# Patent

## Title
Switching power converter and control system

## Abstract

A switching power converter tracks a time-varying input voltage during each cycle of the input voltage to provide power factor correction. The switching power converter includes a switch with a frequency and duty cycle modulated control signal. The switch controls the transfer of energy between the input and output of the switching power converter. The frequency of the control signal is greater than a frequency of the input signal. The control signal frequency is modulated during each cycle of the input voltage so that energy transferred from the switching power tracks the energy supplied to the switching power converter.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application also claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) and 37 C.F.R. §1.78 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/894,295, filed Mar. 12, 2007 and entitled “Lighting Fixture”. U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/894,295 includes exemplary systems and methods and is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) and 37 C.F.R. §1.78 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/915,547, filed May 2, 2007, and entitled “Power Factor Correction (PFC) Controller Apparatuses and Methods,” and is incorporated by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to the field of electronics, and more specifically to a switching power converter and control system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Power converters convert one source of input power into another source of power. For example, power converters convert alternating current (AC) voltage into direct current (DC) voltage or a first DC voltage into a second DC voltage. To maintain efficiency and meet international standards, power converters often incorporate power factor correction that minimizes phase and harmonic differences between input voltage and input current.
A large number and variety of applications utilize switching power converters to provide output power from a variety of input power sources. For example, high efficiency light sources, such as high frequency inverters for gas discharge lights (e.g. fluorescent lights) and light emitting diodes (LEDs), are powered utilizing DC voltages. However, power companies typically provide AC line voltages. Thus, one particular use of power converters is to convert AC line voltages into compatible, power factor corrected DC output voltages to provide power for high efficiency light sources.
Quadratic power converters for providing low voltage outputs from a wide range of input voltages were proposed by D. Maksimovic and S. Cuk in the article entitled “Switching Converter with Wide DC Conversion Range”, May 1989 Proceedings of the HFPC and also in the article entitled “Switching Converters with Wide DC Conversion Range” published in the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer's (IEEE) Transactions on Power Electronics, January 1991. The topologies use a single switch to control cascaded buck and buck-boost stages. However, power factor correction generally cannot be provided using these topologies. In order to provide good power factor performance, an input stage receives an AC voltage and stores energy in a storage capacitor during half of each AC cycle. The storage capacitor provides energy for the other half of the cycle. A modified structure is needed for this performance to be possible.
FIG. 1a depicts a single switch power converter described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,351, entitled “AC/DC Cascaded Power Converters Having High DC Conversion Ratio and Improved AC Line Harmonics”, inventors Mednik et al., and filed on Oct. 28, 2002 (referred to herein as “Mednik”). The power converter described in Mednik can be used to convert AC line voltages into DC output voltages to power, for example, LEDs. Mednik describes a power supply 100 that combines an AC rectifier 102 with a first converter stage 104. An inductor L1 is connected in series with a blocking diode D1 to an input node 106 that receives a positive DC input voltage with respect to a common node 103. The voltage input signal Vx is a rectified AC voltage.
When switch Q1 is activated, inductor L1 is energized by causing switch Q1 to conduct and draw current from the input node 106 by alternately connecting switching input node 106 to common node 103. Blocking diode D1 prevents reverse flow of current to input node 106 when the voltage at input node 106 falls below the voltage at switching node 108, permitting only unidirectional current flow through inductor L1. Inductor L1 is energized from a zero current to a peak current proportional to the product of the on-state period of switch Q1 and the instantaneous voltage present at node 106. Simultaneously, capacitor C1 delivers stored energy to DC/DC converter stage 110. The DC/DC converter stage 110 provides constant voltage power to resistive load R_LOAD.
When switch Q1 is deactivated, current flows through a flyback diode D2 and blocking diode D1, causing the energy stored in inductor L1 to transfer to capacitor C1. Blocking diode D1 prevents reverse flow of current when the voltage at node 108 exceeds the instantaneous voltage at node 106, as a reverse current would otherwise occur once the inductor L1 current has reached zero. Diode D1 enables first power converter stage 104 to maintain a DC voltage at capacitor C1, while enforcing discontinuous inductor current mode in inductor L1. Capacitor C1 is selected to be sufficiently large in order to maintain a substantially DC voltage VC1 during operation of power supply 100.
Assuming that the duty ratio of switch Q1 is kept constant, an average input current into node 104 will be proportional to the instantaneous voltage at node 104, and power factor correction is achieved. Thus, inductor L1 draws input current only when switch Q1 conducts. The converter in Mednik achieves power factor correction by maintaining a constant relationship between the input voltage at node 106 and the current drawn through node 106 by inductor L1. However, the flyback diode D2 prevents input current from charging capacitor C1 when switch Q1 is non-conductive. Thus, the voltage of capacitor C1 never exceeds the peak input voltage at node 106. However, by preventing input current from charging capacitor C1 when switch Q1 is non-conductive, the control of switch Q1 is very simple. In exchange for simple control, the power supply 100 utilizes a relatively low voltage stored on capacitor C1. Storing a low voltage on capacitor C1 requires a relatively larger capacitor so that sufficient energy is stored by capacitor C1. Additionally, current is drawn from the input only during the ‘on’ time of the switch Q1, increasing the root mean square (RMS) current in the switch Q1, and requiring additional diodes, as shown in FIG. 4 of Mednik.
Switch state controller 112 controls the activation and deactivation, i.e. the conductivity, of switch Q1. U.S. Pat. No. 6,940,733, entitled “Optimal Control of Wide Conversion Ratio Switching Converters”, inventors Schie et al., and filed on Aug. 22, 2003 (referred to herein as “Schie”) describes an exemplary switch state controller 112. The switch state controller of Schie is used for producing a pulse train. The switch state controller 112 is coupled to either an input or internal node 106 of power supply circuit 100 to receive feedback signal FB1, i.e. the voltage VC1 across capacitor C1, for controlling the on-time (i.e. the pulse width) of each pulse in the pulse train. A frequency of the pulse train is controlled by a feedback signal FB2 coupled from an output characteristic of the power supply circuit 100.
FIG. 1b depicts a switching power converter 150 with load voltage monitoring as described in an article “Automatic Current Shaper with Fast Output Regulation and Soft-Switching” by Milivoje Brkovic and Slobodan Cuk, Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1993. INTELEC '93. 15th International, Sep. 27-30, 1993, Vol. 1, pages 379-386, ISBN: 0-7803-1842-0 (referred to herein as the “Brkovic Article”). The switching power converter 150 converts an input, time-varying voltage Vin into a DC load voltage VL The switching power converter 150 includes a switch Q1 that responds to a pulse width modulated control signal CS to alternately connect and disconnect inductor 154 and capacitor 156 to a common reference voltage −Vin. The switching power converter 150 energizes inductor 154 when switch Q1 conducts. When switch Q1 is non-conductive, inductor 154 provides stored current to capacitor 156. Switching power converter 150 operates in discontinuous inductor current mode, so inductor 154 is completely discharged prior to switch Q1 becoming conductive. Diode 152 prevents reverse current flow into the +Vin terminal Capacitor 156 and inductor 158 provide a constant load current iload to load 160. Diode 164 prevents reverse current flow into inductor 158. Inductor 154, capacitor 156, and inductor 158 have respective values of L1, C1, and L2.
The switching power converter 150 includes a switch control circuit 162 to control the switching frequency of switch Q1. Switch control circuit 162 monitors the load voltage VL with respect to a reference voltage Vref. The switch control circuit 162 modulates the frequency of control signal CS in response to changes in the load voltage VL. The Brkovic Article indicates that the switching power converter 150 requires a modulation index (MI) of greater than 2 to obtain a total harmonic distortion of less than 13%. The MI is defined by the Brkovic Article as the capacitor voltage VC divided by the peak input voltage Vin—peak, i.e. VC/Vin-peak. When the switching power converter 150 is operated in discontinuous inductor current mode and at a constant duty cycle ratio of control signal CS, the switching power converter 150 is designed so that the input current iin becomes automatically proportional to the line voltage Vin to achieve power factor correction.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus includes a switching power converter. The switching power converter includes an input stage. The input stage includes an input node to receive a time-varying input signal and a first inductor coupled to the input node. The switching power converter also includes an output stage coupled to the input stage. The output stage includes a capacitor and a second inductor coupled to the capacitor. the switching power converter also includes a switch, coupled to the input stage and the output stage, to control energy transfer to the capacitor. The apparatus also includes a switch state controller, coupled to the switch, to monitor the time-varying input signal and to supply a switching power converter control signal to the switch to modulate a switching frequency of the switch in accordance with amplitude changes of the input signal. The switching frequency of the switch is greater than a frequency of the input signal.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a method includes generating a pulse width modulated switching power converter control signal and monitoring a time-varying input signal to the switching power converter. The method also includes monitoring a boost capacitor voltage of the switching power converter and supplying a switching power converter control signal to modulate a frequency of the control signal in accordance with amplitude changes of the input signal, wherein the frequency of the control signal is greater than a frequency of the input signal.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, a lighting system includes a switching power converter comprising a power factor correction stage, a driver stage having a capacitor to receive energy from the power factor correction stage, a switch coupled to the power factor correction and driver stages, and an input to receive a time-varying input signal. The lighting system further includes a switch state controller, coupled to the switch, to generate a frequency and duty cycle modulated switch control signal to control conductivity of the switch. During operation of the switch state controller the switch state controller modulates a switching frequency of the switch in accordance with amplitude changes of the input signal. The switching frequency of the switch is greater than a frequency of the input signal, and the switch state controller controls a duty cycle of the control signal to control an output voltage of the switch state controller. The lighting system further includes a light source coupled to the switching power converter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings. The use of the same reference number throughout the several figures designates a like or similar element.
FIG. 1a (labeled prior art) depicts a single switch power converter.
FIG. 1b (labeled prior art) depicts switching power converter with load voltage monitoring.
FIG. 2a depicts a switch state controller and a switching power converter.
FIG. 2b depicts another switch state controller and a switching power converter.
FIG. 3 depicts corresponding equivalent circuit portions of the power converter of FIG. 2b and graphs of a corresponding input current and a switch control signal over time.
FIG. 4 depicts a switch state controller and switching power converter that converts a time-varying input voltage into power utilizable by an LED light source.
FIG. 5 depicts a time varying input voltage wave form.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A switching power converter tracks a time-varying input voltage during each cycle of the input voltage to provide power factor correction. The switching power converter includes a switch with a frequency and duty cycle modulated control signal. The switch controls the transfer of energy between the input and output of the switching power converter. The frequency of the control signal is greater than a frequency of the input signal. The control signal frequency is modulated during each cycle of the input voltage so that energy transferred from the switching power converter tracks the energy supplied to the switching power converter. In at least one embodiment, the switching power converter has no theoretical limits to driving total harmonic distortion (THD) to 0 and obtaining a power factor correction (PFC) of one for a modulation index (MI) greater than one. Circuit component imperfections and other actual non-idealities prevent switching power converter from actually achieving 0 THD and PFC=1. Thus, theoretical limits on the THD and PFC are not design obstacles for the switching power converter for MI>1.
In at least one embodiment, a switch state controller of the switching power converter controls one or more internal switches of a switching power converter to control the output power of the switching power converter and to control power factor correction. The switch state controller utilizes feedback from an output characteristic of the switching power converter to control duty cycles of a pulse width modulated control signal and utilizes feedback from internal nodes of the switching power converter to control a frequency of the control signal. The switch state controller supplies a control signal to each internal switch of the switching power converter to control the conductivity of each switch. The switching power converter controls the output voltage, the output current, or both of the switching power converter and controls power factor correction by varying the duty cycle and/or the frequency of the pulse width modulated control signal.
In at least one embodiment, the switching power converter also charges a boost capacitor to a voltage that exceeds a peak input voltage. The boost capacitor provides a stable output voltage to a load. In at least one embodiment, the switching power converter includes a switch, and when the switch conducts, an input stage inductor energizes by drawing input current from an input power source. When the switch is non-conductive, the inductor transfers charge to the boost capacitor and continues to draw input current from the input power source. By continuing to draw input current while the switch is non-conductive, in at least one embodiment, the inductor charges the boost capacitor to a voltage that exceeds a peak voltage of the input power source. Increasing the voltage of the boost capacitor allows the capacitor to be smaller relative to a conventional power converter that provides the same output voltage, and a higher boost capacitor voltage improves operating efficiency of the switching power converter.
Because input current is drawn during times when the switch is conductive and non-conductive, more complicated algorithms, relative to conventional switch-state control algorithms, are used to control the duty cycle and frequency of the switch. In at least one embodiment, a switch state controller processes feedback from the switching power converter in accordance with the algorithms to modulate the frequency and pulse widths of a pulse width modulated switch control signal to provide power factor correction and control the output voltage and output current of the switching power converter. In at least one embodiment of the switch state controller, an output characteristic, such as output current, of the power converter is used to control the duty cycle of the switch control signal, and voltage at a node of the boost capacitor and the input voltage are used to control the frequency of the switch control frequency.
FIG. 2a depicts a power system 260 that includes a switch state controller 200 to control a switching power converter 240. The switch state controller 200 utilizes feedback signal OS from an output characteristic of the switching power converter 240 to control duty cycles of a pulse width modulated control signal CS and utilizes the input voltage Vx and a feedback signal Vs from an input characteristic of the switching power converter to control a frequency of the control signal CS. The switch state controller 200 supplies the control signal CS to at least one internal switch of the switching power converter 240 to control the conductivity of each switch. The switching power converter 240 controls the output voltage Vload, the output current iload, or both and controls power factor correction by varying the duty cycle and/or the frequency of the pulse width modulated control signal CS. The switching power converter 240 provides power to load 202. Load 202 can be any load such as a light source 262 having one or more LEDs 264. Other exemplary light sources are gas discharge lights (such as fluorescent lights), and a combination of one or more LEDs and gas discharge lights. Load 202 can also represent multiple loads, such as multiple light sources. In at least one embodiment, the switch state controller 200 receives an input signal Din and controls the switch state controller 200 in response to the input signal Din. The input signal Din is, for example, an ON/OFF signal, which indicates whether or not to supply power to load 202, and/or a dimming input signal that indicates how much power to supply to load 202.
Referring to FIGS. 2b and 5, the input voltage Vx is time-varying, and, in at least one embodiment, is a rectified sine wave 266. During each cycle of input voltage Vx(t) (e.g. each half sine wave in voltage wave form 266), the amplitude of the input voltage Vx(t) varies from 0 V to a peak voltage Vx—pk and back to 0 V. As the input voltage Vx(t) increases during the first half of each cycle, i.e. between time 0 and time t0 and t0−0=TVx/2, the amount of energy transferred to the switching power converter 240 increases until the input voltage Vx(t) reaches the peak voltage Vx—pk, where peak energy transfer occurs. As the input voltage Vx(t) decreases during the second half of each cycle, i.e. between time t0 and t1 and t1−t0=TVx/2, the amount of energy transferred to the switching power converter 240 decreases. The conventional switching power converter described in the Brkovic Article achieves lower total harmonic distortion (THD) by increasing the modulation index (MI) of the conventional switching power converter. The switch state controller 200 compensates for the varying energy transfer by modulating the frequency of control signal CS in direct relationship to the time-varying amplitude of the input voltage. Thus, in at least one embodiment, the switch state controller 200 can use a smaller boost capacitor 216 and a lower MI to achieve low THD, relative to the switching power converter described in the Brkovic Article. The value of capacitor 216 is a matter of design choice and is preferably selected to be sufficiently large in order to maintain a substantially DC voltage VC1 during operation of switching power converter 250.
In at least one embodiment, the switching power converter 250 has no theoretical limits to driving total harmonic distortion (THD) to 0 and obtaining a power factor correction (PFC) of one for a modulation index (MI) greater than one. Circuit component imperfections and other actual non-idealities prevent switching power converter from actually achieving 0 THD and PFC=1. Thus, theoretical limits on the THD and PFC are not design obstacles for the switching power converter for MI>1. In at least one embodiment, the input voltage Vx(t) can be implemented as other waveforms besides a rectified sine wave.
The peak voltage approximately equals the peak root means square (RMS) voltage times 1.414. For example, in the United States of America, the peak voltage Vx—pk is approximately 165 V, and, in Europe, the peak voltage is approximately 325 V.
FIG. 2b depicts an exemplary switch state controller 204 that controls a switching power converter 250. In at least one embodiment, switch state controller 204 represents one embodiment of switch state controller 200, and switching power converter 250 represents one embodiment of switching power converter 240. Switching power converter 250 provides power to load 202.
Switching power converter 250 includes an input stage 201 and a driver stage 203. Switch 206 is connected to shunt node 208 to the negative node 207 when conducting. Thus, switch 206 controls the load voltage VL and output current iload provided by the driver stage 203. Switching power converter 250 also includes a reverse current prevention circuit 214 to prevent current from flowing into the input node 205. In at least one embodiment, the reverse current prevention circuit 214 is a diode with an anode connected to the inductor 218 and a cathode connected to switching node 208. In other embodiments, the reverse current prevention circuit 214 is any device that prevents reverse current flow, such as a switch having conductivity that is controlled to prevent reverse current flow.
Switch state controller 204 generates a pulse width and frequency modulated control signal CS1. In at least one embodiment, control signal CS1 represents one embodiment of control signal CS. The control signal CS1 is a pulse width modulated signal, and switch state controller 204 controls the duty cycle of each pulse and the frequency of the control signal. In one embodiment, switch 206 is an n-channel FET with a gate acting as a control node to receive the control signal CS1. Thus, the switch 206 conducts when control signal CS1 is “high” and is non-conductive when control signal CS1 is “low”.
In at least one embodiment, switching power converter 250 provides power to load 202 by boosting the voltage VC1 across boost capacitor 216 to a value greater than a peak input voltage Vx—pk. Equation [1] represents the energy E stored by capacitor 216 as a function of capacitor voltage VC1 and capacitor 216:




  
    
      
        E
        =
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
            ·
            C
          
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            1
            ·
            
              
                V
                
                  C
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
                2
              
              .
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        [
        1
        ]
      
    
  




C1 represents the capacitance of capacitor 216.

Because the energy stored by capacitor 216 is a non-linear function of the capacitor voltage VC1, storing higher voltages across capacitor 216 allows capacitor 216 to provide the same amount of energy as a larger capacitor having a lower capacitor voltage. Additionally, higher voltages typically allow circuits including load 202 to function more efficiently.
In another embodiment, the switching power converter 250 boosts the voltage of VC1 to a value very close to the peak input voltage Vx—pk to obtain a MI of approximately 1, e.g. 1.1, where MI=(VC1/Vx—pk) and achieve a theoretical THD of zero. In at least one embodiment, the actual THD is affected by circuit imperfections of switching power converter 250 but not by theoretical limitations. A lower MI means that a smaller, generally less expensive, boost capacitor 216 and a smaller transistor for implementing switch 206 can be used while obtaining low THD.
FIG. 3 depicts circuit portions of power converter 250 during conductive and non-conductive states of switch 206. The capacitor voltage VC1 can be controlled by the frequency of control signal CS1, and the load current iload can be controlled by controlling the pulse width of control signal CS1. Referring to FIGS. 2b and 3, circuit 302 represents the equivalent circuit between the input nodes 205 and 207 and output nodes 210 and 212 of switching power converter 250 when control signal CS1 is high. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, reverse current prevention circuit 214 and diode 220 may have small voltage drops when conducting but are represented as short circuits in FIG. 3 when conducting for clarity. Referring to circuit 302, when control signal CS1 is high, switch 206 is activated and conducts, and switch node 208 is pulled low to common voltage Vcom. Diode 220 is reversed biased and is represented by an open circuit between nodes 210 and 212. Diode 220 can be replaced by a reverse current prevention circuit that conducts when switch 206 is non-conductive. Input current iin builds for time period TB and energizes inductor 218. The build time period TB for each period of control signal CS1 equals the duration of pulse width PW for each period in the pulse train 304 of control signal CS1. For example, during period T0, build time period TB0 equals the duration of pulse width PW0, during period T1, time period TB equals the duration of PW1, and so on. When switch 206 is conductive, the polarity of node 210 is negative with respect to common voltage Vcom. When control signal CS1 is high, the capacitor voltage VC1 provides current to energize inductor 222 so that current is continuously provided to load 202.
Circuit 306 represents the equivalent circuit between the input voltage nodes 205 and 207 and output nodes 210 and 212 of switching power converter 250 when control signal CS1 is low. When control signal CS1 is low, switch 206 is deactivated and becomes non-conductive. An inductor current from inductor 218 decays for a decay time period TD, de-energizes inductor 218, and transfers charge to capacitor 216. At the end of decay time period TD, the stored energy in inductor 218 has completely decayed. In at least one embodiment, circuit 306 operates in discontinuous inductor current mode, so the switch 206 remains open after decay time period TD until the next pulse of control signal CS1. The decay time period TD represents the discharge time of inductor 219 for each period of control signal CS1. For example, during period T0, decay time period TD0 represents T0-TB0, during period T0, decay time period TD1 represents period T1-TB1, and so on. Diode 220 is forward biased, and inductor 222 transfers energy to load 202. Switching power converter 250 does not include a flyback diode, such as diode D2 (FIG. 1a), and, thus, circuit 306 continues to draw input current iin while switch is 206 is non-conductive. Accordingly, the capacitor voltage VC1 is greater than the peak voltage, Vx—pk, of the time-varying input signal Vx. Increasing the capacitor voltage VC1 allows the capacitor 216 to be smaller relative to a conventional power converter that provides the same output voltage. A higher capacitor voltage VC1 improves operating efficiency of the switching power converter 250. Additionally, the current in the switch is reduced, allowing higher efficiency, and lower cost switch component costs.
In at least one embodiment, the switch state controller 204 controls and varies the frequency and duty cycle of control signal CS1 to maintain a power factor of approximately 1 during steady state operation of switching power converter 250. In at least one embodiment, a power factor of approximately 1 is any value from 0.9 up to and including 1.0. Switch state controller 204 can be implemented using, for example, integrated circuit based logic, discrete logic components, software, and/or firmware. The switch state controller includes logic to process algorithms that control the frequency and duty cycle of control signal CS1. Because input current is drawn by capacitor 216 during the time switch 206 is non-conductive, the algorithms are more complex than switching algorithms utilized by power converter controllers in Mednik and Schie. Equation [2] depicts the relationship between the inductor 218 current iin decay time period TD, the inductor 218 current iin build time period TB, the input signal Vx, and the capacitor voltage VC1:




  
    
      
        
          T
          D
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                T
                B
              
              ·
              
                V
                x
              
            
            
              
                V
                
                  C
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
              
              -
              
                V
                x
              
            
          
          .
        
      
    
    
      
        [
        2
        ]
      
    
  




Equation [3] represents the peak input current iin in terms of the build time period TB, the input signal Vx, and inductor 218:

iin—peak=TB·L1·Vx  [3].

L1 represents the inductance value of inductor 218. In discontinuous current mode, Equation [4] represents the inductor 218 current iin:





  
    
      
        
          i
          
            i
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            n
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
            ·
            
              i
              
                i
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                n
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                _
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                peak
              
            
            ·
            
              (
              
                
                  
                    T
                    B
                  
                  +
                  
                    T
                    D
                  
                
                T
              
              )
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                1
                2
              
              ·
              
                V
                x
              
              ·
              L
            
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              1
              ·
              
                
                  T
                  B
                  2
                
                T
              
              ·
              
                
                  (
                  
                    
                      V
                      
                        C
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        1
                      
                    
                    
                      
                        V
                        
                          C
                          ⁢
                          
                            
                          
                          ⁢
                          1
                        
                      
                      -
                      
                        V
                        x
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
                .
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        [
        4
        ]
      
    
  




During steady state operation, Equation [4] can be reduced to:

iin≈R·Vx  [5].

Since the input current iin and input voltage are related by a constant, R, Equation [5] indicates an achieved power factor of approximately 1 during steady state operation.

The capacitor voltage VC1 and the load voltage VL across the load 202 are related by the duty cycle (TB/T) of control signal CS1 in accordance with Equation [6]:




  
    
      
        
          
            T
            B
          
          T
        
        =
        
          
            
              V
              L
            
            
              
                V
                L
              
              +
              
                C
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                1
              
            
          
          .
        
      
    
    
      
        [
        6
        ]
      
    
  




“T” is the period of the control signal CS1. T=1/fCS1. “fCS1” is the frequency of control signal CS1, which also represents the switching frequency of switch 206. In at least one embodiment, the frequency fCS1 of control signal CS1 is between 20 kHz and 150 kHz to avoid audio frequencies and to maintain the efficiency of switch 206.

The switch state controller 204 also monitors the input voltage Vx, either directly or, for example, through a scaling resistor. The switch state controller 204 tracks the input voltage Vx and the capacitor voltage VC1 and modulates the frequency fCS1 to adjust the energy transferred to boost capacitor 216 as the energy provided to switching power converter 250 changes over time. Frequency fVx of input voltage Vx(t) is generally between 50 Hz and 60 Hz. In at least one embodiment, the switch state controller 204 determines the frequency fCS1 at a rate that exceeds the value of frequency fVx. Thus, the switch state controller 250 updates the switching frequency fCS1 at least (fCS1/fVx) times greater than the input voltage Vx(t) frequency fVx. For example, for fCS1=100 kHz and fVx=60 Hz, switch state controller 150 updates the switching frequency fCS1 at least 1,667 times during each cycle of input voltage Vx(t).
In at least one embodiment, switch state controller 204 determines the period T, and, thus, the control signal CS1 frequency fCS1, in accordance with Equation [7]:




  
    
      
        T
        =
        
          K
          ·
          P
          ·
          
            
              (
              
                1
                -
                
                  
                    V
                    x
                  
                  
                    V
                    
                      C
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      1
                    
                  
                
              
              )
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        [
        7
        ]
      
    
  




“K” is a constant determined in accordance with Equation [8]:





  
    
      
        K
        =
        
          
            PWR
            
              
                (
                
                  V
                  xrms
                
                )
              
              2
            
          
          ·
          2
          ·
          L
        
      
    
    
      
        [
        8
        ]
      
    
  




PWR is the maximum power deliverable by switching power converter 250 for a given input voltage Vx(t). Vx rms is the root mean square of input voltage Vx, and L is the inductance value of inductor 218. “P” is a scaled power ratio equal to the desired power to be provided by switching power converter 250 divided by the maximum power deliverable by switching power converter 250 for a given input voltage Vx(t).

From Equation [7], as the input voltage Vx(t) increases, switch state controller 204 decreases the period T and, thus, increases the control signal frequency fCS1. More energy is transferred as Vx(t) increases and increasing the control signal frequency fCS1 decreases the energy transfer to boost capacitor 216 and, thus, to load 202. Conversely, switch state controller 204 increases the period T and, thus, decreases the control signal frequency fCS1 as the input voltage Vx(t) decreases.
By processing the more complicated algorithms of Equations [4] and [7] to provide power factor correction and steady state power, in at least one embodiment, the switching power converter 250 has (i) reduced component counts, e.g. the elimination of the flyback diode in Mednik and Schie, relative to conventional power converters, and (ii) a lower boost capacitor value and, thus, better efficiency.
To maintain a desired load voltage VL, the switch state controller 204 receives feedback of various state parameters to control the duty cycle and frequency of control signal CS1 and, thus, control the capacitor voltage VC1 and output current iload of switching power converter 250. In at least one embodiment, the switch state controller 204 senses the output current iload, and sets the duty cycle, TB/T, for each pulse of control signal CS1 based on the value of the output current iload. If the output current is too high, switch state controller 204 decreases the duty cycle of control signal CS1 by decreasing the pulse width of pulses of control signal CS1. For example, if the output current iload is too high in period T1, switch state controller 204 decreases the duty cycle of control signal CS1 by decreasing the pulse width PW2 relative to pulse width PW1. If the output current is too low, switching power converter 250 increases the duty cycle of control signal CS1 by increasing the pulse width of pulses of control signal CS1. For example, if the output current iload is too low, switch state controller 204 increases the duty cycle of control signal CS1 by increasing the pulse width PW1 relative to PW0.
The actual changes in pulse widths and periods of control signal CS1 are generally subtle but are exaggerated in pulse train 304 for demonstrative purposes. Because of the varying decay time period TD of the input inductor 218 current during the progression of the cycle of pulse train 304, the switch state controller 204 will also vary the frequency of operation of switch 206 through the progression of the cycle to maintain power factor correction.
In at least one embodiment, switch state controller 204 determines a proper value of the output current iload and the capacitor voltage VC1 based upon a known application of switching power converter 250. For example, if load 202 is a string of one or more LEDs, the LEDs have known operating characteristics. Thus, switching power converter 250 provides an output current iload that corresponds with a desired intensity of the LEDs. The switch state controller 204 can also respond to a dimming signal (not shown) to cause power converter 250 to decrease the output current iload.
The values of L1, L2, and C1 of respective inductors 218 and 222 and capacitor 216 are a matter of design choice. For the LED example shown, the inductors will be in the mH range, and the capacitor will be a few mF. This capacitor size allows non-electrolytic capacitors to be used, increasing efficiency and reliability. The value of capacitor 216 is preferably chosen to be sufficiently large to maintain a capacitor voltage VC1 that is sufficiently constant to allow load 202 to function properly during operation of switching power converter 250 operates to provide power to load 202. For example, when load 202 represents one or more LEDs, the inductors 218 and 222 are in the mH range, and the capacitor 216 will be a few mF. In this embodiment, the capacitor 216 can be implemented using a non-electrolytic capacitor, which increases efficiency and reliability.
FIG. 4 depicts a switching power converter 400 that converts an AC input voltage Vin into power for the LED light source 402. Power converter 400 represents one embodiment of switching power converter 250. An AC source 404 provides a time-varying input signal Vin to an AC-DC rectifier 406. In at least one embodiment, AC-DC rectifier 406 is a full-bridge, diode based rectifier. In at least one embodiment, the input voltage Vin is a 110-120 VAC, 60 Hz line voltage. In another embodiment, the input voltage Vin is a duty cycle modified dimmer circuit output voltage. Any input voltage and frequency can be used. The rectifier 406 provides a rectified AC voltage. In at least one embodiment, capacitor 424 filters out switch 412 switching noise that occurs at the switching frequencies and associated harmonic frequencies of switch 412. The input stage 408 and driver stage 410 operate in the same way as respective input stage 201 and driver stage 203 of FIG. 2b. Diode 411 represents one embodiment of reverse current prevention circuit 214 of FIG. 2b. Switch 412 is an n-channel FET. The operation of switch 412 controls the power provided by switching power converter 400 and controls power factor correction. With fewer diodes in the active path, and lower switch current (and voltage) with comparison to conventional solutions, in at least one embodiment, switching power converter 400 increases efficiency, which also reduces the dissipated heat of switching power converter 400 relative to conventional solutions.
Switch state controller 414 represents one embodiment of switch state controller 204 of FIG. 2b. Switch state controller 414 provides the control signal CS1 that controls the operation of switch 412. Switch state controller receives feedback of two state parameters VS and OS representing the respective capacitor voltage VC1 at node 416 between reverse current prevention circuit 214 and capacitor 216 and the output current iload. The capacitor voltage VC1 is sensed by VC1 voltage sensor 418, and the output current iload is sensed indirectly by sensing the voltage across a nominal valued resistor 420. In at least one embodiment, the capacitor voltage VC1 is sensed at node 416 at the connection between capacitor 216 and the cathode of diode 411. In another embodiment (shown by the dashed connection 413), the capacitor voltage VC1 is sensed at node 417 at the connection between capacitor 216 and inductor 222. In at least one embodiment, VC1 voltage sensor 418 senses the voltage VC1 when diodes 411 and 220 are reverse biased.
Switch state controller 414 receives a dimming input signal VDIM. Dimming input signal VDIM can be any digital or analog signal generated by a dimmer system 419. The dimming input signal VDIM represents a selected dimming level with a 100% dimming level representing no light output and 0% dimming level representing full light output (i.e. no dimming) For example, in at least one embodiment, the dimming input signal VDIM is an AC signal, and dimmer system 419 chops voltage half cycles of dimming input signal VDIM to alter the duty cycle of each half cycle of dimming input signal VDIM. The switch state controller 414 detects the duty cycle or phase of the chopped voltage half cycle to determine the dimming level indicated by the dimming input signal VDIM.
In another embodiment, the dimmer system 419 provides a digital signal that is encoded with a selected dimming level that can be decoded directly by switch state controller 414. In at least one embodiment, the dimming input signal VDIM is the input voltage Vin. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/909,458, entitled “Ballast for Light Emitting Diode Light Sources”, filed on Apr. 1, 2007, inventor John L. Melanson, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/695,023, entitled “Color Variations in a Dimmable Lighting Device with Stable Color Temperature Light Sources”, filed on Apr. 1, 2007, inventor John L. Melanson, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/909,457, entitled “Multi-Function Duty Cycle Modifier”, filed on Apr. 1, 2007, inventors John L. Melanson and John J. Paulos, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/695,024, entitled “Lighting System with Lighting Dimmer Output Mapping”, filed on Apr. 1, 2007, inventors John L. Melanson and John J. Paulos, all commonly assigned to Cirrus Logic, Inc. and collectively referred to as the “Melanson patents”, describe exemplary systems for detecting the dimming level indicated by the dimming signal VDIM. The Melanson patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Switch state controller 414 can also receive a separate ON/OFF signal indicating that the light source 402 should be turned ON or OFF. In another embodiment, a 0% dimming input signal VDIM indicates ON, and a 100% dimming input signal VDIM indicates OFF.
Switch state controller 414 responds to the dimming input signal VDIM by varying the duty cycle of control signal CS1. As the dimming input signal VDIM indicates increased dimming, the switch state controller 414 responds by decreasing the duty cycle of pulses of control signal CS1. As the dimming input signal VDIM indicates decreased dimming, the switch state controller 414 responds by increasing the duty cycle of pulses of control signal CS1.
LED light source 402 includes N LEDs, and N is an integer greater than or equal to one. The capacitor 422 provides a low pass filter for the LED light source 402. In at least one embodiment, LED light source 402 is dimmed by modulating the current to LED light source 402 to change the average current supplied to LED light source 402 by power converter 400.
Thus, switch state controller 200 of FIG. 2a controls one or more internal switches of a switching power converter 240 to control the output power of the switching power converter 240 and to control power factor correction. The switch state controller 200 utilizes feedback from an output characteristic of the switching power converter 240 to control duty cycles of control signal CS and utilizes feedback from an internal node of the switching power converter 240 to control a frequency of the control signal CS. Under the control of switch state controller 200, the switching power converter 240 can provide power to a variety of loads, provide a variety of output voltages, and provide a variety of output currents.
Although the present invention has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, in at least one embodiment, the switch state controller 200 can provide control signals, such as control signal CS, to multiple switching power converters. Each switching power converter can be a copy of switching power converter 240, and each control signal can be determined in the same way as control signal CS1 as described in conjunction with FIGS. 2b, 3, and 4.

## Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:
a switching power converter, wherein the switching power converter comprises:
an input stage comprising:
an input node to receive a time-varying input signal; and
a first inductor coupled to the input node;

an output stage, coupled to the input stage, the output stage comprising;
a capacitor; and
a second inductor coupled to the capacitor;

a switch, coupled to the input stage and the output stage, to control energy transfer to the capacitor and from the capacitor to a load; and
a switch state controller, coupled to the switch, to monitor the time-varying input signal and to supply a switching power converter control signal to the switch to modulate a switching frequency of the switch in accordance with amplitude changes of the input signal, wherein the switching frequency of the switch is greater than a frequency of the input signal.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the switch state controller is configured to increase the switching frequency of the switch as the amplitude of the input signal increases and is further configured to decrease the switching frequency of the switch as the amplitude of the input signal decreases.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the switch state controller is further configured to control a duty cycle of the control signal using a feedback signal representing an output characteristic of the switching power converter.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the switch state controller is further configured to provide power factor correction for the switching power converter.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the switch state controller is further configured to cause the switching power converter to supply approximately constant current to a load with the input stage of the switching power converter operating in discontinuous inductor current mode.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the switch is further configured to control a first input current to the first inductor.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a dimmer input, coupled to the switch state controller, to receive a dimming input signal; and
a light source; and
wherein during the steady-state operation of the switch state controller, the control signal is modified to cause the switch to cause the output stage to generate an output current responsive to the dimming input signal to dim the light source.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the light source comprises at least one light emitting diode.

9. A method comprising:
monitoring a time-varying input signal to a switching power converter;
monitoring a boost capacitor voltage of a boost capacitor of the switching power converter; and
supplying a pulse width modulated switching power converter control signal to modulate a switching frequency of a switch of the switching power converter in accordance with amplitude changes of the input signal so that the switch controls both energy transfer to the boost capacitor and from the boost capacitor to a load, wherein the frequency of the control signal is greater than a frequency of the input signal.

10. The method of claim 9 further comprising:
increasing the frequency of the control signal as the amplitude of the input signal increases; and
decreasing the frequency of the control signal as the amplitude of the input signal decreases.

11. The method of claim 9 further comprising:
controlling a duty cycle of the control signal is controlled using a feedback signal representing an output characteristic of the switching power converter.

12. The method of claim 9 further comprising:
controlling a duty cycle of the control signal using a feedback signal representing an output characteristic of the switching power converter.

13. The method of claim 9 further comprising:
modulating the frequency of the control signal to provide power factor correction for the switching power converter.

14. The method of claim 9 wherein supplying a switching power converter control signal further comprises modifying a duty cycle of the control signal and the frequency of the control signal to cause the switching power converter to supply approximately constant current to a load.

15. The method of claim 9
receiving a dimming input signal; and
modifying the control signal to cause the switch to cause the switching power converter to generate an output current responsive to the dimming input signal to dim a light source.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the light source comprises at least one light emitting diode.

17. A lighting system comprising:
a switching power converter comprising an input stage, a driver stage having a capacitor to receive energy from the input stage, a switch coupled to the input and driver stages, an input to receive a time-varying input signal, and an output stage having a capacitor;
a switch state controller, coupled to the switch, to generate a frequency and duty cycle modulated switch control signal to control conductivity of the switch, wherein during operation of the switch state controller the switch state controller modulates a switching frequency of the switch in accordance with amplitude changes of the input signal, wherein the switching frequency of the switch is greater than a frequency of the input signal, and the switch state controller controls a duty cycle of the control signal to control an output voltage of the switch state controller and to control energy transfer to the capacitor; and
a light source coupled to the switching power converter.

18. The lighting system of claim 17 wherein the switch state controller is configured to increase the switching frequency of the switch as the amplitude of the input signal increases and is further configured to decrease the switching frequency of the switch as the amplitude of the input signal decreases.

19. The lighting system of claim 17 further comprising:
a dimmer input, coupled to the switch state controller, to receive a dimming input signal; and
wherein during the steady-state operation of the switch state controller, the control signal is modified to cause the switch to cause the output stage to generate an output current responsive to the dimming input signal to dim the light source.

20. The lighting system of claim 17 wherein the light source comprises at least one light emitting diode.

21. The lighting system of claim 1 wherein the switching power converter comprises a boost converter, and a voltage across the capacitor during operation of the switching power converter is greater than a voltage of the time-varying input signal.

22. The lighting system of claim 17 wherein the switching power converter comprises a boost converter, and a voltage across the capacitor during operation of the switching power converter is greater than a voltage of the time-varying input signal.

23. The lighting system of claim 1 wherein:
the capacitor includes a first terminal coupled to the switch and a second terminal coupled to the second inductor; and
the output stage further comprises a diode coupled between the second terminal to the capacitor and a reference node.

24. The method of claim 9 wherein:
the switching power converter further comprises an inductor and a diode;
the boost capacitor includes a first terminal coupled to the switch and a second terminal coupled to the inductor; and
the diode is coupled between the second terminal to the boost capacitor and a reference node.

25. The lighting system of claim 17 wherein:
the output stage of the switching power converter further comprises an inductor and a diode;
the capacitor includes a first terminal coupled to the switch and a second terminal coupled to the inductor; and
the diode is coupled between the second terminal to the capacitor and a reference node.