ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS

Appellate Court

Banister v. Partridge, 2013 IL App (4th) 120916

Appellate Court

Caption

LEAH GUFFEY BANISTER, Petitioner-Appellant and Cross-Appellee,

v. RANDOLPH PARTRIDGE, Respondent-Appellee and CrossAppellant.

 District & No. Fourth District

Docket No. 4-12-0916

Filed February 26, 2013

Held

(Note: This syllabus

constitutes no part of

the opinion of the court

but has been prepared

by the Reporter of

Decisions for the

convenience of the

reader.)

In an action arising from petitioner’s request to remove the parties’ child

from Illinois to live in Maine with her husband, the trial court’s finding

that the move would not be in the child’s best interest was against the

manifest weight of the evidence, regardless of the fact that respondent’s

time with the child would be diminished, since petitioner had been

cooperative in providing respondent access to the child and prohibiting

the move would adversely affect the child’s quality of life.

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Sangamon County, No. 03-F-152; the

Hon. Esteban F. Sanchez, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
Counsel on

Appeal

Peggy J. Ryan (argued) and J. Scott Williams, both of Sorling, Northrup,

Hanna, Cullen & Cochran, Ltd., of Springfield, for appellant. 

Randy S. Paswater (argued), of Barber, Segatto, Hoffee, Wilke & Cate,

of Springfield, for appellee.

Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the

court, with opinion.

Justices Appleton and Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 After petitioner, Leah GuffeyBanister, and respondent, Randolph Partridge (hereinafter,

Randy), ended their relationship, Leah gave birth to her son, D.G. (born September 7, 2002).

On Leah’s later petition under the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984 (Parentage Act) (750 ILCS

45/1 to 28 (West 2010)), the trial court entered several orders, establishing Randy’s paternity,

his support obligation, and granting Leah custody of D.G. subject to Randy’s visitation.

¶ 2 In July 2009, Leah married Thomas P. Banister, who lived in Kentucky as a senior

enlisted soldier serving in the United States Army. Two years later, Leah filed a “petition for

leave to remove minor child from state,” requesting to move D.G. from Illinois to Kentucky

to reside with her husband. Randy objected and filed separate pleadings to prevent the move

and obtain primary custody of D.G. Randy also filed contempt charges against Leah for

moving D.G. to Kentucky in violation of the trial court’s order. In December 2011, the court

granted Leah’s petition, and in March 2012, the court dismissed Randy’s contempt claim.

¶ 3 In April and July 2012, the parties filed the following pleadings: (1) Randy filed a motion

to reconsider the trial court’s approval of Leah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to

Kentucky; (2) Leah filed a petition for leave to remove D.G. to Maine, explaining that

Thomas had recently received military orders to the University of Maine to serve as a

Reserve Officer Training Corps instructor; and (3) Randy filed a motion to reopen proofs,

requesting that the court “allow testimony as to the changes in circumstances” with regard

to Leah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to Maine and “any additional changes relating

thereto” since the court’s December 2011 order. Following a July 2012 hearing, the court

dismissed Randy’s pleadings on jurisdictional grounds and denied Leah’s petition for leave

to remove D.G. to Maine.

¶ 4 Leah appeals, arguing that (1) the trial court lacked the statutory authority to consider her

petition for leave to remove D.G. to Maine and (2) the court’s best-interest finding, denying

her petition to remove,was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Randycross-appeals,

arguing that the court erred by (1) dismissing his emergency petition for rule to show cause,

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seeking cause as to why Leah should not be held in contempt for moving D.G. to Kentucky

in violation of the court’s oral admonishment and (2) finding that Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 304(b)(6) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010) divested the court of jurisdiction to address his motions

to reconsider and reopen proofs.

¶ 5 Because we disagree that it was in D.G.’s best interest to deny Leah’s petition for leave

to remove him to Maine, we reverse that portion of the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 6 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 7 A. The Circumstances Preceding the Disputes at Issue and Leah’s

Initial Petition for Leave To Remove D.G. to Kentucky

¶ 8 Prior to January 2002, Leah, who lived in Williamsville, Illinois, had a relationship with

Randy. In September 2002, after that relationship had ended, Leah gave birth to D.G. In April

2003, Leah filed a petition to determine the existence of the father and child relationship

under the Parentage Act. Genetic testing later confirmed Randywas D.G.’s biological father.

In October 2003, the trial court entered an order of parentage and support, finding that Randy

was D.G.’s biological father. In December 2003, the court granted Leah custody of D.G.

subject to the parties’ visitation agreement and ordered Randy to pay Leah child support of

$194 biweekly.

¶ 9 In August 2006, Randy filed an amended motion to modify, requesting termination of his

child-support obligation. Randy explained that in July 2005, he was involved in a motorcycle

accident that caused him to remain in a comatose state for over a month and hospitalized for

over three months. Randy subsequently lost his job as a heavy equipment mechanic and had

lingering injuries, which included the inability to sit or stand for extended periods. In January

2006, the federal government classified Randy as disabled and began disbursing monthly

social security disability benefits of $1,661 for himself and $831 for D.G. Following a

September 2006 hearing, the trial court terminated Randy’s child-support obligation.

¶ 10 In July 2009, Leah married Thomas, a native of Springfield, Illinois, and a senior enlisted

soldier stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Because of Thomas’ impending deployment

to Afghanistan, Leah remained in Williamsville with D.G., and Thomas commuted from Fort

Campbell to Williamsville to be with them on weekends. In June 2010, Thomas deployed

to Afghanistan, and in April 2011, he returned to Fort Campbell.

¶ 11 In June 2011, Leah informed Randy that she was moving to Fort Campbell. Later that

month, Randy filed a motion to enjoin, alleging that such a move was not in D.G.’s best

interest because it would “substantiallydiminish” Randy’s relationship with D.G.In response

to Leah’s July 2011 “petition for leave to remove minor child from state,” Randy filed an

emergency petition for rule to show cause, seeking cause as to why Leah should not be held

in contempt for moving D.G. to Kentucky in violation of the trial court’s admonishment to

Leah’s attorney that Leah should “not take any action that would be construed as removing

[D.G.] from the State on a permanent basis until such time as a hearing was held.” At an

August 2011 status hearing on Randy’s emergencypetition for rule to show cause, the parties

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stipulated that Leah and D.G. had moved to Kentucky, where D.G. was enrolled in school.

The court then continued the hearing.

¶ 12 In September 2011, Randy filed, in part, the following: (1) a petition for in camera

interview of D.G. and (2) a petition to modify custody, seeking permanent custody of D.G.

(The record shows that Randy also filed a second petition for rule to show cause, seeking

cause as to why Leah should not be held in contempt for failing to comply with the parties’

child-visitation schedule, which the trial court later dismissed; that pleading is not at issue

in this appeal.) In October 2011, the court conducted an in camera interview with D.G. Later

that month, and continued into November 2011, the court conducted hearings on Leah’s

petition for leave to remove D.G. to Kentucky and Randy’s aforementioned filings. After

taking the matter under advisement, the court entered a written order on December 22, 2011.

¶ 13 B. The Trial Court’s December 22, 2011, Order

¶ 14 1. A Summation of the Trial Court’s Recital of Facts

¶ 15 The trial court observed that D.G., a nine-year old boy, was “friendly, respectful,

intelligent, articulate, and caring.” D.G., who was active in sports, was performing well in

school but required extra assistance with reading comprehension. Leah has cared for D.G.

since his birth and is a “very good and loving mother” who has provided D.G. a safe and

healthy living environment. Leah has maintained a cooperative relationship with Randy and

has encouraged D.G. to visit with him.

¶ 16 Despite Randy’s objection, in June 2011, Leah and D.G. moved to Kentucky at Thomas’

urging so that theycould experience–for the first time–life together as a family. Thomas, who

resides with his daughters (20 years old and 14 years old, respectively) from a previous

marriage, lives in a spacious four-bedroom home in a new housing development at Fort

Campbell. Although D.G. likes his new school, where he has made new friends and enjoys

Fort Campbell, he misses his old school, friends, and cousin.

¶ 17 When Leah moved to Kentucky, she ended her City of Springfield employment in

administration and agreed to become a homemaker. Leah volunteered at D.G.’s school and

supported military families through various military organizations. Thomas stated his

intention to retire in 2015 and return to Springfield, where his extended family lives. Leah

and Thomas “reportedly have a strong and happy marriage and are adjusting to their new life

together,” which several witnesses corroborated.

¶ 18 Randy is single and lives in Cantrall, Illinois, in a spacious manufactured home that is

appropriatelyfurnished.Hislarge parcel of land contains a swimming pool and an assortment

of motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, and other sporting equipment that Randy enjoys with

D.G. The trial court noted that after his serious motorcycle accident, Randy had a second

accident, and it “appears” that both accidents may have involved alcohol. Randy concedes

he drinks alcohol but denies drinking to the point of intoxication. By all accounts, Randy is

a “very good and devoted father,” attentive to D.G.’s education, and involved in all aspects

of D.G.’s life. D.G. loves Randy, and his relocation to Fort Campbell has been hard on both

of them.

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¶ 19 2. The Trial Court’s Findings

¶ 20 With regard to Leah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to Kentucky, the trial court,

citing the supreme court’s decision in In re Marriage of Eckert, 119 Ill. 2d 316, 326-27, 518

N.E.2d 1041, 1045-46 (1988), considered the following four factors, in addition to all

relevant evidence presented, in determining whetherLeah’s proposed move to Kentuckywas

in D.G.’s best interest: (1) the likelihood that the move would enhance the general quality

of life for both Leah and D.G.; (2) ensuring that Leah’s motive in seeking to move was not

merely a ruse to defeat or frustrate Randy’s visitation; (3) Randy’s motives in resisting the

move; and (4) whether a realistic and reasonable visitation schedule could be established if

the move occurred.

¶ 21 The trial court found that (1) the lives of Leah and D.G. would be enhanced because they

would be together as a family and Leah would be able to spend more time with D.G., given

her new duties as a stay-at-home mom; (2) Leah’s motivation was not trivial, capricious, or

an effort to disrupt D.G.’s relationship with Randy, but was, instead, based on her desire to

live as a familywith Thomas and his children for the first time since her marriage to Thomas;

(3) Randy’s opposition to the move was “well grounded and valid”; and (4) given the parties’

cooperation in the past, the proposed visitation schedule Leah proffered would provide

Randy “significant contact” with D.G., thereby fostering their relationship.

¶ 22 Thereafter, the trial court granted Leah’s motion for leave to remove D.G. to Kentucky.

In so doing, the court ordered the parties to “discuss and reach agreement, if possible, on the

details of a visitation order consistent with the findings of the court on this issue.”

¶ 23 The trial court also denied Randy’s motion to enjoin and his motion to modify custody.

With regard to Randy’s emergency petition for rule to show cause, the court found that Leah

had violated section 609 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Marriage

Act) (750 ILCS 5/609 (West 2010)) and ordered her to show cause why she should not be

held in contempt. The court then continued the matter until March 2012.

¶ 24 C. The Trial Court’s March 2012 Contempt Finding

¶ 25 Following a March 2012 hearing on Randy’s emergency petition for rule to show cause,

seeking cause as to why Leah should not be held in contempt for moving D.G. to Kentucky

in violation of the trial court’s oral admonishment, the court entered the following order:

“Court finds [Leah] is not in contempt of court: 1. She was advised by counsel ‘not

to take permanent steps regarding move to Kentucky’ and did not interpret the statement

as a prohibition for the move; 2. the record is silent as to a written order setting forth the

Court’s order. Court finds move was not willful violation. *** Cause stricken.”

¶ 26 D. Randy’s Separate Motions To Reconsider and Reopen Proofs

and Leah’s Petition for Leave To Remove D.G. to Maine

¶ 27 On April 17, 2012, Randy filed a motion to reconsider, arguing that the trial court’s

December 2011 order approving Leah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to Kentucky was

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against the manifest weight of the evidence. The same day, Leah filed a “petition for leave

to remove minor child,” explaining that a week earlier Thomas had received military orders

to the University of Maine to serve as a Reserve Officer Training Corps instructor. In July

2012, Randy filed a motion to reopen proofs, requesting that the court “allow testimony as

to the changes in circumstances” with regard to Leah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to

Maine and “any additional changes relating thereto” since the court’s December 2011 order.

In this regard, Randy petitioned the court to apply any “changes in circumstances” to the

court’s reconsideration of his June 2011 motion to enjoin and his subsequent motions to

modify custody.

¶ 28 E. The Trial Court’s Consideration of the Parties’ Remaining Issues

¶ 29 At a July 2012 hearing, the parties presented argument concerning the trial court’s

jurisdiction to address Randy’s motions to (1) reconsider the court’s December 2011 order

approving Leah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to Kentucky and (2) reopen proofs on

Leah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to Kentucky. After a short recess, the court found

that Rule 304(b)(6), which pertains to orders that are appealable without a special finding,

divested the court of jurisdiction to consider the merits of Randy’s motions to reconsider and

open proofs because the court had entered those orders more than 30 days earlier. Thereafter,

the court heard evidence regarding whether Leah’s proposed move to Orono, Maine, where

the University of Maine is located, was in D.G.’s best interest. Following the presentation

of evidence and argument, the court took the matter under advisement.

¶ 30 In August 2012, the trial court entered a written order, reiterating the aforementioned

jurisdictional and contempt findings the court made during the July 2012 hearing. In

addressing Leah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to Maine, the court again employed the

four Eckertfactors, noting that “manyof the facts and considerations discussed in this court’s

order of December 21, 2011[,] remain true today.” In this regard, the court determined that

the first three Eckert factors pertaining to the enhancement of the lives of Leah and D.G. and

the motivations of the respective parties in seeking or opposing D.G.’s move to Maine, were

unchanged. With regard to the fourth factor–that is, whether a realistic and reasonable

visitation schedule could be established if the move occurred, the court noted that the

distance from Springfield, Illinois, to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, was 320 miles, whereas the

distance from Springfield to Orono, Maine, was 1,420 miles. The court then stated, in

pertinent part, the following:

“The proposed move[ ] to Orono would significantly and negatively impact Randy’s

and [D.G.’s] strong relationship and bond. Although it is possible that they could

maintain some sort of relationship, the distance would make it almost impossible for

Randy and [D.G.] to see each other frequently and participate in each other’s activities.

Randy and [D.G.] have a special relationship which has involved almost daily contact

with each other at school, athletic[,] and scouting activities, not to mention all of the

activities theyengaged in when D.G. visitedRandy’s home (ridingmotorbikes, bicycling,

swimming, camping, and hiking among others.) Although the move to Kentucky

impacted that relationship, the opportunity for frequent and significant contact was only

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a few hours’ drive away. The move to Orono will not afford either [D.G.] or Randy those

opportunities.

*** There is no doubt that [D.G.’s] move to Maine will provide him with new

opportunities to see a new and different part of the country, enjoy living at home ***,

make new friends, and advance his education. The price he will pay, however, is the

erosion of the strong bond and relationship he had with [Randy]. ***

Based on the above, this Court believes that if [D.G.] is allowed to move to Maine,

there is no realistic and reasonable visitation schedule which can be created which would

preserve and foster [D.G.’s] relationship with Randy. For the reasons stated above,

Leah’s petition for Removal is denied.”

¶ 31 Shortly thereafter, Leah filed a motion to vacate the trial court’s August 2012 order,

arguing that the court lacked the authority to deny her subsequent petition for leave to

remove D.G. to Maine. After Randy and Leah submitted written briefs in support of their

respective positions, the court entered an order denying Leah’s motion to vacate.

¶ 32 This appeal followed.

¶ 33 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 34 Leah argues that (1) the trial court lacked the statutory authority to consider her petition

for leave to remove D.G. to Maine and (2) the court’s best-interest finding, denying her

petition to remove, was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Randy cross-appeals,

arguing that the court erred by (1) dismissing his emergency petition for rule to show cause,

seeking cause as to why Leah should not be held in contempt for moving D.G. to Kentucky

in violation of the court’s oral admonishment and (2) finding that Rule 304(b)(6) divested

the court of jurisdiction to address his motions to reconsider and reopen proofs. We address

the parties’ contentions in turn.

¶ 35 A. Leah’s Statutory Claim

¶ 36 Leah argues that the trial court lacked the statutory authority to consider her petition for

leave to remove D.G. to Maine. We disagree.

¶ 37 Section 609(a) of the Marriage Act provides that a “court may grant leave, before or after

judgment, to any party having custody of any minor child or children to remove such child

or children from Illinois whenever such approval is in the best interests of such child or

children.” 750 ILCS 5/609(a) (West 2010). Although Leah and Randy were never married,

the Marriage Act applies to their situation through section 14(a)(1) of the Parentage Act,

which states that “[i]n determining custody, joint custody, removal, or visitation, the court

shall apply the relevant standards of the *** Marriage Act, including [s]ection 609.” 750

ILCS 45/14(a)(1) (West 2010).

¶ 38 In In re Marriage of Lange, 307 Ill. App. 3d 303, 309, 717 N.E.2d 507, 512 (1999), this

court rejected the argument that Illinois trial courts did not have the authority to consider a

subsequent petition for leave to remove a child from a state other than Illinois. We explained

that decision, as follows:

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“In the case at bar, to determine that the trial court did not have the authority to rule

upon the request to move the children from Indiana to Texas would deprive the trial court

of the authority to enforce the visitation provisions of the judgment of dissolution in spite

of the clear legislative intention to the contrary expressed in the Illinois Act and the

Marriage Act. Here, the circuit court in Illinois entered the judgment of dissolution and

retained jurisdiction to enforce that judgment. It has the authority, incident to its power

to enforce and modify the custody and visitation provisions of the judgment of

dissolution, to grant or deny a motion by a custodial parent residing with the children

outside of Illinois to remove the children from the current custodial residence to a more

remote residence in some third state.” Lange, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 311, 717 N.E.2d at 513.

Leah acknowledges our decision in Lange but relies on the Fifth District’s decision in In re

Parentage of Tavares, 363 Ill. App. 3d 964, 969, 845 N.E.2d 735, 739 (2006), for the

proposition that once leave is given to a parent to move a child from Illinois, neither the

Marriage Act nor Parentage Act requires a parent to seek further leave of court to move a

child to another state.

¶ 39 In Tavares, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 965-66, 845 N.E.2d at 736-37, the respondent, an airman

in the United States Air Force stationed in Illinois, had joint custody of her son with the

petitioner, also an airman stationed in Illinois who enjoyed liberal visitation. Later, when the

respondent received military orders transferring her to Alaska, the parties mutually agreed

to modify the visitation schedule of their joint parenting agreement, which the trial court later

approved. Tavares, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 966, 845 N.E.2d at 737. Approximately 16 months

after the respondent moved to Alaska, the petitioner filed a petition to modify custody. Id.

The respondent cross-appealed, filing a motion to modify visitation. Tavares, 363 Ill. App.

3d at 966-67, 845 N.E.2d at 737.

¶ 40 At a later hearing on the parties’respective filings, the petitioner testified that he believed

the respondent was planning on leaving the military and moving to Texas. Tavares, 363 Ill.

App. 3d at 967, 845 N.E.2d at 737-38. Upon hearing this testimony, the trial court directed

the respondent to file a petition to remove, which the court later denied. Tavares, 363 Ill.

App. 3d at 967-68, 845 N.E.2d at 738. On appeal, the Fifth District concluded that the trial

court erred because it was not authorized to direct the respondent to file a petition for leave

to remove and to subsequently consider and deny that removal petition. Tavares, 363 Ill.

App. 3d at 969, 845 N.E.2d at 739. In so concluding, the Fifth District stated that “[n]othing

in the Parentage Act or the custody provisions of the *** Marriage Act *** requires a parent

who has previously removed a child from the State of Illinois, with the permission of the

court, to seek leave to move that child to anotherstate.” Tavares, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 969, 845

N.E.2d at 739.

¶ 41 In this case, Leah contends that the Fifth District’s decision in Tavares, which she points

out was decided approximately 6 1/2 years later than Lange, created a conflict between the

districts on the issue of subsequent removals. Thus, Leah implicitly urges this court to

reassess our position in Lange in light of Tavares. We decline to do so.

¶ 42 We first note that this court is not bound by decisions of other districts of the appellate

court. See O’Casek v. Children’s Home & Aid Society of Illinois, 229 Ill. 2d 421, 440, 892

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N.E.2d 994, 1006-07 (2008) (“[T]he opinion of one district, division, or panel of the

appellate court is not binding on other districts, divisions, or panels.”). In addition, we

disagree with Leah’s characterization that a conflict exists between the Fourth and Fifth

Districts regarding subsequent removal petitions. Indeed, the Fifth District addressed this

exact issue in Tavares as follows:

“Our decision in the instant case is consistent with the appellate court’s decision in

In re Marriage of Lange ***. *** In In re Marriage of Lange, the appellate court

acknowledged that the trial court did not have the authority to consider a [subsequent]

petition for leave to remove filed under section 609 of the Marriage Act but that it did

have the authority to consider the move through its inherent authority to enforce the

custody and visitation provisions of the judgment of dissolution.” Tavares, 363 Ill. App.

3d at 970, 845 N.E.2d at 740.

¶ 43 Here, despite Leah’s urging, we adhere to our conclusion in Lange and reaffirm our

stance that a trial court’s authority to address a subsequent petition for leave to remove a

minor is an inherent part of the court’s authority to enforce the custody and visitation

provisions of the judgment of dissolution. Lange, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 310, 717 N.E.2d at 512.

In so concluding, we note that our adherence and reaffirmation is akin to and consistent with

other statutory provisions that authorize trial courts to monitor minors in specific

circumstances to ensure that the conduct of a parent or guardian is in the minor’s “best

interests.” See 705 ILCS 405/2-22(1) (West 2010) (“At the dispositional hearing, the court

shall determine whether it is in the best interests of the minor *** that he be made a ward of

the court, and, if he is *** the court shall determine the proper disposition best serving the

health, safety and interests of the minor ***.”); see also 705 ILCS 405/2-29 (West 2010)

(explaining the trial court’s authority to conduct parental fitness hearings and, if warranted,

to later terminate parental rights under the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/1 to 24 (West 2010))

when such a determination is in the minor’s best interests). Accordingly, we reject Leah’s

statutory challenge.

¶ 44 B. The Trial Court’s Best-Interest Finding

¶ 45 Leah also argues that the trial court’s best-interest finding, denying her petition to

remove, was against the manifest weight of the evidence. We agree.

¶ 46 “The paramount question presented by removal cases is whether the move is in the best

interests of the children.” In re Marriage of Kincaid, 2012 IL App (3d) 110511, ¶ 39, 972

N.E.2d 1218 (citing Eckert, 119 Ill. 2d at 325, 518 N.E.2d at 1044). In assessing best

interests, a trial court should consider the following two salient points: (1) a child has an

important interest in maintaining significant contact with both parents and (2) the quality of

a child’s life may be enhanced as a result of the custodial parent’s life enhancement. In re

Marriage of Demaret, 2012 IL App (1st) 111916, ¶ 42, 964 N.E.2d 756.

¶ 47 “The burden of proving that such removal is in the best interests of such child or children

is on the party seeking the removal.” 750 ILCS 5/609(a) (West 2010). A ruling on a petition

for leave to remove a minor should not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight

of the evidence. In re Marriage of Guthrie, 392 Ill. App. 3d 169, 174, 915 N.E.2d 43, 47

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(2009). A trial court’s determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence where the

opposite conclusion is clearly evident or where the court’s findings are unreasonable,

arbitrary, and not based on any of the evidence. Demaret, 2012 IL App (1st) 111916, ¶ 43,

964 N.E.2d 756.

¶ 48 We first note that the trial court correctly identified that “many of the facts and

considerations” documented in the court’s December 2011 order allowing Leah to move

D.G. to Kentucky remained unchanged when it considered Leah’s subsequent petition to

remove D.G. to Maine. Yet, despite this acknowledgment, the court found that the greater

geographical distance between Illinois and Maine, as opposed tothe distance between Illinois

and Kentucky, warranted denial of Leah’s petition. Cognizant of the standard of review and

the deference this court affords the trial court’s determination, we disagree that this extra

distance warrants denial of Leah’s removal petition, given Leah’s testimony concerning her

options if her petition were to be denied, as well as the resulting impact on D.G.’s quality of

life.

¶ 49 At the July 2012 hearing on Leah’s petition to remove D.G. to Maine, Leah testified that

D.G. had spent approximately 30 days in Maine, in which she observed D.G.’s demeanor as

“happy, excited, ready for the next adventure.” She described the home Robert had rented

in Maine as a 2,400-square-foot residence located directly across the river from Bangor, the

third largest city in Maine with a population of approximately 50,000. The rented home has

four bedrooms, one of which was D.G.’s that they had painted with colors D.G. selected and

decorated with his favorite cartoon characters. Leah also described the school D.G. would

attend as a fifth grader, acknowledging that the four weeks of summer vacation the school

district allowed would be spent with Randy in Illinois. Leah was also willing to alternate the

Thanksgiving holiday and a one week spring break with Randy, agreeing to allow D.G. to

remain with Randy from Christmas day until the new year, and adding that she would assume

the financial costs of the travel involved. Leah planned on being a homemaker and

supporting D.G. as well as her stepdaughter in their academic and sporting endeavors.

¶ 50 Leah noted that if the trial court denied her petition, she would be forced to move back

to Illinois because the Army would not allow her to continue to reside at Fort Campbell.

Leah surmised that she would have to find work because Thomas’ income could not support

two separate households. As a result, Leah would have to rely on others to assist her not only

with D.G., but also her minor stepdaughter, who would remain in her care. Leah also noted

that a move back to Illinois would restrict the flexibility that her life now provides with

regard to her interaction with D.G. Leah stated that she believed it would be in D.G.’s best

interest to move to Maine because it would keep “the family that he has known together.”

¶ 51 Here, although D.G.’s overall time with Randy will be diminished by moving to Maine,

Leah’s demeanor, which we note has remained consistent throughout D.G.’s life, is to

cooperate with Randy with regard to his accessability to D.G. Although a denial of Leah’s

petition to remove would undoubtedly permit Randy more time with D.G., it will also come

at the expense of the quality of life D.G. will forego if his family is separated and Leah has

to obtain employment. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s judgment.

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¶ 52 C. Randy’s Contempt Claim

¶ 53 In his cross-appeal, Randy argues that the trial court erred by dismissing his emergency

petition for rule to show cause, seeking cause as to why Leah should not be held in contempt

for moving D.G. to Kentucky in violation of the court’s oral admonishment. We disagree.

¶ 54 A trial court’s contempt finding is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. In re

Marriage of Baumgartner, 384 Ill. App. 3d 39, 62, 890 N.E.2d 1256, 1276 (2008).

¶ 55 We first note that in his August 2011 emergency petition for rule to show cause, seeking

cause as to why Leah should not be held in contempt for moving D.G. to Kentucky, Randy

fails to specifically classify the type of contempt charge he is levying against Leah. See In

re Marriage of Betts, 200 Ill. App. 3d 26, 43, 558 N.E.2d 404, 415 (1990) (“Because the

procedures which must be followed in contempt cases varyaccording to the type of contempt

involved, proper classification of contempt charges is not a mere academic exercise.”).

¶ 56 In this case, Randy contends that notwithstanding the trial court’s oral admonition at the

July 2011 status hearing that Leah should “not take any action that would be construed as

removing [D.G.] from the State on a permanent basis until such time as a hearing was held,”

Leah “knowingly violated the court’s [o]rder when she enrolled D.G. in a Kentucky school.”

Thus, because the record shows that Leah admitted enrolling D.G. in a Kentucky school–an

action she took outside of the presence of the court–and Randy’s petition sought to have

Leah return D.G. to Illinois, Randy is, in effect, alleging that Leah is in indirect civil

contempt of the court’s oral admonition. See SKS & Associates, Inc. v. Dart, 2012 IL App

(1st) 103504, ¶ 15, 975 N.E.2d 1179 (“If contempt sanctions are imposed for a coercive

purpose, to compel the contemnor to perform a particular act, the contempt is civil in

nature.”); see also Betts, 200 Ill. App. 3d at 48, 558 N.E.2d at 418-19 (“In indirect contempt

cases, the judge does not have full personal knowledge of all elements of the contempt.”).

¶ 57 Civil contempt proceedings have the following two fundamental characteristics: (1) the

contemnor must be capable of taking the action sought to be coerced, and (2) no further

contempt sanctions are imposed upon the contemnor’s compliance with the pertinent court

order. Pancotto v. Mayes, 304 Ill. App. 3d 108, 111, 709 N.E.2d 287, 289 (1999). In other

words, the contemnor must have the opportunity to purge herself of contempt by complying

with the applicable court order. Betts, 200 Ill. App. 3d at 43, 558 N.E.2d at 416.

¶ 58 In this case, the evidence showed that Leah, realizing that the trial court could deny her

July 2011 petition for leave to move D.G. to Kentucky, made arrangements with the

Williamsville school district to permit D.G. to return to school in Illinois if the court so

decided. Randy contends that D.G.’s enrollment in a Kentucky school constitutes an

“irrevocable and permanent step to change [D.G.’s] principal and permanent home,” which

violated the court’s oral prohibition on permanently moving D.G. from Illinois. However,

the court considered both arguments at the March 2012 hearing on Randy’s emergency

petition for rule to show cause and found that despite D.G.’s physical relocation to Kentucky,

Leah’s conduct in this regard did not constitute permanency. Given the evidence presented

and our standard of review, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion by finding

that Leah’s conduct was not contemptuous. Accordingly, we affirm the court’s denial of

Randy’s emergency petition for rule to show cause.

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¶ 59 D. The Trial Court’s Jurisdictional Findings

¶ 60 Randy also argues that the trial court erred by finding that Rule 304(b)(6) divested the

court of jurisdiction to address his motions to reconsider and reopen proofs. We decline to

address Randy’s arguments, because they are moot.

¶ 61 Here, Randy’s separate motions to reconsider the trial court’s approval of Leah’s petition

for leave to remove D.G. to Kentucky and reopen proofs concern the court’s December 2011

order, approvingLeah’s petition for leave to remove D.G. to Kentucky. However, even if this

court were to agree with Randy’s argument in this regard, such a determination would not

alter our overarching conclusion that the court’s denial of Leah’s subsequent petition to

remove D.G. to Maine was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Thus, we decline

to address Randy’s arguments. See In re Karen E., 407 Ill. App. 3d 800, 804, 952 N.E.2d 45,

50-51 (2011) (“Generally, Illinois courts do not decidemoot issues, render advisoryopinions

or consider issues where the outcome will not be affected by how the issues are decided.”)

(citing In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d 345, 351, 910 N.E.2d 74, 78 (2009)).

¶ 62 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 63 For the reasons stated, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

¶ 64 Affirmed in part; reversed in part.

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