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NON

- PRECEDENTIAL DECISION

- SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

IN RE: MARK E. CAPPER

APPEAL OF: MARK E. CAPPER :

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: IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 293 EDA 2023
Appeal from the Order Entered December 22, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Criminal Division at CP

- 15

- MD

- 0003142

- 2022

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and NICHOLS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED FEBRUARY 27, 2024

Mark E. Capper (Appellant) appeals from the order denying his petition

to review the Commonwealth’s d isapproval of hi s private criminal complaint. 1

We affirm.

The trial court explained:

In October 2022, Appellant presented a private criminal complaint ( “ Complaint ” ") to the Chester County District Attorney ’ s Office ( “ Commonwealth ” ) for approval. Appellant was the affiant on the Complaint. The summary of facts section in the

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

1 Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 506 “ authorizes private citizens to file criminal complaints against other persons before the appropriate issuing authority. Before doing so, however, the private criminal complaint must first be submitted to an attorney for the Commonwealth for approval or disapproval. If the attorney for the Commonwealth disapproves the filing of the private criminal complaint with the issuing authority, Rule 506 thereafter permits the private complainant to petition the court of common pleas to review the disapproval decision. ” In re Ajaj , 288 A.3d 94, 96 (Pa. 2023) (footnotes omitted).J

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Complaint reads in its entirety: “ [o]n the morning of May 26, 2022 , at approximately 11 [:] 00, Chester County Sheriff ’ s Corporal Lawson and Deputy Schuibbeo unlawfully removed me from a public meeting in a public

venue against my will

. ”

Appellant claimed, without more, that the behavior was a violation of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code at 18 Pa.C.S. § 5301 [, Official Oppression ]

. [ O ] n November 7, 2022, the Commonwealth disapproved the Complaint due to “ insufficient probable cause. ” Thereafter, on or about November 22, 2022, Appellant filed his Petition for Review of the Commonwealth ’ s Disapproval of the Complaint citing Pa.R.Crim.P. 506 entitled “ Approval of Private Complaints. ”

... A hearing on the matter was scheduled for December 20, 2022. Appellant argued that on May 26, 2022, while at the Chester County Library in Exton, Pennsylvania, Chester County Sheriff Corporal Lawson and Deputy Schuibbeo unlawfully removed him from a public “ town hall ” meeting held by United States Representative Chrissy Houlahan. See N.T., 12/20/2022, [at] ... 5. The Commonwealth responded by reiterating its original position that Appellant ’ s Complaint lacked sufficient probable

cause. The Commonwealth argued that a n official ’ s knowledge that their conduct is illegal is a statutory requirement of the charge of Official Oppression. Id. at 7. The Commonwealth further stated that Appellant ’ s Complaint did not assert sufficient facts to allege that the deputies knew that their actions were illegal. Id. at 7

- 8. [T] herefore, the Commonwealth denied the Complaint.

Appellant, however, pointed out that he submitted a five (5) minute video to the Commonwealth to support his Complaint. Appellant stated that he informed Corporal Lawson that Appellant

“ could sue [Lawson] personally for what he was doing. ” Id.

Importantly, the Commonwealth did not consider the video when evaluating Appellant ’ s Complaint. Id. Yet Appellant asked that this court review the video to determine if the Complaint should have been denied. Id. This court declined to review the video because the Commonwealth rejected the Complaint for insufficient probable cause. Stated another way, the Complaint did not contain sufficient material facts to support the allegation of Official Oppression, 18 Pa.C.S. § 5301.J

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- After the hearing and a review of the relevant case law, this court denied Appellant ’ s petition. This court agreed the Complaint failed to set forth sufficient probable cause for the charge of Official Oppression under 18 Pa.C.S. § 5301.

Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 3/27/23, at 1

- 3 (emphasis added ; some spacing

altered )

. Appellant proceeded pro se before the trial court

. 2 Appellant

subsequently obtained counsel, who filed Appellant’s notice of appeal on

January 20, 2023

. On February 13, 2023, Appellant filed a counseled
, court

ordered “Concise Statement of Issues” pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).

Appellant asserted he could not “readily discern the basis for th[e trial c]ourt’s

decision as the [c]ourt made no statements on the record regarding

[Appellant’s] appeal, and the Order denying his appeal contained no further

information.” Rule 1925(b) Statement, 2/13/23, at 1. Appellant continued:

Therefore, the following statement of errors can be averred only in general terms:
1. The [c]ourt erred in denying [Appellant’s] appeal of the Chester County District Attorney’s disapproval of [Appellant’s] Private Criminal Complaint.
2. The [c]ourt erred in failing to conduct the required de novo review of the Chester County District Attorney’s disapproval of [Appellant’s] Private Criminal Complaint.
3. The [c]ourt erred by failing to accept evidence and testimony from [Appellant], a pro se litigant, when he both attempted to offer it and suggested it was necessary.

Id. at 1

- 2.

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2 Appellant declined the trial court’s offer for additional time to obtain counsel and stated that he wanted to proceed pro se . N.T., 12/20/22, at 4.J

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The trial court filed a n opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)

. Pertinently
, the court recognized the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ’s

intervening pron ounce ment of new law in In re Ajaj

. See TCO at 5. 3 T he

Supreme Court held that
, “when reviewing a prosecutor ’ s decision

disapproving a private criminal complaint under Rule 506, a court of common

pleas may only overturn that decision if the private complainant demonstrates

that the disapproval decision amounted to bad faith, occurred due to fraud, or

was unconstitutional .” Ajaj , 288 A.3d at 109

. Ajaj was decided on January

19, 2023

. The “ general rule is that the decision announcing a new rule of law

is applied retroactively so that a party whose case is pending on direct appeal

is entitled to the benefit of the changes in the law .” Commonwealth v. Hays , 218 A.3d 1260, 1264

- 65 (Pa. 2019). Here , the trial court opined that its pre

Ajaj rationale was “sufficient to support its December 22, 2022 Order, ” but

given the “recent change of law ... the court [conducted] further analysis ... to

further support why its December 22, 2022 Order should be affirmed.” TCO

at 5.

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3 “When th[e Pennsylvania Supreme] Court issues a ruling that overrules prior law, expresses a fundamental break from precedent, upon which litigants may have relied, or decides an issue of first impression not clearly foreshadowed by precedent, th is Court announces a new rule of law. One of the hallmarks of whether th is Court has issued a new rule of law is if the decision overrules, modifies, or limits any previous opinions of this Court.” In re L.J. , 79 A.3d 1073, 1087 (Pa. 2013) (citations omitted).J

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On appeal
, App ellant deviates from his concise statement in present ing

the following issues:

1. Where the intervening law changed during the pendency of an appeal of disapproval of a private criminal complaint, and the appellee

- complainant [ sic ] was appealing a disapproval for legal reasons and was therefore not required to previously show bad faith, fraud, or unconstitutionality of the district attorney’s disapproval, should this Court vacate the trial court’s denial of the complainant’s appeal to allow him a hearing on the new legal standard?

2. Where a district attorney denied a complainant’s private criminal complaint solely for ‘ insufficient probable cause’, was it an error of law for the trial court to refuse to accept the video evidence a pro se complainant attempted to offer to refute that disapproval?

3. Where the rules require a district attorney to provide all the reasons for disapproval of a private criminal complaint, the district attorney asserts a sole reason

— insufficient probable cause

— was it error and a violation of the complainant’s constitutional due process protections for the [trial c] ourt to hold a hearing on an entirely different issue without giv [ing] the complainant any notice of the purpose of the new hearing

— even during the pendency of the hearing itself?
Appellant’s Brief at 4

- 5.

In his first issue, Appellant cites Ajaj , and asks us to vacate the trial

court’s order and remand the case for Appellant to “establish the District

Attorney’s disapproval was improper under the new standar d.” Id. at 7

- 8.

The Commonwealth argues Appellant waived this issue because his concise

statement “made no mention of a change in standard or how the [trial c]ourt’s

review was a failure.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 7 (citing Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b)(3) (iv)). W e agree.J

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Ajaj was decided on January 19, 2023, but Appellant did not raise or

acknowledge th e decision in his concise statement filed on February 13, 2023

. When the trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise statement , it

specifically advised that any issue “ not properly included in the Statement

timely filed and served pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. No. 1925(b) shall be deemed

waived. Attention is directed to Pa.R.A.P. No. 1925(b)(4) which sets forth

requirements for the Statement.” See Order, 1/26/23; see also Gre ater

Erie Indus. Development Corp. v. Presque Isle Downs, Inc. , 88 A.3d

222, 225 (Pa. Super. 2014 ) (“In determining whether an appellant has waived

his issues on appeal based on non

- compliance with Pa.R.A.P. 1925, it is the

trial court’s order that triggers an appellant’s obligation[.] ... [T]herefore, we

look first to the language of that order.”) (cleaned up).

It is well

- settled that “ issues not raised in a Rule 1925(b) statement are

deemed waived .” Ruff v. York Hosp. , 257 A.3d 43, 52 ( Pa. Super. 2021)

(citing U.S. Bank, N.A. for Certificateholders of LXS 2007

- 7N Tr. Fund

v. Hua , 193 A.3d 994, 997 (Pa. Super. 2018); Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii)).

Thus, Appellant waived his first issue invoking Ajaj

. We nonetheless review

Appellant’s re maining issues mindful of Ajaj ’s significance

.

In Ajaj , t he Pennsylvania Supreme Court explain ed:

While this Court has previously weighed in on the standard of review applicable to a prosecutor ’ s disapproval decision under Rule 506(B), we have not offered any definitive guidance by majority consensus on the subject

— except to conclude that “a [court of common pleas] should not interfere with a prosecutor ’ s policy

- based decision to disapprove a private [criminal] complaint absent a showing of bad faith, fraud, or unconstitutionality.”J

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Thus, we begin by establishing the standard of review that a court of common pleas must apply when reviewing a prosecutor ’ s disapproval determination. We hold that, when reviewing a prosecutor’s decision disapproving a private criminal complaint under Rule 506, a court of common pleas may only overturn that decision if the private complainant demonstrates that the disapproval decision amounted to bad fai th, occurred due to fraud, or was unconstitutional. In so holding, we denounce the prior rubric, where the applicable standard of review depended on the asserted basis for the prosecutor’s disapproval decision. In addition, for purposes of determining whether the prosecutor’s disapproval decision amounted to bad faith, we ... hold that bad faith is demonstra ted when the prosecutor acted with a fraudulent, dishonest, or corrupt purpose. We note that the adoption of the foregoing standard of review ensures that a court of common pleas will afford proper deference to the discretionary decision of the prosecutor

— a member of the executive branch of the Commonwealth’s government.

Ajaj , 288 A.3d at 109

– 10 (citations omitted).

T he Supreme Court proceeded to review the merits of the parties’

dispute in Ajaj

. The Court recognized “ the trial court could not have applied

th [e newly

- creat ed] standard of review when it reviewed and overturned the

[District Attorney’s (DA) ] decision disapproving the Complaint. ” Id. at 110.

“I n the interests of judicial economy, however, rather than remanding the

matter to the trial court

... to apply the above

- stated standard of review, ” the

Supreme Court review ed “ the DA ’ s disapproval decision to determine whether

such decision amounted to bad faith, occurred due to fraud, or was

unconstitutional. ” Id.

Like the Supreme Court in Ajaj , the trial court in Appellant’s case

“appl [ied] the current standard of review, [and in its op inion, ] note [d] that

Appellant also failed to demonstrate that the denial of the proposed complaintJ

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‘ amounted to bad faith, occurred due to fraud, or was unconstitutional. ’” TCO

at 8.

Mindful of the foregoing, we consider Appellant’s two remaining issues.

The issues are re lated; Appellant impugns the DA’s determination that hi s

complaint failed to es tablish probable cause ; the trial court’s failure to view

Appellant’s video recording ; and the trial court’s conclusion that the complaint

lacked a “ prima facie showing.” Appellant’s Brief at 8

- 9. Appellant claims :

[T] he [DA’s] disapproval notice and the trial court’s hearing did not meet the basic requirements of constitutional due process. [Appellant] was not given a fair opportunity to understand the claims against him. Neither the [DA’s] notice nor argument before the court adequately informed him that the prima facie showing of his complaint was at issue.

The [DA] was required to notify [Appellant] of the “reasons” for his disapproval. Pa.R.Crim.P. 506(B). It notified him of only one

reason

— insufficient probable cause

— which [Appellant] appealed.
At the hearing, the [DA] continued to assert that one evidentiary basis for disapproval, and [Appellant] attempted to contest that reason by offering evidence to show the adequacy of his probable

cause. The [c] ourt refused to accept that evidence.

Instead, the [c] ourt ruled on a different issue

— one that was not directly raised by the [DA] in argument or noticed in its disapproval: the prima facie showing of [Appellant’s] complaint. Every litigant is entitled to a reasonable opportunity to know the claims of his opponent, and [Appellant] was denied this right. It

was [Appellant’s] (and seemingly the [DA’s] ) reasonable belief that this issue had been previously settled by [the court] , and was not at issue in the hearing.
At no point did either the trial court or the [DA] signal that the question of his prima facie showing was at issue in the hearing. However, this is the sole basis for the trial court’s denial of [Appellant’s] appeal.J

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As [Appellant] was not given proper notice prior to

– or even during

– the hearing of the claims actually at issue, this amounts to a violation of his constitutional due process rights, and therefore the [c] ourt’s decision should be vacated

.
Id.

This argument is flawed. Appellant cites no authority for his claim that

he was denied due process because the DA and trial court failed to “ adequate ly

inform him that the prima facie showing of his complaint was at issue .” Id. ;

see also Commonwealth v. Reyes

- Rodriguez
, 111 A.3d 775, 781 (Pa.

Super. 2015) ( en banc ) (“ When an appellant cites no authority supporting an

argument, this Court is inclined to believe there is none. ”). 4

T he trial c ourt explained that the Commonwealth rejected Appellant’s

complaint “ because of the lack of sufficient evidence or probable cause to

make out a prima faci [e] case against the deputies.” TCO at 8. A private

criminal complaint must “ set forth a prima facie case of criminal conduct.”

See A jaj , 288 A.3d at 97 (citation omitted). A prosecutor is duty bound to

bring only those cases that are appropriate for prosecution. In re Miles , 170

A.3d 530, 535 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted). Further, if a prosecutor

“has decided that criminal charges were not warranted[, t]he judicial branch

must tread lightly when interfering with that judgment call.” Commonwealth

v. Harrison
, -- - A.3d

-- -- , 2023 PA Super 244 ( filed Nov. 28, 2023).

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4 Noting it had advised Appellant he could have a continuance “ to obtain counsel, ” the trial court observed that his “ claim now that [ he ] was somehow disenfranchised because he was acting pro se is disingenuous.” TCO at 9.J

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Appellant accused the s heriff deputies of o fficial oppression , which

occurs when:

A person acting or purporting to act in an official capacity or taking advantage of such actual or purported capacity commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if, knowing that his conduct is illegal, he:
(1) subjects another to arrest, detention, search, seizure, mistreatment, dispossession, assessment, lien or other infringement of personal or property rights; or
(2) denies or impedes another in the exercise or enjoyment of any right, privilege, power or immunity.

18 Pa.C.S. § 5301.

Appellant alleged simply that the d eput ies “unlawfully removed me from

a public meeting in a public venue against my will. ” Complaint, 10/26/22, at

2

. 5 Appellant composed his complaint on form AOPC 411A, which the Unified

Judicial System provides to the public. The form provide s the following

prompt:

Set forth a summary of the facts sufficient to advise the defendant of the nature of the off e nse charged. A citation to the statute allegedly violated, without more, is not sufficient.

See Complaint, 10/26/22, at 2

. On November 7, 2022, Assistant D istrict A ttorney (ADA) Madeline

Troutman disapprov ed the complaint

. Id. I n the section designated for “the

Attorney for the Commonwealth
, ” she wrote “insufficient probable cause ” as

the reason for disapproval

. Id. She also memorialized the disapproval in a

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5 According to Appellant, he was “ejected ... for having a firearm [.]” Appellant’s Brief at 5.J

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letter to Appellant which stated
, the “ private criminal complaint you have filed

has been disapproved by the [DA’s] Office due to insufficient probable cause.”

Correspondence, 11/9/2 2.

At the trial court hearing, Appellant acknowledged
, “the [DA] states

there’s insufficient probable cause.” N.T., 12/20/2 2 , at 5. Appellant stated :

I totally don’t understand this because I filled the form out that I got from the [DA’s] website.

It ’ s filled out in its completion and it states

-- the rules clearly state that in a court case a summary of the facts to advise the defendant of the nature of the offense charged, but neither the evidence nor the statute allegedly violated need to be cited in the complaint. However, a citation of the statute allegedly violated by itself shall not be sufficient for compliance with this subsection.

Well, I have stated the section, the subsections that were violated

.

Id. at 5

- 6.

ADA Kaitlyn Michalek appeared on behalf of the Commonwealth. She

stat ed
,
the crime that is alleged

... is official oppression [,] which reads, plainly
, that a person acting in official capacity commits t h e misdemeanor of the second degree if [,] knowing his conduct is illegal [,] he subjects another to arrest, detention, et cetera or denies a person their rights.

As far as [Appellant’s] submission goes, there is nothing to allege that the deputies

– Corporal Lawson or Deputy Schuibbeo

– knew that their actions w ere illegal or even that their actions were illegal.
It’s only two sentences that says

- makes the statement that [Appellant] was unlawfully removed without any description of the scenario of the situation or what occurred in order to obtain the removal itself.J

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So we denied, based on the lack of probable cause and sufficient facts to be able to establish a crime was even committed at all.

Id. at 7

- 8.

Appellant then addr ess ed the trial court:

Now, there ’s a full five minute video of this event, which I am confident that the [DA’s] Office and those deputies have seen, and it states I have told them throughout that video, your Honor, from the second they approached me to the second they ejected me from the library property that they were violating my civil rights and that they were waiving their right to qualified immunity by violating my civil rights.
I notified Corporal Lawson, who can be viewed in the video with me telling him, you know, that he was going to lose his qualified immunity and that I could sue him personally for what he was doing.

Id. at 8. Appellant offered the trial court a thumb drive of the video , and

advis ed “it’s available on the internet for your perusal.” Id. at 9. At that

point, ADA Michalek stat ed :

I would just like to put on the record that I ... have not seen any video. So this denial was not based on a video or anything of the sort.
The only thing that we look at which is what we are required to look at [,] the factual averments that we received from the private criminal complaint. And here there were no

– it ’s not a matter of whether he submitted evidence. It ’ s a matter of whether or not there w [ere] any facts within this private criminal complaint to substantiate the crime that he ’s alleging occurred [,] and in the scenario that if his civil rights may have been violated, that ’s not necessarily a criminal act. I don ’ t have information on that, but

as far as the crime that was accused and the facts that we re alleged within the private criminal complaint [, that] is what we based [the disapproval] on and that ’s all we based [the disapproval] on.J

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So given the circumstance and what we were provided there would be no way for us to approve this based on the standard that a private criminal complaint needs.

Id.

The trial court did not view the video, and asked ADA Michalek if the

Commonwealth was asserting that “what’s alleged doesn’t fit the crime of

official oppression?” Id. at 10. ADA Michalek answered:

Yes, your Honor, absolutely. I mean, the facts that we have available to us were very minimal. Like I said, none of us have seen the video. I certainly have not. So I can certainly speak for myself.

I ha [d] no knowledge of what [Appellant] is referring to in a video until this very moment. So based on the crime itself that’s alleged and the facts that are available to us is why we denied it, and that [] a crime [did] not occur[]

. That was assessed

... by two different [ADAs]

.

Id.

The trial court took the matter under advisement before issu ing its order

denying Appellant ’s petition for review o n December 22, 2022

. Our review

reveals no basis for dist urbing the order

.

A ppellant did not demonstrate that the DA’s decision to dis a p prove his

complaint “ amounted to bad faith, occurred due to fraud, or was

unconstitutional. ” Ajaj
, 288 A.3d at 110

. Conversely, the record supports

the trial court’s conclusion that “ the complaint did not contain enough material

facts to establish a case of official oppression as drafted. ” TCO at 4

- 5 ; id. at

6 ( finding “ Appellant failed to set forth sufficient probable cause in theJ

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Complaint to make out a prima facie allegation of Official Oppression against

the two deputies ”).

The trial court explain ed:

In the instant matter, the complaint merely alleges that on May 26, 2022, the aforementioned deputies “ unlawfully removed me from a public meeting in a public venue against my will. ” Compl. ¶ 2, 10/22/2022. Appellant asserted no other written facts in the Complaint to support his allegations, not even the name of the public meeting. Simply stated, the allegations as set forth in the proposed Complaint just do not set out a prima faci [e] case.
Taking it a step further now as a result of the recent holding in In re Ajaj, supra , and applying the current standard of review, it is important to note that Appellant also failed to demonstrate that the denial of the proposed complaint “ amounted to bad faith, occurred due to fraud, or was unconstitutional. ”

Rather [,] in the instant matter, the record reflects that the sole reason the Commonwealth rejected the complaint was because of the lack of sufficient evidence or probable cause to make out a prima faci

[e] case against the deputies. Appellant did not allege sufficient facts to demonstrate that the two deputies acted in a knowingly illegal manne r

— a critical element of the alleged crime. Further, Appellant did not allege any facts to demonstrate that the Commonwealth acted in bad faith when disapproving th e Appellant ’ s Complaint. Accordingly, the Commonwealth appropriately rejected the Complaint.

Id. at 8.

T he trial court afforded “proper deference to the discretionary decision

of the prosecutor.” Ajaj , 288 A.3d at 109. Appellant’s issues do not merit

relief.

Order affirmed.J

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Date: 2/27 /202 4