COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felt on, Judges Elder and Beales Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia

DAVID JASON O’CONNELL OPINION BY v. Record No. 1010-05-2 J UDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES SEPTEMBER 12, 2006 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY Frederick G. Rock well, III, Judge Michael Morchower (Sherry Netherland, on brief), for appellant. Virginia B. Theisen, Assist ant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

In a bench trial, David Jason O’Connell (a ppellant) was found gu ilty of two counts of involuntary manslaughter; one count of failing to stop, report in formation, and rende r assistance at the scene of a motor vehicle acci dent; and one coun t of driving under the influence (DUI). On appeal, appellant contends the ev idence was insufficient to sust ain his convictions of involuntary manslaughter and leaving the scene of an accident. 1 Finding the evidence sufficient to support the convictions, we affirm.
I. “On appeal, ‘we review the ev idence in the light most fa vorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v. Commonwealth , 26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth , 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).

1 This Court denied the portion of appellant ’s petition for appeal relating to his DUI conviction.- 2 - II. FACTS In the late afternoon hours of February 11, 2004, appellan t, driving a red Corvette, engaged in a drag race on Robious Road in Ch esterfield County with David Moore, who was driving a black Corvette. William Hogan was a pa ssenger in Moore’s vehicle. During the race, Moore’s vehicle left the roadway and struck a tr ee. Both Moore and Hogan died from injuries they sustained in the accident. Appellant’s vehi cle struck a van at the entrance of a residential subdivision, but he and the occupants of the van were largely unharmed. In the hours preceding the incident, Moore a nd Hogan encountered appellant, whom they already knew, in a bar in Chesterfield County. The men were all Corvette enthusiasts, and Moore and appellant each owned a Corvette. Du ring a discussion about racing their Corvettes, appellant said, “[W]e can go out and we can race now if you like.” Moor e declined, indicating he had had too much to drink. The group went outside to the parking lot, where they examined and compared Moore’s and appellant’s Corvettes. Appellant and Moore, with Hogan as Moore’ s passenger, then drove their vehicles to Robious Road, which, in that vici nity, was a four-lane road divided by a median. The road was dry, but snow and sand were presen t along the sides of the road. The posted speed limit in that area was forty-five miles per hour. While the Corvettes traveled beside each ot her at about five miles per hour, occupying both eastbound travel lanes, the occupants comm unicated for about twenty seconds. Appellant, the driver of the red vehicle, then gave a hand signal, and the vehicles “gunned it” and began to race. Evidence from eyewitnesses and a sensing diagnostic module in appe llant’s car indicated the vehicles traveled at speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour before losing control and crashing. It was unclear which driver lost control first and what effect the movements of each car had on the other, but the cars did not come in contact with one anothe r. The black Corvette- 3 - went into a spin and ran into the trees. Appe llant’s red Corvette spun around, hit the rear portion of a van that was leaving the Roxshire subdivisi on, and then hit a brick wall at the subdivision

entrance. Trooper Mark Haygood of the Virginia State Police was operating the van hit by the red Corvette. Haygood was taking his wife, who was pr egnant and in labor, from their home in Roxshire to the hospital. After determining th at his wife had not been hurt, Haygood exited the van and approached appellant, who was sitting in the driver’s seat of the red Corvette. Haygood identified himself as a police officer and us ed his cellular telephone to dial 911. Although Haygood told appellant to remain where he was, appellant exited the ca r and used a cellular telephone. Joe Cravens, a driver who had observed the accident from the westbound side of Robious Road, attempted to render assistance to Moore and Hogan, the occupants of the black Corvette. Moore had a pulse, but Hogan did not. Craven s then encountered Haygood, who gave Cravens his card and said he was taki ng his wife to the hospital. As Cravens was rechecking Moore’s pulse, he saw appellant begin walking south on Old Gun Road in the direction of a su bdivision. Appellant climbed over a fence into the backyard of a residence in the Roxshire subdivision. Appellant pr oceeded through the backyard of the next house, walked between two houses to Welrose Court, passed by the front of a third house, and walked into the intersection of Auger Lane and Welrose Court. A friend of appellant, Jarrett Turner, lived in one of the houses that he passed on Welrose Court.- 4 - Cravens shouted for appellant to stop and ran to cat ch up with him. Appellant stopped and stared at Cravens for a few seconds. Cravens told appellant, “Don’t do it.” According to Cravens, appellant replied, “I’m going to make a telephone call.” 2 Cravens pulled out his telephone and offered it to appellant. Appellant accepted the phone and used it, although Cravens di d not know whom appellant called. Appellant walked back with Cravens to the area where the red Corvette had collided with the van. Wh en they got to the scene, police officers had arrived. When Officer Cleon Flowers of the Chesterfie ld County police reached the scene, he found appellant near his car. Appellant admitted he had been driving the car. Appellant commented, “I’m not going to lie, we were racing.” Appellant said he had consumed fo ur or five beers after work. A subsequent breath test indicated appellant’s blood alcohol content (BAC) was .11. Appellant said that during the race, the black Corvette had “fishtailed” in front of him. He said that he engaged his brakes to avoid contact, and his car spun out of control.
III. ANALYSIS
A. INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER Appellant contends the evid ence was insufficient to sup port his convictions of the involuntary manslaughter of M oore and Hogan. We disagree. When considering on appeal the sufficiency of the evidence presented below, we “presume the j udgment of the trial court to be correct” and reverse only if the trial court’s decision is “plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Davis v. Commonwealth , 39 Va. App. 96, 99, 570 S.E.2d 875, 876-77 (2002); see also McGee v. Commonwealth , 25 Va. App. 193, 197-98, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) ( en banc ). Thus, we do not “substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.” Wactor v. Commonwealth , 38 Va. App. 375, 380, 564 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2002). “Instead, the relevant que stion is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light mostfavorable to the prosecution, any

2 The police later recovered a cell phone from beneath the driver’s seat of appellant’s Corvette.- 5 - rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt .” Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). “This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the eviden ce, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Id. Kelly v. Commonwealth , 41 Va. App. 250, 257-58, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) ( en banc ). To sustain a conviction of involuntary manslaughter under Vi rginia law, the Commonwealth is required to prove that the defendant: committed “acts of commission or om ission of a wanton or wilful nature, showing a reckless or indiffe rent disregard of the rights of others, under circumstances reasonably calculated to produce injury, or which make it not improbable that injury will be occasioned, and the offender knows, or is charged with the knowledge of, the probable resu lt of his acts.” Bell v. Commonwealth , 170 Va. 597, 611-12, 195 S.E. 675, 681 (1938). The Commonwealth must also prove that [the defendant’s] criminally negligent acts were a proximate cause of the victim’s death. Cable v. Commonwealth , 243 Va. 236, 240, 415 S.E.2d 218, 220 (1992). Gallimore v. Commonwealth , 246 Va. 441, 445-46, 436 S.E.2d 421, 424 (1993). Thus, we must determine whether the evidence, viewed in th e light most favorabl e to the Commonwealth, proved that appellant committed criminal negligence that was a proximate cause of the deaths of Moore and Hogan. 1. Criminal Negligence To establish criminal neg ligence in the context of i nvoluntary manslaughter involving a motor vehicle, the Commonwealth must prove: that “the conduct of the driver constitutes a great departure from that of a reasonable person (gross, wanton or willful conduct) which creates a great risk of in jury to others and where by the application of an objective st andard the accused should have realized the risk crea ted by his conduct.” West v. Commonwealth , 43 Va. App. 327, 343, 597 S.E.2d 274, 281 (2004) (quoting Keech v. Commonwealth , 9 Va. App. 272, 280, 386 S.E.2d 813, 817 (1989)).- 6 - Appellant admitted to the police that he and Moore had been racing. Any person who engages in a motor vehicle race on Virginia hi ghways is guilty of reckless driving. See Code § 46.2-865. Both appellant and Moore had been dr inking alcohol before the race. The race took place at rush hour on a weekday afternoon on a busy road adjacent to a re sidential community. During the race, the speed of appe llant’s car exceeded 100 miles per hour. It was winter, and the shoulders of the roads had snow and sand on them . Appellant engaged in the race voluntarily and signaled for the race to begin. Appellant was aware of these circumstances and the reasonably foreseeable inherent danger his actions created. Gi ven all these circumstances, his conduct showed a reckless disregard for the re asonably foreseeable danger to the race participants and others, and c onstituted criminal negligence. 2. Proximate Cause Appellant also contends th e evidence did not prove his negligence was the proximate cause of the deaths of Moore a nd Hogan. Appellant argues that the evidence proved Moore lost control of his vehicle without making contact with appellant’s vehicle. A ccording to appellant, the deaths were attributable solely to the negligence of Moore. Even assuming Moore’s conduct was criminally negligent: [t]here can be more than one proxi mate cause [of an incident] and liability attaches to each person whose negligent act results in the victim’s injury or death. Maroulis v. Elliott , 207 Va. 503, 510, 151 S.E.2d 339, 344 (1966). To be an intervening cause . . . [an incident] must have been an even t which [the defendant] could not have foreseen. “An intervening act which is reasonably foreseeable cannot be relied upon as breaking the chain of causal connection between an original ac t of negligence and subsequent injury.” Delawder v. Commonwealth , 214 Va. 55, 58, 196 S.E.2d 913, 915 (1973). Furthermore, an in tervening event, even if a cause of the harm, does not operate to exempt a defendant from liability if the intervening even t was put into operation by the defendant’s negligent acts. Baxley v. Fischer , 204 Va. 792, 798, 134 S.E.2d 291, 295 (1964). Gallimore , 246 Va. at 447, 436 S.E.2d at 425.- 7 - In Banks v. Commonwealth , 41 Va. App. 539, 549, 586 S.E.2d 876, 880 (2003), we explained: “contributory negligence has no pl ace in a case of involuntary manslaughter, [and] if the criminal negligence of the [accused] is found to be the cause of death, [h e] is criminally responsible, whether the decedent’s failure to use due care contributed to the injury or not.” Hubbard v. Commonwealth , 243 Va. 1, 14, 413 S.E.2d 875, 882 (1992) (alterations in original) (quoting Bell , 170 Va. at 616, 195 S.E. at 683). “Only if the conduct of the deceased amounts to an independent, interv ening act alone causing the fatal injury can the accused be exonerate d from liability for his or her criminal negligence. In such case, the conduct of the accused becomes a remote cause.” Id. (citation omitted). Thus, to absolve appellant of liability for the deaths of Moore and Hogan, Moore’s negligence must have been an independent and intervening act that alone caused the fatal accident. See also Gallimore , 246 Va. at 442-47, 436 S.E.2d at 422-25 (holding that, if a defendant sets in motion a chain of events that leads to a reasonably fo reseeable outcome, and she does nothing to prevent that logical outcome, her actions are the prox imate cause of the foreseeable result). In Delawder v. Commonwealth , 214 Va. 55, 196 S.E.2d 913 (1973), the Court held that, in a motor vehicle race, the possibility of one dr iver’s losing control of his vehicle and crashing, whether or not the second participant’s vehicle made contact with the first or interfered with its operation in any way, “should have been foreseen by both drivers in the reckless circumstances under which they were operating their vehicles . An intervening act which is reasonably foreseeable cannot be relied upon as breaking the chain of causal connection between an original act of negligence and subsequent injury.” Id. at 58, 196 S.E.2d at 915. Under the law of this case, a driver’s losing control and crashing is a “reasonably fore seeable” result of a drag race. Other than the Supreme Court’s decision in Delawder , no reported Virginia appellate decision has considered a defendant’s criminal responsibility for a deat h occurring during the defendant’s participation in a motor vehicle ra ce. Appellant cites a number of out-of-state- 8 - decisions finding that a driver in a drag race c ould not, merely by virtue of his participation in the event, be held criminally liable for the death of a co-parti cipant in the race. See, e.g. , Velazquez v. State , 561 So. 2d 347, 353 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990) (finding a victim’s death was caused by his own conduct, not the defendant’s participation in the race); Thacker v. State , 117 S.E.2d 913, 915 (Ga. Ct. App. 1961) (finding a vic tim’s loss of control of vehicle was the independent cause of his death); State v. Petersen , 526 P.2d 1008, 1009 (Or. 1974) (holding the defendant was not responsible for the death of the victim, a “knowing a nd voluntary participant” in the race as a passenger in the comp etitor’s vehicle); Commonwealth v. Root , 170 A.2d 310, 311 (Pa. 1961) (rejecting the application of “the to rt law concept of ‘proximate cause’ in fixing responsibility for criminal homicide”). By contrast, a number of state courts reje ct a contributory negligence theory and impose upon a race participant criminal liability for a death resulting from a race. For instance, in State
v. Farner , 66 S.W.3d 188, 192 (Tenn. 2001), John Farn er and Landon Baker engaged in a drag race that ended when Baker lost control of his ve hicle and collided with two other cars. Baker and his passenger were killed as a result. Farner’s vehicle wa s not physically involved in the collision. The Supreme Court of Tennessee found that under the law of that state: a victim’s contributory negligence does not relieve a defendant of criminal liability for his or her ow n criminally negligent conduct. However, a victim’s contributory negligence may be considered in determining whether, under the circumstances, the defendant’s criminally negligent conduct was a proximate cause of death, or whether the victim’s conduct wa s an independent, intervening cause of death. Id. at 203 (citations omitted). Similarly, in People v. Hart , 778 N.Y.S.2d 94 (N.Y. App. Div. 2004), Hart was convicted of two counts of manslaughter for the deaths of Michael Vasipolli, who was the co-participant in a race, and the driver of a vehicle struck by Vasipolli. No evidence suggested any contact- 9 - between the vehicles in the race. No eviden ce suggested that Hart forced Vasipolli into oncoming traffic during the race. The court sustained the convicti ons, noting the jury could have concluded from the evidence that: the defendant instigated the drag race. Witnesses testified that the participants drove at high speeds and were weaving in and out of the traffic lanes around slowe r-moving vehicles on a suburban street in the middle of the afternoon. . . . The People therefore presented evidence sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that th e defendant, by his reckless conduct, set in motion the events which ultimately caused Vasipolli’s death and that an ac cident under these circumstances should have been reasonably forese en. Even absent evidence that there was direct contact between [the defendant’s and Vasipolli’s vehicles] . . . or that the defenda nt forced [Vasipolli’s car] into oncoming traffic, the People esta blished that the defendant’s conduct “forged a link in the ch ain of causes which actually brought about [Vasipolli’s] death.” People v. Stewart , [358 N.E.2d 487, 491 (N.Y. 1976)] . . . . Id. at 95. Furthermore, the court said, “since the defendant’s actions need not be the sole cause of death, the fact that Vasipolli’s own reckless actions contributed to his death does not absolve the defendant of liability.” Id. In Goldring v. State , 654 A.2d 939 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1995), the court found that a defendant’s decision to compete in a drag race constituted gross negligence and caused the ensuing deaths, even though defendant’s vehicle did not collide with that of the co-participant in the race. As the court stated in Goldring , “it was the[] treacherous conditions, under which [both participants] . . . agreed to race, that foreor dained the fatal results that followed.” Id. at 944. We agree with the Farner court’s conclusion that the be tter-reasoned cases reject the notion that “negligence of a victim co-participant in a drag race is a complete defense if the victim’s negligent conduct is a proximate cause of th e victim’s death.” Farner , 66 S.W.3d at 200-01. The Farner court’s conclusion is consistent with Virginia case law regarding independent and intervening cause s of a fatal accident. See Gallimore , 246 Va. at 447-48, 436- 10 - S.E.2d at 425-26; Delawder , 214 Va. at 58, 196 S.E.2d at 915; Banks , 41 Va. App. at 549, 586 S.E.2d at 880. Thus, we must determine, considering all th e circumstances viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, whether a rational factfinder c ould have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the evidence proved that ap pellant’s criminal negligence was a proximate cause of the deaths of Moore and Hogan, notwithstanding any conc urrent negligence by Moore. The Commonwealth proved that while the men were in the bar, appellant issued the challenge for Moore to race him. A lthough Moore initiall y declined the invitation, Mo ore and appella nt together drove their Corvettes from the parking lot to R obious Road. Both appellant and Moore had been drinking. The road still had some snow and sand on its shoulder. After some discussi on between the vehicles, appellant gave the si gnal for the race to be gin. The vehicles reached speeds of over 100 miles per hour. As the vehicles raced, each lo st control. Moore’s bl ack Corvette left the roadway and struck a tree. Given this evidence, an average person should or would have foreseen the inherent risk that a driver could lose control during the race, posing a danger of serious injury to himself and others. Appellant set this course of even ts in motion and did no thing to prevent such a risk. Thus, any negligence Moore may have committed was not an independent, interveni ng cause of the accident in which he and Hogan were kille d. Because appellant’s criminal negligence was a proximate cause of the deaths of Moore and Ho gan, we must affirm appellant ’s convictions for involuntary manslaughter.
B. FAILING TO STOP AT THE SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT Appellant also argues the evidence did not prove he violated Code § 46 .2-894 by failing to stop, report information, and render assistance at th e scene of a motor vehicle accident. In pertinent part, Code § 46.2-894 provides:- 11 - The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident in which a person is killed or injured . . . shall im mediately stop as close to the scene of the accident as possible wit hout obstructing traffic, . . . and report his name, address, driver ’s license number, and vehicle registration number forthwith to the State Police or local law-enforcement agency, to the person struck and injured if such person appears to be capable of understanding an d retaining the information, or to the driver or some other occupant of the vehicle collided with or to the custodian of other damaged property. The driver shall also render reasonable assistan ce to any person injured in such accident, including ta king such injured person to a physician, surgeon, or hospital if it is apparent that medical treatment is necessary or is requested by the injured person. (Emphasis added.) “‘It is the flight from the scene, and the failure to give the information required to the person in charge of the prope rty damaged or succor to the injured which constitute the completed offense.’” Tooke v. Commonwealth , 47 Va. App. 759, 765-66, 627 S.E.2d 533, 536 (2006) (quoting James v. Commonwealth , 178 Va. 28, 37, 16 S.E.2d 294, 300 (1941)). “The duty imposed upon the driver of a vehi cle involved in an acci dent is not passive. It requires positive, affirmative action; — thatis, to stop and give the aid and information specified.” Herchenbach v. Commonwealth , 185 Va. 217, 220, 38 S.E.2d 328, 329 (1946) (examining a substantially similar predecessor to Code § 46.2-894). Appellant contends the Comm onwealth did not prove he left the scene failing to provide the information required by the statute and failing to render reasonable assistance to the victims. He relies on Smith v. Commonwealth , 218 Va. 927, 243 S.E.2d 463 (1978), to argue that the Commonwealth must affirmatively pr ove he did not provide his info rmation to authorities and he did not render assistance. However, because Co de § 46.2-894 requires that he must satisfy each duty noted in this statute, as it is written in the conjunctive, the Commonwealth can establish appellant’s guilt by proving appellant failed to perf orm any one of the duties under the statute.
See Varga v. Commonwealth , 260 Va. 547, 551-52, 536 S.E.2d 711, 714 (2000) (explaining that- 12 - all conditions must be satisfied in order to comp ly with a statute that uses the conjunctive word, “and”). Smith stands for the proposition that the Commo nwealth must prove the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt, excluding “every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” 218 Va. at 930, 243 S.E.2d at 464 (emphasis added). In that case, Smith was seen going to the front of the funeral home after he ran in to the building with his car and be fore he left the scene. Id. at 928-29, 243 S.E.2d at 464. The Commonwealth did not present any evid ence on whether anyone connected to the funeral home was there at the time. The Supreme Court found the Commonwealth had not exclude d the reasonable hypothesis, based on the Commonwealth’s evidence of his actions after the accident, that Smith tried to leave his information with the custodian of the building, but he could not find an yone, or that the note thatperhaps he left blew away. Id. at 929-30, 243 S.E.2d at 464. Here, the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to prove that appellant did not comply with the requirements of Code § 46.2-894. The evidence pr oved appellant lost control of his vehicle during the race with Moore, who ran in to a tree. Appellant’s Corvette struck a van operated by Trooper Haygood and then a brick wa ll. Haygood immediately got out of his vehicle. Haygood testified that appellant began using a cellular telephone immediately after the accident. Another motorist, Joe Cravens, proceeded to the Roxshire entrance, after checking on the condition of Moore and Hogan, a nd encountered Haygood, who had told appellant to stay where he was. Cravens returned to the black Corvette to attempt to assist Moore and Hogan. While he was doing so, Cravens observed appellant remove a grocery bag from the red Corvette and hide it in the bushes. Appellant then climbed a fence and walked away from the accident scene, moving through backyards and between houses as he did so. Cravens ran af ter appellant into the- 13 - subdivision. When Cravens caught up with appell ant, he said, “Don’t do it.” Only after this pursuit and exhortation by Cravens to stop did appellant return to the accident s cene. When appellant and Cravens got back to the acci dent scene, the police had arrived. The trier of fact rejected appellant’s claim that he left the accident scene to make a telephone call and report the acciden t. Appellant clearly had acce ss to a telephone at the scene, as both Cravens and Haygood saw appellant using a telephone near his vehicle. The phone later was found in appellant’s car under the driver’s s eat. Appellant had no reason to head towards a friend’s home to make a telephone call. If he had been seeking a teleph one, it would have been logical for him to stop at the first house he reached rather than making his way behind and between houses, as if to avoid detection. That appellant headed in the direction of his friend Turner’s home supports a conclusion that appellan t left the scene attempting to flee, not to report the accident. Also supporting this co nclusion is the fact that appellant had already passed Turner’s house - and yet another house - and was in th e street before Cravens finally caught up to him. Of course, appellant could also ha ve provided his information directly to Haygood before Haygood left the scene. In Smith , the defendant did not have a phone in hi s hand at the scene and then testified that he left the scene to contact the police. The Commonwealth’s ev idence proved Smith had acted in a manner consistent with the mandates of the statute, and nothing suggested that he had not attempted to leave the information. Here, as Cravens testified, appellant essentially admitted he had not provided the information to the approp riate person(s) – he to ld Cravens he was going to make a call at a friend’s home. The trial cour t acting as the trier of f act did not believe this,- 14 - given the testimony that appellan t had the opportunity to give th is information to Haygood and the fact that he had a tele phone in his hand at the scene. 3 Not only did appellant leave the scene of th e accident without making a proper report to the police, appellant made no attempt to render assistance to anyone inju red in the accident. While appellant probably could tell that Haygood was not seriously injured, he never asked about anyone else inside Haygood’s vehicle. Mo st significantly, appe llant, who must have known Moore and Hogan had been se riously injured or lay dying ha ving struck the tree at a high rate of speed, never approached the black Corv ette where Moore indeed lay dying. Instead, he walked in the opposite direction of the black Corvette and the tree. None of the witnesses at the scene testified appellant went over to the black Corv ette or even asked about his friends. He was in the sight of either Haygood or Cravens the entire time. Appellantmade absolutely no effort to check on the condition of his friends, with whom he had been talking and then drag racing only moments earlier. As an appellate court, we do not review this evidence de novo , but with the understanding that the trial court is due considerable deference in its role as the trier of fact. Indeed, when considering the sufficiency of the evidence to su pport a criminal conviction, “a reviewing court does not ‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Myers v. Commonwealth , 43 Va. App. 113, 118, 596 S.E.2d 536, 538 (2004) (quoting Crow der v. Commonwealth , 41 Va. App. 658, 662-63, 588 S.E.2d 384, 386-87 (2003)). It asks instead whether “ any rational trier of fact co uld have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Kelly , 41 Va. App. at 257, 584 S.E.2d at 447

3 Although appellant argued that Trooper Haygood told him to stay where he was, appellant then quickly disobeyed Haygood’s instruct ions. Therefore, appellant certainly cannot argue that he did not render aid or provide information because he was following Haygood’s instruction to stay put.- 15 - (quoting Jackson , 443 U.S. at 319). Thus, we do not “substitu te our judgment for that of the trier of fact” even if our opinion were to differ. Wactor , 38 Va. App. at 380, 564 S.E.2d at 162. Applying this standard of review to the evidence presented at tria l, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could certainly ha ve found beyond a reasonable doubt thatappellant failed to comply with the requirements of Code § 46.2-894.
IV. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s convictions. Affirmed.