Federal Aviation
 

Administration
 

Recycling, Reuse and Waste 

Reduction at Airports 

A Synthesis Document 

Prepared by the Office of Airports 

Federal Aviation Administration 

April 24, 2013 

TC13-0043
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

i 

ACKNOWEDGEMENTS 

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) would like to thank the following individuals for their 

contribution to this document:

 Janell Barrilleaux, Federal Aviation Administration 

 Nate Forst, Portland State University 

 Robert D. Freeman, Los Angeles World Airports 

 Stan Jones, Port of Portland 

 Paul Manasjan, San Diego County Regional Airport Authority

 Renee Martin-Nagle, Consultant 

 Cynthia Parker, City of Phoenix Aviation Department 

 Gene Peters, Ricondo & Associates, Inc. 

 Leo Pierre Roy, Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc.

 Christy Shelton, Cascadia Consulting Group, Inc. 

 Rhonda Solomon, Federal Aviation Administration 

 Jeremy Webb, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport

The FAA would also like to thank the following sponsors for providing case studies and lessons 

learned. 

 Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD) 

 Denver International Airport (DEN) 

 John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) 

 John Wayne Airport (JWA) 

 Los Angeles International Airport (LAX/LAWA) 

 Minneapolis‐St. Paul International Airport (MSP)

 Oakland International Airport (OAK) 

 Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) 

 Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX) 

 Portland International Airport (PDX) 

 Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC) 

 San Diego International Airport (SAN) 

 San Francisco International Airport (SFO) 

 Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA) 

 Yeager Airport (CRW) 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

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Acknowedgements.......................................................................................................................... i

I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1

A. Types of Waste Encountered at an Airport ............................................................................................1

B. Sources and Pathways of Airport Waste ................................................................................................4

II. ESTABLISHING An airport MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE RECYCLING 

PROGRAM .......................................................................................................................... 7

A. How to Establish an Effective Airport Recycling/Waste Minimization ...............................................7

1. Commitment from Management ............................................................................................................7

2. Program Leadership ...............................................................................................................................8

3. Waste Identification ...............................................................................................................................8

4. Waste Collection and Hauler ..................................................................................................................9

5. Waste Management Plan Development ................................................................................................11

6. Education and Outreach .......................................................................................................................15

7. Monitor and Refine ..............................................................................................................................15

8. Performance Monitoring ......................................................................................................................16

9. Promote Success ...................................................................................................................................16

10.Continuous Improvements ...................................................................................................................16

B. Challenges for Setting up a Recycling and Waste Reduction Plans at Airports ...............................16

III. Construction and Demolition Waste (CWM) Program .................................................. 18

A. Objectives of a CWM Program .............................................................................................................18

B. Involving Contractors and Other Stakeholders ...................................................................................19

C. Establish Construction and Demolition Diversion Goals ....................................................................19

D. Developing a Construction Waste Management (CWM) Plan ...........................................................20

IV. Case Studies, Lessons Learned, Challenges and Best Practices ..................................... 24

A. Boston Logan International Airport (BOS), Boston, Massachusetts .................................................24

B. Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD), Chicago, Illinois.......................................................24

1. O’Hare International Airport: Guiding Construction Waste Management with the 

Sustainable Airport Manual And Detailed Specifications ....................................................................25

C. Denver International Airport (DEN), Denver, Colorado ....................................................................26

1. Denver International Airport; Pena Boulevard Construction Waste Management ...............................27

2. Denver International Airport; Conducting A Waste Assessment (Waste Audit) ................................. 27

D. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Atlanta, Georgia ....................................28

E. John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Port Authority of New York 

and New Jersey (PANYNJ) ...................................................................................................................28

F. John Wayne Airport (JWA), Orange County, California ..................................................................29

1. John Wayne Airport - Coffee Ground Composting Program ...............................................................29
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

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G. Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)/Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), Los Angeles, 

California ................................................................................................................................................30

1. Los Angeles International Airport: Recycled Content Plastic Trash Bags .........................................31

H. Minneapolis‐St. Paul International Airport (MSP), Minneapolis, Minnesota ...............................31

1. Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport, Hazardous Waste Management Recycling ......................32

I. Oakland International Airport (OAK), Oakland, California .............................................................33

J. Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ...........................................34

1. Phoenix International Airport Runway Friction Rubber Removal Recycling ......................................36

L. Portland International Airport (PDX), Portland, Oregon ..................................................................36

1. Portland International Airport; Liquid Collection Station Program ....................................................38

2. Portland International Airport: Deplaned Waste Study .......................................................................39

M. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA), Seattle, Washington ...................................................40

N. Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC), Salt Lake City, Utah ....................................................40

O. San Diego International Airport (SAN), San Diego, California .........................................................41

1. San Diego International Airport: Green Waste Reduction And Xeriscape Program ...........................41

2. San Diego International Airport: Wood Pallet Processing ..................................................................41

P. San Francisco International Airport (SFO) .........................................................................................42

1. San Francisco International Airport: Food Waste Composting Program .............................................43

Q. Yeager Airport (CRW), Central West Virginia Regional Airport Authority, Charleston, West 

Virginia ...................................................................................................................................................43

V. References ............................................................................................................................ 46
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

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Sustainability 

1. Brundtland definition - meeting the 

needs of the present without 

compromising the ability of future 

generations to meet their own 

needs. 

2. ACI definition (developed by the 

airports) – a holistic approach to 

managing an airport so as to ensure 

the integrity of the economic 

viability, operational efficiency, 

natural resource conservation and 

social responsibility (EONS) of the 

airport. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Over the past several years, the Federal Aviation 

Administration (FAA) has been encouraging airport 

sponsors to incorporate sustainability in airport 

planning, design, and operations. Sustainability has 

been defined to include the principles of economic 

growth, environmental stewardship, and social 

responsibility. 1

 Current FAA programs that support 

sustainability include Airport Noise Compatibility

Planning, the Voluntary Airport Low Emission 

Program, Environmental Management Systems, and 

most recently Airport Sustainability Planning. In our 

continuing efforts to assist airport sponsors in 

incorporating sustainability into airport planning, 

design, and operations, the FAA has decided to provide 

specific guidance to airports in two key focus areas: programs to encourage recycling, reduction 

and reuse of materials, and programs to encourage airports to reduce their energy consumption 

The FAA has compiled this synthesis document, or “one-stop-shop,” for airport sponsors to use 

as a resource when contemplating an airport recycling, reduction, and waste reuse program to 

further their waste minimization initiatives. Specifically, this guidance is designed to provide 

recommendations on what things to consider and steps to establishing a recycling program at an 

airport to divert municipal solid waste (MSW) from the landfill. Although recycling of MSW is 

the focus of this document, other non-MSW waste streams are discussed which may require 

special considerations with respect to regulatory compliance. There is a special emphasis on 

construction and demolition waste since this is a big component by weight and volume of waste 

generated on an airport. 

The document includes lessons-learned and case studies from airports around the country that 

not only address best practices in recycling, but also in the areas of reuse and waste reduction via 

“green” procurement programs. Although recycling of MSW is the focus of this document, other 

non-MSW waste streams are discussed for completeness since they may be a significant portion 

of the waste generated at an airport and may require special considerations with respect to 

compliance. And finally, the document provides a list of resources for the user since the market 

for recyclables is ever changing and these resources can be used to keep the user up to date with 

the most current information available. 

A. Types of Waste Encountered at an Airport 

Federal, state, and local agencies regulate different types of waste based on what the waste 

contains. In general waste from airports can be divided into seven types of waste: (1) municipal 

solid waste (MSW); (2) construction and demolition waste (C&D); (3) green waste; (4) food 

 

1

 http://www.epa.gov/oecaerth/cleanup/revitalization/er3/benefits.html 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

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waste; (5) waste from aircraft flights (deplaned waste); (6) lavatory waste; (7) spill cleanup and 

remediation waste; and (8) hazardous materials. Each is described below. 

1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) consists of everyday items that are used and then 

discarded, such as product packaging, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, and newspapers. 

2. Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D) is generally categorized as MSW. However, 

as it can be a major component of airport waste, it has been separated into its own category in 

this document. C&D waste is any non-hazardous solid waste from land clearing, excavation, 

and/or the construction, demolition, renovation or repair of structures, roads, and utilities. C&D 

waste commonly includes concrete, wood, metals, drywall, carpet, plastic, pipe, land clearing 

debris, cardboard, and salvaged building components. In some instances, C&D waste may be 

subject to special requirements (e.g., tar impregnated roofing materials, asbestos containing 

building materials, etc.).

3. Green Waste is categorized as MSW and is also referred to as yard waste. Green waste 

consists of tree, shrub and grass clippings, leaves, weeds, small branches, seeds, pods and similar 

debris generated by landscape maintenance activities.

4. Food Waste is food that is not consumed or is the waste generated and discarded during 

food preparation activities. Food wastes are also considered part of the MSW waste stream.

5. Deplaned Waste is a specific type of MSW that is removed from passenger aircraft. 

These materials include bottles and cans, newspaper and mixed paper, plastic cups and service 

ware, food waste, food soiled paper, and paper towels. Waste that comes off the airplanes after 

flights can represent 20% of an airport’s total municipal solid waste stream. The composition is 

roughly 30% each of paper waste, compostable food material, and non-recyclable materials, with 

the balance consisting of cups and beverage containers. 

In the U.S., waste from international flights, except Canada, needs to be processed separately as 

the waste can potentially introduce plant pests and diseases. International waste is governed by 

the United States Department of Agriculture and must follow the handling procedures found in 

the Manual for Agricultural Clearance. 

There are three approved methods for managing international waste: incineration to ash, 

sterilization, or grinding and discharge into an approved sewage system. Often, third party 

ground handling companies or flight kitchen operations manage this waste. Listed in the Manual 

for Agricultural Clearance are approved airports that can handle and dispose of international 

waste. Airports that are not on the list must deliver their waste to the nearest approved facility. 

For example, international flights that arrive at John Wayne Airport (SNA) transport their waste 

to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) for treatment in autoclaves where sterilization is 

performed per USDA rules. The waste is then turned over to a waste hauler for disposal at a 

landfill. Many airports are prohibited from incinerating waste due to air quality regulations. 

6. Lavatory Waste falls under the category of special waste and is generated when the 

lavatory tanks of the airplanes are emptied via hose and pumped into a lavatory service vehicle, 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

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which can be either a self-powered truck or a lavatory cart pulled by a tug. After the aircraft’s 

lavatory tanks are emptied, they are refilled with a mixture of water and a disinfecting 

concentrate, commonly called “blue juice.” The lavatory waste removed from the aircraft is 

transported to a triturator facility, generally located airside, near airline operations, for 

pretreatment prior to discharge to the sanitary sewage system and publicly owned treatment 

works (POTW). 

Lavatory waste, which contains chemicals (“blue juice”) and potential enteric pathogens, can 

present risks to the environment and human health if not handled properly. Therefore, caution 

must be taken to ensure that releases of lavatory waste do not occur during the transfer process, 

which can result from either equipment failure (leaking values or hoses, etc.) or operator error. 

7. Spill cleanup and remediation wastes are another type of special waste. These materials 

are generated during cleanup of spills and/or the remediation of contamination from various 

types of sites on an airport (e.g. storage tanks, oil and gas production, vehicular leaks, spills from 

maintenance activities, etc.). Care must be taken to ensure that these types of waste materials are 

not co-mingled with other waste streams and that storage and disposal procedures comply with 

applicable regulatory requirements.

8. Hazardous Waste must be handled in accordance with 

stringent federal regulations. Wastes designated as “hazardous” 

are covered by regulations outlining legal handling, treatment or 

disposal. Hazardous wastes are either specifically “listed” in the 

regulation (40 CFR 261.31-.33), or are ignitable, corrosive, toxic 

or reactive (as defined in 40 CFR 261.21 - .24). For details, see the Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and its amendments and the regulations 40 CFR Subtitle C, Parts 260–

270.

The EPA developed less stringent regulations for certain hazardous waste, known as universal 

wastes, set forth in 40 CFR part 273, the Universal Waste Rule. If handled in a responsible 

method prior to legal recycling, these wastes are less heavily regulated. This rule provides a set 

of streamlined regulations to reduce the regulatory burden by allowing longer time for the 

Hazardous wastes most often seen in the aviation industry include: 

 solvents 

 caustic parts washes 

 heavy metal paint waste and paint chips 

 wastewater sludges from metal etching and electroplating 

 unused epoxies and monomers 

 waste fuels (including sump fuel or tank sludges) and other ignitables

 unusable water conditioning chemicals

 illegal dumping of containerized chemicals 

 contaminated sludge in GA aircraft wash rack oil/water separators

 nickel cadmium (ni-cad) batteries

 waste pesticides

Hazardous Waste Case Study

St. Paul International 

Airport (MSP)
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

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Universal Wastes include:

 Batteries;

 Aerosol cans;

 Pesticides;

 Mercury-containing devices (such 

as mercury thermostats);

 Mercury-containing lighting 

(such as fluorescent bulbs); and

 Electronic devices and 

components (such as computers 

and monitors).

storage of the wastes, reduced record-keeping requirements and consolidation off-site without a 

permit. 

Universal wastes are: 

 Generated in a wide variety of settings other than the industrial settings usually 

associated with hazardous wastes; 

 Generated by a vast community (typically greater than 1,000 sources); 

 May be present in significant volumes in non-hazardous waste management systems 

unless measures are made to separate out these recyclable wastes. 

Federal and state regulations govern the collection 

and management of these widely generated wastes, 

thus facilitating environmentally sound collection 

and proper recycling or treatment since economical 

recycling options exist for most of these wastes. 

These regulations also encourage the development 

of municipal and commercial programs to reduce 

the quantity of these types of wastes going to 

landfills. States can modify the universal waste rule 

and add additional universal waste(s) in individual 

state regulations, so the exact regulations for the 

applicable state should be consulted. 

B. Sources and Pathways of Airport Waste 

For the millions of passengers who travel by air, airports are simply places where they get a 

boarding pass, go through security, grab a drink or a meal, queue and board the plane, and then 

take off down the runway. Even those who work at an airport may not see the full scope of 

activity buzzing around the complex facility. Each airport activity has its own set of actors, 

resource requirements and waste stream. Any plan to implement a recycling program at an 

airport must consider all of the activities and waste streams at the facility, even if the program is 

phased in gradually one or two activities at a time. The major activities should be analyzed in 

the context of their location, the context of what tasks are being performed, and what wastes are 

being generated. Below is a breakdown of the principal activities at each location as well as a 

description of the waste that is generated. 

Terminals: The terminal is the heart of an airport complex and normally has the biggest 

concentration of people, which can translate into the biggest concentration of waste. The 

terminal houses not only the ticket counters and gates, but also restaurants, shops and restrooms 

that are frequented by passengers and employees of airlines and the airport. In addition, many 

terminals are large enough to have office space and break rooms for airline and airport personnel. 

As of the varied operations, the types of waste produced at a terminal are also varied, and include 

food, paper, plastic (in many forms), aluminum cans, restaurant grease and oil, universal wastes 

(electronics, light bulbs, batteries) green waste (from lawn care), general trash and deplaned 

waste from aircraft. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

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Airfields: The airfield features the runways and taxiways that allow aircraft to take off, land and 

go to and from the terminal. With such limited and transient activities, the character of waste 

produced at airfields is also limited and consists mostly of rubber from aircraft tires (runway 

rubber) and green waste. 

Aircraft maintenance hangars: In the hangars, aircraft are subjected to the repairs and 

maintenance that are necessary for the safety and smooth operation of such large, complex pieces 

of machinery. In addition, airlines have aircraft ground service equipment (GSE) that need to be 

serviced as well. Servicing equipment results in a number of predictable types of waste, such as 

oil, grease, certain hazardous chemicals, universal waste (batteries, electronics, light bulbs), 

wastewater, plastic and vehicle waste such as tires and fluids (brake, transmission, etc.). These 

hangars also typically have office space where office waste is generated (see offices description 

below). 

Cargo hangars: At all but the smallest airports, cargo being transported by air is loaded and 

offloaded and temporarily stored in hangars, and those hangars have equipment to move large 

heavy pallets. Waste from the cargo hangar will include tires, fluids from equipment, universal 

wastes (light bulbs, electronics, and batteries), wooden pallets and plastic packing material. 

Flight kitchens: The food that is served on passenger airplanes has to be prepared, packaged, 

staged, and loaded onto the aircraft. During these phases, several types of waste may be 

produced, such as food, wastewater, plastic (of various types) and wooden pallets. 

Offices: All airports have office space for airline and airport employees, as well as government 

representatives, and large airports may have multi-story office buildings. These offices yield 

waste streams typical of all office operations: paper, toner cartridges, universal wastes (batteries, 

light bulbs, and electronics), plastic, aluminum cans, food and general trash. 

Airport construction projects: Whether they are large or small, all airports have construction 

needs from time to time, which can involve demolition, renovation or new construction. The 

waste products from construction are different from the normal day-to-day waste streams and 

thus require special attention, as will be discussed later in this paper. Types of waste that can 

arise from construction activities are concrete, asphalt, building materials, wood, soil, 

construction equipment waste and regular trash. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

Potential Inputs 

Restaurants 

Shops 

Passengers 

Employees 

Potential Outputs 

Food Waste 

Paper 

Plastic 

Aluminum Cans 

Trash 

Grease & Oil 

Green Waste 

Deplaned Waste 

Terminals 

Potential Inputs 

Aircraft 

Operations 

Potential Outputs 

Runway Rubber 

Green Waste 

Potential Inputs 

Goods 

Movement 

Potential Outputs 

Plastic 

Wood 

Vehicle Waste 

(Tires & Fluids) 

Potential Inputs 

Aircraft 

GSE

Potential Outputs 

Vehicle Waste 

Plastic 

Wastewater 

Hazmat 

Potential Inputs 

Construction 

Re-Construction 

Demolition 

Potential Outputs 

Reused Concrete 

Reused Asphalt 

Vehicle Waste 

Soils 

Building Materials 

Wood 

General Waste 

Potential Inputs 

Aircraft Food 

Services 

Potential Outputs 

Food Waste 

Waste Water 

Plastic 

Wood 

Airfields 

Cargo Hangers 

Aircraft 

Airport 

Construction 

Flight Kitchens 

Potential Inputs 

Employees 

Potential Outputs 

Food Waste 

Paper 

Plastic 

Aluminum Cans 

Trash 

Administrative 

Offices 

Any Town Airport Waste Streams 

6

Maintenance
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

7

II. ESTABLISHING AN AIRPORT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE RECYCLING 

PROGRAM 

Although airports throughout the United States have made efforts in recent years to increase 

recycling and minimize MSW, much work remains to be done. Undoubtedly, there are 

formidable challenges involved in setting up effective waste minimization and recycling 

programs at airports, but significant improvements can be made through a comprehensive 

analysis of the current systems in place, a frank assessment of constraints, and development of a 

clear plan of action. 

Until recently, most airport recycling programs have focused primarily on maximizing the 

amount of recyclable materials removed from the waste stream. While this is important from 

both environmental and economic perspectives, a broader view is also necessary. Rather than 

focusing exclusively on extracting recyclables out of the waste stream, large organizations are 

now finding ways to minimize the overall waste stream up and down the value chain, thus 

influencing material management for better environmental and economic results. Similarly, a 

successfully executed airport recycling/waste minimization program has the potential to 

positively impact airport tenants, customers and the community at large. 

The EPA provides a best practices overview regarding establishment of a recycling/waste 

minimization program at an airport as well as an overview of wastes typically generated at 

airports.2

A. How to Establish an Effective Airport Recycling/Waste Minimization 

A successful long-term airport recycling program is the result of careful planning, precise 

execution, and continual testing and improvement. Using examples from the experiences of 

airports around the country, along with input from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 

ten primary steps have been identified to design and implement an effective airport 

recycling/waste minimization program. While the 

problem of effective recycling/waste minimization at 

airports is universal, each airport faces a unique set of 

problems depending on its individual region, unique 

geography and society. Therefore, while some 

general practices are applicable to all airports, some 

solutions discussed may only apply to a particular 

airport or region. 

1. Commitment from Management 

In order for a recycling program to be successful, 

management has to support the program. 

Management will need to understand the benefits of 

implementing a recycling program. Management will 

also need to be updated with successes to ensure their 

continued support. 

 

2

 http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/rogo/documents/airports.htm 

10 Steps to Design and Implement an 

Effective Airport Recycling/ Waste 

Minimization Program 

1. Commitment from Management 

2. Program Leadership 

3. Waste Identification 

4. Waste Collection and Hauler 

5. Waste Management Plan 

Development 

6. Education and Outreach 

7. Monitor and Refine 

8. Performance Monitoring 

9. Promote Success 

10. Continuous Improvements 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

8

Waste Assessments should include:

 Identification of what can and cannot 

be recycled in the region.

 Locations in the airport that generate 

waste.

 Types of wastes generated in each 

area, such as paper, scrap metal, 

plastic, etc.

 Identification of which materials that 

can be reduced, reused, and recycled 

 Quantity of waste generated by each 

area of the airport (airlines, 

administrative offices, enplaned and 

deplaned passengers, concessions, 

etc.).

 Commodity rates for recyclable 

materials.

 Expenses for processing recyclables

 Costs for hauling, disposal and labor of 

landfill bound waste.

2. Program Leadership 

A recycling coordinator should be designated who will be responsible for overseeing the 

recycling program. The coordinator will work with individuals from every sector of the airport 

to design and implement the program. They will also help to encourage participation and train 

and educate tenants, concessions and the public. In addition, the coordinator would be 

responsible for monitoring the recycling program and reporting to management. 

3. Waste Identification 

Prior to developing a recycling/waste minimization plan, it is 

imperative to understand what waste is generated by which 

stakeholders, how much is collected, and where collection takes 

place at the airport. Examining both qualitative and quantitative 

data is essential and provides a baseline necessary for measuring 

future progress. Proper waste assessments should be based on the 

size of the airport, specific knowledge of airport operations, and 

include a detailed analysis of the waste stream, the program goals, 

and available resources, both at the airport and local recycling capabilities. The waste audit can 

also provide a baseline for future comparisons and for identifying new recycling opportunities. 

Primary approaches to understanding the generation and flow of waste at an airport is a waste 

audit and include: 

 Examination of Records 

o Waste hauling and disposal records and contracts 

o Supply and equipment invoices 

o Other waste management costs (commodity rebates, container costs, etc.) 

 Facility Walk-Through 

o Qualitative waste information through 

observation of staff and customers and firsthand observation of waste handling practices to

understand waste handling practices and how 

waste flows through an airport 

o Understanding waste pickup and hauling 

practices and how waste flows through an 

airport 

 Waste Audits 

o Collection and analysis of the types of waste 

produced at the airport 

The most comprehensive and resource intensive way to assess 

waste stream composition, opportunities for waste reduction, 

and capture of recyclables is through a waste audit or material 

sort. To be successful, a waste audit must be a well-organized 

process that explicitly measures the quantity and types of 

Waste Audit Case Study: 

 Los Angeles International 

Airport (LAX) 

 Portland International 

Airport (PDX) 

 St. Paul International 

Airport (MSP) 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

9

wastes generated. It provides a “point in time” snapshot of the waste stream of an organization 

and a reference point that provides information about current waste practices and how they can 

be improved. At an airport, a variety of waste, generators, receptacles and collection systems 

may be evaluated to assess specific waste streams. 

4. Waste Collection and Hauler 

Once you understand what is in your waste stream, it is important to gauge the potential markets 

for the materials that could be potentially recovered from it. One of the frustrating things about 

recycling is that the markets for secondary materials fluctuate, particularly for waste paper and 

cardboard. Proximity to glass recycling facilities can effect whether there is even a market for 

recovered glass. This market variability makes it difficult to establish recycling standards that 

are appropriate nationwide. However, there are a few materials that generally have some value 

in all markets, such as aluminum cans. Local waste haulers will know which materials can be 

cost-effectively recycled in your area. 

Waste collection and choosing a waste hauler will be dependent on your area and what works 

best at the individual airport. 

a. MSW Waste Collection 

There are different options for collection systems depending on the local recycled materials 

market and the unique needs of each airport. Each system has advantages and disadvantages. 

Markets, material commodity values, local and regional frameworks, and types/availability of 

haulers should be examined before the system is created. 

 Separate stream recycling requires airport travelers and tenants to place different materials 

in separate bins. The most common version of separate stream recycling is one bin for 

containers (plastics bottles, aluminum cans, and glass bottles) and another bin for paper. 

This ensures that material collection maintains a high level of quality, improving market 

returns for most materials. 

 Commingled recycling allows airport travelers and tenants to place all recyclable materials 

in a single bin. The material is sorted later, usually at the materials recovery facility. This 

method can lead to lower quality material, particularly for paper and may not be available 

in some regions. 

 Post-collection separation of ALL materials, known as “Mixed Waste Processing”, allows 

airport travelers and tenants to dispose of recyclables and trash in the same receptacle. All 

material is sorted later. This process is labor-intensive and removes responsibility from 

individual generators. 

Multiple studies have shown that public area waste collection at airports best achieves desired 

results of proper sorting and minimal contamination in recycling and waste streams when 

collection containers are paired in a “buddy system” containing paired recycling and landfill 

waste bins. Top-facing images and restrictive lids help to educate busy travelers to properly 

segregate and place materials and reduce contamination. Given the right visual cues and a simple, 

paired waste/recycling approach, public area collection can successfully contribute to an 

effective waste minimization program. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

10

Different areas within the airport facility can have different collection strategies. The decision 

about what type of collection system is best for a facility or for specific areas requires an 

understanding of passenger and employee behavior and the value of the recyclables if comingled or separated. The waste identification process described above can help inform 

decisions about the best collection method. 

In addition, compactors can be of value for reducing the amount of floor or ramp space needed 

for waste and recyclable collection. Again, the facility constraints and layout, value of the 

commodities, and nature of the waste generated from the collection area are instrumental input 

for making informed decisions about whether compactors make sense or not. For new additions 

to a concourse or terminal building or for new construction, it is imperative that the discussion 

about whether to include compactors or not should take place during the initial planning 

discussions. 

b. Waste Hauler 

Choosing the appropriate hauler and Material Recovery Facility (MRF) is an important 

component of an airport waste minimization and recycling program. There may be multiple 

options depending on the geographical location, and contracts and services may be bundled or 

separate. 

Generally, two main systems of waste hauling contracts are available at airports; however a 

combination of the following systems may be appropriate for larger airports. Individual waste 

hauling contracts for each tenant represent a decentralized system, while airports that choose to 

handle all waste together represent use of a centralized system. When circumstances allow, 

many airports opt for a centralized waste management system, as it simplifies the collection 

process and allows for added efficiencies. A centralized system requires only one site for bins or 

collection, and this central collection area may be used for all tenants. Size considerations and 

volume of collection may warrant the use of decentralized system of waste collection; however, 

efficiencies may be gained by establishing a “hub and spoke” approach to a decentralized 

collection (multiple centralized collections) that could mimic many of the benefits of a single 

centralized collection. 

In addition to the two main systems, there is an emerging strategy of Resource Management 

Contracting which compensates waste contractors for development of the collection system and 

performance in achieving the waste reduction goals rather than the volume of waste disposal 

(EPA reference). 

There is no “right” choice for a hauler. An optimal hauler will be chosen depending on the 

specific needs of each individual airport. Generally, the hauler chosen should present the right 

balance of cost with the service necessary to achieve the recycling/waste minimization goals of 

the program. There are various levels of service that can be provided, and haulers may vary 

based on cost, customer service, environmental impact, and many other factors. It is important 

to point out that municipal governments may have contracts or policies in place that dictate 

specific requirements not addressed herein. The airport sponsor should check with the local 

solid waste division within his/her respective county to inquire about any local requirements. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

11

Essential Stakeholders

 Passengers passing through public areas, parking lots, garages, curbside pickup and drop off 

areas, restrooms, holding areas, and food courts

 Tenants such as businesses, airlines, and concessions (including taxi, hotel, rental cars, 

flight kitchens, and other industries that operate at the airport)

 Airline employees (including ground crew, cabin cleaning crew, catering);

 Employees of airport authorities, government offices, business agencies, etc.

 Maintenance operations and support facilities

 Contractors of the airport and its tenants, including aircraft cleaning and service, janitorial 

services, waste haulers, and construction contractors

 City or County solid waste management.

5. Waste Management Plan Development 

In developing the waste management plan, consider who the essential stakeholders are, 

characteristics of waste at your airport, and waste reduction strategies that could be implemented. 

This document outlines some common challenges when implementing a recycling program (see 

below). 

a. Who are the essential stakeholders? 

There are a number of essential stakeholder groups to consider when creating an airport 

recycling program. The implementation of a successful program should directly address each of 

the following groups, taking into account the individual needs and challenges of each when 

developing the program. 

b. Waste Reduction Strategies 

Waste reduction minimizes waste that would otherwise wind up in a landfill or disposed of in 

some other fashion that is environmentally undesirable. Reduction of a waste or a waste stream 

can come in different forms including waste redirection, repurposing, reuse, separation, or other 

means to lessen the volume of the waste stream or amount of waste. Reduction can best be 

accomplished when the total composition of an airports waste stream is analyzed in its entirety. 

Anything that moves material away from the landfill or some other disposal option is a positive 

move towards reduction. 

i. Municipal Solid Waste General 

Methods to reduce waste generated by the airport rely on contractual 

requirements. Examples include 

 Requiring the vendor to package waxes, cleaners and other airport custodial products 

in refillable containers that can be accepted back by the manufacturer for reuse; 

 Contract requirement for acceptance by the manufacturer of the airport's specification 

paints of any paint waste, which can be mixed into new paint batches; 

 Contractual requirement to reduce packaging of products bought in bulk by the 

airport; and 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

12

 Requirements that concessions use compostable plates, plastic ware, and other high 

use items.

Airports undertake a number of measures for reduction of waste. To reduce the weight of 

trash, travelers at San Francisco International Airport (SFO) are asked to empty their water 

bottles in a receptacle prior to passing through the Transportation Security Administration 

(TSA) check points where liquid in drinking water bottles is prohibited. The collected 

water is then directed down a sink drain instead of being added to the other regular trash 

reducing the weight of the trash. When the weight of trash is reduced, it is less costly to 

dispose of. That also translates into less energy used 

to dispose of water weight in the trash waste stream. 

For example, some airports have constructed presecurity liquid collection vessels so that fluids from 

portable drinking containers can be emptied prior to 

disposing or recycling the bottle. This type of 

system helps to maintain the integrity of the 

recyclables and reduces the weight of the trash. 

Some airports are using trash compactors to reduce 

the volume of the waste. Yet others are using 

composting for green waste and food waste. 

Compositing uses aerobic decomposition to 

degrade organic material. The compost product 

can then be used as a soil amendment. 

Small-scale compositing operations can take place 

on site, though regulatory requirements vary from 

one jurisdiction to another for this activity. Commonly, green waste destined for further 

processing is hauled to a compost facility that can handle large quantities of this material, 

producing a more consistent compost product, while complying with all local and state 

regulatory and permitting requirements. 

Shipping pallets, most commonly wooden but can be made of 

metal or plastic, arrive at the airport from deliveries of goods 

from vendors serving both the airport and airport tenants. 

Contractual arrangement with vendors to allow return and 

reuse of the pallets with new shipments should be identified 

and promoted. 

Due to the numerous deliveries at any airport, cardboard has become a typical recycled 

item. Bailers and bins are placed in locations around terminal loading docks and in 

facilities yards to deal with this voluminous waste stream. Bailed, cardboard boxes have a 

relatively high resell market value and often are the “low hanging fruit” in an airport’s 

recycling scheme. 

Food and Restaurant Case Studies:

 Denver International Airport 

(DIA)

 John Wayne Airport (SNA)

 Minneapolis Airport (MSP)

 Philadelphia International Airport 

(PHL)

 San Francisco International 

Airport (SFO)

Pallet Case Study:

San Diego 

International 

Airport (SAN)

Liquid Waste Case Studies:

 Oakland International Airport 

(OAK)

 Portland International Airport 

(PDX)

 San Francisco International 

Airport (SFO)
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

13

ii. Green Waste 

Depending on the local climate and physical environment, 

there are various options available at airports to reduce 

the amount of green waste generated, which include the 

following best management practices: 

Landscape Design and Plant Selection. A well-planned landscape design can help 

prevent or reduce the amount green waste produced or and amount of resources 

expended for its maintenance. Each region of the country has different resource 

conditions, such as the amount of annual rainfall, soil type, temperature ranges and 

available sunlight, all of which need to be taken into consideration when planning 

landscape design and plant selection. Finding the right balance of plant types and 

efficient irrigation systems can provide both the optimal aesthetics and resource 

conservation goals of the airport. 

 Xeriscaping. The practice of xeriscaping applies to landscaping that uses slowgrowing, drought-tolerant plants, which conserve water and reduce the amount 

plant trimmings, and ultimately waste generation. In many instances, this involves 

the selection of indigenous, native plant species, which are already accustom to the 

regional climate and environment. In addition, xeriscaping generally requires far 

less fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide use than traditional landscaping methods and 

therefore is more environmentally sustainable. 

 Grasscycling. The practice of grasscycling simply means leaving the grass 

clippings on the lawn after mowing. The grass clippings quickly decompose, 

allowing valuable nutrients and moisture to return back to the soil. Grasscycling 

saves time and money by reducing the mowing time (since bagging and discard of 

clippings is eliminated) and the amount of fertilizer, herbicides, pesticides and 

water needed to maintain a healthy turf. Consequently, it is also good for the 

environment by minimizing the amount of potential pollutant discharges going to 

the storm drain system and beyond. 

 Mulching. The process of mulching involves physically breaking up the 

landscaping trimming using a chipper, grinder or other mechanical means. The 

resultant “mulch” can then be applied as a protective cover over bare areas of soil 

to retain moisture, provide insulation from cold weather, reduce erosion, provide 

nutrients, and suppress weed growth and seed germination. The mulching of 

landscaping waste can take place on site for direct application or it can be hauled 

off to a local mulching or composting facility for processing. 

Green Waste Case Study:

San Diego International 

Airport (SAN)

General MSW Case Studies:

 Denver International Airport (DIA) 

 John Wayne Airport (SNA)

 Minneapolis Airport

 Oakland International Airport (OAK)

 San Francisco International Airport (SFO)

 Yeager Airport (CRW)
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

14

 Alternative Daily Landfill Cover. Another application of green waste is in its use 

as alternative daily cover at municipal solid waste landfills, where permitted. 

Using green waste as daily cover, in lieu of soil cover, saves valuable landfill 

space and may count towards waste diversion goals in many jurisdictions. 

Generally, the green waste is hauled directly to the landfill, where it is shredded, 

stored and applied as daily cover material. 

iii. Deplaned Waste 

On average, 20% of a commercial service airport’s municipal 

solid waste is from deplaned waste.3

 Analysis has shown that 

40% of this total could be readily recycled.4

 For example, by 

weight #1 PET plastic bottles represent about 1% of deplaned 

waste, and aluminum cans roughly 3%, with mixed paper 

being the largest fraction that is easily recyclable.5

 Other deplaned material destined for 

disposal includes things that could be handled through better management, such as large 

quantities of used travel kits, head phones, partial rolls of toilet paper, and clean, unused 

paper products. Food waste and soiled paper are easily compostable; however, easy access to 

composting facilities is not widespread across the U.S. yet. 

There are a number of airline participants that would need to be involved in comprehensively 

addressing deplaned waste, including purchasing, inflight catering, flight attendant services, 

and cabin cleaning. There is great variability among airlines in their approach to recycling 

deplaned waste, and significant room for improvement. Airports can play an important role 

in working with their airline tenants in providing adequate facilities for recycling deplaned 

waste. There are numerous documented instances of source-separated recyclable material 

being thrown in the trash due to poor communication and inadequate facilities. 

As mentioned in the introduction, there is a portion of deplaned waste known as international 

waste that has to be processed separately. However, even some of these wastes could be 

recycled. The best opportunities for recycling international waste are with cans, bottles, 

newspaper/magazines that have not come into contact with food, or plastic containers that 

haven’t held milk or dairy products and have been stored separately from the other 

international waste. These items can be included in an airport’s recycling stream without 

being incinerated, sterilized, or ground up. Bins are often provided for by an airport where 

recyclable materials can be collected, or the recyclables are rounded up for redemption by the 

airlines at their designated station. 

Airline purchasing departments should carefully choose the products that go on board to 

make waste management easier. Rather than a disposable travel kit on every seat for 

international flights, for example, providing those kits on request would reduce waste. Some 

airlines already have locations where discarded newspapers and magazines can be used by 

other passengers; this type of reuse should be encouraged. 

 

3

 Airports such as PDX have reported up to 40% of the airport’s waste as deplaned waste (PDX, June 2011) 

4

Id.

5

 Based on PDX audits conducted in January and June 2008. 

Deplaned Waste Case Study

Portland International 

Airport (PDX)
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

15

One of the challenges to reducing deplaned waste by recycling materials is that there is not a 

national program established for all airports to process deplaned waste the same way. Due to 

the complexity and variability of recycling and waste collection in the United States, it is 

challenging to implement a “one size fits all” approach to recycling for airports and airlines. 

The materials mix that Materials Recovery Facilities will accept varies substantially not only 

nationally and regionally, but often within a single community, making a streamlined 

collection process a major challenge. Increasing landfill diversion rates from deplaned waste 

collection will remain difficult until standards of collection and regulation are adopted. 

If there was a national standard airlines that serve multiple markets would be able to establish 

uniform procedures knowing that facilities will be available to manage their deplaned 

recyclables. In addition, airports would be able to increase their overall recycling rates 

knowing that there will be consistency in how material will be coming off planes. If there 

was a national standard, materials could be comingled in collection bags, and easily 

separated at a sorting facility. On board collection could consist of two bags, one for these 

recyclable materials, and one for everything else. It is recommended that clear plastic bags 

be used for both the recoverable material and that to be disposed, so that materials can be 

easily identified. The clear two bag system could be used by both flight attendants and 

cleaning crews. 

6. Education and Outreach 

Initial communication before implementation of the program, 

continuing education, and ongoing facilitation with each of these 

groups and awareness of the different role each plays in the airport 

program will be pivotal for success. Many airport tenants, 

contractors (such as janitorial service companies) and 

concessionaires have significant employee turnover. Therefore, 

recurring training is required to ensure that the airport staff is well 

versed in the program specifics. In addition, some of the staff may 

not use English as a primary language, therefore the training 

materials and signage should be addressed appropriately. 

Whenever possible, it is helpful to share with the public and stakeholders data and metrics about 

the positive impact that the program is having on the environment. Waste reduction decreases 

transportation emissions and saves energy by using fewer resources. Producing new products 

from recovered materials lessens the need for mining or harvesting virgin materials. The EPA’s 

Waste Reduction Model (WARM) allows organizations to estimate the greenhouse gas and 

energy savings from recycling, composting and source reduction. 

7. Monitor and Refine 

Throughout the implementation of the recycling program, there should be continuous monitoring 

and refinements to the recycling program to ensure that recycling is encouraged. 

Training Case Studies:

 Denver International Airport 

(DIA)

 Oakland International 

Airport (OAK)

 San Francisco International 

Airport (SFO)
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

16

8. Performance Monitoring 

Ideally, specific program goals should be set prior to initiating collection. In many cases, targets 

will be created in part by local government and state mandates. For example, certain 

jurisdictions may require the airport to recycle a certain percentage of its waste to help achieve 

this particular goal. In other cases, targets will be primarily internal. There is increasing 

pressure to increase waste diversion rates in many regions of the country, and some areas are 

setting mandatory minimums. These local or state goals can be starting points for many 

programs. Conversely, there may be little political or economic incentive in a region, but an 

operation with the size and impact of an airport may help push and develop markets for recycled 

commodities to create momentum in the regional marketplace. 

The performance monitoring measures will help to communicate the successes of the recycling 

initiative at the airport. Quantifying how much waste is being recycled and compare this to 

baseline waste audit information can be helpful to show management and the public how the 

program is helping to reduce waste. 

9. Promote Success 

Promoting the success of the recycling program will ensure that the public, tenants, and 

management continue to support the initiative. 

10. Continuous Improvements 

The airport recycling coordinator should evaluate the program over time and consider new 

initiatives to help reduce waste and promote recycling or reusing materials. 

B. Challenges for Setting up a Recycling and Waste Reduction Plans at Airports 

Implementing and maintaining a successful recycling/waste minimization program at any 

organization can be challenging. Given the size, complexity, and pace of an airport environment, 

these challenges are greatly exacerbated. There are a number of common obstacles that impede 

the development and ongoing progress of a successful program. 

 Dealing with multiple entities: There are multiple stakeholder groups that impact and are 

affected by recycling and waste collection in an airport environment. This creates a 

complex system with many opportunities for unintended consequences. Therefore, an 

appropriate recycling strategy should consider all groups that participate, and how they 

interact with one another, in order to create an optimal strategy for the success of the 

program. 

 Fractured/disjointed management chain: Due to high employee turnover among 

concessions and tenant staff, it is difficult to get consistent compliance and proper waste 

sorting and disposal. Constant feedback, education, and ongoing technical assistance are 

pivotal for success. 

 Incentives structure: In areas where the airport authorities are responsible for tenant and 

airline waste management, incentives structures that encourage waste minimization must 

be considered. Additionally, in regions where landfill disposal fees are low, strategies 

need to be developed to encourage waste minimization. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

17

 Space needs: To make proper waste minimization and collection a priority, convenient 

and ample space must be provided at the terminal. With cost and space as pivotal factors, 

waste collection is often an afterthought, forcing less-than-ideal conditions for collection 

and the need for improvisation. 

 Airfield security: Security measures complicate access for the waste hauler to airport 

areas such as ramps and loading docks. 

 Maintenance: Maintaining an appropriate number of staff to keep waste areas clean and 

free from discarded materials is critical. If left unchecked, waste areas will quickly 

become a “dumping ground” for materials and wastes beyond the scope of the program. 

 Language or cultural barriers: Multiple languages and cultures can present 

communication challenges, especially in the development stages of a program or a 

particular initiative. It is especially important to be sensitive to cultural and language 

issues as plans are established and the waste recycling system is implemented. 

 Human nature: A successful waste collection area must be designed with human 

psychology in mind. Simple paths towards different waste collection are important, and 

collection containers should feature clear, consistent language and presentation. 

 Lease language: Lack of specific recommendations for materials procurement, employee 

training, guidelines, expectations and recommendation for airport tenant compliance with 

waste program protocols can provide significant challenges to successfully executing an 

airport waste program. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

18

III. CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE (CWM) PROGRAM 

This section discusses the reuse and recycling of construction materials, including benefits, costs, 

goal setting, types of construction and demolition (C&D) debris, CWM Plans, best practices, 

implementation considerations, tracking and reporting, markets for recycled materials, lessons 

learned, and resources. 

A. Objectives of a CWM Program 

A CWM program is dependent upon development of 

goals, sustainability guidance, and use of more specific 

implementing mechanisms through use of standards, 

specifications, project tracking checklists, and 

standardized reporting formats. 

C&D debris can be defined as the non-hazardous solid 

waste stream than results from land clearing, excavation, 

and/or the construction, demolition, renovation, and 

repair of structures, roads, and utilities. C&D debris 

commonly includes concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, 

drywall, carpet, plastic, pipe, rocks, earthwork, landclearing debris, cardboard, and salvaged building 

components. C&D debris makes up roughly 25 percent of all solid waste discarded in the U.S.6

Some airports have developed CWM programs to encourage recycling and reuse of nonhazardous wastes and materials generated during construction, demolition, renovation, 

maintenance, and repairs. 

An efficient construction waste program may provide the following benefits: 

 Economic – Provides cost savings from reduced material hauling, disposal fees, and fuel 

costs, and avoiding purchasing new materials. Job site recycling creates employment and 

economic activity that benefits local economies. 

 Environmental – Reduces the amount of materials sent to landfills and the environmental 

impacts of extracting or producing new materials. The reuse of materials on-site reduces 

off-site hauling, and decreases transportation air emissions and fuel burn. 

 Operational – Streamlines the quantification and organization of materials on-site, 

reducing impacts to airport operations. Less time and labor may be needed for hauling, 

installation and maintenance. 

 Social – Reduces traffic in the surrounding community through reduced off-site hauling. 

 

6

 Lennon, Mark, The Institution Recycling Network, Guide to Construction and Demolition Recycling, page 2, 

April 2005, www.mass.gov/dep/recycle/reduce/cdrguide.pdf (accessed May 14, 2012). 

Two Primary Objectives of a 

CWM Program 

1) Divert construction and 

demolition debris from 

disposal in landfills and 

incineration facilities; and 

2) Redirect recyclable resources 

back to the manufacturing 

process and reusable materials 

to appropriate sites. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

19

B. Involving Contractors and Other Stakeholders 

A successful CWM program means starting early; incorporate a 

CWM program from the start to guarantee success. Include 

recycling requirements in all contracts, subcontracts, and purchase 

orders. All applicable goals, guidance, and required standards and 

specifications to be applied need to be addressed prior to 

contracting and acknowledged during the procurement stage. This 

includes addressing CWM requirements during pre-proposal or 

submittal conferences, providing requirements in advance, in 

RFQs/RFPs, and other materials. Confirmation of any applicable 

“green building standards” or airport sustainability guidance manuals should be clearly 

made. Pre-bid meetings to clarify expectations, requirements, and performance criteria are also a 

valuable tool for the airport and contractor to emphasize managing resources in economically 

and environmentally responsible ways (e.g., waste reduction, reuse and recycling). 

Be upfront to ensure contracts highlight repurposing, reusing materials/salvaging, and how use of 

recycling materials is defined. Contracts should establish clear minimums (goals) and applicable 

standards and specifications. Contracts can require preparation of a CWM Plan, establishment of 

a CWM coordinator/manager, and tracking and reporting requirements. Resource Management 

contracts, which typically include pre-bid meetings to clarify expectations, requirements, 

performance criteria, etc., can also be a valuable tool for the airport/contractor to emphasize 

and/or reward managing resources in economically and environmentally responsible ways (e.g., 

prevention, reuse, and recycling). 

Continual training helps ensure understanding and compliance with established goals and 

requirements. Conduct periodic training workshops to explain goals, requirements, and tracking 

and reporting requirements. Reward and recognize contractors and employees for meeting and 

exceeding goals and related achievements. A variety of incentive programs can be considered to 

monetize complying with and exceeding established CWM recycling goals. The incentives can 

be monetized to financially reward contractors through reduced costs, incentive payments, or 

bonuses. Non-financial incentives include award and recognition programs that recognize 

savings, achievement of goals, and overall performance. 

C. Establish Construction and Demolition Diversion Goals 

To achieve the economic, environmental, operational, and social benefits of implementing a 

CWM program, establish upfront minimum goals for recycling and reusing and/or salvaging 

non-hazardous C&D debris. To facilitate this process, the airport/contractor should adopt a 

CWM Plan to maximize the diversion of materials from disposal and expedite recycling and 

reuse of materials in projects. 

Goals can be established formally through environmental or sustainability management plans 

and other sustainability related programs, implementation of standards and specifications, and 

contractual requirements, perhaps in parallel with other state or local requirements. Goals can 

also be achieved indirectly through cost-savings considerations. For example, re-use of materials 

can lower acquisition and disposal costs, and environmental initiatives can reduce fuel usage and 

Procurement Case Studies:

 Chicago O’Hare 

International Airport (ORD)

 San Francisco International 

Airport (SFO)

 Salt Lake City International 

Airport (SLC))
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

20

CWM Program should consider the following construction and demolition debris for recycling or 

reuse:

air emissions. Today, airports such as San Diego and Chicago are achieving a high percentage 

of material recycling and recovery, approximating a 98% recovery rate. 

Diversion should include the salvage of materials on-site or the donation of materials to 

charitable organizations. 7

 Each airport and/or contractor should determine the market for 

recycling or reusing materials in its area, and the available haulers and recyclers to handle the 

materials. The particular location and project could influence the airport’s diversion rate goal. 

For example, relocating airfield security fencing may have a higher diversion rate goal compared 

to construction of a taxiway. 

D. Developing a Construction Waste Management (CWM) Plan 

Implementation of a CWM program is a start-to-finish process, beginning long before project 

start with development of goals, standards and specifications to implement those goals, reflection 

during the procurement process and contracting, training, and incentives through cost savings, 

awards and recognitions. A CWM program is dependent upon development of ‘Sustainability 

Design and Construction’ guidance, along with implementing mechanisms through use of 

standards and specifications and project tracking checklists. 

At a minimum, a CWM Plan should identify the anticipated types and quantities of materials to 

be diverted from disposal and the required process for on-site and off-site sorting or comingling 

of materials. 

Included within the CWM Plan is consideration of a “balanced earthwork management plan” that 

outlines procedures and best practices to maintain and utilize excavated soil and land-clearing 

debris on-site and/or for other nearby projects. As such, the airport and contractor(s) need to 

 

7

 U.S. Green Building Council, “MR [Materials and Resources] Credit 2: Construction Waste Management,” 

LEED® 2009 Reference Guide for New Construction and Major Renovations,” updated October 2010. 

 Earth, Soil, Dirt

 Concrete Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

 Bricks/Masonry (cinder blocks, mortar, 

etc.)

 Rock, Stone, Gravel

 Ferrous Metal (iron, steel, etc.)

 Nonferrous Metal (aluminum, copper, 

etc.)

 Roofing Shingles and other Roof 

Materials

 Cardboard, Paper, Packaging

 Sand

 Wood

 Gypsum Drywall

 Plastics

 Plaster

 Paint

 Plumbing Fixtures and Piping

 Carpet and Pad

 Non-Asbestos Insulation

 Glass

 Land-Clearing Debris
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

21

evaluate cut-and-fill needs early on to maximize the potential benefits of matching available soil 

and material resources with project needs. 

A CWM Plan typically consists of the following information:8

1. General: An overall strategy for managing the project’s C&D debris. Describe the general 

intent of the project with regard to the diversion of C&D waste from the landfill or 

incinerator and the recovery of materials where applicable. 

2. Regulatory: Reference all applicable laws, municipal codes, regional plans, city or airport 

sustainability manuals, construction specifications, and any other appropriate standards and 

specifications. The contractor must comply with waste transport, disposal, stormwater, and 

other regulations of state, local, and/or federal authorities having jurisdiction. The CWM 

Plan should clearly indicate that the contractor is responsible for providing waste handling, 

containers, storage areas, signage, transportation, and other items to facilitate implementation 

of the CWM Plan for the duration of the contract.

3. Waste Identification: The anticipated types and quantities by weight of demolition, siteclearing, and construction waste generated by the project, including the assumptions for the 

estimates. Calculations should be done by weight (conversion may be necessary) and must 

be consistent throughout. The CWM Plan should include: 

- Completing a ‘Materials Handling Estimate Worksheet’ for all applicable project 

waste streams. 

- Identifying where recyclable materials storage and collection points will be. 

- Identifying a plan to communicate recycling goals with employees and subcontractors. 

4. Waste Reduction Work Plan: List each type of waste and whether it will be salvaged, 

recycled, or disposed of in landfill or incinerator. Include points of waste generation, total 

weight of each type of waste, final disposition for each waste type, and handling and 

transportation procedures. 

a. Salvaged Materials – For each type of material that is salvaged or recycled, describe the 

type of material, source, estimated quantity, and receiving entity. Include names, 

addresses, and telephone numbers for the receiving individuals and/or organizations. 

b. Disposed Materials – Indicate how and where materials will be disposed of. Include 

name, address, and telephone number of each landfill and incinerator facility. 

c. Handling and Transportation Procedures – Describe the method for separating 

recyclable waste, including sizes of containers, container labeling, and the designated 

location where material separation will occur. CWM operations should be conducted in a 

manner to minimally impact airport and public roadways, streets, sidewalks, and adjacent 

facilities. A site should be designated for the classification of materials to be salvaged, 

 

8

 Chicago Department of Aviation, Sustainable Airport Manual, Version 2.1, Section 5.0 Materials & Resources, 

5.3 Construction Waste Management, October 31, 2011. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

22

recycled, reused, sold, donated, or disposed. Waste materials should not be allowed to 

accumulate on-site. The C&D debris should be removed and transported in a manner that 

prevents spillage and all truck beds should be covered at all times during transport en 

route to the ultimate destination. 

The airport and/or contractor(s) should continually track and report on quantities and types of 

materials generated, reused, and disposed of off-site, on compliance with sustainability goals and 

objectives, and on application of best practices to evaluate compliance with the CWM Plan and 

recognize completion of best practices. Metrics may include developing “Sustainability Design 

and Construction” guidance, along with more specific implementing mechanisms through use of 

standards and specifications, project tracking checklists and standardized reporting forms. 

Results can be reported in quantities achieved, resulting benefits, subsequent uses of materials, 

and results relative to goals. Additionally, programs and/or contractors can be further recognized 

by applying a rating and ranking program and an award recognition program. 

Other Considerations 

Depending on the number and size of projects, the airport may consider developing a 

sustainability design and construction review team comprised of project planners, construction 

management, and contractors to facilitate project reviews, reporting and tracking. Project 

reporting can be achieved through standardized checklists and forms that are submitted 

electronically. Holding training workshops for contractors can be a valuable tool for reviewing 

CWM tracking and reporting requirements. 

The airport/contractors should further reduce the use of finite raw materials and long-cycle 

renewable materials by replacing them with high-recycled content, rapidly renewable materials 

and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified wood products. Goals and percent requirements 

should be clearly established and communicated, and projects that include high-recycled content 

materials should be recognized and rewarded. “Closing the loop” by purchasing products made 

with materials recovered from recycling creates a market for materials recovered/recycled from 

projects. Programs can establish minimums, or higher content ratios to further facilitate ‘buying 

recycled.’ Typical construction related products with high-recycled content include: 

 Steel Rebar (default 25% recycled content) 

 Copper wire (assumed to contain 65% recycled content by default) 

 Other metals 

 Wood based products (pallets, forms, etc.) 

 Carpet 

 Windows, doors, framing 

 Plastic products 

 Building materials 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

23

5. Tracking, Reporting, Invoicing – CWM Submittals: Submit documentation 

demonstrating how the CWM Plan goals were met, which may include the following: 

 Provide a design estimate of materials anticipated to be used, recycled, salvaged, and/or 

disposed of using the CWM form. 

 Develop a full CWM Plan prior to start of construction, which includes a pre-construction 

estimate of construction material types and quantities to be recycled and/or disposed of 

during the project. 

 Submit monthly CWM forms provided by the Contractor during construction. 

 Complete material Handling Worksheets, which may include recycling receipts and 

weight tickets for all materials provided by the recycling facility to the airport/project 

manager. 

 Provide a final construction waste total provided by the contractor prior to final payment. 

Consider also assigning a CWM coordinator to be a single point of contact responsible for 

implementation, monitoring, and reporting of CWM activities. The contractor should be held 

responsible for training workers, subcontractors, and suppliers on proper CWM procedures. The 

CWM Plan must be distributed to all subcontractors and suppliers when contract work begins.9

 

9

 Chicago Department of Aviation, Specification 01524-9, Construction Waste Management, O’Hare 

Modernization Program Master Specifications, Revision 5, Issued July 30, 2010. 

Construction and Waste Case Studies 

 Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD)

 Denver International Airport (DIA) 

 John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) 

 Phoenix International Airport (PHX) 

 Oakland International Airport (OAK) 

 Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC) 

 San Diego International Airport (SAN) 

 Yeager Airport (CRW) 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

24

For more information on BOS’ waste management programs, visit

www.massport.com/environment/environmental_reporting/Pages/EnvironmentalReporting.asp

Contact: Stewart Dalzell, Deputy Director Environmental & Planning Dept., Boston Logan 

International Airport, SDalzell@massport.com

IV. CASE STUDIES, LESSONS LEARNED, CHALLENGES AND BEST PRACTICES 

Case studies provide the opportunity to learn first-hand through an airport’s existing program or 

experience. The case studies included in this Appendix present a sample of the various types of 

waste recycling, reuse, and reduction programs already in place at many airports. Many have 

seen substantial success and even cost savings in their implementation. Some have been in place 

for a number of years; some are just getting underway. These initiatives are happening at 

airports of all sizes and types, although the scale of their implementation may differ. For each 

case study presented, you are encouraged to view additional materials available on the case study 

airports website, or by contacting one of our committee members for more information. 

This appendix includes 27 representative case study examples created through our Committee 

members and as an outgrowth of an industry-wide call for case studies facilitated by our industry 

partners including the American Association for Airport Executives (AAAE); Airports Council 

International-North America (ACI-NA); and the Airports Consultants Council (ACC). 

A. Boston Logan International Airport (BOS), Boston, Massachusetts 

Warm Mix Asphalt on Runway 4R/22L 

Aggregate Industries Northeast Region recently placed 25,952 tons of warm mix asphalt on 

Runway 4R/22L at Boston’s Logan International Airport, the first airport in the nation to use the 

environmentally friendly asphalt on a runway repaving project,. The priority was to reduce 

greenhouse emissions and energy during construction. According to BOS, warm mix uses 20 

percent less energy to make, produces 20 percent fewer greenhouse emissions when applied, and 

allows a higher percentage of recycled asphalt pavement in the final product. 

B. Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD), Chicago, Illinois

Construction Waste Management Program 

Chicago is completing the multi-phased O’Hare Modernization Program (OMP) that includes the 

construction and commissioning of four new runways and the extension of two others at ORD. 

Due to the large nature of the OMP, opportunities exist for on-site material recycling, especially 

for the aggregate and paving materials. 

Construction waste generated as part of the OMP is used on other OMP-related projects or 

hauled to nearby debris sorting facilities to maximize the recovery of materials. Over 600,000 

tons of materials have been recycled, including concrete and asphalt, bricks, scrap metal, light 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

25

bulbs, and landscaping waste. Over 98% of OMP C&D debris has been recycled and prevented 

from entering area landfills. 

Through March 2012, the OMP has managed approximately 20 million cubic yards of soil onsite, saving more than $140 million either by incorporating it as part of new projects or 

stockpiling it for future use. As highlighted in the following table, the OMP’s balanced 

earthwork plan, material recycling and reuse, have helped the Chicago Department of Aviation 

(CDA) achieve the triple bottom line. 

Benefits OMP Balanced Earthwork Management Plan through March 2012 

Quantities To Date 

(Through March 2012) Description

Over 20 million Cubic Yards of Soil Moved 

(enough to fill the Willis Tower 10 times)

Over 7 million Cubic Yards of Excess Soil Kept On-site

Over 630,000 Haul Trips Saved

Over 1.1 million Hours of Roadway Travel Saved

Over 47 million Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Saved

Over 7.2 million Gallons of Diesel Fuel Saved

Over $140 million Dollars Saved

Approximately 73,000 Tons of CO2 Saved

Source: Chicago Department of Aviation 

1. O’Hare International Airport: Guiding Construction Waste Management 

with the Sustainable Airport Manual And Detailed Specifications

Focused Case Study 

To ensure that sustainable initiatives were implemented during the build-out and 

modernization of ORD, the CDA introduced the Sustainable Design Manual (SDM) in 

2003 at the start of the OMP, which was subsequently expanded into the Sustainable 

Airport Manual (SAM). The SDM/SAM positioned Chicago as the first in the nation to 

develop sustainable guidelines for design and construction at airports, establishing the 

model for green airport development. The SAM includes a project rating and 

certification system, and recognizes designers and contractors for sustainability 

accomplishments. The SAM has evolved to now encompass airport planning, design, 

construction, operations and maintenance, and concessions and tenants. 

The Design/Construction chapter of SAM continues to guide the incorporation of 

sustainability into design and construction of civil-airside, civil-landside, occupied 

buildings, and unoccupied buildings/structures in an airport environment. Over 60 

projects at Chicago’s airports (O’Hare and Midway International Airports) have been 

reviewed by the SAM Green Airplane Rating System. As part of SAM, the CDA also 

developed a number of implementing specifications, including Specification 01524 

Construction Waste Management which requires contractors to submit a CWM Plan, 

design estimate, monthly CWM forms, and a final construction total. For more 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

26

For more information on ORD’s programs, download the CDA’s 2011 Sustainability Report 

at http://ohare.com/Environment/sustainabilityreport.aspx.

 

Contact: Chicago Department of Aviation, Amy Malick, Deputy Commissioner 

Sustainability, amy.malick@cityofchicago.org

information, refer to the CDA’s Sustainable Airport Manual, Version 2.1 

(www.airportsgoinggreen.org). 

C. Denver International Airport (DEN), Denver, Colorado

Waste Recycling and Waste Management Program 

DEN continues to expand existing programs and explore new initiatives toward reaching the 

airport’s strategic plan goal of becoming a zero-waste facility by 2020. In 2001, 0.64 pounds of 

waste per passenger was sent to the landfill. DEN has reduced this to 0.42 pounds per passenger 

in 2011 with a diversion rate of 12.5 percent. In 2011, DEN collected 1,571 tons of recyclable 

material (removing it from the municipal solid waste stream), including 59.7 tons of wood pallets, 

767 tons of cardboard, and 75 tons of organic material. In addition, DEN recycled the following 

commodities, primarily from airport maintenance activities: more than 1,300 batteries; 26,012 

pounds of electronics; 21,000 fluorescent lamps; 293 tons of scrap metal; 84,718 tons of concrete 

to recycle staging areas and 21,512 tons recycled in place; 11,549 tons of asphalt to recycle 

staging areas; 101,173 pounds of restaurant yellow grease; 1,750 gallons of antifreeze; 1,093 

tires; 21,912 gallons of used oil; and 466 gallons of solvent. 

Two additional programs DEN is pursuing include: 

Composting – With the support of food concessionaires and janitorial staff who collect used 

paper towels from office restrooms, in 2011 DEN diverted more than 5 tons of organic material 

per month from the landfill. It is hauled to a commercial composting facility operated by A-1 

Organics, where it is transformed into high-grade compost for residential and agricultural 

purposes. 

Plastics Bailer – In May 2011, DEN was awarded an RREO (Recycling Resources Economic 

Opportunity) grant from the State of Colorado to purchase a plastic-film bailer. According to 

waste composition studies, between 80 and 100 tons of plastic film/wrap are thrown away each 

year by DEN and its tenants. DEN began using the bailer in January 2012 and expects to 

substantially reduce the amount of the plastic wrapping material going to the landfill. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

27

1. Denver International Airport; Pena Boulevard Construction Waste 

Management 

Focused Case Study 

The DEN project team implemented a program that crushed, recycled, and reused 

roadway concrete in place along a stretch of Peña Boulevard reconstruction. This process 

saved the time, expense, and environmental impact of transporting old pavement and new 

base materials. This process saved 1,250 gallons of diesel fuel and avoided 1.5 tons of 

CO2 emissions and, most importantly, paved the way for broader applications of 

sustainable roadway improvement projects at DEN. 

2. Denver International Airport; Conducting A Waste Assessment (Waste 

Audit) 

Focused Case Study 

In its 2009 Strategic Plan, Denver International Airport (DEN) set a goal for itself of 

becoming a Zero Waste facility by 2020. In 2010, DEN – utilizing Waste Management 

Inc.’s “Green Squad” - conducted a waste audit to analyze DEN’s current waste streams, 

to identify how far DEN is from reaching 100% landfill diversion today, and to provide 

recommendations and solutions that will enable DEN to move closer to its Zero Waste 

goal. DEN conducted an assessment of waste generated from the following areas: 

Airport Office Building (AOB)/Main Terminal; Concourses A, B and C; East & West 

Overflow Parking; Air Cargo; Maintenance. The audit sampled 20 loads (totaling 

5,395.5 lbs.) sorted into 31 material types. Weights obtained from the sorts were used to 

evaluate the effectiveness of DEN’s current recycling programs, identify areas for 

improving both the current and future recycling programs, and for identifying potential 

savings opportunities associated with waste diversion strategies. Based on sample 

results, the assessment illustrated that DEN had an opportunity to decrease the amount of 

waste sent to landfill by over 62%, and, under current market conditions, the opportunity 

to save over $200,000 annually through avoided disposal costs and recycling rebate 

revenues. 

The audit identified that up to 3,229.5 tons of recyclables (29.8% of the solid waste 

stream) on annual basis were sent to landfill instead of being diverted to the existing 

single-stream recycling program; as well as 24.1 tons (.2%) of recyclable e-waste; and 

95.5 tons (.9%) of construction & demolition (C&D) materials. In addition, the audit 

suggested that DEN has the potential to divert up to 3,136.7 tons (28.9%) of its organics 

by expanding its current composting program to include pre-consumer and postconsumer waste throughout the entire airport. Finally, DEN could potentially divert an 

additional 170.9 tons (2.4%) annually by implementing new diversion programs. 

Resulting recommendations included: Improve educational awareness about DEN’s zero 

waste goal and waste diversion throughout the entire airport; improve collection 

strategies to encourage more diversion; expand the current composting program to 

include pre and post-consumer organic material throughout the entire airport; and, 

implement new programs to divert additional materials. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

28

For more information on DIA’s waste management programs, see DIA’s 2011 Annual Report, 

Managing the Environment and visit www.business.flydenver.com/environmental.

Contact: Aimee Fenlon, Environmental Public Health Program Administrator, City and 

County of Denver, Department of Aviation, Aimee.Fenlon@flydenver.com; or

Jerry Williams, Jerry.Williams@flydenver.com

D. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Atlanta, Georgia 

Construction Waste Management Conveyor and Recycling 

Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta is probably one of the larger airfield 

pavement recyclers, and has developed innovative programs to handle and process demolition 

waste for reuse in airport construction projects. ATL projects have incorporated in excess of 

675,000 tons of recycled Portland cement concrete in projects involving reconstruction of 

Runways 9R-27L, Runway 8R-26L, as well as Taxiways “M” and “E.” Additionally, the Airport 

utilized an overland belt conveyor system that transported 93 percent of the 21.5 million cubic 

yards of fill necessary for a new runway’s construction, resulting in reduced truck trips, emission 

elimination, and diversion of construction material waste from landfills. 

E. John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Port Authority of New York 

and New Jersey (PANYNJ) 

Construction Debris Recycling 

Since January 2009, all PANYNJ contracts require the construction contractor to submit a 

Construction Debris Recycling Plan. The plan requires the contractor to provide documentation 

that 75 percent (by weight) of all steel, asphalt, concrete, and clean soil is recycled on a projectby-project basis. This goal has been met since the contract specification was introduced. 

Example Project: Taxiway reconstruction/onsite material recycling. In preparation for the 

arrival of the A380 airplane, the centerline of one of the main taxiways at JFK needed to be 

shifted 16 feet for a total length of approximately 4 miles. A detailed study was conducted to 

evaluate the potential reuse of existing asphalt, lime cement fly ash pavements, and sandy 

subgrade soil. It was determined that the existing pavements could be reused onsite as a base 

For more information on ATL’s waste management programs, visit: www.atlantaairport.com/airport/Environmental/MaterialsRecovery.aspx

Contact: Michael Chenye, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, 

Michael.Cheyne@atlanta-airport.com 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

29

For more information on JFK’s programs, see www.panynj.gov/about/airport-initiatives.html

Contact: Nate Kimball, Airport Environmental Specialist, nkimball@panynj.gov; or 

Arlyn Purcell, Supervisor Environmental Programs, apurcell@panynj.gov),

course for the new pavement. The pavement was removed, crushed, treated with Portland 

cement, and remixed onsite. A rigorous testing program was followed to ensure all specification 

requirements were met. This eliminated the need for approximately 25,000 cubic yards of virgin 

material, saved approximately $2 million in construction costs, and reduced truck traffic for 

aggregate delivery. 

F. John Wayne Airport (JWA), Orange County, California 

Recycling Programs 

JWA is owned and operated by County of Orange, California. JWA began source-separated 

recycling in December 2008 at the Eddie Martin building and at the loading dock below the 

Terminal. Recycling carts and a 3 yard recycling bin were placed in the Eddie Martin building 

and a 40 yard recycling dumpster was placed in the loading dock. To facilitate use of the new 

recycling bins, JWA developed a pictorial recycling flyer so staff would know what goes where. 

Larger versions of the flyer were posted at each recycling bin. Bottle and can recycling was 

initiated with one major terminal vendor. Coffee ground collection and composting was initiated 

in 2010. JWA expanded its recycling to the public areas of the terminal after a terminal 

expansion project was completed in late 2011. 

In 2009, the recycling rate for materials collected was 54%, a 12% increase over 2008. C&D 

tonnage from the terminal expansion project was recycled by private contractors. The total 2009 

diversion rate including C&D was 85%, which increased to 87% in 2010. The recycling rate for 

materials collected also increased to 55%, a 1% increase over 2009. JWA continues to be 

committed to reducing its environmental footprint in an efficient, cost-conscious manner. 

1. John Wayne Airport - Coffee Ground Composting Program 

Focused Composting Case Study 

In 2010, JWA initiated coffee grounds collection in partnership with its franchised waste 

hauler, Rainbow Environmental Services (Rainbow). Vendors selling coffee place their 

used coffee grounds in a separate recycling bin provided by Rainbow. Rainbow collects 

the grounds and transports them back to their facility in Huntington Beach where the 

grounds are proportionately mixed with processed green material. Once mixed in with 

the green material, the coffee grounds are transported to a certified composting facility 

where they are processed into compost. Since the inception of the program in 2010, JWA 

has diverted over 150 tons of coffee grounds, converting a former source of waste into a 

valuable resource.
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

30

For more information on JWA’s program, see 

www.ocair.com/communityrelations/environmental.aspx.

Contact: Maria Pope, Environmental Coordinator, mpope@ocair.com

G. Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)/Los Angeles World Airports 

(LAWA), Los Angeles, California 

Waste Characterization, Recycling and Waste Management Program 

LAX has conducted several waste characterization studies and concluded that each passenger 

generates 0.9 pounds of trash and each air cargo ton handled at LAX generates 4 pounds of trash. 

Using this method, LAX’s total waste generation in 2009 was 30,590 tons. In 2009, LAWA 

recycled 19,670 tons and diverted 631 tons to other uses, for an overall diversion rate of 66.4%. 

In order to divert recyclable items from the waste stream, LAWA implemented a wide array of 

free recycling programs for its tenants and LAWA employees, some of the materials accepted in 

LAX’s recycling program are cardboard, wood pallets, plastic, beverage containers, mixed paper, 

and metals. Construction and demolition materials, including carpet, green waste, mixed 

batteries, and other e-waste is recycled through LAWA’s own in-house program. Grass 

clippings and tree branches are sent to the city’s joint processing center to be composted. 

LAWA asks that tenants report any recycling done outside the program. Below is a sample of 

select materials recycled in 2009 by tenants and LAWA at LAX. 

RECYCLED MATERIAL TONS

Mixed Paper 5581

Glass 18

Metals 440

Mixed Green Waste 341

Wood Panellets 1146

LAWA also designates materials for reuse or donation. Wooden pallets, cardboard, office paper, 

and scrap metal are reused if at all possible. Donations of packaged and prepared food from 

airline caterers are sent to local food banks in order to support the local community and avoid 

excess waste. 

Some new projects are being developed at LAX include the following: 

 Installing new advertising “amenity units” incorporating recycling collection into the 

advertising concession program. These units provide several openings for mixed 

paper/newspaper, cans, plastics and trash. 

 LAWA plans to begin recycling coffee grounds and filters into compost from the 

multiple tenants and office spaces that dispose of coffee wastes on a daily basis. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

31

For more information on this LAWA’s sustainability programs, see 

www.lawa.org/welcome_LAWA.aspx?id=1916. 

Contact: Robert Freeman, Airport Environmental Manager, Los Angeles World Airports, 

rfreeman@lawa.org; Los Angeles World Airports or

 Ed Melara, Senior Maintenance Supervisor, Los Angeles World Airports, 

EMELARA@lawa.org 

 A feasibility study is being explored to expand the current cooking oil and grease 

recycling to an airport-wide collection program. In 2005, 30,350 lbs. of oil and grease 

were recycled by tenants. 

 LAWA is considering a mandatory recycling clause in all airport concession contracts. 

Currently the program is voluntary, although LAX provides incentives for tenants to 

participate. 

1. Los Angeles International Airport: Recycled Content Plastic Trash Bags 

Focused Case Study 

A California recycling law passed in 1989 required all cities and municipalities to divert 

at least 50% of their waste stream from landfills by recycling, reuse, source reduction and 

composting by the year 2000. To meet this recycling goal, LAWA developed a 

comprehensive, facility-wide recycling program for all airport users. Source reduction is 

one element of the program that helps toward the recycling goal. With more than 60 

million passengers traveling through its terminals each year, LAX purchased 218.2 tons 

of plastic trash liners (small, medium, and large sizes) in 2010. That’s more than 430,000 

pounds of trash bags alone, without even counting the weight of the trash! To reduce the 

airport’s impact, LAX purchases trash bags that contain 10% to 20% post-consumer 

recycled polyethylene, helping to reduce landfill waste by 20 to 40 tons per year. LAX 

has reached a waste diversion rate of 67.2% and is on track for the 70% target by 2015. 

H. Minneapolis‐St. Paul International Airport (MSP), Minneapolis, 

Minnesota 

Recycling and Composting Programs 

The Metropolitan Airports Commission (MAC) is committed to reducing and recycling waste at 

Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP). The MAC has identified the following 

reasons to support recycling: to conserve resources by reducing demand for raw materials; to 

reduce dependence on landfills; to avoid solid waste disposal costs ($47/ton); to avoid solid 

waste taxes and fees (31.5% locally); to reduce environmental liability; and to lead by example. 

The MAC recycles: paper, cardboard, metal, glass and plastic bottles, batteries, food/organic 

waste, grease, wood pallets, tires, construction materials, tree/yard waste, paint, automotive oil, 

used oil filters, antifreeze, solvents, deicing fluid, light bulbs and printer cartridges. In addition, 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

32

used oil is re-refined, used absorbents are burned for energy recovery, and oil-based paint waste 

and gasoline and diesel fuel wastes are fuel blended for energy recovery. 

In 2011 the MAC diverted and recycled: 70 tons of scrap metals; 171 tons of pallets; 245 tons of 

baled cardboard; and 637 tons of co-mingled recyclables. In addition, the MAC recycled 154 

tons of regulated waste materials including: 91.1 tons of used cooking oil; 1.5 tons of parts 

cleaners and solvents; 15.2 tons of tires; 25 tons of used oil; 7.9 tons of fluorescent and HID 

lamps; 10 tons of batteries; 1.6 tons of light ballasts and transformers; 0.8 tons of antifreeze; and 

1.4 tons of paint. 

In 2011, 91.1 tons of used cooking oil/grease from terminal restaurants was recycled. The used 

cooking oil is processed offsite and converted into biodiesel. 

In 2010, the MAC implemented a pilot program for back-of-house organic waste diversion in 

airport terminal restaurants. Through this program MSP concessionaires worked to keep 120 

tons of food waste out of the solid waste stream in 2011. MAC Field Maintenance generates 

large volumes of yard waste (brush, grass, and tree trimmings) in the course of maintaining 

landscaped areas. In 2011, 6.64 tons of material was collected. Food waste and yard waste are 

sent to a local composting facility where, after a few months, it becomes a valuable soil 

amendment product. Finished compost is mixed with topsoil and used by landscape contractors 

and public works entities, and MAC Maintenance uses it for landscaping at MSP. 

Year-round mechanical sweeping of hundreds of acres of pavement at MSP generates a mixed 

load of sand and debris. Classified as an industrial waste, this material is segregated based on 

composition and is run through a screener; the clean sand is able to be reused on site, eliminating 

hundreds of tons of material from landfill disposal. 

For more information on MSP’s sustainability and waste management programs, see 

www.mspairport.com/about-msp/sustainability.aspx

1. Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport, Hazardous Waste 

Management Recycling

Focused Case Study 

Hazardous wastes are defined as materials that “...pose a substantial, present or potential 

hazard to human health or the environment”. Such wastes are typically associated with 

vehicle and equipment shops or facility maintenance, including painting. Hazardous 

waste generators are required to be licensed and pay fees based on the amount of waste 

generated and the management method for different wastes. Waste reduction efforts at 

MSP include process changes, equipment upgrades, employee training, product 

substitution and researching alternate disposal methodology. Reducing the amount of 

hazardous waste produced by MSP operations provides economic and environmental 

benefits. Benefits of waste reduction include: reduced disposal costs; reduced fees and 

taxes ‐ based on waste volume; reduced administrative costs for training, paperwork; and 

reduced environmental liability. In 2011, MSP recycled 154 tons of additional materials 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

33

For more information on MSP’s sustainability and waste management programs, see 

www.mspairport.com/about-msp/sustainability.aspx

Contact: Toni Howell, Manager Environmental Affairs, Metropolitan Airports Commission 

Toni.Howell@mspmac.org

including: 91.1 tons used cooking oil; 1.5 tons parts cleaners and solvents; 15.2 tons 

tires; 25 tons used oil; 7.9 tons fluorescent and HID lamps; 10 tons batteries; 1.6 tons 

light ballasts and transformers; 0.8 tons antifreeze; and 1.4 tons paint. What hazardoustype wastes are generated and how are they managed? 

 Used oil is re-refined 

 Batteries are recycled 

 Parts washing solvent is recycled and reused on site 

 Antifreeze is recycled and reused on site 

 Used absorbents are burned for energy recovery 

 Used oil filters are recycled 

 Fluorescent and HID lamps are recycled 

 Ballasts and transformers are recycled 

 Mercury containing items are recycled 

 Water based pain waste is recycled into concrete 

 Oil based pain waste is fuel blended for energy recovery 

 Gas and diesel fuel wastes are fuel blended for energy recovery. 

I. Oakland International Airport (OAK), Oakland, California 

Waste Reduction and Recycling Programs 

OAK's waste reduction and recycling program covers general aviation activities and office areas 

on the north field, as well as two commercial passenger terminals, concessionaires, airlines and 

office areas on the south field. Materials collected include food waste, newspaper, cardboard, 

magazines, office paper, plastic, glass, aluminum and other metals. In fiscal year 2011-2012, 

152 tons of kitchen scraps were composted from OAK concessionaires and 496 tons of 

recyclable materials were prevented from entering area landfills – a diversion rate of 38%.

OAK works closely with its airline partners to match existing corporate recycling programs with 

on-the-ground recycling facilities. OAK staff conducts year-round training sessions with tenants, 

concessionaires and custodial staff to continually improve program successes. In 2008, OAK 

was the first airport in the country to install two chute rooms inside the passenger terminal to 

facilitate recycling. In January 2011, 3 liquid collection stations were installed at the head of 

security lanes to reduce the weight of the waste and recycling receptacles, leading to fewer staff 

injuries, savings of staff time and disposal cost-savings. A Big Belly solar trash/recycling 

compactor pilot project was completed last year and a new pilot project to compost paper towels 

from restroom areas is under development. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

34

For more information on OAK’s recycling programs, see

www.oaklandairport.com/noise/environmental_recycle.shtml.

Contact: Susan fizzell, Environmental Planner, Oakland International Airport/Port of 

Oakland, sfizzell@portoakland.com

For more information on PHL’s programs, see

www.phl.org/AboutPHL/Environmentalinitiatives.

Contact: Terry D. Johnson, Recycling Coordinator, terry.johnson@phl.org; or 

Calvin M. Davenger, Jr., Deputy Director of Aviation, 215.937.6062

OAK hosted a special weeklong AOA (Airport Operations Area) Spring Cleaning Event in April 

2012 to promote the OAK’s commitment to cleanliness, airfield safety and foreign object debris 

(FOD) awareness while educating tenants on OAK's Recycling Program and commitment to 

sustainability. Participants included 11 commercial airlines, four air cargo operators, two 

ground-handlers, four concessionaires, 169 general aviation tenants, three full-service FBOs, the 

TSA, and the FAA. A total of 20.4 tons of material was collected, 17.6 tons of which (86%) 

were recycled. 

OAK’s award winning Materials Management Program (Program) recycles concrete, asphalt and 

soil from construction projects, resulting in less traffic, fewer emissions and less landfill waste. 

Since 2003, the Program has saved over $7.5 million in waste disposal costs and $1.3 million in 

material import costs. The Program has taken more than 425,000 tons of demolition materials, 

reclaimed 270,000 tons of reusable materials, saved 4,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases and 

removed 150,000 pounds of vehicle emissions from the air. 

J. Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

Organic Waste Recycling Program 

In 2011, PHL initiated an Organic Waste Pilot Program, partially funded by United States 

Environmental Protection Agency and launched by the Airport to determine the feasibility of 

implementing an airport-wide composting program. The Organics Pilot Program installed 

receptacles at participating restaurants to evaluate the practicality, productivity, and costeffectiveness of a composting program at PHL. The results were encouraging: 6,041 pounds of 

waste were collected, which averages out to about 431.5 pounds per day. The compostable 

waste material was appropriately labeled and sent to the Wilmington Organics Recycling Center 

(WORC) in Wilmington, Delaware, to complete the composting process. 

The Organics Pilot Program highlights the relative ease with which PHL employees responded to 

the training sessions and became acclimated to the addition of the receptacles. Based on reports 

from the staff, the relocation of this waste did not “interfere significantly with existing business 

practices.” The Pilot program’s success prompted PHL to consider expanding the program 

throughout the terminals. The implementation of this program, in combination with recycling 

programs already in place, ensures that 73% of restaurant waste is diverted from landfills. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

35

K. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), Phoenix, Arizona 

Construction Waste Management Program 

Description: Taxiway C serves Runway 8-26, the longest and most heavily used runway at PHX. 

PHX’s Taxiway C Infill Project added a 2,200-foot segment at the west end of Taxiway C. The 

design team was required to comply with the PHX Design and Construction Services Green 

Guide, a performance based standard with life cycle and life cycle cost analysis tools for 

addressing design and construction impacts where LEED® is not applicable, such as for 

pavements and non-building construction. 

All components of the designed pavement materials and structural cross-sections were analyzed, 

including the existing unsuitable soils and asphalt pavement which had been planned for removal 

and disposal. It was determined that the underlying soils could be mixed with cement to provide 

a suitable soil-cement subgrade for the project and the existing asphalt paving could be milled 

and recycled as new base material, which saved $200,000. 

 

Use of the design decision support tool “Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment Tool for 

Environmental and Economic Effects” (PaLATE), an Excel-based tool developed for the 

assessment of the environmental and economic effects of pavements, allowed a detailed study of 

12 separate concrete mix designs with varying amounts of cement and fly ash to determine the 

most long-term cost effective, long-lasting, and environmentally friendly paving material. 

Specific construction quantities for the project were loaded into the PaLATE program and an 

estimated use of environmental resources and air emissions for each design was produced. 

Travel distance factors were included so that a comparison of energy consumption between 

recycled pavement and subgrade hauled from off-site could be made. The comparison of the 

designs showed that significant savings in environmental resources could be identified. 

Other sustainability project decisions were made using the PHX Design and Construction Green 

Guide such as: 

 Developing a vehicle and construction equipment anti-idling plan 

 Utilizing EPA-rated higher tier low-emission construction vehicles 

 Evaluating and mitigating project energy use 

 Maximizing on-site salvage and reuse of materials and resources 

 Detailed construction scheduling and sequencing plan to reduce emissions, including use 

of a compressed workweek 

 Prevention of roadway damage during construction and reducing construction traffic 

The Taxiway C Infill project had a construction cost of $10.36 million and the Aviation 

Department estimates the innovative design resulted in a total cost savings of $1.36 million. 

For more information on this PHX program: Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and 

Huitt-Zoliars, “‘Green’ is the New White for Concrete Pavements – Phoenix Sky Harbor 

International Airport,” http://skyharbor.com/community/environmentalPrograms.html. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

36

For more information on this PHX program: Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and 

Huitt-Zoliars, “‘Green’ is the New White for Concrete Pavements – Phoenix Sky Harbor 

International Airport,” http://skyharbor.com/community/environmentalPrograms.html.

Contact: City of Phoenix Aviation Department, Cynthia Parker, Environmental Coordinator, 

cynthia.parker@phoenix.gov

1. Phoenix International Airport Runway Friction Rubber Removal 

Recycling 

Focused Case Study 

Like many airports, PHX uses a heated high pressure water blasting method for friction 

improvement on runways and other aircraft movement areas. The vacuumed waste is run through 

a set of filters within the truck to reuse the water, but at completion of the process, there is a 

water and rubber mixture from emptying the truck filters. 

In the PHX Facilities yard, a Baker Tank has been plumbed to the sanitary sewer where this 

waste can be decanted. The water portion of the mix is permitted to be discharged to the sanitary 

sewer and the rubber solids from this process go to a local recycler for use in the development of 

rubberized asphalt. The City of Phoenix has used rubberized asphalt for roads since the early 

1960’s and rubber recycling is a mature local market. 

These wastes go through analytical testing to screen that it is not hazardous waste (especially, 

metals) and for sewer discharge approval of the decanted wastewater. PHX’s costs for this 

recycling process are approximately $300 per month, including analytical testing and handling. 

 

L. Portland International Airport (PDX), Portland, Oregon 

24-Hour Waste Characterization Study 

In 2010, a 24-hour waste characterization study was conducted at PDX. The purpose of this 

study was to gain a better understanding of the source areas where waste and recycling at PDX is 

being generated and to enable the PDX Waste Minimization Team to learn how best to target 

their efforts. The largest source area is airline waste (deplaned waste) which consists of waste 

generated onboard the aircraft. Public area waste is the second largest source area and consists of 

waste generated in the public areas of the PDX terminal. This includes waste from parking 

garages, pre and post security area, restrooms and food courts. Concessions waste is the third 

largest source area and it consists of all waste generated by concessions and retail tenants 

operating at PDX. This includes back of house waste as well as waste generated by customers in 

tenant controlled seating areas. The fourth largest source area is administrative waste. This 

consists of waste that is generated by the offices located at PDX and airline ticket counter waste. 

The study provided detailed data on the recycling rates of each source area as well as individual 

tenants at PDX. For the study, the central collection area was monitored for a 24-hour period, 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

37

beginning at 12:00 midnight. Waste loads were intercepted before employees placed it into the 

designated receptacle. 

Airline waste contributed approximately 44% of the materials collected. This is the largest 

contributing source area of the PDX waste stream. The airline waste recycling rate could be 

improved by: 

 Keeping ice and liquid from the landfill bound waste load. 

 Continue to provide specialized recycling support to individual airline tenants. 

 Facilitate communication between airlines and their ground service provider to increase 

the rate of capture of materials accepted into the commingle recycling system. 

Public area waste contributed approximately 35%, making it the second largest contributing 

source area. One of the most frequently observed materials found in public area landfill bound 

waste and commingled recycling are single use beverage cups; more than 6,000 cups of coffee 

are sold in the Port terminal each day. Currently, the PDX Waste Minimization Team is working 

with concessions tenants to explore the options for getting cups out of the landfill bound waste 

stream. The landfill bound waste stream could be decreased by: 

 Expanding public area food composting. 

 Encouraging concessions tenants to switch to durable or compostable serviceware instead 

of the current single use serviceware. 

 Continue to work with coffee tenants, regional MRF’s and paper mills to explore the 

options for recycling hot beverage cups 

 Continue public education and outreach about the Port’s recycling system. 

 Explore other more sustainable options for reducing the quantity of paper towels by 

switching to durable towels or hand dryers in public area restrooms. 

Concessions waste contributes approximately 18% of the PDX waste stream making it the third 

largest contributing source area. In many cases bags designated as trash contained 

predominantly food waste and other compostable materials. Recommendations for improved 

recycling among concessions tenants: 

 Continue providing education about composting to decrease the amount of food waste 

present in the landfill bound load. 

 Promote targeted outreach to the largest waste generators with the lowest recycling rates 

 Continue to support and to provide incentives to those tenants with higher recycling rates. 

 Implement a peer-based reporting system, in which each tenant could measure their 

recycling efforts alongside those of other tenants. 

 Facilitate the switch to 100% durable and compostable serviceware inside the terminal. 

Administrative waste made up 3% of the waste stream. The amount of administrative waste 

present in the waste stream on any given day may vary. Recommendations included: 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

38

 Target outreach and support to all ticket counters to provide education about the Port’s 

recycling system. 

 Provide assistance to other sources of administrative waste such as the Lost and Found 

office and TSA. 

 Educate administrative waste generators about waste minimization practices such as 

double-sided printing, use of durable coffee cups, not printing emails unless necessary, 

etc. 

The studied offered the following recommendations that apply to all source area generators: 

 Incentivize tenants to minimize waste generation and comply with City of Portland and 

Port of Portland mandates. One possible option would be to implement a system to 

charge for garbage disposal while offering free recycling. 

 Continue to coordinate among tenants, waste haulers, material processors, and compost 

facilities to negotiate better and more diverse recycling and waste minimization programs 

and practices. 

 Continue to support those parties who are actively trying to improve their recycling 

habits. 

 Provide outreach to large generators of waste that have comparatively lower recycling 

rates than their peers. 

1. Portland International Airport; Liquid Collection Station Program 

Focused Case Study 

In 2009, Portland International Airport (PDX) created, developed and installed beverage 

collection stations to reduce the amount of liquid in the PDX waste stream. This program 

was established in response to a study which estimated that 90 tons of liquid waste is 

generated annually at security checkpoints. With federal regulations restricting beverages 

allowed through airport security, the stations serve as an innovative response to a 

persistent challenge. Based on measurements taken by janitorial staff that service the 

stations at both security checkpoints ABC and DE, PDX travelers divert between 5,000 

and 8,000 pounds of liquid each month from the waste stream. Similar stations have now 

been installed at other airports across the country, and the Port of Portland has supplied 

graphics at no charge to other airports. 

Program benefits include: 

 Providing an opportunity for proper disposal of recyclable beverage containers 

 Preventing the contamination of recyclables by reducing the amount of soiled 

paper 

 Promoting the reuse of beverage containers 

 Fostering a safer work environment for janitorial staff by reducing heavy lifting. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

39

For more information on PDX’s waste management programs, visit 

www.portofportland.com/env_home.aspx. 

Contact: Stan Jones, Portland International Airport (PDX), Portland, Oregon,

Stan.Jones@portofportland.com

2. Portland International Airport: Deplaned Waste Studies 

Focused Case Studies 

In 2008, Portland International Airport (PDX) conducted a study to examine deplaned 

waste recycling opportunities. PDX examined a flight carrying 112 passengers between 

Orlando, FL and Portland, OR. Estimated total weight of cabin waste (garbage + 

recycling): 35.9 lbs. In total, it was seen that 63% of all possible recyclable materials 

were captured. These following types of materials were recycled: 1.0 lbs. plastic bottles; 

0.3 lbs. aluminum cans; 6.6 lbs. of paper. However, it was noted there was substantial 

room for improvement with the following types of recyclable materials were left in the 

garbage: 2.3 lbs. plastic bottles; 0.3 lbs. aluminum cans; 2.1 lbs. of paper. Based on the 

waste composition, it was determined that flight attendants had the opportunity to recycle 

35% of this aircraft’s cabin waste: paper (24%), aluminum cans (2%), and plastic bottles 

(9%). They ended up recycling 22% (See data table below for types of materials and 

exact weights.) 

Waste Material Total Weight (lbs.) Amount Recycled

Paper 8.7 6.6 lbs. captured

Aluminum Cans .6 0.3 lbs. captured

Plastic Bottles 3.3 1.0 lbs. captured

Compostable Food/Fibers 4.6 n/a

Non-Recyclable Containers 18.7 n/a

Total Recyclables 

(paper, cans, and plastic bottles) 12.6 7.9 lbs. captured(63% of possible)

Total Garbage 

(food waste, liquid, non-recyclables) 23.3 n/a

In a similar exercise, PDX also studied at a flight carrying 129 passengers from JFK to 

PDX and found that flight attendants had the opportunity to recycle 52% of the aircraft’s 

cabin waste: paper, and that they recycled 38% (26 lbs. of materials recycled out of a total 

possible 35 lbs. of recyclable materials). Although there was room for improvement with 

some recyclable materials left in the garbage, 73% of all possible recyclable materials 

were captured including: 5.25 lbs. plastic bottles; 5.3 lbs. aluminum cans; and 15 lbs. 

paper. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

40

For more information on SEA’s program, see www.portseattle.org/Environmental/Pages.

Contact: Jeremy Webb, Environmental Management Technician,Webb.J@portseattle.org

For more information on SLC’s programs, see www.slcairport.com/environment.asp.

Contact: Kevin Staples, Environmental Specialist, Kevin.Staples@slcgov.com

M. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA), Seattle, Washington 

Food Court Recycling 

The Port of Seattle introduced new collection bins to the public food court area as part of SEA’s 

continuing efforts to reduce landfill-bound waste. Accompanying tabletop decals encourage 

food court diners to think about where they toss their trash. A recent waste study concluded that 

44% of airport waste is compostable, and public areas generate nearly half of all airport waste. 

Since the bins were installed, more than 50 tons of food scraps and other compostable material 

were collected and diverted from landfills. The food scrap composting program aims to test the 

feasibility of extending airport food waste composting collection programs to passengers. 

Collected compostable material is sent to a local composting facility that converts the food 

scraps and fibers into nutrient rich soil amendments for use in gardens and landscaping. 

Recyclables are also collected and sent to recycling facilities. 

N. Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC), Salt Lake City, Utah 

Reducing Waste by Reducing Waste Liners 

In 2010, it was determined that a change was needed in SLC’s waste bin liner program. The 

incorrect liners sizes and multiple bags were being used, creating inefficiencies in the trash 

disposal program. Salt Lake City Department of Airports (SLCDA) incorporated a program 

where the liners were “right sized” to the specific capacity of the waste bins utilized at SLC thus 

reducing plastic liner waste and cost. Further waste reductions were accomplished by using 

color-coding to increase staff awareness of available recycling bins and types, by coding the 

liners with the type of use, and by utilizing a lower mil of plastic. 

The waste bin liners were manufactured and delivered in a rolled product form that allowed for 

less intense energy during manufacturing (compared to flat pack), and the ability to stock more 

per case, resulting in reduced packaging. SLC maintained its relationship with the existing waste 

liner manufacturer who contracted with a local supplier to allow for ‘direct and drop’ shipments 

without necessary repackaging. This local relationship will help reduce the impact to the 

environment and SLC’s carbon footprint by reducing deliveries, new supply orders, fuel 

consumption, and labor costs. Between 2010 and 2011, SLC saved over 500,000 cubic yards of 

plastic waste liner and an estimated $30,000 by “right sizing” and minimizing the liner thickness. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

41

O. San Diego International Airport (SAN), San Diego, California 

Green Build Construction Waste Management Program 

In late 2009, SAN began construction on the largest project in the history of the airport. The 

“Green Build” is a $1 billion dollar airport facilities expansion project designed to meet SAN’s 

current and future demand for travel while improving customer service and serving as an 

economic stimulus for the San Diego region. Highlights of the project include 10 new aircraft 

gates, more comfortable passenger waiting areas, enhanced curbside check-in, more security 

lanes, expanded concessions, and a dual-level roadway to relieve curb-front traffic congestion by 

separating arriving and departing passengers. At the peak of construction, the project is 

anticipated to create approximately 1,000 construction-related jobs. Sustainability and 

environmental sensitivity are the hallmarks of Green Build. The airport is making every effort to 

recycle and reuse construction waste on-site. The project is designed to achieve LEED® Silver 

certification from the US Green Building Council and is expected to be completed in 2013. 

In 2011, Green Build generated approximately 5,500 tons of waste. Approximately 94 percent 

(5,150 tons) of that waste was diverted from landfills. Where possible, C&D waste from the 

project, such as concrete, has been recycled and reused on-site. Diverting 5,150 tons of waste 

from land disposal saved the airport over half a million dollars in 2011 (recycling savings = 

5,150 tons X $98/ton tipping fee if not recycled = $504,700). 

1. San Diego International Airport: Green Waste Reduction And Xeriscape 

Program 

Focused Case Study 

SAN maintains its 12.5 acres of landscaping with a combination of drought-tolerant 

California-native grasses, shrubs, trees, and palms that also generate smaller amount of 

plant litter and debris. The native plants can be maintained with smaller amounts of 

fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides than exotic plants. When grasses are used for 

landscaping, SAN uses Hybrid Bermuda grass, which requires one-third less water than 

normal fescue-type lawns and less maintenance. Any clippings that are generated during 

maintenance are left on the turf as an organic fertilizer, reducing the amount of green 

waste generated. All of the green waste collected from landscape maintenance activities 

is recycled into mulch or compost. The mulch is processed on site and used for ground 

cover and erosion control. The remainder of green waste is hauled off site, along with 

coffee grinds and pre-consumer kitchen waste, to a municipal composting facility. In 

2011, SAN diverted 20 tons of green waste from disposal using these methods. 

2. San Diego International Airport: Wood Pallet Processing 

Focused Case Study 

Broken or unclaimed wooden pallets are collected by SAN’s waste hauler and transported 

to a municipal composting facility for processing. The pallets are converted to wood 

chips for resale to customers at $18.00 per yard. These wood chips can be used as 

proactive ground cover or decoration. For more information visit: 

www.sandiego.gov/environmental-services/miramar/greenery/woodchips.shtml. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

42

For more information SAN’s programs, see

www.sandiego.gov/environmental-services/recycling/cd/cdbenefits.shtml and

www.san.org/sdcraa/airport_initiatives/green_build/default.aspx.

Contact: Paul Manasjan, Environmental Manager, pmanasja@san.org; or

Amiel Porta, Terminal Operations Coordinator, aporta@san.org

The best management practices for pallets include the following elements: 

 Reuse. Vendors delivering goods on a routine basis to the airport and their 

tenants can take and reuse the pallets. 

 Recycle. Wood pallet recycling is a general term for the sorting, refurbishing, 

dismantling and remanufacturing of pallets for sale, as well as the grinding of 

wood pallets for feedstock for other wood-based products, such as fiberboard. 

Pallet recycling is a multi-billion dollar business in the U.S. 

 Mulching/Composting. When wooden pallets reach the end of their useful life, 

they can also serve as feedstock for processing as mulch or compost. 

P. San Francisco International Airport (SFO) 

SFO Solid Waste Management Program 

SFO progressively increased the rate of recycling of solid waste from 51% in 2002 to 75% by the 

end of FY 2011. SFO is continuing to enhance the source separation operations with the aim of 

achieving the City’s recycling goals of 85% by 2017 and Zero Waste (90% or more) by 2020. 

SFO estimates that solid waste recycling at the airport offset GHG emissions by over 2,600 tons 

in 2011. SFO’s recycling rate of 75% does not include recycling of construction and demolition 

waste, which consistently exceeds 90% on major airport construction projects. SFO’s solid 

waste management program includes waste reduction, source separation, and composting. 

Recent waste reduction achievements at SFO include the following: 

 Included a clause in all food concessionaires lease agreements at Terminal 2 requiring the 

concessionaires to provide biodegradable food-ware 

 Initiated an annual waste characterization study to better understand the composition of 

solid waste streams and evaluate progress in the recycling operations; 

 Reduced water bottle waste by providing drains in pre-security checkpoint areas and 

water bottle refill hydration stations in post security areas. 

 Installed electric hand dryers in restrooms to minimize the use of paper towels 

 Improved off-site source separation of mixed waste and increased composting of 

biodegradable waste; 

 Partnered with contractors to achieve over 90% construction waste recycling on major 

projects; and 

 Monitored custodial staff and tenants to ensure proper segregation of waste at collection 

points and at temporary waste storage facilities. 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

43

For more information on SFO’s programs, see 

www.flysfo.com/web/page/about/T2/sustainability/.

Contact: Sam Mehta, Environmental Services Manager, Sam.Mehta@flysfo.com

In 2011, about 9,309 tons of solid waste was generated at SFO, of which 6,961 tons or 75% was 

recycled. SFO’s recycled solid waste is composed primarily of food/compostable materials 

(39%), cardboard (14%), and paper (14%). 

SFO credits the success in implementing these programs to the partnership and effective 

communication between internal and external stakeholder groups at the airport. All of the solid 

waste programs implemented by SFO are low cost or no cost actions, developed to promote 

recycling and waste reduction. At SFO, the costs of sending solid waste to a landfill or to a 

composting facility are equivalent. On-site sorting of recyclable materials is an added monetary 

benefit to the airport. All source separated materials are hauled off at no cost to SFO and SFO 

receives a payment from the waste hauler for some materials such as aluminum cans, mixed 

metals, glass, etc. 

1. San Francisco International Airport: Food Waste Composting Program 

Focused Case Study 

The solid waste recycling rate at SFO has increased rapidly since 2007, due to improve 

on- and off-site sorting of waste, as well as the success of SFO’s comprehensive 

composting program. SFO has been able to successfully transform a 2006 pilot food 

waste separation program into an ongoing large-scale composting program. In 2011, 

about 9,309 tons of solid waste was generated at SFO (slightly down from 2010’s level of 

9,928 tons), of which 6,961 tons or 75% was recycled. SFO’s recycled solid waste is 

composed primarily of food/compostable materials (39%), cardboard (14%), and paper 

(14%). Currently, food waste along with biodegradable materials, landscaping trimmings, 

and wastewater treatment sludge is transported to off-site composting facilities. SFO also 

requires the use of biodegradable tableware, plates, containers, etc. by food vendors in all 

new leases and lease renewals. This measure enables the composting of 100% of the 

waste generated at SFO’s food concessionaires. In 2010, SFO composted 3,623 tons of 

food and biodegradable waste, or 37% of SFO’s total annual waste, increasing to 39% of 

total in 2011. The success of SFO’s composting program has significantly contributed to 

the increase in the airport’s overall solid waste recycling rate. 

Q. Yeager Airport (CRW), Central West Virginia Regional Airport Authority, 

Charleston, West Virginia 

CRW’s Recycling Program

In 2009, Yeager Airport, in cooperation with the Kanawha County Solid Waste Authority, 

started recycling cardboard and paper. The cardboard and paper are collected on a daily basis by 

the buildings personnel and are picked up weekly by the Solid Waste Authority. Since 2009, 
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

44

For more information on CRW’s programs, see www.yeagerairport.com.

Contact: Terry Sayre, Assistant Airport Director, t_sayre@yeagerairport.com

Yeager Airport has recycled over 50 tons of cardboard and paper products. This has resulted in 

substantial savings in landfill tipping fees. The Kanawha County Solid Waste Authority has also 

created another income source by bundling the cardboard and paper products and selling them on 

the market to help support the county-wide recycling program. 

In 2010 and 2011, Yeager Airport converted one of the airport’s runways into a taxiway. During 

this construction, almost 200 tons of concrete and blacktop material was recycled into perimeter 

patrol roads and access roads around the airport. This helped the airport save on construction 

costs by the contractor not having to haul the material off site and to find a disposal area for the 

material. 

Airport and Program

General Municipal Solid WasteFood WasteRestaurant Grease WasteGreen WastePallet RecyclingDeplaned wasteConstruction and Demolition WasteRubber WasteSource ReductionLiquid WasteHazardous WasteWaste AuditingInnovative Approaches /New TechnologiesStakeholder Communication/TrainingProcurement

Boston Logan International Airport (BOS), Boston, MA

Warm Mix Asphalt x x

Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD), Chicago, Illinois

Construction Waste Management Program x x x x x

Guiding Construction Waste Management with 

the Sustainable Airport Manual (SAM) and 

Detailed Specifications x x x

Denver International Airport (DEN), Denver, Colorado

Waste Recycling and Waste Management 

Program x x x

Pena Boulevard Construction Waste Management x x

Conducting a Waste Assessment (Waste Audit) x x

Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL), Atlanta, GA

Construction Waste Management Conveyor and 

Recycling x x

John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ)

Construction Debris Recycling x x

John Wayne Airport (JWA), Orange County, California
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

45

Airport and Program

General Municipal Solid WasteFood WasteRestaurant Grease WasteGreen WastePallet RecyclingDeplaned wasteConstruction and Demolition WasteRubber WasteSource ReductionLiquid WasteHazardous WasteWaste AuditingInnovative Approaches /New TechnologiesStakeholder Communication/TrainingProcurement

Recycling Programs x x

Coffee Ground Composting Program x

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)/Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), Los Angeles, California

Waste Characterization, Recycling and Waste 

Management Program x x x

Recycled Content Plastic Trash Bags x x x

Minneapolis‐St. Paul International Airport (MSP), Minneapolis, Minnesota

Recycling, Reuse, and Composting Programs x x x

Hazardous Waste Management Recycling x

Oakland International Airport (OAK), Oakland, California

Waste Reduction and Recycling Programs x x x x x

Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Organic Waste Recycling Program x x x x

Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), Phoenix, Arizona

Construction Waste Management Program x x x

Runway Friction Rubber Removal Recycling x

Portland International Airport (PDX), Portland, Oregon

Waste Characterization Study x x

Liquid Collection Stations x x

Deplaned Waste x

Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA), Seattle, Washington

Food Court Recycling x x x

Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC), Salt Lake City, Utah

Reducing Waste by Reducing Waste Liners x x

San Diego International Airport (SAN), San Diego, California

Green Build Construction Waste Management 

Program x x

Green Waste Reduction and Xeriscape Program x x

Wood Pallet Processing x x

San Francisco International Airport (SFO)

SFO Solid Waste Management Program x x x x x x x

Food Waste Composting Program x x

Yeager Airport (CRW), Charleston, West Virginia

CRW’s Recycling Program x x
Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

46

V. REFERENCES 

Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 42: Sustainable Airport Construction 

Practices (www.trb.org/ACRP/Blurbs/164240.aspx) includes a collection of 480 different 

sustainable airport construction practices in a searchable, filterable spreadsheet. The Collection 

includes practices, methods, procedures, and technologies for all stakeholders involved in the 

planning, design, and construction of airport development or redevelopment projects. 

Enos, Brenda L. Stormwater Management at Logan International Airport Presentation. 

Massachusetts Port Authority. January 12, 2012. Available at http://acecma.org/acecma/file/ 

Massport%20-%20ACECMA%20Stormwater%201-12-12.pdf

California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) C&D recycling fact 

sheets and best practices (www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/).

Chicago Department of Aviation, Sustainable Airport Manual, Version 2.1 

(www.airportsgoinggreen.org).

Chicago Department of Aviation 2011 Sustainability Report 

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City of San Diego, Environmental Services Department – Describes the benefits of C&D 

recycling in San Diego; includes a tipping fee cost comparison for local disposal and recycling 

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Civil Engineering Environmental Quality Assessment and Awards Scheme, CEEQUAL Scheme 

Description and Assessment Process Handbook (www.ceequal.com/). 

Construction Waste Management Database (www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php) – lists companies 

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free online tool that can be searched by state, zip code or material(s) recycled. 

Denver International Airport. Environmental Management System: Environmental Management 

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King County Solid Waste Division (Seattle, Washington) disposal and recycling cost estimator 

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Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Waste & Recycling 

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Port of Portland, Construction Master Specifications (interactive database) 

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Poudre School District, Sustainable Design Guidelines for the Construction of New Facilities 

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7, 2008. 

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Portland International Airport. Liquid Collection Station Wrap Study: Design Suggestions via 

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Portland International Airport. PDX Security Checkpoint Liquid Collection Station Program 

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Portland International Airport. 24-Hour PDX Central Area Waste Characterization Summary 

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San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. SAN Storm Water management Plan. March 

2008. Available at http://www.san.org/documents/environmental/Storm%20Water 

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San Diego International Airport. Recycling at San Diego International Airport. 2003. 

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Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document 

48

Sustainable Aviation Guidance Alliance (SAGA) (www.airportsustainability.org/) guidelines for 

developing an airport sustainability program and a searchable Database of 972 sustainability 

practices, including a section on construction practices. 

Sustainable Building Sourcebook — Construction Waste Recycling 

(http://constructionwaste.sustainablesources.com/).

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Manual for 

Agricultural Clearance. August 2012. 

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Construction and Demolition Materials page 

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Program. April 2009. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – How to Start a Recycling Program at Your Airport 

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University of Washington and CH2MHill, Greenroads Rating System (www.greenroads.org/). 

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Guidelines” (www.ga.wa.gov/eas/cwm/guideline.html).

Waste & Resources Action Programme, Reducing Material Wastage in Construction

(http://www2.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Reducing_Material_Wastage_in_Construction.223e4675.4

711.pdf).

Waste Spec, a tool for large or commercial projects in terms of contract specification language 

for waste management (www.tjcog.dst.nc.us/regplan/wastspec.shtml).