IQUiifOI-" APPEALS OiV

STATE OF V'ASHIKGTQ-;

2013 MAY -6 AH 9: 36

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION ONE

BERSCHAUER PHILLIPS

CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,

a Washington corporation,

Appellant,

v.

MUTUAL OF ENUMCLAW

INSURANCE COMPANY,

an insurance company,

Respondent.

No. 68259-8-1

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: May 6, 2013

Verellen, J. — Berschauer Phillips Construction Company (BP) appeals from the

superior court order granting summary judgment dismissing its "direct action" claim

against Mutual of Enumclaw Insurance Company (MOE). BP obtained a default

judgment against an insured of MOE, unsuccessfully sought to recover from MOE on a

"chose in action" theory in Thurston County, and also filed this direct action lawsuit

against MOE in King County. BP assigns error to the superior court's determination that

this direct action lawsuit was barred by the claim-splitting doctrine of res judicata. BP

could have and should have raised its direct action claim against MOE in its previous

lawsuit, which involved the identical subject matter and claim, included the same parties

acting in the same capacities, and resulted in a final judgment in favor of MOE. Because

No. 68259-8-1/2

the superior court correctly determined that res judicata barred BP's subsequent lawsuit

against MOE, dismissal was proper. We affirm.

FACTS

In 2002, BP subcontracted with Concrete Sciences Services of Seattle (CSS) to

stain concrete floors at Redmond Junior High School. The concrete floor did not

properly absorb the stain. At the time, CSS, a Minnesota limited liability corporation

(LLC), was insured under a comprehensive general liability insurance policy issued by

MOE. In 2003, following completion of the project, CSS filed articles of termination,

dissolving the Minnesota LLC.

In 2004, BP filed a lawsuit against CSS in King County seeking to recover

damages for defective workmanship. CSS did not appear, and BP obtained a

$318,611.97 default judgment. BP informed MOE of the default judgment and demanded

payment. MOE moved to vacate the default judgment. The superior court denied the

motion as untimely. This court affirmed (Appeal 1).1

In 2008, BP filed a lawsuit against MOE in Thurston County, alleging it had

"attached all available choses in action" CSS had against MOE.2 BP asserted claims of

negligence, breach of contract, bad faith, and breach of Washington's Consumer

Protection Act, ch. 19.86 RCW. In December 2009, BP obtained writs of execution from

King County Superior Court, directing the Thurston County sheriff to levy on CSS's

1Berschauer Phillips Constr. Co. v. Concrete Sci. Servs. of Seattle, LLC,

No. 58912-1-1, slip op. at 6 (Wash. Ct. App. July 30, 2007).

2 Berschauer Phillips Constr. Co. v. Concrete Sci. Servs. of Seattle, LLC, noted

at 160 Wn. App. 1039,2011 WL 1107228, at *1. In fact, BP never fully executed on any

of the claims it purported to have attached.

No. 68259-8-1/3

claims against MOE. The King County court granted MOE's motion to quash on the

grounds that CSS had no property on which to execute, and any property was not

property capable ofexecution because it was "too uncertain."3 BP appealed; this court

affirmed (Appeal 2).4

While Appeal 2 was pending, MOE moved for summary judgment in the Thurston

County action. BP moved for a stay. The Thurston County court ordered a stay while

awaiting this court's decision in Appeal 2.

MOE then sought discretionary review by this court of the Thurston County

court's stay order. This court granted review and determined that: CSS was the real

party in interest, not BP; the trial court lacked authority to stay the case; and BP had no

standing at the time it filed the action, nor at the time the staywas issued (Appeal 3).5

The mandate issued August 5, 2011.

3ldat2.

4Id. at *3. This court held that the alleged "choses in action" were "anything but

certain," as it was not established that "CSS could come into ownership of such claims

accruing subsequent to its termination." id. Accordingly, "it is not clear that CSS owns

property upon which BPCC, as CSS's judgment creditor, can execute." Id.

5 Berschauer Phillips Constr. Co. v. Mutual of Enumclaw Ins. Co., noted at 162

Wn. App. 1029, 2011 WL 2519849, at *3. Although this court also recited that the trial

court "lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case," the basis for the opinion was

lack of standing. ]d Standing is a common law doctrine that prohibits a litigantfrom

raising another's legal right. Grant County Fire Prot. Dist. No. 5 v. Cityof Moses Lake,

150 Wn.2d 791, 802, 83 P.3d 419 (2004). We have recently and repeatedly held that a

dismissal based on a lack of standing does not deprive a court of subject matter

jurisdiction. See, e.g.. Trinity Universal Ins. Co. of Kansas v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., No.

67832-9-I, 2013 WL 1164071, at *5 (Wash. Ct. App. Mar. 18, 2013) (standing is not a

matter ofsubject matter jurisdiction); Ullerv v. Fulleton. 162 Wn. App. 596, 604-05, 256

P.3d 406. review denied. 173Wn.2d 1003 (2011) (same).

No. 68259-8-1/4

After the mandate issued, BP and MOE stipulated to an order of dismissal of the

Thurston County lawsuit, "with prejudice."6 Thedismissal orderstates, "[W]ith the

dismissal of the claims against Mutual of Enumclaw all claims of all parties in this

lawsuit are resolved and this orderconstitutes final judgment in this matter."7

In the meantime, BP filed this new lawsuit against MOE in King County. In the

complaint, BP recited that: CSS was insured by MOE; BP had a default judgment

against CSS; and BP "has standing to proceed against MOE on a direct action" to

collect the judgment.8 BP asserted that it had recently discovered boilerplate language

in MOE insurance policies of the type issued to CSS. According to BP, the CSS policy

likely included the provision that "[a] person or organization may sue us to recover on an

agreed settlement or on a final judgment against an insured obtained after an actual

trial."9

MOE moved for summary dismissal, arguing that BP's direct action claims were

barred under the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel. The trial court

concluded that BP's lawsuit was barred by res judicata, and granted MOE's motion for

summary judgment.

BP appeals.

6Clerk's Papers at 193.

7kL

8Clerk's Papers at 2.

9Appellant's Br. at 8. BP provided the superior court a copy of an unspecified

MOE policy that contained the boilerplate provision.

No. 68259-8-1/5

DISCUSSION

BP asserts that the trial court erred in dismissing its claims, arguing that res

judicata does not bar its present lawsuit against MOE. We disagree.

Resjudicata is an issue oflaw, subject to de novo review on appeal.10 The party

raising res judicata must demonstrate that the action involves the same subject matter,

cause ofaction, persons or parties, and quality of persons as a prior adjudication.11

Res judicata applies both to points upon which the previous court was required to

pronounce a judgment, and to every point "which the parties, exercising reasonable

diligence, might have brought forward at the time."12 The public policy favoring

prevention of claim splitting applies to a party seeking to recover from an insurer based

on various theories of recovery.13

Where, as here, the insured has not made an assignment of its claim against its

insurer to an injured third party, a third party damaged by actions of the insured has

10 Martin v. Wilbert. 162Wn. App. 90, 94, 253 P.3d 108, review denied. 173

Wn.2d 1002 (2011).

11 Williams v. Leone &Keeble. Inc.. 171 Wn.2d 726, 730, 254 P.3d 818 (2011).

Res judicata also requires that the prior judgment be final. Leiia v. Materne Bros.. Inc.,

34 Wn. App. 825, 827, 664 P.2d 527 (1983). Here, the judgment in the prior Thurston

County lawsuit, a dismissal "with prejudice" stipulated by agreement of both parties, was

final for purposes of res judicata. Dismissal of an action "with prejudice" is a final

judgment on merits of a controversy. Banchero v. City Council of City of Seattle, 2 Wn.

App. 519, 525, 468 P.2d 724 (1970).

12 Sanwick v. Puaet Sound Title Ins. Co., 70 Wn.2d 438, 441, 423 P.2d 624

(1967) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Currier v. Perry, 181 Wash. 565, 569,

44P.2d184(1935)).

13 See Schoeman v. New York Life Ins. Co.. 106 Wn.2d 855, 859, 726 P.2d 1

(1986) ("If a matter has been litigated or there has been an opportunity to litigate on the

matter in a former action, the party-plaintiff should not be permitted to relitigate that

issue.").

No. 68259-8-1/6

options to recover from the insurer.14 Where the loss is covered by the liability policy,

the insurer's most fundamental obligation to its insured is the duty to indemnify the

insured by paying the third party.15

Understanding BP's theories of liability in each relevant lawsuit is critical to the

application of res judicata in this appeal. BP's Thurston County lawsuit was based on

its right to execute on its default judgment against CSS by levying on the choses in

action held by CSS against MOE. BP contends that its subsequent King County lawsuit

was based on its "direct" right to proceed against MOE, premised on a "boilerplate" noaction provision it suspects isin the policy issued by MOE toCSS.16 The no-action

14 Forexample, it is well recognized that an injured third party who has obtained

a judgment against an insured can execute on that judgment to levy on the choses in

action held by the insured against its insurer. See 7A Lee R. Russ &Thomas F.

Segalla, Couch on Insurance 3d §§ 104:5, at 104-17 (third party may execute on

judgment against insured), 104:14, at 104-30 (injured party may execute on insured's

cause of action and purchase it at a sheriffs sale).

In most states, including Washington, a third party may proceed directly against

the insurer under the state's garnishment statute on the theory that the duty to indemnify

is a debt owed by the insurer to its insured. See AtlanticCasualty Ins. Co. v Oregon

Mutual Ins. Co.. 137 Wn. App. 296, 304-05, 153 P.3d 211 (2007) ("An insurance

company's obligation under a liability policy is subject to garnishment. The theory

behind this is that as soon as the garnishing creditor established the insured's liability,

the insurance company was obligated to pay and, therefore, it is an asset that can be

attached in a garnishment action. In the garnishment action, the garnishee insurance

company ... is enitled to raise any defense it had against its policyholder against the

garnishing creditor." (citations omitted)); Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Willrich, 13 Wn.2d

263, 271,124 P.2d 950 (1942) ("[l]f [the injured third parties] recover judgment against

[the insured], they will have the right to compel [the insurer] to pay that judgment.");

Thomas V. Harris, Washington Insurance Law, Third Edition § 10.01, at 10-1 (2010)

("A garnishment is a derivative process that allows a judgment creditor to collect the

judgment by attaching the insurance 'debt* owed by an insurer to its insured.").

15 In some instances, the circumstances may support additional claims

independent of or collateral to the duty to indemnify, such as claims of bad faith or

breach of a duty to defend.

16 A contract provision establishing such a right to sue is generally valid, although

some courts hold that such a right exists only if it is clearly expressed in the contract.

No. 68259-8-1/7

provision BP seeks to rely on purportedly states, in relevant part, that "[a] person or

organization may sue us to recover on an agreed settlement or on a final judgment

against an insured obtained after an actual trial."17

BP's efforts to distinguish between the subject matter and cause of action at

issue in each of the two relevant lawsuits are not persuasive. Consideration of four

factors provide an analytical tool for determining whether two causes of action are

identical for purposes of res judicata: "(1) [w]hether rights or interests established in the

priorjudgment would be destroyed or impaired by prosecution of the second action; (2)

whether substantially the same evidence is presented in the two actions; (3) whether

the two suits involve infringement of the same right; and (4) whether the two suits arise

See 7A Russ &Segalla, supra, §§ 104:20, 104:21, at 104-40. Washington cases allude

to the concept of a "direct action" by the third party against the insured, although some

no-action provisions expressly limit the right to situations where the insured has reached

an agreed settlement with the injured third party, or the third party has obtained a

judgment against the insured after trial on the merits. See Rones v. Safeco Ins. Co. of

Am.. 60 Wn. App. 496, 502-03, 804 P.2d 649 (1991) (where third-party plaintifffailed to

meet the "no action" clause requirements, "the 'no action' clause is a complete defense"

against the plaintiffs third-party claim).

On appeal, BP mentions a third-party beneficiary theory, but does not argue that

it is a third-party beneficiary and cites no Washington cases adopting this rationale for a

"direct action." Courts in other jurisdictions have applied a "third-party beneficiary" label

as the basis for a direct action theory. See, e.g., Malmgren v. Sw. Auto. Ins. Co., 201

Cal. 29, 255 P. 512 (1927). Commentators, however, recognize that general and

casual use of that label does not reflect a genuine third-party beneficiary contract

theory. "The use of the label 'third-party beneficiary' can itself cause confusion, since

traditional concepts of third-party beneficiary status include certain distinct rights under

the contract. In the direct action context, the label should be restricted to cases where

the rights of the beneficiary are limited to the rights of the insured." 7A Russ &Segalla,

supra, §104:42, at 104-66.

17 Appellant's Br. at 8. Even assuming that such a provision existsin CSS's

MOE policy, it appears BP has not met the conditions precedent to any "direct" right to

action under the provision because the default judgment against CSS was not an

agreed settlement or a judgment obtained after an actual trial.

No. 68259-8-1/8

out of the same transactional nucleus of facts."18 The central issues in both of BP's

lawsuits are the same: whether CSS is liable for a loss covered by the MOE policy, and

whether MOE had a duty under its policy to indemnify CSS. Both the Thurston County

and King County lawsuits depended entirely upon MOE's underlying duty to indemnify

CSS. At oral argument, counsel for BP asserted some other duty is owed by the insurer

to the third-party claimant. But BP provides no authority for this proposition, and we

have found none. Moreover, the evidence necessary to each lawsuit is also the same.

In both lawsuits, BP would need evidence that it held a default judgment against CSS,

that the MOE policy covered the specific losses, and that CSS met its obligations under

the policy.19 Neither lawsuit isindependent ofthis same nucleus offacts, and the rights

at issue in both lawsuits are fundamentally the same.20

18 Kuhlman v. Thomas. 78 Wn. App. 115, 122, 897 P.2d 365 (1995) (alteration in

original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Rains v. State, 100 Wn.2d 660, 664,

674 P.2d 165 (1983)). It is not necessary that all four be present to bar the claim. Id.

("there is no specific test for determining identity of causes of action"); Rains, 100

Wn.2d at 663-64; Hadlevv. Cowan. 60 Wn. App. 433, 441, 804 P.2d 1271 (1991) ("In

determining whether there is identity of causes of action, res judicata, unlike collateral

estoppel, applies to what might or should have been litigated as well as what was

litigated. In Washington a number of tests for the identity of causes of action have been

used.... '[I]dentity of causes of action cannot be determined precisely by mechanistic

application of a simple test.'") (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Abramson v.

University of Hawaii. 594 F.2d 202, 206 (9th Cir.1979)); see also Philip A. Trautman,

Claim and Issue Preclusion in CivilLitigation in Washington, 60 Wash. L.Rev. 805, 816

(1985) (citing Rains. 100 Wn.2d at 664).

19 It is true that the Thurston County lawsuit would require proof ofthe additional

fact that BP had executed on the "choses in action" and held the rights of CSS, the

insured, to be indemnified on the loss. See generally 14A Karl B. Tegland,

Washington Practice: Civil Procedure § 35.26, at 527 (2d ed. 2009).

20 Rights established bya judgment in an action against an insurance company

based on a "chose of action" could be destroyed or impaired by a second direct action

against the same insurer because both actions depend entirely on the same duty of the

insurer to indemnify its insured.

No. 68259-8-1/9

BP concedes that the identical persons or parties were present in both lawsuits,

but argues that itwas acting in a different capacity or "quality" in the lawsuits. The

quality of persons or parties is relevant in situations where the parties to two lawsuits

are the same, butone or the other acts in a different capacity in the two proceedings.21

The circumstances of this case do not support BP's argument that itacted in a different

capacity or quality in the two lawsuits. BP acted in its own capacity against MOE and

sought to advance and protect its own interests in both lawsuits. These considerations

support the application of res judicata in these circumstances.

BP's arguments that application of res judicata results in injustice are not

persuasive. BP fails to adequately explain why it could not have discovered the

"boilerplate" MOE policy language prior to filing the Thurston County lawsuit by

reviewing MOE's standard policies, the same method it used in this case.

Moreover, BP mistakenly contends that this court's determination in a previous

appeal (Appeal 2) precluded BP from maintaining a garnishment action against MOE.

This court concluded that BP failed to meet its burden of demonstrating that CSS

actually had acquired a property interest against MOE, not that CSS's right or interest

did not exist.22 Had BP met its burden by establishing thatCSS, a terminated

Minnesota LLC, could have come into ownership of a claim against MOE, it could have

pursued garnishment or execution on CSS's chose in action.

21 See, e.g.. Flessherv. Carstens Packing Co.. 96 Wash. 505, 165 Pac. 397

(1917) (father sued as guardian ad litem for his daughter based on injuries to her, and

then later sued to recover expenses he incurred providing medical care of the child).

22 Berschauer Phillips Const. Co. v. Concrete Sci. Servs. of Seattle. LLC, noted

at 160 Wn. App. 1039, 2011 WL 1107228, at*3.

No. 68259-8-1/10

Finally, BP asserts that MOE "waived" its ability to assert the defense of res

judicata in the King County proceeding because it was aware ofthe King County lawsuit

at the time it stipulated to the dismissalwith prejudice of the Thurston County lawsuit.

BP relies upon but misreads Karlberg v. Often.23 The defense ofresjudicata can be

waived if the defendant is aware of a second suit for the same cause of action and

purposefully acquiesces to claim splitting—for example, byfailing to raise an objection

in either action.24 Here, on the same day that the Thurston County court entered the

stipulated dismissal with prejudice, MOE's counsel advised BP that MOE would file a

motion to dismiss the King County action, stating, "I believe the law is clear that BP may

not split its claims into multiple lawsuits."25 MOE did not acquiesce toclaim splitting.

Karlberg is distinguishable and MOE did not waive the defense of res judicata.

Affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

CvK J . ^J^f

23167 Wn. App. 522, 532, 280 P.3d 1123 (2012) (no waiver where "Karlberg's

second suit came after judgment was granted in the first cases").

24 The illustration ofwaiver in the restatement section cited in Karlberg is where,

after a collision, A sues B for personal injuries in one action and for property damage in

a second action and "B does not make known in either action his objection (usually

called 'other action pending') to A's maintaining two actions on parts of the same claim."

Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26(1 )(a), at 235 (1982).

25 Clerk's Papers at 204.

10