NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RAMANDEEP SINGH, 

Petitioner, 

 v. 

MERRICK B. GARLAND, U.S. Attorney 

General, 

Respondent.

No. 21-485

Agency No. A205-586-973

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted March 27, 2023**

San Francisco, California

Before: BOGGS,*** M. SMITH, and OWENS, Circuit Judges.

An immigration judge (IJ) denied Ramandeep Singh’s applications for 

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the 

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.

FILED

APR 17 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

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Torture (CAT), and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed. Exercising 

jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we deny Singh’s petition for review. 

We review the agency’s factual findings for substantial evidence, treating 

them as “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to 

conclude to the contrary.” Flores Molina v. Garland, 37 F.4th 626, 632 (9th Cir. 

2022) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)).

1. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of Singh’s political-opinion 

claims for failure to corroborate his testimony. An applicant may prove that he is 

eligible for asylum or withholding by his testimony alone, but only if the IJ is 

satisfied that the testimony “is credible, is persuasive, and refers to specific facts 

sufficient to demonstrate that the applicant is a refugee.” 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). If not, the IJ may require corroboration, and “such evidence 

must be provided unless the applicant does not have the evidence and cannot 

reasonably obtain the evidence.” Ibid. An applicant “can be turned down for failing 

to provide corroboration where he does have it or could reasonably obtain it.” Aden 

v. Holder, 589 F.3d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 2009).

Substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that Singh’s 

testimony was insufficient to establish his eligibility for relief based on political 

opinion. His answers to questions about his involvement in the Bahujan Samaj Party 

(BSP), the BSP platform, and the conflict between the BSP and the Samajwadi Party

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(SP) were vague and generic. When the IJ asked Singh to corroborate his account of 

the conflict between the BSP and the SP, Singh provided only a State Department 

country report that did not mention either party. Accordingly, the agency properly 

denied Singh’s political-opinion claims. See ibid.

Singh argues that he was unable to produce corroborative evidence because 

the conflict between the two parties was not specifically mentioned in the State 

Department report. The BIA rightly rejected this argument, because Singh never 

explained why he could not reasonably obtain evidence other than the report to 

corroborate his testimony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii).

2. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of Singh’s particularsocial-group claims because Singh failed to establish that any past or future harm 

was related to his caste or landownership. Applicants for asylum and withholding of 

removal must prove that group membership is “one central reason” or “a reason” for 

the harm that they face. Id. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) (asylum); id. § 1231(b)(3)(C)

(withholding).

Singh claims that he joined the BSP because of its advocacy for lower-caste 

members, but substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding that Singh’s

political affiliation—rather than his lower-caste status—was the reason for any harm 

that he suffered. In fact, Singh testified that it was only after he joined the BSP and 

refused to join the SP that SP members attacked and threatened him. The record, 

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which is devoid of information about harm to members of Singh’s caste, does not 

suggest—much less compel us to conclude—that Singh is likely to be harmed 

because of his caste. And Singh’s landowning family members have apparently not 

experienced any harm since 2013. Thus, the agency properly concluded that Singh’s 

caste and landownership were neither “one central reason” nor even “a reason” for 

any past or future harm. 

3. Singh has waived any argument that he was or will be harmed because of 

his religion. We lack jurisdiction to consider issues not raised to the BIA. See 8 

U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Ruiz-Colmenares v. Garland, 25 F.4th 742, 748 (9th Cir. 2022).

The BIA found that Singh failed to challenge the IJ’s determination that he

was not harmed because of his religion. In this court, Singh has neither challenged 

the BIA’s finding of waiver nor adequately challenged the IJ’s underlying 

determination. We cannot consider Singh’s religious-persecution claims.

4. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of CAT relief. Singh 

must show that it is “more likely than not” that he will be tortured in India, 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1208.16(c)(2), “by, or at the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, 

a public official or other person acting in an official capacity,” id. § 1208.18(a)(1). 

Singh must face a “particularized risk of torture.” Lalayan v. Garland, 4 F.4th 822, 

840 (9th Cir. 2021). In evaluating this risk, the agency must consider all relevant 

evidence, including: (1) evidence of past torture; (2) evidence that Singh could 

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relocate to a part of India where he is not likely to be tortured; (3) evidence of gross, 

flagrant, or mass human-rights violations in India, and (4) other information 

regarding conditions in India. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3). Only the intentional 

infliction of “severe pain or suffering” qualifies as torture. Id. § 1208.18(a)(1).

Singh failed to establish that he suffered past torture. He testified that SP 

members punched, kicked, and beat him with wooden sticks, leading him to seek 

medical treatment. When he reported the first attack to the police, they “just 

forcefully kicked [him] out.” These harms are serious, but substantial evidence 

supports the agency’s determination that they did not rise to the level of torture. 

Nor does Singh’s evidence about conditions in India require us to conclude 

that it is more likely than not that he will be tortured there. That evidence establishes 

that human-rights violations occur in India, but it does not indicate a “particularized 

risk of torture” to Singh. See Lalayan, 4 F.4th at 840. 

The stay of removal remains in place until the mandate issues.

PETITION DENIED.

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