[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 19-14386

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 8:18-cv-01646-JSM-SPF

TACARA ANDERSON, 

on behalf of minor child MA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

JONATHAN VAZQUEZ, 

Officer, 

 Defendant - Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(May 6, 2020)

Before GRANT, LUCK, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM:

Plaintiff Tacara Anderson, on behalf of her minor son M.A., appeals the 

district court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant Officer 

Jonathan Vasquez in Plaintiff’s civil action, filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 

Plaintiff contends that a policeman’s use of a K-9 to stop M.A. constituted 

excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. No reversible error has 

been shown; we affirm. 

This appeal arises out of events that occurred on the night of 22 July 2014. 

Viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, these facts are pertinent. 

Undercover detectives with the St. Petersburg Police Department were conducting 

surveillance near an apartment complex that had experienced recently a series of 

auto burglaries.1

 The detectives communicated with each other over the police 

radio and described their observations at the actual time the events occurred. At 

some point, Officer Vasquez -- who was not involved in the surveillance activities 

-- began listening to the detectives’ radio communications. 

After midnight, the detectives observed three persons walking in and around 

vehicles parked at the apartment complex. A transcript of the radio transmission 

shows that the detectives described one of the three people as being “fairly tall” or 

1 In Florida, auto burglary is a felony offense. See Fla. Stat. § 810.02. 

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the “tall one” and referred to the other two people as “the small ones,” “the little 

ones,” or the “smaller guys.” Words like boys or juveniles or children were not 

used. As the detectives watched, they observed two of the persons enter a vehicle 

and take something out. The third person -- later identified as M.A. -- then assisted 

the others in concealing the stolen item in a backpack. At that point, the detectives 

requested back-up from a K-9 officer; Officer Vasquez, hearing the request, 

responded to the call. 

Officer Vasquez arrived at the location specified by the detectives and got 

his K-9 partner, Ares, out of the car. Officer Vasquez then saw three figures 

walking along the street about forty to fifty feet away. Officer Vasquez 

announced, “Police. K-9. Get on the ground or I will release my dog.” The three 

suspects looked in Officer Vasquez’s direction and then immediately took off 

running. It was dark out. Officer Vasquez swears he was unable to see facial 

features or determine the age or size of the suspects -- he saw only that the figures 

were attempting to flee. Officer Vasquez ran after the three suspects with Ares on 

a leash. Officer Vasquez then shouted a second warning; the three suspects 

ignored the warning and continued running. At that point, Officer Vasquez 

released Ares. 

Officer Vasquez turned a corner and saw that Ares had caught one of the 

suspects (M.A.). Immediately, Officer Vasquez gave the command for the dog to 

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let go; and Ares did. Officer Vasquez says it was not until M.A. was caught that 

Officer Vasquez saw M.A.’s size. At the time of the incident, M.A. was 12 years’ 

old, 4 feet 10 inches tall, and weighed 75 pounds.2

 Officer Vasquez called 

immediately for medical assistance, and M.A. was carried to the hospital. M.A. 

suffered significant injuries to the back of his right leg as a result of the dog bite. 

According to M.A., the entire incident -- from when Officer Vasquez first 

called out and M.A. started running to when M.A. was bitten -- lasted about thirty 

to forty seconds. Officer Vasquez then acted “quickly” in commanding the dog to 

let go. About the reason M.A. ran from Officer Vasquez, M.A. explained that --

given how dark it was -- M.A. did not know that Officer Vasquez (who was in 

uniform) was a police officer and thought, instead, that he was the owner of the car 

that had just been burglarized. M.A. said no objects stood between M.A. and 

Officer Vasquez that would have obstructed Officer Vasquez’s view of M.A. 

during the ensuing chase. 

Plaintiff filed this civil action against Officer Vasquez, in his individual 

capacity, asserting a claim for excessive force in violation of the Fourth 

Amendment. The district court granted Officer Vasquez’s motion for summary 

judgment: a motion asserting qualified immunity. The district court concluded that 

2 These measurements are not the only ones to the point in the record for M.A. Plaintiff’s 

complaints said M.A. was somewhat bigger: standing 5 feet tall and weighing 80 pounds. We 

have used the smaller numbers for our decision-making. 

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Plaintiff had demonstrated no constitutional violation and no violation of a 

constitutional right that was already clearly established.

We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing 

the evidence and all reasonable factual inferences in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party. Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130, 1136 (11th Cir. 2007). 

“Qualified immunity offers complete protection for government officials 

sued in their individual capacities if their conduct ‘does not violate clearly 

established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would 

have known.’” Vinyard v. Wilson, 311 F.3d 1340, 1346 (11th Cir. 2002). To 

avoid summary judgment based on qualified immunity, Plaintiff carries the burden 

and must show both that Officer Vasquez violated a federal right and that the right 

was already clearly established when Officer Vasquez acted. See id. The doctrine 

of qualified immunity, when applied properly, “protects ‘all but the plainly 

incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 

U.S. 731, 743 (2011). 

A federal right is “clearly established” when “at the time of the officer’s 

conduct, the law was sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would 

understand that what he was doing is unlawful.” D.C. v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 

589 (2018) (quotations omitted). “We do not require a case directly on point, but 

existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond 

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debate.” Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S. Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (emphasis added); see 

Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 589. In determining whether the law is clearly established, 

courts must consider “whether the violative nature of particular conduct is clearly 

established . . . in the light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad 

general proposition.” Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at 308 (emphasis in original). 

“Although suspects have a right to be free from force that is excessive, they 

are not protected against a use of force that is necessary in the situation at hand.” 

Jean-Baptiste v. Gutierrez, 627 F.3d 816, 821 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotations 

omitted). “[T]he right to make an arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries 

with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion or threat thereof to effect 

it.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989). An officer’s use of force is 

unconstitutionally excessive only if the force used was “objectively [un]reasonable 

in light of the facts and circumstances confronting” the officer. Id. at 397 

(quotations omitted).

“In determining the reasonableness of the force applied, we look at the fact 

pattern from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene with knowledge of 

the attendant circumstances and facts, and balance the risk of bodily harm to the 

suspect against the gravity of the threat the officer sought to eliminate.” 

McCullough v. Antolini, 559 F.3d 1201, 1206 (11th Cir. 2009). The merits of 

excessive force claims are fact sensitive. We must consider all of the 

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circumstances; among other things, “the severity of the crime at issue, whether the 

suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and 

whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” 

Graham, 490 U.S. at 396.

We stress that “[t]he ‘reasonableness’ of a particular use of force must be 

judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with 

the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Id. And we must allow “for the fact that police 

officers are often forced to make split-second judgments -- in circumstances that 

are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving -- about the amount of force that is 

necessary in a particular situation.” Id. “We are loath to second-guess the 

decisions made by police officers in the field.” Vaughan v. Cox, 343 F.3d 1323, 

1331 (11th Cir. 2003). 

The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, shows that 

Officer Vasquez acted objectively reasonably under the circumstances when he 

released Ares. Officer Vasquez knew that detectives had observed three suspects 

committing vehicular burglary: a felony offense. See Fla. Stat. § 810.02. He and 

his dog had been called to the scene as back-up by other police officers who had 

been watching the suspects. After Officer Vasquez saw the suspects and 

announced himself, the three suspects attempted immediately to evade arrest by 

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flight; they refused two orders to stop and get on the ground. It was very dark and 

was late -- after midnight. 

Given the felony suspects’ noncompliant behavior, that the suspects carried 

a backpack that could have concealed a weapon (at the time, the police did not 

know what had been taken from the vehicle), and that the suspects fled at night 

through a populated area where an extended flight might well be successful, an 

objective officer in Officer Vasquez’s position could have believed reasonably that 

these fleeing felony suspects posed a danger to others. Faced with a “tense, 

uncertain, and rapidly evolving” situation, Officer Vasquez made a split-second 

decision to use his K-9 to gain control of the situation and to lessen the risk of 

danger. Under these circumstances, we cannot say that Officer Vasquez’s decision 

to use his dog was constitutionally unreasonable. 

On appeal, Plaintiff contends that Officer Vasquez knew or should have 

known that M.A. was a child or a small person; and Plaintiff then argues that the 

use of force employed must therefore be unreasonable. We accept M.A.’s 

testimony that no vehicles or objects stood between him and Officer Vasquez. 

Still, nothing adequately contradicts Officer Vasquez’s testimony that -- given the 

darkness, that the suspects were running, and the speed with which the events 

unfolded -- he was unable to see the suspects’ facial features or to determine the 

individual size of each of the suspects. Officer Vasquez could determine only that 

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three suspects (one of whom was taller than the other two) were running in a group 

in an attempt to evade arrest. Moreover, at no time during the pertinent radio 

transmissions did the detectives -- who had been surveilling the suspects for 

several minutes and who called for the K-9 back-up -- indicate that the suspects 

were juveniles. The detectives, instead, described the suspects as being “tall,” 

“small,” or “little” -- as one suspect related to another. Those adjectives alone 

would not have put a reasonable officer on notice that the suspects might have 

been juveniles or child-like in size. (In passing, Officer Vasquez -- who is 5 feet 6 

inches in height and who weighs 150 pounds -- testified in deposition that he 

frequently gets called “small” or “little” himself). 

On this record, nothing evidences that a reasonable officer in Officer 

Vasquez’s position must have known that M.A. was a juvenile or that Officer 

Vasquez’s use of the K-9 constituted a violation of the Fourth Amendment.

By the time of this incident in 2014, this Court had some precedent about the 

constitutionality of using a K-9 to apprehend a suspect. In Preister v. City of 

Riviera Beach, we concluded (without similar precedent) that an officer was 

unentitled to qualified immunity from a claim for excessive force when the officer 

had ordered his dog to attack a burglary suspect -- and allowed the dog to bite 

repeatedly the suspect for at least two minutes -- after the suspect had submitted 

immediately to the officers and complied with the officers’ orders to get on the 

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ground. 208 F.3d 919, 927 (11th Cir. 2000). In Crenshaw v. Lister, we concluded 

that an officer acted objectively reasonably when he used a K-9 to apprehend an 

armed robbery suspect who had fled violently from police, crashing his car into a 

marked police car and then ran into dense woods at night. 556 F.3d 1283, 1291-92 

(11th Cir. 2009). Then, in Edwards v. Stanley, we determined that the initial use 

of a K-9 to track and to subdue a fleeing suspect who had committed “a nonserious traffic offense” was constitutionally reasonable, but that permitting the K-9 

to then attack the suspect for five to seven minutes constituted excessive force. 

666 F.3d 1289, 1295-96 (11th Cir. 2012).3

While these cases provide some guidance about the unlawful use of K-9 

force, the circumstances presented in this appeal are far different from the 

circumstances involved in Priester, Crenshaw, and in Edwards. Most important --

unlike the circumstances in Priester and in Edwards that led to the conclusion that 

the officer’s use of force was unconstitutionally excessive, nothing in this record 

evidences that Officer Vasquez permitted Ares to attack M.A. for an unduly 

prolonged period. To the contrary, the entire incident here lasted only thirty to 

forty seconds; and Officer Vasquez immediately issued the command for Ares to 

let go as soon as Officer Vasquez saw that M.A. had been caught.

3

 The opinions in these three cases say nothing about the arrested person’s age or physical size.

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Plaintiff correctly concedes that no binding precedent existed in 2014 that 

involved circumstances factually similar to the pertinent circumstances presented 

in this case. Plaintiff contends, instead, that Officer Vasquez’s conduct -- given 

the state of the law generally -- constituted an “obvious” Fourth Amendment 

violation. We reject this argument. 

The Supreme Court has stressed repeatedly that the “clearly established” 

standard requires a “high degree of specificity.” See Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 590 

(quotations omitted); Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at 309; see also Gates v. Khokar, 884 

F.3d 1290, 1302-03 (11th Cir. 2018) (collecting cases). Specificity is particularly 

important in Fourth Amendment cases, where -- given the many variables 

confronting an officer on the scene that must be considered -- it is often difficult 

for officers to predict on the spot how the pertinent legal doctrine (here, excessive

force) will apply in the precise factual situation arising before them. See Wesby, 

138 S. Ct. at 590; Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at 308. 

We have recognized a rare “narrow exception” to the general rule requiring 

particularized case law to establish clearly the law: the obvious violation. Still, 

facts and context dictate case outcomes: not general legal propositions. This 

“narrow exception” applies in circumstances where an “official’s conduct lies so 

obviously at the very core of what the Fourth Amendment prohibits that the 

unlawfulness of the conduct was readily apparent to the official, notwithstanding 

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the lack of caselaw.” See Priester, 208 F.3d at 926. For an official to lose 

protection under qualified immunity, in some way the “pre-existing law must 

dictate, that is, truly compel (not just suggest or allow or raise a question about), 

the conclusion for every like-situated, reasonable government agent that what 

defendant is doing violates federal law in the circumstances . . ..” Id. at 927. The 

law beforehand must give genuine notice. 

Nothing about the pre-existing law tied to the Fourth Amendment’s 

prohibitions, especially with the use of K-9s to apprehend suspects, came close to 

compelling the definite conclusion for every reasonable police officer that Officer 

Vasquez’s use of force was constitutionally unreasonable under the circumstances 

presented to him in this case. Tiny differences in the facts of cases, for example, 

matters of lighting, of time and place, can justify entirely different outcomes for 

the question of whether police conduct was consistent or inconsistent with the 

federal law. IF this case presents a constitutional violation at all (and we say 

“no”), this case presents no constitutional violation that was obvious when the 

officer acted.

Officer Vasquez was entitled to qualified immunity from Plaintiff’s claim 

for excessive force. Accordingly, we affirm both the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment in favor of Officer Vasquez and the district court’s denial of 

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Plaintiff’s motion to alter or amend the final judgment. 

AFFIRMED. 

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