# Patent

## Title
Azeotrope-like compositions of pentafluoropropane, chlorotrifluoropropene, and hydrogen fluoride

## Abstract

The invention is directed to a ternary azeotrope-like mixture consisting essentially of effective amounts of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and hydrogen fluoride.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/148,246, filed on Jan. 29, 2009, which is incorporated hereby by reference.


BACKGROUND
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to azeotrope-like compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to ternary azeotrope-like compositions comprising hydrohalocarbons and hydrogen fluoride.
2. Description of Prior Art
Fluorocarbon based fluids have found widespread use in industry in a number of applications, including as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, blowing agents, heat transfer media, gaseous dielectrics, fire suppression with or without extinguishing and fire/explosion prevention. However, certain compounds, such as chlorofluoroalkanes and hydrochlorofluoroalkanes are suspected of depleting atmospheric ozone and, thus, are harmful to the environment. Moreover, some of these compounds are believed to contribute to global warming. Accordingly, it is desirable to use halocarbon fluids having low or even zero ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential, such as the entgegen isomer of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (i.e., E-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene or “1233zd(E)”).
1233zd(E) has been found to have a wide variety of uses, for example as a heat transfer agent, as a foaming agent, and as a solvent, among other uses, see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2008/0098755 and 2008/0207788, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,383. 1233zd may be produced by a number of different methods. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,710,352, 6,111,150, 7,829,747 describe several methods for making 1233zd. Each of the abovementioned publications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The use of single component fluids or azeotropic mixtures, which do not fractionate on boiling and evaporation, is also desirable. Of particular interest are mixtures containing hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluoroolefins, and hydrogen fluoride (HF) which are useful in the preparation and/or purification of desirable hydrofluorocarbons and chlorofluoroolefins products. Unfortunately, the identification of new, environmentally-safe, non-fractionating mixtures is complicated due to the fact that azeotrope formation is not readily predictable.
Binary azeotropes between 1233zd and HF, between 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (245fa) and HF and between 245fa and 1233zd(E) are known and have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,846, 6,328,907 and 7,183,448, respectively, each of which are incorporated herein by reference. However, there remains a need for ternary azeotropes containing hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluoroolefins, and HF. Such mixtures are the subject of this invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A ternary azeotrope between 1233zd(E), 245fa and HF has been discovered. This azeotrope is useful in the purification of 1233zd(E), particularly in a separation process associated with the vapor and gas phase process for making 1233zd(E).
Accordingly, a preferred aspect of the invention provides a composition comprising a ternary azeotrope-like mixture consisting essentially of effective amounts of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and hydrogen fluoride, preferably a ternary azeotrope-like mixture consisting essentially of 25-45 wt % 245fa, 42-65 wt % 1233zd(E), and 0.5-22 wt % HF.
According to another aspect of the invention, provided is a method for producing 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene comprising: (a) reacting a starting material comprising at least one hydrochlorocarbon and/or hydrochlorofluorocarbon with a fluorinating agent to produce a reaction product comprising 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, hydrogen fluoride, and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; (b) distilling said reaction product to produce a distillate comprising a ternary azeotrope-like composition according to claim 7; (c) contacting said distillate with sulfuric acid or a caustic solution and subsequently removing at least a portion of said hydrogen fluoride from said distillate to produce a purified distillate comprising said 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; and (d) contacting said purified distillate with an extraction media having a selective affinity for 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene relative to 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and subsequently separating said 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene from said 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a three-component compositional diagram showing azeotrope-like mixtures according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
In certain preferred embodiments, the invention is directed to a composition comprising a ternary azeotrope-like mixture consisting essentially of effective amounts of 1233zd(E), 245fa, and HF. Preferably, the ternary azeotrope-like mixture consists of effective amounts of 1233zd(E), 245fa, and HF. Even more preferably, the ternary azeotrope-like mixture consists of about 24 to about 45 wt. % 245fa, about 42 to about 65 wt. % 1233zd(E), and about 0.5 to about 22 wt. % HF, based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition.
As used herein, the term “azeotrope-like” relates to compositions that are strictly azeotropic or that generally behave like azeotropic mixtures. An azeotropic mixture is a system of two or more components in which the liquid composition and vapor composition are equal at the stated pressure and temperature. In practice, this means that the components of an azeotropic mixture are constant-boiling or essentially constant-boiling and generally cannot be thermodynamically separated during a phase change. The vapor composition formed by boiling or evaporation of an azeotropic mixture is identical, or substantially identical, to the original liquid composition. Thus, the concentration of components in the liquid and vapor phases of azeotrope-like compositions change only minimally, if at all, as the composition boils or otherwise evaporates. In contrast, boiling or evaporating non-azeotropic mixtures changes the component concentrations in the liquid phase to a significant degree.
Thus, a characteristic of azeotrope-like compositions is that there is a range of compositions containing the same components in varying proportions that are azeotrope-like or constant boiling. All such compositions are intended to be covered by the terms “azeotrope-like” and “constant boiling”. As an example, it is well known that at differing pressures, the composition of a given azeotrope will vary at least slightly, as will the boiling point of the composition. Thus, an azeotrope of A, B, and C represents a unique type of relationship, but with a variable composition depending on temperature and/or pressure. It follows that, for azeotrope-like compositions, there is a range of compositions containing the same components in varying proportions that are azeotrope-like. All such compositions are intended to be covered by the term azeotrope-like as used herein.
As used herein, the term “consisting essentially of”, with respect to the components of an azeotrope-like composition, means the composition contains the indicated components in an azeotrope-like ratio, and may contain additional components provided that the additional components do not form new azeotrope-like systems. For example, azeotrope-like mixtures consisting essentially of three compounds are those that form ternary azeotropes, which optionally may include one or more additional components, provided that the additional components do not render the mixture non-azeotropic and do not form an azeotrope with any or all of the specified compounds.
The term “effective amounts” as used herein refers to the amount of each component which, upon combination with the other components, results in the formation of an azeotrope-like composition of the present invention.
In certain preferred embodiments of the composition, the 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane is present in an amount of about 32.3 to about 40.8 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition; the chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene is present in an amount of about 52.8 to about 58.3 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition; and the hydrogen fluoride is present in an amount of about 6.4 to about 9.4 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition, provided that the azeotrope-like composition has a temperature of about 23±1° C. and a pressure of about 23±1 psia.
In certain preferred embodiments of the composition, the 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane is present in an amount of about 33.0 to about 37.1 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition; the 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene is present in an amount of about 50.4 to about 56.0 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition; and the hydrogen fluoride is present in an amount of about 6.9 to about 16.6 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition, provided that the azeotrope-like composition has a temperature of about 70±1° C. and a pressure of about 120±1 psia.
In certain preferred embodiments of the composition, the 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane is present in an amount of about 29.8 to about 30.3 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition; the 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene is present in an amount of about 50.6 to about 54.6 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition; and the hydrogen fluoride is present in an amount of about 15.6 to about 19.1 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like composition, provided that the azeotrope-like composition has a temperature of about 42±1° C. and a pressure of about 46±1 psia.
The azeotrope-like compositions of the present invention may further include a variety of optional process components including, but not limited to, catalysts, reaction by-products, process starting materials, and the like. Preferably, these optional process components do not affect the basic azeotrope-like characteristics of the composition.
Also provided are methods of producing the azeotrope-like composition comprising reacting HF with a halogenated propane, preferably a pentahalogenated propane, more preferably a pentachloropropane, and most preferably 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane (HCC-240fa) under conditions effective to produce 1233zd(E), 245fa, HF, and optionally, co-products and unreacted starting materials. Another method of producing the azeotrope-like composition involves blending 1233zd(E), 245fa, and HF in amounts effective to produce an azeotrope-like composition. Each of these components can be purchased commercially and/or can be produced by methods known in the art, such as those described herein. Any of a wide variety of methods known in the art for combining three or more components to form a composition can be adapted for use in the present methods to produce an azeotrope-like composition. For example, 1233zd(E), 245fa, and HF can be mixed, blended, or otherwise contacted manually and/or by machine, as part of a batch or continuous reaction and/or process, or via combinations of two or more such steps. In view of the disclosure herein, those of skill in the art will be readily able to prepare azeotrope-like compositions according to the present invention without undue experimentation.
In another preferred embodiment, provided is a method for producing 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene comprising: (a) reacting a starting material comprising at least one hydrochlorocarbon and/or hydrochlorofluorocarbons, preferably a pentahalogenated propane, more preferably a pentachloropropane, and most preferably 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane (HCC-240fa) with a fluorinating agent, preferably HF, to produce a reaction product comprising 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, hydrogen fluoride, and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; (b) distilling said reaction product to produce a distillate comprising a ternary azeotrope-like composition according to claim 7; (c) contacting said distillate with sulfuric acid or a caustic solution and subsequently removing at least a portion of said hydrogen fluoride from said distillate to produce a purified distillate comprising said 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; and (d) contacting said purified distillate with an extraction media having a selective affinity for 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene relative to 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and subsequently separating said 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene from said 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane. For example, the production of 1233zd (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,352, which is incorporated herein by reference) involves reacting 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane (HCC-240fa) with hydrofluoric acid (HF). The product of this reaction contains 1233zd(E), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (245fa), HF and may also contain various impurities. The ternary azeotrope-like mixture can be used to separate and remove the excess HF and other impurities through distillation. The excess HF is then recycled back to the initial reactor. The distillate, which contains the ternary azeotrope-like mixture, can then be further purified using sulfuric acid scrubbing or a caustic solution to remove the HF from the mixture. The resulting solution is a mixture of 1233zd(E) and HFC-245fa. The 1233zd(E) can then be extracted and purified by means of a mineral oil, silicone oil or other extraction media which has a high solubility towards 1233zd(E).
EXAMPLE
The invention is further illustrated in the following example which is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting in any manner.
A sample of 38.5 wt % HFC-HFC-245fa, 38.5 wt % 1233zd(E) and 23 wt % HF was charged into a monel distillation column. The distillation column consisted of a 1 L reboiler connected to a 1′′ diameter by 4′ long column. The column was packed with Helipak high efficiency monel packing. The condenser was cooled using a thermostated propylene glycol water solution.
The distillation column was operated at full reflux and allowed to reach temperature and pressure equilibrium at each of the desired conditions. Once the column had achieved equilibrium a vapor sample was taken from the overhead of the distillation column. The column was again operated at full reflux for an additional 15 minutes and a second vapor sample was taken from the distillation column. The concentrations of HFC-245fa, 1233zd(E) and HF in each sample were then analyzed by standard methods. The distillation column was operated at 23° C., 70° C. and 42° C. in that order and two samples were collected and analyzed at each condition. The temperature and pressure were measured to within ±2° C. and ±2 psi, respectively. FIG. 1 and Table 1 show the initial composition of the material charged into the reboiler along with the measured azeotropic compositions. The azeotrope like composition ranged from 25 wt %-45 wt % 254fa, 42 wt %-65 wt % 1233zd(E), and 0.5 wt %-22 wt % HF as outline by a dashed line (- - - - - -) in FIG. 1.







TABLE 1







Azeotrope like compositions of 245fa, 1233zd(E) and HF.









Sample Composition













Temp, ° C. ±
Press, psia ±

HFC-




2° C.
2 psi
HF
245fa
1233zd(E)
















Sample 2
23
23
6.4%
40.8%
52.8%


Sample 3
23
23
9.4%
32.3%
58.3%


Sample 4
70
120
16.6%
33.0%
50.4%


Sample 5
70
120
6.9%
37.1%
56.0%


Sample 6
42
46
15.6%
29.8%
54.6%


Sample 7
42
46
19.1%
30.3%
50.6%









Having thus described a few particular embodiments of the invention, various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements, as are made obvious by this disclosure, are intended to be part of this description though not expressly stated herein, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and not limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and equivalents thereto.

## Claims

1. A composition comprising a ternary azeotrope or azeotrope-like mixture consisting essentially of 1,1,1,3,3 pentafluoropropane, 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and hydrogen fluoride, wherein said 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane is present in an amount of about 24 to about 45 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture; said 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene is present in an amount of about 42 to about 65 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture; and said hydrogen fluoride is present in an amount of about 0.5 to about 22 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture.

2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane is present in an amount of about 32.3 to about 40.8 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture; said 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene is present in an amount of about 52.8 to about 58.3 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture; and said hydrogen fluoride is present in an amount of about 6.4 to about 9.4 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture, provided that said azeotrope-like mixture has a temperature of about 23±2° C. and a pressure of about 23±2 psia.

3. The composition of claim 1 wherein said 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane is present in an amount of about 33.0 to about 37.1 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture; said 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene is present in an amount of about 50.4 to about 56.0 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture; and said hydrogen fluoride is present in an amount of about 6.9 to about 16.6 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture, provided that said azeotrope-like mixture has a temperature of about 70±2° C. and a pressure of about 120±2 psia.

4. The composition of claim 1 wherein said 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane is present in an amount of about 29.8 to about 30.3 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture; said 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene is present in an amount of about 50.6 to about 54.6 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture; and said hydrogen fluoride is present in an amount of about 15.6 to about 19.1 weight percent based upon the total weight of the azeotrope-like mixture, provided that said azeotrope-like mixture has a temperature of about 42±2° C. and a pressure of about 46±2 psia.

5. A ternary azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of about 24 to about 45 weight percent 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, about 42 to about 65 weight percent 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and about 0.5 to about 22 weight percent hydrogen fluoride.

6. The ternary azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition of claim 5 consisting of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and hydrogen fluoride.

7. The ternary azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition of claim 5 consisting essentially of about 32.3 to about 40.8 weight percent 1,1,1,3,3- pentafluoropropane; about 52.8 to about 58.3 weight percent 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene; and about 6.4 to about 9.4 weight percent hydrogen fluoride at a temperature of about 23±1° C. and a pressure of about 23±1 psia.

8. The ternary azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition of claim 5 consisting essentially of about 33.0 to about 37.1 weight percent 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; about 50.4 to about 56.0 weight percent 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene; and about 6.9 to about 16.6 weight percent hydrogen fluoride at a temperature of about 70±1° C. and a pressure of about 120±1 psia.

9. The ternary azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition of claim 5 consisting essentially of about 29.8 to about 30.3 weight percent 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; about 50.6 to about 54.6 weight percent 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene; and about 15.6 to about 19.1 weight percent hydrogen fluoride at a temperature of about 42±1° C. and a pressure of about 46±1 psia.

10. A method for producing an azeotrope-like composition comprising blending effective amounts of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and hydrogen fluoride.