[Cite as Gehrke v. Senkiw, 2016-Ohio-2657.]

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

TIMOTHY J. GEHRKE, et al. 

Plaintiffs-Appellants 

v. 

PETER SENKIW, et al. 

Defendants-Appellees

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Appellate Case No. 26829 

Trial Court Case No. 2014-MSC-276 

(Probate Appeal from 

 Common Pleas Court) 

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O P I N I O N 

Rendered on the 22nd day of April, 2016 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

RICHARD KOLB, Atty. Reg. No. 0016449, 405 Madison Avenue, Suite 1000, Toledo, 

Ohio 43604 

 Attorney for Plaintiffs-Appellants, Timothy Gehrke, Traci Richard, & Kerry Runyeon 

 

T. ANDREW VOLLMAR, Atty. Reg. No. 0064033, and WAYNE E. WAITE, Atty. Reg. No. 

0008352, Freund, Freeze & Arnold, Fifth-Third Center, 1 South Main Street, Suite 1800, 

Dayton, Ohio 45402-2017 

 Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee, Peter Senkiw, as Trustee 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 

FAIN, J. 

{¶ 1} Plaintiffs-appellants Timothy Gehrke, Kerry Runyeon, and Traci Richard 
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appeal from a summary judgment rendered against them in the Montgomery County 

Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, on their claim for a declaratory judgment 

seeking to invalidate their aunt’s will and trust agreement. For the reasons set forth 

below, we Affirm. 

I. The Will and Trust Ageement 

{¶ 2} The decedent, Maureen Kramariuk, died in February 2014. Prior to her 

death, she executed several documents disposing of her estate. In 2008, she executed 

a Last Will and Testament and an Amended and Restated Revocable Living Trust 

Agreement. The 2008 Will left all tangible personal property to Kramariuk’s nephew, Tim 

Gehrke. The 2008 Trust made some charitable monetary gifts, leaving all the remainder 

of the Trust to Gehrke. 

{¶ 3} In July 2013, Kramariuk executed a new Last Will and Testament (2013 Will), 

as well as an Amended and Restated Revocable Living Trust Agreement (2013 Trust). 

Item II of the 2013 Will left her residuary estate to the 2013 Trust. Other than the 

payments of debts and expenses, the Will made no other bequests. Item II of the 2013 

Will provides: 

Residuary Request. I give, devise and bequeath all of my residuary 

estate, being all property, real and personal, whatsoever situate to the 

Successor Trustee (hereinafter referred to as the Trustee) of the Amended 

and Restated Revocable Living Trust Agreement between MAUREEN E. 

KRAMARIUK, myself, as Grantor, and as Original Trustee, and PETER 

SENKIW hereinafter referred to as Successor Trustee, dated the 30[th] day 
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of July, 2013, as may be amended to the date of my death, but actually 

executed prior to the signing of this, my Will, subject to all the terms and 

conditions, uses and trusts and powers as contained therein. 

{¶ 4} The 2013 Trust provided that upon Kramariuk’s death, assets would be given 

to various individuals and charities. The 2013 Trust provided that $75,000 was to be 

held in trust for the benefit of Gehrke for his use during his lifetime. The residue was 

given to Elizabeth Kollar, William and Stefanie Krebs, Gregory and Laura Senkiw, Peter, 

Senkiw, Tricia Senkiw, and Incarnation Church. 

{¶ 5} On August 5, 2013, Kramariuk executed an amendment to the 2013 Trust 

(Amendment), which changed the residuary clause to include only Elizabeth Kollar, Peter 

Senkiw, and Incarnation Church. Kramariuk died on February 10, 2014. Her will was 

admitted to probate on February 20, 2014. 

II. The Course of Proceedings 

{¶ 6} On August 5, 2014, Gehrke, along with his sisters, Kerry Runyeon and Traci 

Richard, brought this action, seeking a declaratory judgment that the 2013 Trust and the 

Amendment are invalid because Kramariuk lacked testamentary capacity, and was 

subject to undue influence when she executed them. The complaint also sought to set 

aside the transfers made under those instruments. Peter Senkiw, individually and as 

Trustee, filed an answer. Both parties moved for summary judgment. 

{¶ 7} In his motion Senkiw argued that because the 2013 Trust was incorporated 

into the 2013 Will, the plaintiffs could not challenge it without also challenging the 2013 

Will. He further argued that because there was no suit challenging the will within the 
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applicable statute of limitations, this suit could not stand. Senkiw also moved to strike 

affidavits of attorneys Joseph Wittenberg and William McGraw, which were attached to 

the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, arguing that they provide impermissible legal 

conclusions. 

{¶ 8} The probate court, relying upon Hageman v. Cleveland Trust Co., 45 Ohio 

St.2d 178, 343 N.E.2d 121 (1976), found that the 2013 Will, by virtue of Item II therein, 

incorporated the 2013 Trust by reference. Thus, the court concluded that the 2013 Trust 

could not be challenged without also challenging the 2013 Will. The court noted that the 

statute of limitations for challenging the 2013 Will expired on July 30, 2014, about one 

week before the filing of the complaint. Therefore, the court held that the plaintiffs’ 

challenge to the 2013 Trust must be dismissed. The court rendered judgment in favor 

of Senkiw. The court also granted the motion to strike the affidavits. 

{¶ 9} The plaintiffs appeal. 

III. The Trust Agreement Is Incorporated in the Will by Reference 

{¶ 10} The First Assignment of Error states as follows: 

THE PROBATE COURT IMPROPERLY CONSTRUED ITEM II OF 

MAUREEN’S WILL AS AN INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE CLAUSE. 

{¶ 11} The plaintiffs contend that the probate court erred by construing Item II of 

Kramariuk’s 2013 Will as incorporating, by reference, the trust into the will. They argue 

that this clause constitutes a pour-over clause into an inter vivos trust pursuant to R.C. 

2107.63, and that it is clear that Kramariuk did not intend to create a testamentary trust 

pursuant to the incorporation by reference clause contained in R.C. 2107.05. The 
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plaintiffs further argue that because the 2013 Trust and Amendment were not deposited 

into court in a timely manner, they cannot be incorporated by reference. 

{¶ 12} This court utilizes a de novo standard of review with regard to summary 

judgment. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). 

Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment is proper if: (1) no genuine issue as to any 

material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law; and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to 

but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in favor of the party against 

whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that conclusion is adverse to that party. 

Id. 

{¶ 13} A pour-over clause is a provision in a will directing the distribution of a 

decedent’s property into a trust. Black’s Law Dictionary 608 (5th Ed. 1983). “Prior to 

the enactment of R.C. 2107.63 [Ohio’s pour-over clause statute] an Ohio testator could 

not devise or bequeath property to an inter vivos trust without incorporating its terms in 

the will. * * * The enactment of R.C. 2107.63 * * * expressly authoriz[ed] bequests to the 

trustee of a trust identified in the will irrespective of the date on which the will is executed.” 

Hageman v. Cleveland Trust Co., 41 Ohio App.2d 160, 161, 324 N.E.2d 594 (8th Dist. 

1974), overruled on other grounds, Hageman v. Cleveland Trust Co., 45 Ohio St.2d 178, 

343 N.E.2d 121 (1976). 

{¶ 14} R.C. 2107.05, Ohio’s incorporation-by-reference statute, provides that 

when the terms of a trust are set forth in a writing existing at the time a will is executed, 

the terms of the trust can be incorporated into the will for the purposes of creating a 

testamentary trust. Id. The statute requires that: (1) the will refer to the trust as one 
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already in existence; (2) the will’s reference to the trust clearly identifies the trust; and (3) 

the language in the will demonstrates an intent on the part of the testator to incorporate 

the trust into, and make it a part of, the will. Linney v. Cleveland Trust Co., 30 Ohio App. 

345, 354, 165 N.E. 101 (8th Dist. 1928). 

{¶ 15} The question presented here is whether the trial court properly found that 

the 2013 Trust and Amendment had been incorporated into the 2013 Will by virtue of Item 

II of the Will. In Hageman, 45 Ohio St.2d 178, 343 N.E.2d 121, upon which the probate 

court relied, Katharine Hageman executed a revocable trust agreement and a will 

approximately three days before her death. Id., 178. The trust agreement provided that 

at her death, gifts would be made to charity, and that lifetime benefits would be paid to a 

close friend. Id., 181. She gave her brother, Howard Hageman, the right to live in a 

dwelling, rent free, for his life. Id. In her will, Hageman used the following residuary 

clause to grant her residual estate to the Cleveland Trust Company as trustee of the trust: 

Item III. I give, devise and bequeath all the residue of my property, 

of whatsoever character and wheresoever situate, to the Cleveland Trust 

Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, as trustee under a certain trust agreement 

which I have heretofore entered into with the said Cleveland Trust 

Company, as trustee, under date of the 11th day of June, 1969, to be held, 

managed and disposed of in accordance with the terms and provisions of 

said trust agreement as the same may exist at the time of my death. 

Id., 186. 

{¶ 16} Howard Hageman sought to contest the will, but was unsuccessful. He 

thereafter filed suit to challenge the trust. Id., 178. The trial court dismissed the action, 
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finding that he had no standing to set aside the inter vivos trust into which a pour-over 

bequest was made unless the will was also set aside. Id., 179. On appeal, the Eighth 

District Court of Appeals held that Item III of the will demonstrated a clear intent that the 

decedent’s property go to the trustee of the inter vivos trust, and that it could not be 

construed as intending to create a testamentary trust. Hageman v. Cleveland Trust Co., 

41 Ohio App.2d 160, 163, 324 N.E.2d 594 (8th Dist. 1974). The Supreme Court of Ohio 

reversed, holding that the language in the residuary clause of the will was sufficient to 

incorporate the trust by reference pursuant to R.C. 2107.05. Hageman, 45 Ohio St.2d 

178, 182. 

{¶ 17} A comparison of the language used in the Hageman will and the language 

in Item II of Kramariuk’s 2013 Will, reveals that they are nearly identical. While we might 

not otherwise conclude that the Kamariuk Will clearly manifests an intent to incorporate 

by reference, we conclude that we are bound by the Supreme Court holding in Hageman. 

{¶ 18} Given the language in Hageman, almost identical to the language used in 

this case, which the Supreme Court of Ohio found sufficient to incorporate a trust by 

reference into a will, we conclude that the probate court did not err in concluding that Item 

II of the 2013 Will incorporated the 2013 Trust and Amendment into the will by reference. 

Therefore, the probate court did not err in holding that, pursuant to Hageman, the plaintiffs 

could not contest the trust without also challenging the will. 

{¶ 19} The plaintiffs next argue that because Senkiw failed to deposit the 2013 

Trust and Amendment in the probate court within thirty days after the will was probated, 

as required by R.C. 2107.05, the 2013 Trust was not incorporated by reference into the 

2013 Will. 
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{¶ 20} R.C. 2107.05 provides for an extension of time to deposit a trust for good 

cause shown. We disagree with the plaintiffs’ claim that the failure to timely deposit the 

trust requires a finding that it is not properly incorporated. The Supreme Court of Ohio 

has indicated that the deposit requirement is satisfied when the incorporated document 

has been made available to the interested parties. Bolles v. Toledo Trust Co., 144 Ohio 

St. 195, 216, 58 N.E.2d 381 (1944), overruled on other grounds, Smyth v. Cleveland Trust 

Co., 172 Ohio St. 489, 179 N.E.2d 60 (1961). See also Winkle v. U.S., 381 F.Supp. 536, 

539 (S.D. Ohio 1974). 

{¶ 21} In the case before us, the 2013 Trust and Amendment were not deposited 

with the probate court within the thirty days following the probate of the 2013 Will. 

However, as noted by the probate court, there is evidence that the plaintiffs’ counsel had 

copies of the documents some time before July 7, 2014. Thus, the plaintiffs had notice 

of the existence of the 2013 Trust and Amendment at least 23 days before the running of 

the statute of limitations for contesting the Will. We conclude that the probate court did 

not err in finding that the purpose of the deposit requirement had been satisfied. 

{¶ 22} The First Assignment of Error is overruled. 

IV. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Striking Affidavits 

Setting Forth Legal Conclusions 

{¶ 23} The plaintiffs’ Second Assignment of Error states: 

THE PROBATE COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED THE 

MOTION TO STRIKE THE AFFIDAVITS OF PLAINTIFFS’ EXPERT 
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WITNESSES. 

{¶ 24} The plaintiffs contend that the court abused its discretion by striking the 

affidavits of their experts that were attached to their summary judgment pleadings. In 

support, they argue that the affidavits provide factual information explaining the 

significance of, and the distinction between, inter vivos and testamentary trusts. They 

also note that both experts conclude that Item II of the 2103 Will is a pour-over clause, 

not an incorporation-by-reference clause. Senkiw argues that the court acted within its 

discretion because the expert affidavits offered legal conclusions that are within the 

exclusive province of the court. 

{¶ 25} Evid.R. 702 governs the admission of expert testimony. That rule provides: 

A witness may testify as an expert if all of the following apply: 

(A) The witness' testimony either relates to matters beyond the knowledge 

or experience possessed by lay persons or dispels a misconception 

common among lay persons; 

(B) The witness is qualified as an expert by specialized knowledge, skill, 

experience, training, or education regarding the subject matter of the 

testimony; 

(C) The witness' testimony is based on reliable scientific, technical, or other 

specialized information. 

{¶ 26} In general, trial courts should admit expert testimony when it is relevant and 

when the criteria of Evid.R. 702 are satisfied. Terry v. Caputo, 115 Ohio St.3d 351, 2007-

Ohio-5023, 875 N.E.2d 72, ¶ 16. However, trial courts have broad discretion to 

determine the admissibility of expert testimony, which is subject to review only for an 
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abuse of that discretion. Donegal Mut. Ins. v. White Consol. Industries, Inc., 166 Ohio 

App.3d 569, 2006-Ohio-1586, 825 N.E.2d 215, ¶ 39 (2d Dist.). A trial court abuses its 

discretion when it makes a decision that is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. 

Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). 

{¶ 27} Evid.R. 704 states that “[t]estimony in the form of an opinion or inference 

otherwise admissible is not objectionable solely because it embraces an ultimate issue to 

be decided by the trier of fact.” The Staff Notes to this Rule state: 

The rule does not serve to make opinion evidence on an ultimate 

issue admissible; it merely provides that opinion evidence on an ultimate 

issue is not excludable per se. The rule must be read in conjunction with 

Rule 701 and Rule 702, each of which requires that opinion testimony be 

helpful to, or assist, the trier of the fact in the determination of a factual 

issue. Opinion testimony on an ultimate issue is admissible if it assists the 

trier of the fact, otherwise it is not admissible. The competency of the trier 

of the fact to resolve the factual issue determines whether or not the opinion 

testimony is of assistance. 

{¶ 28} In this case, the plaintiffs attached the affidavits of two attorneys to their 

response to Senkiw’s motion for summary judgment. Both of the affidavits provide the 

educational and work experience of the attorneys, with an emphasis on their qualifications 

as experts in the area of wills and trusts. Both affidavits offer examples of pour-over 

language and incorporation-by-reference language used by both attorneys in their 

practices. Finally, both affidavits opined that Item II of Kramariuk’s 2013 Will constituted 

a pour-over provision that did not act to incorporate the 2013 Trust and Amendment by 
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reference. 

{¶ 29} Whether the language used in the will met the statutory definition of an 

incorporation of a trust agreement by reference is an issue of law, to be decided by the 

trial court. And the issue of whether Hageman, supra, controlled this legal issue is 

likewise an issue of law, for the trial court to decide. Which it did. 

{¶ 30} We conclude that the trial court did not err in striking the affidavits. If the 

trial court erred in its legal analysis, that is a proper subject of appeal. If the appellate 

courts also err in this regard, the General Assembly may amend the statute to clarify its 

intent. At any legislative hearings on this subject, the testimony of experienced probate 

lawyers might be helpful. The Second Assignment of Error is overruled. 

V. Conclusion 

{¶ 31} Both of the plaintiffs’ assignments of error having been overruled, the 

judgment of the probate court is Affirmed. 

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DONOVAN, P.J., and FROELICH, J., concur. 

Copies mailed to: 

Richard Kolb 

405 Madison Avenue 

Suite 1000 

Toledo, OH 43604 

T. Andrew Vollmar / Wayne E. Waite 

Freund, Freeze & Arnold 

Fifth Third Center 

1 S. Main Street, Suite 1800 

Dayton, OH 45402-2017 
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Todd DeBoe 

Office of the Ohio Attorney General 

150 E. Gay Street, 23rd Floor 

Columbus, OH 43215 

 

John Hilgeman 

12 W. Monument Avenue 

Suite 100 

Dayton, OH 45402 

J. Anthony Lehman 

443 E. Central Avenue 

Miamisburg, OH 45342 

Church of the Incarnation 

55 Williamsburg Lane 

Centerville, OH 45459 

U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs 

1240 E. Ninth Street 

Cleveland, OH 44199 

Christopher Richard 

145 Hilton View Drive 

Chapin, SC 29036 

David and S. Ann Glover 

130 Ashford Drive 

Dayton, OH 45459 

Gregory and Laura Senkiw 

6151 Locust Hill Road 

Centerville, OH 45459 

Michael Flanagan 

Craddenstown Raharney 

County W. Meath Ireland 

Rev. Lawrence Mierenfeld 

c/o Church of the Incarnation 

55 Williamsburg Lane 

Centerville, OH 45459 

 
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Roland and Judy Watts 

241 Edgebrook Drive 

Centerville, OH 45459 

Stephanie Krebs 

396 Avon Way 

Dayton, OH 45429 

Tricia Senkiw 

2652 Ferry Road 

Bellbrook, OH 45305 

Hon. Alice O. McCollum 

Montgomery County Probate Court 

41 N. Perry Street 

Dayton, OH 45422-2155