1

 If the person committing the offense of evading arrest uses a vehicle while in flight and does

not have a previous conviction for evading arrest, the offense is a state jail felony. Tex. Pen. Code

Ann. § 38.04(b)(1) (West 2003). A showing that a deadly weapon was used or exhibited during the

commission of a state jail felony enhances the state jail felony to a third degree felony. See id.

§ 12.35(c)(1).

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-02-00688-CR

Sammie Meredith, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 403RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 2020286, HONORABLE FRANK W. BRYAN, JR., JUDGE PRESIDING 

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Sammie Meredith appealsfrom his conviction for evading arrest with a vehicle. See

Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.04(b)(1) (West 2003). The jury also found that appellant had used or

exhibited a deadly weapon during the commission of the offense.1 As enhancement, the State

alleged two prior convictionsfor driving while intoxicated, and one conviction for escape. The jury

assessed punishment at eighteen years’ confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal JusticeInstitutional Division. In two issues on appeal, appellant contends that there was factually and

legally insufficient evidence to support the deadly weapon finding. We affirm the conviction.
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Factual and Procedural Background

In the early morning hours of January 26, 2002, Deputy Brian Turner of the Travis

County Sheriff’s Office noticed that a headlight on appellant’s car was burned out. The deputy

followed the car and decided to stop appellant. Appellant stopped on Caldwell Lane, a street

intersecting Highway 71. As the officer began walking toward appellant’s car, appellant drove off

at a rapid speed through a residential neighborhood with Turner in pursuit. Turner estimated that

appellant’sspeedsreached 105 miles per hour. Appellant drove erratically, often crossing the center

stripe into the opposite lane, driving into ditches, and failing to stop at stop signs.

During the chase, Turner observed two other cars have to swerve onto the shoulder

of the road to avoid a head-on collision. At one point, appellant pulled off the road. As the deputy

followed, appellant made a half-circle, “came right back at me,” and Turner had to take evasive

action to avoid appellant. The chase ended when appellant missed a turn and slammed into a tree

at approximately 65-75 miles per hour. Turner called for emergency medical services and attempted

to assist appellant. Appellant had not been wearing a seatbelt; his head struck the front windshield

of the car. Appellant’s head was bleeding, but he was conscious. Turner instructed appellant to keep

his head still because of the possibility of spinal cord injuries, but appellant was belligerent and

uncooperative. Turner noticed several beer cans on the floor of the vehicle. Appellant’s breath and

clothes smelled of alcohol; his eyes were glassy, his speech slurred. After the fire department freed

appellant by cutting away parts of his car, he wastransported to the hospital by helicopter. Upon his

release, he was arrested. Turner also testified that, in his opinion, residents in the area were

endangered by appellant’s conduct because he could have hit a residence rather than the tree.
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Discussion

Appellant contends that the evidence was both factually and legally insufficient to

support the finding that appellant used the car as a deadly weapon. Appellant contends that no one

other than appellant was injured in the chase. Therefore, “unlike other cases where a vehicle has

been determined to be a deadly weapon, no one was killed during the commission of this offense.”

The standard for reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence is whether, viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, any rational trier of fact could have

found beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential elements of the offense charged. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Lane v. State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

All the evidence that the jury was permitted to consider properly or improperly must be taken into

account in determining the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Garcia v. State, 919 S.W.2d 370, 378

(Tex.Crim. App. 1994); Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex.Crim. App. 1993). On appeal,

we do not reevaluate the credibility of the witnesses or realign, disregard, or weigh the evidence.

Adelman v. State, 828 S.W.2d 418, 421 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). 

To determine factualsufficiency, we view the evidence in a neutral light and set aside

the verdict only if it isso contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence asto be clearly wrong

and unjust. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (citing Clewis v. State, 922

S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). We must review the evidence weighed by the jury

tending to prove the existence of the elemental fact in dispute and compare it to the evidence tending

to disprove that fact. Id. The appellate court may find either that the State’s proof of guilt was so

obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the jury’s determination or that the finding of guilt
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was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 11. However, a factual

sufficiency review must be appropriately deferential to avoid intruding on the factfinder’srole asthe

sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence. Id. at 7; Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 648

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). We are not free to reweigh the evidence, but must exercise our jurisdiction

only to prevent a manifestly unjust result. Jones, 944 S.W.2d at 648.

The applicable definition of a deadly weapon is “anything that in its manner of use

or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury.” Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 1.07

(a)(17)(B) (West 2003). Under this definition, the evidence must establish that the object was

capable of causing death or serious bodily injury as so used. Walker v. State, 897 S.W.2d 812, 814

(Tex.Crim. App. 1995); Holder v. State, 837 S.W.2d 802, 807 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, pet.ref’d).

A motor vehicle may be a deadly weapon. See Garza v. State, 100 S.W.3d 347, 350 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.);Garcia v. State, 92 S.W.3d 574, 575-76 (Tex. App.—Austin

2002, no pet.); Noyola v. State, 25 S.W.3d 18, 20 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1999, no pet.); Mann v. State,

13 S.W.2d 89, 91-92 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000), aff’d, 58 S.W.3d 132, 132 (Tex. Crim.

App.—2001).

A deadly weapon finding is appropriate when a defendant uses an object in

such a way as to threaten deadly force. McCain v. State, 22 S.W.3d 497, 503 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000). However, the possibility of serious bodily injury or death must be more than merely

hypothetical. See Williams v. State, 946 S.W.2d 432, 435 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997), rev’d on

other grounds, 970 S.W.2d 566, 566 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Although the possibility of serious

injury or death must be more than hypothetical, the State must prove only that the object was
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capable, in the way in which was used, of causing serious injury or death. See Adame v. State, 69

S.W.3d 581, 582 (Tex.Crim. App. 2002) (testimony that BBgun capable of inflicting serious bodily

injury; not necessary for State to show was actually loaded); Mann, 13 S.W.3d at 92 (evidence that

defendant crossed center line of highway and forced another vehicle to take evasive action to avoid

collision supported finding that defendant used vehicle in manner capable of causing serious bodily

injury or death).

In this case, there is evidence that two cars had to take evasive action to avoid

colliding with appellant. Turner testified as well about having to avoid a collision with appellant.

Fortunately for the other drivers, appellant collided with a tree, rather than one of them. However,

the injuries suffered by appellant are evidence that the vehicle was capable, in the way in which

appellant used it, of causing death orserious bodily injury. The record contains evidence that others

were actually endangered by appellant’s conduct; it is not a case in which hypothetical other persons,

if they had been present, would have been endangered. See Mann, 13 S.W.3d at 92. 

A rational trier of fact could have found the vehicle a deadly weapon. See Jackson,

443 U.S. at 319; Lane, 933 S.W.2d at 507. As discussed above, appellant’s injuries show that the

vehicle was capable of causing serious bodily injury in the way in which appellant used it. The

danger to others was not hypothetical—three other drivers actually had to take evasive action. We

conclude that the State’s proof that the vehicle was a deadly weapon was not so obviously weak as

to undermine confidence in the jury’s determination, nor was the finding that the vehicle was a

deadlyweapon against the great weight and preponderance ofthe evidence. See Johnson, 23 S.W.3d

at 11.
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Conclusion

We hold that the evidence islegallyand factually sufficient to support the finding that

the vehicle was a deadly weapon. We overrule appellant’s two issues presented and affirm the

conviction. 

 

W. Kenneth Law, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear

Affirmed

Filed: August 29, 2003

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