RENDERED: FEBRUARY 5, 2021; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2019-CA-1796-MR

RUSSELL THOMPSON APPELLANT 

v. 

APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE TIMOTHY KALTENBACH, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 18-CR-00673-002

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE 

OPINION

AFFIRMING IN PART, VACATING IN PART, AND REMANDING

**   **  **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; COMBS AND JONES, JUDGES.

JONES, JUDGE: Following a jury trial in McCracken Circuit Court, the 

Appellant, Russell Thompson, was convicted of first-degree possession of a 

controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was sentenced to 

serve one year and, among other things, ordered to pay a $200.00 partial public 

advocate fee. On direct appeal before us, Thompson challenges the denial of his 

suppression motion as well as imposition of the $200.00 public advocate fee. The 
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Commonwealth agrees with Thompson that the trial court erred when it imposed 

the public advocate fee; however, it maintains that the suppression motion was 

correctly decided by the trial court because Thompson lacked a reasonable 

expectation of privacy in the home police searched. 

Having reviewed the record and being otherwise sufficiently advised, 

we affirm the trial court with respect to denial of Thompson’s motion to suppress, 

we vacate the judgment with respect to imposition of the public advocate fee, and 

remand this matter for entry of a new judgment of conviction.

I. BACKGROUND

On August 6, 2018, McCracken County Sherriff’s Deputy Dustin 

Awbery obtained and executed a search warrant for 2728 Tennessee Street in 

Paducah, Kentucky. The property was owned by Monte Turner. Thompson did 

not live at the property; however, Mr. Turner was allowing Thompson and another 

individual, Rebecca Cole, to keep a dog and ten puppies in part of the house. 

Thompson and/or Ms. Cole would go over to the house to tend to the dogs and 

clean up after them. Ms. Cole testified that the dogs were kept in the back part of 

the house and this was where she mostly stayed when she would come over to tend 

to them.

 
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When officers arrived at the Tennessee Street home to execute the 

warrant, Mr. Turner was not home. However, Thompson, Ms. Cole, and another 

individual, Stephen Cotton, were at the home. Police found the three in the living 

room. Thompson was sitting on a couch, with Ms. Cole and Mr. Cotton on the 

other side of the living room across from Thompson. Pursuant to the warrant, 

Deputy Awbery set about searching the house. During the search, he found a blue 

bank bag. The bag was located on the couch to the right of Thompson’s leg. 

Plastic baggies containing methamphetamine residue, a small amount of 

methamphetamine, pipes, digital scales, a spoon, and a prescription bottle with Ms. 

Cole’s name on it containing two grams of methamphetamine along with a 

“buycrash.com” ticket with Thompson’s name on it1 were found inside the blue 

bank bag. During the search, Deputy Awbery also found a torch lighter next to 

Thompson on the couch.

2

 Based on the items located and seized during the search, 

Thompson was charged with first-degree possession of a controlled substance 

(methamphetamine) and possession of drug paraphernalia.

 

1 A “buycrash.com” ticket is given to the parties involved in an accident as a way to get the 

accident report online. This ticket involved an accident on July 2018, in which Thompson was 

the driver of a car that hit a police cruiser. Thompson disclaimed that the bag belonged to him 

and said he did not know how his buycrash.com ticket came to be inside the bag. 

2 During Thompson’s trial, Deputy Awbery testified that a torch lighter is more powerful than a

regular lighter and could be used for smoking methamphetamine.
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Prior to trial, Thompson moved the trial court to suppress the items 

found during the search. Thompson argued that the search warrant was not 

supported by probable cause; specifically, he asserted that the affidavit upon which 

the finding of probable cause was based did not describe or corroborate the 

informants’ reliability, veracity, and basis of knowledge. The Commonwealth 

objected to suppression of the evidence. The trial court held a suppression hearing 

on March 13, 2019.

 During the suppression hearing, Thompson testified that

he lived at 4340 Contest Road, but that his residence was not suitable to house the 

dogs, which belonged to him and Ms. Cole. He explained that Mr. Turner had 

agreed to allow him and Ms. Cole to keep the dogs at the Tennessee Street 

property until they could get rid of them. Thompson and/or Ms. Cole would come 

to the residence daily to tend to the dogs. There was no evidence presented that 

Thompson ever stayed overnight at the residence or kept any other belongings 

there. Neither Thompson nor Ms. Cole testified that Mr. Turner had given them a 

key to the residence or that they had any possessory interest in the home. 

Following the suppression hearing, the trial court entered a written 

order denying Thompson’s motion. Noting that Thompson’s “only evidence was 

that the owner of the premises allowed him to keep his dogs there until he could 

get rid of them,” the trial court concluded that Thompson did not have standing to 
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contest the search of the Tennessee Street residence because he failed to establish 

he had a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to the residence and its 

contents. Alternatively, the trial court determined that even if Thompson did have 

standing, the motion to suppress would be denied because the search warrant was 

supported by probable cause. Furthermore, the trial court found even if probable 

cause did not support issuance of the search warrant, it would have been 

admissible pursuant to the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule. 

Thereafter, the matter proceeded to trial. Following the presentation 

of evidence, the jury found Thompson guilty of first-degree possession of a 

controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia. On November 14, 

2019, the trial court entered its final judgment and sentence. Thompson was 

sentenced to one year for the count of first-degree possession of a controlled

substance, methamphetamine, and fined $250.00 for the offense of possession of

drug paraphernalia. Along with other costs, the trial court ordered Thompson to

pay a $200.00 partial public advocate fee.

This appeal followed. 

II. ANALYSIS

Thompson’s primary argument on appeal is that the trial court erred 

in denying his motion to suppress. We begin by noting that the parties as well as 

the trial court couched this argument in terms of whether Thompson had
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“standing” to contest the search of the Tennessee Street residence. Our Supreme 

Court recently reminded “the bench and bar that a ‘standing’ analysis is improper 

under Fourth Amendment substantive law.” Warick v. Commonwealth, 592 

S.W.3d 276, 280 (Ky. 2019). The logic is that all criminal defendants subjected to 

a search or seizure by law enforcement officials technically have “standing” to 

bring a Fourth Amendment challenge. Whether such a claim is successful is a 

different matter. That determination requires consideration of the substance of the 

claim. Rawlings v. Commonwealth, 581 S.W.2d 348, 349 (Ky. 1979), aff’d sub 

nom., 448 U.S. 98, 100 S.Ct. 2556, 65 L.Ed.2d 633 (1980). The first step in the 

analysis is to determine whether the person has a legitimate expectation of privacy 

in the place searched. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143, 99 S.Ct. 421, 430, 58 

L.Ed.2d 387 (1978). Accordingly, hereinafter we will evaluate Thompson’s 

standing argument in terms of whether he had a legitimate expectation of privacy

in the Tennessee Street residence where he was keeping his dogs. 

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, as applied 

to the states under the Fourteenth Amendment, and Section 10 of the Kentucky 

Constitution provide safeguards against unreasonable searches and seizures.3“The 

 

3 Section 10 of the Kentucky Constitution “provides no greater protection than does the federal 

Fourth Amendment.” Artis v. Commonwealth, 360 S.W.3d 771, 774 (Ky. App. 2012) (quoting 

LaFollette v. Commonwealth, 915 S.W.2d 747, 748 (Ky. 1996), abrogated on other grounds by 

Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 121 S.Ct. 2038, 150 L.Ed.2d 94 (2001)).
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basic purpose of [the Fourth] Amendment, as recognized in countless decisions of 

[the United States Supreme Court] is to safeguard the privacy and security of 

individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials. The Fourth 

Amendment thus gives concrete expression to a right of the people which ‘is basic 

to a free society.’” Singleton v. Commonwealth, 364 S.W.3d 97, 101 (Ky. 2012) 

(quoting Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25, 27, 69 S.Ct. 1359, 1361, 93 L.Ed. 1782 

(1949), overruled on other grounds by Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 

6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961)).

“[P]roperty rights are not the sole measure of Fourth Amendment 

violations.” Carpenter v. United States, ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S.Ct. 2206, 2213, 201 

L.Ed.2d 507 (2018) (quoting Soldal v. Cook County, 506 U.S. 56, 64, 113 S.Ct. 

538, 545, 121 L.Ed.2d 450 (1992)). “Instead of focusing on property ownership or 

the lack thereof, we engage in a multi-step analysis predicated on the expectation 

of privacy from governmental intrusion.” Bolin v. Commonwealth, 592 S.W.3d 

305, 310 (Ky. App. 2019). The individual must establish both that he had an 

actual, subjective expectation in the area searched and that that expectation is one 

that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable. Id.; see also Smith v. 

Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740, 99 S.Ct. 2577, 2580, 61 L.Ed.2d 220 (1979)).

We must now consider whether Thompson had a legitimate 

expectation of privacy in the Tennessee Street residence. Thompson did not live at 
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the residence. Nothing indicated he even stayed overnight there. Neither Ms. Cole 

nor Thompson testified that the area in which the two kept their dogs was devoted 

to their exclusive use. The evidence merely showed that Mr. Turner, the home’s 

owner, allowed Thompson and Ms. Cole to come and go from the premises for the 

purpose of caring for their dogs. 

In Ordway v. Commonwealth, 352 S.W.3d 584, 591 (Ky. 2011), the 

Kentucky Supreme Court considered whether Larry Ordway had a reasonable 

expectation of privacy in his girlfriend’s apartment. Id. at 592. Both before the 

trial court and on appeal, Ordway attacked the search warrant for the apartment on 

the grounds that it lacked probable cause; that it was an unauthorized general 

warrant; and that the scope of the search exceeded the bounds of the warrant. Id. at 

591-92. Ultimately, the Kentucky Supreme Court concluded that it did not have to 

address any of Ordway’s challenges to the warrant because he failed to 

demonstrate that he had a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to the 

apartment. Id. at 592. To this end, the Court noted that Ordway had failed to 

produce any evidence that he “legally resided with [his girlfriend], enjoyed 

unrestricted access to the apartment, had a key to the apartment, or paid bills 

there.” Id.; see also Hawley v. Commonwealth, 435 S.W.3d 61 (Ky. App. 2014). 

“[A]n overnight guest in a home may claim the protection of the 

Fourth Amendment, but one who is merely present with the consent of the 
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householder may not.” Minnesota v. Carter, 525 U.S. 83, 90, 119 S.Ct. 469, 473, 

142 L.Ed.2d 373 (1998). At best, Thompson merely established that he was at the 

home with Mr. Turner’s consent. This fact alone, however, is insufficient to 

establish that Thompson had a reasonable expectation in the entire home, 

especially in areas of the home separate from where he was keeping the dogs. 

Certainly, there was no showing by Thompson that he had a reasonable expectation 

of privacy in the home’s living room where the search occurred. Accordingly, we 

agree with trial court that Thompson failed to show that his Fourth Amendment 

rights were violated. 

This brings us to Thompson’s second argument regarding the trial 

court’s imposition of the $200.00 public advocate fee. KRS4 31.120(1)(c) 

provides:

A person who, after conviction, is sentenced while being 

represented by a public defender shall continue to be 

presumed a needy person, and the court, at the time of 

sentencing, shall enter an Order In Forma Pauperis for 

purposes of appeal without having to show further proof 

of continued indigency, unless the court finds good cause 

after a hearing to determine that the defendant should 

not continue to be considered an indigent person.

(Emphasis added.) 

 

4 Kentucky Revised Statutes. 
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The trial court found Thompson to be indigent and appointed DPA5

counsel to represent him. DPA counsel continued to represent Thompson at 

sentencing, and the trial court granted Thompson in forma pauperis status on 

appeal. As part of the final judgment entered against Thompson, the trial court 

appended a completed AOC-form 590, “Costs/Fees & Fines List” to Thompson’s 

judgment. Among other costs and fines, Thompson was ordered to pay $200.00 

for his public advocate. However, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the 

trial court conducted a hearing and found good cause to determine Thompson 

should not continue to be considered an indigent person prior to imposing the 

$200.00 fee. Citing Spicer v. Commonwealth, 442 S.W.3d 26, 35 (Ky. 2014), 

Thompson asserts that without such findings, the trial court’s imposition of the 

$200.00 attorney fee was improper. 

Thompson is correct. And, commendably, the Commonwealth 

acknowledges in its appellee brief that the trial court’s imposition of the $200.00 

public advocate fee runs afoul of KRS 31.120(1)(c). As such, we must vacate the 

judgment with respect to imposition of the $200.00 public advocate fee. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm Thompson’s convictions

and sentences for first-degree possession of a controlled substance and possession 

 

5 Department of Public Advocacy.
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of drug paraphernalia. We vacate the imposition of the partial public advocate’s

fee and remand this matter to the McCracken Circuit Court for entry of a new 

judgment consistent with this Opinion. 

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

Robert Yang

Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel Cameron

Attorney General of Kentucky

E. Bedelle Lucas

Assistant Attorney General

Frankfort, Kentucky