COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges O’Brien, Malveaux and Raphael

Argued via videoconference

JEFFERY DYLON HARDIN

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1587-23-2 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX

JULY 9, 2024

HOPEWELL DEPARTMENT 

 OF SOCIAL SERVICES

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HOPEWELL

Carson E. Saunders, Jr., Judge

Del M. Mauhrine Brown for appellant.1

Anne L. Roddy (Sherry L. Gill; Cecilie Hamilton, Guardian ad litem

for the minor child; Barnes & Diehl, P.C.; Sherry L. Gill, Esq., 

PLLC, on brief), for appellee.

Jeffery Dylon Hardin (“father”) appeals the circuit court’s final order terminating his 

residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2). Father, who was incarcerated 

throughout the lower court proceedings, argues that the circuit court erred in finding there was 

sufficient evidence to terminate his parental rights because (1) the child could have been placed with 

his grandmother until his release from incarceration, and (2) his incarceration did not cause the 

conditions that led to the child’s being placed in foster care. We find no error and affirm the circuit 

court’s judgment.

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

1 Appellant’s guardian ad litem, Jessica Davies, Esq., participated briefly in oral 

argument before this Court. 

UNPUBLISHED
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I. BACKGROUND2

“On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Yafi v. Stafford 

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of 

Hum. Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)). Here, the Hopewell Department of Social Services 

(the “Department”) was the prevailing party, so we recite the evidence, and the inferences 

flowing from it, in the light most favorable to the Department.

A.H. was born substance-exposed on December 11, 2022, to Ashley Noel Reed

(“mother”), who, upon admittance to the hospital the day before, had tested positive for fentanyl, 

cocaine, opioids, and amphetamines. A.H.’s own drug screen showed exposure to 

amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opiates, fentanyl, and THC. A.H. was admitted to the neonatal 

intensive care unit, where she “endured respiratory distress, required a ventilator to sustain life, 

and suffered through other significant withdrawal symptoms as a result of the exposure to illegal 

drugs.” Father was incarcerated at Riverside Regional Jail at the time of A.H.’s birth. 

After learning about A.H.’s condition, the Department instituted a safety plan and 

attempted to place A.H. with a relative. The Department considered three placement options but 

ultimately rejected all three due to issues such as the individual’s criminal history or significant 

history with Child Protective Services. The Department then filed a petition for abuse and 

neglect and for emergency removal with the juvenile and domestic relations district court (the 

“JDR court”). On December 22, 2022, the JDR court entered an emergency removal order on 

2 The record in this case was sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates unsealing 

relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues father has raised. Evidence and factual 

findings below that are necessary to address the assignment of error are included in this opinion. 

Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we 

unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder 

of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 

(2017).
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the bases that A.H. had been born exposed to illegal substances, mother had admitted using 

illegal substances while pregnant, father was incarcerated, mother’s parental rights to A.H.’s 

sibling had been terminated, and the Department had been unable to identify a placement for 

A.H.

A Department agent visited3father in jail to share updates about A.H.’s welfare, 

encourage father to take advantage of services available at the jail that could address his 

behavioral issues and improve his parenting skills, and seek names and contact information for 

relatives that could serve as permanent caretakers for A.H. Father provided contact information 

for his grandmother, Laura Hardin, to be considered as a relative placement option. The 

Department contacted Hardin, who filed a petition for custody of A.H. 

The JDR court conducted an adjudicatory hearing on the Department’s petition, at which 

it concluded that A.H. had been born substance-exposed, mother had admitted to using illegal 

substances while pregnant, and that father was incarcerated. The court thus concluded that A.H.

had been abused and/or neglected under Code § 16.1-228(1), (3), and (5) and continued the 

matter for a dispositional hearing. 

The JDR court heard Hardin’s custody petition at the dispositional hearing. Having 

completed a home study of Hardin, the Department did not support her custody petition. It cited

concerns about Hardin’s advanced age and inability to care for A.H. long-term, as Hardin had

expressed an intent to care for A.H. only until father was released from incarceration. The JDR 

court denied Hardin’s petition and entered a dispositional order approving the Department’s

foster care goal of adoption or relative placement, ordering custody of A.H. to remain with the 

3 Department agents conducted three face-to-face meetings with father while he was at 

the jail. 
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Department, and ordering the Department to pursue the approved goal of adoption or relative 

placement.

4

 

The Department later petitioned for a permanency planning hearing, asking the JDR court 

to approve a new foster care plan with a permanent goal of adoption. Finding termination of 

parental rights to be in the best interests of A.H., the JDR court ordered the Department to take 

necessary action to achieve the goal of adoption or relative placement, including filing petitions 

to terminate mother’s and father’s parental rights. 

The Department then petitioned the JDR court to terminate father’s residual parental 

rights. After a hearing, the JDR court concluded that termination was justified under Code 

§ 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) and that there were no relatives known to the Department who could

serve as caretakers for A.H. The JDR court ordered the termination of father’s residual parental 

rights and directed the Department to make permanent plans for placing A.H. for adoption. 

Father appealed the JDR court’s decision to the Circuit Court for the City of Hopewell (the 

“circuit court”).

5

At a hearing, the circuit court considered oral testimony from a Department agent, an oral

report from A.H.’s guardian ad litem, oral testimony from father, and exhibits proffered by the 

Department, including the orders entered by the JDR court and the Department’s foster care 

plans. The circuit court concluded that termination of father’s residual parental rights was 

justified under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) and that such was in A.H.’s best interests. In 

support of its decision, the circuit court noted father’s 

4 The JDR court also concluded that the Department was not required to make reasonable 

efforts to reunite the child with the parents under Code § 16.1-281(B) because a court had 

previously found a sibling of A.H. to be abused or neglected and had ordered an involuntary 

termination of parental rights to the sibling. 

5 Hardin also appealed the JDR’s denial of her custody petition. Her appeal was set for 

the same date as father’s, but the court continued her matter to another date. 
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lengthy criminal history which consisted of distribution of illegal 

narcotics since 2016, [his] unwillingness to correct his issues and 

refrain from illegal activity in the past, and [his] blaming others for 

the manner in which [A.H.] entered into foster care, as if his 

incarceration was not a result of his own decision-making. 

The circuit court also pointed out that father had maintained “regular, if not daily, telephonic 

contact with [mother] and [Hardin], yet fail[ed] to initiate one call or letter to inquire about the 

welfare of the child,” and “admitted that he never paid support or sent a gift for the child.” With 

respect to Code § 16.1-283(C)(2), the circuit court further noted that father would “not be 

released from incarceration until February[] 2024 at the earliest, per his own testimony.”6 

Regarding the possibility of placing A.H. with Hardin, the circuit court noted that Hardin 

was “currently 70 years old and would not be able to care for the child long-term.” The circuit 

court thus concluded there were no known relatives willing and suitable to serve as a permanent 

placement for A.H. The circuit court ordered that father’s residual parental rights be terminated 

and that the Department be granted the authority to place A.H. for adoption. This appeal 

followed. 

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the circuit court’s 

decision to terminate his residual parental rights. Specifically, he argues that (1) A.H. could have 

been placed with Hardin until his release from incarceration, which would have lessened the time 

she spent in foster care, and (2) his actions did not cause A.H. to be born substance-exposed and 

placed into foster care. Father does not contest that the Department made reasonable and 

6 At oral argument, counsel for the Department confirmed, and father’s counsel did not 

contest, that no official documentation was presented at the hearing to verify this release date.
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appropriate efforts to help him remedy the conditions that led to or required the continuation of 

A.H.’s placement in foster care.7 

Upon review of a lower court’s decision regarding the termination of parental rights, we 

presume that it “thoroughly weighed all the evidence, considered the statutory requirements, and 

made its determination based on the child’s best interests.” Joyce v. Botetourt Cnty. Dep’t of 

Soc. Servs., 75 Va. App. 690, 699 (2022) (quoting Norfolk Div. of Soc. Servs. v. Hardy, 42 

Va. App. 546, 552 (2004)). “The circuit court has ‘broad discretion in making the decisions 

necessary to guard and to foster a child’s best interests.’” Eaton v. Wash. Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. 

Servs., 66 Va. App. 317, 324 (2016) (quoting Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 328 (1990)). 

“[W]here, as here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to the same 

weight accorded a jury verdict, and it will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or 

without evidence to support it.” Bristol Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Welch, 64 Va. App. 34, 44 (2014) 

(alteration in original) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 

20 (1986)). “[W]e cannot ‘substitute our judgment’ for the circuit court’s, but rather review the 

record only to determine if sufficient evidence supports it.” Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. 

Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 266-67 (2005) (quoting Ward v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 144, 148 

(1991)).

Here, the circuit court terminated father’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and 

(C)(2). The latter code section authorizes the court to terminate a parent’s residual parental 

rights to a child placed in foster care if such is in the best interests of the child and:

[t]he parent or parents, without good cause, have been unwilling or 

unable within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 12 months 

from the date the child was placed in foster care to remedy 

7 At oral argument, father attempted to raise this issue despite not having made it in his 

opening brief or in a reply brief, which he did not file. Accordingly, this argument is waived. 

See Jeter v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 733, 740 (2005) (citing Rule 5A:20(e) in declining to 

consider an argument developed for the first time in a reply brief and at oral argument). 
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substantially the conditions which led to or required continuation 

of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding the 

reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health 

or other rehabilitative agencies to such end.

Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). “Stated differently, a court must make three separate findings by clear 

and convincing evidence . . . .” Joyce, 75 Va. App. at 701. It must find: (1) that termination is in 

the child’s best interest; (2) that, without good cause, the parent failed to substantially remedy 

the conditions that led to, or required continuation of, the child’s placement in foster care; and 

(3) that the Department made reasonable and appropriate efforts to help the parent remedy those 

conditions. Id.

“In determining what is in the best interests of the child, a court must evaluate and 

consider many factors . . . .” Harrison v. Tazewell County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 42 Va. App. 149, 

161 (2004) (quoting Barkey v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 662, 668 (1986)). These factors 

include:

the age and physical and mental condition of the child or children; 

the age and physical and mental condition of the parents; the 

relationship existing between each parent and each child; the needs 

of the child or children; the role which each parent has played, and 

will play in the future, in the upbringing and care of the child or 

children; and such other factors as are necessary in determining the 

best interests of the child or children.

Id. (quoting Barkey, 2 Va. App. at 668). “‘[T]here is no simple, mechanical, “cut and dried” 

way’ to apply the best interests of the child standard. Instead, ‘the question must be resolved . . . 

in light of the facts of each case.’” Bristol, 64 Va. App. at 48 (second alteration in original) (first 

quoting Peple v. Peple, 5 Va. App. 414, 422 (1988); and then quoting Toombs v. Lynchburg Div. 

of Soc. Servs., 223 Va. 225, 230 (1982)). In applying this standard, we have recognized that 

while long-term incarceration does not, per se, authorize 

termination of parental rights or negate the Department’s 

obligation to provide services, it is a valid and proper circumstance 

which, when combined with other evidence concerning the 

parent/child relationship, can support a court’s finding by clear and 
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convincing evidence that the best interests of the child will be 

served by termination. 

Ferguson v. Stafford Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14 Va. App. 333, 340 (1992). 

The circuit court based its determination on various factors affecting father’s relationship 

with A.H. It found that father had a lengthy criminal history, was unwilling to correct his 

behavior, and refused to take responsibility for A.H.’s entering foster care even though his 

incarceration was “a result of his own decision-making.” The circuit court also found that father 

had made little effort to support A.H. or even stay informed about her welfare. And father

himself testified that he did not expect to be released from incarceration until February 2024 at 

the earliest. This date is beyond the statutorily-prescribed 12-month period after A.H. first 

entered the Department’s custody on December 22, 2022. See Harrison, 42 Va. App. at 162

(“[I]t is clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a lengthy period of time waiting to 

find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming his responsibilities.” (quoting 

Kaywood v. Halifax Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540 (1990))); see also L.G. v. 

Amherst Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 41 Va. App. 51, 56 (2003) (“The [12]-month time limit 

established by Code § 16.1-283(C)(2) was designed to prevent an indeterminate state of foster 

care ‘drift’ and to encourage timeliness by the courts and social services in addressing the 

circumstances that resulted in the foster care placement.”). Finally, the circuit court found that 

Hardin, who was 70 years old at the time of the hearing, would not be able to care for A.H. 

long-term. Indeed, Hardin herself had expressed her intent not to serve as a long-term caretaker 

for A.H. Based on these facts, the circuit court was not plainly wrong to conclude that 
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terminating father’s residual parental rights was in A.H.’s best interests under Code 

§ 16.1-283(C)(2). 8

Father also argues that “his actions did not cause the minor child to be substance 

exposed,” and therefore he did “not cause[] the child to be put into foster care.” This argument 

ignores the fact that it was not solely mother’s exposure of A.H. to illegal substances, but also 

father’s absence due to his incarceration, that formed the basis of the JDR court’s orders for 

emergency removal and adjudication of abuse or neglect. That father did not directly cause A.H. 

to be born substance-exposed is no excuse or remedy for his absence from A.H.’s life, which is a 

result of his own decisions.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s judgment is affirmed.

Affirmed.

8 We do not address any arguments related to the circuit court’s parallel findings under 

Code § 16.1-283(B), as “[w]hen a lower court’s judgment is made on alternative grounds, this 

Court need only determine whether any of the alternatives is sufficient to sustain the judgment.” 

Castillo v. Loudoun Cnty. Dep’t of Fam. Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 568 n.9 (2018). This is so 

because Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) provide distinct, “individual bases upon which a 

petitioner may seek to terminate residual parental rights.” City of Newport News Dep’t of Soc. 

Servs. v. Winslow, 40 Va. App. 556, 563 (2003).