[Cite as Dowhan v. Dowhan, 2013-Ohio-4097.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

LAKE COUNTY, OHIO 

SHARON M. DOWHAN, : O P I N I O N 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, :

CASE NO. 2012-L-065

 - vs - :

TERRANCE DOWHAN, :

 Defendant-Appellant. :

Civil Appeal from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations 

Division, Case No. 08 DR 000652. 

Judgment: Affirmed. 

Pamela D. Kurt and Randy A. Vermilya, 30432 Euclid Avenue, Suite 101, Wickliffe, OH 

44092 (For Plaintiff-Appellee). 

Edwin V. Hargate, 18519 Underwood Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44119 (For DefendantAppellant). 

DIANE V. GRENDELL, J. 

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Terrance Dowhan, appeals the Judgment of the 

Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, denying his Motion 

to Modify Custody and Establish Visitation. The issue before this court is whether a 

court may adjudicate a motion to modify visitation based on the outcome of a related 

proceeding to establish a civil protection order. For the following reasons, we affirm the 

decision of the court below. 
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{¶2} On April 1, 2009, the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic 

Relations Division, granted a divorce to plaintiff-appellee, Sharon M. Dowhan, and 

Terrance Dowhan. At the time of the divorce, the parties were the parents of three 

minor children. The Judgment Entry of Divorce provided, in relevant part, that Terrance 

“shall not have parenting time until further order of court or upon motion filed by 

defendant.” 

{¶3} At the time of the divorce, Terrance was serving a thirty-month prison 

sentence for Operating a Vehicle under the Influence of Alcohol. State v. Dowhan, 11th 

Dist. Lake No. 2008-L-064, 2009-Ohio-684, ¶ 3-4. 

{¶4} On February 8, 2011, Sharon filed a petition for a Domestic Violence Civil 

Protection Order, docketed as Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic 

Relations Division, Case No. 11 DV 000019, after receiving a letter from Terrance 

threatening her with serious physical injury. Dowhan v. Dowhan, 11th Dist. Lake No. 

2012-L-037, 2012-Ohio-5830, ¶ 4 and 26 (“my aim is to hurt you for doing all you have 

done to me”). 

{¶5} On April 18, 2011, Terrance was released from incarceration. Id. at ¶ 5. 

{¶6} On April 25, 2011, the domestic relations court, in Case No. 11 DV 

000019, granted Sharon a protection order, ordering Terrance to maintain a distance of 

1,000 feet from her and the children, effective until April 22, 2016. This order was not 

appealed. Id. at ¶ 5-6. 

{¶7} On July 1, 2011, Terrance filed a Motion to Modify Custody and Establish 

Visitation. Terrance argued that, at the time of the divorce, he “was incarcerated and 

undergoing alcohol treatment.” Since that time, “[h]e has completed all his treatment 
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and * * * is complying well with all terms of probation.” Terrance further asserted that he 

“is clean and sober, and he has all precautions in place to make sure that he maintains 

that lifestyle.” 

{¶8} On November 17, 2011, in Case No. 11 DV 000019, Terrance filed a 

motion to modify the protection order by removing the children as protected persons. 

Id. at ¶ 6. 

{¶9} On April 4, 2012, the domestic relations court, in Case No. 11 DV 000019, 

denied the motion to modify the protection order and this court, in Dowhan v. Dowhan, 

11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-037, 2012-Ohio-5830, affirmed. 

{¶10} This court recognized that “[t]here is no dispute that Sharon was the victim 

of unabated physical abuse at the hands of appellant for 15 years,” during which time 

she witnessed “countless acts of physical abuse committed by appellant against the 

children.” Id. at ¶ 49. One of the children (now emancipated) and Terrance’s stepdaughter testified in support of the protection order, noting that life with Terrance was “a 

living hell” and detailing various acts of physical and mental abuse committed by 

Terrance against them, Sharon, and their younger siblings. Id. at ¶ 12-20. 

{¶11} On May 16, 2012, the domestic relations court denied Terrance’s Motion 

to Modify Custody and Establish Visitation. The court acknowledged that, in the 

“companion case,” Case No. 11 DV 000019, “[a] day of trial was held on [the motion to 

modify the protective order] before the undersigned Judge,” in which “[t]he undersigned 

Judge found Mother and the children were in fear of imminent physical harm from 

Father.” 
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{¶12} On June 11, 2012, Terrance filed a Notice of Appeal. On appeal, 

Terrance raises the following assignment of error: 

{¶13} “[1.] The trial court erred when it summarily denied appellant’s long 

pending motion to modify custody and establish visitation without a hearing on the basis 

of its denial of appellant’s motion to modify a civil protection order in 11 DV 000019, 

which violates appellant’s constitutional rights and is contrary to law and is an abuse of 

discretion.” 

{¶14} Terrance asserts that the domestic relations court’s refusal to consider his 

Motion to Modify Custody based on civil protection order proceedings violates the 

statutory provisions governing protection orders. Under these provisions, a protection 

order “may * * * [t]emporarily allocate parental rights and responsibilities for the care of, 

or establish temporary parenting time rights with regard to, minor children, if no other 

court has determined, or is determining, the allocation of parental rights and 

responsibilities for the minor children or parenting time rights.” R.C. 3113.31(E)(1)(d). 

Such an order “shall terminate on the date that a court in an action for divorce, 

dissolution of marriage, or legal separation brought by the petitioner or respondent 

issues an order allocating parental rights and responsibilities for the care of children.” 

R.C. 3113.31(E)(3)(b). “[W]hile the statute permits a court to issue temporary orders 

allocating parental rights and responsibilities in order to stop domestic violence, it does 

not vest the court with authority to modify the allocation of parental rights and 

responsibilities in the CPO proceeding.” Yazdani-Isfehani v. Yazdani-Isfehani, 170 Ohio 

App.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-7105, 865 N.E.2d 924, ¶ 23 (4th Dist.). 
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{¶15} The statutes and authorities relied upon by Terrance are inapposite to the 

present situation. The statutes and case law contemplate the situation where a 

protection order is issued pending the final allocation of parental rights and 

responsibilities in a divorce or dissolution proceeding. In the present case, parental 

rights and responsibilities were determined in the April 2009 Judgment Entry of Divorce, 

almost two years before Sharon applied for a protection order. Sharon was awarded 

custody of the children and Terrance received no parenting time. The subsequent 

protection order, preventing Terrance from coming within 1,000 feet of Sharon or the 

children, is wholly consistent with the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities set 

forth in the divorce decree. 

{¶16} Terrance further argues that he was deprived of procedural due process, 

i.e., the opportunity to be heard, by the domestic relations court denying his Motion to 

Modify Custody without a hearing. State v. Hochhausler, 76 Ohio St.3d 455, 459, 668 

N.E.2d 457 (1996). We disagree. 

{¶17} Due process “is not a technical conception with a fixed content unrelated 

to time, place and circumstances,” but rather “expresses the requirement of 

‘fundamental fairness,’ a requirement whose meaning can be as opaque as its 

importance is lofty.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Warren, 118 Ohio St.3d 200, 2008-

Ohio-2011, 887 N.E.2d 1145, ¶ 28. In other words, “the concept of due process is 

flexible and varies depending on the importance attached to the interest and the 

particular circumstances under which the deprivation may occur.” Hochhausler at 459. 

{¶18} In the present case, the same judge and court conducted a hearing on the 

motion to modify the protection order, filed only four months after the Motion to Modify 
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Custody. The domestic relations court affirmed the terms of the protection order that 

prohibited Terrance from coming within 1,000 feet of the children. The court found that 

Terrance’s desire to have a relationship with his children “cannot overcome the 

testimony of Mother, [adult child, and step-child] as to the brutality the children have 

experienced along with their present fear of a reoccurrence of imminent physical harm 

from Father as to Mother and their siblings.” Dowhan, 2012-Ohio-5830, at ¶ 28. 

{¶19} The fact that Terrance cannot come within 1,000 feet of the children 

renders a hearing on his Motion to Modify Custody unnecessary. We need not notice 

the underlying factual basis for the protection order, since it is the fact of the protection 

order and its terms which preclude the possibility of Terrance exercising visitation with 

his children. The failure to hold a hearing on the Motion to Modify did not deprive 

Terrance of the opportunity to be heard, as Terrance had fully exercised that right in the 

proceeding to modify the protection order and the appeal thereof. Modification of the 

protection order is a necessary prequisite to the establishment of parenting time with the 

children. 

{¶20} The sole assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶21} For the foregoing reasons, the Judgment of the Lake County Court of 

Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, denying Terrance’s Motion to Modify 

Custody and Establish Visitation, is affirmed. Costs to be taxed against appellant. 

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J., concurs, 

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., dissents with Dissenting Opinion. 
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___________________________ 

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., dissents with Dissenting Opinion. 

{¶22} Essentially, the court’s denial of the motion was based upon the intake of 

evidence adduced in the trial of the civil protection order action. I agree with appellant 

that this constitutes error. 

{¶23} As a threshold matter, “when reviewing the propriety of a trial court’s 

determination in a domestic relations case, [the Ohio Supreme Court] has always 

applied the ‘abuse of discretion’ standard.” Lake v. Lake, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2009-

P-0015, 2010-Ohio-588, ¶66, citing Booth v. Booth, 44 Ohio St.3d 142, 144 (1989). An 

abuse of discretion is “the trial court’s ‘failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal 

decision-making.’ State v. Beechler, 2d Dist. No. 09-CA-54, 2010-Ohio-1900, ¶62, 

quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (8 Ed. Rev. 2004) 11.” Sertz v. Sertz, 11th Dist. Lake 

No. 2011-L-063, 2012-Ohio-2120, ¶31. “[W]hen an appellate court is reviewing a pure 

issue of law, ‘the mere fact that the reviewing court would decide the issue differently is 

enough to find error.’” Id. 

{¶24} “Evid.R. 201(B) provides that judicial notice may be taken of any fact 

which is not in dispute and which is capable of ready determination by resort to certain 

sources. In applying this rule, the courts of this state have consistently held that a trial 

court cannot take judicial notice of proceedings in a separate action, even if the prior 

action was between the same parties and was tried before the same trial judge. See 

State v. Raymundo, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 3395 (Aug. 18, 1995), Trumbull App. No. 

94-T-5025, unreported, * * *; Phillips v. Rayburn, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 3570 (Aug. 9, 
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1996), Hocking App. No. 95CA26, unreported. The rationale for this holding is that, if a 

trial court tries to take notice of a prior proceeding, the appellate court cannot review the 

propriety of the trial court’s reliance on the prior case because the record of the prior 

case is not before the appellate court. Id.” (Emphasis added). Deli Table, Inc. v. Great 

Lakes Mall, 11th Dist. Lake No. 95-L-012, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 5930, *31-32 (Dec. 

31, 1996). 

{¶25} Although this court previously reviewed the record from the trial court’s 

denial of appellant’s motion to modify the civil protection order, that record is still not 

part of the record currently before us. Accordingly, the above rationale applies. 

{¶26} Similarly, in the instant matter, the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion 

to modify custody and establish visitation is predicated upon its review of testimony and 

evidence which had been presented in a separate action. Thus, the trial court relied on 

improper evidence in making its ruling because that evidence was not part of the record 

in the underlying matter involving custody and visitation. See also Yannitell v. Oaks, 4th 

Dist. Washington No. 07CA63, 2008-Ohio-6271, ¶31 (Appellant failed to make the CPO 

order part of the record in the motion for reallocation of parental rights and 

responsibilities or motion for modification of parenting time such that trial court would 

have been bound to another court’s determinations regarding credibility of witnesses). I 

therefore dissent.