IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0759

Filed August 30, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF K.R., N.R., A.R., and J.R.,

Minor Children,

A.K., Mother,

Appellant,

K.R., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Susan Cox, District 

Associate Judge.

A mother and father separately appeal the modification of a dispositional 

order transferring placement of their children. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Sonia M. Elossais of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant 

mother.

David Barajas of Macro & Kozlowski, LLP, West Des Moines, for appellant 

father.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick (until withdrawal) and 

Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee State.

Elizabeth Hadwiger of Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Greer, P.J., and Schumacher and Badding, JJ.
2

BADDING, Judge.

“Addiction is the disease of deceit,” the juvenile court said in modifying a 

dispositional order to transfer placement of four children from their maternal 

grandmother to foster care under Iowa Code section 232.103(4) (2023), and 

“unfortunately . . . the grandmother has repeatedly been deceitful to professionals 

and to the [c]ourt.” The parents appeal,1 claiming the children should have been 

allowed to stay with the grandmother. On our de novo review of the record,2 we 

affirm on both appeals.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

In October 2022, the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services 

received a report that the mother and father were using methamphetamine while 

caring for their four children—with the oldest born in 2014, twins born in 2015, and 

the youngest born in 2018. After denying any drug use and dragging their feet for 

a week, the parents submitted to sweat-patch tests. The mother had her patch 

removed after only three days because it was irritating her skin. Both parents’ 

tests were positive for methamphetamine, with amphetamines also present.

Following these positive tests, the department requested hair drug screens 

for the children. Each child’s test was positive for methamphetamine and 

amphetamines. Yet the parents continued to deny use, with no explanation for 

1 The mother filed an application for interlocutory appeal and request for stay from 

the juvenile court’s modification order, while the father filed a petition on appeal. 

With these disparate filings before it, the supreme court entered an order finding 

the “modification order is a final order for purposes of appeal,” treating the mother’s 

application for interlocutory appeal as a notice of appeal, see Iowa R. App. 

P. 6.108, and denying her request for stay. 

2 See In re K.B., 753 N.W.2d 14, 15 (Iowa 2008) (reviewing de novo an order 

modifying custody of a child in a child-in-need-of-assistance proceeding).
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their children’s positive results. As a result, the children were removed from the 

parents’ custody in December and placed in relative care with their maternal 

grandmother. 

The children were adjudicated in need of the court’s assistance in January

2023. Before the adjudicatory hearing, the guardian ad litem reported the 

grandmother

continues to struggle with the severity of Court Involvement and lacks 

insight into the parents’, especially [the mother’s], use of illegal 

substances. . . . [T]here are continued concerns that the 

department’s instructions are not being followed. The undersigned 

is not asking for placement [to] be changed at this time but has 

serious concerns regarding long-term concurrent planning.

The guardian ad litem also requested protective daycare for the youngest child, 

which the court included in its adjudication order. 

In a social history report filed before the dispositional hearing, the 

department noted that while the father had admitted to using methamphetamine, 

the mother “continues to state she hasn’t used methamphetamine and that she 

won’t admit to something she hasn’t done despite the positive test.” The report 

stated the grandmother still supported the mother in her denials of drug use, which 

led the department to question her ability to protect the children. The department 

accordingly recommended that the grandmother attend “some Nar-Anon classes 

to learn the signs of use so she can . . . recognize the signs in the future.” The 

court adopted that recommendation in its dispositional order, which continued the 

children in the temporary legal custody of the department and in relative care. The 

children remained with their grandmother.
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In April, the State moved to modify the children’s placement because of 

“concerns and issues” regarding the grandmother’s “boundaries with the parents, 

protective capacities, minimizing the parents use, and/or denying the parents use.” 

The motion also alleged the youngest child was not yet in daycare “despite it being 

ordered since January.” The court granted the parents’ motion to stay the 

requested modification pending the hearing the next day. 

At that hearing, the State asked the grandmother, “What do you believe the 

concerns are with the parents?” She responded, “[A]s far as I know, they have 

been doing everything that they are supposed to be doing.” The grandmother 

refused to believe the mother was using drugs, testifying, “My daughter told me 

she didn’t, and I believe her.” She explained that she had done some research 

online “and it said in there that it is possible that secondhand contamination could 

possibly make you have a bad patch.” Despite being told by professionals that 

was not accurate, the grandmother testified that the mother and children tested 

positive from the father “doing it in the home, him touching them, them sleeping 

together.” When asked whether she would report the parents to the department if 

she suspected they were using methamphetamine, the grandmother answered, “I 

don’t know if I would do that.” As far as the Nar-Anon classes, while the 

grandmother had attended a few, she did not believe they were helpful. And when 

questioned about why the youngest was not in daycare, the grandmother testified, 

“we have been trying. . . . [B]ut it’s been hard.” But after the court took a tenminute break for the grandmother to call a daycare, she found a spot for him the 

next week.
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The father then testified at the court’s direction, admitting that he had used 

methamphetamine “a lot.” When pressed, he acknowledged that he started using 

it more than two years ago, with daily use for the past year. The father testified 

that he would typically use the drug in the family’s basement but he sometimes 

also used it in the garage or his bedroom. He testified the mother did not use 

methamphetamine, although she would question him about the smell in the 

basement. The father “would tell her it’s probably a dead mouse,” or he “would 

hurry up and light up a cigarette.”

The court continued the hearing for two weeks, setting clear expectations 

for the parents and grandmother in the meantime, including starting the youngest 

child in daycare. After the hearing, the social worker assigned to the case made 

an unannounced visit to the grandmother’s home. There was a vehicle outside 

that the worker did not recognize, which was “kind of alarming” to her. She 

knocked on the door, and the grandmother answered. The children were playing 

out back. The worker asked the grandmother about the vehicle, and she said that 

it belonged to her boyfriend, who was working on building a gazebo in the back 

where the children were. The grandmother attempted to introduce the worker, but 

the boyfriend “made a face and walked away.” The worker, who had been involved 

with the case since the beginning, testified the grandmother had never mentioned 

having a boyfriend. The grandmother said that was because she was never asked 

and “that she thought we had already known.” She gave the worker her boyfriend’s 

name and, after some hesitation, his date of birth for a background check. Turns 

out, the boyfriend had old drug and domestic-violence charges. He was asked to 

provide a drug test but never complied.
6

With this new information, the State renewed its motion to modify the 

children’s placement before the continued hearing. The court granted that request, 

and the children were placed in two different foster homes located close together. 

At the continued hearing, the grandmother testified that she had been in a thirteenyear relationship with her boyfriend, but they broke up soon after the children came 

to live with her. She said he “[v]ery seldom” came to her house, though 

immediately after saying that, she testified he was there “[m]aybe a couple times 

a week.” 

In a written order after the hearing, the court found the dispositional order 

should be modified under Iowa Code section 232.103(4)(b) and (c):

Despite intensive services and incredible patience by [the 

department], the grandmother has repeatedly demonstrated she 

cannot/will not honestly work with providers and safely care for the 

children. The court is extremely [concerned] by the grandmother’s 

repeated deceit given a concerning history of intergenerational 

substance abuse which includes the maternal grandfather dying from 

a drug overdose and the mother’s 13 year paramour refusing to 

comply with drug testing requests. Addiction is the disease of deceit.

The mother and father both appeal.

II. Analysis

Iowa Code section 232.103(4) allows the juvenile court to modify a 

dispositional order under certain circumstances, including where the “purpose of 

the order cannot reasonably be accomplished” or where the “efforts made to effect 

the purposes of the order have been unsuccessful and other options to effect the 
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purposes of the order are not available.”3 Iowa Code § 232.103(4)(b), (c). Both 

grounds have been met here.

The purpose of the dispositional order was to protect the children from the 

parents’ drug use in the least restrictive placement, with the “primary permanency 

goal” identified as reunification. See id. § 232.102; see also In re D.D., 955 N.W.2d 

186, 192 (Iowa 2021) (stating the purpose of a dispositional order later terminated

by the juvenile court under section 232.103(4) “was to protect the children from 

further continued sexual assault by the stepfather in the home”). We agree with 

the juvenile court that purpose could not reasonably be accomplished with the 

children in the grandmother’s care. See Iowa Code § 232.103(4)(b). The 

grandmother clearly testified that she did not believe the mother had used 

methamphetamine, despite the positive tests otherwise. See D.D., 955 N.W.2d 

at 192 (“It’s folly to think the mother will stand sentinel to protect against a foe she 

doesn’t acknowledge exists.”). She also testified that she was unsure whether she 

3 Citing our opinion in In re A.J., the parents each assert the juvenile court did not 

apply the correct standard in modifying the children’s placement because it did not 

consider whether the requirements of section 232.102(4) had also been met. 

No. 16-1954, 2017 WL 1278366 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 5, 2017). We agree with the 

juvenile court that the two-step analysis in A.J., which concerned modification of a 

dispositional order to transfer legal custody from a parent to the department, does 

not apply since the State was not asking for the children’s custody to be 

transferred. Cf id. at *3; see also Iowa Code § 232.102(4)(a) (“Whenever possible 

the court should permit the child to remain at home with the child’s parent, 

guardian, or custodian. Custody of the child should not be transferred unless. . . .” 

(emphasis added)). As the State points out, “both before and after modification, 

custody of the children has remained constant with the [d]epartment.” Instead, the 

State was seeking a change in the children’s placement. See Iowa Code 

§ 232.102(1) (distinguishing between placement and custody). We also observe 

that the juvenile court no longer needs to “find a substantial change in 

circumstances as a prerequisite to modification of a dispositional order pursuant 

to Iowa Code section 232.103(4).” In re M.M., No. 16-0548, 2016 WL 4036246, 

at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. July 27, 2016).
8

would report the parents to the department if she suspected they were using drugs. 

And while the grandmother had attended a few Nar-Anon classes to help her 

recognize the signs of substance abuse, she did not believe they were helpful. 

Yet the parents each contend “that even if safety concerns existed while the 

children were in the grandmother’s care, those concerns could have been 

addressed by means other than removal and placement in foster care,” an 

argument that implicates section 232.103(4)(c). They do not specify what those 

other means would be—although in juvenile court, the mother’s attorney 

contended the grandmother “would be willing to comply with any additional 

conditions this court may impose.” The grandmother’s actions before the 

modification request showed that was not true. See In re B.H.A., 938 

N.W.2d 227, 233 (Iowa 2020) (explaining we can look to past performance to 

predict future care). 

The juvenile court ordered protective daycare for the youngest child in 

January 2023. The grandmother had not complied with that order by the 

modification hearing in April. Her testimony on the issue was suspect: “I said he 

doesn’t need daycare because I’m watching him, but I wasn’t meaning that he don’t 

need to go to daycare.” The court noted the efforts that had been made to avoid 

modifying the children’s placement, telling the parents that even though

[a]t the last hearing, I did not find the grandmother’s testimony to be 

credible . . . I did put off the modification or removal because I was 

so worried about the kids, and I wanted to just try to work with this 

situation to not have additional trauma to the children. I was 

extremely concerned by the blatant disrespect and disobeying of a 

court order regarding daycare. But, again, I wanted to try and work 

with the family and avoid the disruption. . . .

The grandmother’s testimony today, again, was not truthful. I 

do not find her to be credible. . . .
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I am extremely concerned that the person that the Court and 

professionals need to trust for safety of the children has been 

repeatedly dishonest, has not provided [the department] with critical 

information to safeguard the children, and in my opinion, has been 

disruptive many times of the attempts of the parents to work with [the 

department] and for the focus to be on reunification.

With these facts, which we find supported by the record, we conclude that 

modification was also appropriate under section 232.103(4)(c). See In re C.B., 611 

N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000) (“Although we are not bound by them, we give weight 

to the trial court’s findings of fact, especially when considering credibility of 

witnesses.”). 

Finally, we recognize the “paramount consideration in child-in-need-ofassistance proceedings is protecting the best interests of the children.” D.D., 955 

N.W.2d at 192. To that end, the parents argue “modifying placement from the 

maternal grandmother’s care to separate foster homes is not in the children’s best 

interests.” We first observe that while the children were in two different foster 

homes, the caregivers in those homes lived close together and were related to one 

another. Second, we agree with the juvenile court that the safety concerns present 

in the grandmother’s home meant placement with her was no longer in the 

children’s best interests. See In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 801 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, 

J., concurring specially) (noting children’s “safety and the need for a permanent 

home” are the “primary concerns” in placing children). And third, as the court 

explained at the hearing, “[s]o much focus and energy has been spent on [the 

grandmother] and her environment that . . . it has taken away from the efforts of 

reunification and the focus on the children.” See In re A.J., No. 04-0429, 2004 
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WL 1252762, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. June 9, 2004) (stating the “overwhelming bulk 

of the focus” must be “on the children and their needs”). 

For these reasons, we affirm the juvenile court’s modification of the 

dispositional order to transfer placement of the children from relative care to foster 

care under Iowa Code section 232.103(4).

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.