COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Kelsey, Haley and Senior Judge Bumgardner 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

MEGAN ASHLEY PULLIN 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION∗

 BY 

v. Record No. 2758-07-2 JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR. 

 MARCH 24, 2009 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE 

Edward L. Hogshire, Judge 

 Valerie L’Herrou, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public 

Defender, on briefs), for appellant. 

 

 Jennifer C. Williamson, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 ∗

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

I. INTRODUCTION 

 Appealing her conviction for forgery in violation of Code § 18.2-172, Megan Ashley 

Pullin argues the evidence failed to show she forged a document having legal efficacy and that 

she possessed the requisite intent. We disagree and affirm the conviction. 

II. BACKGROUND 

The relevant facts are undisputed and may be succinctly stated. 

While attending a Billy Joel concert, Pullin exhibited medically concerning behavior. 

Deputy Sheriff E.L. Johnson attempted to ascertain her condition. Johnson noticed Pullin’s face 

was flushed and she was shaking. Johnson took Pullin outside in an effort to calm her. In 

response to a question for her name, Pullin stated her name was Jessica and did not provide a 

surname. Johnson later requested a medical team assist Pullin. 
 -2-

The medical team determined that based on Pullin’s behavior, she needed treatment at the 

hospital. Pullin again declined to identify herself other than by the first name of Jessica. Pullin 

was transported to the hospital and eventually identified as Jessica Bowen. Based on that 

information, the hospital later prepared a discharge form for her. The discharge form listed 

Bowen’s name and date of birth and stated she had been seen in the emergency department on 

the relevant date. Among other things, it also stated: “PLEASE ENSURE PATIENT IS SENT 

TO OUR DISCHARGE ROOM FOR DATA VERIFICATION AND/OR POSSIBLE 

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE.” Pullin signed the form over a line stating 

“PATIENT/RESPONSIBLE PERSON,” though the signature was illegible. Jessica Bowen was 

Pullin’s best friend. 

Pullin informed Bowen that Pullin had used Bowen’s name in the hospital soon after 

Pullin was released from the hospital. Pullin told Bowen she gave Bowen’s name to avoid arrest 

for a probation violation. 

A grand jury indicted Pullin for forgery in signing Bowen’s name to the discharge form 

in June 2007. The trial court held a bench trial on August 13, 2007, at the conclusion of which it 

found her guilty. Pullin now appeals. 

III. ANALYSIS 

A. Whether the Document Had Legal Efficacy

Pullin first maintains the discharge form she signed lacked legal efficacy, as required for 

a forgery conviction. 

In relevant part, Code § 18.2-172 states that “[i]f any person forge any writing . . . to the 

prejudice of another’s right,” that person is guilty of forgery. The statute tracks the common 

law. Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 171, 173, 313 S.E.2d 394, 395 (1984). 
 -3-

“Forgery is the false making or materially altering with intent to defraud, of any writing 

which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal efficacy, or the foundation of legal liability. 

Blackstone defines it as the fraudulent making or alteration of a writing to the prejudice of 

another man’s right.” Bullock v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 558, 561, 138 S.E.2d 261, 263 (1964) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). In Gordon v. Commonwealth, 100 Va. 825, 829, 41 S.E. 

746, 748 (1902), the Court stated that “an instrument is one of legal efficacy, within the rules 

relating to forgery, where by any possibility it may operate to the injury of another.” (Emphasis 

added). Thus, the potential of injury alone, not injury itself, is an element of the offense. And, 

as noted in Stevenson v. Commonwealth, 258 Va. 485, 490, 522 S.E.2d 368, 370 (1999), that 

potential must exist “at the time the forged writing was made.” 

Our Supreme Court discussed the element of legal efficacy on facts important for this 

case in Terry v. Commonwealth, 87 Va. 672, 13 S.E. 104 (1891). There the Commonwealth 

alleged the defendant owed a debt to one H.M. Smith & Co. Id. at 673, 13 S.E. at 104. The 

Court held the allegedly forged document “was incapable of affecting or prejudicing the rights of 

H. M. Smith & Co., as defensive evidence in a suit or demand by them on any indebtedness of 

the accused to them; and it does not fix, nor could it operate, any pecuniary liability upon any 

one.” Id. at 673-74, 13 S.E. at 104. Yet for a document to serve as the basis for a forgery 

conviction, it “must appear on its face to be, or be in fact, one which, if true, would be valid or 

capable of legally effecting a fraud.” Id. at 674, 13 S.E. at 105. Alternatively, if a document’s 

significance depends “on extrinsic circumstances, then such extrinsic matters must be averred in 

the indictment.” Id. Since the document in Terry was “meaningless, void, and of no legal 

efficacy,” the Court held no forgery conviction could come from it. Id. at 675, 13 S.E. at 105. 

This case presents the reverse of the situation in Terry, for the discharge form at issue 

here could have subjected Bowen to liability for the treatment Pullin received. The document 
 -4-

stated Bowen was the “RESPONSIBLE PERSON” and that she had received treatment in the 

emergency room. The document also mentioned “POSSIBLE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE,” 

clearly indicating the hospital expected monetary compensation for its services. The hospital 

could have billed Bowen and, if she refused payment, could have used the document as evidence 

in a collection suit. The document could have served as the foundation for liability Bowen did 

not incur. Thus, the document had legal efficacy. 

B. Whether the Evidence Sufficed to Prove Pullin Possessed the Requisite Intent

Alternatively, Pullin maintains the evidence failed to show she acted with the requisite 

intent to defraud. 

In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “the evidence and all reasonable inferences 

flowing therefrom must be viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party in the trial 

court,” the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 

(2003). This principle requires us to “‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of 

the Commonwealth.’” Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980) 

(quoting Wright v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 132, 137, 82 S.E.2d 603, 606 (1954)). The Court 

asks only “‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, 

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt.’” Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2008) 

(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). When a trial court conducts a bench 

trial it acts as the trier of fact and its findings receive “the same weight as a jury verdict.” Evans 

v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 609, 613, 212 S.E.2d 268, 271 (1975). 

To be guilty of forgery, a defendant must act with a specific intent to defraud. Campbell 

v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 988, 990, 421 S.E.2d 652, 653 (1992) (en banc). An intent to 

defraud means a person acted “with an evil intent, or with the specific intent to deceive or trick.” 
 -5-

Burrell v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 72, 86, 646 S.E.2d 35, 42 (2007) (internal quotation 

marks omitted). The Court examines “the conduct and representations of the defendant.” 

Norman v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 518, 519, 346 S.E.2d 44, 45 (1986). The requisite intent 

“may, and often must, be inferred from the facts and circumstances in a particular case.” Ridley 

v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 834, 836, 252 S.E.2d 313, 314 (1979). The question of intent 

typically rests with the trier of fact. Nobles v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 548, 551, 238 S.E.2d 

808, 810 (1977). 

In Rodriguez v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 667, 670, 653 S.E.2d 296, 298 (2007), the 

defendant provided a police officer with false identifying information during a traffic stop. 

Based on that information, the officer prepared two summonses. Id. In considering whether the 

defendant acted with the requisite intent, we held that “the mere fact that Rodriguez provided a 

false name to Officer Heflin as he prepared the summons is sufficient to show his intent to 

defraud.” Id. at 673, 653 S.E.2d at 299. 

The evidence here clearly sufficed for the trier of fact to find an intent to defraud. It is 

undisputed that Pullin used Bowen’s identifying information to avoid the police discovering her 

real identity and arresting her for a probation violation. Pullin’s act of providing this false 

information sufficed for the trial court to find the intent to defraud. 

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

Affirmed.