PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22
- 6427

JULIUS LAMART HODGES Plaintiff − Appellant

v. COL. PETER MELETIS, Superintendent, in their official capacity; CPT. ALLEN WEST, Inmate classification , in his official capacity; LT. WANDA CREIGHTON, Work Release Manager, in their official capacity Defendants − Appellees

.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia , at Richmond. David J. Novak, District Judge. ( 3:21−cv−00614−DJN−EWH )
Argued : March 19, 2024 Decided: July 23, 2024

Before WILKINSON , RICHARDSON , and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges

. Affirmed as modified by published opinion. Judge Richardson wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wilkinson and Judge Quattlebaum joined.

ARGUED: Rudolph Rosenmayer , WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, St. Louis, Missouri, for Appellant. Sharon E. Pandak, PANDAK & TAVES, PLLC, Woodbridge, Virginia, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Steven J. Alagna, Supervising Attorney, Noah Smith, Student Advocate, Roger Han, Student Advocate, Kay Groneck, Student Advocate, Appellate Clinic, WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, St. Louis, Missouri, for Appellant. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 1 of 202 RICHARDSON, Circuit Judge: In January 2021, the detention facility where Julius Lamart Hodges was incarcerated experienced a COVID

- 19 outbreak. While most inmates quarantined, Hodges volunteered
to continue work ing in the kitchen. T hough he does not allege that he contracted COVID

19 during this time, he claims that the facility’s decision to permit him to volunteer

— resulting in his exposure to the disease

— constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. Like the district court, however, we find that Hodges’s allegations don’t state a n Eighth Amendment claim. And since Hodges’s complaint states no other viable claim, we affirm the district court’s dismissal.
I. BACKGROUND A. Factual Background 1
In July 2020, Hodges was sentenced to two years ’ imprisonment for violating the terms of his probation . The Virginia Department of Corrections placed him at the Prince William

- Manassas Adult Detention Center until he was released in July 2022

. While he was incarcerated , prison staff encourag ed Hodges to join the Detention Center ’s Work Force program , a n inmate

- employment program , by telling him that, after eighteen months

1 This factual recital accepts as true the allegations in Hodges’s complaint, as we are required to do when reviewing a dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 19 1 5(e)(2). De’Lonta v. Angelone , 330 F.3d 630, 633 (4th Cir. 2003)

. Of course, this does not mean we find that the facts are true; that’s simply not the question before us. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 2 of 203 in Work Force, Hodges would qualify for Work Release. 2 Persuaded , Hodges signed up and began performing Work Force duties. Soon after , the Detention Center suffered a COVID

- 19 outbreak that originated with

non - inmate kitchen staff. This led to a facility

- wide quarantine from January 26 to March 6, 2021. Hodges and other Work Force inmates, however, were given the option to either leave the Work Force program and quarantine wit h the rest of the inmates or continue as essential workers in the facility’s kitchens. Hodges and seven other s elected to continue working. Because of staffing issues caused by the quarantine, Hodges worked twelve

- hour shifts every day for at least three weeks around the “outside staff who originally caused the
COVID

- 19 outbreak” with no contact tracing. J.A. 7. Plus, he claims to have done the work of at least three people, as eleven inmates 3 did what normally took thirty

- six to thirty

nine people to accomplish

. So Hodges complained about his working conditions to prison staff. But his complaints fell upon deaf ears as he was told “to stop complaining” and that “this [was] what [he] signed up for.” J.A. 8. He also lodged a formal grievance with the prison on February 14. This led one official to apologize to Hodges, although the apology’s specifics are unclear, and another to recognize that Hodges “may have worked more

2 From the complaint, it appears that Work Force is employment supervised by the Detention Center , often involving jobs within the facility itself , while Work Release involves unsupervised employment out in the local community.

3 Hodges first alleged that he and seven other inmates continued to work in Work Force during the quarantine. J.A. 7 (“[T]he whole jail population was quarantined besides 8 Work Force inmates.”). He does not explain how the number of Work Force inmates increased to eleven. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 3 of 204 consecutive days than [he] should” have. J.A. 6. But that second official also noted that Hodges did not have to continue working

. B. Procedural Background On September 6, 2021, Hodges filed this § 1983 action against Detention Center
officials Col. Peter Meletis, Cpt. Allen B. West, and Lt. Wanda Creighton seeking monetary and injunctive relief. 4 The complaint asserted , among other things , that Defendants violated Hodges’s Eighth Amendment rights by allowing him to work during an outbreak and violated his First Amendment rights by retaliating against him after he filed his grievances. Hodges subsequently moved to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) , which the district court granted

. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915. Then, a s required by § 1915 (e) (2) and § 1915A, the district court preliminarily reviewed Hodges’s complaint. The court dismissed Hodges’s Eighth Amendment claim for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and for being legally frivolous. It also held that Hodges failed to plausibly allege that D efendants retaliated against him in violation of the First Amendment. Hodges timely appealed. We granted him leave to appeal IFP and ordered that he comply with § 1915’s fee

- payment provisions. Yet Hodges failed to comply with that order for June 2022 , the month right before his release

. Hodges has not remedied that failure , n o r has he made any more fee payments

.

4 Though Hodges’s complaint named D efendants only in their official capacities, the district court liberally construed Hodges’s claim for damages as running against D efendants in their individual capacities. Hodges v. Meletis , No. 3:21CV614 (DJN), 2022 WL 989016 , at *4 (E.D. Va. Mar. 31, 2022)

. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 4 of 205 II. DISCUSSION Hodges primarily argues on appeal that the district court erred in dismissing his First and Eighth Amendment claims. We disagree and thus affirm

. 5
A. We decline to dismiss Hodges’s appeal for failure to comply with our order directing him to pay fees. Before reaching th is appeal’s merits, we address Defendants’ argument that we should dismiss Hodges’s appeal because he failed to make his June 2022 fee payment as required by both our order and the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1915. While we have t hat power , we decline to exercise it in this case. In order to bring cases i n federal courts , prospective litigants must pay a filing fee

. See 28 U.S.C. § 1913 (courts of appeals); § 1914 (district courts). And ordinarily, the plaintiff or appellant must pay the fee at the beginning of a lawsuit or appeal or face dismissal

. See, e.g. , Dupree v. Palmer , 284 F.3d 1234 , 1236 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam) ;

5 Defendants preliminarily argue that Hodges’s release from confinement moots this appeal. We have routinely held, however, that transfer or release from a prison facility moots only claims for injunctive or declaratory relief. E.g. , Williams v. Griffin , 952 F.2d 820 , 823 (4th Cir. 1991) . A claim for monetary damages, on the other hand, is not mooted by a transfer or release. Id. Accordingly, while Hodges’s claims for injunctive relief are moot, we maintain jurisdiction over Hodges’s claims for monetary relief. In connection with this argument, D efendants submitted a motion to file the affidavit of Lt. Jeffrey Kepler, which included five attachments. We deferred decision pending oral argument and now grant the motion in part and deny in part. We grant the motion as to Attachments A, B, and C, as they establish that Hodges has been released from prison and are thus probative of jurisdictional facts. Cf. U nited States ex rel. Vuyyuru v. Jadhav , 555 F.3d 337 , 348 (4th Cir. 2009) . But we deny the motion as to the remaining attachments because they exist merely to attack certain factual allegations and inferences stemming from Hodges’s complaint. W hen ruling on a motion to dismiss, we are limited to the complaint. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Kolon Indus., Inc. , 637 F.3d 435, 448 (4th Cir. 2011). So we do not consider those attachments

. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 5 of 206 Hall v. United States , 44 F.4th 218 , 239 n.10 (4th Cir. 2022) (Richardson, J., concurring in the judgment). For indigent parties, however, requiring prepayment might deny them meaningful access to federal courts. To address this problem, Congress passed the federal in forma pauperis ( “ in the manner of a pauper ” ) statute, which permits federal courts to waive the prepayment requirement

. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (a) (1)

. Still, at least for prisoner IFP plaintiffs, the statute is clear that IFP plaintiffs must still “ pay the full amount of a filing fee.” § 1915(b)(1). But while IFP prisoners aren’t relieved from paying the full fee , they are relieved from the prepayment obligation

. Instead, t he IFP statute p arcel s the prisoner’s fee into smaller amounts to be paid over time. First, prisoners must make a n initial payment “when funds exist” 6 comprised of “20 percent of the greater of ” either “the average monthly deposits into the prisoner’s account” or “ the average monthly balance in the prisoner’s account ” over the last six months

. Id. Then,
f

ollowing the initial payment , prisoners are “ required to make monthly payments of 20 percent of the preceding month’s income credited to the prisoner’s account

. . . until the filing fees are paid.” § 1915(b)(2). So § 1915(b) essentially puts indigent prisoner plaintiffs on installment plans for their fees, with their monthly pa yments pegged to twenty percent of their monthly income. When prisoners fail to make their monthly payments, they risk dismissal as a sanction. In federal appellate courts, Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(a)(2) provides

6 This language is a corollary to § 1915(b)(4), which states, “ In no event shall a prisoner be prohibited from bringing a civil action or appealing a civil or criminal judgment for the reason that the prisoner has no assets and no means by which to pay the initial partial filing fee. ” USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 6 of 207 that “[a]n appellant’s failure to take any step other than the timely filing of a notice of appeal .

. . is ground only for the court of appeals to act as it considers appropriate, including dismissing the appeal.” Cf. Fed. R. App. P. 3(e) (“Upon filing a notice of appeal, the appellant must pay the district clerk all required fees.”). So “ failure to comply with any of [§ 1915’s] requirements may result in dismissal of a prisoner ’ s action. ” See, e.g. , In re Smith , 114 F.3d 1247 , 1251 (D.C. Cir. 1997) ; La rson v. Scott , 157 F.3d 1030 , 1032 (5th Cir. 1998) ; Cosby v. Meadors , 351 F.3d 1324 , 1326 (10th Cir. 2003) . In this case, Hodges failed to make one required monthly payment

— his June 2022 payment. Accordingly, we may dismiss Hodges’s appeal or impose some other sanction

. 7 That said, sometimes a court ’s failure to receive payment will not warrant dismissal. Normally, it is the prisoner’s custodian, not the prisoner himself, who must make monthly payments. § 1915(b)(2) (“ The agency having custody of the prisoner shall forward payments from the prisoner’s account to the clerk of the court

. . . .”). So a prisoner , through no fault of his own, may miss payments because the jail or prison has failed to submit his payment. See, e.g. , Hatchet v. Nettles , 201 F.3d 651 , 652 (5th Cir. 2000) (per curiam). Courts thus generally inquire into why payments were missed before dismiss ing an appeal

. Id. ; Wilson v. Sargent , 313 F.3d 1315 , 1321 (11th Cir. 2002)

. And if the missed

7 Beca use the PLRA’s language give s no indication that its fee provisions are jurisdictional , we are not required to dismiss his appeal. Cf. Fed R. App. P. 3(a)(2) ; Harrow v. Dep ’ t of Def

. , 144 S. Ct. 1178 , 1183 (2024) (explaining that a procedural rule is “jurisdictional only if Congress ‘clearly states’ that it is” (quoting Boechler v. Comm’ r , 596 U.S. 199, 203 (2022)). USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 7 of 208 payment was not a result of the defendant’s noncompliance , dismissal is inappropriate.
Wilson , 313 F.3d at 1321 ; see al so H atchet , 201 F.3d at 652.
T he record here, however, reveals why Hodges missed his monthly payment : H e spent his money on things other than his court fees. He earned $210 dollars in June 2022 yet withdrew $192.15 for various commissary purchases. That left him with only $17.85. But under § 1915(b)(2) and our court order, Hodges was obligated to keep at least $42 ( twenty percent of $210 ) in his prison account to pay the fee . Because he had inadequate funds in his account, the prison could not forward his required fee payment to the court. Thus, Hodges’s failure did not stem from “ circumstances beyond his control, in which case his complaint should not be dismissed .” Wilson , 313 F.3d at 1321. Rather, his failure followed from his own actions. So we could dismiss Hodges’s appeal.
Even so , we will not dismiss Hodges’s appeal for failure to pay his fees. Hodges missed only a single payment , timely submitting all other required fee payments until June
2022

. And Hodges ’s release from prison the next month

— while his appeal was pending

— meant that he no longer accrued monthly fee obligations under the PLRA. As we have held, “ the PLRA fee requirements are not applicable to a released prisoner (assuming the prisoner made any required payments while in prison)

. ” DeBlasio v. Gilmore , 315 F.3d 396, 397 (4th Cir. 2003) ; Torres v. O’Quinn , 612 F.3d 237, 244 n.7 (4th Cir. 2010) , abrogated on other grounds by Bruce v. Samuels , 577 U.S. 82 (2016) (“[A] released prisoner who complies with the PLRA while incarcerated will not be bound to pay USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 8 of 209 outstanding fees after he is released.”)

. 8 W hen inmates are released, they do not “ become instantly liable for the remaining filing fee balance simply because they have been released .” DeBlasio , 315 F.3d at 399

. Instead, the court should “ allow [] a released prisoner to apply to proceed under the general ” IFP provision rather than the prisoner IFP provision

. Id

. Here that means Hodges is no longer “bound” by the monthly requirements of § 1915(b), Torres , 612 F.3d at 244 n.7, outside of “any required payments while in prison,”
DeBlasio , 315 F.3d at 397

. He’s treated like any other non

- prisoner plaintiff granted IFP status under § 1915(a)(1) from the time he was released from prison

. 9 Because Hodges’s obligation to pay monthly fees evaporated when he was released from prison, the only fee payment he missed was the June 2022 payment. Thus, unlike many IFP plaintiffs who had their complaints dismissed, see Cosby , 351 F.3d at 1333

– 34, Hodges missed only one payment at the end of his prison sentence

. Yes , he is almost two years late. But he is only late regarding one forty

- two

- dollar payment. And given that we ultimately decide to affirm the district court on the merits , we decline to di smiss Hodges’s appeal on this procedural ground.

8 Not all circuits agree. See, e.g. , Gay v. Tex

. Dep ’ t of Corr. State Jail Div ., 117 F.3d 240 , 242 (5th Cir. 1997) (holding that a prisoner’s release is “irrelevant” when § 1915’s triggering event

— the filing of a complaint or an appeal

— occurred while the plaintiff was in prison).

9 We have suggested that released prisoners should be allowed to “apply” under the general IFP provision. DeBlasio , 315 F.3d at 399. But Rule 24 specifies that parties who were granted IFP status below “may proceed on appeal in forma pauperis without further authorization.” Fed. R. App. P. 24(a)(3). So rather than require Hodges to re

- apply for IFP status, we allow him “to proceed .

. . without further authorization.” USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 9 of 2010 B. Hodges ’s complaint fails to state viable Eighth Amendment or First Amendment claim s . Moving to the merits, Hodges argues the district court erred by dismissing his complaint because it sufficiently alleges D efendants violated his Eight h Amendment and First Amendment rights. 10 See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e) (2)(B) (ii)

. We disagree. We review a district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim under the PLRA de

novo . De’Lonta , 330 F.3d at 633

. The standard is the same as under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6): W e ask whether, accepting all a complaint’s well

- pleaded allegations as true, it “state[s] a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Jackson v. Lightsey , 7 7 5 F.3d 170, 178 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) )

. 1. Hodges ’s complaint d o es not state an Eighth Amendment claim for cruel and unusual punishment
. The heart of Hodges’s Eighth Amendment claim is that Defendants subject ed him to cruel and unusual punishment during the COVID

- 19 lockdown when they allowed him to volunteer to work in the prison kitchens

. The Eighth Amendment provides that “cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. By its terms, the Amendment clarifies that it prohibits the G overnment from “ inflict[i ng ] ” “ punishment ” that is “cruel and unusual

. ” id.

10 Hodges also argues that the district court erred by dismissing his Eighth Amendment claim as legally frivolous. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). Because we affirm the district court’s dismissal of that claim for failure to state a claim, we need not decide whether the claim is legally frivolous. C ompare Neitzke v. Williams , 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989) (explaining that a complaint is legally “frivolous where it lacks an arguable basis

. . . in law”) , with De’Lonta , 330 F.3d at 633 (explaining that a complaint fails to state a claim when the allegations , if true, would n’t establish the plaintiff is legally entitled to relief). USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 10 of 2011 (emphasis added). And “to inflict” is a transitive verb meaning “to apply” or “impose.” 1 Samuel Johnson, Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed. 1773) ; Noah Webster, American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)

. As a transitive verb, it require s a grammatical subject to exert some action upon an object. Robert Lowth, A Short Introduction to English Grammer 30 (1799); see also Bryan A. Garner, Garner’s Modern English Usage 1035 (4th ed. 2016). So “infliction” requires an actor to “apply” or “impose” some action upon someone else. Furthermore, because the Eighth Amendment is a limitation upon the Government, Austin v. United States , 509 U.S. 602, 609 (1993), that actor must be the Government or its agents. Thus , by prohibiting the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment, t he Eighth Amendment operates by limiting what the
G overnment can do while applying or imposing punishment

. Historically, that limit has been interpreted to prevent physically barbarous punishments, such as torture. Estelle v. Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 102 (1976) . But “more recent cases” have established that the Amendment forbids punishments that “involve the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.” Id. (quoting Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153, 173 (1976) (joint opinion of Stewart, Powell, and Stevens, JJ.)

. While we need not (and likely could not) give an exhaustive account of what constitutes “cruel and unusu al punishment , ” the Supreme Court has also held that prison officials violate the Eighth Amendment when they fail to “provide humane conditions of confinement” by depriving inmates of life’s necessities, Farmer v. Brennan , 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994) ; Rhodes v. Chapman , 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981) , such as “ food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 11 of 2012 reasonable safety .” Helling v. McKinney , 509 U.S. 25, 32 (1993) (quoting DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty. Dept. of Soc. Servs. , 489 U.S. 189, 200 (1989) ). For a prisoner t o assert that prison officials imposed conditions of confinement that deprive him of life’s necessities, however, he “ must prove two elements

— that the deprivation [by prison officials] of a basic human need was objectively sufficiently serious, and that subjectively the officials acted with a sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Jones v. Solomon , 90 F.4th 198, 208 (4th Cir. 2024) (quoting Shakka v. Smith , 71 F.3d 162, 166 (4th Cir. 1995)). Only then can the officials be charged with infli ctin g cruel and unusual punishment

. This case fails at the outset because Hodges fails to show that prison officials were responsible for depriving Hodges of anything, much less a basic human need like reasonable safety

. Helling , 509 U.S. at 33, 35. Hodges volunteered to expose himself to the conditions he now challenges. Prison official s gave him a choice between quarantining or working. And he chose to work. So even if his choice to work exposed him to greater safety risks, the fact that he chose willingly and could have stopped at any time means that those officials did not inflict those risks upon him

. Cf. Helling , 509 U.S. at 36 (asking

“ whether society considers the risk that the prisoner complains of to be so grave that it violates contemporary standards of decency to expose anyone unwillingly to such a risk ” (emphasis added) )

. 11

11 Because we hold that Hodges’s complaint fails to allege a deprivation by government officials , we need not address whether the alleged deprivation was objectively serious enough or whether the prison officials acted with a subjectively culpable state of mind. See Farmer , 511 U.S. at 83 4

. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 12 of 2013 T aking a step back , it’s clear why “conduct in which one voluntarily engages can hardly be said to violate the Eighth Amendment.” Haas v. Weiner , 765 F.2d 123, 124 (8th Cir. 1985) (per curiam). Again, t he Amendment prohibits “ the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain” by prison officials. Estelle , 429 U.S. at 102 (emphasis added) ( citation omitted ). And, in the prison setting, the Government can inflict pain both by affirmatively acting and by failing to act

. Helling , 509 U.S. at 31. That’s because “ [w] hen the State takes a person into its custody and holds him there against his will ,” DeShaney , 489 U.S.
at 199

– 200, it largely “ incapacitates a prisoner to exercise ordinary responsibility for his own welfare , ” County of Sacramento v. Lewis , 523 U.S. 833, 851 (1998). So when prison officials take away or fail to provide some necessity, the prisoner himself has no other way to obtain it , and the officials have thus inflicted the deprivation of that necessity upon him.
Yet w hen an inmate can choose to avoid a particular condition or activity or has the means to secure his own necessities , he necessarily has the power “to exercise responsibility for his own welfare

. ” Id

. So, i f the inmate exercises (or rather, abdicates) that responsibility by voluntarily exposing himself to a condition or activity, prison officials have not deprived him of any right or necessity

. See Helling , 509 U.S. at 36

. Rather , t he prisoner has inflicted that deprivation upon himself. See Legate v. Livingston , 822 F.3d 207, 209 (5th Cir. 2016) ( finding no Eighth Amendment claim based on an inmate’s voluntary participation in a religious communal pipe

- smoking ceremony from which he contracted a disease since “a prisoner cannot establish a violation where he willingly participates in the conduct giving rise to his injury” ). USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 13 of 2014 For a concrete example , consider a simplified version of the famous Burt Reynolds movie, The Longest Yard (Paramount Pictures 1974). 12 There, the protagonist, incarcerated football star Paul Crewe, builds a team of inmates to play in an exhibition football game against a semi

- pro team of prison guards managed by the prison’s warden. Motivated by a desire to beat the guards at their own game, many inmates voluntarily join the team. But the team is forced to prepare in less

- than

- perfect conditions, practicing on a poorly kept field with outdated equipment (at least until they manage steal some uniforms from the guards). And once game day arrives, a predictably rough game ensues. These facts don’t amount to an Eighth Amendment violation. When an inmate is permitted to voluntarily participate in a sport, he, “ like any cautious ballplayer outside of prison ,” has both the capacity and duty “to exercise responsibility for his own welfare ” by, for example, “ examin [ing] the playing field ” and declining to play if he deem s the risks too great. Christopher v. Buss , 384 F.3d 879, 882

– 83 (7th Cir. 2004)

. Should he fail to do so, that failure cannot then be laid at the feet of prison officials. Id. ; see also Wronke v. Champaign Cnty. Sheriff’s Off. , 132 F. App’x 58, 61 (7th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (unpublished) (“ Wronke cannot manufacture a constitutional claim by volunteering for a job when he could have avoided the offending conditions by choosing to stay in his cell .”). Because the inmate voluntarily put himself in the dangerous situation (either deliberately or inadvertently), the fact that prison officials merely allowed the inmate to make that choice cannot fairly be said to have deprived the inmate of reasonable safety.

12 Or, for those a bit younger, consider Adam Sandler’s 2005 remake. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 14 of 2015 Here, Hodges ’s complaint doesn’t allege he was unwillingly exposed to the risk of
COVID

- 19 any more than Paul Crewe was unwillingly exposed to the risk of football

related injuries. B efore agreeing to work during the lockdown, Hodges and his coworkers were “given the option [to] either work as essential workers” or quarantine with the rest of the facility. J.A. 7. Nowhere does Hodges allege that his participation was mandated or that he could not choose to quarantine. I n fact, he alleges that the staff affirmed that he “d[id] not have to remain” on Work Force if he was dissatisfied with the conditions. 13 J.A.
6. True, electing to quarantine would have result ed in his removal from Work Force and disqualification from Work Release eligibility . But Hodges ha d no constitutional entitlement to participate in Work Force or Work Release. Se e Gaston v. Taylor , 946 F.2d 340, 344 (4th Cir. 1991) . So the Detention Center didn’t condition any constitutional rights

or basic necessities upon Hodges’s participation

. Additionally, “ exercise[ing] ordinary responsibility for [one’s] own welfare ,” Lewis , 523 U.S. at 851, often re quires giv ing up

some privilege one might otherwise have. So, yes, i f Hodges had elected to quarantine, he

13 Contrast Hodges’s allegations to Rish v. Johnson , 131 F.3d 1092 (4th Cir. 1997)

. There we explained that “[a] lthough the inmates initially volunteered for the duty soon after their respective arrivals at F.C.I. Butner, they lacked a full understanding of exactly what the position entailed, and having once committed themselves to the task, they could not refuse to perform the requisite duties without suffering punishment. Accordingly, the inmates ’ duties as orderlies were not ‘ voluntary ’ in the sense that they could avoid the risks of which they now complain if they chose to do so. ” Id. at 109 4 n.3. Hodges alleges neither that prison officials hid the risk s nor that he could not quit once he began. See Haas , 765 F.2d at 124. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 15 of 2016 would have lost the privileges of Work Force . B ut that doesn’t mean he ke pt working involuntarily

. So Hodges has not sufficiently alleged a deprivation by prison officials. 14
2. Hodges ’s complaint does not state a First Amendment retaliation claim
. Hodges ’s complaint also allege s that prison officials retaliated against him for having raised concerns about the working conditions. According to Hodges, he was denied
W ork R elease as punishment for his protected complaining in violation of the First Amendment

. But h is complaint doesn’t state such a claim.
A First Amendment retaliation claim requires a plaintiff to show that ( 1) his “speech was protected,” ( 2) “ the defendant ’ s alleged retaliatory action adversely affected the plaintiff ’ s constitutionally protected speech , ” and ( 3) “a causal relationship exists between [the plaintiff’s] speech and the defendant’s retaliatory action.” Suarez Corp. Indus. v.
McGraw , 202 F.3d 676, 686 (4th Cir. 2000). Hodges asserts that he engaged in protected activity by filing grievances regarding his work conditions and that D efendants took adverse action against him by “foreclos[ing] Mr. Hodges’s path to Work Release.” Appellant’s Br. 30

– 32. But Hodges has failed to allege a causal relationship between the
two

.

14 This also sufficiently disposes of Hodges’s other claim of cruel and unusual punishment

— that he was subjected to impermissibly hard work and long hours. If Hodges didn’t like the work and hours he was assigned, he didn’t have to do it. So, just like he voluntarily chose to expose himself to the COVID

- 19 risk, he voluntarily chose to expose himself to the hard work and long hours . For similar reasons, we reject Hodges ’s separate allegation that it was cruel and unusual to have him do landscaping during the hot summer. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 16 of 2017 Hodges advances three arguments for why the allegations in his complaint satisf y the causation prong of a retaliation claim, but all fail. His first argument is that his complaint establishes causation because it alleges that the named D efendants (or at least Lt. Creighton) knew about his protected activity before taking adverse action against him.
Yet Hodges’s complaint alleges that he was denied W ork R elease in August 2020 , before he began complaining , and again in May 2021

. The first denial couldn’t h ave been caused by Hodges’s grievances because he hadn’t made the m yet . But even if we only consider the later denial of his request for W ork R elease, knowledge of protected F irst A mendment activity alone “ ‘ does not establish a causal connection’ between the protected activity and the adverse action.” Constantine v. Rectors & Visitors of George Mason Univ. , 411 F.3d 474, 501 (4th Cir. 2005) (quoting Price v. Thompson , 380 F.3d 209, 213 (4th Cir. 2004)). Instead, a plaintiff must allege some additional evidence that can support an inference of
causation. This leads to Hodges’s second argument

— that his complaint sufficiently alleges causation because it alleges that Lt. Creighton’s “campaign to block [Hodges] from Work Release began” “[s]hortly after Mr. Hodges filed his grievance.” Opening Br. at 33. 15 To Hodges’s credit, t emporal proximity alone can create the inference of causation

. Penley v. McDowell Cnty. Bd. of Educ. , 876 F.3d 646, 656 (4th Cir. 2017). But what dooms his argument is that we require “ the temporal proximity [ to be ] very close.” Id

. “A lengthy time lapse between ” the defendant learning of the protected speech and the defendant

15 We assume, as Hodges has alleged, that Lt . Creighton, not the Department of Corrections , effectively denied Hodges’s application. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 17 of 2018 t aking the allegedly retaliatory action “ negates any inference that a causal connection exists between the two.” See D owe v. Total Action Against Poverty in Roanoke Valley , 145 F.3d 653, 657 (4th Cir. 1998). 16 Hodges’s complaint alleges that he was denied Work Release for the second time in May 2021, when Hodges received a letter from Lt. Creighton informing him that the Department of Corrections had not approved his Work Release application. But the protected speech Lt. Creighton allegedly retaliated against Hodges for

— his February 14, 2021, grievance

— occurred three

- and

- a - half months earlier. We have expressly held that adverse action taken “three months after” a grievance “did not ‘closely follow’ a protected activity, and thus does not present a circumstance that courts have characterized as creating a strong inference of retaliation.” Roberts v. Glenn Indus. Grp., Inc. , 998 F.3d 111, 127 (4th Cir. 2021); cf. King v. Rumsfeld , 328 F.3d 145, 151 (4th Cir. 2003) (“King’s firing came two months and two weeks following Carlson’s receipt of notice that King [took protected activity]. This length of time between Carlson’s notice of the complaint and the adverse employment action is sufficiently long so as to weaken significantly the inference of causation between the two events.”); Pascual v. Lowe’s Home C t rs
. , Inc. , 193 F. App’x 229, 233 (4th Cir. 2006) (“In this case, at least three to four months separated the [adverse action] and the claimed protected activities. We find that this time period is too long to establish a causal connection by temporal proximity alone.”). So w ithout more , Hodges’s complaint fails to allege a First Amendment retaliation claim

.

16 Though Dowe is a Title VII case, we routinely use Title VII precedents in the First Amendment

- retaliation context. See Penley , 876 F.3d at 656 (citing Dowe , 145 F.3d 653). USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 18 of 2019 In hopes of saving his claim, Hodges points to his allegation of “Lt. Creighton’s negative attitude towards” him. Opening Br. at 33. Even ignoring that Hodges’s complaint alleges that said “negative attitude” started after the denial of his application , he cites no authority for his proposition that a “negative attitude” proves causation

. And, i n reality , it
may prove the opposite . To state a claim, Hodges must allege that Lt. Creighton took adverse action because of protected speech. But Hodges’s “neg ative attitude” argument actually provides an alternative reason for why Lt. Creighton might have denied Hodges’s request

— she just didn’t like him. This might be grounds for a formal grievance or reprimand, but absent some showing that she didn’t like him because of his speech, it doesn’t establish causation. All this is to say that the only allegations in the complaint that go to causation are Hodges’s allegations of temporal proximity. But those alone are insufficient to plausibly allege causation. So the district court was correct to dismiss Hodges’s claim. 17

17 Below, Hodges also sought to supplement his complaint by alleging new instances of retaliation that came after he filed his § 1983 action. Without explanation, the district court declined to consider Hodges’ s new allegations, which we construe as motions to file supplemental pleadings. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). L eave to supplement “should be freely granted, and should be denied only where ‘good reason exists .

. . , such as prejudice to the defendants.’” Franks v. Ross , 313 F.3d 184, 198 n.15 ( 4th Cir. 2002) (quoting Walker v. United Parcel Serv. , 240 F.3d 1268, 1278 (10th Cir. 2001)). Accordingly, “outright refusal to grant the leave without any justifying reason appearing for the denial is not an exercise of discretion; it is merely abuse of that discretion and inconsistent with the spirit of the Federal Rules.” Foman v. Davis , 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). That said, the refusal to consider Hodges’s supplemental allegations was harmless. See 28 U.S.C. § 2111 (“ [T ] he court shall give judgment after an examination of the record without regard to errors or defects which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties

. ”). Hodges’s supplemental allegations sought to assert two new factual scenarios involving First Amendment retaliation. The first involv es an unnamed staff member opening (Continued) USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 19 of 2020 * * * The sum of the above is that Hodges failed to allege facts sufficient to state a ny viable claim. But determining that we will affirm the district court’s dismissal leaves us with Hodges ’s final argument : t hat the district court erred by dismissing his complaint with prejudice

. In support, Hodges correctly points out that we’ve suggested that “dismissal should generally be without prejudice” when “the district court neither gave [the
pro se plaintiff] the opportunity to amend nor .

. . engage[d] in any d iscussion as to why amendment would be futile.” King v. Rubenstein , 825 F.3d 206, 225 (4th Cir. 2016 )

. And Defendants, for their part, offer no rebuttal to this argument . So w e will “ modify the judgment only to the extent that the dismissal be without prejudice.” Thomas v. Salvation Army S. Territory , 841 F.3d 632, 642 (4th Cir. 2016)

. As a result, the district court’s order
i s AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED

.

Hodges’s mail

. But that does not allege that D efendants retaliated against him ; it alleges the unnamed staff member did. Suarez Corp. Indus. , 202 F.3d at 686. The second allegation , which involves Lt. Creighton preventing another officer from writing Hodges a recommendation letter and removing him from Work Force , fails for the same reasons as Hodges’s original retaliation claim

— he doesn’t sufficiently allege causation. USCA4 Appeal: 22-6427 Doc: 51 Filed: 07/23/2024 Pg: 20 of 20