# Patent

## Title
Antibodies to OX-2/CD200 and uses thereof

## Abstract

This application provides methods and compositions for modulating and/or depleting CD200 positive cells.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/US2007/000711, filed Jan. 11, 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/758,426, filed Jan. 12, 2006, 60/759,085, filed Jan. 12, 2006, and 60/801,991, filed May 18, 2006, which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. International Application PCT/US2007/000711 was published under PCT Article 21(2) in English.


SEQUENCE LISTING
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jul. 7, 2010, is named ALEXP10060.txt, and is 99,211 bytes in size.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The disclosure relates to OX-2/CD200 (herein referred to as CD200) antagonists and methods of depleting or eliminating cells overexpressing CD200 in a subject with cancer or autoimmune disease. The methods of therapy for the treatment of cancer provide a combination of two mechanisms. More specifically, this disclosure relates to treating cancer using a therapy that: (1) interferes with the interaction between CD200 and its receptor to block immune suppression thereby promoting eradication of the cancer cells; and/or (2) directly kills the cancer cells either by (a) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or complement-mediated cytotoxicity or by (b) targeting cells using a fusion molecule that includes a CD200-targeting portion. The disclosure also relates to a method of treating autoimmune disorders by a therapy that increases the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or complement-mediated cytotoxicity of CD200-positive immune cells.
BACKGROUND
Various mechanisms play a role in the body's response to a disease state, including cancer. For example, CD+ T helper cells play a crucial role in an effective immune response against various malignancies by providing stimulatory factors to effector cells. Cytotoxic T cells are believed to be the most effective cells to eliminate cancer cells, and T helper cells prime cytotoxic T cells by secreting Th1 cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-γ. In various malignancies, T helper cells have been shown to have an altered phenotype compared to cells found in healthy individuals. One of the prominent altered features is decreased Th1 cytokine production and a shift to the production of Th2 cytokines. (See, e.g., Kiani, et al., Haematologica 88:754-761 (2003); Maggio, et al., Ann Oncol 13 Suppl 1:52-56 (2002); Ito, et al., Cancer 85:2359-2367 (1999); Podhorecka, et al., Leuk Res 26:657-660 (2002); Tatsumi, et al., J Exp Med 196:619-628 (2002); Agarwal, et al., Immunol Invest 32:17-30 (2003); Smyth, et al., Ann Surg Oncol 10:455-462 (2003); Contasta, et al., Cancer Biother Radiopharm 18:549-557 (2003); Lauerova, et al., Neoplasma 49:159-166 (2002).) Reversing that cytokine shift to a Th1 profile has been demonstrated to augment anti-tumor effects of T cells. (See Winter, et al., Immunology 108:409-419 (2003); Inagawa, et al., Anticancer Res 18:3957-3964 (1998).)
Mechanisms underlying the capacity of tumor cells to drive the cytokine expression of T helper cells from Th1 to Th2 include the secretion of cytokines such as IL-10 or TGF-β as well as the expression of surface molecules interacting with cells of the immune system. CD200, a molecule expressed on the surface of dendritic cells which possesses a high degree of homology to molecules of the immunoglobulin gene family, has been implicated in immune suppression (Gorczynski et al., Transplantation 65:1106-1114 (1998)). It has been shown, for example, that CD200-expressing cells can inhibit the stimulation of Th1 cytokine production.
Although immune cells can help attack and eliminate cancer cells, in certain instances, such as in autoimmune disorders, allergies, and the rejection of tissue or organ transplants, the immune system can be the cause of illness. In order to inhibit harmful immune reactions in such instances, immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids and cytokine antagonists may be administered to patients. However these general immunosuppressives can elicit undesirable side effects including toxicity and reduced resistance to infection. Thus alternative, and perhaps more specific, methods of treating autoimmunity are needed.
Several immunomodulatory therapies, including antibody therapies, have proven successful in the treatment of certain cancers and autoimmune disorders. However there is a clinical need for additional antibody therapies for the treatment of both cancer and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, there is a related need for humanized or other chimeric human/mouse monoclonal antibodies. In well publicized studies, patients administered murine anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor) monoclonal antibodies developed anti-murine antibody responses to the administered antibody. (Exley A. R., et al., Lancet 335:1275-1277 (1990)). This type of immune response to the treatment regimen, commonly referred to as the human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response (Mirick et al. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 48: 251-7), decreases the effectiveness of the treatment and may even render the treatment completely ineffective. Humanized or chimeric human/mouse monoclonal antibodies have been shown to significantly decrease the HAMA response and to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of antibody treatments. See, for example, LoBuglio et al., P.N.A.S. 86:4220-4224 (June 1989). Furthermore, antibodies in which particular functionalities are either enhanced or reduced may find useful applications in the clinic.
SUMMARY
This disclosure relates to agents and methods for modulating the function of CD200. Agents that modulate the function of CD200 include agents that modulate the activity and/or expression of CD200 and/or its receptor (CD200R). In some embodiments, the agents inhibit the function or activity of CD200. Thus in certain aspects, said agents act as antagonists to CD200. Certain antagonists may bind to CD200 and inhibit or disrupt the interaction of CD200 with its receptor. Other antagonists may bind to CD200 but may not block the CD200:CD200R interaction. Thus CD200 antagonists include any agent that is capable of modulating the effects of CD200 by mechanisms that may or may not include blocking the CD200:CD200R interaction. CD200 antagonists include but are not limited to polypeptides, small molecules, organometallic compounds, oligonucleotide constructs, RNAi constructs, aptamers, spiegelmers, antisense nucleic acids, locked nucleic acid (LNA) inhibitors, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, prodrugs, and/or peptidomimetic compounds.
In certain embodiments, the said antagonist is an anti-CD200 antibody. Antibodies, as referred to herein, include antigen-binding fragments, Fab, Fv, scFv, Fab′ and F(ab′)2, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, engineered antibodies (including chimeric, single chain, CDR-grafted, humanized, fully human antibodies, and artificially selected antibodies), and synthetic or semi-synthetic antibodies.
In certain aspects, the present disclosure relates to chimeric, humanized, human and de-immunized anti-CD200 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof. In further embodiments, an antibody of the disclosure comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOS: 7, 9, 11, and 20, or fragments thereof. Included is an antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical or similar to an amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 7, 9, 11, and 20, or fragments thereof (including but not limited to fragments corresponding to the sequences without the leader sequences). The said antibody may additionally comprise a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical or similar to an amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOS: 24, 26, 28, and 32, or fragments thereof. Likewise, the aforementioned amino acid sequence may be about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical or similar to an amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 24, 26, 28, and 32, including fragments thereof (including but not limited to fragments corresponding to the sequences without the leader sequences).
In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and also comprising a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. Also included are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising amino acid sequences that are about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical or similar to one or more amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 24 or fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences corresponding to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 24 without the leader sequences. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 6, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 23, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. The invention also relates to anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 6 or 23, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. Also included are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising amino acid sequences that are about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical or similar to one or more amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 26 or fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences corresponding to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 26 without the leader sequences. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 8, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 25, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. The invention also relates to anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 8 or 25, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
In a further embodiment, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. Also included are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising amino acid sequences that are about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical or similar to one or more amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 26 or fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences corresponding to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 26 without the leader sequences. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 10, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 25, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. The invention also relates to anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 10 or 25, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
In an additional embodiment, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. Also included are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising amino acid sequences that are about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical or similar to one or more amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 28 or fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences corresponding to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 28 without the leader sequences. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 10, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 27, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. The invention also relates to anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 10 or 27, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 32. Also included are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising amino acid sequences that are about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical or similar to one or more amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 20 and 32 or fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences corresponding to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 20 and 32 without the leader sequences. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 19, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 31, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. Included, therefore, are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 19 or 31, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
Anti-CD200 antibodies provided in the present disclosure include antibodies and antigen-binding fragments with altered or no effector function(s). Included are antibodies that comprise an altered constant or Fc region with either increased or decreased effector functions. The disclosure also relates to antibodies with altered or no effector functions due to increased or decreased binding affinity, which may arise from changes in the variable regions. Altered effector functions include, for example, an increased or decreased ability to bind one or more Fc receptor (FcR) or effector cell, increased or decreased antigen-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC), and/or increased or decreased complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Variant antibodies include but are not limited to antibodies in which the constant region or Fc region contains one or more amino acid insertions, deletions, and/or substitutions. In additional embodiments, these variant antibodies comprise a constant region wherein the CH1 and hinge region are derived from human IgG2 and the CH2 and CH3 regions are derived from human IgG4. Also included are antibodies in which the constant or Fc region exhibits altered glycosylation. The aforementioned antibodies and antigen-binding fragments (including single-chain antibodies) may be murine, chimeric, humanized, fully human, or de-immunized; included are antibodies comprising the IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgA, IgD, or IgE frameworks. Furthermore, the said antibodies, including fragments and variants thereof, may be blocking or non-blocking antibodies or fragments thereof.
In certain aspects, the disclosure provides anti-CD200 antibodies that exhibit decreased or no effector function. Antibodies with decreased or no effector function may comprise a variant or altered Fc or constant region, such as, for example, a constant region with one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions, or a constant region with one or more changes in glycosylation. A variant constant region includes, for example, a region wherein one or more amino acids are substituted with alanine, such as in the Ala-Ala mutation described herein, or wherein one or more carbohydrate groups is changed, added, or removed. An alteration in the number and/or location of carbohydrate groups may be achieved by producing the said antibody in particular cell types for which post-translational modifications would be reduced, absent, or increased. In one embodiment, effector function of anti-CD200 antibodies is eliminated by swapping the IgG1 constant domain for an IgG2/4 fusion domain. Other ways of eliminating effector function can be envisioned such as, e.g., mutation of the sites known to interact with an FcR or insertion of a peptide in the hinge region, thereby eliminating critical sites required for an FcR interaction.
In certain aspects and methods of the present disclosure, anti-CD200 antibodies with altered or no effector functions comprise anti-CD200 antibodies with one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions. In certain embodiments, such a variant anti-CD200 antibody exhibits reduced or no effector function. In certain embodiments, the variant constant region (of said variant antibody) possesses at least about 70% homology with the native sequence constant or Fc region and/or with a constant or Fc region of the parent antibody or fragment thereof; in other embodiments the variant constant or Fc region possesses at least about 80% homology or similarity therewith; in other embodiments at least about 90% homology or similarity therewith and in additional embodiments at least about 95% homology or similarity therewith. In particular embodiments, a variant antibody comprises a G2/G4 construct. Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to a constant or Fc region of an anti-CD200 antibody with reduced or no effector function, wherein said constant region comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 13, 15, 18, 22, and fragments thereof. The present disclosure also relates to variant constant regions of an anti-CD200 antibody wherein an antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical or similar to an amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOS: 13, 15, 18, 22, and fragments thereof. Also included in the disclosure are antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence that is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical or similar to an amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 13, 15, 18, 22, and fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences without the leader sequences. Additionally, in some embodiments a constant region of an anti-CD200 antibody with reduced or no effector function and comprising the G2/G4 construct is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 12, 14, 16, 17, and 21, or fragments thereof and complements thereto. In certain embodiments, an anti-CD200 antibody with reduced or no effector function is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous or similar to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 12, 14, 16, 17, and 21, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. In other embodiments, a variant anti-CD200 antibody is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence comprising a sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous or similar to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 12, 14, 16, 17, and 21, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. In still other embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprises a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 12, 14, 16, 17, and 21, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. Included are antigen-binding fragments and both blocking and non-blocking antibodies or fragments thereof.
In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising one or more amino acid sequence that is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 28 or fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences corresponding to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 28 without the leader sequences. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 12, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 27, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. Included, therefore, are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 12 or 27, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to one or more amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 15 and 24 or fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences corresponding to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 15 and 24 without the leader sequences (e.g., the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 15 beginning at amino acid 20 or 21). Accordingly, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 14, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 23, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. Included, therefore, are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 14 or 23, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
In an additional embodiment, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising one or more amino acid sequence that is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 28 or fragments thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to, sequences corresponding to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 28 without the leader sequences. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 16, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 27, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. Included, therefore, are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 16 or 27, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 18 and 30 or fragments thereof. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 17, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 29, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. Included, therefore, are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 17 or 29, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 and also comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO. 34: Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOS: 22 and 34 or fragments thereof. Accordingly, the disclosure relates to a variant anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto) and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33 (including fragments thereof and complements thereto). Also included is an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 21, including fragments thereof and complements thereto, and also comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 33, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. Included, therefore, are anti-CD200 antibodies comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% homologous to a nucleic acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 21 and 33, including fragments thereof and complements thereto.
Anti-CD200 antibodies with altered effector function may also exhibit increased effector function. Increased effector functions include but are not limited to increased binding to one or more Fc receptors, increased ability to elicit ADCC, and/or increased ability to elicit CDC. Anti-CD200 antibodies with increased effector function may also comprise a variant Fc or constant region as described herein. The aforementioned anti-CD200 antibodies with altered effector functions may furthermore be blocking or non-blocking antibodies. For example, an anti-CD200 antibody with increased effector function may bind to CD200 but may not block the CD200:CD200R interaction. Such an antibody may be useful when targeting an effector function (e.g., ADCC or CDC) to a CD200-expressing cell. As mentioned previously, antibodies described herein, including the aforementioned anti-CD200 antibodies with altered effector function(s), include murine, chimeric, humanized, fully human and de-immunized antibodies, all in their blocking and non-blocking forms, and fragments thereof.
In certain aspects, this disclosure provides methods and compositions for modulating or depleting CD200-positive cells. CD200-positive cells may be modulated or depleted by administering a CD200 antagonist to a subject. The said antagonist may target CD200-positive cells for effector function and/or may disrupt the CD200:CD200R interaction. In certain embodiments, the said antagonist is an anti-CD200 antibody. The said anti-CD200 antibody may be an antibody described herein, including any fragments and variants thereof. Included are antibodies and antigen-binding fragments with altered effector function(s), such as, for example, anti-CD200 antibodies with decreased or no effector function. Also included are murine, chimeric, humanized, fully human and de-immunized antibodies and antigen-binding fragments, including single-chain antibodies. The aforementioned antibodies may be non-blocking or blocking antibodies and include antibodies comprising the IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgA, IgD, or IgE frameworks.
CD200-positive cells are implicated in certain types of cancers and certain autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, CD200-positive cells include but are not limited to immune cells (such as, e.g., B-cells and T-cells) and cancer cells (such as, e.g., cancer cells of ovarian, skin, lung, renal, breast, prostate, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, myeloma, leukemia, thyroid, and plasma cell cancers). Also included are cancer cells from any tissue or organ derived from neural crest cells. Thus the subject in need of a method of modulating or depleting CD200-positive cells may be a patient with cancer or autoimmune disease, or a patient who has received or is expected to receive an organ transplant.
In one aspect this disclosure provides methods and compositions for treating autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases that may be treated by the methods and compositions provided herein include but are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, Addison's disease, type I diabetes, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, Reiter's syndrome, Grave's disease, psoriasis, and autoimmune hemolytic diseases. In some embodiments, a patient with autoimmune disease is given an antagonist to CD200, and in certain embodiments, the antagonist is an anti-CD200 antibody. The anti-CD200 antibody may comprise a variant constant region as described herein. Accordingly, the anti-CD200 antibody may exhibit altered effector function(s), such as, for example, increased effector function(s). The said antibody may exhibit, for example, increased binding to one or more Fc receptors. Additionally, the said antibody may elicit increased ADCC and/or CDC. The said antibody may furthermore be either a blocking or non-blocking antibody or fragment thereof and may be either a murine, chimeric, humanized, fully human or de-immunized antibody or fragment thereof.
Cancers for which the disclosed methods may be used include but are not limited to melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, neuroblastoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, myeloma, leukemia, and plasma cell cancers. Also included are cancers derived from neural crest cells and any cancers that express CD200. In certain embodiments, this disclosure provides a method for treating hematological malignancies, such as, for example, leukemias including chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
In a particularly useful embodiment, a cancer therapy in accordance with this disclosure comprises (1) administering an anti-CD200 antibody or antagonist that interferes with the interaction between CD200 and its receptor to block immune suppression, thereby promoting eradication of the cancer cells; and/or (2) administering a fusion molecule that includes a CD-200 targeting portion to directly kill cancer cells. Alternatively, the antibody directly kills cancer cells through complement-mediated and/or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In various embodiments, the effector function of the anti-CD200 antibody is altered. In one particular embodiment, the anti-CD200 antibody contains a variant or altered constant region for which the effector function is decreased or eliminated; such an antibody may be useful for the methods described above in (1) and (2), for example.
In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to fusion molecules wherein an anti-CD200 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is linked to a second molecule. The said fusion molecule may comprise, for example, a small molecule, polypeptide, peptidomimetic, heteroclitic peptide, a chemotherapeutic agent, an immunomodulatory agent, a targeting moiety, or a nucleic acid construct (e.g., antisense, RNAi, or gene-targeting construct). The disclosure also includes antigen-binding fragments to CD200 wherein the fragment is fused or otherwise linked to a polypeptide, protein domain, serum protein, albumin, PEG (polyethylene glycol), or any other molecule that will increase the half-life of the said fragment in vivo. Said antigen-binding fragments include Fab, Fv, single-chain fragments or scFv, Fab′, and F(ab′)2, for example.
The present disclosure also relates to methods employing anti-CD200 antibodies to determine the CD200 expression status of a cell or tissue sample obtained from a patient. Such methods include but are not limited to immunohistochemical staining of tissue samples and flow cytometry analysis of CD200-stained cells from a patient. The patient may be a patient with cancer, for example.
In accordance with the methods and compositions described herein, the disclosure also relates to methods of treating a transplant or allograft patient. An anti-CD200 antibody or other CD200 antagonist of the present disclosure may be administered to a patient prior to a transplant or allograft procedure or after the procedure in order to decrease or eliminate CD200-positive immune cells that could reduce the patient's acceptance of the transplanted organ or tissue. In a particular embodiment, an anti-CD200 antibody with increased effector function is given to a transplant patient.
In further embodiments, methods are provided for combination therapies comprising anti-CD200 therapy. For example, a patient receiving a first therapy comprising a CD200 antagonist (e.g., an anti-CD200 antibody described herein) may also be given a second therapy. The CD200 antagonist may be given simultaneously with the second therapy. Alternatively, the CD200 antagonist may be given prior to or following the second therapy. Second therapies include but are not limited to chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, vaccines, antibiotics and anti-viral agents, and immunomodulatory therapies.
In another embodiment of the present disclosure, methods are provided for monitoring the progress of a therapeutic treatment. The method involves administering a therapy (e.g. an immunomodulatory therapy, a chemotherapeutic therapy, etc.) and determining CD200 levels in a subject at least twice to determine the effectiveness of the therapy. Other methods to determine the effectiveness of a therapy include but are not limited to detection of cancer cells, total lymphocyte count, spleen, liver, and/or lymph node size, number of regulatory T cells, intracellular or serum cytokine profiles, or secretion of cytokines by T or B cells as measured by ELISPOT—an assay system that allows the detection of cytokines or other secreted molecules on a per cell basis.
According to the compositions and methods set forth in the present embodiments, the disclosure also relates to any pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-CD200 antibody. Included are chimeric, humanized, human and de-immunized anti-CD200 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments, including single-chain antibodies. Also included are murine, chimeric, humanized, human and de-immunized variant anti-CD200 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments with altered effector function(s) as described herein. The aforementioned antibodies and variant antibodies may either be blocking or non-blocking antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
In certain embodiments, patients for whom anti-CD200 therapy is useful or patients who expect to receive a therapy comprising a CD200 antagonist therapy (including, for example, an anti-CD200 antibody) may be screened for certain previously received treatments and procedures or for current medical status. In one embodiment for example, female patients may be pre-screened for pregnancy and agree to contraception, since CD200 plays an important role in protection against abortion. Accordingly, patients receiving said therapy may agree to practice one or more methods of contraception. The said patient may agree to use one or more methods of contraception for a designated period prior to starting the said therapy and/or for the duration of the said therapy. In certain embodiments, female patients receive counseling concerning the risks with respect to fetal exposure to such anti-CD200 therapy. In additional embodiments, such patients may be expected to sign informed consent forms prior to such treatment. In other aspects, physicals counseling patients regarding anti-CD200 therapy may require such patients to use contraceptive devices or formulations prior to administering the anti-CD200 therapy (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,908,432 and related patents, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). Similarly, in other embodiments, patients may be screened to identify patients who have previously received brain surgery and/or radiation therapy to the brain; anti-CD200 therapy would not be prescribed for such patients.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 provides the nucleic acid sequence for the primer C7 mhHF (SEQ ID NO:1) used in generating the G2/G4 construct.
FIG. 2 provides the nucleic acid sequence for the Primer Rev Age Pri (SEQ ID NO: 2) used in generating the G2/G4 construct.
FIG. 3 provides the nucleic acid sequence for the primer C2aB7 rev (SEQ ID NO: 3) used in generating the G2/G4 construct.
FIG. 4 provides the nucleic acid sequence for the lacpri (SEQ ID NO: 4) used in generating the G2/G4 construct.
FIG. 5 provides the nucleic acid sequence for LeadVHpAX (SEQ ID NO: 5).
FIGS. 6A-F depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody chC2aB7-hG1 (SEQ ID NOS: 6, 7, 23, 24, 37, and 38). FIG. 6C shows SEQ ID NO: 37 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 7 (amino acid sequence). SEQ ID NO: 7 as shown in the schematic is contiguous but is depicted with a corresponding nucleotide sequence that includes introns. FIG. 6F shows SEQ ID NO: 38 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 24 (amino acid sequence).
FIGS. 7A-F depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody hB7V4V1-hG1(SEQ ID NOS: 8, 9, 25, 26, 39, and 40). FIG. 7C shows SEQ ID NO: 39 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 9 (amino acid sequence). FIG. 7F shows SEQ ID NO: 40 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 26 (amino acid sequence).
FIGS. 8A-F depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody hB7V3V1-hG1 (SEQ ID NOS: 10, 11, 25, 26, 40, and 41). FIG. 8C shows SEQ ID NO: 41 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 11 (amino acid sequence). FIG. 8F shows SEQ ID NO: 41 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 26 (amino acid sequence).
FIGS. 9A-F depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody hB7V3V2-hG1(SEQ ID NOS: 10, 11, 27, 28, 41, and 42). FIG. 9C shows SEQ ID NO: 41 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 11 (amino acid sequence). FIG. 9F shows SEQ ID NO: 42 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 28 (amino acid sequence).
FIGS. 10A-F depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody hB7V3V2-hG2G4 (SEQ ID NOS: 12, 13, 27, 28, 42, and 43). FIG. 10C shows SEQ ID NO: 43 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 13 (amino acid sequence). SEQ ID NO: 13 as shown in the schematic is contiguous but is depicted with a corresponding nucleotide sequence that includes introns. FIG. 10F shows SEQ ID NO: 42 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 28 (amino acid sequence).
FIGS. 11A-F depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody chC2aB7-hG2G4 (SEQ ID NOS: 14, 15, 23, 24, 44, 45, 46, and 47). FIG. 11C shows SEQ ID NO: 44 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 45 (amino acid sequence). SEQ ID NO: 45 corresponds to amino acids 1-337 of SEQ ID NO: 15. As shown in the schematic, SEQ ID NO: 45 is contiguous but is depicted with a corresponding nucleotide sequence that includes introns. FIG. 11F shows SEQ ID NO: 46 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 47 (amino acid sequence).
FIGS. 12A-F depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody hB7V3V2-cG2G4 (SEQ ID NOS: 13, 16, 27, 28, 48, and 49). FIG. 12C shows SEQ ID NO: 48 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 13 (amino acid sequence). FIG. 12F shows SEQ ID NO: 49 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 28 (amino acid sequence).
FIGS. 13A-D depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody chC7-hG2G4 (SEQ ID NOS: 17, 18, 29, and 30).
FIGS. 14A-F depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody D1B5-hG1 (SEQ ID NOS: 19, 20, 31, 32, 50, and 51). FIG. 14C shows SEQ ID NO: 50 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (amino acid sequence). SEQ ID NO: 20 as shown in the schematic is contiguous but is depicted with a corresponding nucleotide sequence that includes introns. FIG. 14F shows SEQ ID NO: 51 (nucleic acid sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 32 (amino acid sequence).
FIGS. 15A-D depict the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light chains of antibody G2G4 63L1D (SEQ ID NOS: 21, 22, 33, and 34).
FIG. 16 provides the nucleic acid sequence for the forward primer for cloning CD200 cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 35).
FIG. 17 provides the nucleic acid sequence for the reverse primer for cloning CD200 cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 36).
FIG. 18 shows the effects of administering humanized CD200 antibodies in the RAJI-CD200/PBL model. Humanized anti-CD200 antibodies resulted in an inhibition of tumor growth.
FIG. 19 demonstrates the effects of administering humanized CD200 antibodies with and without effector function in the Namalwa_CD200 animal model. Antibodies without effector function exhibited efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth.
FIG. 20 is a table showing the expression level of CD200 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient samples compared to normal samples.
FIG. 21 depicts the relative levels of CD200 expression detected in cancer cell lines.
FIG. 22 shows the expression level of CD200 antigen in human ovarian cancer samples relative to the expression level detected in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).
FIG. 23 shows the expression level of CD200 antigen in human melanoma patient samples relative to the expression level detected in PBL.
FIG. 24 shows immunohistochemical staining of CD200 of melanoma patient samples.
FIG. 25 demonstrates the effects of anti-CD200 antibody in cytokine production. The levels of IL-2 production in mixed cell population assays were measured in the absence and presence of CD200 antibody. The antibody used is a chimeric anti-CD200 antibody with no effector function.
FIG. 26 shows the effects of administering anti-CD200 antibodies, with or without effector function, in the Namalwa/PBL model in which the tumors do not express CD200.
FIG. 27 shows flow cytometric analysis of CD200 expression on activated T-cells. CD3+ cells were activated with mOKT3, harvested, washed and subjected to staining with the indicated conjugated antibodies specific for human CD25, CD200, CD5, CD4 and CD8. Cells were washed and analyzed for immunofluorescence on a FacsCaliber flow cytometer using CellQuest software.
FIG. 28 demonstrates the effects of anti-CD200 antibodies on ADCC of activated T-cells. CD3+ human T cells were stimulated with 10 μg/mL immobilized (plate-coated) mOKT3 for 72 hrs. Activated T cells were then chromated for use as targets and incubated with purified autologous CD56+ (NK) cells as effector cells. Cells were coincubated for 4 hours at 37° C. at 25:1 (A) or 10:1 (B) effector: target cell ratios in the presence or absence of a humanized anti-CD200 antibody capable of mediating effector function (V3V2-G1) or engineered to lack effector function (V3V2-G2G4). Data is represented as percent specific lysis. Anti-CD200 antibody increased ADCC of activated T-cells, whereas the anti-CD200 antibody with no effector function failed to induce ADCC.
FIG. 29 is a table showing the expression level of CD200 on plasma cells.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
I. CD200 Antagonists
CD200 is a highly conserved type I transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on various cell types including cells of the immune system (e.g., T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells (Barclay et al., TRENDS Immunol. 2002: 23)) as well as certain cancer cells as shown herein. The protein interacts with its receptor CD200R on myeloid cells and sub-populations of T cells (Wright et al. J. Immunol. 2003 (171): 3034-3046 and Wright et al., Immunity 2000 (13):233-242); the CD200:CD200R interaction delivers an immunomodulatory signal to cells and induces immunosuppression including apoptosis-associated immune tolerance (Rosenblum et al. 2004 Blood (103): 2691-2698). Thus agents that interfere with the function or activity of CD200 and/or its receptor may inhibit or reverse the immunosuppressive effects of the CD200:CD200R interaction. In addition, agents that specifically bind CD200 (but that may or may not inhibit the CD200:CD200R interaction) may trigger downstream events that reverse or abolish the effects of CD200.
In certain aspects, the present disclosure relates to CD200 antagonists. As used herein, the term antagonist includes any agent that is capable of inhibiting the activity, function and/or the expression of CD200 or its receptor. Examples include but are not limited to polypeptides, antibodies, small molecules, aptamers, spiegelmers, locked nucleic acid (LNA) inhibitors, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) inhibitors, nucleic acid constructs (e.g., gene-targeting constructs, antisense constructs, RNA interference (RNAi) constructs, etc.) and peptidomimetics. In certain embodiments, the antagonist disrupts the interaction of CD200 and CD200R. In other embodiments, the CD200 antagonists are capable of decreasing the immunosuppressive effects of CD200 or are capable of targeting CD200-expressing cells for depletion or elimination.
In certain aspects, the CD200 antagonists are polypeptides. Polypeptides utilized in the present disclosure can be constructed using different techniques which are known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the polypeptides are obtained by chemical synthesis. In other embodiments, the polypeptides are antibodies constructed from a fragment or several fragments of one or more antibodies. In further embodiments, the polypeptide is an anti-CD200 antibody as described herein.
Thus in certain embodiments, the CD200 antagonists are anti-CD200 antibodies. As used herein, the term “antibodies” refers to complete antibodies or antibody fragments capable of binding to CD200 or CD200R. Included are Fab, Fv, scFv, Fab′ and F(ab′)2, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, engineered antibodies (including chimeric, single chain, CDR-grafted, humanized, fully human antibodies, and artificially selected antibodies), and synthetic or semi-synthetic antibodies produced using phage display or alternative techniques. Also included are antibodies engineered or produced in ways to contain variant or altered constant or Fc regions with either increased or decreased ability to bind one or more effector cell; such variant antibodies include but are not limited to antibodies in which the constant or Fc region contains altered glycosylation patterns. Small fragments, such as Fv and scFv, possess advantageous properties for diagnostic and therapeutic applications on account of their small size and consequent superior tissue distribution. Antibodies with engineered or variant constant or Fc regions can be useful in modulating effector functions, such as, for example, ADCC and CDC. Such antibodies with engineered or variant constant or Fc regions may be useful in instances where CD200 is expressed in normal tissue, for example; variant anti-CD200 antibodies without effector function in these instances may elicit the desired therapeutic response while not damaging normal tissue. Furthermore, antibodies, variant antibodies, and fragments thereof may be blocking (i.e., the said antibodies or fragments inhibit the interaction of CD200 and CD200R) or non-blocking (i.e., the said antibodies or fragments bind to CD200 but do not block its interaction with CD200R).
The disclosure also relates to anti-CD200 antibodies comprising heavy and light chains as provided herein, including heavy and light chains that are homologous or similar to the heavy and/or light chains provided herein. “Homology” or “identity” or “similarity” refers to sequence similarity between two peptides or between two nucleic acid molecules. Homology and identity can each be determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When an equivalent position in the compared sequences is occupied by the same base or amino acid, then the molecules are identical at that position; when the equivalent site occupied by the same or a similar amino acid residue (e.g., similar in steric and/or electronic nature), then the molecules can be referred to as homologous (similar) at that position. Expression as a percentage of homology/similarity or identity refers to a function of the number of identical or similar amino acids at positions shared by the compared sequences. The term “homology” describes a mathematically based comparison of sequence similarities which is used to identify genes or proteins with similar functions or motifs. As used herein, “identity” means the percentage of identical nucleotide or amino acid residues at corresponding positions in two or more sequences when the sequences are aligned to maximize sequence matching, i.e., taking into account gaps and insertions. Thus methods to determine identity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested (see Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J. Applied Math., 48: 1073 1988, Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12(1): 387 (1984), BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA (Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990) and Altschul et al. Nuc. Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402 (1997)) and BLAST X (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBI NLM NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894; Altschul, S., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990). A sequence which is “unrelated” or “non-homologous” shares less than 40% identity, though preferably less than 25% identity with a sequence of the present disclosure. In comparing two sequences, the absence of residues (amino acids or nucleic acids) or presence of extra residues also decreases the identity and homology/similarity.
Accordingly, the disclosure relates to antibodies as described herein without the leader sequences. Thus antibodies of the disclosure may comprise heavy and light chains (as described herein) in which the leader sequence is either absent or replaced by a different leader sequence. If host cells are used to produce antibodies of the present disclosure, appropriate leader sequences may therefore be selected according to the particular host cell used.
Antibodies may be produced by methods well known in the art. For example, monoclonal anti-CD200 antibodies may be generated using CD200 positive cells, CD200 polypeptide, or a fragment of CD200 polypeptide, as an immunogen, thus raising an immune response in animals from which antibody-producing cells and in turn monoclonal antibodies may be isolated. The sequence of such antibodies may be determined and the antibodies or variants thereof produced by recombinant techniques. Recombinant techniques may be used to produce chimeric, CDR-grafted, humanized and fully human antibodies based on the sequence of the monoclonal antibodies as well as polypeptides capable of binding to CD200.
Moreover, antibodies derived from recombinant libraries (“phage antibodies”) may be selected using CD200-positive cells, or polypeptides derived therefrom, as bait to isolate the antibodies or polypeptides on the basis of target specificity. The production and isolation of non-human and chimeric anti-CD200 antibodies are well within the purview of the skilled artisan.
Recombinant DNA technology is used to improve the antibodies produced in non-human cells. Thus, chimeric antibodies may be constructed in order to decrease the immunogenicity thereof in diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Moreover, immunogenicity may be minimized by humanizing the antibodies by CDR grafting and, optionally, framework modification. See, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Antibodies may be obtained from animal serum or, in the case of monoclonal antibodies or fragments thereof, produced in cell culture. Recombinant DNA technology may be used to produce the antibodies according to established procedure, including procedures in bacterial or preferably mammalian cell culture. The selected cell culture system preferably secretes the antibody product.
In another embodiment, a process for the production of an antibody disclosed herein includes culturing a host, e.g. E. coli or a mammalian cell, which has been transformed with a hybrid vector. The vector includes one or more expression cassettes containing a promoter operably linked to a first DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide linked in the proper reading frame to a second DNA sequence encoding the antibody protein. The antibody protein is then collected and isolated. Optionally, the expression cassette may include a promoter operably linked to polycistronic, for example bicistronic, DNA sequences encoding antibody proteins each individually operably linked to a signal peptide in the proper reading frame.
Multiplication of hybridoma cells or mammalian host cells in vitro is carried out in suitable culture media, which include the customary standard culture media (such as, for example Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) or RPMI 1640 medium), optionally replenished by a mammalian serum (e.g. fetal calf serum), or trace elements and growth sustaining supplements (e.g. feeder cells such as normal mouse peritoneal exudate cells, spleen cells, bone marrow macrophages, 2-aminoethanol, insulin, transferrin, low density lipoprotein, oleic acid, or the like). Multiplication of host cells which are bacterial cells or yeast cells is likewise carried out in suitable culture media known in the art. For example, for bacteria suitable culture media include medium LE, NZCYM, NZYM, NZM, Terrific Broth, SOB, SOC, 2×YT, or M9 Minimal Medium. For yeast, suitable culture media include medium YPD, YEPD, Minimal Medium, or Complete Minimal Dropout Medium.
In vitro production provides relatively pure antibody preparations and allows scale-up production to give large amounts of the desired antibodies. Techniques for bacterial cell, yeast, plant, or mammalian cell cultivation are known in the art and include homogeneous suspension culture (e.g. in an airlift reactor or in a continuous stirrer reactor), and immobilized or entrapped cell culture (e.g. in hollow fibres, microcapsules, on agarose microbeads or ceramic cartridges).
Large quantities of the desired antibodies can also be obtained by multiplying mammalian cells in vivo. For this purpose, hybridoma cells producing the desired antibodies are injected into histocompatible mammals to cause growth of antibody-producing tumors. Optionally, the animals are primed with a hydrocarbon, especially mineral oils such as pristane (tetramethyl-pentadecane), prior to the injection. After one to three weeks, the antibodies are isolated from the body fluids of those mammals. For example, hybridoma cells obtained by fusion of suitable myeloma cells with antibody-producing spleen cells from Balb/c mice, or transfected cells derived from hybridoma cell line Sp2/0 that produce the desired antibodies are injected intraperitoneally into Balb/c mice optionally pre-treated with pristane. After one to two weeks, ascitic fluid is taken from the animals.
The foregoing, and other, techniques are discussed in, for example, Kohler and Milstein, (1975) Nature 256:495-497; U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110; Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: a Laboratory Manual, (1988) Cold Spring Harbor, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference. Techniques for the preparation of recombinant antibody molecules are described in the above references and also in, for example WO97/08320; U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,908; U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,717; Smith, 1985, Science, Vol. 225, pp 1315-1317; Parmley and Smith, 1988, Gene 73, pp 305-318; De La Cruz et al., 1988, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263 pp 4318-4322; U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,484; U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; WO88/06630; WO92/15679; U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,279; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,698; U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,136; Davis et al., 1999, Cancer Metastasis Rev., 18(4):421-5; Taylor, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 20 (1992): 6287-6295; Tomizuka et al., Proc. Natl. Academy of Sciences USA 97(2) (2000): 722-727. The contents of all these references are incorporated herein by reference.
The cell culture supernatants are screened for the desired antibodies, preferentially by immunofluorescent staining of CD200-positive cells, by immunoblotting, by an enzyme immunoassay, e.g. a sandwich assay or a dot-assay, or a radioimmunoassay.
For isolation of the antibodies, the immunoglobulins in the culture supernatants or in the ascitic fluid may be concentrated, e.g. by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, dialysis against hygroscopic material such as polyethylene glycol, filtration through selective membranes, or the like. If necessary and/or desired, the antibodies are purified by the customary chromatography methods, for example gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, chromatography over DEAE-cellulose and/or (immuno-) affinity chromatography, e.g. affinity chromatography with one or more surface polypeptides derived from a CD200-positive cell line, or with Protein-A or -G.
Another embodiment provides a process for the preparation of a bacterial cell line secreting antibodies directed against CD200 in a suitable mammal. For example a rabbit is immunized with pooled samples from CD200-positive tissue or cells or CD200 polypeptide or fragments thereof. A phage display library produced from the immunized rabbit is constructed and panned for the desired antibodies in accordance with methods well known in the art (such as, for example, the methods disclosed in the various references incorporated herein by reference).
Hybridoma cells secreting the monoclonal antibodies are also disclosed. The preferred hybridoma cells are genetically stable, secrete monoclonal antibodies described herein of the desired specificity, and can be activated from deep-frozen cultures by thawing and recloning.
In another embodiment, a process is provided for the preparation of a hybridoma cell line secreting monoclonal antibodies against CD200. In that process, a suitable mammal, for example a Balb/c mouse, is immunized with one or more polypeptides or antigenic fragments of CD200 or with one or more polypeptides or antigenic fragments derived from a CD200-positive cell, the CD200-positive cell itself, or an antigenic carrier containing a purified polypeptide as described. Antibody-producing cells of the immunized mammal are grown briefly in culture or fused with cells of a suitable myeloma cell line. The hybrid cells obtained in the fusion are cloned, and cell clones secreting the desired antibodies are selected. For example, spleen cells of Balb/c mice immunized with a CD200-positive Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) cell line are fused with cells of the myeloma cell line PAI or the myeloma cell line Sp2/0-Ag 14. The obtained hybrid cells are then screened for secretion of the desired antibodies and positive hybridoma cells are cloned.
Preferred is a process for the preparation of a hybridoma cell line, characterized in that Balb/c mice are immunized by injecting subcutaneously and/or intraperitoneally between 106 and 107 cells of a CD200-positive cell line several times, e.g. four to six times, over several months, e.g. between two and four months. Spleen cells from the immunized mice are taken two to four days after the last injection and fused with cells of the myeloma cell line PAI in the presence of a fusion promoter, preferably polyethylene glycol. Preferably, the myeloma cells are fused with a three- to twenty-fold excess of spleen cells from the immunized mice in a solution containing about 30% to about 50% polyethylene glycol of a molecular weight around 4000. After the fusion, the cells are expanded in suitable culture media as described hereinbefore, supplemented with a selection medium, for example HAT medium, at regular intervals in order to prevent normal myeloma cells from overgrowing the desired hybridoma cells.
The antibodies and fragments thereof can be “chimeric”. Chimeric antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof comprise portions from two or more different species (e.g., mouse and human). Chimeric antibodies can be produced with mouse variable regions of desired specificity spliced into human constant domain gene segments (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). In this manner, non-human antibodies can be modified to make them more suitable for human clinical application.
The monoclonal antibodies of the present disclosure include “humanized” forms of the non-human (i.e., mouse) antibodies. Humanized or CDR-grafted mAbs are particularly useful as therapeutic agents for humans because they are not cleared from the circulation as rapidly as mouse antibodies and do not typically provoke an adverse immune reaction. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a non-human source. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Methods of preparing humanized antibodies are generally well known in the art. For example, humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Reichmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verheoeyen et al., Science, 239: 1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Also see Staelens et al. 2006 Mol Immunol 43: 1243-1257. In particular embodiments, humanized forms of non-human (e.g., mouse) antibodies are human antibodies (recipient antibody) in which hypervariable (CDR) region residues of the recipient antibody are replaced by hypervariable region residues from a non-human species (donor antibody) such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, or non-human primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and binding capacity. In some instances, framework region residues of the human immunoglobulin are also replaced by corresponding non-human residues (so called “back mutations”). In addition, phage display libraries can be used to vary amino acids at chosen positions within the antibody sequence. The properties of a humanized antibody are also affected by the choice of the human framework. Furthermore, humanized and chimerized antibodies can be modified to comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody in order to further improve antibody properties, such as, for example, affinity or effector function.
Fully human antibodies are also provided in the disclosure. The term “human antibody” includes antibodies having variable and constant regions (if present) derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human antibodies can include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). However, the term “human antibody” does not include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences (i.e., humanized antibodies). Fully human or human antibodies may be derived from transgenic mice carrying human antibody genes (carrying the variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) exons) or from human cells. For example, it is now possible to produce transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production (see, e.g., Jakobovits et al., PNAS; 90:2551 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362:255-258 (1993); Bruggermann et al., Year in Immuno., 7:33 (1993); and Duchosal et al. Nature 355:258 (1992). Transgenic mice strain can be engineered to contain gene sequences from unrearranged human immunoglobulin genes. The human sequences may code for both the heavy and light chains of human antibodies and would function correctly in the mice, undergoing rearrangement to provide a wide antibody repertoire similar to that in humans. The transgenic mice can be immunized with the target protein (e.g., CD200, fragments thereof, or cells expressing CD200) to create a diverse array of specific antibodies and their encoding RNA. Nucleic acids encoding the antibody chain components of such antibodies may then be cloned from the animal into a display vector. Typically, separate populations of nucleic acids encoding heavy and light chain sequences are cloned, and the separate populations then recombined on insertion into the vector, such that any given copy of the vector receives a random combination of a heavy and a light chain. The vector is designed to express antibody chains so that they can be assembled and displayed on the outer surface of a display package containing the vector. For example, antibody chains can be expressed as fusion proteins with a phage coat protein from the outer surface of the phage. Thereafter, display packages can be screened for display of antibodies binding to a target.
In addition, human antibodies can be derived from phage-display libraries (Hoogenboom et al., J. Mol. Biol., 227:381 (1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991); Vaughan et al. Nature Biotech 14:309 (1996)). Synthetic phage libraries can be created which use randomized combinations of synthetic human antibody V-regions. By selection on antigen fully human antibodies can be made in which the V-regions are very human-like in nature. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,794,132, 6,680,209, 4,634,666, and Ostberg et al. (1983), Hybridoma 2:361-367, the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
For the generation of human antibodies, also see Mendez et al. Nature Genetics 15:146-156 (1997), Green and Jakobovits J. Exp. Med. 188:483-495 (1998), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Human antibodies are further discussed and delineated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,939,598 and 6,673,986. Also see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,114,598, 6,075,181, and 6,162,963, all filed Jun. 5, 1995. Also see U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,584, filed Oct. 2, 1996 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,713,610 and 6,657,103 as well as U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/421,011 (US 2003-0229905 A1), 10/455,013 (US 2004-0010810 A1), 10/627,250 (US 2004-0093622 A1), 10/656,623 (US 2006-0040363 A1), 10/658,521 (US 2005-0054055 A1), 10/917,703 (US 2005-0076395 A1) and 10/978,297 (US 2005-0287630 A1). See also PCT/US93/06926 filed on Jul. 23, 1993, European Patent No., EP 0 463 151 B1, grant published Jun. 12, 1996, International Patent Application No., WO 94/02602, published Feb. 3, 1994, International Patent Application No., WO 96/34096, published Oct. 31, 1996, and WO 98/24893, published Jun. 11, 1998. The disclosures of each of the above-cited patents, applications, and references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
In an alternative approach, others, including GenPharm International, Inc., have utilized a “minilocus” approach. In the minilocus approach, an exogenous Ig locus is mimicked through the inclusion of pieces (individual genes) from the Ig locus. Thus, one or more VH genes, one or more DH genes, one or more JH genes, a mu constant region, and a second constant region (preferably a gamma constant region) are formed into a construct for insertion into an animal. This approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,807 to Surani et al. and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,806, 5,625,825, 5,625,126, 5,633,425, 5,661,016, 5,770,429, 5,789,650, and 5,814,318 each to Lonberg and Kay, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,669 to Krimpenfort and Berns, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,205, 5,721,367, 5,789,215 to Berns et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,763 to Choi and Dunn, and GenPharm International. Also see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,569,825, 5,877,397, 6,300,129, 5,874,299, 6,255,458, and 7,041,871, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. See also European Patent No. 0 546 073 B1, International Patent Application Nos. WO 92/03918, WO 92/22645, WO 92/22647, WO 92/22670, WO 93/12227, WO 94/00569, WO 94/25585, WO 96/14436, WO 97/13852, and WO 98/24884, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. See further Taylor et al. (1992 Nuc. Acids. Res., 20: 6287), Chen et al. (1993 Int. Immunol. 5: 647), Tuaillon et al. (1993 PNAS USA. 90: 3720-4), Choi et al., (1993 Nature Genetics 4: 117), Lonberg et al. (1994 Nature 368: 856-859), Taylor et al. (1994 International Immunology 6: 579-591), and Tuaillon et al. (1995 J. Immunol. 154: 6453-65), Fishwild et al. (1996 Nature Biotechnology 14: 845), and Tuaillon et al. (2000 Eur J. Immunol. 10: 2998-3005), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
In certain embodiments, de-immunized anti-CD200 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are provided. De-immunized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof may be modified so as to render the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof non-immunogenic, or less immunogenic, to a given species. De-immunization can be achieved by modifying the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof utilizing any of a variety of techniques known to those skilled in the art (sec e.g., PCT Publication Nos. WO 04/108158 and WO 00/34317). For example, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be de-immunized by identifying potential T cell epitopes and/or B cell epitopes within the amino acid sequence of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and removing one or more the potential T cell epitopes and/or B cell epitopes from the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, for example, using recombinant techniques. The modified antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may then optionally be produced and tested to identify antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that have retained one or more desired biological activities, such as, for example, binding affinity, but have reduced immunogenicity. Methods for identifying potential T cell epitopes and/or B cell epitopes may be carried out using techniques known in the art, such as, for example, computational methods (see e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 02/069232), in vitro or in silico techniques, and biological assays or physical methods (such as, for example, determination of the binding of peptides to MHC molecules, determination of the binding of peptide:MHC complexes to the T cell receptors from the species to receive the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, testing of the protein or peptide parts thereof using transgenic animals with the MHC molecules of the species to receive the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or testing with transgenic animals reconstituted with immune system cells from the species to receive the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, etc.). In various embodiments, the de-immunized anti-CD200 antibodies described herein include de-immunized antigen-binding fragments, Fab, Fv scFv, Fab′ and F(ab′)2, monoclonal antibodies, murine antibodies, engineered antibodies (such as, for example, chimeric, single chain, CDR-grafted, humanized, fully human antibodies, and artificially selected antibodies), synthetic antibodies and semi-synthetic antibodies.
In a further embodiment, recombinant DNA comprising an insert coding for a heavy chain variable domain and/or for a light chain variable domain of antibodies directed to CD200 or a CD200-positive cell line are produced. The term DNA includes coding single stranded DNAs, double stranded DNAs consisting of said coding DNAs and of complementary DNAs thereto, or these complementary (single stranded) DNAs themselves.
Furthermore, DNA encoding a heavy chain variable domain and/or a light chain variable domain of antibodies directed to CD200 or the CD200-positive cell line can be enzymatically or chemically synthesized DNA having the authentic DNA sequence coding for a heavy chain variable domain and/or for the light chain variable domain, or a mutant thereof. A mutant of the authentic DNA is a DNA encoding a heavy chain variable domain and/or a light chain variable domain of the above-mentioned antibodies in which one or more amino acids are deleted, inserted, or exchanged with one or more other amino acids. Preferably said modification(s) are outside the CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain and/or of the light chain variable domain of the antibody in humanization and expression optimization applications. The term mutant DNA also embraces silent mutants wherein one or more nucleotides are replaced by other nucleotides with the new codons coding for the same amino acid(s). The term mutant sequence also includes a degenerate sequence. Degenerate sequences are degenerate within the meaning of the genetic code in that an unlimited number of nucleotides are replaced by other nucleotides without resulting in a change of the amino acid sequence originally encoded. Such degenerate sequences may be useful due to their different restriction sites and/or frequency of particular codons which are preferred by the specific host, particularly E. coli, to obtain an optimal expression of the heavy chain murine variable domain and/or a light chain murine variable domain.
The term mutant is intended to include a DNA mutant obtained by in vitro mutagenesis of the authentic DNA according to methods known in the art.
For the assembly of complete tetrameric immunoglobulin molecules and the expression of chimeric antibodies, the recombinant DNA inserts coding for heavy and light chain variable domains are fused with the corresponding DNAs coding for heavy and light chain constant domains, then transferred into appropriate host cells, for example after incorporation into hybrid vectors.
Recombinant DNAs including an insert coding for a heavy chain murine variable domain of an antibody directed to CD200 or a CD200-positive cell line fused to a human constant domain IgG, for example γ1, γ2, γ3 or γ4; in particular embodiments γ1 or γ4 may be used. Recombinant DNAs including an insert coding for a light chain murine variable domain of an antibody directed to the cell line disclosed herein fused to a human constant domain κ or λ, preferably κ are also provided.
Another embodiment pertains to recombinant DNAs coding for a recombinant polypeptide wherein the heavy chain variable domain and the light chain variable domain are linked by way of a spacer group, optionally comprising a signal sequence facilitating the processing of the antibody in the host cell and/or a DNA sequence encoding a peptide facilitating the purification of the antibody and/or a cleavage site and/or a peptide spacer and/or an agent. The DNA coding for an agent is intended to be a DNA coding for the agent useful in diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Thus, agent molecules which are toxins or enzymes, especially enzymes capable of catalyzing the activation of prodrugs, are particularly indicated. The DNA encoding such an agent has the sequence of a naturally occurring enzyme or toxin encoding DNA, or a mutant thereof, and can be prepared by methods well known in the art.
Accordingly, the monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the disclosure can be naked antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that are not conjugated to other agents, for example, a therapeutic agent or detectable label. Alternatively, the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment can be conjugated to an agent such as, for example, a cytotoxic agent, a small molecule, a hormone, an enzyme, a growth factor, a cytokine, a ribozyme, a peptidomimetic, a chemical, a prodrug, a nucleic acid molecule including coding sequences (such as antisense, RNAi, gene-targeting constructs, etc.), or a detectable label (e.g., an NMR or X-ray contrasting agent, fluorescent molecule, etc.). In certain embodiments, an anti-CD200 polypeptide or antigen-binding fragment (e.g., Fab, Fv, single-chain scFv, Fab′ and F(ab′)2) is linked to a molecule that increases the half-life of the said polypeptide or antigen-binding fragment. Molecules that may be linked to said anti-CD200 polypeptide or antigen-binding fragment include but are not limited to serum proteins including albumin, polypeptides, other proteins or protein domains, and PEG.
Several possible vector systems are available for the expression of cloned heavy chain and light chain genes in mammalian cells. One class of vectors relies upon the integration of the desired gene sequences into the host cell genome. Cells which have stably integrated DNA can be selected by simultaneously introducing drug resistance genes such as E coli gpt (Mulligan, R. C. and Berg, P., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 78: 2072 (1981)) or Tn5 neo (Southern, P. J. and Berg, P., J. Mol. Appl. Genet., 1: 327 (1982)). The selectable marker gene can be either linked to the DNA gene sequences to be expressed, or introduced into the same cell by co-transfection (Wigler, M. et al., Cell, 16: 77 (1979)). A second class of vectors utilizes DNA elements which confer autonomously replicating capabilities to an extrachromosomal plasmid. These vectors can be derived from animal viruses, such as bovine papillomavirus (Sarver, N. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 79: 7147 (1982)), polyoma virus (Deans, R. J. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 81: 1292 (1984)), or SV40 virus (Lusky, M. and Botchan, M., Nature, 293: 79 (1981)).
Since an immunoglobulin cDNA is comprised only of sequences representing the mature mRNA encoding an antibody protein, additional gene expression elements regulating transcription of the gene and processing of the RNA are required for the synthesis of immunoglobulin mRNA. These elements may include splice signals, transcription promoters, including inducible promoters enhancers, and termination signals. cDNA expression vectors incorporating such elements include those described by Okayama, H. and Berg, P., Mol. Cell. Biol., 3: 280 (1983); Cepko, C. L. et al., Cell, 37: 1053 (1984); and Kaufman, R. J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 82: 689 (1985).
In certain embodiments, an anti-CD200 antibody may be a blocking or non-blocking antibody. As used herein, a blocking antibody is one that blocks the interaction between CD200 and CD200R. A non-blocking antibody binds and/or interacts with CD200 but does not block its interaction with CD200R. Thus in certain embodiments, an anti-CD200 antibody is either a blocking or non-blocking murine, chimeric, humanized human or de-immunized antibody.
II. CD200 Antagonists with Altered Effector Functions
CD200 antagonists may be altered to elicit increased or decreased effects relative to the original or parent antagonist. For example, an antagonist that binds CD200 may elicit secondary functions following binding to CD200 and, in some instances, inhibiting the CD200:CD200R interaction. For example, an antagonist may contain additional binding sites for other ligands, including receptors or extracellular proteins. Binding to these other ligands may trigger other events, such as the attraction or recruitment of other cells and the activation of various events including cell death. Thus in certain aspects, the present disclosure relates to CD200 antagonists that elicit altered secondary functions (or effector functions as referred to below). In certain embodiments, the CD200 antagonist with altered secondary or effector function(s) exhibits increased, decreased, or no secondary or effector function(s), and further may or may not block the CD200:CD200R interaction. In particular embodiments, the CD200 antagonist with altered secondary or effector function(s) is an anti-CD200 antibody.
A) Effector Functions
The interaction of antibodies and antibody-antigen complexes with cells of the immune system affects a variety of responses, referred to herein as effector functions. Exemplary effector functions include Fc receptor binding, phagocytosis, down-regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor; BCR), etc. Other effector functions include ADCC, whereby antibodies bind Fc receptors on natural killer (NK) cells or macrophages leading to cell death, and CDC, which is cell death induced via activation of the complement cascade (reviewed in Daeron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997); Ward and Ghetie, Therapeutic Immunol. 2:77-94 (1995); and Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-492 (1991)). Such effector functions generally require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain (e.g. an antibody variable domain) and can be assessed using various assays as herein disclosed, for example.
Several antibody effector functions, including ADCC, are mediated by Fc receptors (FcRs), which bind the Fc region of an antibody. In ADCC, NK cells or macrophages bind to the Fc region of the antibody complex and promote lysis of the target cell. The cross-linking of FcRs on NK cells triggers perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity, whereas in macrophages this cross-linking promotes the release of mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and reactive oxygen species. For CD200-positive target cells, an anti-CD200 antibody binds to the target cell and the Fc region directs effector function to the target cell. The affinity of an antibody for a particular FcR, and hence the effector activity mediated by the antibody, may be modulated by altering the amino acid Sequence and/or post-translational modifications of the Fc and/or constant region of the antibody.
FcRs are defined by their specificity for immunoglobulin isotypes; Fc receptors for IgG antibodies are referred to as FcγR, for IgE as FcεR, for IgA as FcαR and so on. Three subclasses of FcγR have been identified: FcγRI (CD64), FcγRII (CD32) and FcγRIII (CD16). Because each FcγR subclass is encoded by two or three genes, and alternative RNA splicing leads to multiple transcripts, a broad diversity in FcγR isoforms exists. The three genes encoding the FcγRI subclass (FcγRIA, FcγRIB and FcγRIC) are clustered in region 1q21.1 of the long arm of chromosome 1; the genes encoding FcγRII isoforms (FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB and FcγRIIC) and the two genes encoding FcγRIII (FcγRIIIA and FcγRIIIB) are all clustered in region 1q22. These different FcR subtypes are expressed on different cell types (reviewed in Ravetch and Kinet, Arum. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-492 (1991)). For example, in humans, FcγRIIIB is found only on neutrophils, whereas FcγRIIIA is found on macrophages, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and a subpopulation of T-cells. Notably, FcγRIIIA is the only FcR present on NK cells, one of the cell types implicated in ADCC.
FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII are immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) receptors; FcγRI has three IgSF domains in its extracellular domain, while FcγRII and FcγRIII have only two IgSF domains in their extracellular domains. Another type of Fc receptor is the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn is structurally similar to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and consists of an α-chain noncovalently bound to β2-microglobulin.
The binding site on human and murine antibodies for FcγR have been previously mapped to the so-called “lower hinge region” consisting of residues 233-239 (EU index numbering as in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). Woof et al. Molec. Immunol. 23:319-330 (1986); Duncan et al. Nature 332:563 (1988); Canfield and Morrison, J. Exp. Med. 173:1483-1491 (1991); Chappel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:9036-9040 (1991). Of residues 233-239, P238 and S239 have been cited as possibly being involved in binding.
Other previously cited areas possibly involved in binding to FcγR are: G316-K338 (human IgG) for human FcγRI (by sequence comparison only; no substitution mutants were evaluated) (Woof et al. Molec Immunol. 23:319-330 (1986)); K274-R301 (human IgG1) for human FcγRIII (based on peptides) (Sarmay et al. Molec. Immunol. 21:43-51 (1984)); Y407-R416 (human IgG) for human FcγRIII (based on peptides) (Gergely et al. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 12:739-743 (1984)); as well as N297 and E318 (murine IgG2b) for murine FcγRII (Lund et al., Molec. Immunol., 29:53-59 (1992)).
Human effector cells are leukocytes which express one or more FcRs and perform effector functions. In certain embodiments, the cells express at least FcγRIII and perform ADCC effector function. Examples of human leukocytes which mediate ADCC include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils. Effector cells may be isolated from a native source thereof, e.g. from blood or PBMCs.
In CDC, the antibody-antigen complex binds complement, resulting in the activation of the complement cascade and generation of the membrane attack complex. Activation of the classical complement pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system (C1q) to antibodies (of the appropriate subclass) which are bound to their cognate antigen; thus the activation of the complement cascade is regulated in part by the binding affinity of the immunoglobulin to C1q protein. C1q and two serine proteases, C1r and C1s, form the complex C1, the first component of the CDC pathway. C1q is a hexavalent molecule with a molecular weight of approximately 460,000 and a structure in which six collagenous “stalks” are connected to six globular head regions. Burton and Woof, Advances in Immunol. 51:1-84 (1992). To activate the complement cascade, it is necessary for C1q to bind to at least two molecules of IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3, but only one molecule of IgM, attached to the antigenic target (Ward and Ghetie, Therapeutic Immunology 2:77-94 (1995) p. 80). To assess complement activation, a CDC assay, e.g. as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods 202:163 (1996), may be performed.
It has been proposed that various residues of the IgG molecule are involved in binding to C1q including the Glu318, Lys320 and Lys322 residues on the CH2 domain, amino acid residue 331 located on a turn in close proximity to the same beta strand, the Lys235 and Gly237 residues located in the lower hinge region, and residues 231 to 238 located in the N-terminal region of the CH2 domain (see e.g., Xu et al., J. Immunol. 150:152 A (Abstract) (1993) WO94/29351; Tao et al, J. Exp. Med., 178:661-667 (1993); Brekke et al., Eur. J. Immunol, 24:2542-47 (1994); Burton et al; Nature, 288:338-344 (1980); Duncan and Winter, Nature 332:738-40 (1988); U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,260, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,821). It has further been proposed that the ability of IgG to bind C1q and activate the complement cascade also depends on the presence, absence or modification of the carbohydrate moiety positioned between the two CH2 domains (which is normally anchored at Asn297) (Ward and Ghetie, Therapeutic Immunology 2:77-94 (1995). In certain embodiments, one or more of these residues may be modified, substituted, or removed or one or more amino acid residues may be inserted so as to enhance or decrease CDC activity of the anti-CD200 antibodies provided herein.
B) Anti-CD200 Antibodies with Modulated Effector Function(s)
Effector functions involving the constant region of the target-specific antibody may be modulated by altering properties of the constant or Fc region. Altered effector functions include, for example, a modulation in one or more of the following activities: ADCC, CDC, apoptosis, binding to one or more Fc-receptors, and pro-inflammatory responses. Modulation refers to an increase, decrease, or elimination of an activity compared to the activity of a second antibody. In certain embodiments, the second antibody is an antibody with effector function. The second antibody may be an engineered antibody or a naturally occurring antibody and may be referred to as a non-variant, native, or parent antibody. In particular embodiments, modulation includes situations in which an activity is abolished or completely absent. Further, in some instances, a non-variant antibody may exhibit effector function activity similar or equivalent to the activity of the chC2aB7-hG1 or the hB7V3V2-hG1 antibodies disclosed herein. Likewise, a functional or non-variant constant or Fc region may possess an effector function of a native constant or Fc domain; in some instances, the constant or Fc region of chC2aB7-hG1 or hB7V3V2-hG1 may represent the non-variant domains. For present purposes, chC2aB7-hG1 and hB7V3V2-hG1 are the standards against which the activities of other antibodies are compared, with hB7V3V2-hG1 being the preferred standard.
A polypeptide variant with altered FcR binding affinity and/or ADCC activity and/or altered CDC activity is a polypeptide which has either enhanced or diminished FcR binding activity and/or ADCC activity and/or CDC activity compared to the native or parent polypeptide or to a polypeptide comprising a native sequence Fc or constant region. A polypeptide variant which displays increased binding to an FcR binds at least one FcR with greater affinity than the parent polypeptide. A polypeptide variant which displays decreased binding to an FcR binds at least one FcR with lower affinity than a parent polypeptide. Such variants which display decreased binding to an FcR may possess little or no appreciable binding to an FcR, e.g., 0-20% binding to the FcR compared to the level of binding of a native sequence immunoglobulin constant or Fc region to the FcR. Similarly a polypeptide variant which displays altered ADCC and/or CDC activity may exhibit either increased or reduced ADCC and/or CDC activity compared to the native or parent polypeptide. A polypeptide variant which displays reduced ADCC and/or CDC may exhibit reduced or no ADCC and/or CDC activity as shown herein by example. In certain embodiments, the parent or native polypeptide and its variant are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In particular embodiments, the said antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds CD200 and may or may not block the CD200:CD200R interaction.
A native sequence Fc or constant region comprises an amino acid sequence identical to the amino acid sequence of a Fc or constant chain region found in nature. A variant or altered Fc or constant region comprises an amino acid sequence which differs from that of a native sequence heavy chain region by virtue of at least one amino acid modification, insertion, or deletion, for example. In certain embodiments, the variant or altered constant region has at least one amino acid substitution, insertion, and/or deletion, compared to a native sequence constant region or to the constant region of a parent polypeptide, e.g. from about one to about one hundred amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions in a native sequence constant region or in the constant region of the parent polypeptide. In some embodiments, the variant or altered constant region herein will possess at least about 70% homology (similarity) or identity with a native sequence constant region and/or with a constant region of a parent polypeptide, and in some instances at least about 75% and in other instances at least about 80% homology or identity therewith, and in other embodiments at least about 85%, 90% or 95% homology or identity therewith. The variant or altered constant region may also contain one or more amino acid deletions or insertions. Additionally, the variant constant region may contain one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions that results in altered post-translational modifications, including, for example, an altered glycosylation pattern.
Variant anti-CD200 antibodies as presently disclosed may be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide with one or more amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions relative to the native or parent polypeptide sequence. Furthermore, variant antibodies may be encoded by nucleic acid sequences that hybridize under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a variant anti-CD200 antibody. A variety of conditions may be used to detect hybridization, and the stringency is determined primarily by the wash stage of the hybridization assay. Generally high temperatures and low salt concentrations give high stringency, while low temperatures and high salt concentrations give low stringency. Low stringency hybridization is achieved by washing in, for example, about 2.0×SSC at 50° C., and high stringency is achieved with about 0.2×SSC at 50° C.
Antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof with altered or no effector functions may be generated by engineering or producing antibodies with variant constant, Fc, or heavy chain regions; recombinant DNA technology and/or cell culture and expression conditions may be used to produce antibodies with altered function and/or activity. For example, recombinant DNA technology may be used to engineer one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions in regions (such as, for example, Fc or constant regions) that affect antibody function including effector functions. Alternatively, changes in post-translational modifications, such as, e.g. glycosylation patterns, may be achieved by manipulating the cell culture and expression conditions by which the antibody is produced.
Accordingly, certain aspects and methods of the present disclosure relate to anti-CD200 antibodies with altered effector functions that comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions. In certain embodiments, such a variant anti-CD200 antibody exhibits reduced or no effector function. In particular embodiments, a variant antibody comprises a G2/G4 construct in place of the G1 domain (see FIGS. 10, 11, 12, 13, and 15, for example).
In addition to swapping the G1 domain with a G2/G4 construct as presented herein, anti-CD200 antibodies with reduced effector function may be produced by introducing other types of changes in the amino acid sequence of certain regions of the antibody. Such amino acid sequence changes include but are not limited to the Ala-Ala mutation described by Bluestone et al. (see WO 94/28027 and WO 98/47531; also see Xu et al. 2000 Cell Immunol 200; 16-26). Thus in certain embodiments, anti-CD200 antibodies with mutations within the constant region including the Ala-Ala mutation may be used to reduce or abolish effector function. According to these embodiments, the constant region of an anti-CD200 antibody comprises a mutation to an alanine at position 234 or a mutation to an alanine at position 235. Additionally, the constant region may contain a double mutation: a mutation to an alanine at position 234 and a second mutation to an alanine at position 235. In one embodiment, the anti-CD200 antibody comprises an IgG4 framework, wherein the Ala-Ala mutation would describe a mutation(s) from phenylalanine to alanine at position 234 and/or a mutation from leucine to alanine at position 235. In another embodiment, the anti-CD200 antibody comprises an IgG1 framework, wherein the Ala-Ala mutation would describe a mutation(s) from leucine to alanine at position 234 and/or a mutation from leucine to alanine at position 235. An anti-CD200 antibody may alternatively or additionally carry other mutations, including the point mutation K322A in the CH2 domain (Hezareh et al. 2001 J Virol. 75: 12161-8). An antibody with said mutation(s) in the constant region may furthermore be a blocking or non-blocking antibody.
Changes within the hinge region also affect effector functions. For example, deletion of the hinge region may reduce affinity for Fc receptors and may reduce complement activation (Klein et al. 1981 PNAS USA 78: 524-528). The present disclosure therefore also relates to antibodies with alterations in the hinge region.
In particular embodiments, anti-CD200 antibodies may be modified to either enhance or inhibit complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Modulated CDC activity may be achieved by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions in an Fc region of the antibody (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,551). Alternatively or additionally, cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved or reduced internalization capability and/or increased or decreased complement-mediated cell killing. See Caron et al., J. Exp Med. 176:1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, B. J. Immunol. 148:2918-2922 (1992), WO99/51642, Duncan & Winter Nature 322: 738-40 (1988); U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,260; U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,821; and WO94/29351. Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al. Cancer Research 53:2560-2565 (1993). Alternatively, an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities. See Stevenson et al. Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219-230 (1989).
Another potential means of modulating effector function of antibodies includes changes in glycosylation. This topic has been recently reviewed by Raju who summarized the proposed importance of the oligosaccharides found on human IgGs with their degree of effector function (Raju, T S. BioProcess International April 2003. 44-53). According to Wright and Morrison, the microheterogeneity of human IgG oligosaccharides can affect biological functions such as CDC and ADCC, binding to various Fc receptors, and binding to C1q protein (Wright A. & Morrison S L. TIBTECH 1997, 15 26-32). It is well documented that glycosylation patterns of antibodies can differ depending on the producing cell and the cell culture conditions (Raju, T S. BioProcess International April 2003. 44-53). Such differences can lead to changes in both effector function and pharmacokinetics (Israel et al. Immunology. 1996; 89(4):573-578; Newkirk et al. P. Clin. Exp. 1996; 106(2):259-64). Differences in effector function may be related to the IgGs ability to bind to the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on the effector cells. Shields, et al., have shown that IgG, with variants in amino acid sequence that have improved binding to FcγR, can exhibit up to 100% enhanced ADCC using human effector cells (Shields et al. J Biol Chem. 2001 276(9):6591-604). While these variants include changes in amino acids not found at the binding interface, both the nature of the sugar component as well as its structural pattern may also contribute to the differences observed. In addition, the presence or absence of fucose in the oligosaccharide component of an IgG can improve binding and ADCC (Shields et al. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277(30):26733-40). An IgG that lacked a fucosylated carbohydrate linked to Asn297 exhibited normal receptor binding to the Fcγ receptor. In contrast, binding to the FcγRIIA receptor was improved 50% and accompanied by enhanced ADCC, especially at lower antibody concentrations.
Work by Shinkawa, et al., demonstrated that an antibody to the human IL-5 receptor produced in a rat hybridoma showed more than 50% higher ADCC when compared to the antibody produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) (Shinkawa et al. J Biol Chem. 2003 278(5):3466-73). Monosaccharide composition and oligosaccharide profiling showed that the rat hybridoma-produced IgG had a lower content of fucose than the CHO-produced protein. The authors concluded that the lack of fucosylation of an IgG 1 has a critical role in enhancement of ADCC activity.
A different approach was taken by Umana, et al., who changed the glycosylation pattern of chCE7, a chimeric IgG1 anti-neuroblastoma antibody (Umana et al. Nat Biotechnol. 1999 February; 17(2): 176-80). Using tetracycline, they regulated the activity of a glycosyltransferase enzyme (GnnII) which bisects oligosaccharides that have been implicated in ADCC activity. The ADCC activity of the parent antibody was barely above background level. Measurement of ADCC activity of the chCE7 produced at different tetracycline levels showed an optimal range of GnTIH expression for maximal chCE7 in vitro ADCC activity. This activity correlated with the level of constant region-associated, bisected complex oligosaccharide. Newly optimized variants exhibited substantial ADCC activity. Similarly, Wright and Morrison produced antibodies in a CHO cell line deficient in glycosylation (1994 J Exp Med 180: 1087-1096) and showed that antibodies produced in this cell line were incapable of complement-mediated cytolysis. Thus as known alterations that affect effector function include modifications in the glycosylation pattern or a change in the number of glycosylated residues, the present disclosure relates to a CD200 antibody wherein glycosylation is altered to either enhance or decrease effector function(s) including ADCC and CDC. Altered glycosylation includes a decrease or increase in the number of glycosylated residues as well as a change in the pattern or location of glycosylated residues.
Still other approaches exist for the altering effector function of antibodies. For example, antibody-producing cells can be hypermutagenic, thereby generating antibodies with randomly altered nucleotide and polypeptide residues throughout an entire antibody molecule (see WO 2005/011735). Hypermutagenic host cells include cells deficient in DNA mismatch repair. Antibodies produced in this manner may be less antigenic and/or have beneficial pharmacokinetic properties. Additionally, such antibodies may be selected for properties such as enhanced or decreased effector function(s).
It is further understood that effector function may vary according to the binding affinity of the antibody. For example, antibodies with high affinity may be more efficient in activating the complement system compared to antibodies with relatively lower affinity (Marzocchi-Machado et al. 1999 Immunol Invest 28: 89-101). Accordingly, an antibody may be altered such that the binding affinity for its antigen is reduced (e.g., by changing the variable regions of the antibody by methods such as substitution, addition, or deletion of one or more amino acid residues). An anti-CD200 antibody with reduced binding affinity may exhibit reduced effector functions, including, for example, reduced ADCC and/or CDC.
III. Methods of Depleting or Eliminating Cells Overexpressing CD200
In accordance with the present disclosure, methods are provided for depleting cells that express CD200 in a subject by administering to the subject a therapy comprising a CD200 antagonist. As mentioned above, CD200 is expressed on certain immune cells; and as demonstrated in the present disclosure, CD200 is also expressed on certain malignant cells. The disparate expression of CD200 provides an avenue by which to target cancer cells (i.e., CD200-positive cells) for therapy. Likewise, CD200-positive immune cells may be targeted for depletion in methods of treating autoimmune disorders.
CD200, through its interaction with CD200R on myeloid cells, modulates immunosuppression by delivering an inhibitory signal for myeloid activity and/or migration. CD200-knockout mice, for example, demonstrate a more active immune response following immunogenic stimuli (Hoek et al. Science 2000), and CD200-expressing cells elicit immunosuppression by inducing a shift in the cytokine profile of stimulated immune cells (see data shown herein). Specifically, CD200-positive cells are capable of inducing a shift from Th1 to Th2 cytokine production in mixed cell population assays. While CD200-positive cells are capable of suppressing the immune response, CD200-positive cancer cells, accordingly, may be capable of escaping immune cell attack. However expression of CD200 on the membrane of cancer cells as well as immune cells can be exploited to target these cells in therapy. For example, an anti-CD200 antagonist can specifically target CD200-positive cells and disrupt the CD200:CD200R interaction, thereby inhibiting immune suppression, as well as target CD200-positive cells to immune effector cells. The embodiments of this disclosure, therefore, relate to methods of targeting CD200-positive cells for depletion comprising an antagonist that binds to CD200 and, in some instances, disrupts the CD200:CD200R interaction.
In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to methods of enhancing the immune response. Such methods include administering a therapy comprising a CD200 antagonist, and in particular embodiments the antagonist is an anti-CD200 antibody or antigen-binding fragment as set forth herein. While not wishing to be bound by any particular mechanism(s), a blocking anti-CD200 antibody, antigen-binding fragment, polypeptide, or other antagonist may eliminate CD200-positive cells by blocking immune suppression, thereby allowing immune cells to attack and eliminate CD200-positive cells. Alternatively or in combination with the aforementioned mechanism, an anti-CD200 antibody (either blocking or non-blocking) or other antagonist may recruit effector cells or other ligands (e.g., complement component) to the CD200-positive cell to which the antibody or antagonist is bound and target the CD200-positive cell for effector-mediated cell death.
In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of modulating ADCC and/or CDC of CD200-positive target cells by administering a murine, chimeric, humanized, or human anti-CD200 antibody to a subject in need thereof. The disclosure relates to variant anti-CD200 antibodies that elicit increased ADCC and/or CDC and to variant anti-CD200 antibodies that exhibit reduced or no ADCC and/or CDC activity.
In one embodiment, the variant anti-CD200 antibody comprises a variant or altered Fc or constant region, wherein the variant Fc or constant region exhibits increased effector function. Such said variant region may contain one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions. Alternatively or additionally, the variant or altered Fc or constant region may comprise altered post-translational modifications, including, for example, an altered glycosylation pattern. An altered glycosylation pattern includes an increase or decrease in the number of glycosydic bonds and/or a modification in the location (i.e., amino acid residue number) of one or more glycosydic bonds.
In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to methods of depleting or eliminating CD200-positive cells comprising variant anti-CD200 antibodies that exhibit reduced or no ADCC and/or CDC activity. In one embodiment, the variant anti-CD200 antibody comprises a variant or altered Fc or constant region, wherein the variant Fc or constant region exhibits decreased or no effector function. Such said variant or altered Fc or constant region may contain one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions. Alternatively or additionally, the variant Fc or constant region may comprise altered post-translational modifications, including but not limited to an altered glycosylation pattern. Examples of altered glycosylation patterns are described above.
In a further embodiment, a murine, chimeric, humanized, human or de-immunized anti-CD200 antibody administered to a patient is a non-blocking antibody. The non-blocking anti-CD200 antibody may be a variant antibody as described above and may consequently exhibit modulated effector function(s). For example, a variant anti-CD200 antibody may not block the CD200:CD200R interaction and may also comprise a variant constant region that elicits increased effector function, such as, e.g., increased ADCC.
A) Methods of Treating Patients with Autoimmune Disorders
In certain aspects, the disclosure relates to treating patients with autoimmune disorders with a therapy comprising a CD200 antagonist. In certain embodiments, the antagonist is an anti-CD200 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the anti-CD200 antibody or fragment thereof is a variant anti-CD200 antibody that exhibits modulated effector activity. For example, the variant antibody may comprise a variant or altered constant region capable of eliciting increased or enhanced effector function, such as, for example, ADCC. Additionally, the said antibody may be a non-blocking antibody and may be a murine, chimeric, humanized, human or de-immunized anti-CD200 antibody. Thus, methods of treating patients with autoimmune disorders may comprise any of the CD200 antagonists and antibodies as set forth in the present disclosure.
In certain embodiments, anti-CD200 antibodies or CD200 antagonists may be used for depleting any type of cell that expresses CD200 on its surface, including for example, immune cells such as T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells. In one embodiment, anti-CD200 antibodies may be useful for targeted destruction of immune cells involved in an unwanted immune response, such as, for example, immune responses associated with an autoimmune disorder, transplants, allergies, or inflammatory disorders. Exemplary autoimmune diseases and disorders that may be treated with the anti-CD200 antibodies provided herein include, for example, inflammatory responses such as inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis and dermatitis (e.g. atopic dermatitis); dermatomyositis; systemic scleroderma and sclerosis; responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis); respiratory distress syndrome (including adult respiratory distress syndrome; ARDS); dermatitis; meningitis; encephalitis; uveitis; colitis; glomerulonephritis; allergic conditions such as eczema and asthma and other conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses; atherosclerosis; leukocyte adhesion deficiency; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); diabetes mellitus (e.g. Type I diabetes mellitus or insulin dependent diabetes mellitis); multiple sclerosis; Reynaud's syndrome; autoimmune thyroiditis; allergic encephalomyelitis; Sjogren's syndrome; juvenile onset diabetes; and immune responses associated with acute and delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes typically found in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, polymyositis, granulomatosis and vasculitis; pernicious anemia (Addison's disease); diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis; central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorder; multiple organ injury syndrome; hemolytic anemia (including, but not limited to cryoglobinemia or Coombs positive anemia); myasthenia gravis; antigen-antibody complex mediated diseases; anti-glomerular basement membrane disease; antiphospholipid syndrome; allergic neuritis; Graves' disease; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; pemphigoid bullous; pemphigus; autoimmune polyendocrinopathies; Reiter's disease; stiff-man syndrome; Bechet disease; giant cell arteritis; immune complex nephritis; IgA nephropathy; IgM polyneuropathies; immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, etc.
In accordance with the methods and compositions described herein, the disclosure also relates to methods of treating a transplant or allograft patient. An anti-CD200 antibody or other CD200 antagonist of the present disclosure may be administered to a patient prior to a transplant or allograft procedure or after the procedure in order to decrease or eliminate CD200-positive immune cells that could reduce the patient's acceptance of the transplanted organ or tissue. In a particular embodiment, an anti-CD200 antibody with increased effector function is given to a transplant patient. In addition, an anti-CD200 antibody is a non-blocking antibody.
Therapies comprising CD200 antagonists or antibodies may be administered to patients in combination therapies. Accordingly, targeted killing of certain populations of immune cells for treating or preventing autoimmune disorders, enhancing or extending transplant survival, treating or preventing allergies, or treating or preventing inflammatory disorders, may be administered as part of a combination therapy. For example, a patient receiving a first therapy comprising a CD200 antagonist (e.g., an anti-CD200 antibody described herein) may also be given a second therapy. The CD200 antagonist may be given simultaneously with the second therapy. Alternatively, the CD200 antagonist may be given prior to or following the second therapy. Second therapies include but are not limited to anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressive agents, and/or anti-infective agents.
Combination therapies of the present disclosure include, for example, a CD200 antagonist as described herein administered concurrently or sequentially in series with steroids, anti-malarials, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, or cytotoxic drugs. Included are corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone, dexamethasone, and predisolone), methotrexatem, methylprednisolone, macrolide immunosuppressants (e.g. sirolimus and tacrolimus), mitotic inhibitors (e.g. azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate), fungal metabolites that inhibit the activity of T lymphocytes (e.g. cyclosporine), mycophenolate mofetil, glatiramer acetate, and cytotoxic and DNA-damaging agents (e.g. chlorambucil). For autoimmune disorders and allograft or transplant patients, anti-CD200 therapy may be combined with antibody treatments including daclizumab, a genetically engineered human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the α-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor, as well as various other antibodies targeting immune cells or other cells. Such combination therapies may be useful in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and other autoimmune indications. The disclosure also relates to therapies for autoimmune disorders and for transplant patients comprising a CD200 antagonist (such as, for example, the antibodies and variants thereof described in the present disclosure) conjugated to one or more agent.
B) Methods of Treating Patients with Cancer
In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating cancer in which an agent that disrupts or inhibits the interaction of CD200 with its receptor is administered to a subject. Disruption of the CD200:CD200R interaction subsequently reverses or inhibits immune suppression, thus enhancing the immune response. Possible agents for the disruption of the CD200:CD200R interaction include, for example, small molecules, chemicals, polypeptides, inorganic molecules, and organometallic compounds. The CD200:CD200R interaction may also be inhibited by reducing the expression of either the membrane protein or its receptor via antisense, RNAi, or gene therapy. Additionally, a polypeptide specific for CD200 or CD200R, such as an anti-CD200- or anti-CD200R-specific antibody or fragments thereof, may inhibit the immunosuppressive effects of the CD200:CD200R interaction.
Cancer cells that may be treated by a CD200 antagonist include any cancer cells that exhibit CD200 expression or CD200 up-regulation. Cancers for which anti-CD200 therapy may be used include, for example, ovarian, melanoma, myeloma, neuroblastoma, renal, breast, prostate, hematological malignancies (e.g., lymphomas and leukemias), and plasma cell cancer. Also included are any cancer cells derived from neural crest cells. In some embodiments, the CD200 antagonist is an anti-CD200 antibody. Such antibodies used as anti-cancer therapeutics are capable of interfering with the interaction of CD200 and its receptors. This interference can block the immune-suppressing effect of CD200. By improving the immune response in this manner, such antibodies can promote the eradication of cancer cells. Anti-CD200 antibodies may also target cancer cells for effector-mediated cell death.
In one embodiment, a variant anti-CD200 antibody that exhibits modulated ADCC and/or CDC activity may be administered to a subject with CD200-positive cancer cells. For example, a variant anti-CD200 antibody used in cancer therapy may exhibit enhanced effector activity compared to the parent or native antibody. In another embodiment, the variant anti-CD200 antibody exhibits reduced effector function, including reduced ADCC, relative to the native antibody. The said antibody may be a murine, chimeric, humanized, human or de-immunized antibody. Cancers for which the variant anti-CD200 antibody may be used in treatment include but are not limited to neural crest cell cancers. Also included are plasma cell cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, renal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia.
The present antibodies can be administered as a therapeutic to cancer patients, especially, but not limited to, patients with CLL, plasma cell cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, renal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, myeloma, leukemia, and any cancer derived from neural crest cells. In a particularly useful embodiment, a cancer therapy in accordance with this disclosure comprises (1) administering an anti-CD200 antibody or antagonist that interferes with the interaction between CD200 and its receptor to block immune suppression, thereby promoting eradication of the cancer cells; and/or (2) administering a fusion molecule that includes a CD-200 targeting portion to directly kill cancer cells. Alternatively, the antibody directly kills the cancer cells through complement-mediated or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Since CD200 is also expressed on normal cells such as endothelial cells, albeit at lower levels than on cancer cells, it could also be advantageous to administer an anti-CD200 antibody with a constant region modified to reduce or eliminate ADCC or CDC to limit damage to normal cells. For example, if CD200 expression is upregulated on some activated normal cells (e.g., activated T cells), rendering such cells vulnerable to killing by an anti-CD200 antibody with effector function, it may therefore also be advantageous to use an anti-CD200 antibody lacking effector function to avoid depletion of these cells which aid in destroying cancer cells.
In a particular embodiment, effector function of anti-CD200 antibodies is eliminated by swapping the IgG1 constant domain for an IgG2/4 fusion domain. Other ways of eliminating effector function can be envisioned such as, e.g., mutation of the sites known to interact with FcR or insertion of a peptide in the hinge region, thereby eliminating critical sites required for FcR interaction. Variant anti-CD200 antibodies with reduced or no effector function also include variants as described previously herein.
The aforementioned agents for the inhibition or prevention of the CD200:CD200R interaction may be used in combination with other therapies or with other agents. Other agents include but are not limited to polypeptides, small molecules, chemicals, metals, organometallic compounds, inorganic compounds, nucleic acid molecules, oligonucleotides, aptamers, spiegelmers, antisense nucleic acids, locked nucleic acid (LNA) inhibitors, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, antigen-binding fragments, prodrugs, and peptidomimetic compounds.
In certain aspects, the present disclosure relates to combination treatments comprising a CD200 antagonist including the antibodies described herein and immunomodulatory compounds, vaccines or chemotherapy. Illustrative examples of suitable immunomodulatory agents that may be used in such combination therapies include agents that block negative regulation of T cells or antigen presenting cells (e.g., anti-CTLA4 antibodies, anti-PD-L1 antibodies, anti-PDL-2 antibodies, anti-PD-1 antibodies and the like) or agents that enhance positive co-stimulation of T cells (e.g., anti-CD40 antibodies or anti 4-1BB antibodies) or agents that increase NK cell number or T-cell activity (e.g., anti-CD200 antibodies alone or in combination with inhibitors such as IMiDs, thalidomide, or thalidomide analogs). Furthermore, immunomodulatory therapy could include cancer vaccines such as dendritic cells loaded with tumor cells, proteins, peptides, RNA, or DNA derived from such cells, patient derived heat-shocked proteins (hsp's) or general adjuvants stimulating the immune system at various levels such as CpG, Luivac, Biostim, Ribominyl, Imudon, Bronchovaxom or any other compound or other adjuvant activating receptors of the innate immune system (e.g., toll like receptor agonist, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, etc.). Also, immunomodulatory therapy could include treatment with cytokines such as IL-2, GM-CSF and IFN-gamma.
In additional embodiments, elimination of existing regulatory T cells with reagents such as anti-CD25, fludarabine, or cyclophosphamide is achieved before starting anti-CD200 treatment. Also, therapeutic efficacy of myeloablative therapies followed by bone marrow transplantation or adoptive transfer of T cells reactive with CLL cells is enhanced by anti-CD200 therapy. In yet other embodiments, efficacy of anti-CD200 treatment is improved by blocking immunosuppressive mechanisms with agents such as anti-PDL1 and/or 2 antibodies, anti-IL-10 antibodies, anti-IL-6 antibodies, and the like. Furthermore, it could be advantageous to eliminate plasmacytoid dendritic cells, shown to be immunosuppressive in the cancer environment. In these embodiments in which delivery of an anti-CD200 antibody is intended to augment an immune response by blocking immune suppression, for example, a variant anti-CD200 antibody lacking effector function may also be used.
In particularly useful embodiments, the therapy that enhances immune response is the administration of a polypeptide that binds to CD200, alone or in combination with one of the previously mentioned immunomodulatory therapies. Accordingly, a CD200 antagonist (including an anti-CD200 antibody as described herein) may be used in combination with a monoclonal antibody (e.g., rituximab, trastuzumab, alemtuzumab, cetuximab, or bevacizumab), including a conjugated monoclonal antibody (e.g., gemtuzumab ozogamicin, ibritumomab tiuxetan, or tositumomab).
Furthermore, combination of anti-CD200 therapy with chemotherapeutics could be particularly useful to reduce overall tumor burden, to limit angiogenesis, to enhance tumor accessibility, to enhance susceptibility to ADCC, to result in increased immune function by providing more tumor antigen, or to increase the expression of the T cell attractant LIGHT. When anti-CD200 therapy is administered to a subject in combination with another conventional anti-neoplastic agent, either concomitantly or sequentially, anti-CD200 therapy may be shown to enhance the therapeutic effect of either agent alone. Pharmaceutical compounds that may be used for combinatory anti-tumor therapy include, merely to illustrate: aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, asparaginase, bcg, bicalutamide, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan, camptothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, estradiol, estramustine, etoposide, exemestane, filgrastim, fludarabine, fludrocortisone, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, gemcitabine, genistein, goserelin, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon, irinotecan, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, levamisole, lomustine, mechlorethamine, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nilutamide, nocodazole, octreotide, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pentostatin, plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab, streptozocin, suramin, tamoxifen, temozolomide, teniposide, testosterone, thioguanine, thiotepa, titanocene dichloride, topotecan, trastuzumab, tretinoin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine.
These chemotherapeutic anti-tumor compounds may be categorized by their mechanism of action into groups, including, for example, the following classes of agents: anti-metabolites/anti-cancer agents, such as pyrimidine analogs (5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, capecitabine, gemcitabine and cytarabine) and purine analogs, folate antagonists and related inhibitors (mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine)); antiproliferative/antimitotic agents including natural products such as vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine), microtubule disruptors such as taxane (paclitaxel, docetaxel), vincristine, vinblastine, nocodazole, epothilones and navelbine, epidipodophyllotoxins (etoposide, teniposide), DNA damaging agents (actinomycin, amsacrine, anthracyclines, bleomycin, busulfan, camptothecin, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytoxan, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, hexamethylmelamineoxaliplatin, iphosphamide, melphalan, mechlorethamine, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, nitrosourea, plicamycin, procarbazine, taxol, taxotere, teniposide, triethylenethiophosphoramide and etoposide (VP16)); antibiotics such as dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicin, doxorubicin (adriamycin), idarubicin, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins, plicamycin (mithramycin) and mitomycin; enzymes (L-asparaginase which systemically metabolizes L-asparagine and deprives cells which do not have the capacity to synthesize their own asparagine); antiplatelet agents; antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards (mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, chlorambucil), ethylenimines and methylmelamines (hexamethylmelamine and thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates-busulfan, nitrosoureas (carmustine (BCNU) and analogs, streptozocin), trazenes-dacarbazinine (DTIC); antiproliferative/antimitotic antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs (methotrexate); platinum coordination complexes (cisplatin, carboplatin), procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane, aminoglutethimide; hormones, hormone analogs (estrogen, tamoxifen, goserelin, bicalutamide, nilutamide) and aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole); anticoagulants (heparin, synthetic heparin salts and other inhibitors of thrombin); fibrinolytic agents (such as tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase and urokinase), aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, abciximab; antimigratory agents; antisecretory agents (breveldin); immunosuppressives (cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK-506), sirolimus (rapamycin), azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil); immunomodulatory agents (thalidomide and analogs thereof such as lenalidomide (Revlimid, CC-5013) and CC-4047 (Actimid)), cyclophosphamide; anti-angiogenic compounds (TNP-470, genistein) and growth factor inhibitors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) inhibitors); angiotensin receptor blocker; nitric oxide donors; anti-sense oligonucleotides; antibodies (trastuzumab); cell cycle inhibitors and differentiation inducers (tretinoin); mTOR inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors (doxorubicin (adriamycin), amsacrine, camptothecin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, eniposide, epirubicin, etoposide, idarubicin and mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan), corticosteroids (cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, and prenisolone); growth factor signal transduction kinase inhibitors; mitochondrial dysfunction inducers and caspase activators; and chromatin disruptors.
In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compounds that may be used for combinatory anti-angiogenesis therapy include: (1) inhibitors of release of “angiogenic molecules,” such as bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor); (2) neutralizers of angiogenic molecules, such as anti-βbFGF antibodies; and (3) inhibitors of endothelial cell response to angiogenic stimuli, including collagenase inhibitor, basement membrane turnover inhibitors, angiostatic steroids, fungal-derived angiogenesis inhibitors, platelet factor 4, thrombospondin, arthritis drugs such as D-penicillamine and gold thiomalate, vitamin D3 analogs, alpha-interferon, and the like. For additional proposed inhibitors of angiogenesis, see Blood et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1032:89-118 (1990), Moses et al., Science, 248:1408-1410 (1990), Ingber et al., Lab. Invest., 59:44-51 (1988), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,092,885, 5,112,946, 5,192,744, 5,202,352, and 6,573,256. In addition, there are a wide variety of compounds that can be used to inhibit angiogenesis, for example, peptides or agents that block the VEGF-mediated angiogenesis pathway, endostatin protein or derivatives, lysine binding fragments of angiostatin, melanin or melanin-promoting compounds, plasminogen fragments (e.g., Kringles 1-3 of plasminogen), troponin subunits, antagonists of vitronectin αvβ3, peptides derived from Saposin B, antibiotics or analogs (e.g., tetracycline, or neomycin), dienogest-containing compositions, compounds comprising a MetAP-2 inhibitory core coupled to a peptide, the compound EM-138, chalcone and its analogs, and naaladase inhibitors. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,395,718, 6,462,075, 6,465,431, 6,475,784, 6,482,802, 6,482,810, 6,500,431, 6,500,924, 6,518,298, 6,521,439, 6,525,019, 6,538,103, 6,544,758, 6,544,947, 6,548,477, 6,559,126, and 6,569,845.
Depending on the nature of the combinatory therapy, administration of the anti-CD200 antibody may be continued while the other therapy is being administered and/or thereafter. Administration of the antibody may be made in a single dose, or in multiple doses. In some instances, administration of the anti-CD200 antibody is commenced at least several days prior to the conventional therapy, while in other instances, administration is begun either immediately before or at the time of the administration of the conventional therapy. In some cases, the anti-CD200 antibody will be administered after other therapies, or it could be administered alternating with other therapies.
The present antibodies can be utilized to directly kill or ablate cancerous cells in vivo. Direct killing involves administering the antibodies (which are optionally fused to a cytotoxic drug) to a subject requiring such treatment. Since the antibodies recognize CD200 on cancer cells, any such cells to which the antibodies bind are destroyed. Where the antibodies are used alone to kill or ablate cancer cells, such killing or ablation can be effected by initiating endogenous host immune functions, such as CDC and/or ADCC. Assays for determining whether an antibody kills cells in this manner are within the purview of those skilled in the art.
Accordingly in one embodiment, the antibodies of the present disclosure may be used to deliver a variety of cytotoxic compounds. Any cytotoxic compound can be fused to the present antibodies. The fusion can be achieved chemically or genetically (e.g., via expression as a single, fused molecule). The cytotoxic compound can be a biological, such as a polypeptide, or a small molecule. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, for small molecules, chemical fusion is used, while for biological compounds, either chemical or genetic fusion can be employed.
Non-limiting examples of cytotoxic compounds include therapeutic drugs, a compound emitting radiation, molecules of plants, fungal, or bacterial origin, biological proteins, and mixtures thereof. The cytotoxic drugs can be intracellularly acting cytotoxic drugs, such as short-range radiation emitters, including, for example, short-range, high-energy α-emitters. Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof are exemplified by diphtheria toxin A fragment, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sacrin, certain Aleurites fordii proteins, certain Dianthin proteins, Phytolacca americana proteins (PAP, PAPII and PAP-S), Morodica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, Saponaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogillin, restrictocin, phenomycin, and enomycin, for example. Procedures for preparing enzymatically active polypeptides of the immunotoxins are described in WO84/03508 and WO85/03508, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Certain cytotoxic moieties are derived from adriamycin, chlorambucil, daunomycin, methotrexate, neocarzinostatin, and platinum, for example.
Procedures for conjugating the antibodies with the cytotoxic agents have been previously described and are within the purview of one skilled in the art.
Alternatively, the antibody can be coupled to high energy radiation emitters, for example, a radioisotope, such as 131I, a γ-emitter, which, when localized at the tumor site, results in a killing of several cell diameters. See, e.g., S. E. Order, “Analysis, Results, and Future Prospective of the Therapeutic Use of Radiolabeled Antibody in Cancer Therapy”, Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Detection and Therapy, R. W. Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp 303-316 (Academic Press 1985), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Other suitable radioisotopes include α-emitters, such as 212Bi, 213Bi, and 211At, and β-emitters, such as 186Re and 90Y.
In some embodiments, present CD200 binding antibodies provide the benefit of blocking immune suppression in CLL by targeting the leukemic cells directly through CD200. Specifically, stimulating the immune system can allow the eradication of CLL cells from the spleen and lymph nodes. Applicants are unaware of any successful eradication of CLL cells from these microenvironments having been achieved with agents that simply target B cells (such as alemtuzumab). In contrast, CLL reactive T cells can have better access to these organs than antibodies. In other embodiments, direct cell killing is achieved by tagging the CLL cells with anti-CD200 Abs.
According to the compositions and methods of the present disclosure, in particularly useful embodiments, the combination of direct cell killing and driving the immune response towards a Th1 profile provides a particularly powerful approach to cancer treatment. Thus, in one embodiment, a cancer treatment is provided wherein an antibody or antibody fragment, which binds to CD200 and both a) blocks the interaction between CD200 and its receptor and b) directly kills the cancer cells expressing CD200, is administered to a cancer patient. The mechanism by which the cancer cells are killed can include, but are not limited to ADCC and/or CDC; fusion with a toxin; fusion with a radiolabel; fusion with a biological agent involved in cell killing, such as granzyme B or performin; fusion with a cytotoxic virus; fusion with a cytokine such as TNF-α or IFN-α. In an alternative embodiment, a cancer treatment involves administering an antibody that both a) blocks the interaction between CD200 and its receptor and b) enhances cytotoxic T cell or NK cell activity against the tumor. Such enhancement of the cytotoxic T cell or NK cell activity may, for example, be combined by fusing the antibody with cytokines such as e.g. IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-13, and IL-5. In addition, such enhancement may be achieved by administration of an anti-CD200 antibody in combination with inhibitors such as IMiDs, thalidomide, or thalidomide analogs.
In yet another embodiment, the cancer treatment involves administering an antibody that both (1) blocks the interaction between CD200 and its receptor and (2) attracts T cells to the tumor cells. T cell attraction can be achieved by fusing the Ab with chemokines such as MIG, IP-10, I-TAC, CCL21, CCL5 or LIGHT. Also, treatment with chemotherapeutics can result in the desired upregulation of LIGHT. The combined action of blocking immune suppression and killing directly through antibody targeting of the tumor cells is a unique approach that provides increased efficacy.
Anti-CD200 antibodies in accordance with the present disclosure can also be used as a diagnostic tool. Biopsies or cancer cell tissue samples may be tested for CD200 expression prior to treatment in order to predict the efficacy of anti-CD200 therapy, alone or in combination with other agents or methods (such as chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, immunomodulatory therapy, etc.). For example, using blood obtained from patients with hematopoietic cancers, expression of CD200 can be evaluated on cancer cells by FACS analysis using anti-CD200 antibodies in combination with the appropriate cancer cell markers such as, e.g., CD38 and CD19 on CLL cells. Patients with CD200 levels at least 1.4-fold above the levels found on normal B cells can be selected for treatment with anti-CD200 antibodies. As another example, tissue samples from a patient may be stained with anti-CD200 antibody to determine the expression of CD200 in the patient's malignant and normal cells.
In another example of using the present anti-CD200 antibodies as a diagnostic or prognostic tool, biopsies from patients with malignancies are obtained and expression of CD200 is determined by FACS analysis using anti-CD200 antibodies or by immunohistochemistry using anti-CD200. If tumor cells express CD200 at levels that are at least 1.4-fold higher compared to corresponding normal tissue, cancer patients are selected for immunomodulatory therapy (including but not limited to a therapy comprising anti-CD200 therapy). For cancer derived from cells that normally do not express CD200, any detectable CD200 on cancer biopsies indicates potential usefulness of anti-CD200 therapy. Immunomodulatory therapy can be anti-CD200 therapy, but can also be any other therapy affecting the patient's immune system. Examples of suitable immunomodulatory therapies include the administration of agents that block negative regulation of T cells or antigen presenting cells (e.g., anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-L1, anti-PDL-2, anti-PD-1) or the administration of agents that enhance positive co-stimulation of T cells (e.g., anti-CD40 or anti 4-1BB). Furthermore, immunomodulatory therapy could be cancer vaccines such as heteroclitic peptides or tumor cell peptides that generate cytotoxic T cells or dendritic cells loaded with tumor cells, or the administration of agents that increase NK cell number or T-cell activity (e.g., anti-CD200 antibodies alone or in combination with inhibitors such as IMiDs, thalidomide, or thalidomide analogs), or the administration of agents that deplete regulatory T cells (e.g. anti-CD200 antibodies alone or in combination with ONTAK), or plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Combination with agents increasing T cell or dendritic cell migration is also advantageous, such as e.g. any agent blocking SPARC. Furthermore, immunomodulatory therapy could be cancer vaccines such as dendritic cells loaded with tumor cells, patient derived exosomes tumor RNA or tumor DNA, tumor protein or tumor peptides, patient derived heat-shocked proteins (hsp's), hsp's loaded with tumor antigens or general adjuvants stimulating the immune system at various levels such as CpG, Luivac, Biostim, Ribominyl, Imudon, Bronchovaxom or any other compound activating receptors of the innate immune system (e.g., toll like receptors). Also, therapy could include treatment with cytokines such as IL-2, GM-CSF and IFN-gamma. Combination with agents restoring compromised activity of dendritic cells in the tumor environment such as e.g. MAP kinase inhibitors are also contemplated.
In one embodiment, the present antibodies also may be utilized to detect cancerous cells in vivo. Detection in vivo is achieved by labeling the antibody, administering the labeled antibody to a subject, and then imaging the subject. Examples of labels useful for diagnostic imaging in accordance with the present disclosure are radiolabels such as 131I, 111In, 123I, 99mTc, 32P, 125I, 3H, 14C, and 188Rh, fluorescent labels such as fluorescein and rhodamine, nuclear magnetic resonance active labels, positron emitting isotopes detectable by a positron emission tomography (“PET”) scanner, chemiluminescers such as luciferin, and enzymatic markers such as peroxidase or phosphatase. Short-range radiation emitters, such as isotopes detectable by short-range detector probes, such as a transrectal probe, can also be employed. The antibody can be labeled with such reagents using techniques known in the art. For example, see Wensel and Meares, Radioimmunoimaging and Radioimmunotherapy, Elsevier, N.Y. (1983), which is hereby incorporated by reference, for techniques relating to the radiolabeling of antibodies. See also, D. Colcher et al., “Use of Monoclonal Antibodies as Radiopharmaceuticals for the Localization of Human Carcinoma Xenografts in Athymic Mice”, Meth. Enzymol. 121: 802-816 (1986), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
A radiolabeled antibody in accordance with this disclosure can be used for in vitro diagnostic tests. The specific activity of an antibody, binding portion thereof, probe, or ligand, depends upon the half-life, the isotopic purity of the radioactive label, and how the label is incorporated into the biological agent. In immunoassay tests, the higher the specific activity, in general, the better the sensitivity. Procedures for labeling antibodies with the radioactive isotopes are generally known in the art.
The radiolabeled antibody can be administered to a patient where it is localized to cancer cells bearing the antigen with which the antibody reacts, and is detected or “imaged” in vivo using known techniques such as radionuclear scanning using e.g., a gamma camera or emission tomography. See e.g., A. R. Bradwell et al., “Developments in Antibody Imaging”, Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Detection and Therapy, R. W. Baldwin et al., (eds.), pp. 65-85 (Academic Press 1985), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Alternatively, a positron emission transaxial tomography scanner, such as designated Pet VI located at Brookhaven National Laboratory, can be used where the radiolabel emits positrons (e.g., 11C, 18F, 15O, and 13N).
Fluorophore and chromophore labeled biological agents can be prepared from standard moieties known in the art. Since antibodies and other proteins absorb light having wavelengths up to about 310 nm, the fluorescent moieties should be selected to have substantial absorption at wavelengths above 310 nm and preferably above 400 nm. A variety of suitable fluorescers and chromophores are described by Stryer, Science, 162:526 (1968) and Brand, L. et al., Annual Review of Biochemistry, 41:843-868 (1972), which are hereby incorporated by reference. The antibodies can be labeled with fluorescent chromophore groups by conventional procedures such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,940,475, 4,289,747, and 4,376,110, which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In another embodiment in accordance with the present disclosure, methods are provided for monitoring the progress and/or effectiveness of a therapeutic treatment. The method involves administering an immunomodulatory therapy and determining CD200 levels in a subject at least twice to determine the effectiveness of the therapy. For example, pre-treatment levels of CD200 can be ascertained and, after at least one administration of the therapy, levels of CD200 can again be determined. A decrease in CD200 levels is indicative of an effective treatment. Measurement of CD200 levels can be used by the practitioner as a guide for increasing dosage amount or frequency of the therapy. It should of course be understood that CD200 levels can be directly monitored or, alternatively, any marker that correlates with CD200 can be monitored. Other methods to determine the effectiveness of this therapy include but are not limited to detection of cancer cells, total lymphocyte count, lymph node size, number of regulatory T cells, cytokine profiles in the serum or intracellular, or secretion of cytokines by T or B cells as measured by ELISPOT.
C. Other CD200 Antagonists
The CD200 antagonists and polypeptides and/or antibodies utilized in the present disclosure are especially indicated for diagnostic and therapeutic applications as described herein. Accordingly CD200 antagonists and anti-CD200 antibodies and variants thereof may be used in therapies, including combination therapies, in the diagnosis and prognosis of disease, as well as in the monitoring of disease progression.
In the therapeutic embodiments of the present disclosure, bispecific antibodies are contemplated. Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal, preferably human or humanized, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different antigens. In the present case, one of the binding specificities is for the CD200 antigen on a cell (such as, e.g., a cancer cell or immune cell), the other one is for any other antigen, and preferably for a cell-surface protein or receptor or receptor subunit.
Methods for making bispecific antibodies are within the purview of those skilled in the art. Traditionally, the recombinant production of bispecific antibodies is based on the co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy-chain/light-chain pairs, where the two heavy chains have different specificities (Milstein and Cuello, Nature, 305:537-539 (1983)). Antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining sites) can be fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. The fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant domain, including at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions. DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy-chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism. For further details of illustrative currently known methods for generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al., Methods in Enzymology, 121:210 (1986); WO 96/27011; Brennan et al., Science 229:81 (1985); Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med. 175:217-225 (1992); Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148(5):1547-1553 (1992); Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448 (1993); and Gruber et al., J. Immunol. 152:5368 (1994); and Tutt et al., J. Immunol. 147:60 (1991). Bispecific antibodies also include cross-linked or heteroconjugate antibodies. Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, along with a number of cross-linking techniques.
Various techniques for making and isolating bispecific antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been described. For example, bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al., J. Immunol., 148(5):1547-1553 (1992). The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins may be linked to the Fab′ portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion. The antibody homodimers may be reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody homodimers. The “diabody” technology described by Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for making bispecific antibody fragments. The fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VL) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the VH and VL domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary VL and VH domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites. Another strategy for making bispecific antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv (scFv) dimers has also been reported. See Gruber et al., J. Immunol., 152:5368 (1994). Alternatively, the antibodies can be “linear antibodies” as described in Zapata et al. Protein Eng. 8(10):1057-1062 (1995). Briefly, these antibodies comprise a pair of tandem Fd segments (VH-CH1-VH-CH1) which form a pair of antigen binding regions. Linear antibodies can be bispecific or monospecific.
D. Modes of Administration and Formulations
The route of antibody administration of the antibodies of the present disclosure (whether the pure antibody, a labeled antibody, an antibody fused to a toxin, etc.) is in accord with known methods, e.g., injection or infusion by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraocular, intraarterial, intrathecal, inhalation or intralesional routes, or by sustained release systems. The antibody is preferably administered continuously by infusion or by bolus injection. One may administer the antibodies in a local or systemic manner.
The present antibodies may be prepared in a mixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds of the instant application may be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition. This therapeutic composition can be administered intravenously or through the nose or lung, preferably as a liquid or powder aerosol (lyophilized). The composition may also be administered parenterally or subcutaneously as desired. When administered systemically, the therapeutic composition should be sterile, substantially pyrogen-free and in a parenterally acceptable solution having due regard for pH, isotonicity, and stability. For example, a pharmaceutical preparation is substantially free of pyrogenic materials so as to be suitable for administration as a human therapeutic. These conditions are known to those skilled in the art.
Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use include compositions wherein one or more of the present antibodies are contained in an amount effective to achieve their intended purpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount of antibody effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein. Therapeutically effective dosages may be determined by using in vitro and in vivo methods.
While the above disclosure has been directed to antibodies, in some embodiments polypeptides derived from such antibodies can be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure.
EXEMPLIFICATION
Mouse Model and CD200+ Cell Construction
Raji/PBL Model
NOD.CB17-Prkdc<scid> mice (Jackson Laboratory) were injected with 200 μl RPMI containing 4×106 RAJI cells (ATCC) s.c. along with 0, 1, 5 or 10 million PBLs. Nine or ten mice were included per group. PBLs were isolated from 250 ml whole blood on a histopaque gradient followed by red blood cell lysis using 0.9% ammonium chloride. Tumor growth was monitored three times a week by measuring length and width with a caliper. Tumor volume was calculated based on length×width×width/2.
Differences between the groups that were injected with PBLs compared to the group that received tumor cells only were analyzed by 2-tailed unpaired Student's t-test. Significant differences were observed in the groups that received 5 or 10 million PBLs, but not in the group that received 1 million PBLs from Day 32 on.
Namalwa PBL Model
NOD.CB17-Prkdc<scid> mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were injected with 200 μl RPMI containing 4×106 Namalwa cells (ATCC) s.c. along with 0, 2 or 10 million PBLs. 9-10 mice were included per group. PBLs were isolated from 250 ml whole blood on a histopaque gradient followed by red blood cell lysis using 0.9% ammonium chloride. Tumor growth was monitored three times a week by measuring length and width with a caliper. Tumor volume was calculated based on length×width×width/2.
Creation of Stable CD200-Expressing Cell Lines
Stable CD200-expressing Raji and Namalwa cell lines were generated using the Virapower Lentiviral Expression System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). A CD200 cDNA was isolated from primary CLL cells by RT-PCR using forward primer 5′-GACAAGCTTGCAAGGATGGAGAGGCTGGTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34) and reverse primer 5′-GACGGATCCGCCCCTTTTCCTCCTGCTTTTCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35). The PCR product was cloned into the Gateway entry vector pCR8/GW/TOPO-TA and individual clones were sequenced. Clones with the correct sequence were recombined in both the sense and antisense orientations into the lentiviral vectors pLenti6/V5/DEST and pLenti6/UbC/V5/DEST using Gateway technology (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The primary difference between these two vectors is the promoter used to drive CD200 expression: pLenti6/V5/DEST contains the human CMV immediate early promoter, whereas pLenti6/UbC/V5/DEST contains the human ubiquitin C promoter.
High-titer, VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral stocks were produced by transient cotransfection of 293-FT cells as recommended by the manufacturer. Raji or Namalwa cells were transduced by resuspending 106 cells in 1 ml of growth medium containing 12 μg/ml Polybrene and adding 1 ml of lentiviral stock. After incubating the cells overnight at 37° C., the medium containing virus was removed and replaced with 4 ml of fresh medium. Two days later, the infected cells were analyzed for CD200 expression by flow cytometry. In all experiments, ≧70% of the cells were CD200+, whereas CD200 was undetectable in the parental cell lines and in cells transduced with the negative control (antisense CD200) viruses.
To isolate clonal cell lines that overexpress CD200, the infected cells were selected with blasticidin for 13 days. The concentrations of blasticidin used were 6 μg/ml for Raji cells or 2 μg/ml for Namalwa cells. Stable clones were then isolated by limiting dilution of the blasticidin-resistant cells into 96-well plates. Clones were screened in 96-well format by flow cytometry using PE-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human CD200 (clone MRC OX104, Serotec) and a BD FACSCalibur equipped with a High Throughput Sampler. After screening a total of 2000 Raji and 2000 Namalwa clones, those clones with the highest CD200 expression were expanded for further characterization using conventional techniques.
Example 1
Efficacy of Humanized Versions of C2aB7 in the RAJI_CD200/PBL Model
A) To evaluate whether humanized versions of C2aB7 retain their efficacy in in vivo tumor models, chimeric C2aB7 (see U.S. patent application publication number 2005/0129690) and 3 humanized versions (C2aB7V4V1, C2aB7V3V1 and C2aB7V3V2) as well as the negative control antibody alxn4100 were tested in the RAJI-CD200/PBL model. RAJI cells transduced with CD200 were injected s.c. into NOD.CB17-Prkdc<scid> mice, and the ability of PBLs to reduce tumor growth in the presence or absence of chimeric or humanized C2aB7 antibodies or control antibody alxn4100 (which does not bind tumor cells) was assessed. Antibodies at concentrations indicated below were administered initially with the tumor cells, and then twice/week i.v. The following groups were set up with 10 mice each:
Group 1: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.
Group 2: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL
Group 3: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+5 mg/kg C2aB7
Group 4: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+20 mg/kg C2aB7V4V1
Group 5: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+5 mg/kg C2aB7V4V1
Group 6: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+20 mg/kg C2aB7V3V1
Group 7: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+5 mg/kg C2aB7V3V1
Group 8: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+5 mg/kg C2aB7V3V2
Group 9: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+20 mg/kg alxn4100
Tumor length and width were measured 3 times a week, and the tumor volume was calculated by tumor length*width*width/2. FIG. 18 shows that, as expected, CD200 expression on the tumor cells prevented the immune cells from reducing tumor growth. All humanized versions of C2aB7 blocked tumor growth by up to 97% at doses of 20 mg/kg. The control antibody alxn4100 did not affect tumor growth. These data demonstrate that all the humanized antibodies are highly efficacious in blocking tumor growth.
B) Immune Evasion by CD200
Although the human immune system is capable of raising an immune response against many cancer types, that response is insufficient to eradicate the cancer in most patients, possibly due to immune evasion through negative regulation of the immune system by the tumor. We identified the immune-suppressive molecule CD200 to be upregulated 1.5-5.4-fold on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in all patients examined (n=80). Interaction of CD200 with its receptor is known to alter cytokine profiles from Th1 to Th2 in mixed lymphocyte reactions, and to result in the induction of regulatory T cells, which are thought to hamper tumor-specific effector T cell immunity. In the present study we addressed whether CD200 expression on tumor cells plays a role in immune evasion, thereby preventing elimination of tumor cells by the immune system in a xenograft hu/SCID mouse model, and whether treatment with an antagonistic anti-CD200 antibody affects tumor growth in this model.
The human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines RAH and Namalwa were transduced with human CD200 and were injected subcutaneously together with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMC) into NOD/SCID mice. Tumor growth in mice that received CD200 expressing tumor cells was compared to tumor growth in mice that received tumor cells not expressing CD200 over time. In subsequent experiments, mice were treated with chimeric, or humanized anti-CD200 antibodies (dose range 1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg) by intravenous injection. Treatment was either started immediately or 7 days after tumor cell injection.
PBMCs reduced RAJI or Namalwa tumor growth by up to 75% in the absence of CD200 expression. In contrast, growth of RAH or Namalwa tumors expressing CD200 at levels comparable to CLL was not reduced by PBMCs. Administration of anti-CD200 antibodies at 5 mg/kg resulted in nearly complete tumor growth inhibition (1/10 mice developed a small tumor) over the course of the study even when treatment was started 7 days after tumor cell injection.
The presence of human CD200 on tumor cells inhibits the ability of human lymphocytes to eradicate tumor cells. Treatment of CD200-expressing tumors with antagonistic anti-CD200 antibodies inhibits tumor growth, indicating the potential for anti-CD200 therapy as a promising approach for CLL.
C) Efficacy of C2aB7G1 Versus C2aB7G2/G4 Constructs
To evaluate whether anti-CD200 antibodies without effector function (G2/G4 fusion constructs of C2aB7 as described below) are equally or more efficacious than the G1 constructs, G1 and G2/G4 versions as well as the humanized version of C2aB7 (alxn5200) were tested in the Raji_CD200/PBL model. RAJI cells transduced with CD200 as described above were injected s.c. into NOD.CB17-Prkdc<scid> mice, and the ability of PBLs to reduce tumor growth in the presence or absence of chimeric anti-CD200 antibodies c2aB7G1 (c2aB7), c2aB7G2/G4 or the humanized versions hC2aB7V3V1G1 (V3V1), or hC2aB7V3V2G1 (V3V2) or control antibody alxn4100 was assessed. Antibodies at concentrations indicated below were administered initially with the tumor cells and then twice/week i.v. The following groups were set up with 10 mice each:
Group 1: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.
Group 2: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL
Group 3: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+20 mg/kg hV3V2-G1
Group 4: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+5 mg/kg alxn 5200
Group 5: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+2.5 mg/kg alxn 5200
Group 6: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+1 mg/kg alxn 5200
Group 7: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+20 mg/kg chC2aB7G2/G4
Group 8: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+5 mg/kg chC2aB7G2/G4
Group 9: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+2.5 mg/kg chC2aB7G2/G4
Group 10: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+1 mg/kg chC2aB7G2/G4
Group 11: 4×106 RAJI_CD200 s.c.+6×106 PBL+20 mg/kg alxn4100
Tumor length and width were measured three times a week, and the tumor volume was calculated by tumor length*width*width/2. FIG. 19 shows that, as expected, CD200 expression on the tumor cells prevented the immune cells from reducing tumor growth. However, addition of anti-CD200 antibodies reduced the tumor volume by up to 100%. While 20 mg/kg C2aB7G1 resulted in growth of small tumors in 6/10 mice, only 1 mouse grew tumors in the group treated with 20 mg/kg C2aB7G2/G4, suggesting that the G2/G4 version might result in better or at least equal efficacy as the G1 version. All anti-CD200 antibodies, including the humanized versions, completely blocked tumor growth at 5 mg/kg. Treatment with the control antibody did not reduce the tumor growth. These data prove that the G2/G4 version of C2aB7 is highly efficacious in blocking tumor growth of CD200 expressing tumors. These data further confirm that the humanized versions of C2aB7 are highly efficacious in blocking tumor growth in this model.
D) Generation of G2/G4 Construct
Plasmids were altered in two steps, first replacing the IgG1 region from an Age I site in the human CH1 region through the stop codon to a BamH I site located after the SV40 poly A signal. C2aB7-6 and cC7 G2G4 (L-SIGN antibody) were digested with Age I and BamH I, and C2aB7-6 was treated with CIP. A 10,315 bp fragment from C2AB7-6 and a 1752 bp fragment from cC7 G2G4 were purified by electrophoresis and gel extraction. These fragments were ligated, electroporated into XL1 Blue E. coli, and plated on LB/carb/gluc plates. Colonies were grown in solution and DNA was isolated using Qiagen miniprep columns. The presence of the IgG2G4 Age I/BamH I fragment, as opposed to the IgG1 fragment, was determined by Pvu II digestion which results in the presence of two bands of 267 and 1152 bp as opposed to one band of 1419 bp. Clone 21 was selected for further use.
The remainder of the CH1 region from the end of the variable region to the Age I site was generated in an IgG2/G4 format by using overlap PCR. The PCR fragment containing the beginning of the CH1 region through the Age I site had previously been generated in the production of plasmid cC7 G2G4. Primers C7 mhHF (TCCTCAGCCTCCACCAAGGGCC, SEQ ID NO:1) and Rev Age Pri (GGGCGCCTGAGTTCCACGAC, SEQ ID NO: 2) were used in a PCR reaction with G2G4 63L1D as template to generate a 142 bp fragment. Primers C2aB7 rev (GGCCCTTGGTGGAGGCTGAGGAAACTGTGAGAGTGGTGC, SEQ ID NO: 3) and lacpri (GCTCCCGGCTCGTATGTTGTGT, SEQ ID NO: 4) were used with Fab C2aB7 as template to generate the murine heavy chain variable region (and upstream material) in a fragment of about 1250 bp. These fragments were purified by electrophoresis and gel extraction and were used in overlap PCR with the primers Rev Age Pri (GGGCGCCTGAGTTCCACGAC, SEQ ID NO: 2) and LeadVHpAX (ATATGAAATATCTGCTGCCGACCG, SEQ ID NO: 5) to generate a 558 bp fragment that was purified on a PCR purification column. This 558 bp fragment and clone 21 were digested with Xho I and Age I to generate a 458 bp fragment that was purified by electrophoresis and gel extraction. Clone 21 was also digested with Xho I and Age I, treated with CIP, and an 11.6 kb fragment was purified by electrophoresis and gel extraction. These fragments were ligated and electroporated into XL1 Blue E. coli and plated on LB/carb/gluc plates. Clone C2aB7G2G4.11 was seen to have the expected restriction fragments when digested with Pvu II.
The final construct C2AB7G2G4.11 was sequenced. It was discovered that the TAA stop codon of the light chain had been mutated to the sequence TCA such that an additional 6 amino acids would be added to the carboxy terminus of the light chain. It was found to have been present in the IgG1 version clone C2AB7-6 that was the parent for C2AB7G2G4.11. Antibodies containing the G2G4 construct are depicted in FIGS. 10, 11, 12, 13, and 15.
Example 2
CD200 Expression on Cancer Cells
A. Determination of CD200 Upregulation in CLL Patients
Lymphocytes from 15 CLL patients were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD5 (e-bioscience), APC-conjugated anti-CD19 (e-bioscience) and PE-conjugated anti-CD200 (Serotec). Lymphocytes from healthy donors were stained accordingly. CD200 expression on CD5+CD19+ cells was determined. As shown in FIG. 20, although the level of CD200 expression varied among CLL patient samples, all CLL samples showed elevated levels (1.6-4-fold range) higher CD200 expression compared to CD200 expression on normal B cells. The CLL patients showing elevated levels of CD200 expression are selected for anti-CD200 treatment in accordance with the methods described herein.
B. FACS Analysis on Cancer Cell Lines
CD200 expression was evaluated by FACS analysis using a panel of NCI60 cell lines from melanoma cancer patients, prostate cancer patients, glioblastoma patients, astrocytoma patients, neuroblastoma patients, ovarian cancer patients, lung cancer patients and renal cancer patients. C2aB7 was labeled with Zenon-Alexa488 according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). One half million to 1 million cells were stained with 1 μg of the labeled antibody for 20 min, followed by a PBS wash. Cell staining was assessed using a FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson). Staining of antibody-labeled cells was compared with samples that remained unlabeled and the ratio of stained/unstained was determined. In FIG. 21, a ratio greater than 1 but smaller than 2 is indicated as +/−, a ratio between 2 and 3 is +, between 3 and 10 is ++, >10 is +++. None of the cell lines tested for glioblastoma, astrocytoma, prostate or lung cancer expressed CD200, and are not listed below. Four out of 5 tested melanoma cell lines, 2/2 ovarian cancer cell lines, 2/3 renal cell lines, 2/2 neuroblastoma cell lines and 1/3 breast cancer cell lines expressed CD200 at detectable levels on the cell surface, suggesting that solid tumors might use CD200 as an immune escape mechanism as well.
C. RT-QPCR on Patient Samples
To verify whether CD200 is upregulated not only on cell lines, but also on primary patient samples, RT-QPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed on primary patient samples. RNA samples from ovarian and melanoma patients were obtained from Cytomix. cDNA was prepared and samples were diluted 1:100 and 1:1000 in 10 ng/ml yeast RNA. Samples were run for QPCR with CD200 assay Hs00245978_m1 as provided by ABI. For 18S normalization, 18S assay (ABI) was run with samples diluted 1:10,000. Each dilution was run in duplicate. Ovarian and melanoma patient samples, along with CLL patient samples were normalized to 18S, then fold expression relative to normal PBL was determined. FIG. 22 shows CD200 expression on ovarian cancer samples. Serous/serous metastatic/papillary serous appeared to have the highest expression of CD200 at approximately 10- to 20-fold higher than normal PBL. CD200 expression was relatively low in endometroid, mucinous, and clear cell samples, all at or below normal ovary expression levels (1-5 fold higher than normal PBL).
FIG. 23 shows the CD200 expression levels of several melanoma metastases samples: jejunum, small intestine, lymph node, lung, skin, and brain). Several of these samples are matched normal/tumor, indicated by the number (−1 pair or −2 pair). Other additional samples without matched normals were also run for comparison. Jejunum samples showed significantly higher CD200 expression levels than the normal organ, with the metastatic samples about 4-7-fold higher than normal jejunum.
D. Immunohistochemistry on Primary Patient Samples
IHC was performed on 2 frozen melanoma patient samples (LifeSpan). D1B5 and C2aB7 Fab fragments were used for staining. An IgG1 antibody was used as isotype control. Binding of the primary antibodies was detected with an anti-mouse secondary antibody and DAB chromagen.
As shown in FIG. 24, both melanoma samples tested showed strong membrane staining with the anti-CD200 antibodies, but no staining with the isotype control. Normal skin tissue did not show CD200 staining. These data demonstrate that CD200 is not only upregulated on melanoma and ovarian cancer cell lines, but also on primary patient samples.
E. Immune Evasion of Melanoma and Ovarian Tumor Cells Through Upregulation of the Immunosuppressive Molecule CD200
Immune escape is a critical feature of cancer progression. Tumors can evade the immune system by multiple mechanisms, each a significant barrier to immunotherapy. Implementing new and more effective forms of immunotherapy will require understanding of these processes as well as their similarities and differences across cancers. We previously identified the immunosuppressive molecule CD200 to be upregulated on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Presence of CD200 downregulates Th1 cytokine production required for an effective cytotoxic T cell response. We demonstrated in animal models that CD200 expression by human tumor cells prevents human lymphocytes from rejecting the tumor, and treatment with an antagonistic anti-CD200 antibody inhibited tumor growth. In this study, we evaluated whether CD200 upregulation is found on other cancers, and whether CD200 expression on these cancer cells affects the immune response.
Relative CD200 message levels were quantitated by RT-QPCR in ovarian adenocarcinoma (serous/serous metastatic/papillary serous, endometroid, mucinous, clear cell) and malignant melanoma metastatic patient samples.
Cell surface expression of CD200 was evaluated by IHC in two melanoma and three ovarian carcinoma (serous) patient frozen tissue samples in comparison with normal skin and normal ovaries. CD200 expression on the cell surface of the melanoma cancer cell lines SK-MEL-5, SK-MEL-24 and SK-MEL-28 and the ovarian cancer cell line OV-CAR-3 was assessed by FACS analysis using a PE-labeled anti-CD200 antibody. The effect of the CD200-expressing cancer cell lines on cytokine profile mixed in lymphocyte reactions were assessed by adding the cells to a culture of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with allogeneic human T cells. Cytokine production (IL-2 and IFN-γ for Th1, IL4 and IL10 for Th2) was detected in the supernatant by ELISA.
Quantitative PCR showed CD200 expression levels in serous ovarian adenocarcinoma samples at up to 20 fold higher than normal PBL, and equal to or up to 4-fold higher than normal ovary. CD200 expression was at or below normal ovary levels in endometroid, mucinous, and clear cell ovarian adenocarcinoma samples. In malignant melanoma metastases to the jejunum, CD200 expression levels appeared to be significantly higher than normal samples. In malignant melanoma lung metastases, 2/6 showed higher CD200 expression than normal samples.
IHC showed strong, specific, membrane-associated CD200 staining on malignant cells of both melanoma patients. The normal skin sample showed faint staining of endothelial cells. Among three ovarian cancer patients, one showed strong CD200 staining, one was moderately positive, and one showed subsets of faintly stained tumor cells. In all three cases, the stroma showed strong staining.
CD200 was highly expressed on the cell surface of the melanoma cancer cell lines SK-MEL-24 and SK-MEL-28 as well as on the ovarian cancer cell line OV-CAR-3, and moderately expressed on the melanoma cell line SK-MEL-5. Addition of any of these cell lines to a mixed lymphocyte reaction downregulated the production of Th1 cytokines, while cell lines not expressing CD200 did not, demonstrating a direct correlation. Inclusion of an antagonistic anti-CD200 antibody during the culture abrogated the effect.
Melanoma and ovarian tumor cells can upregulate CD200, thereby potentially suppressing an effective immune response. Therapy with an antagonistic anti-CD200 might allow the immune system to mount an effective cytotoxic response against the tumor cells.
F. Effect of CD200-Expressing Cancer Cell Lines on Cytokine Profiles in Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions
The capability of cells overexpressing CD200 to shift the cytokine response from a TH1 response (IL-2, IFN-γ) to a Th2 response (IL-4, IL-10) was assessed in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. As a source of CD200-expressing cells, either CD200 transfected cells or cells from CD200 positive cancer cell lines were used.
Mixed lymphocyte reactions were set up in 24 well plates using 250,000 dendritic cells matured from human peripheral monocytes using IL-4, GM-CSF and IFN-γ and 1×106 responder cells. Responder cells were T cell enriched lymphocytes purified from peripheral blood using Ficoll. T cells were enriched by incubating the cells for 1 hour in tissue culture flasks and taking the non-adherent cell fraction. 500,000 cells from the melanoma cancer cell lines SK-MEL-1, SK-MEL-24, SK-MEL-28, the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3 and the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line Namalwa or primary CLL cells as positive control were added to the dendritic cells in the presence or absence of 30 μg/ml anti-CD200 antibody. Supernatants were collected after 48 and 68 hours and analyzed for the presence of cytokines
Cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-10 found in the tissue culture supernatant were quantified using ELISA. Matched capture and detection antibody pairs for each cytokine were obtained from R+D Systems (Minneapolis, Minn.), and a standard curve for each cytokine was produced using recombinant human cytokine. Anti-cytokine capture antibody was coated on the plate in PBS at the optimum concentration. After overnight incubation, the plates were washed and blocked for 1 hour with PBS containing 1% BSA and 5% sucrose. After 3 washes with PBS containing 0.05% Tween, supernatants were added at dilutions of two-fold or ten-fold in PBS containing 1% BSA. Captured cytokines were detected with the appropriate biotinylated anti-cytokine antibody followed by the addition of alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin and SigmaS substrate. Color development was assessed with an ELISA plate reader (Molecular Devices).
As shown in FIG. 25A, the presence of cell lines with high CD200 expression (MEL-24, MEL-28, OVCAR-3) resulted in down-regulation of Th1 cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-γ. In contrast, addition of MEL-1 (low CD200 expression) or Namalwa (no CD200 expression) did not affect the cytokine profile. Addition of the anti-CD200 antibody hB7VH3VL2 at 50 μg/ml fully restored the Th1 response (FIG. 25B), indicating that anti-CD200 antibody treatment of melanoma or ovarian cancer patients might be therapeutically beneficial.
Example 3
Elimination of Activated T Cells by C2aB7-G1 and its Derivatives
To evaluate whether anti-CD200 treatment has an effect in a cancer model using tumor cells not expressing CD200, Namalwa cells and human PBLs were injected into NOD/SCID mice, and mice were treated as outlined below. In this model, CD200 is only present on immune cells naturally expressing CD200 such as B cells and follicular T-helper cells.
Group Design:
10 animals/group
Group 1: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.
Group 2: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+8×106 PBL
Group 3: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+8×106 PBL+20 mg/kg hV3V2-G1
Group 4: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+8×106 PBL+5 mg/kg hV3V2-G1
Group 5: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+8×106 PBL+2.5 mg/kg hV3V2-G1
Group 6: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+4×106 PBL
Group 7: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+8×106 PBL+20 mg/kg chC2aB7-G2G4
Group 8: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+8×106 PBL+5 mg/kg chC2aB7-G2G4
Group 9: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+8×106 PBL+2.5 mg/kg chC2aB7-G2G4
Group 10: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+4×106 PBL+20 mg/kg chC2aB7-G2G4
Group 11: 4×106 Namalwa s.c.+8×106 PBL+20 mg/kg alxn4100 1/10th of the dose was included in the injection mixture. Subsequent dosing was 2×/week i.v. for 3 weeks.
Tumor length (L) and width (W) were measured 3 times/week and tumor volumes were calculated by L*W*W/2. FIG. 26 shows that as previously established, simultaneous injection of human PBLs with Namalwa cells inhibits tumor growth. No effect of chC2aB7-G2G4 on PBL-mediated tumor growth inhibition was observed. In contrast, administration of ALXN5200 (hB7VH3VL2-G 1) blocked PBL mediated tumor growth inhibition. In the absence of CD200 on tumor cells, it appears that anti-CD200 antibody treatment with an antibody that mediates effector function such as G1 constructs, critical effector cells in the PBL population are eliminated. These data suggest that anti-CD200 cancer therapy is less effective when an antibody with effector function is being used as compared to using the antibody without effector function. However, anti-CD200 treatment using a construct with effector function could be therapeutically beneficial in situations where elimination of immune cells is desirable such as in the transplantation setting or autoimmune diseases.
Example 4
T Cell Killing by hB7VH3VL2
To evaluate whether incubation of activated T cells with anti-CD200 antibodies containing a constant region mediating effector function (e.g. G1) results in the killing of the T cells, T cells were activated and killing assays were set up as described below.
A). CD3+ T Cell Isolation
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were obtained from normal healthy volunteers by density gradient centrifugation of heparinized whole blood using the AccuspinTM System. Fifteen ml of Histopaque-1077 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.; cat# H8889) was added to each Accuspin tube (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.; cat# A2055) which was then centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 2 minutes so that the Histopaque was allowed to pass through the frit. Thirty ml of whole blood was layered over the frit and the tubes were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 2000 rpm at room temperature with no brake. The PBL interface was collected and mononuclear cells were washed twice in PBS with 2% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Atlas Biologicals, Ft. Collins, Colo.; cat# F-0500-D) with 1200 rpm centrifugation for 10 minutes. CD3+ T cells were isolated by passage over a HTCC-5 column (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Eluted cells were washed, counted and resuspended in RPMI 1640 containing 5% heat-inactivated single donor serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 mM Hepes and penicillin/streptomycin.
B. Activation with Plate-Bound mOKT3
Wells of 12-well plates (Falcon) were coated by overnight incubation at 4° C. with 10 μg/mL mOKT3 (Orthoclone) diluted in PBS. Residual antibody was removed and the plates gently rinsed with PBS. Purified CD3+ T cells, isolated as described above, were added to the plates at a final concentration of 2×106/well in RPMI 1640 containing 5% heat-inactivated single donor serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 mM Hepes and penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained for 72 hours at 37° C. in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2.
C. 51Chromium Labeling of mOKT3-Activated CD3+ Target Cells
At the end of the culture period, mOKT3-activated CD3+ cells were harvested, washed and resuspended at 107 cells/mL in RPMI 1640 without serum. Cells were chromated by the addition of 125 μCi of 51Chromium (Perkin Elmer, Billerica, Mass.)/106 cells for 2 hours at 37° C. Labeled cells were harvested, washed in RPMI containing 5% heat-inactivated single donor serum and resuspended at a final concentration of 2×105 cells/mL in the same medium.
D. Preparation of Autologous NK Effector Cells
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from the same individual were obtained as described above by density gradient centrifugation. The PBL interface was collected and mononuclear cells were washed twice in PBS with 2% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Atlas Biologicals, Ft. Collins, Colo.; cat# F-0500-D) with 1200 rpm centrifugation for 10 minutes. CD56+ cells were isolated by positive selection over anti-CD56-conjugated magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, Calif., Cat # 120-000-307) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Eluted cells were washed, counted and resuspended at 1.3×106 cells/mL in RPMI 1640 containing 5% heat-inactivated single donor serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 mM Hepes and penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were incubated overnight at 37° C. in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO, at a final concentration of 4×106 cells/well in 3 mL of the same medium. At the end of the culture period, the cells were harvested, washed, counted and resuspended in serum-free RPMI containing 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 mM Hepes, 2×10−5M 2-mercaptoethanol and penicillin/streptomycin.
E. ADCC Assay
51Cr-labelled mOKT3-activated CD3+ target cells prepared as described above were distributed in wells of a 96-well plate at 104 cells/well in 50 μl. CD56+ effector cells were harvested, washed, counted and resuspended at either 2.5×106 cells/mL (for an effector:target cell ratio of 25:1) or 106 cells/mL (for an effector:target cell ratio of 10:1) and were distributed (100 μL/well) to wells containing the target cells. Ten-fold dilutions of anti-CD200 antibodies (V3V2-G1 or V3V2-G2/G4) were added to the effectors and targets at final concentrations of 10, 1, 0.1 and 0.01 μg/mL. Assay controls included the following: 1) effectors and targets in the absence of antibody (0 Ab); 2) target cells in the absence of effectors (spontaneous lysis) and 3) effectors and targets incubated with 0.2% Tween-80 (maximum release). All cell culture conditions were performed in triplicate. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2. At the end of the culture period, the plates were centrifuged to pellet the cells and 150 μL of cell supernatant was transferred to scintillation vials and counted in a gamma scintillation counter (Wallac). The results are expressed as percent specific lysis according to the following formula:




  
    
      
        
          
            
              (Mean  sample  counts  per  minute  (cpm)
            
            -
          
        
      
      
        
          
            mean  spontaneous  lysis)
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (mean  maximum  lysis 
        -
         
        mean  spontaneous  lysis)
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
    
  
  ×
  100




F. Flow Cytometry

One hundred μl of cell suspensions (mOKT3-activated CD3+ cells or purified CD56+ NK cells) prepared as described above were distributed to wells of a 96-well round bottom plate (Falcon, Franklin Lakes N.J.; cat#353077). Cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 4° C. with the indicated combinations of the following fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-, Phycoerythrin (PE)-, PerCP-Cy5.5-, or allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated antibodies (all from Becton-Dickinson, San Jose, Calif.); anti-human CD25-FITC (cat#555431); anti-human CD3-APC (cat#555335); anti-human CD200-PE (cat #552475); anti-human CD8-PerCP-Cy5.5 (cat#341051); anti-human CD4-APC (cat#555349); anti-human CD5-APC (cat#555355) and anti-human CD56-APC (cat#341025). Isotype controls for each labeled antibody were also included. After washing cells twice with FACS buffer (1800 rpm centrifugation for 3 minutes), cells were resuspended in 300 μl of PBS (Mediatech, Herndon, Va.; cat#21-031-CV) and analyzed by flow cytometry using a FacsCaliber machine and CellQuest Software (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, Calif.).
As shown in FIG. 27, activated T cells show high CD200 expression on their surface. Activated T cells are efficiently killed in the presence of VH3VL2-G1 but not VH3VL2-G2G4 when NK cells are used as effector cells (FIG. 28). These data demonstrate that anti-CD200 antibodies with effector function can eliminate activated T cells. Such an antibody could be of therapeutic use in the transplantation setting or for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
In addition to regulatory T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been shown to play a negative immunoregulatory role in human cancer (Wei S, Kryczek I, Zou L, Daniel B, Cheng P, Mottram P, Curiel T, Lange A, Zou W Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce CD8+ regulatory T cells in human ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2005 Jun. 15; 65(12):5020-6). Combination of a therapy eliminating plasmacytoid dendritic cells with anti-CD200 therapy could therefore be advantageous.
Example 5
CD200 on Plasma Cells
Bone marrow cells from 10 multiple myeloma patients and 3 normal donors were prepared by first lysing red blood cells using ammonium chloride. Cells were resuspended in FACS buffer and labeled with the following antibody cocktails:
Kappa-FITC/CD38-PE/CD138-PerCP-Cy5.5
Lambda-FITC/CD38-PE/CD138-PerCP-Cy5.5
Isotype Control-FITC/CD38-PE
CD200-FITC/CD38-PE
Data were collected using a BD FACS Canto and analyzed using BD DiVA software. Expression of CD200 on CD38 bright cells (plasma cells) was analyzed. As shown in FIG. 29, a portion of plasma cells expresses CD200 at high intensity in normal donors. In multiple myeloma patients, the majority of plasma cells express CD200.
In the multiple myeloma setting, similar to CLL or other cancers expressing CD200, CD200 expression by the tumor cells might prevent the immune system from eradicating the tumor cells. Antagonistic anti-CD200 therapy might subsequently allow the immune system to eliminate cancer cells. Ablative anti-CD200 therapy targeting plasma cells could be therapeutically beneficial in the autoimmune or transplantation setting.
Example 6
CD200 on Viruses
CD200 is also expressed on a number of viruses such as myxoma virus M141R or human herpesvirus 8. Similar to expression of CD200 on tumor cells, CD200 on viruses might prevent the immune system from effectively clearing the virus. Treatment with an antagonistic anti-CD200 antibody could be therapeutically beneficial in an infection with a CD200 expressing virus, allowing the immune system to eradicate the virus. Alternatively, an ablative anti-CD200 antibody could be used.
It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein. For example, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, the specific sequences described herein can be altered slightly without necessarily adversely affecting the functionality of the polypeptide, antibody or antibody fragment used in binding OX-2/CD200. For instance, substitutions of single or multiple amino acids in the antibody sequence can frequently be made without destroying the functionality of the antibody or fragment. Thus, it should be understood that polypeptides or antibodies having a degree of identity greater than 70% to the specific antibodies described herein are within the scope of this disclosure. In particularly useful embodiments, antibodies having an identity greater than about 80% to the specific antibodies described herein are contemplated. In other useful embodiments, antibodies having an identity greater than about 90% to the specific antibodies described herein are contemplated. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of this disclosure.
REFERENCES
The following references are incorporated herein by reference to more fully describe the state of the art to which the present invention pertains. Any inconsistency between these publications below or those incorporated by reference above and the present disclosure shall be resolved in favor of the present disclosure.

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## Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and an anti-CD200 antibody comprising an altered Fc constant region, wherein said anti-CD200 antibody inhibits the interaction between CD200 and CD200R, and wherein said altered Fc constant region exhibits decreased effector function relative to the effector function of the corresponding native Fc constant region.

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the effector function comprises one or more of the following:
(a) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC);
(b) complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC); or
(c) binding to one or more Fc receptors.

3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-CD200 antibody is a murine antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, a deimmunized antibody, or a human antibody.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the altered Fc constant region is an altered form of a native constant region selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgA, IgD, and IgE.

5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the altered Fc constant region comprises at least one amino acid substitution, insertion, or deletion, relative to the corresponding native constant region.

6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein:
(a) the altered Fc constant region is a G2/G4 constant region; or
(b) relative to the native Fc constant region, said altered Fc constant region comprises:
(i) altered glycosylation;
(ii) an Ala-Ala mutation;
(iii) the CH1 and hinge regions of an IgG2 antibody; or
(iv) the CH2 and CH3 regions of an IgG4 antibody.

7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the altered glycosylation comprises one or more of the following: (i) a change in one or more sugar components; (ii) presence of one or more additional sugar components; and (iii) absence of one or more sugar components.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein said antibody is expressed in a host cell selected from the group consisting of a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, and a plant cell.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the host cell is E. coli.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the host cell is a rat-hybridoma cell.

11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the host cell is a CHO cell.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the G2/G4 constant region comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 18, or 22.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-CD200 antibody comprises:
(a) a light chain polypeptide comprising:
(i) a light chain variable domain comprising a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 44 to 51 of SEQ ID NO:47; a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 76 of SEQ ID NO:47; and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 109 to 117 of SEQ ID NO:47;
(ii) a light chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 19 to 128 of SEQ ID NO:47; or
(iii) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 19 to 240 of SEQ ID NO:47; and

(b) a heavy chain polypeptide comprising:
(iv) a heavy chain variable domain comprising: a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 46 to 55 of SEQ ID NO:15; a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 86 of SEQ ID NO:15; and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 119 to 126 of SEQ ID NO:15.
(v) a heavy chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 20 to 137 of SEQ ID NO:15; or
(vi) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 20 to 463 of SEQ ID NO:15.

14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-CD200 antibody comprises:
(a) a light chain polypeptide comprising:
(i) a light chain variable domain comprising: a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 44 to 54 of SEQ ID NO:32; a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 76 of SEQ ID NO:32; and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 109 to 117 of SEQ ID NO:32;
(ii) a light chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO:32; or
(iii) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 234 of SEQ ID NO:32; and

(b) a heavy chain polypeptide comprising:
(iv) a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 46 to 55 of SEQ ID NO:20; a ‘heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 86 of SEQ ID NO:20; and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 119 to 131 of SEQ ID NO:20; or
(v) a heavy chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 142 of SEQ ID NO:20.

15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-CD200 antibody comprises:
(a) a light chain polypeptide comprising:
(i) a light chain variable domain comprising: a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 44 to 55 of SEQ ID NO:30; a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 71 to 77 of SEQ ID NO:30; and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 110 to 118 of SEQ ID NO:30;
(ii) a light chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 128 of SEQ ID NO:30; or
(iii) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 235 of SEQ ID NO:30; and

(b) a heavy chain polypeptide comprising:
(iv) a heavy chain variable domain comprising: a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 46 to 55 of SEQ ID NO:18; a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 86 of SEQ ID NO:18; and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 119 to 128 of SEQ ID NO:18;
(v) a heavy chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 139 of SEQ ID NO:18; or
(vi) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 468 of SEQ ID NO:18.

16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-CD200 antibody comprises:
(a) a light chain polypeptide comprising:
(i) a light chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 23 to 129 of SEQ ID NO:28; or
(ii) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 23 to 236 of SEQ ID NO:28; and

(b) a heavy chain polypeptide comprising:
(iii) a heavy chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO:13; or
(iv) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 20 to 462 of SEQ ID NO:13.

17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the altered Fc constant region has 0 to 20% of the FcR binding of the corresponding native Fc constant region.

18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the altered Fc constant region has no effector function as compared to the corresponding native Fc constant region.

19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the altered Fc constant region has reduced or no ADCC or CDC activity as compared to the corresponding native Fc constant region.

20. An anti-CD200 antibody comprising an altered Fc constant region, wherein said anti-CD200 antibody inhibits the interaction between CD200 and CD200R, wherein said altered Fc constant region exhibits decreased effector function relative to the effector function of the corresponding native Fc constant region, and wherein the anti-CD200 antibody comprises:
(I.)
(a) a light chain polypeptide comprising:
(i) a light chain variable domain comprising a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 44 to 51 of SEQ ID NO:47; a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 76 of SEQ ID NO:47; and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 109 to 117 of SEQ ID NO:47;
(ii) a light chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 19 to 128 of SEQ ID NO:47; or
(iii) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 19 to 240 of SEQ ID NO:47; and

(b) a heavy chain polypeptide comprising:
(iv) a heavy chain variable domain comprising: a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 46 to 55 of SEQ ID NO:15; a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 86 of SEQ ID NO:15; and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 119 to 126 of SEQ ID NO:15;
(v) a heavy chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 20 to 137 of SEQ ID NO:15; or
(vi) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 20 to 463 of SEQ ID NO:15;

(II.)
(a) a light chain polypeptide comprising:
(i) a light chain variable domain comprising: a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 44 to 54 of SEQ ID NO:32; a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 76 of SEQ ID NO:32; and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 109 to 117 of SEQ ID NO:32;
(ii) a light chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 127 of SEQ ID NO:32; or
(iii) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 234 of SEQ ID NO:32; and

(b) a heavy chain polypeptide comprising:
(iv) a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 46 to 55 of SEQ ID NO:20; a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 86 of SEQ ID NO:20; and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 119 to 131 of SEQ ID NO:20; or
(v) a heavy chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 142 of SEQ ID NO:20;

(III.)
(a) a light chain polypeptide comprising:
(i) a light chain variable domain comprising: a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 44 to 55 of SEQ ID NO:30; a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 71 to 77 of SEQ ID NO:30; and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 110 to 118 of SEQ ID NO:30;
(ii) a light chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 128 of SEQ ID NO:30; or
(iii) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 235 of SEQ ID NO:30; and

(b) a heavy chain polypeptide comprising:
(iv) a heavy chain variable domain comprising: a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 46 to 55 of SEQ ID NO:18; a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 70 to 86 of SEQ ID NO:18; and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence set forth in residues 119 to 128 of SEQ ID NO:18;
(v) a heavy chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 139 of SEQ ID NO:18; or
(vi) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 21 to 468 of SEQ ID NO:18; or

(IV.)
(a) a light chain polypeptide comprising:
(i) a light chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 23 to 129 of SEQ ID NO:28; or
(ii) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 23 to 236 of SEQ ID NO:28; and

(b) a heavy chain polypeptide comprising:
(iii) a heavy chain variable domain having an amino acid sequence comprising residues 20 to 136 of SEQ ID NO:13; or
(iv) an amino acid sequence comprising residues 20 to 462 of SEQ ID NO:13.

21. The anti-CD200 antibody of claim 20, wherein the effector function comprises one or more of the following:
(a) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC);
(b) complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC); or
(c) binding to one or more Fc receptors.

22. The anti-CD200 antibody of claim 20, wherein the anti-CD200 antibody is a murine antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, a deimmunized antibody, or a human antibody.

23. The anti-CD200 antibody of claim 20, wherein the altered Fc constant region is an altered form of a native Fc constant region selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgA, IgD, and IgE.

24. The anti-CD200 antibody of claim 20, wherein the altered Fc constant region comprises at least one amino acid substitution, insertion, or deletion, relative to the corresponding native constant region.

25. The anti-CD200 antibody of claim 20, wherein:
(a) the altered Fc constant region is a G2/G4 constant region; or
(b) relative to the native Fc constant region, said altered Fc constant region comprises:
(i) altered glycosylation;
(ii) an Ala-Ala mutation;
(iii) the CH1 and hinge regions of an IgG2 antibody; or
(iv) the CH2 and CH3 regions of an IgG4 antibody.

26. An anti-CD200 antibody comprising an altered Fc constant region, wherein said anti-CD200 antibody inhibits the interaction between CD200 and CD200R, wherein said altered Fc constant region exhibits decreased effector function relative to the effector function of the corresponding native Fc constant region, wherein said altered Fc constant region is a G2/G4 constant region, and wherein said G2/G4 constant region comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 18, or 22.