking requirement applies to any previously approved major component/subassembly used in this TSO. 

c. Data Requirements. 

(1) In addition to the requirement in part 21, section 21.605, the manufacturer 

shall furnish the manager of the Aircraft Certification Office (ACO), FAA having geographical 

purview of the manufacturer’s facilities, one copy each of the following technical data: 

(i) A complete description of the personnel parachute assemblies, 

including detail drawings, material identification and specifications. 

(ii) Operating instructions and limitations, to include donning, retention, 

adjustment, and deployment. 

(iii) Installation instructions and limitations. 

(iv) A report of the tests conducted in accordance with SAE AS 8015B 

for qualification and approval of personnel parachute assemblies. 

DISTRIBUTION: ZVS-326; A-W(IR)-3; A-X(CD)-4; A-FFS-7, 8(LTD); A-X(FS)-3; 

AFS-600 (2 cys); A-FAC-0(MAX) 

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-25

TSO-C23d 6/1/94 

Page 2 

 (v) Detailed maintenance instructions, including specific guidance on the 

limits of wear and damage permissible to webbing material that would warrant replacement. 

 (vi) The quality control inspection and functional test specification to be 

used to ensure each production article complies with this TSO, as required by part 21, section 

21.605(a)(3) and part 21, section 21.143(a)(3). 

 (2) The manufacturer must furnish to the user of the article one copy of the data 

and information specified in paragraphs c(l)(ii) and c(l)(v). This data and information is 

necessary for proper installation and use and for continued airworthiness of the product or 

article. 

“The conditions and test required for TSO approval of this article are minimum 

performance standards. It is the responsibility of those desiring to install the article 

either on or within a specific type or class of aircraft to determine that the aircraft 

installation conditions are within the TSO standards. The article may be installed 

only if further evaluation by the applicant (user/installer) documents an acceptable 

installation and is approved by the Administrator.” 

 d. Availability of Referenced Documents.

 (1) Copies of SAE AS 8015B may be purchased from the Society of Automotive 

Engineers, Inc., Department 331, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096. 

 (2) Federal Aviation Regulations, part 21, subpart O, may be purchased from the 

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325. 

 (3) Advisory Circular 20- 110, “Index of Aviation Technical Standard Orders,” 

may be obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, General Services Section, 

M-443.2, Washington, DC 20590. 

/S/ John K. McGrath 

Manager, Aircraft Engineering Division 

 Aircraft Certification Service 

Change 1 (December 2015)
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PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 1 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

Parachute Industry Association (PIA)

TECHNICAL STANDARD 135

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 

FOR 

PERSONNEL PARACHUTE ASSEMBLIES 

AND 

COMPONENTS 

1. SCOPE:

This document defines the performance standards for personnel parachute assemblies (and 

components thereof) to be carried in aircraft for emergency use by aircrew and those reserve 

parachutes worn by parachutists for intentional jumping. 

This document covers three types of personnel carrying parachute assemblies and the operating 

limitations for each:

1.1 PARACHUTE TYPES:

1.1.1 Single harness reserve parachute assembly.

1.1.2 Single harness emergency parachute assembly.

1.1.3 Dual harness reserve parachute assembly.

1.2 MAXIMUM OPERATING LIMITS, GENERAL:

1.2.1 A single harness parachute assembly (or components thereof) may be certified for any maximum 

operating weight and for any maximum pack opening speed equal to or greater than 150 KTAS 

(277.8 km/h).

1.2.2 A dual harness reserve parachute assembly (or components thereof) may be certified for any 

maximum operating weight greater than 500 lb (227.3 kg) (with 250 lb (113.6 kg) in each 

harness) and any maximum pack opening speed equal to or greater than 175 KTAS (324.1

km/h). Note that the maximum operating weight need not be the same for each harness. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
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PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 2 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

1.3 LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS, TABLES AND FIGURES:

Figure 1 Multiplier Factors for Structural Overload Testing

Figure 2 Functional Direct Drop Tests Required per 4.3.8.1

Table 1 Data Marking Requirements

Table 2 Human Factors and Actuation Force Tests – Primary Actuation 

Device/Ripcord

Table 3 Performance Test Requirements

Table 4 Performance Test Requirements for Component Qualification

2. DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS:

For the purposes of this document, the following definitions are used:

a. “Administrator” – The FAA Administrator or equivalent chief executive of the cognizant 

agency and/or his designated subordinate personnel and/or designated subordinate 

organization acting on his behalf and with his authority in the matter concerned.

b. "Airspeed, Calibrated" (KCAS) means the indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for 

position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard 

atmosphere at sea level. 

c. "Airspeed, Equivalent" (KEAS) means the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for 

adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. Equivalent airspeed is equal to 

calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. 

d. "Airspeed, Indicated" (KIAS) means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its pitot static 

airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at 

sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors.

e. “Airspeed, True” (KTAS) – means the airspeed relative to undisturbed air. True airspeed is 

equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by (0/) 1⁄2.

where 0 is the air density at standard day 

conditions and  is the air density at the local altitude.

f. "Approved", unless used with reference to another person, means approved by the 

Administrator for use within the limits specified by the manufacturer and verified by 

compliance with the requirements of this standard.

g. “Canopy”- The part of the parachute that opens up and fills with air and provides the lift 

and/or drag required to decelerate the payload to the desired value.

h. “Certified”, unless used with reference to another agency, means certified by the cognizant 

agency as having met the requirements of this standard.

i. “Cognizant Agency” – The governmental agency or other organization tasked with oversight 

or regulation of aviation activities within a given geographical area or country. e.g. the 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) within the United States, the Joint Airworthiness 

Authorities (JAA) within the European Union and similar agencies worldwide. In some cases, 

the cognizant agency may delegate part or all of its authority to a subordinate agency such 

as a national aero club.

j. “Drogue” – A small aerodynamic decelerator towed behind a falling body to slow its velocity.

k. “Manufacturer” – The person (or business/corporate entity) who controls the design and 

quality of the article produced including the parts of them, and any processes or services 

related to them that are procured from an outside source.

l. “Main Assisted Reserve Deployment (MARD) device” – An automatically releasable 

connection between the main parachute and the reserve deployment system which uses a 

malfunctioned main canopy to speed reserve deployment upon breakaway.

Change 1 (December 2015)
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PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 3 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

m. "Parachute" means a device used or intended to be used to retard the fall of a body or object 

through the air.

n. “Parachutist in Command” – means the person making a tandem jump who:

(1) Has final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of the jump;

(2) Has been designated as parachutist in command before the jump; and

(3) Holds the appropriate rating for the conduct of the jump. 

o. “Passenger parachutist” means a person who boards an aircraft, acting as other than the 

parachutist in command of a tandem parachute operation, with the intent of exiting the 

aircraft while in-flight using the forward harness of a dual harness tandem parachute system 

to descend to the surface.

2.1.1 MAJOR COMPONENTS:

For purposes of this document a parachute assembly normally, but not exclusively, consists of 

the following major components:

a. Deployment control device such as a sleeve, bag, diaper, or functional equivalent.

b. Deployment initiation device (pilot chute, drogue, or functional equivalent) and bridle.

c. Canopy(s) including suspension lines, reefing device, and connector links (if used).

d. Riser(s), when not integral with harness and/or canopy.

e. Stowage container(s) or stowage pack(s).

f. Harness (es).

g. Primary actuation device (ripcord or functional equivalent).

h. Reserve static line.

i. Drogue canopy and bridle (if used with reserve and/or emergency parachutes).

j. Drogue release device (if used with reserve and/or emergency parachutes).

2.1.2 SINGLE HARNESS RESERVE PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY: 

A certified parachute assembly that is worn in conjunction with a main parachute assembly and 

used by one person for premeditated jumps. This includes, as applicable, the reserve 

deployment initiation device, deployment control device, canopy, risers, stowage container, 

harness, primary actuation device, and reserve static line.

2.1.3 DUAL HARNESS RESERVE PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY:

A certified parachute assembly used for premeditated jumps by two people: a parachutist in 

command and a second parachutist (each in his/her own harness), utilizing one main parachute 

assembly and one reserve parachute assembly. This assembly includes, as applicable, the 

reserve deployment initiation device, deployment control device, canopy, risers, stowage 

container, harness, primary actuation device, and reserve static line. 

2.1.4 MAIN PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY: 

A non-certified parachute assembly that is worn in conjunction with a certified reserve parachute 

assembly as the primary parachute (the one intended for use) for premeditated jumps. The main 

parachute assembly shall consist of the main container and all associated parts of the main 

parachute that are not permanently attached to the certificated harness assembly. 

2.1.5 SINGLE HARNESS EMERGENCY PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY:

A certified parachute assembly that is worn by one person for emergency, (unpremeditated) use 

only. This assembly includes, as applicable, the deployment initiation device, deployment 

control device, canopy, risers, stowage container, harness, and primary actuation device.

Change 1 (December 2015)
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PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 4 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

2.1.6 FAILURE OF A PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY OR COMPONENT:

The term “failure” in this document shall mean any change in a component or assembly that 

adversely affects its airworthiness. However, the use of consumable, frangible or single use 

parts shall be permitted in all assemblies and shall not be considered a failure if they function as 

designed.

2.1.7 FUNCTIONALLY OPEN:

Functionally open shall mean a parachute sufficiently deployed and inflated to provide a rate of 

descent of not more than 24 ft/s (7.3m/s). This condition may be demonstrated by video, film or 

electronic data of the test in a manner determined by the manufacturer.

2.1.8 RESERVE STATIC LINE (RSL):

A device connected to the main parachute assembly that is capable of actuating the reserve 

parachute assembly following a breakaway from the main canopy.

2.1.9 MAIN PARACHUTE BREAKAWAY DEVICE:

A device used by the parachutist in command to separate the main parachute from the harness 

of a single or dual-harness reserve parachute assembly. The parachutist in command shall be 

able to operate the main parachute breakaway device for dual harness reserve parachute 

assemblies.

2.1.10 MAXIMUM OPERATING WEIGHT (MOW):

The maximum operating weight is the total (gross) weight of all individuals or dummies and their 

equipment including the parachute assembly itself. MOW is also known as the “placard weight”.

2.1.11 MAXIMUM PACK OPENING SPEED (MPOS): 

The maximum pack open speed in KTAS (knots true airspeed) is the maximum speed at which 

the (reserve/emergency) parachute pack (container) is designed to be opened. This definition 

specifically allows for the wearing of parachutes in freefall and/or in aircraft at speeds higher than 

the maximum pack opening speed. MPOS is also known as the “placard speed”.

NOTE: In order to provide an inherently greater margin of safety without requiring that tests be 

conducted at all possible altitudes, all test conditions in this document are stated in KEAS and 

that all maximum pack opening speeds are stated in KTAS. In the event that a manufacturer 

elects to conduct further testing at higher altitudes, the placard limits may be changed to reflect 

any test conditions successfully conducted.

2.1.12 MINIMUM OPERATING WEIGHT (MinOW)

 The minimum operating weight is the lowest allowed total (gross) weight of an individual or 

dummy (or all individuals or dummies in the case of a tandem) and their equipment including the 

parachute assembly itself. The MinOW shall be specified by the manufacturer and may be any 

weight demonstrated to be appropriate by the manufacturer for the system.

2.1.13 SERVICE LIFE RESTRICTED ITEMS:

Materials or products that, by design, are service life restricted for any reason (environmental, 

structural, chemical, etc.) may be used in any manner chosen by the manufacturer. Each such 

item must be marked in a manner that will allow maintenance personnel to determine the 

serviceable status of the part.

Change 1 (December 2015)
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PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 5 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

3. MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP:

Materials and workmanship shall be of a quality that documented experience and/or tests have 

conclusively demonstrated to be suitable for the manufacture of, and appropriate for the intended 

use in, personnel parachute assemblies. All materials shall remain functional for storage from

-40 to +200F (-40 to +93.3 C), and from 0 to 100% relative humidity. All plated ferrous parts 

shall be treated to minimize hydrogen embrittlement. 

4. DETAIL REQUIREMENTS

4.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION:

4.1.1 MATERIALS:

All materials shall be designed to support the proof loads specified in the applicable 

specification, drawing, or standard, without failure. In the absence of an applicable specification, 

drawing, or standard for a particular material, successful completion of the qualification tests 

listed under section 4.3 shall be considered adequate evidence of suitability.

4.1.2 STITCHING:

Stitching shall generally be of a type that will not ravel when broken. Note that this is not 

required for consumable or frangible parts.

4.1.3 MAIN PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY:

When installed but not deployed, the main parachute assembly shall not interfere with the proper 

function of the reserve parachute assembly. Ref: Table 2

4.1.4 PRIMARY ACTUATION DEVICE/RIPCORD: 

The primary actuation device/ripcord, including all joints, shall withstand the test loads of 4.3.2

without failure. The primary actuation device/ripcord shall meet the human-factors requirements 

of 4.3.3., if applicable. 

4.1.5 RESERVE STATIC LINE (RSL): 

The reserve static line, if used, including all joints shall withstand the test loads of 4.3.2 without 

failure and shall meet the functional requirements of 4.3.8.2.

4.1.6 HARNESS RELEASE: 

The harness shall be so constructed that, after landing, the parachutist can separate himself 

from the main and reserve canopies and/or harness assembly unaided. On a dual harness, 

reserve parachute assembly, the parachutist in command must be able to separate himself and

the second parachutist from the reserve canopy and/or harness assemblies unaided.

4.1.7 DROGUE PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY & RELEASE: 

For reserve or emergency parachute assemblies, incorporating a drogue, the drogue release 

shall be tested at an equivalent force to the drag force generated at the MOW and MPOS.

The human release force shall not be less than 5 lbf (22.2N) and must not exceed 22 lbf (97.9N). 

The release shall meet the human-factors requirements of 4.3.3.

4.1.8 DATA CARD POCKET; STOWAGE CONTAINER:

The stowage container shall be provided with a parachute data card pocket constructed such 

that the card will not be easily lost and will be readily accessible, when the parachute is packed 

in the container. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
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PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 6 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

4.2 MARKING REQUIREMENTS: 

Marking requirements are listed in Table 1. 

NOTE: The data items listed in Table 1 need not be marked at the same location on the 

component as long as all of the pertinent information is permanently marked.

4.2.1 MARKING, STOWAGE CONTAINER - OPERATING LIMITS:

The minimum and maximum operating limits in Table 1 shall be marked/placarded on or 

attached to the outside of the parachute stowage container (pack). The marking/placard may 

refer to the owner‟s manual for the minimum operating weight. The lowest maximum operating 

weight of any component in the assembly (canopy, harness, etc.) and the lowest maximum pack 

opening speed of any component (canopy, harness, etc.) shall be marked on the outside of the 

stowage container (pack) in such a location as to be readily available to the user during donning 

of the parachute assembly and subject to a minimum of obliteration during use. 

This information may alternately be placed in a pocket marked with the legend „Operating 

Limitations Inside‟; the pocket must be readily available to the user during donning of the 

parachute assembly and subject to a minimum of obliteration during use. 

NOTE: The maximum pack opening speed and minimum and maximum weight markings shall 

be in a block typeface, in a minimum size of 0.375 inch (9.5 mm) tall (27 point type). The other 

information required by Table 1 may be marked in another location, if desired. 

4.2.2 MARKING, CANOPY - STATEMENT OF USE: 

Each certified canopy shall be marked to show its approved use as follows:

4.2.2.1 “Single Harness Emergency Parachute Canopy”

“Single Harness Reserve Parachute Canopy”

“Single Harness Emergency/Reserve Parachute Canopy”

“Dual Harness Reserve Parachute Canopy”

4.2.2.2 Each canopy (single harness types only) that has not been tested in accordance with the 

breakaway tests of Section 4.3.8.2 shall be marked as follows:

“LIMITATION: May not be used with main parachute breakaway device”.

4.3 QUALIFICATION TESTS:

The minimum performance standards listed in Tables 2, 3 and 4 shall be met. There shall be no 

failure to meet any of the requirements during the qualification tests of this section. In case of a 

failure, the cause must be found, corrected, and all affected tests repeated. 

4.3.1 PACKING METHOD:

The packing method must be specified and the identical packing method must be used for all of 

the functional and structural tests.

4.3.2 PRIMARY ACTUATION DEVICE/RIPCORD TEST:

(a) The ripcord, including all joints, shall not fail under a straight tension test load of 300-lbf 

(1337.7 N) applied for not less than 3 seconds. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
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PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 7 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

(b) If the reserve is to be static line actuated by releasing the main canopy, the reserve static 

line, if used, must not fail under a straight tension test load of 300-lbf (1334.5 N) applied for 

not less than 3 seconds.

(c) If the reserve ripcord is to be static lined from an aircraft the reserve ripcord/static line, must 

not fail under a straight tension test load of 600-lbf (2668.9 N) applied for not less than 3 

seconds.

(d) Rigid pins, if used, shall not yield under a load of 8-lbf (35.6 N) applied to the cable (or 

equivalent) perpendicular to the axis of the pin, for not less than 3 seconds. The pin shall be 

supported for 0.5 in (12.7-mm) maximum at the end farthest from the cable attachment. All 

4.3.3 human factors tests shall be performed using a primary actuation device/ripcord that 

has passed this test.

4.3.3 HUMAN FACTORS AND ACTUATION FORCE TESTS: 

An anthropometrically diverse group of individuals (consisting of a representative group of no 

less than 3 males and 3 females) from the intended user group shall be employed for all human 

factors tests in 4.3.3. All individuals shall be able to operate the subject device without any 

undue difficulty. Table 2 lists the required test conditions and number of tests for each particular 

component. Additional information for the component tests is listed below.

TESTS: Under normal design operating conditions, all devices tested under this paragraph shall 

result in a positive and quick operation of the device within the following load range applied to 

the handle: 

(a) a load applied at the handle of not less than 5 lbf (22.2 N), applied in the direction giving 

the lowest pull force, 

(b) a load applied at the handle of not more than 22 lbf (97.9 N), applied in the direction of 

normal design operation, 

(c) for chest type parachute assemblies, the maximum pull force shall be 15 lbf (66.7 N),

(d) the primary actuation device shall be tested in accordance with Table 2,

(e) the emergency/reserve drogue release (if used) shall be tested in accordance with Table 2.

NOTE: For these tests, the primary actuation device (ripcord or equivalent) shall be equipped 

with a tamper-indicating device (i.e. seal thread or equivalent) of the same type that will be 

required for production articles in service. 

4.3.4 HUMAN FACTORS TESTS, HARNESS:

Harnesses shall demonstrate that they will perform the basic function of retaining the body at the 

end of the parachute suspension system in an inherently secure manner. 

This requirement shall be demonstrated by passing all live drop tests in Table 3.

4.3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS: 

Three drops shall be made at 60 KEAS except that prior to the test the parachute assembly shall 

be subjected to the following preconditioning: (These tests may be combined with other tests.)

4.3.5.1 Precondition for 16 hours at not less than +200 F (93.3 C), stabilize to ambient and test drop.

4.3.5.2 Precondition for 16 h at not greater than -40 F (-40 C), stabilize to ambient and test drop. 

Change 1 (December 2015)
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PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 8 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

4.3.5.3 Precondition for not less than 400 continuous hours with a 200 lbf (889.6 N) or greater load 

applied to compress the pack in a manner similar to that most likely to be encountered in actual 

use. Test drop within 1 hour after removing the load.

4.3.5.4 Alternate preconditioning. The preconditioning requirements for 4.3.5.1 and 4.3.5.3 may be 

combined as follows: The complete test parachute assembly may be placed in a vacuum bag 

and preconditioned at +180 F (82.2 C) for 18 hours at a constant vacuum of not less than 25” 

Hg (0.846 bar). Stabilize to ambient and drop.

4.3.6 STRUCTURAL OVERLOAD TESTS: 

No material(s) or device(s) that attenuates shock loads and is not an integral part of the 

parachute assembly or component being certified may be used. Tests may be conducted for 

either a complete parachute assembly or separate components. There shall be no evidence of 

material, stitch, or functional failure that will affect airworthiness. For reusable items the same 

items shall be used for all 4.3.6 tests. Peak opening force shall be measured on all 4.3.6 tests. 

The parachute must be functionally open within the number of seconds calculated for 4.3.8 tests. 

Parachute assemblies shall be tested in accordance with the following schedule:

(a) Test weight = Maximum operating weight x 1.2

 Test speed = Maximum pack opening speed x 1.2

-OR-

(b) Test weight = Maximum operating weight multiplied by the factor from Figure 1

 Test speed = Maximum pack opening speed multiplied by the factor from Figure 1

However, the test speed must not be less than 180 KEAS (333.4 km/h) for reserve and 

emergency parachute assemblies and the test weight must not be less than 264 lb. (120 kg). 

For dual harness parachute assemblies the test weight must not be less than 600 lb. (272.7 kg) 

and the test speed must not be less than 200 KEAS (370.4 km/h).

4.3.6.1 STRENGTH TEST, COMPLETE PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY:

Three drops shall be made with weight and speed in accordance with 4.3.6. When using test 

method (b), in 4.3.6 a 4th drop must be added using the same parachute under the same 

conditions in the first three drops. Where non-positive locking hardware is used to attach the 

canopy or riser(s) to the harness, a cross connector must be used and one of the above drops 

shall be with only one attachment engaged to test the cross connector and hardware.

4.3.6.2 STRENGTH TEST, ALTERNATE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE CANOPY (ONLY):

Three drops shall be made with a gross weight and speed in accordance with 4.3.6. When using 

test method (b), in 4.3.6 a 4th drop must be added using the same canopy under the same 

conditions in the first three drops. A test vehicle (e.g., a bomb) may be used. The canopy and 

any required additional components (i.e., deployment device, pilot chute, and risers) shall be 

tested as a unit. The connector links (if used) shall be attached to the risers in the same manner 

as the intended use and the riser(s) should be secured to the test vehicle in a manner 

appropriate to the test objective. For example, if the parachute risers are to be tested on the 

bomb drop, it should be arranged in a manner as to duplicate the loading found on the personnel 

parachute harness. Where non-positive locking hardware is used to attach the canopy or 

riser(s) to the harness, a cross connector must be used and one of the above drops shall be with 

only one attachment engaged to test the cross connector and hardware.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-34

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 9 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

4.3.6.3 STRENGTH TEST, ADDITIONAL MEANS OF COMPLIANCE HARNESS (ONLY):

A harness may, at the manufacturer‟s option, be placarded with a higher average peak opening 

force than what was measured in 4.3.6 tests by performing additional tower drop tests as 

outlined below: 

The harness shall be drop tested using a torso shaped dummy, three (3) times for each of four 

(4) different loading conditions. 

The dummy weight shall be not less than 75% of harness maximum operating weight and the 

drop distance shall be as necessary to generate the required forces. 

Up to three (3) separate harnesses may be used; however each harness shall be subjected to a 

minimum of one test at each of the following four test conditions.

(a) Test condition one – All risers loaded to a combined load of at least 100% of placard 

maximum load.

(b) Test condition two – Only left side harness/canopy attachment point(s) loaded to a 

combined load of at least 66% of placard load.

(c) Test condition three – Only right side harness/canopy attachment point(s) loaded to a 

combined load of at least 66% of placard load.

(d) Test condition four – Each unique brake setting shall be tested to a minimum of 16.7% of 

placard load if applicable.

4.3.6.4 STRENGTH TESTS, ALTERNATE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE, DROGUE CANOPY (ONLY)

For parachute assemblies in which a drogue parachute canopy is an integral part of the reserve 

or emergency parachute assembly, the drogue may be separately tested at the conditions 

determined in 4.3.6. The drogue canopy itself and all related components of the drogue 

assembly must be tested as a functional subsystem of the parachute assembly.

4.3.7 FUNCTIONAL TESTS (Twisted Lines):

A minimum of 5 drops shall be made with a weight not more than the maximum operating weight 

dummy or person1 in each harness. The airspeed at the time of pack opening shall be 60 KEAS 

(111.1 km/h) 

Procedural Note: The suspension lines shall be twisted together (360 degrees) three times in 

the same direction within the upper one third of the suspension line length beginning immediately 

below the attachment point to the canopy. The twists shall be placed in the lines before the 

suspension lines are stowed. 

Performance Requirement: The parachute must be functionally open within 133% of the time 

calculated in 4.3.8 from the time of pack opening. 

4.3.8 FUNCTIONAL TESTS (Normal Pack - All Types):

Opening Time or Altitude Loss: Using the MOW in pounds and the MPOS in KTAS for all 4.3.8

tests the maximum allowable opening time and the maximum allowable altitude loss on any drop 

shall be determined from the following formulas..

(a) The greater of 3.00 seconds or the value determined as follows:

 1

 A person‟s or individual‟s body weight may be increased to equal the maximum operating weight by using a weight belt or similar device.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-35

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 10 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

Opening Time Allowed (sec.) = (MOW – 250) * 0.01 + (MPOS/150 * 3.0)

-OR-

(b) The greater of 300 feet or the value determined as follows:

Altitude Loss Allowed (ft) = (MOW-250) + (MPOS/150 * 300)

4.3.8.1 DIRECT DROP TESTS:

There shall be a minimum of 48 tests at weights and airspeeds (at the time of pack opening) as 

outlined in Table 3. The test condition airspeeds are in KEAS. From the time of pack opening, 

the parachute canopy must be functionally open within the allowed time or altitude as calculated 

in 4.3.8.

(a) The manufacturer shall specify the Maximum Operating Weight and the Minimum 

Operating Weight.

(b) The Maximum Pack Opening Speed (MPOS) shall not be less than 150 knots.

(c) The MPOS and MOW shall be established by successful completion of the structural 

overload testing in Paragraph 4.3.6

(d) The manufacturer will be allowed to select whether to measure altitude loss or opening

time, but within each block on the test grid the same method must be used.

(e) The maximum allowable opening time shall be calculated using the formula in 4.3.8(a):

there shall be a minimum of 4 successful tests for each block; the opening times will be 

averaged and presented to the Administrator in the format shown in Figure 2.

(f) The maximum allowable altitude loss shall be calculated using the formula in 4.3.8(b):

there shall be a minimum of 4 successful tests for each block; the altitude loss must be 

averaged and presented to the Administrator in the format shown in Figure 2.

(g) The opening times and/or altitude loss for each test block will be averaged and published 

in the format shown in Figure 2 in the owner‟s manual or in some other readily available 

location.

NOTE:

If a “MARD device” option is offered, an additional 8 drops at weights and airspeeds (at the 

time of pack opening) must be performed as outlined in the Table 3 with the MARD attached.

4.3.8.2 BREAKAWAY DROP TESTS (systems with main canopy release): 

Eight drop tests shall be made by breaking away from an open and normally functioning main 

parachute canopy and actuating the reserve parachute within 2 seconds of the breakaway. 

These tests shall be conducted by a person (or suitable other devices) weighing not more than 

the maximum operating weight. The initial vertical velocity shall be less than 20 ft/s (6.1 m/s) and 

the total velocity less than 36 ft/s at the time of breakaway. From the time of pack opening, the 

parachute canopy must be functionally open within the altitude or within the allowed time as 

calculated in 4.3.8.

NOTE: 

(a) If a reserve static line is part of the assembly, then 4 of the breakaway drops shall be 

made with the reserve static line actuating the reserve pack. 

(b) If a “MARD device” option is offered, an additional 16 drops at weights and airspeeds (at 

the time of pack opening) must be performed as outlined in the Table 3 with the MARD 

attached.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-36

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 11 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

4.3.9 RATE OF DESCENT TESTS (METHOD 1): 

Per Table 3, there shall be not less than 6 drops, with an individual and/or dummy in each 

harness weighing not less than the maximum operating weight2

. The average rate of descent 

shall not exceed 24 ft/s (7.3 m/s) and the total velocity shall not exceed 36 ft/s (11.0 m/s) in an 

unaltered post deployment configuration, corrected to standard day sea level altitude conditions. 

The rate of descent measurement shall be taken over a minimum interval of 100 ft (30.5 m). 

These tests may be combined with other tests in this section.

4.3.9.1 RATE OF DESCENT TESTS (METHOD 2):

The rate of descent corrected to standard day sea level altitude conditions shall not exceed 5 

ft/sec (1.5m/sec) at touchdown with appropriate control manipulations and the average rate of 

descent shall not exceed 24 ft/sec (7.3 m/s) in the unaltered post deployment configuration over 

a minimum interval of 100 ft (30.5m). These tests may be combined with other tests in this 

section.

NOTE: If the total velocity exceeds 36 ft/sec at maximum certified weight, the container or 

harness (if integral to the container) must be marked in an area readily visible to the user: “For 

experienced parachutists only. The owner‟s manual contains experience requirements.”

4.3.10 STABILITY TESTS: 

Per Table 3, there shall be not less than 6 drops, at the minimum operating weight. The 

oscillations shall not exceed 15 from the vertical, in an unaltered post-deployment configuration. 

These tests may be combined with other tests in this section.

4.3.11 LIVE TESTS: 

Per Table 3, there shall be a minimum of 4 live tests with an individual weighing not more than the 

maximum operating weight in each harness. Two drops shall include a freefall of not more than 3 

seconds and 2 drops shall include a freefall of at least 20 seconds. These tests may be 

conducted in conjunction with functional and/or rate of descent tests when practical. The user(s) 

must suffer no significant discomfort from the opening shock and must be able to disengage 

himself (themselves) unaided from the harness after landing. For this test the standard harness 

may be altered to permit attachment of a certified reserve parachute assembly (less harness) 

provided that such alteration does not interfere with the normal operation of the parachute 

assembly being tested. Reserve parachute assemblies shall be tested with the main 

compartment(s) full and empty, with a minimum of two tests each.

NOTE: Live tests for Dual Harness Reserve Parachute Assemblies may be tested with the 

parachutist in command and a dummy payload in the passenger harness.

5. COMPONENT QUALIFICATIONS:

Any single component, assembly of components, group of components or group of assemblies 

may be certified. Table 4 lists the appropriate test paragraphs for each of the major components. 

Any components not listed in Table 4 shall be tested according to all applicable sections of this 

document based on the components function.

 2 A person‟s or individual‟s body weight may be increased to equal the maximum operating weight by using a weight belt or similar device.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-37

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 12 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

5.1 COMPONENT COMPATIBILITY:

The component manufacturer shall provide a means of determining compatibility and shall 

provide specific guidance to ensure that form, fit and function of all components, as assembled, 

are within acceptable limits for each individual component and the assembly as a whole.

5.2 COMPONENT QUALIFICATION BY GROUP:

Components may be qualified as a group consisting of a range of scaled sizes. Separate 

elements of the component design may be linearly scaled at different rates as specified in the 

component drawings provided that fit, form, and function are not adversely affected. For 

canopies, the range may consist of scaled sizes to a maximum area of three times the smallest 

size. 

When certifying components as a group, only the largest and the smallest members of the group 

must be tested in accordance with the appropriate sections of this document.

5.3 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS:

The manufacturer of each component is responsible for developing and disseminating the 

maintenance requirements for each component, specifically including the inspection interval, 

repack cycle, service life, criteria for continued airworthiness and the qualifications required of 

maintenance personnel. 

5.4 FITTING REQUIREMENTS:

The manufacturer is responsible for developing and disseminating instructions identifying the 

correct method of fitting the equipment to the user.

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-38

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 13 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

1.00

1.50

2.00

100 150 200 250 300

Multiplier

Maximum Pack Opening Speed for Placard (KTAS)

PIA TS-135 - Figure 1 

Multiplier Factors for Structural Overload Testing 

Per Paragraph 4.3.6

Airspeed Multiplier Weight Multiplier Resultant Kinetic Energy Factor

PIA TS-135 Figure 2

Direct Drop Tests

Per Paragraph 4.3.8.1

Test Speed

Test Weight 60 KEAS 85 KEAS MPOS x 80% MPOS x 100%

Minimum Operating 

Weight

4 4 4 4

Averaged Operating 

Weight*

4 4 4 4

Maximum Operating 

Weight

4 4 4 4

Minimum Total (direct drop) Functional Tests Required 48

*Averaged Operating Weight is defined as (Maximum Operating Weight + Minimum Operating 

Weight)/2 

Average test weights shall be +/- 5%

Minimum test weights shall be +1%/-10%. 

Maximum test weights shall be +10%/-1%

1.43

1.1

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-39

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 14 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

Marking Data Requirements

Reference ParagraphDeployment Initiation Device (Pilot Chute, etc.)Deployment Control Device (d-bag, etc.)Reserve Emergency CanopyStowage ContainerPrimary Actuation Device (Ripcord or Equivalent)Reserve Static Line (if used)Harness (if not integral with container)Risers (if not integral with harness)Reserve/Emergency Drogue Canopy & Riser (if used)Reserve/Emergency Drogue Release Device (if used)

Manufacturers Name, Code or Symbol X X X X X X X X X X

Part Number (w/dash numbers) X X X X X X X X X X

Serial or Lot Control Number X X X X X X X X X

Date of Manufacture (month and year minimum) X X X X X X X X X

Date to Be Removed from Service (if applicable) X X X X X X X X X

Maximum Pack Opening Speed (KEAS) 4.3.6 X X X X X

Maximum Gross Weight (lb) if applicable 4.3.6 X X X

Minimum Gross Weight (lb) 4.2 X

Average Peak Force Measured during 4.3.6 tests 4.3.6 X X

Appoved for Use Statement 4.2.2 X

Statement of Authorization Under TS0-C-23e 

and/or (J) TSO-C-23e if applicable X X X X X X X

Operators Warning Label with Maximum 

Operating Limits 4.3.6 X X

Operators Warning Label and location for 

component operating limitations 4.2.1 X

Operators Warning Label with Maximum Total 

Velocity for intended use (Student, Tandem, 

Emergency Air Crew or Other). 4.3.9 X

Maximum Drogue deployment speed 4.3.6 X

For ripcords, either lot control number or date of manufacture may be marked provided that tracabillity is maintained

At a minimum, Maximum Operating Limitations must include maximum pack opening speed and maximum gross w eight. Manufacturer may 

voluntarily derate operating limitations.

Redundant marking may be eliminated for components w hich are permanently joined at the time of manufacture. If this is the case, the marking 

w ill be located on the most visible component, normally the container.

PIA-TS-135 - Table 1.

Data Marking Requirements

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-40

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 15 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

Male Female Male Female Male Female

P/F Force Standing 

Upright N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 6

P/F Force Standing 

Upright N/A none/with N/A Full 3 3 3/3 3/3

P/F Force Standing 

Upright N/A none/with N/A Empty 3 3 3/3 3/3

P/F Force Suspended 

Harness 1g none Main Risers Empty 3 3 3 3

P/F Force Suspended 

Harness 1 g with Main Risers Empty 3 3

P/F Force Suspended 

Harness 4.1.7 N/A Drogue N/A 6 6

P/F Force Suspended 

Harness 4.1.7 none Drogue Full 3 3 3 3

P/F Force Suspended 

Harness 4.1.7 none Drogue Empty 3 3 3 3

P/F Force Suspended 

Harness 4.1.7 with Drogue Full 3 3

P/F Force Suspended 

Harness 4.1.7 with Drogue Empty 3 3

Notes:

2. N/A = Not Applicable

3. P/F = Pass/Fail

4.1.7 - The drogue release shall be tested at an equivalent (or greater) force to the drag force generated at the MOW and MPOS.

PIA-TS-135 - Table 2

Human Factors and Actuation Force Tests

Primary Actuation Device / Ripcord Dual Harness Reserve 

Data Parachute Assembly

Required

Suspended 

by

Single Harness Reserve 

Parachute Assembly

Main 

Pack 

Conditio

n

Test 

Condition

Load 

Factor

1. All tests must be conducted with a reserve/emergency canopy assembly packed for intended use.

Total Tests Required in This Section (drogue / no drogue) 24/12 60/36

Emergency Parachute 

Assembly

30/18

Additional tests if emergency/reserve drogue is used:

Primary Actuation Device / Ripcord 

Second 

Parachutist

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-41

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 16 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

Dummy Live Dummy Live

1, 8, 5 Primary Actuation Device/Ripcord Test 4.3.2

1,2,5 Human Factors and Actuation Force Tests 4.3.3

Human Factors Tests, Harness 4.3.4

Environmental Tests 4.3.5

1, 3, 5 Precondition to +200 F 4.3.5.1 60 KEAS <= MaxOW

1, 3, 5 Precondition to -40 F 4.3.5.2 60 KEAS <= MaxOW

1, 3, 5 Precondition - compressed pack 4.3.5.3 60 KEAS <= MaxOW

1, 3, 5 Precondition - alternate to 4.3.5.1 & 4.3.5.3 4.3.5.4 60 KEAS <= MaxOW

Structural Overload Tests 4.3.6

1,2,3,5 Complete Assemblies 4.3.6.1 Fig. 1 Fig. 1 N/S 3 3

1,2,3,5 Alternate Means of Compliance, Canopy Only 4.3.6.2 Fig. 1 Fig. 1 N/S 3 3

1,2,3,5 Alternate Means of Compliance, Harness Only 4.3.6.3 Fig. 1 Fig. 1 N/S 3 3

1,2,3,5 Drogue (if applicable) 4.3.6.4 Fig. 1 Fig. 1 N/S 3 3

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Functional Tests, Twisted Lines 4.3.7 60 KEAS <= MOW N/S

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Functional Tests, (Normal Pack all types) 4.3.8

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 60 KEAS MinOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 60 KEAS AvOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 60 KEAS MaxOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 60 KEAS MinOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 60 KEAS AvOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 60 KEAS MaxOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 85 KEAS MinOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 85 KEAS AvOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 85 KEAS MaxOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 85 KEAS MinOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 85 KEAS AvOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 85 KEAS MaxOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 80% MPOS MinOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 80% MPOS AvOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 80% MPOS MaxOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 80% MPOS MinOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 80% MPOS AvOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 80% MPOS MaxOW Full

2

2

4

12

2

2

N/A

N/A

N/A

2

12

2

12

2

2

2

2

2

2

12

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

5

1

1

1

5

Total Drops at 85 KEAS

Total Drops at 80% MPOS

2

2

IAW Table 2 and as described in paragraphs 4.3.3(a) through (e)

Demonstrated by successful completion of live jumps per paragraph 4.3 .11

Total Drops at 60 KEAS

1

Emergency 

Parachute 

Assemblies

Single or Dual 

Harness Reserve 

Parachute Assembly Notes on Data 

Required Test Description Reference Paragraph 

Speed at Pack 

Opening 

(KEAS)

Test Weight Main Pack 

Condition

IAW 4.3.2 (a) through (d)

4

N/A

Opening Time allowed shall be calculated IAW paragraph 4.3.8 (a).

Opening Altitude allowed shall be calculated IAW paragraph 4.3.8 (b)

N/A

2

4

4

12

4

4

4

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

4

4

12

PIA TS-135 Table 3

Required Qualification Tests

Change 1 (December 2015)
A-42

PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 17 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 100% MPOS MinOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 100% MPOS AvOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 100% MPOS MaxOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 100% MPOS MinOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 100% MPOS AvOW Empty

1, 3 (or 4), 5, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 100% MPOS MaxOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, 10, 11 Direct Drop “MARD device” 4.3.8.1 60 KEAS <= MaxOW Full

1, 3 (or 4), 5, 12 Direct Drop “MARD device” 4.3.8.1 <= MaxOW Full

1, 3, 5, 9 Functional Tests, Breakaway 4.3.8.2 < 20 fps Vv <= MaxOW Empty

1, 3, 5, 9, 13 Functional Tests, Breakaway “MARD device” 4.3.8.2 <= MaxOW Empty

1, 3, 5, 9, 14 Functional Tests, Breakaway “MARD device” 4.3.8.2 <= MaxOW Empty

1, 3, 5, 9, 15 Functional Tests, Breakaway “MARD device” 4.3.8.2 <= MaxOW Empty

1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 16 Functional Tests, Breakaway “MARD device” 4.3.8.2 <= MaxOW Empty

1, 5, 7 Rate of Descent Tests 4.3.9 N/A MaxOW N/S

1, 5, 6 Stability Test 4.3.10 N/A MinOW N/S

1, 3, 5, 11 Live Jumps 4.3.11 < 60 knots <= MaxOW N/S 2 2

1, 3, 5, 12 Live Jumps 4.3.11 > 120 knots <= MaxOW N/S 2 2

Abbreviations used above:

IAW In accordance with

MPOS Maximum pack opening speed

MaxOW Maximum operating weight

AvOW Average operating weight

MinOW Minimum operating weight

N/A Not Applicable

N/S Not Specified

Notes on Test Critera

1 Record Pass/Fail

2 Record Riser Force

3 Record Opening Time

4 Record Altitude Loss

5 Video Record

6 Record Oscillation Angle

7 Record Rate-of-Descent

8 Record Ripcord Pull Force

9 If an RSL used, then half of the cutaway test shall be connducted with the RSL - a total of 8 tests is required

10 Jumps may be performed concurrently with similar direct drops outlined in table 3

11 Shall include a freefall of not more than 3 seconds

12 Shall include a freefall of at least 20 seconds

13 Breakaways from stable main

14 Breakaways from forward spinning main. Half left spin, half right spin

15 Breakaways from BACKWARDS spinning main. Half left spin, half right spin

16 Breakaways from bag lock malfunction 

2

12

48

2

2

2

4

2

N/A

N/A

4

2

6

6

6

6

Total Direct Drop Tests

Total Drops at 100% MPOS

N/A

N/A

4

4

4

4

4

8

N/A

N/A

N/A

48

N/A

4

4

12

N/A

N/A

PIA TS-135 Table 3 continued

Required Qualification Tests

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PIA TS 135

PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 18 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or 

website www.pia.com for contact details.

Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement 

arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.

Description of Test

Reference Paragraph for PIA-TS-135Complete Parachute AssemblyDeployment Initiation Device (Pilot Chute, etc.)Deployment Control Device, (dbag, etc.)Canopy, lines, links, and reefing device (if used)Stowage ContainerPrimary Actuation Device (Ripcord or Equivalent, Except Static Line)Primary Actuation Device (Static Line)Reserve Static Line (if used)HarnessRisers (if not integral with harness)Drogue, Canopy & Riser (if used)Drogue Release Device (if used)MARD (if used)

Ripcord Strength Tests 4.3.2 X X X X X

Human Factors 4.3.3 X X X X X X

Environmental 4.3.5 X X X X X X X X X X

Structural Overload Test 4.3.6 X X X X X X X X X *1

Functional Tests - Twisted 

Line 4.3.7 X X X

Functional Tests - Normal 

Pack, Direct Drop 4.3.8.1 X X X X X X X

Functional Tests - Normal 

Pack, Breakaway 4.3.8.2 X X X X X X X X

Rate of Descent 4.3.9 X X

Stability 4.3.10 X X

Live Drops 4.3.11 X X X X X X X X X X X X X

*1 MARD installation shall not degrade strength or tensile loads on any reserve deployment devices or subassemblies on which 

it is installed. The manufacturer shall prove equivalent strength between similar devices or subassemblies with and without the 

MARD installed. This can be done with a bench/pull test or tensile test. For example, the strength of a free bag bridle with MARD 

parts installed but not hooked up should not be less than a bridle without a MARD installation.

PIA-TS-135 - Table 4.

Performance Test Requirements for Component Qualification 

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A-48

Department of Transportation 

Federal Aviation Administration

Aircraft Certification Service

Washington, D.C.

TSO-C23f

Effective 

Date: 09/21/2012

Technical Standard Order 

Subject: Personnel Parachute Assemblies and Components

1. PURPOSE. This technical standard order (TSO) is for manufacturers applying for a TSO 

authorization (TSOA) or letter of design approval (LODA). In it, we the Federal Aviation 

Administration (FAA), tell you what minimum performance standards (MPS) your personnel 

parachute assembly and components must first meet for approval and identification with the 

applicable TSO marking. 

2. APPLICABILITY. This TSO affects new applications submitted after its effective date. 

a. All prior revisions to this TSO are no longer effective. Generally, we will not accept 

applications for the previous revision after the effective date of this TSO. We may do so, 

however, up to six months after it, if we know that you were working against the prior MPS 

before the new change became effective.

b. Personnel parachute assemblies and components approved under a previous TSOA may 

still be manufactured under the provisions of its original approval. 

3. REQUIREMENTS. New models of personnel parachute assemblies and components

identified and manufactured on or after the effective date of this TSO must meet the MPS 

qualification and documentation requirements in Parachute Industry Association (PIA) 

Technical Standard 135 TS-135 Revision 1.4 issued April 22, 2010 “Performance Standards for 

Personnel Parachute Assemblies and Components” as modified by appendix 1 of this TSO. 

a. Functionality. This TSO’s standards apply to equipment intended to be used as a 

reserve or emergency parachute. 

b. Failure Condition Classifications.

 (1) Lose of the function defined in paragraph 3.a is a catastrophic failure condition. 

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TSO-C23f 09/21/2012 

Page 2 

c. Functional Qualification. Demonstrate the required performance under the test 

conditions in Appendix 1 of this TSO. 

d. Deviations. We have provisions for using alternate or equivalent means of compliance 

to the criteria in the MPS of this TSO. If you invoke these provisions, you must show that your 

equipment maintains an equivalent level of safety. Apply for a deviation under the provision of 

14 CFR § 21.618. 

4. MARKING. 

a. Mark at least one major component permanently and legibly with all the information 

in CFR § 45.15(b). The marking must include the serial number. 

b. Also, mark the following permanently and legibly, with at least the manufacturer’s 

name, subassembly part number, and the TSO number: 

(1) Each component that is easily removable (without hand tools), and 

(2) Each subassembly of the article that you determined may be interchangeable. 

5. APPLICATION DATA REQUIREMENTS. You must give the FAA aircraft 

certification office (ACO) manager responsible for your facility a statement of conformance, as 

specified in 14 CFR § 21.603(a)(1), and one copy each of the following technical data to support 

your design and production approval. LODA applicants must submit the same data (excluding 

paragraph 5.f) through their civil aviation authority. 

a. A manual(s) containing the following: 

(1) Operating instructions and equipment limitations sufficient to describe the 

equipment’s operational capability. 

(2) Describe in detail any deviations. 

(3) Installation procedures and limitations sufficient to ensure that the personnel 

parachute assembly and component, when installed according to the installation procedures, still 

meets this TSO’s requirements. Limitations must identify any unique aspects of the installation. 

The limitations must include a note with the following statement: 

“This article meets the minimum performance and quality system standards required by a 

technical standard order (TSO). Installation of this article requires separate approval.”

b. Schematic drawings, wiring diagrams, and any other documentation necessary for 

assembly, installation, donning, and operation of the personnel parachute assembly and 

component

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TSO-C23f 09/21/2012 

Page 3 

c. Instructions covering periodic maintenance, calibration, and repair, for the continued 

airworthiness of personnel parachute assemblies and components. Include recommended 

inspection intervals and service life, as appropriate. 

d. A drawing depicting how the article will be marked with the information required by 

paragraph 4 of this TSO. 

e. Identify functionality or performance contained in the article not evaluated under 

paragraph 3 of this TSO (that is, non-TSO functions). Non-TSO functions are accepted in 

parallel with the TSO authorization. For those non-TSO functions to be accepted, you must 

declare these functions and include the following information with your TSO application: 

(1) Description of the non-TSO function(s), such as performance specifications, 

failure condition classifications, software, hardware, and environmental qualification levels. 

Include a statement confirming that the non-TSO function(s) do not interfere with the article’s 

compliance with the requirements of paragraph 3.

(2) Installation procedures and limitations sufficient to ensure that the non-TSO 

function(s), meets the declared functions and performance specification(s) described in 

paragraph 5,e.(1).

(3) Instructions for continued performance applicable to the non-TSO function(s) 

described in paragraph 5.e.(1).

(4) Interface requirements and applicable installation test procedures to ensure 

compliance with the performance data defined in paragraph 5.e.(1).

(5) Test plans, analysis and results, as appropriate, to verify the function and 

performance of the hosting TSO article is not affected by the non-TSO function(s). 

(6) Test plants, analysis and results, as appropriate, to verify the function and 

performance of the non-TSO functions(s) as described in paragraph 5.e.(1).

f. The quality system description required by 14 CFR § 21.608, including functional test 

specifications. The quality system should ensure that you will detect any change to the approved 

design that could adversely affect compliance with the TSO MPS, and reject the article 

accordingly. (Not required for LODA applicants.) 

g. Material and process specifications list. 

h. List of all drawings and processes (including revision level) that define the article’s 

design. 

i. Manufacturer’s TSO qualification report showing results of testing accomplished 

according to paragraph 3.c of this TSO. 

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TSO-C23f 09/21/2012 

Page 4 

6. MANUFACTURER DATA REQUIREMENTS. Besides the data given directly to the 

responsible ACO, have the following technical data available for review by the responsible 

ACO:

a. Functional qualification specifications for qualifying each production article to ensure 

compliance with this TSO. 

b. Equipment calibration procedures. 

c. Schematic drawings. 

d. Wiring diagrams. 

e. Material and process specifications. 

f. If the article contains non-TSO function(s), you must also make available items 6.a

through 6.e as they pertain to the non-TSO function(s). 

7. FURNISHED DATA REQUIREMENTS. 

a. If furnishing one or more articles manufactured under this TSO to one entity (such as an 

individual jumper or a drop zone operator), provide one copy or on-line access to the data in 

paragraphs 5.a through 5.c of this TSO. Add any other data needed for the proper installation, 

certification, use, or for continued compliance with the TSO, of the personnel parachute 

assembly and components. 

b. If the article contains declared non-TSO function(s), include one copy of the data in 

paragraphs 5.e.(1) through 5.e.(6).

8. HOW TO GET REFERENCED DOCUMENTS. 

a. You can download a free copy of PIA TS-135 Revision 1.4 issued April 22, 2010 

Performance Standards for Personnel Parachute Assemblies and Components at: 

http://www.pia.com/piapubs/TSDocuments/TS-135v1.4.pdf

b. You can find a current list of technical standard orders and advisory circulars on the 

FAA Internet website Regulatory and Guidance Library at http://rgl.faa.gov/. You will also find 

the TSO Index of Articles at the same site. 

/S/ 

Susan J. M. Cabler 

Assistant Manager, Aircraft Engineering Division 

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TSO-C23f 09/21/2012 

Page 5 

APPENDIX 1. MINIMUM PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR PERSONNEL 

PARACHUTE ASSEMBLIES AND COMPONENTS

This appendix prescribes the MPS for a personnel parachute assembly and component. The 

applicable standard is PIA TS-135 Revision 1.4 issued April 22, 2010 Performance Standards for 

Personnel Parachute Assemblies and Components, as modified for this TSO: 

1. Page 2, replace Para, 2.1.i. to read as follows: 

“Cognizant Agency” - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or civil aviation 

authorities recognized in bilateral agreements by the FAA, 

2. Page 5, Para. 4.1.2. delete: “generally”.

Stitching should not ravel when broken. “Generally” reduces the requirement for stitch 

 choice, and adversely impacts the current standard. 

3. Page 5, Para. 4.1.3.delete: “Ref: Table 2”.

Table 2 is not relevant to this requirement. Testing of a packed assy will show if the main 

parachute will interfere with the proper function of the reserve parachute. 

4. Page 9, Para. 4.3.7. in first sentence delete: “a weight not more than”.

 The worst case is the maximum operating weight. 

5. Page 11, disregard paragraph 4.3.9.1., Rate of Descent Tests (Method 2). 

 We omitted the Method (2) testing, for not providing an equivalent level of safety to 

current standard. This method is directed at high performance and experience parachutists in 

sport and skydiving activities. Novice or less experienced parachutists in emergency conditions 

due to incapacitation, panic, etc., may not be able to safely deploy and land. 

We have to consider the safety of all jumpers, not just the highly skilled, highly experienced. 

It is argued that the risks the experienced jumpers are exposing themselves to, are mitigated by 

their skill and experience. 

To allow the increased velocity may improve the safety of highly skilled, highly experienced 

jumpers, but it erodes the safety for the beginner, incapacitated, panicked, or a jumper who has 

gotten himself into a treacherous landing area. 

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TSO-C23f 09/21/2012 

Page 6 

We do not agree that a canopy manufacturer can demonstrate that a jumper can safely land with 

an appropriate control manipulation while performing a flare before touchdown. This approach 

relies on jumper’s experience to meet the MOPS that parachutes have been certified to. This 

approach does not provide an equivalent level of safety. 

6. Page 14, Table 1, under Marking Data Requirements, replace: 

 Statement of Authorization under TS0-C-23e and/or (J) TSO-C-23e if applicable. 

With 

 Statement of Authorization. Under TSO-C23f and/or ETSO-C23f if applicable. 

 TSO-C23e has been cancelled

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A. Introduction

 1. FAA rules and regulations

 2. Part 105, 91, 65, and basic facilities to practice rigging, (packing table, inspection, drying area)

 3. Responsibility as a licensed rigger, privilages, and rating limitations

 4. Paperwork, FAA, logbook, datacard, ADs, service bulletins, (binder with all ADs and SBs)

 5. Filling out inspection log book, filling out data cards

B. Rigging Techniques and Tools (VIDEO)

 1. Modem rigging technics and methods

 2. Packing tapes (Square reserves)

 3. Vector

 4. Racer

 5. Javelin

 6. Talon

 7. Vector tandem, strong, racer

C. Round Canopy

 1. Construction and materials

 2. Aerodynamics

 3. Inspection procedures, (bridle attaching methods)

 4. Line continuity (two and four riser systems) (round to riser assembly)

 5. Canopy layout (on packing table)

 6. Canopy sections, gore numbers, panel designations.

 7. Data panel information

 8. Alterations or repairs listed on data panel (is it approved? where do we look?)

 9. Diapers, full stow, two stow, vertical stow, etc.

 10. Flaking the canopy for packing

 11. Diaper and line stowing

 12. Acid test and inspection

D. Square Canopy

 1. Construction and materials

 2. Aerodynamics

 3. Inspection procedures, (layout on carpet) (hanging by tail)

 4. Line continuity (cascaded and continuous lines) (assembly to risers)

 5. Canopy sections (nose, tail, upper and lower skins, ribs, load bearing ribs, crossports)

 6. Data panel infonnation

 7. Steering toggles (types installation sand stowing methods)

 8, Deployment systems (freebags, etc.) (inspection of these systems)

 9. Packing methods (side pack, stack pack, pro pack, hanging pro pack)

 10. Folding canopy (to place indeployment bag) (freebag types, vector, racer, molar, etc.)

 11. Line stowing (methods and tools)

EXAMPLE OUTLINE FOR SENIOR RIGGER TRAINING,

CLASSES, DEMONSTRATIONS AND PROJECTS.

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E. Harness and Containers

 1. Construction and materials

 2. Hardware (types, inspection, values of types, ADs or SBs, proper installation)

 3. Gromets (types, inspection)

 4. Snaps (types, inspection)

 5. Cable housings (types, inspection)

 6. Attachment links (types, inspection, main and reserve)

 7. Pilot chute (types, inspection, both main and reserve, including retract and collapsible)

 8. Hand tacking (materials, methods, inspections)

 9. Ripcords and release handles (types, materials, inspection procedures)

 10. Pins and cones (types, inspection)

 11. Harness and container inspection (as a unit)

F. Sewing Machines

 1. Manufactures and types (uses of different types) (straight locking, zig zag, bar tack, harness)

 2. Sewing machine components (table, head, motor, clutch/brake, bobbin winder, etc.)

 3. Threading the machine (needle and bobbin) (thread types and values)

 4. Basic operating of machine (foot, knee, hands, and effects, sew, brake, lift foot, set needle, etc.)

 5. Types of sewing stitches (301-304-308)

G. Tools (Demonstrations and Applications for all Types)

 1. Pull up cords

 2. Packing weights

 3. Line seperator (round/square)

 4. Through the bag cord with friction lock

 5. Molarstrap

 6. Rifle cleaning rod

 7. Velcro covers

 8. Temporarypins

 9. Knee plate

 10. T-Bar

 11. Packing paddles (long/short)

 12. Bodkins

 13. Seam ripper

 14. Scissors (nippers)

 15. Finger trap fids

 16. Positive closing device

 17. Hand sewing needles

 18. Razor knife

 19. Tailoring pencils (correct type dixon)

 20. Seal press

 21. L-Bar seperator

 22. Weight scale (pull test)

 23. Pull test clamps

 24. Hot knife

 25. Gromet hole cutters

 26. Gromet sets

 27. Snap setting tools

 28. Hot glue gun

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 J . Demonstrations (continued)

 21. Tangled round

 22. Tangled square

 23. Complete inspection (round reserve)

 24. Complete inspection (square reserve)

 25. Assembly complete (round)

 26. Assembly complete (square)

 27. Hand sewing and tacking (comfort pads, connector links, cones, reserve cable housing, eyelets)

 28. Needle fold (reserve bridles)

 29. Installing toggles (main and reserve)

 30. Installing gromets and snaps

 31. Finger trapping suspension line

 32. 4-line release systems

 33. Nylon mesh acid test

 34. Pull test (description warp and fill thread to selvege edge)

 35. Pull test (using scale check pull tension on reserve ripcord)

 36. Installing a 6-inch patch in F-111

K. Projects

 1. Install to airworthy standards around reserve

 2. Install to airworthy standards a square reserve

 3. Round canopy inspection locate and verify defects

 4. Square canopy inspection locate and verify defects

 S. Square reserve side pack

 6. Square reserve pro pack

 7. Harness and container inspection locate and verify defects

 8. Pack B-12

 9. Pack NB-6

 10. Pack round reserve with 2 stow diaper

 11. Pack round reserve with vertical full stow diaper

 12. Pack round reserve with full stow diaper

 13. Pack round reserve with vertical full stow diaper parallelto bottom of pack tray

 14. Pack square reserve in Vector-type freebag (using through bag cord)

 15. Pack square reserve in Javelin-type free bag (molar)

 16. Untangle round reserve using proper technique

 17. Untangle square reserve using proper technique

 18. Demonstrate knowledge of 4-line release systems

 19. Hand sew ripcord housing, tack comfort pad, Hand sew cone and eyelet

 20. Tie knots, overhand, square, clove hitch, double half hitch, slip loop, bowline, surgeon’s & locking.

 21. Install proper seal on closing pin

 22. Perform proper needle fold

 23. Machine sewing 1 (build shot bags using templates and perform sewingpractise drills)

 24. Machine sewing 2 (install a six inch patch to exceptable and airworthy standards)

 25. Using proper tools (cut hole and set gromets in parapack and install snaps)

 26. Install steering toggles using recognizedmethods

 27. Finger-trap suspension line to a finished length by calculating shrinkage of traped area

 28. Perform dryrun reserve inspection and repack to airworthy standards meeting all FAA requirements

 29. Locate correct information for compatability, assembly and inspection of a sport rig and reserve

 30. Perform at least 20 complete inspections and repacks to standards of back type reserves

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A. Introduction

 1. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations and rating privileges

 2. Review Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) parts 105, 91, detail part 65 required facilities, equipment, tools, 

 materials, record keeping, repair testing

 3. Mil-Spec materials and values

 4. Technical Standard Order (TSO) standards and who creates them. Current standards, categories, and limitations and who 

 maintains them

 5. Skills, responsibilities, and ethics of a master parachute rigger

 6. Record keeping

 7. Alterations, manufactures, FAA authorization process, records and documentation

B. The Parachute Loft

 1. Facilities

 2. Work areas, round canopies, square canopies, suspended, table

 3. Material storage, and support, conditions for material quality

 4. Inspection areas and lighting

 5. Hand tools, types, uses, control, maintenance

 6. Sewing machines 

 7. Parachute equipment storage, short and long term

 8. Project tables, layout and cutting

C. Harness & Container Systems

 1. Reserve system deployment types, (internal pilot chute) (external pilot chute)

 2. Harness types, (standard harness) (partial articulated harness) (fully articulate harness)

 3. Hardware, current manufactures, (standard cadmium plated) (stainless steel) (rapide links, “galvanized” “stainless”) 

 (Slinks – Manufactured by Performance Design and Precision Aerodynamics)

 4. 3-ring release systems, ring sizes, maintenance, riser sizes, lengths, construction 

 5. Reserve ripcord systems, types, housings, ripcords

 6. Main canopy deployment systems, ripcord, throwout, pullout, bottom of container (BOC), PUD system

 7. Freebag systems, deployment bag types and cuts, line stow types, bridles and bridle assists, reserve pilotchute types 

 8. Main canopy release systems, housing types, duel action systems (student equipment) 

D. Square Parachute Systems

 1. Modern construction

 2. Materials

 3. Airfoil types (elliptical, semi elliptical, tapered, multi cell)

 4. Cell construction types (I-beam, interlocking T-beam, half cell, spanwise)

 5. Suspension line types and line attachments types (Spectra, Kevlar, Vectran, HMA, Dacron)

 6. Canopy suspension line trim

 7. Modern canopy repair methods and limitations (Chapter 7 FAA Parachute Rigger Handbook) (RD Raghanti repair method)

 8. Square canopy design and flight definitions

 (A) Airfoil section area

 (B) Angle of attack

 (C) Angle of trim

 (D) Angle of incidence

 (E) Aspect ratio

 (F) Cascade line

 (G) Cell 

 (H) Chord

 (I) Control line

 (J) Control line deflection

Example Training Syllabus for Master Rigger Training, Classes, 

Demonstrations, and Projects

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A-64

 (K) Construction chordwise

 (L) Construction full-cell chordwise

 (M) I-beam

 (N) Interlocking T-beam

 (O) Half-cell chordwise

 (P) Construction spanwise

 (Q) Cross ports

 (R) Deployment brakes

 (S) Flares, suspension line attachments

 (T) Full flight settings

 (U) Glide path (flightpath) angle

 (V) Pilot chute controlled reefing

 (W) Planform

 (X) Planform area

 (Y) Plumbline

 (Z) Projected area

 (AA) Quarter chord area

 (BB) Reference line 

 (CC) Ribs 

 (DD) Riser specs 

 (EE) Slider

 (FF) Slider stops

 (GG) Stabilizer panels 

 (HH) Span

 (II) Suspension lines (A) (B) (C) (D)

 (JJ) Suspension line length

 (KK) Trim line

 (LL) Toggles control

 (MM) Final trim measurements

E. Authorized/Certificated Parachute Components and Compatibility

 1. Manufactures inspection and packing instructions

 2. Approved data

 3. Acceptable data

 4. Methods to confirm compatibility

F. Automatic Activation Devises

 1. Types

 2. Service requirements (life, battery service, trouble codes, inspections)

 3. Control and calibration

 4. Installation

 5. Service during FAA 180-day inspection cycle

 6. Compatibility to TSOed equipment

 7. Airworthiness Directives (AD) or Service Bulletins (SB)

G. Commercial Sewing Machines

 1. Machine types and stitch requirements for production of components and major repairs 

 2. Sewing machine maintenance

 (A) Tools

 (B) Lubrication

 (C) Needles, sizes, types, uses

 (D) Inspections

 (E) Thread pick-up types (oscillating, rotating vertical, and rotating horizontal)

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 (F) Shuttle timing

 (G) Feed dog, tooth type and feed adjustment

 (H) Walking foot feed

 (I) Stitch length adjustment

 (J) Thread tension adjustment

 (K) Thread tension disk adjustment

 (L) Motor type, speed, clutch adjustment and application

 (M) Double needle applications and stitch width

 (N) Setting up machine to run .75 inch nylon binding tape and double and single needle installation

 (O) Bar tack machines, stitch patterns and lengths

 (P) Free arm machines, operation and uses

 3. Harness geometry and junctions

 4. Harness machine use and operation (7 class)

 (A) 3 and 4 point harness junction stitch patterns

 (B) Calculating pattern and stitch numbers to exceed webbing strength

 (C) Chaffing strip uses and installation in harness junctions

 (D) Main lift web confluence wrap at 3 ring

 5. Double needle binding tape machine use and operation

 (A) Appling binding tape to component edge

 (B) Turning 90 degree corner appling tape

 6. 304 zig zag stitch machine use and operations

 (A) Stitch length adjustment

 (B) Stitch width adjustment

 7. Bar tack machine use and operation

 Stitch width and length adjustment

H. Master Parachute Rigger Applicant Projects

Listed below are possible, projects or tasks you may be required to perform, during the master rigger practical test phase. They may 

require only the repair or replacement of a single item, or possible construction and replacement of the entire assembly. All projects are 

to be performed to return to service safety and manufacture standards. 

 1. Webbing joint construction / replace main lift web

 2. Chest strap replacement 

 3. Partial top/bottom skin replacement (ram air canopy) 

 4. Line set repair or replacement, (round or ram air) 

 5. Complete panel replacement (round reserve canopy) 

 6. Main parachute riser, major repair or construction 

 7. Main parachute deployment bag construction 

 8. Installation of AAD in container system not factory ready

 9. Construction of slider ram air canopy

 10. Construct replacement leg pads for container system

 11. Alter riser from l-bar to rapide link

 12. Construct lower steering line assemblies and replacement toggles

 13. Construct 32-inch hand deploy pilotchute

 14. Construct and replace main side flap on container

 15. Replace plastic stiffener and grommet reserve flap assembly

 16. Build and install BOC pocket on container

 17. Construct pull lines and channel for collapsible slider

 18. Construct and replace lower leg straps on articulated harness

 19. Replace parcel rib ram air

 20. Construct collapsible pilotchute bridle assembly

These are just a few of the possible projects or task you may be required to perform during the practical portion of the master 

 parachute rigger test. It is important that you learn use of the proper machines, materials, construction methods, obtain the skills, and 

knowledge to complete these projects to a return to service standard for safe use.

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