COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Chafin, Malveaux and Senior Judge Haley 

SILVIA MUNOZ, F/K/A 

 SILVIA MUNOZ QUINONES 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 1834-18-4 PER CURIAM 

 APRIL 2, 2019 

ALVARO QUINONES 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

Stephen C. Shannon, Judge 

 (Silvia Munoz, on brief), pro se. 

 No brief for appellee. 

 Silvia Munoz (mother) appeals a custody and visitation order. Mother argues that the circuit 

court erred by (1) finding that there was a material change in circumstances; (2) placing the burden 

of proving the material change in circumstances on mother; (3) considering erroneous facts that 

were not supported by the evidence; (4) not finding that Alvaro Quinones (father) lacked credibility; 

(5) ignoring mother’s evidence relevant to the best interests of the children; (6) not reconsidering its 

ruling based on new evidence presented in mother’s motion to reconsider; and (7) not considering 

the parties’ financial information in its award of attorney’s fees. Upon reviewing the record and 

the opening brief, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily 

affirm the decision of the circuit court. See Rule 5A:27. 

BACKGROUND 

“On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to . . . the party prevailing 

below.” D’Ambrosio v. D’Ambrosio, 45 Va. App. 323, 335 (2005).

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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 The parties were married in 2000, and two children were born during the marriage. In 

May 2012, the parties entered into a property settlement agreement (PSA) and agreed that they 

would share joint legal custody of the children. The parties further established a custody 

schedule, which included overnight visitation for father. On March 27, 2013, the circuit court 

affirmed, ratified, and incorporated the parties’ PSA into the final decree of divorce. 

 In April 2016, mother filed a motion to modify father’s visitation. On July 14, 2016, the 

circuit court entered an order modifying father’s visitation and ordered that father would not 

have overnight visitation with the children. 

 In March 2017, mother filed another motion to modify custody and visitation and 

asserted that it was in the best interests of the children for them to relocate with her to Colombia, 

where she had family. Three days before the trial on mother’s motion, she non-suited the matter. 

 In 2018, father filed a motion and an amended motion to modify visitation. He requested 

overnight and holiday visitation with the children, as well as clarification of the July 14, 2016 

order. Mother also filed a motion to modify custody and visitation. She requested sole legal 

custody and permission to travel with the children to Colombia for five weeks each year. She 

also sought to reduce father’s visitation time with the children. 

 On July 25 and 26, 2018, the parties appeared before the circuit court for a hearing on 

custody and visitation. After hearing the evidence and argument, the circuit court found that 

there was a material change in circumstances since the July 2016 order, namely that father’s 

residence now allowed for the children to have their own bedroom and bathroom. Then, the 

circuit court reviewed the Code § 20-124.3 factors with the parties. The circuit court granted 

father’s motions and ordered that father could have overnight visits with the children on 

weekends, holidays, and summer break, consistent with the visitation in the PSA and final decree 

of divorce. The circuit court denied mother’s motion to modify custody and visitation, including 
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her request to take the children to Colombia for five weeks. The circuit court awarded father 

$7,500 for his attorney’s fees. The circuit court entered an order memorializing its rulings on 

September 14, 2018. Mother filed a motion to reconsider and a motion to stay, which the circuit 

court denied. This appeal followed. 

ANALYSIS 

“A trial court’s determination with regard to visitation is reversible only upon a showing 

that the court abused its discretion.” Stadter v. Siperko, 52 Va. App. 81, 88 (2008). 

Material change in circumstances

 Mother argues that the circuit court erred in finding that there had been a material change 

in circumstances since the July 2016 order. She asserts that the circuit court did not have all of 

the information surrounding the cancellation of father’s overnight visits in 2016. 

 “When a party has filed a petition to modify an existing visitation order, the courts must 

apply the Supreme Court’s two-pronged test enunciated in Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606 (1983), to 

determine whether modification of that order is proper.” Rhodes v. Lang, 66 Va. App. 702, 709 

(2016). “That test asks, ‘first, has there been a change in circumstances since the most recent 

custody award; second, would a change in custody be in the best interests of the children.’” Id. 

(quoting Keel, 225 Va. at 611). “Whether a change of circumstances exists is a factual finding 

that will not be disturbed on appeal if the finding is supported by credible evidence.” Denise v. 

Tencer, 46 Va. App. 372, 395 (2005) (quoting Ohlen v. Shively, 16 Va. App. 419, 423 (1993)). 

 Father testified that since the July 2016 order, he had renovated the basement in his house 

and now had a bedroom for the children to sleep overnight at his house. He presented 

photographs of the bedroom and the renovations. When mother argued to the circuit court that 

father’s living situation was not the only reason that father’s overnight visits were cancelled in 
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2016, the circuit court noted that mother did not object to father’s testimony that the renovation 

was the change.1

 Mother, however, had an opportunity to present her evidence about the material change 

in circumstances when she testified in support of her motion to modify custody and visitation.2

 

She testified about father’s alcohol consumption on social occasions and argued that it affected 

his time with the children. She also alleged that the children appeared “happier and [felt] more 

confident and stable” when they spent the night at her house. 

The circuit court rejected mother’s arguments about the material change in 

circumstances. Based on the record, the circuit court did not err in finding that the renovation of 

father’s home, which provided private sleeping and bathroom facilities, was a material change in 

circumstances that warranted a modification of his visitation with the children. 

Witness credibility

 Mother argues that the circuit court erred by considering certain facts and testimony that 

father presented, which she contends was false. She also asserts that the circuit court ignored 

some of her evidence regarding the best interests of the children. 

 The circuit court had an opportunity to see and hear the witnesses. When it issued its 

ruling from the bench, the circuit court stated that it “fully considered the testimony of the 

witnesses” and “made determinations as to their credibility.” “It is well established that the trier 

 1

 Mother did object when father tried to argue that mother’s move to a new house was 

another change in circumstances. The circuit court did not allow father to present evidence about 

mother’s change of address because he did not disclose it in discovery. 

2

 Contrary to mother’s arguments in her second assignment of error, the circuit court did 

not err by placing the burden on her to present a material change of circumstances because she 

also had filed a motion to modify custody and visitation. See Denise, 46 Va. App. at 396 (the 

party seeking to modify custody and visitation has the burden of proving that a material change 

in circumstances occurred since the entry of the last order). Therefore, mother had to present 

evidence about what she perceived had changed since the entry of the July 2016 order. 
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of fact ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the weight to be given to their testimony, and 

has discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’ testimony.” Layman v. Layman, 62 

Va. App. 134, 137 (2013) (quoting Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387 (1997) (en banc)). 

“This Court is bound by the credibility findings of the circuit court.” Tackett v. Arlington Cty. 

Dep’t of Human Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 339 (2013). 

 Contrary to mother’s assertions, the record supports the circuit court’s findings and its 

ruling allowing overnight visitation to father. 

New evidence

 Mother argues that the circuit court erred by not reconsidering its ruling based on new 

evidence that she presented in her motion to reconsider. In her motion, mother alleged that after 

the hearing, the children struggled with the change in visitation and that father was being 

manipulative.3

“Motions to reopen an evidentiary record or to reconsider a prior ruling involve matters 

wholly in the discretion of the trial court.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 104, 109 

(2013); see also Winston v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 564, 620 (2004) (“We review a trial court’s 

denial of a motion to reconsider for an abuse of discretion.”).

 Based on the record, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

mother’s motion to reconsider. 

Rule 5A:18

 For the first time on appeal, mother argues that the circuit court did not consider the 

parties’ financial information when it awarded $7,500 to father for attorney’s fees. 

 3

 We will not consider mother’s additional arguments in her opening brief, which were 

not presented to the circuit court. See Rule 5A:18; Tackett, 62 Va. App. at 315. 
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“No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an 

objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause 

shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “The Court 

of Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.” 

Tackett, 62 Va. App. at 315 (quoting Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308 (1998)). 

“One of the tenets of Virginia’s jurisprudence is that trial counsel must timely object with 

sufficient specificity to an alleged error at trial to preserve that error for appellate review.” Perry 

v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 655, 666 (2011). “The purpose of Rule 5A:18 is ‘to ensure that 

the trial court and opposing party are given the opportunity to intelligently address, examine, and 

resolve issues in the trial court, thus avoiding unnecessary appeals.’” Friedman v. Smith, 68 

Va. App. 529, 544 (2018) (quoting Andrews v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 479, 493 (2002)). 

 Accordingly, we will not consider mother’s arguments regarding the award of attorney’s 

fees. 

CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27. 

Affirmed.