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NOTICE

Decision filed 09/10/10. The text of

this decision may be changed or

corrected prior to the filing of a

Peti tion for Rehearing or the

disposition of the same.

NO. 5-08-0370

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT

________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Johnson County.

)

v. ) No. 07-CM-94

)

STEVEN BOHANNON, ) Honorable

) Charles C. Cavaness,

Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.

________________________________________________________________________

PRESIDING JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the opinion of the court:

Defendant, Steven Bohannon, was charged with obstructing a peace officer under the

Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/31-1 (West 2006)) in the circuit court of Johnson

County. The circuit court dismissed the charge. On appeal, the State contends that the

dismissal was improper. We affirm. 

FACTS

According to reports of the Vienna police department, defendant was driving his

vehicle alone, when he was stopped at a random roadside safety checkpoint. Upon stopping,

Vienna Police Chief Jim Miller asked defendant to produce a driver's license and proof of

insurance. Defendant refused. Chief Miller and other officers asked again and defendant

again refused. Defendant was arrested after telling the officers that he would not produce

the documents and that they would have to arrest him. 

Defendant was placed under arrest and charged by information with obstructing a

peace officer (720 ILCS 5/31-1 (West 2006)). The amended information stated as follows:

"That on or about the 3rd day of July, 2007, in Johnson County, Illinois, the
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[d]efendant, STEVEN S. BOHANNON, committed the offense of OBSTRUCTING

A POLICE OFFICER, in violation of [section 31-1 of the Criminal Code of 1961

(720 ILCS 5/31-1 (West 2006))], in that said [d]efendant knowingly resisted the

performance of [Vienna Police Chief] Jim Miller, a person known by the [d]efendant

to be a peace officer, of an authorized act within [Vienna Police Chief] Jim Miller's

capacity, namely the investigation of the [d]efendant's Illinois driver's license and

liability insurance coverage status, in that the [d]efendant refused to provide [Vienna

Police Chief] Jim Miller with a valid Illinois driver's license and proof of liability

insurance after [Vienna Police Chief] Jim Miller repeatedly asked the [d]efendant to

provide [Vienna Police Chief] Jim Miller with a valid Illinois driver's license and

proof of liability insurance coverage." 

Although the narrative of the police reports indicates that defendant was issued traffic

citations for the failure to display his driver's license and proof of insurance, the record

before this court does not contain any such citations or order of disposition on any traffic

offense.

The trial court dismissed the charge of obstruction on the motion of defendant. The

court noted that the allegations did not involve issues of officer safety or refusal to exit a

vehicle. The court found that the alleged conduct more closely resembled a refusal to answer

questions of a police officer than a physical act. The court ruled that the mere refusal to

provide a driver's license and proof of insurance did not constitute obstruction of a peace

officer. 

The trial court denied the State's motion to reconsider and the State appealed. 

ANALYSIS

The legislature has vested law enforcement with the authority to request a driver's

license and proof of insurance. The Illinois Vehicle Code provides that a driver must carry
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a license and exhibit it when requested by a law enforcement official. 625 ILCS 5/6-112

(West 2006). This section states that a driver "shall display such license or permit if it is in

his possession upon demand made, when in uniform or displaying a badge or other sign of

authority, by a *** police officer." 625 ILCS 5/6-112 (West 2006). The Illinois Vehicle

Code further provides, "Any person who fails to comply with a request by a law enforcement

officer for display of evidence of insurance *** shall be deemed to be operating an uninsured

motor vehicle." 625 ILCS 5/3-707(b) (West 2006).

The fate of any citations under either of these provisions is unclear from the record

before this court. At issue on appeal is a charge of obstructing a peace officer (720 ILCS

5/31-1 (West 2006)). On the relevant date, the Criminal Code of 1961 provided as follows:

"§31-1. Resisting or obstructing a peace officer or correctional institution

employee. 

(a) A person who knowingly resists or obstructs the performance by one

known to the person to be a peace officer or correctional institution employee of any

authorized act within his official capacity commits a Class A misdemeanor." 720

ILCS 5/31-1(a) (West 2006). 

A person violates this provision only if he engages in conduct that "resists or

obstructs" (720 ILCS 5/31-1(a) (West 2006)). This phrase has been the subject of much

discussion. In Raby, the Illinois Supreme Court defined the terms: 

" ' "Resisting" or "resistance" means "withstanding the force or effect of" or the

"exertion of oneself to counteract or defeat". "Obstruct" means "to be or come in the

way of". These terms are alike in that they imply some physical act or exertion.

Given a reasonable and natural construction, these terms do not proscribe mere

argument with a policeman about the validity of an arrest or other police action, but

proscribe only some physical act which imposes an obstacle which may impede,
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hinder, interrupt, prevent[,] or delay the performance of the officer's duties, such as

going limp, forcefully resisting arrest[,] or physically aiding a third party to avoid

arrest.' " People v. Raby, 40 Ill. 2d 392, 399, 240 N.E.2d 595, 599 (1968) (quoting

Landry v. Daley, 280 F. Supp. 938, 959 (N.D. Ill. 1968), rev'd on other grounds sub

nom. Boyle v. Landry, 401 U.S. 77, 27 L. Ed. 2d 696, 91 S. Ct. 758 (1971)). 

See People v. Synnott, 349 Ill. App. 3d 223, 225, 811 N.E.2d 236, 238 (2004); People v.

Meister, 289 Ill. App. 3d 337, 341, 682 N.E.2d 306, 308 (1997); People v. Weathington, 82

Ill. 2d 183, 186, 411 N.E.2d 862, 863 (1980); People v. Gibbs, 115 Ill. App. 2d 113, 117,

253 N.E.2d 117, 119 (1969); see also City of Chicago v. Meyer, 44 Ill. 2d 1, 3, 253 N.E.2d

400, 401 (1969). 

The emphasis on whether defendant's conduct was a physical act is misplaced. Raby

and its progeny reveal a concern that the phrase "resists or obstructs" is not defined so

broadly that it places citizens in jeopardy of an arrest for mere verbal disagreement. Whether

seen as more verbal or more physical, defendant's conduct undoubtedly subjected him to

arrest. The legislature resolved any ambiguity regarding the level of physicality necessary

for an arrest under the Illinois Vehicle Code by providing a definition for the word "display."

The Illinois Vehicle Code provides as follows: 

"For the purposes of this section, 'display' means the manual surrender of his

license certificate into the hands of the demanding officer for his inspection thereof."

625 ILCS 5/6-112 (West 2006). 

See also 625 ILCS 5/3-707 (West 2006) (operation of uninsured motor vehicle). 

The authority of law enforcement officers to request identification and defendant's

duty to comply are set forth in Illinois Vehicle Code. The question is whether, in light of

these provisions, the failure to comply also constitutes obstructing a peace officer under the

Criminal Code of 1961. This is a question of statutory construction.
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Context can clarify. This case is distinct from instances in which a lesser-included

offense for the same conduct is proscribed by another statute. See People v. Synnott, 349 Ill.

App. 3d 223, 228, 811 N.E.2d 236, 240 (2004). The broad mandate against obstructing a

peace officer in the Criminal Code of 1961 addresses varied conduct encountered by officers

performing their duty to keep the peace. In contrast, the narrower language of the Illinois

Vehicle Code is limited to traffic stops. The specific and tailored provisions of the Illinois

Vehicle Code requiring the display of the driver's license and proof of insurance dictate their

application to this vehicle stop. In the words of Justice Day: "It is a well-settled principle

of construction that specific terms covering the given subject-matter will prevail over general

language of the same or another statute which might otherwise prove controlling." Kepner

v. United States, 195 U.S. 100, 125, 49 L. Ed. 114, 123, 24 S. Ct. 797, 803 (1904). 

Fundamentally, the resolution of this appeal goes beyond deciding which statute

should be given priority. Extending the Criminal Code of 1961 to the case at hand would

not merely go beyond placing an additional level of culpability on defendant for the same

conduct. Indeed, the charges of obstructing a peace officer would be inexplicable without

the authority granted to law enforcement in the applicable provisions of the Illinois Vehicle

Code. 

In other words, the State invites a circular definition. The phrase "knowingly resists

or obstructs" makes no sense in a vacuum. Any charge of obstructing a peace officer is

derivative. Defendant's conduct is given meaning only in light of the context of "the

performance by *** a peace officer *** of any authorized act within his official capacity."

720 ILCS 5/31-1(a) (West 2006). This, of course, begs the question–What is the "authorized

act"? 

In the case at hand, the request for the display of a license and proof of insurance was

the authorized act. Notably, the Illinois Vehicle Code criminalizes the failure to display
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proper documents. 625 ILCS 5/6-112 (West 2006); People v. Steele, 366 Ill. App. 3d 220,

223, 851 N.E.2d 920, 923 (2006). Assuming the facts presented in the police reports, we

conclude that defendant was not obstructing or resisting an investigation into whether the

laws of Illinois were violated; he was committing the actual offenses proscribed by the

Illinois Vehicle Code. See People v. Steele, 366 Ill. App. 3d 220, 223, 851 N.E.2d 920, 923

(2006); see People v. Hacker, 388 Ill. App. 3d 346, 350, 902 N.E.2d 792, 796 (2009)

(roadside safety checks may not amount to criminal investigations). The conduct prohibited

by the Illinois Vehicle Code was the failure to display. 

A charge of obstructing a peace officer must be premised on the officer's performance

of an authorized act. In this case, defendant's conduct is the exact same criminal act

prohibited by the statutes from which the premise for imposing the Criminal Code of 1961

derived. The acts alleged to be resistance and obstruction were subsumed in the provisions

of the Illinois Vehicle Code. This pyramid is an unsound structure. 

The police reports suggest that defendant was objecting to the requests of law

enforcement as a matter of principle. The argument in the field continued through the halls

of the circuit court and left a trail of paper to the appellate court. If defendant reads this

court's decision as a vindication of his actions, he would be wrong. The officers were

authorized to request a license and proof of insurance and, indeed, might have been derelict

in their duties if they had failed to do so. The officers were authorized to arrest defendant

for his failure to display the documents, and their authority continued to actions incident to

the arrest, such as placing defendant in custody and towing his vehicle. Nonetheless, aside

from the actual offenses of the failure to display the requested documents, defendant did not

impede the performance of the duties of the officers. Defendant did not resist being taken

into custody, obstruct the towing of his vehicle, or provide misleading information. He

simply violated the Illinois Vehicle Code.
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CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the order of the circuit court is hereby affirmed.

Affirmed.

WELCH, J., concurs. 

JUSTICE WEXSTTEN, dissenting: 

I respectfully dissent. I believe that the defendant's conduct sufficiently supported a

charge of obstructing a peace officer (see People v. Synnott, 349 Ill. App. 3d 223, 225-28,

811 N.E.2d 236, 238-41 (2004)), and I note that, sections 6-112 and 7-602 of the Illinois

Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/6-112, 7-602 (West 2006)) aside, police agencies are

conditionally authorized to conduct roadside checkpoints such as the one conducted in the

present case (see City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32, 37-38, 148 L. Ed. 2d 333,

341, 121 S. Ct. 447, 452 (2000); People v. Hacker, 388 Ill. App. 3d 346, 350-51, 902 N.E.2d

792, 796 (2009)). I further note that "[o]ur supreme court has repeatedly held that the State's

Attorney has a responsibility for evaluating the evidence and other pertinent factors in

determining what offense can and should properly be charged" and that "when a defendant's

act has violated more than one statute, and each statute requires different proof for

conviction, even though there may be some overlapping, the defendant may be prosecuted

under the statute which provides the greater penalty." People v. Coleman, 205 Ill. App. 3d

567, 577, 563 N.E.2d 1010, 1016 (1990).
NO. 5-08-0370

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT

___________________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Johnson County.

)

v. ) No. 07-CM-94

)

STEVEN BOHANNON, ) Honorable

) Charles C. Cavaness,

Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed: September 10, 2010

___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices: Honorable Richard P. Goldenhersh, P.J.

Honorable Thomas M. Welch, J., concurs

Honorable James M. Wexstten, J., dissenting

___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Hon. Tricia Turner Shelton, State's Attorney, Johnson County Courthouse, 

for Vienna, IL 62995; Patrick Delfino, Director, Stephen E. Norris, Deputy Director,

Appellant David Murrell, Staff Attorney, Office of the State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor,

730 E. Illinois Highway 15, Suite 2, P.O. Box 2249, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864

___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Michael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender, Johannah B. Weber, Deputy Defender,

for John H. Gleason, Assistant Appellate Defender, Office of the State Appellate

Appellee Defender, 117 N. Tenth Street, Suite 300, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864

___________________________________________________________________________________