J-S68015-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: J.S., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: D.S.

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1288 WDA 2019

Appeal from the Order Entered July 18, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-26-DP-0000099-2019

IN THE INTEREST OF: K.S., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: D.S.

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1289 WDA 2019

Appeal from the Order Entered July 18, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-26-DP-0000098-2019

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED JANUARY 21, 2020

D.S. appeals from the order of adjudication and disposition entered by 

the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County (trial court) adjudicating her 

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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children, K.S. and J.S. (Children) dependent and ordering that they remain in 

foster care.

1

 We affirm.

We take the following facts from our independent review of the certified 

record. D.S. and B.S. began fostering the Children (twins born June 2007) on

May 5, 2008, and they adopted them on January 27, 2010, when the Children

were approximately three years of age. B.S. passed away in September 2010. 

On May 20, 2019, Fayette County Office of Children, Youth & Youth Services 

(CYS) intake supervisor Rebecca Pegg received a report that D.S. was locking

the Children in their bedrooms seven days per week from 5:30 p.m. until 

approximately 6:00 a.m. the next day. (See N.T. Hearing, 7/18/19, at 4).

On May 21, 2019, a CYS caseworker met with D.S. at the home. D.S. 

admitted that she had been locking the Children in their rooms since they 

were three-years-old to keep them safe because she heard of an incident in 

Ohio wherein a three-year-old child got up at night and started a fire. (See 

id. at 5, 12). D.S. stated that J.S. keeps bottles in his bedroom in case he 

needs to urinate and that K.S. will call for her if she needs to use the 

bathroom. (See id. at 22). The CYS worker explained to D.S. that locking 

the Children in their rooms is inappropriate and a fire hazard but that D.S. did 

not appear to understand why this was inappropriate. The Children were 

placed with a family friend that day that the trial court approved of. When 

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1 The Children’s father B.S. passed away in September 2010.
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the family friend was unable to keep the Children long term and D.S. could 

not locate any other possible caregivers for them, on May 28, 2019, D.S.

signed a voluntary consent to placement. (See id. at 13).

On June 7, 2019, CYS filed a dependency petition alleging that the 

Children were without proper care or control and that it was in their best 

interest to be adjudicated dependent and placed in the custody of CYS for 

placement in the foster home of L.M. and E.B. On July 18, 2019, the court 

held an adjudicatory hearing. Because Rachael Friend (Friend), the 

caseworker assigned to the case was on vacation, CYS intake supervisor 

Rebecca Pegg (Pegg) testified from her knowledge of the case and from CYS 

records. She stated that J.S. confirmed that he was locked in his bedroom at

5:30 p.m. seven days a week because D.S. was afraid that he and K.S. would 

leave their rooms during the night. (See id. at 6-7). J.S. stated that he 

urinated in bottles overnight and, if he got hungry, D.S. would slide a piece of 

candy under his bedroom door for him. (See id at 5.). On Saturdays, he 

would play in his room upon waking until D.S. let him out to empty any bottles 

he used during the night, but according to J.S., he only left the home on the 

weekends if D.S. needed to take them with her to go shopping or to go to 

church. (See id.). Friend’s report indicated that K.S. confirmed that the 

Children are locked in their bedrooms at night from 5:30 p.m. but stated that 

her bedroom is closer to D.S.’s, so D.S. would let her out of her bedroom at 

night to use the bathroom if K.S. yelled for her to do so.
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Pegg testified that the Children have hyperactivity behaviors and some 

social deficits, and, according to their school, do not participate in any 

extracurricular activities, but merely go to school, go home and attend church 

on Sundays. (See id. at 9-10). The Children do not have any friends with 

whom they spend time with and do not seem to play outside. (See id. at 10).

Pegg stated that CYS is worried that D.S. is overwhelmed and may need 

some help or support during after-school hours so that she can learn to 

manage the Children without locking them in their bedrooms. (See id. at 9). 

She also stated that CYS has some concerns about D.S.’s parenting deficits 

and lack of understanding and accountability about the severity of the Children 

being locked in their bedrooms for extended periods of time. (See id. at 11).

She testified that CYS believes dependency and placement for the 

Children would be best for them while the agency works with D.S. to complete 

a Family Service Plan (FSP). (See id. at 13-14). The long-term goal is to

reunify the Children with D.S. and put services in the home to work with her 

on parenting and any underlying mental health concerns that would need to 

be addressed. (See id.). Pegg testified that D.S. did submit to a psychological 

evaluation on July 1, 2019, and there were no concerns raised in that 

evaluation. (See id. at 18).

The Children’s Guardian ad litem (GAL) testified that the Children were 

doing well in foster care and that when she asked them what they wanted,

they stated that they wanted to go home just to see their dog. (See id. at 
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45). The Children also are “gleeful” when playing with the other children 

outside while in their placement, (see id.) and that they also want to stay 

where they are. (See id.). She also stated that she was concerned that 

Mother was not seeing Children that much, but when she asked Mother why 

that was so, she said she was busy. The Children indicated that they would 

like to see her more. (See id. at 46.)

D.S. testified on her own behalf at the hearing. She stated that she 

takes the Children to all regularly scheduled doctor’s appointments and that 

the doctor has not expressed any concern about mental health issues. (See 

id. at 21). She admitted to locking the Children in their bedrooms at night 

out of concern that they might get up in the night and start a fire on the stove 

or get into something else, but maintained that she would do this at 7:00 

p.m., not 5:30 p.m. (See id.). D.S. also maintained that she lets the Children 

out to use the bathroom if necessary, and that she gives them snacks and 

water to take to their bedrooms at night. (See id. at 22). She showed 

photographs to support her testimony that she changed the locks on the

bedroom doors so that she can no longer lock them from the outside. (See 

id. at 22-23). She stated that she understood CYS’s safety concerns about 

the Children being locked in their bedrooms and that she does not intend to 

do so in the future. (See id. at 23). However, she put alarms on their doors 

so she would know if they were opened overnight. (See id. at 23). D.S. 

introduced the certificate of completion for parenting classes she attended. 
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(See id. at 23-24). She stated that the Children have a swing set and that 

they play outside, although they must stay in the shade because of their 

sensitive skin and, although individuals at the school contributed to buy bikes 

for the Children while in foster care, once they come home, they will not be 

allowed to ride them on the street, only in the yard. (See id. at 25, 35). 

Although the Children are involved in church and attend vacation bible school 

in the summer, D.S. confirmed that they have no other extra-curricular 

activities and have not attended any birthday parties or sleepovers. (See id.

at 26, 30-31). Since the Children have been in foster care, she does see them 

but not as often as she would like. (See id. at 36-37).

Bryan Kelly, the Pastor at Bethel Baptist Church, testified on D.S.’s 

behalf. (See id. at 39-41). He testified that the Children attended Sunday 

school classes, vacation bible school and other extracurricular church 

activities, and that he had absolutely no concerns about their behavior. (See 

id. at 39-41). The Children’s foster parents have not reported any behavioral 

problems of the Children. (See id. at 10).

During closing statements, counsel for CYS, Mr. Anthony S. Dedola, 

Esquire, acknowledged that D.S. does not understand the parameters of 

proper parenting and is “so restrictive.” (Id. at 43). However, he maintained 

that this could be addressed by adjudicating the Children dependent so that 

CYS could give them the assistance that the family needs, but that the 
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Children should be returned to the home with intensive services, not kept in 

foster care. (See id.).

At the close of the hearing, the court granted the dependency petition

and continued the Children’s placement in foster care. (See id. at 44-45). 

D.S. timely filed a notice of appeal and a contemporaneous Rule 1925(b) 

statement. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i).2 On appeal, D.S. challenges the trial 

court’s finding of dependency and placement in foster care.

3

 Specifically, she 

argues that the court erred in finding that the Children presently lack proper 

parental care and control and that it was necessary to remove them from her

custody. (See D.S.’s Brief, at 8-22).

The Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6375, controls the disposition of 

dependency matters. The Act defines, “Dependent Child,” in pertinent part, 

as a child who:

is without proper parental care or control, subsistence, education 

as required by law, or other care or control necessary for his 

physical, mental, or emotional health, or morals. A determination 

that there is a lack of proper parental care or control may be based 

upon evidence of conduct by the parent, guardian or other 

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2 The trial court did not file a Rule 1925(a) opinion and CYS did not file a brief. 

See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a); Pa.R.A.P. 2112.

3 “[T]he standard of review in dependency cases requires an appellate court 

to accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if 

they are supported by the record, but does not require the appellate court to 

accept the [trial] court’s inferences or conclusions of law. Accordingly, we 

review for an abuse of discretion.” Interest of I.R.-R, 208 A.3d 514, 519

(Pa. Super. 2019) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
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custodian that places the health, safety or welfare of the child at 

risk[.]

42 Pa.C.S. § 6302.

“The burden of proof in a dependency proceeding is on the petitioner to 

demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that a child meets that 

statutory definition of dependency.” In re E.B., 83 A.3d 426, 431 (Pa. Super. 

2013) (citations omitted). “‘Clear and convincing’ evidence has been defined 

as testimony that is ‘so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the 

trier of facts to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of 

the precise facts in issue.’” In re A.B., 63 A.3d 345, 349 (Pa. Super. 2013) 

(citation omitted).

“In accordance with the overarching purpose of the Juvenile Act ‘[t]o 

preserve the unity of the family whenever possible,’ see 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 

6301(b)(1), a child will only be declared dependent when he is presently 

without proper parental care and when such care is not immediately 

available.” Id. (case citation and some internal quotation marks omitted). 

“This Court has defined ‘proper parental care’ as ‘that care which (1) is geared 

to the particularized needs of the child and (2) at a minimum, is likely to 

prevent serious injury to the child.’” Id. (citation omitted).

With these principles in mind, we turn to D.S.’s first argument that 

“[t]he trial court’s conclusion that [C]hildren are without proper parental care 

and control is not supported by the record.” (D.S.’s Brief, at 11). Specifically, 

she maintains that the evidence of record does not support the trial court’s 
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findings that D.S. suffers from psychological issues that have yet to be 

addressed and that she has engaged in psychological abuse of the Children. 

(See id. at 12-15).

At the hearing, the trial court observed that “[D.S.] is so fearful and so 

possessive and so overprotective that something is going to happen to these 

children that she has eliminated half of their life.” (N.T. Hearing, at 44). The 

court acknowledged that a previous psychological evaluation of D.S. did not 

reveal any mental abnormalities. (See N.T. Hearing, at 44). D.S. testified 

that she has taken the Children to all doctor’s appointments and that there 

have been no mental health concerns expressed by the physician. She 

acknowledged that she did lock the Children in their bedrooms in the past, but 

she provided photographic evidence that she had removed the locks and 

stated that she understood CYS’s safety concerns. She provided a certificate 

of completion for parenting classes she had attended at CYS’s 

recommendation. (See N.T. Hearing, at 21-25). Pastor Kelly testified that 

the Children attended Sunday school classes, vacation bible school and other 

extracurricular church activities, and that he had absolutely no concerns about 

their behavior. (See id. at 39-41). The Children’s foster parents have not 

reported any behavioral problems of the Children. (See id. at 10). Further, 

we note that CYS failed to provide any testimony or evidence of a professional 

evaluation of D.S.’s present parenting abilities and the Children’s prospects 

with her.
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However, the court adjudicated the Children dependent because:

. . . What cannot be seen by a sterile reading of the transcript is 

that [D.S.] has a bland manner of soft speaking and general flat 

affect. She appears to be a nice person, however she shows no 

emotion. Her responses are blunt and appear to be almost like 

she is in a daze. The [c]ourt heard no testimony from her that 

this behavior and conduct in isolating the Children is wrong. In 

fact, the [c]ourt believes that [D.S.] actually believes that the 

conduct is appropriate in safe guarding the [C]hildren and 

preventing catastrophe. She appears to not appreciate the 

necessity of social interaction with peers or the importance of play. 

She does not seem to appreciate the importance of activities or 

the detrimental effect of locking the [C]hildren for 11 1⁄2 hours per 

day in their bedroom.

. . . [D.S.] is behaving knowingly and is making a conscious 

decision to raise the [C]hildren in this fashion. [She] admitted 

there are no birthday parties, no sleep-overs, no playmates, and 

no outside play if it is sunny outdoors.

(Id. at 5).

Based on all of the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court properly 

adjudicated the Children dependent where they are without the proper 

parental “care or control necessary for his physical, mental, or emotional 

health[.]” 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302; see also In re R.R., 686 A.2d. 1316, 1318 

(Pa. Super. 2004) (“[T]he Juvenile Act permits a finding of dependency if clear 

and convincing evidence establishes that a child is lacking the particular type 

of care necessary to meet his or her individual [] needs.”) (citation omitted).

4

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4 We are not persuaded by D.S.’s argument that the court applied an incorrect 

“best interest of the child” standard. (See D.S.’s Brief, at 19-22). A review 

of the court’s opinion reveals that it focused on the Children’s health and 

development. (See, e.g., Trial Ct. Op., at 4 (D.S. “suffers deficits in 
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However, this does not end our inquiry because D.S. also maintains that 

the court erred by finding that it was necessary to remove the Children from 

her custody. (See D.S.’s Brief, at 16-24). Specifically, she argues that her 

past instances of abuse or difficulty with handling the Children are not 

sufficient to support removing them from the home because there is no 

evidence this behavior will continue in the future. (See id. at 16-19).

We have stated the following regarding whether a child should be 

removed from parental control:

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understanding the severity of imprisoning her children.”); id. at 5 (D.S. 

“actually believes that [her] conduct is appropriate in safe guarding the 

children”); id. at 6 (“The [c]ourt has concerns that [D.S.] has not internalized 

how this isolation could affect the children.”).

Neither are we persuaded by the cases on which D.S. relies because they are 

distinguishable. For instance, in In re D.A., 801 A.2d 614 (Pa. Super. 2002), 

we found that mother’s depression diagnosis, which occurred two years prior 

to the child’s birth, her failure to sanitize bottles, and her juvenile arrest for 

child abuse committed while babysitting five years ago, did not support a 

finding that mother currently was unable to provide proper care and control 

for child. See In re D.A., supra at 619-21. Conversely, here, the acts at 

issue were not isolated incidents from D.S.’s past, but instead were still 

concerns at the time of the hearing. In In re Swope, 571 A.2d 470 (Pa. 

Super. 1990), we reversed a trial court’s finding of dependency where there 

was not any testimony addressing the parent’s abilities and shortcomings or 

whether the alleged acts were isolated incidents or likely to recur. See id. at 

490. This is distinguishable from this case where there was testimony that 

D.S.’s actions had occurred consistently for nine years and were likely to recur 

without intervention. While we acknowledge that in Swope, one of the factors 

we considered was the lack of psychological evaluation, in this case, it is the 

intention of both the court and CYS that the Children be adjudicated 

dependent and returned to foster care precisely so that such intensive services 

can be provided.
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The law is clear that a child should be removed from her parent’s 

custody and placed in the custody of a state agency only upon a 

showing that removal is clearly necessary for the child’s wellbeing. In addition, this court had held that clear necessity for 

removal is not shown until the hearing court determines that 

alternative services that would enable the child to remain with her 

family are unfeasible.

In re A.B., supra at 349-50 (citation omitted). Ultimately, a hearing court 

is given broad discretion in meeting the goal of entering a disposition “best 

suited to the protection and physical, mental, and moral welfare of the child.” 

In re Lowry, 484 A.2d 383 (1984).

In this case, there is clear and convincing evidence for the trial court 

not to accept CYS’s recommendation at the hearing that alternative services 

were preferable and that Children be reunited with D.S. (See N.T. Hearing, 

at 43).5 The trial court rejected that view for the same reasons that it made 

the dependency finding – that D.S. was overprotective and would remain 

abnormally overprotective if the Children were returned to her care and that 

she needed more parenting training. While it found the ultimate goal was to 

reunite Children with her, the trial court noted that D.S. only visited Children 

once a week while they were in foster care and that visits several times a 

week were more appropriate. Specifically, it found that D.S. should be more 

involved with the Children in the community setting with foster parents so that 

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5 On appeal, CYS now represents that the trial court was justified in continuing 

foster care placement for the Children because psychological evaluations need 

to be conducted and the Children voiced a preference that they stay in foster 

care. (See CYS’s Brief, at 21).
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she can understand and be comfortable that they can ride their bikes, have 

children over without danger, and that they live like normal twelve year olds.

It then ordered D.S. to have increased contact and ongoing communication 

with the Children and be involved in their activities and the Children needed 

to have a psychological evaluation. In effect, it found that D.S.’s parenting 

skills had not yet advanced sufficiently to order the return of the Children to 

her care.

Accordingly, because the trial court’s order is supported by clear and 

convincing evidence from which it could find that the Children’s placement in 

foster care was necessary, we affirm the trial court’s order continuing the 

Children’s placement in foster care.

Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/21/2020