NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 08a0024n.06

Filed: January 9, 2008

06-4071

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

LARRY LOMAZ,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

Before: DAUGHTREY, GILMAN, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. The defendant, Larry Lomaz, appeals the judgment of the district

court finding him guilty of criminal contempt, sentencing him to 30 days’ incarceration, and

fining him $5,000. Lomaz contends that he is entitled to a new sentencing hearing (1)

because his Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated when he was left without

representation during what he alleges was a critical stage of the proceedings and (2)

because the district court considered improper evidence in determining his sentence. We

find no reversible error in connection with these two claims and, therefore, affirm the

judgment of the district court. 
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The events giving rise to this appeal originated in 1999, when the government sued

defendant Lomaz, who was in the business of distributing fireworks, for unlawful dealing

in devices that were banned or misbranded. The government charged the defendant with

selling and transporting contraband fireworks in interstate commerce in violation of the

Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1263(a) and (c) (the Act). In January

2000, the district court entered a permanent injunction against Lomaz, enjoining him from

dealing in banned and misbranded fireworks. We affirmed the judgment on appeal. See

United States v. Midwest Fireworks Mfg. Co., 248 F.3d 563, 565 (6th Cir. 2001). 

In May 2003, based on the government’s petition for a finding of contempt

containing allegations that Lomaz was in violation of the 2000 injunction, the parties

entered into a consent decree that set out a specific plan for Lomaz’s compliance with the

district court’s orders. Within a few months, however, the government charged that Lomaz

was violating the consent decree and again filed a petition seeking an order to show cause

why Lomaz should not be held in contempt. The magistrate judge heard evidence on

October 9, 2003, and December 1, 2003. Prior to the October 9, 2003 hearing, Lomaz’s

counsel had withdrawn, and Lomaz appeared pro se, representing himself in both the

October and the December hearings. He testified on his own behalf and cross-examined

witnesses. The government withdrew the petition when Lomaz agreed to modify the

consent decree to include further conditions.
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Within a year or so, however, the government again alleged that Lomaz had violated

the consent decree by receiving and distributing fireworks in violation of the Act. In March

2003, the government requested another order to show cause why Lomaz should not be

found in contempt, resulting in a week-long hearing in August 2005 before the magistrate

judge, at which the defendant was represented by an attorney, Alexander Jurczenko. At

the conclusion of the hearing, the magistrate judge requested proposed findings of fact and

conclusions of law from both parties. Within a week after the hearing concluded, however,

Jurczenko was suspended from the practice of law in the state courts of Ohio. Despite the

fact that he continued to represent Lomaz temporarily in this federal court action and was

granted a two-week extension in which to file proposed findings of fact and conclusions of

law, nothing further was filed by Jurczenko on his client’s behalf. Jurczenko was ultimately

suspended from practice in federal court, including representation in this case, on

December 27, 2005, a month after the report and recommendation was filed by the

magistrate judge on November 28, 2005. 

In his report, the magistrate judge recommended that Lomaz be fined $500 and

sentenced to one day of incarceration. Objections were to be filed within ten days. The

government timely filed an objection; Lomaz did not. Citing the defendant’s “flagrant and

willful violations” of the district court’s orders, the government insisted that “the punishment

should be far more severe” than the nominal penalty recommended by the magistrate

judge. The government urged that, instead, the defendant be fined $65,000 and

incarcerated for six months. 
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On January 4, 2006, the government filed a notice in federal court, advising the

court that Lomaz had dismissed Jurczenko as his attorney and had requested from the

government a copy of its objections to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation.

After receiving a copy of the government’s objections, Lomaz filed a response on his own

behalf, asking the district court for leave to proceed pro se because his attorney had been

suspended from practice in Ohio and urging the district court to accept the findings of the

magistrate judge in the report and recommendation. 

On June 8, 2006, the district judge issued an order and opinion adopting most of the

findings in the magistrate judge’s report but declining to follow the magistrate judge’s

sentencing recommendation. Instead, the judge fined Lomaz $5,000 and sentenced him

to 30 days’ incarceration. After the defendant’s motion for reconsideration of the sentence

was denied, he filed this appeal.

DISCUSSION

As an initial matter, we note that the defendant did not raise his Sixth Amendment

claim in the district court, instead contending merely that the district court abused its

discretion in assessing a fine and sentence in excess of the magistrate judge’s

recommendation. We therefore review the claim on appeal for plain error only. See United

States v. Mahon, 444 F.3d 530, 532 (6th Cir. 2006). In this case, we find none.
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Although the defendant now claims that he was deprived of the right to counsel by

the district court, the record indicates that by invoking his constitutional right to represent

himself, Lomaz actually waived his right to counsel. See King v. Bobby, 433 F.3d 483, 490

(6th Cir. 2006) (recognizing “the intersection of two rights: the Sixth Amendment rights to

self-representation and to an attorney” and holding that “[w]hen a defendant invokes one,

he necessarily waives the other”). Normally, our next step would be to determine whether

the defendant’s waiver in this case was voluntary and knowing, and therefore valid, see id.,

or whether, as he now insists, he was forced into self-representation against his will

because of counsel’s suspension from practice. In this case, however, that step in the

analysis is unnecessary, because we conclude that the period during which the defendant

went unrepresented was not a critical stage of the proceedings. Indeed, the only event that

post-dated the suspension of counsel was the actual filing of the district court’s order

adopting the magistrate judge’s findings and imposing the sentence, which was the only

phase of the proceedings then left uncompleted. 

The defendant, now represented by counsel on appeal, claims that the district

court’s failure to make a sua sponte inquiry regarding the defendant’s pro se status or to

test the validity of his waiver of counsel constituted a violation of the right to counsel. In

support, he cites United States v. McDowell, 814 F.2d 245 (6th Cir. 1987). In that case,

however, we declined to adopt a per se rule requiring automatic reversal in the absence

of a “deliberate and searching inquiry.” Id. at 248. Instead, we adopted a “nonformalistic

approach to determining sufficiency of the waiver from the record as a whole.” Moreover,
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the law in this circuit requires a district court to determine whether pro se representation

is knowing and voluntary only if the defendant is representing himself at a critical stage of

the proceedings. See United States v. Tisdale, 952 F.2d 934, 939 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing

Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682, 690 (1972)). A stage is not critical if there is only “minimal

risk” that counsel’s absence might impair defendant’s “right to a fair trial.” United States

v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 228 (1967). 

On appeal, the defendant complains specifically about Jurczenco’s failure to file

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law prior to the magistrate judge’s decision.

Without regard to whether the filing of proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law in

a criminal contempt proceeding represents a critical stage, it is clear from this record that

counsel’s failure to file cannot be said to have violated his client’s right to counsel, as a

matter of plain error, because there is no allegation on appeal that the magistrate judge’s

findings of fact and conclusions of law were incorrect in any respect. Likewise, the current

complaint concerning the defendant’s inability to file objections to the magistrate judge’s

report and recommendation – due to his lack of representation during the 10-day period

following its release – cannot be considered “critical” in this particular case, because it

does not appear from the record that there were objections that should have been made

at the time. Indeed, the defendant embraced the magistrate judge’s sentencing

recommendation, which, as it turned out, was clearly favorable to him. 
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The only other “critical stage” argument raised on appeal concerns the district

court’s decision to impose a sentence that was “a significant increase” above the sentence

recommended by the magistrate judge. But, as the defendant concedes on appeal, that

phase of the litigation was only a “critical ‘paper’ stage,” given the fact that no further

litigation was possible at that point in the proceedings. There was, plainly, nothing to be

done but await the decision of the district court. That “waiting period” can hardly be said

to constitute a critical stage of the proceedings – not only was there no “minimal risk” that

the defendant’s right to a fair trial might be impaired by the lack of counsel during that

period, there was no risk whatever. The sentence that was ultimately imposed, of course,

was an exercise of the district court’s discretion to fashion an appropriate punishment in

a criminal contempt action. It is reviewed on appeal for reasonableness, after defense

counsel has had the opportunity to present a challenge to its propriety.

This reasonableness review includes an examination of “the factors evaluated and

the procedures employed by the district court in reaching its sentencing determination.”

United States v. Johnson, 467 F.3d 559, 563 (6th Cir. 2006). The district court is to be

guided by factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and must establish in the sentencing record that

it considered the § 3553(a) factors. See United States v. Watford, 468 F.3d 891, 916 (6th

Cir. 2006). 

 Lomaz first alleges that the sentence he received is unreasonable because the

district court abused its discretion in considering outside information, based on
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observations in the court’s opinion that “[i]n recent years, fireworks have caused many

severe injuries and significant fire damage to homes and other structures,” accompanied

by statistics gleaned from various sources set out in the opinion. In his pro se motion for

reconsideration, the defendant maintained, as he does on appeal, that those statistics were

“flawed and biased” and that there was no evidence that anyone had ever been injured by

any fireworks that he had sold, a claim that had been aired during the evidentiary hearing

in his case. There was no explanation then – and there is none on appeal – concerning

what made the statistics mentioned in the court’s opinion flawed or biased, and we are thus

left with nothing more than the defendant’s bald assertion to that effect. Moreover,

contrary to the current claim that the district court did not cover the § 3553(a) factors in

assessing the sentence, the statistics in question and related information were obviously

part of the court’s consideration of “the need . . . to protect the public” and to fashion a

penalty that would “reflect the seriousness of the offense” in terms of its potential threat,

as required by § 3553(a) and explicitly set out as such in the court’s opinion. We conclude

that the sentence imposed by the district court was reasonable.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set out above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.