# Patent

## Title
Managing electronic messages

## Abstract

A recipient computer system may receive one or more electronic messages. The recipient computer system may send one, two, or more challenge messages to the sender of the electronic messages in determining whether to deliver the electronic message. The recipient computer system may accept or reject an electronic message based on the response, or lack of response, to the challenge messages. The recipient computer system may send two or more challenge messages at intervals. A sender computer system may record activity of the sender computer system for a recipient computer system to use in determining whether to deliver an electronic message. A sender computer system may provide a summary of that activity with an electronic message. A sender computer system may provide an authorization key for a recipient computer system to use in determining whether to deliver an electronic message. The authorization key may be generated by a third party.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/841,767, filed May 7, 2004, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/469,199, entitled AUTOMATED TECHNIQUES FOR CONFIRMING THE SENDER OF AN ELECTRONIC MESSAGE, which was filed on May 9, 2003. The foregoing patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electronic messaging. More specifically, the present invention relates to systems and methods for managing the delivery of electronic messages.
2. Related Technology
Many people and businesses have found electronic messaging, such as emailing and instant messaging, a convenient method of communication because sending and receiving electronic messages can be easy.
Unfortunately, the ease with which electronic messages may be generated and sent has led to the development of unsolicited bulk electronic messages, better known as “spam.” Unsolicited electronic messages come from a large spectrum of different sources and often include commercial advertisements, political messaging, and other undesirable content including pornographic solicitations.
To many users, it seems that the number of unsolicited messages that they receive increases daily. Receiving unsolicited electronic messages is frustrating for many users because they must sort through each electronic message they receive. If they do not sort through their messages regularly, the number of unsolicited electronic messages may soon outnumber the desired electronic messages and make it difficult for a user to find certain electronic messages. Users are understandably frustrated that they must waste time sorting through unsolicited electronic messages that they receive daily. Even if simply deleting the unsolicited electronic messages, users can waste significant amounts of time.
Once started, this flood of unsolicited electronic messages is difficult to stop. Senders of bulk unsolicited electronic messages are difficult to track down because they typically fabricate a sender's electronic address or refrain from including a sender's electronic address altogether. Also, because a bulk address list (depending on how large it is) can be a valuable commodity for use or for sale, holders of bulk address lists typically refuse to remove any address from a list, which would reduce the value of the list. Accordingly, persons that receive bulk unsolicited electronic messages are often unable to successfully request that their address be removed from a bulk address list.
With good reason, users have become wary of giving out their electronic addresses for fear that their electronic addresses will wind up in the hands of those who send unsolicited electronic messages.
For these reasons, users need a way to successfully prevent unwanted or unsolicited electronic messages from being delivered. Some attempts have been made to allow users to filter out unwanted and/or unsolicited electronic messages.
One method allows a recipient to block a sender's e-mail address by adding the sender's e-mail address to the recipient's list of unauthorized senders. However, this method falls short because the sender simply may fabricate a different e-mail address to circumvent the block. Further, before any e-mail from the sender is blocked, the recipient must view an e-mail from the sender, determine that it is unsolicited, and manually add the sender's e-mail address to the recipient's list of unauthorized senders.
Another method filters e-mail that includes certain words or phrases. For example, a recipient that frequently receives unsolicited offers for mortgage loans may add the phrase “mortgage rate” into a filtering component of the recipient's e-mail program. Subsequent e-mail that contains the phrase “mortgage rate” is filtered into a delete or trash folder.
However, this filtering method is flawed for many reasons. First, many unsolicited e-mail do not contain the filtered words and are thus delivered to the recipient. Second, some desired e-mail, which the recipient expects or wants to receive, may include the filtered words and thus may be filtered out. Accordingly, even if the filtering system correctly filters some unsolicited e-mail, the recipient must nevertheless review the entire set of filtered e-mail to determine whether any desired e-mail has been filtered out. Third, not only must the recipient spend time double-checking for erroneously filtered e-mail, but the recipient may also spend a significant amount of time setting up and maintaining the filtering system. Fourth, even if a recipient had the time to maintain the filters, many recipients lack the technical knowledge to be capable of (or to be comfortable with) managing this type of filtering system.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A need therefore exists for systems and methods that reduce some of the above-described disadvantages and problems, reduce all of the above-described disadvantages and problems, and/or reduce other disadvantages and problems.
In some embodiments of the present invention, methods and systems for processing electronic messages are provided. In one aspect of an embodiment of the invention, a system may determine whether a sender of an incoming electronic message is authorized to send messages to one or more recipients.
For example, in response to receiving an electronic message, a system may send one or more challenge messages to a sender of the electronic message. The challenge message may request one or more responses from the sender, from a software program associated with the sender or any other suitable response in any suitable form. If the system receives a satisfactory response, the system may deliver the electronic message to one or more intended recipients. If the system does not receive a satisfactory response, the system may delete or otherwise process the electronic message.
In one aspect of an embodiment, in response to receiving an electronic message, a system may send one or more challenge messages to a sender of the electronic message. The challenge messages may request one or more responses from a system associated with the sender. The challenge messages may be configured to request a response that will require the sender system to spend a certain amount of time, computing resources, or the like to properly respond to the challenge messages. Thus, because many bulk electronic messaging systems must use their limited resources for sending messages or other uses, the challenge messages may be designed to request a response that is impractical for a typical bulk electronic messaging system to provide. Accordingly, many bulk electronic messaging systems will not properly respond, and the bulk electronic message may not be delivered to the intended recipient.
In one aspect of an embodiment, in response to receiving an electronic message, a system may send one or more challenge messages to a sender of the electronic message. The challenge messages may request two or more responses from a sender system. The challenge messages may request that a requested time period elapse between the responses, or that the responses occur at requested intervals, or both. The requested time period, the requested intervals, or both may be configured to request a response that requires the sender system to spend a certain amount of time, computing resources, or the like to properly respond. The challenge messages may be configured to request a response that may be performed by a person (such as personally or manually), but that may be impractical for a typical bulk messaging system to perform.
The activity of a sender system may be monitored. For example, activity such as keystrokes, mouse activity, user-interface activity, or the like may be monitored. The activity of a sender system may be associated with an electronic message. A system may determine whether the associated monitored activity is consistent with a bulk messaging system, a sender of bulk messages, and/or a valid sender. If the activity is consistent with a valid sender, the electronic message may be delivered to the intended recipient. If the activity is not consistent with a valid sender and/or if the activity is consistent with the activity of a bulk messaging system or a sender of bulk messages, the electronic message may be deleted or otherwise processed.
In one aspect of an embodiment, an authentication certificate may be associated with an electronic message. For example, in one embodiment, the authentication certificate may be a digital key that may be attached to an electronic message. A set of messaging rights may be associated with the authentication certificate. Accordingly, a sender may obtain an authentication certificate to use with one or more electronic messages. In response to receiving an electronic message, a system associated with the intended recipient may be configured to determine an authentication certificate permits the electronic message to be delivered. If the authentication certificate permits the electronic message to be delivered, the electronic message may be delivered to the intended recipient. If the authentication certificate does not permit the electronic message to be delivered, the electronic message may be deleted or otherwise processed.
In one aspect of an embodiment, one or more various challenge-response protocols are provided. The challenge-response protocols may vary according to the responses requested, such as the time, resources, and/or effort necessary for a proper response. A system may determine a value representing how consistent an electronic message is with a message from a bulk messaging system, a sender of bulk messages, and/or a valid sender. Based at least in part upon that value, the system may initiate a less intrusive challenge-response protocol, initiate a more intrusive challenge-response protocol, deliver the electronic message, delete the electronic message, or otherwise process the electronic message.
For purposes of summarizing, some aspects, advantages, and novel features have been described. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such aspects, advantages, or features will be embodied in any particular embodiment of the invention. Further, embodiments of the invention may comprise aspects, advantages, or features other than those that have been described.
Some aspects, advantages, or features of embodiments of the invention may become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims or may be learned by the practice of embodiments of the invention as set forth in this disclosure.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. Certain embodiments of the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a network environment that includes a sender computer, a recipient server, and a recipient computer that may be used in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 1B shows a recipient computer having an electronic messaging application according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates selected portions of an exemplary embodiment of an electronic message;
FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a recipient server and components thereof that may be used to issue challenges;
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a sender computer and components thereof; and
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a method by which one or more challenges may be issued with one or more optional timing features.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As used in the context of this disclosure, the terms “electronic messaging” and “electronic messages” are broad terms, and are used in their ordinary meaning, and include any form of sending a message electronically including, but not limited to, e-mail; instant messaging; telephone; voicemail; facsimile; paging; mobile phone text messaging; forms of electronic communication that use a recipient identifier (such as, recipient's address); forms of electronic communication that use a sender identifier (such as, a sender's address); forms of electronic communication that use a sender identifier and a recipient identifier; forms of electronic communication that use do not use a sender identifier nor a recipient identifier; or the like. For sake of simplicity, the following overview of electronic messaging is described in the context of e-mail sent over the Internet.
As used in the context of this disclosure, the term “unsolicited” refers to any electronic message that is not desired by a recipient. Certain embodiments of the present invention may provide various parameters that may indicate that an electronic message is undesired. These parameters may be defined in any suitable manner including, but not limited to, by a system, by a person (such as, a recipient, a system user, a system administrator, or the like), or both by a system and by a person. Therefore, an unsolicited message is any unwanted message that is filtered out according to the defined parameters. In contrast, the term “personal electronic messages” refers to electronic messages that are typically generated manually by a sender (rather than automatically by a machine) and are likely to be sent by valid senders (rather than being sent by mass e-mailers or others who send large volumes of unsolicited electronic messages).
A brief review of the operation of an embodiment of an electronic mailing system over the Internet is provided as follows. Generally, as shown in FIG. 1A, a sender computer 10 (such as, a computer associated with a sender) may send an e-mail to a recipient computer 12 (such as, a computer associated with a recipient). The e-mail may be routed through one or more simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) servers in network 14 (such as, the Internet) before arriving at a server 16 associated with the recipient computer 12. The server 16, also referred to herein as a “recipient server,” may be one or more of a server residing on a local area network with the recipient computer 12, a server that the recipient computer 12 accesses via a modem pool or with another Internet connection, a web server that provides web-based electronic messaging services to the recipient computer 12, a server that operates with the recipient computer 12 in any other suitable network configuration, or any other suitable computing device. The server 16 may provide messaging services for one or more recipients. In one embodiment, the server 16 may be implemented using a set of related servers that provide messaging services for a large number of subscribers in a web-based electronic messaging system. Of course, the server 16 may be implemented in any suitable fashion and with any suitable number of components.
Any process, feature, or function described in this disclosure may be performed by the server 16, by the recipient computer 12, the sender computer 10, any other suitable computing devices, or any suitable combination thereof. The server 16, the recipient computer 12, or any other computing devices associated with the recipient are referred to herein collectively as the “recipient computer system.”
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an electronic message 20 that may be created by a sender. To initiate transmission of the electronic message 20 to the recipient, the sender may address the electronic message 20 using the recipient's e-mail address, which may be input manually, automatically, or in any other suitable manner. Such recipients may be direct recipients (often designated in a “to:” field 22), indirect recipients (often designated in “cc:”, or carbon copy fields or “bcc:”, or blind carbon copy fields), or any other suitable type of recipient. Recipient's e-mail addresses may be obtained by the sender in any of a variety of manners. Senders of unwanted e-mail often obtain the recipient's e-mail address from bulk mailing lists. An e-mail address of the sender may be included in a “from:” field 24. Mass e-mailers or senders of unsolicited electronic messages typically hide their identities by including a false address in the “from” field 24 or otherwise preventing the actual sender's address from appearing in the e-mail.
As shown in FIG. 1B, the electronic message 20 may arrive at the recipient computer 12. The recipient computer 12 may comprise any suitable hardware, software, or the like. In one embodiment, the recipient's computer includes a data storage device 30, a mail processor 26 (such as an application that may process the electronic message 20), and one or more applications 28 (such as a calendaring program, a contacts program, or the like). The data storage device 30 may store data used by the mail processor 26, by the applications 28, or both. A software package may combine the mail processor 26 with the applications 28 to perform mail processing, other data management functions, or any other suitable function.
In one embodiment, a challenge-response method and/or system is provided. For example, in response to receiving the electronic message 20, the recipient computer system may send one or more challenge messages to a sender of the electronic message 20. The challenge messages may request one or more responses from the sender, from a software program associated with the sender, from a computer or other computing device associated with the sender, or any other suitable response in any suitable form. If the recipient computer system receives a satisfactory response, the recipient computer system may deliver the electronic message 20 to one or more intended recipients. If the recipient computer system does not receive a satisfactory response, the recipient computer system may delete the electronic message 20 or otherwise process the e-mail 20. Any of a variety of other challenge-response protocols and/or systems may be used. Exemplary embodiments of some challenge-response protocols and/or systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,199,102; 6,112,227; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/174,561, filed Jun. 18, 2002, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
1. System Responses to Challenge Messages
In one embodiment, in response to receiving an electronic message, the recipient computer system may send one or more challenge messages to a “sender system,” which may include one or more computers, one or more software programs, one or more computing devices, or the like that may be associated with the sender, the electronic message, or both. The challenge messages may request one or more responses from the sender system.
The challenge messages may be configured and/or sent in a manner that requires the sender system to spend a certain amount of time, computing resources, or the like to properly respond to the challenge messages. For example, the challenge messages may be configured to request that the sender system provide a set of one or more responses and that the set of responses be completed after an amount of time has elapsed. In one embodiment, the challenge messages may request that sender system provide responses that are separated from each other by a requested interval or greater. In one embodiment, challenge messages may be sent at one or more intervals.
Because many bulk electronic messaging systems use their limited resources for sending messages or other uses, a challenge message may be configured and/or sent in a manner to request a response that is impractical for a typical bulk electronic messaging system to provide. Accordingly, many bulk electronic messaging systems will not properly respond, and many bulk electronic messages may not be delivered to the intended recipient.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a recipient server 16 that may receive an electronic message 40 from a sender. In response to the receipt of the incoming electronic message 40 from the sender, a challenge generation module 48 of a challenge module 42 of the recipient server 16 may determine whether the sender is designated in a sender database 56 as being authorized (or unauthorized) to send electronic messages to the recipient. If the sender is designated as being authorized, the electronic message 40 may be delivered to the recipient. If the sender is designated as being unauthorized, the electronic message 40 may be deleted or may be otherwise processed. A sender may be designated as authorized, unauthorized, or any other suitable designation. Further, a sender may have a single designation for one or more recipients, may have a plurality of designations for a plurality of recipients, and may have different designations among a plurality of recipients. Thus, authorization may be assessed for a single recipient or a plurality of recipients.
If the sender database 56 does not designate the sender as being either authorized or unauthorized for the recipient, the challenge module 42 may begin a challenge process to determine whether to designate the sender as being authorized, unauthorized, or any other suitable designation.
As shown in FIG. 3, the challenge module 42 may generate a first challenge message 44a of a series of challenge messages 44. Of course, while FIG. 3 illustrates the recipient server 16 generating the challenge messages 44, the challenge module 42 or components thereof may reside among any suitable combination of the recipient server 16, the recipient computer 12, other suitable computing devices, or the like. Thus, the process of generating and sending the challenge messages 44 (and receiving responses thereto) may be performed at any suitable location. Also, the recipient server 16 may be implemented using one or more servers that may advantageously operate together to provide electronic messaging services. Accordingly, the challenge module 42, any component of the challenge module 42, and any functionality thereof may be in distributed over one or more servers.
The challenge messages 44 may be configured to test whether the sender has a computer that can spend a period of time in responding to the series of challenge messages 44. For example, the challenge module 42 may include a timing component 50. The timing component 50 may establish (or otherwise control, edit, adjust, administer, or the like) the timing requirements for a proper responses 46. In one embodiment, the timing requirements may be used to define the period of time a sender computer must spend in providing a proper response to the series of challenge messages 44.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a sender computer 10 that may respond to the one or more challenge messages 44. The sender computer 10 may comprise one or more computers, one or more software programs, one or more computing devices, or the like. The sender computer may, for example, be associated with a sender, the electronic message, or both. As the sender computer 10 transmits one or more responses 46, the response receipt module 54 of challenge module 42 may receive the responses. If the series of responses 46 is correct and the required amount of time has elapsed, challenge module 42 may determine that the sender is authorized. Accordingly, the electronic message 40 may be delivered to the recipient. In addition, the sender database 56 may be updated to designate the sender as being authorized for future electronic messages. The sender may be designated as being authorized for all future electronic messages, as being authorized for a period of time, as being authorized for a number of messages, and/or as being authorized for a number of messages per unit of time (such as, for example, 10 messages a day.
The sender computer 10 may include a response module 60 that may generate one or more responses 46 in response to one or more challenge messages 44. The response module 60 may automatically generate one or more responses 46. Accordingly, the response module 60 may facilitate the automatic authorization of the senders to send personal electronic messages to recipients. This may be attractive to senders of personal electronic messages. The response module 60 may comprise software, other computer-executable instructions, or the like. In one embodiment, the response module 60 may be incorporated into an e-mail application or another messaging application at the sender computer 10. In one embodiment, the response module 60 may be sent with a challenge message 44. In one embodiment, the response module 60 may be installed on sender computer 10. In one embodiment, the response module 60 may be installed on hardware accessible by the sender computer 10. Of course, the sender computer 10 may be configured to respond to one or more challenge messages 44 in any other suitable manner, with or without the response module 60.
The challenge messages 44 may comprise any of a variety of instructions, puzzles, or other information that can cause a properly configured sender computer 10 to perform actions that result in the generation of correct responses 46. For example, a challenge message 44 may include a string of bytes, and a correct response 46 may be the same string of bytes or a transformation thereof. A challenge message 44 may include instructions for causing a properly configured sender computer to access a web page or another Internet resource. The web page or another Internet resource may be operated by an entity associated with the recipient. The access of the web page or another Internet resource may comprise the response 46 and may indicate to the challenge module 42 that the sender computer has responded correctly to the challenge message 44.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method of an exemplary embodiment, illustrating a timing-related method 62. At a block 64, an electronic message may be received. At a block 66, the method 62 may determine if the sender of the electronic message is designated as authorized. For example, in one embodiment, a data structure is provided (as in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/174,561, filed Jun. 18, 2002) in which a data structure may advantageously used to track one or more statuses (such as authorized, unauthorized, unconfirmed, or the like) for a sender.
As shown in FIG. 5, if the sender is designated as authorized, the method 62 may keep the designation at a block 68 and may deliver the electronic message (or otherwise process the electronic message) at a block 70. If the sender is not designated as authorized, the method 62 may send a challenge message, request, or the like to the sender at a block 72.
As shown in FIG. 5, the method 62 may determine at a block 74 if a response to the challenge message has been received. If the response has not been received, the method 62 may wait at a block 76 for a time period. After the waiting time period has elapsed, the method 62 may determine at a block 78 whether the method 62 should “time out”; for example, in one embodiment, if a time-out period has passed and a response has not been received, the method 62 may stop waiting to receive the response and simply designate the sender as “unauthorized” at a block 80 and process the message accordingly (such as deleting, placing in a designated location, or the like) at a block 82. If the time-out period has not elapsed at a block 78, the method 62 may continue to the block 74.
As shown in FIG. 5, if a response to the challenge message has been received at the block 74, the method 62 may determine whether the response is a correct or acceptable response at a block 84. If the response is not correct, the method 62 may designate the sender as “unauthorized” at the block 80 and process the message accordingly at the block 82. If the response is correct, the method 62 may determine whether another challenge should be issued at a block 86. For example, in one embodiment, two or more challenges may be sent in response to receiving an electronic message.
As shown in FIG. 5, if another challenge need not be sent at the block 86, the method 62 designate the sender as “authorized” at the block 68 and may deliver the electronic message (or otherwise process the electronic message) at the block 70. If another challenge should be sent, the method 62 may determine whether it is an appropriate time to send another challenge message. For example, in one embodiment, two or more challenge messages may be sent in a delayed fashion. Accordingly, if it is not time for the next challenge, the method 62 may proceed to a block 90, wait a period of time, and then return to the block 88. If it is time for the next challenge, the method 62 may proceed to the block 72. It will be appreciated that some of the various steps illustrated in FIG. 5 are optional. Further, no particular order is necessary. Further, some or all of the illustrated steps may be used in combination with any other suitable process.
As mentioned above, in one embodiment, timing requirements may be used to define the period of time the sender computer 10 must spend in providing a proper response 46 to the series of challenge messages 44. The timing requirements may specify that the challenge module 42 should receive a valid set of responses 46 over a period of time not less than a specified number of seconds after an event, such as the receipt of the electronic message 40. The timing requirements may specify that the challenge module 42 should receive at least one response after an amount of time has passed since an event. Alternatively, the timing requirements may specify that the challenge module 42 should receive at least two of a set of two or more responses after an amount of time has passed since an event. In one embodiment, the timing requirements may specify that the challenge module 42 receive each of a set of one or more responses after an amount of time has passed since an event. In one embodiment, the timing requirements may specify that a response 46a cannot be received sooner than a specified amount of time after a corresponding challenge message 44a has been sent. Of course, the timing requirements may measure elapsed time with respect to any suitable event, including, but not limited to, the receipt of the electronic message 40, the transmission of the first challenge message 44a, or any other suitable events. Further, the timing requirements may specify that any suitable number of one or more responses must be received in any number of suitable fashions, after any suitable time has elapsed, and after any suitable events.
In one embodiment, the timing requirements specify that each response in the series 46 must be separated from one another by not less than a specified amount of time (such as, seconds). The timing requirements may specify that each response in the series 46 be received by the challenge module 42 in intervals greater than or equal to a specified amount of time.
The timing requirements may permit the sender computer 10 to take an amount of time much longer than the specified period, which may accommodate a sender computer that is powered down for an extended time after the initial electronic message 40 is sent. The number of challenge messages 44 can be any suitable number. The period of time specified by the timing component 50 can be any suitable length. However, the period of time may be advantageously short enough not to unduly delay the delivery of authorized electronic messages.
In one embodiment, the challenge module 42 may delay sending one or more successive challenge messages 44 so as to effectively tie up the sender computer 10 for an amount of time. In one embodiment, the sender computer may be required to wait after receiving a challenge message 44a rather than immediately sending the corresponding response 46a. 
In one embodiment, challenge module 42 may include a sender activity monitoring module 52. In some situations, the sender activity monitoring module 52 may hinder a sender from simultaneously responding to large numbers of challenge messages for a large number of different electronic messages. The sender activity monitoring module 52 may monitor and limit the number of confirmations or responses in process at any one time from a given IP address, a given range of IP addresses, a given domain, or the like. The sender activity monitoring module 52 may monitor and limit the number of confirmations in process from any single sender, for any particular recipient, or both.
In one embodiment, although the challenge module 42 sends one or more challenge messages requesting one or more responses from the sender computer 10, the sender may respond manually, personally or the like. For example, when a sender computer 10 is not configured to respond automatically, the challenge module 42 may send one or more challenge messages to the sender, according to any suitable challenge-response protocol including but not limited to those described in this disclosure and those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,199,102; 6,112,227; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/174,561, filed Jun. 18, 2002.
2. Personal Responses to Challenge Messages
In one embodiment, in response to receiving an electronic message, a system may send a one or more challenge messages to a sender of the electronic message. The challenge messages may request one or more responses from the sender. The challenge messages may be configured to request a response that may be performed by a person (such as personally or manually), but that may be impractical for a typical bulk messaging system to perform.
In one embodiment, the challenge message may request that the responses are performed after a requested time period has elapsed, at requested intervals, or both. In one embodiment, the recipient computer system may select (control, edit, administer or the like) the requested time period, the requested intervals, or both. The requested time period, the requested intervals, or both may be configured to request a response that will require the sender to spend a certain amount of time to properly respond. Thus, because senders of bulk electronic messages have limited time, a challenge message may be designed to request a response that is impractical for a sender of a bulk electronic message to personally respond. Accordingly, many senders of bulk electronic messages will not properly respond, and the bulk electronic message may not be delivered to the intended recipient.
In one embodiment, the sender may receive a challenge message with instructions for response. The challenge message may be in any suitable form, such as an electronic message. In one embodiment, a correct response to a challenge message may comprise selecting a link to a web page or another Internet resource. In one embodiment, a correct response to a challenge message may comprise solving a puzzle. In one embodiment, a correct response to a challenge message may comprise identifying and inputting information from a graphical image. In one embodiment, a correct response to a challenge message may comprise performing an action that can be detected by the challenge module 42 of the recipient server 16.
In one embodiment, the sender may receive a challenge e-mail message. In one embodiment, a correct response to a challenge e-mail message may comprise the sender selecting a first link included in the challenge e-mail message, waiting a certain amount of time (such as, a number of seconds), and then selecting a second link included in the challenge e-mail message.
In one embodiment, a correct response to a challenge message may comprise using a graphical puzzle, such as those that are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/469,489, filed on May 9, 2003, entitled “Authorizing Delivery of Electronic Messages by Preventing Machine Recognition and Interpretation of Confirmation Codes,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, a correct response to a challenge message may comprise using any other suitable puzzle, including those that may be developed in the future.
In one embodiment, the challenge message may include entertainment or information to engage the sender's attention during a waiting period.
In one embodiment, the recipient computer system may determine whether some or all of the steps performed by a sender come from a particular IP address, a particular computer, or the like using any suitable method including but not limited to cookies. In one embodiment, the recipient computer may verify that an IP addresses has only one outstanding challenge message at a time. In one embodiment, the recipient computer may verify that an IP addresses has less than a certain limit of outstanding challenge messages at a time. For example, in some situations, an IP address for a well-known proxy may have a higher limit allowed for challenge messages.
In some embodiments, the process of obtaining manual, or personal, responses 46 to challenge messages 44 may be similar to the methods of obtaining responses as described above in reference to FIGS. 3 and 4. In one embodiment, a sender may determine whether the sender will use a response module (such as response module 60) that will respond automatically to one or more challenge messages 44 or whether the sender will respond personally to challenge messages 44. In a further embodiment, the senders can make these decisions on how to respond for particular recipients and recipient domains and the conditions under which systematic or personal responses are to be made.
In some embodiments, the process of obtaining manual, or personal, responses 46 to challenge messages 44 may use any suitable challenge-response protocol including but not limited to those described in this disclosure and those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,199,102; 6,112,227; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/174,561, filed Jun. 18, 2002.
3. Pre-Authorization
In one embodiment, the activity of a sender system (such as sender computer 10) may be monitored. For example, activities such as keystrokes, mouse activity, user-interface activity, or the like may be monitored. In one embodiment, the activity of a sender system may be attached to an electronic message (such as an e-mail). In response to receiving an electronic message, the recipient computer system may determine whether the associated monitored activity is consistent with a bulk messaging system, a sender of bulk messages, and/or a valid sender. If the activity is consistent with a valid sender, the electronic message may be delivered to the intended recipient. If the activity is not consistent with a valid sender and/or if the activity is consistent with the activity of a bulk messaging system or a sender of bulk messages, the electronic message may be deleted or otherwise processed.
Thus, in one embodiment, certain senders may be designated as being authorized based on events or activity that occurs before (or simultaneously with) the generation and transmission of an electronic message to a recipient. In one embodiment, heuristics may be used to identify characteristics likely to be associated with valid senders and not with mass e-mailers or others who send large volumes of unsolicited electronic messages.
It has been observed that e-mail messages and other electronic messages generated manually or personally by valid senders are typically associated with certain types of activity at sender computers. This activity involves the frequency, pattern, and content of keystrokes on a keyboard, mouse activity, clicking on certain buttons of user interfaces, etc. In contrast, computers used by mass e-mailers typically do not engage in this type of activity prior to sending unsolicited electronic messages.
In one embodiment, a sender may decide to permit their computer activity to be monitored. For example, a sender may install a software program onto their computer (such as sender computer 10). The software program may monitor the sender's computer activity and use a set of heuristics to create a digest (or other suitable data structure) that characterizes the activity prior to an electronic message being sent. The digest or other data structure may be appended or otherwise attached to the electronic message. In one embodiment, the digest or other data structure may be encrypted. In one embodiment, the digest or other data structure may comprise a history of one or more computer-related activities. In one embodiment, the digest or other data structure may comprise a characterization of a history of one or more computer-related activities according to a set of heuristics.
Accordingly, any suitable set of one or more heuristics may be used to characterize the sender's computer activity. When the characterization suggests that the electronic message is a personal message and is not unsolicited, the sender, the electronic message, or both may be the preauthorized.
In one embodiment, the preauthorization methods of this embodiment may be used as a substitute for the challenge-response methods described herein. Thus, when a sender is preauthorized based on any suitable heuristics, the electronic message may be delivered to the recipient without any challenge messages. In one embodiment, the preauthorization may be valid for only the single electronic message associated with the activity that is monitored. Of course, in other embodiments, the preauthorization methods of this embodiment may be used in combination with any of the challenge-response methods described in this disclosure and with any other suitable challenge-response method.
In one embodiment, an amount of time is measured from the start of the composition of the electronic message 40 until it is sent. For instance, if it is determined that the sender computer 10 has spent twenty seconds in composing electronic message 40 and a heuristic permits any message at composed using at least fifteen seconds, the sender, the electronic message, or both may be preauthorized. This determination may be performed using any suitable components, such software on the sender computer 10.
In one embodiment, the preauthorization may be valid until revoked. In one embodiment, the preauthorization may be valid for a limited number of one or more subsequent electronic messages. In one embodiment, the preauthorization may be valid for a limited number of one or more subsequent electronic messages over a specified period of time. In one embodiment, the preauthorization may be valid for a limited period of time.
4. Certificates of Authentication Confirming Authorization Status of Senders
In one embodiment, an authentication certificate may be associated with an electronic message. For example, in one embodiment, the authentication certificate may be a digital key that may be attached to an electronic message. A set of messaging rights may advantageously be associated with the authentication certificate. Accordingly, a sender or a sender system may obtain an authentication certificate to use with one or more electronic messages. In one embodiment, the recipient computer system may be configured to determine an authentication certificate permits the electronic message to be delivered. If the authentication certificate permits the electronic message to be delivered, the electronic message may be delivered to the intended recipient. If the authentication certificate does not permit the electronic message to be delivered, the electronic message may be deleted or otherwise processed.
For example, in one embodiment, tokens or data structures can be attached or appended to the electronic messages generated by senders. The tokens or data structures may be used by the recipient computer system to determine whether the sender is authorized based on the use of any of the confirmation or challenge methods disclosed herein. For example, the tokens can specify a score associated with a preauthorization process or can verify that the sender has received a valid certificate of authentication and is using the certificate in the approved way.
In one embodiment, a system may make use of certificates of authentication issued by the receiver system or by an authorized third party. In one embodiment, these certificates may be used to verify that time has passed. In one embodiment, these certificates may be used to verify that the sender has not used up an allowance of confirmations. In one embodiment, these certificates may be used to verify whether the sender uses one server or multiple servers (such as a server farm) that the actions authenticating a particular confirmation can be controlled by the receiver.
For example, a sender may obtain a certificate of authentication and may use the certificate to generate tokens that are attached to the electronic messages. The recipient computer system may use the tokens to help confirm that the sender has received a certificate of authentication and that the certificate is being used in accordance with the terms by which the sender is authorized to send electronic messages. The terms may specify that the sender can send electronic messages to only a limited number of different recipients during a specified period of time, such as in a single day. In this way, authorized senders can send a reasonable number of electronic messages that is less than the number that would be sent by mass e-mailers or others who send large volumes of unsolicited messages. Of course, the terms may specify that the sender may send any number of messages, to any suitable number of recipients, and over any suitable time period.
As noted above, in one embodiment, senders may obtain certificates of authentication that generate data structures that can be attached to electronic messages to confirm the sender's authorized status. This process may be initiated at any suitable time, such as, when a prospective sender contacts a web service associated with the recipient server to register and to obtain a certificate of authentication that includes a digital key. In one embodiment, the digital key can then be used to generate the data structures, or tokens, that establish the fact that the certificate has been obtained and that the authorized sender is using the certificate in ways that comply with the terms of use of the certificate.
In one embodiment, the certificate may be limited to a certain number electronic messages to distinct recipients in a period of time, such as five per hour or forty per day. For example, as the recipient server 16 receives electronic messages 40 with tokens that show the existence of a valid certificate possessed by the sender, the challenge module 42 may determine whether the sender has exceeded the number of permitted electronic messages. The number or frequency of permissible electronic messages is may be selected to be high enough to accommodate high-volume senders of valid personal electronic messages, while making it impractical for many mass e-mailers or others to send large volumes of unsolicited electronic messages. Of course, the number or frequency may be set to any suitable number.
In one embodiment, the use of the certificates of authentication may be monitored by a group of recipient servers, such as a server farm, that process incoming electronic messages for a base of subscribers to determine when those who possess certificates have exceeded the permitted number or frequency of electronic messages. A group of recipient servers may monitor incoming messages sent to an entire base of subscribers so that mass e-mailers or others who might want to send unauthorized electronic messages cannot send large volumes of messages. This method may advantageously be used to limit the number of electronic messages sent to recipients regardless of whether the sender uses one or multiple sender computers.
In one embodiment, a digital key provided to the sender after registration may be provided by a trusted certificate authority (such as a commercial service that operates the recipient servers 16 of FIG. 3, a trusted third party entity, or the like). In order to verify the identity of the sender who requests a certificate of authentication, the certificate authority may obtain identification information, may require the sender to execute a contract that specifies acceptable messaging behavior and that instructs the sender about the conditions under which the messaging service can be used to send authorized messages to senders. In one embodiment, the trusted certificate authority may issue the digital keys in a way similar to the issuance of digital certificates that have been used to encrypt data, verify the identity of parties in electronic transactions and execute digital signatures. While the process of obtaining the certificate requires some effort on part of the sender, the benefits of obtaining the certificate may include the ability to become authorized to send messages to recipients without being required to engage in certain challenge-response protocols.
5. Graduated Challenge/Response Activity
In one embodiment, one or more various challenge-response protocols are provided. The challenge-response protocols may vary according to the responses requested, such as the time, resources, and/or effort necessary for a proper response. A system may determine a value representing how consistent an electronic message is with a message from a bulk messaging system, a sender of bulk messages, and/or a valid sender. Based at least in part upon that value, the system may initiate a less intrusive challenge-response protocol, initiate a more intrusive challenge-response protocol, deliver the electronic message, delete the electronic message, or otherwise process the electronic message.
Processes of determining whether an electronic message should be delivered may involve any of a variety of challenge-response protocols, including those that have been disclosed herein. These challenge-response protocols can range from being essentially invisible or minimally intrusive from the standpoint of the sender to being inconvenient. In one embodiment of the invention, the type of challenge that is to be presented to a sender is selected based on any of a number of factors with the goal of being less intrusive while reliably reducing unsolicited electronic messages.
In one embodiment, electronic messages may be delivered to recipients without issuing any challenge messages to the senders. For example, in one embodiment, an electronic message is delivered without a challenge message because the sender has been expressly authorized by the recipient, has been implicitly authorized by the recipient based on a previous electronic message addressed to the sender by the recipient, or it otherwise authorized. Further, in some embodiment, the sender may be previously designated as being authorized based on previous challenge/response activity. In these and other situations in which it has been reliably determined that the sender is authorized, electronic messages may be delivered without an additional challenge.
In one embodiment, certain electronic messages may be determined to be unsolicited with a high degree of confidence without any challenge being issued to the sender. In one embodiment, these types of electronic messages that initially appear to be unsolicited may be delivered to the recipient after the sender has successfully responded to a set of relatively intrusive challenges that prove that the message is valid.
Information that may be used to designate senders as authorized, unauthorized, or the like may be obtained prior to the transmission of the electronic message, at the time of the transmission of the electronic message, after the transmission of the electronic message, or a combination thereof (depending on the intended purpose).
In one embodiment, the decision whether to initiate a post-transmission challenge-response process may be based on information obtained prior to or at the time of the transmission of the electronic message. The qualities of the post-transmission challenge-response process (such as how extensive, rigorous, or intrusive the challenge-response process should be) may be based on information obtained prior to or at the time of the transmission of the electronic message. An example of information obtained prior to the transmission of an electronic message may include the information gathered while monitoring pre-transmission activity of a sender computer as described above. The heuristics applied to this information may result in a score or a token that indicates the degree to which the activity is consistent with either a personal electronic message or an unsolicited electronic message. This score may then be used to determine whether to require a post-transmission challenge-response process and, if so, how extensive the challenge-response process should be. The challenge-response process can be similar to those described herein or those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,199,102; 6,112,227; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/174,561, filed Jun. 18, 2002. If the score indicates a high likelihood of the electronic message being a personal message generated by a valid sender, the challenge-response process may be skipped or relatively transparent to the user, such as a system-based confirmation process described herein. However, if the score is consistent with unsolicited electronic messages, the challenge-response process may be extensive and rigorous. For example, a rigorous challenge-response process may involve either a personal response to a series of challenge messages or personal responses to relatively difficult challenge puzzles that can be solved by a person but are highly unlikely to be solved by a computer or machine. In general, any suitable pre-transmission indicia of unsolicited electronic messages may be used to select the extent and rigor of post-transmission challenge-response processes.
An example of information obtained at the time of the transmission of the electronic message is information obtained using conventional spam filtering software or spam filtering software that may be developed in the future. If the filtering software finds that the content of the electronic message is highly consistent with unsolicited electronic messages, the electronic message may be discarded, may be delivered only upon the successful response to a rigorous and extensive challenge-response process, or may be processed in another suitable manner. For example, the rigorous challenge-response process may involve either a personal response to a series of challenge messages or personal responses to relatively difficult challenge puzzles that can be solved by a person but are highly unlikely to be solved by a computer or machine.
The nature of the challenge-response protocol may be selected for particular senders or domains associated with the senders to balance the considerations of avoiding unnecessary extensive or intrusive challenge-response processes when possible, while initiating enough challenges requiring appropriate responses to eliminate a large percentage of the unsolicited electronic messages that would otherwise be received by recipients in the absence of the invention.
Embodiments within the scope of the present invention also include computer-readable media for carrying or having computer-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise physical storage media such as RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer.
When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, any such connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Data structures include, for example, data frames, data packets, or other defined or formatted sets of data having fields that contain information that facilitates the performance of useful methods and operations. Computer-executable instructions and data structures can be stored or transmitted on computer-readable media, including the examples presented above.
A variety of techniques for reducing the volume of unsolicited electronic messages received by recipients are presented herein. While combinations of these techniques can increase the confidence that unsolicited electronic messages will be reduced, individual techniques can be used in many cases to successfully achieve significant reductions in the number of unsolicited electronic messages that are delivered to recipients. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

## Claims

1. In a computer system that monitors electronic messages that are sent from senders to recipients, a method of determining whether an electronic message has been sent from an authorized sender, comprising: receiving an electronic message that includes information indicating the manner in which an electronic message was created, the information indicating one or more of an amount of keyboard activity or an amount of mouse activity used in creating the electronic message;
determining the manner in which the electronic message should be processed according to an analysis of the information indicating the manner in which an electronic message was created;
and processing the electronic message according to the analysis, the processing comprising:
initiating a first challenge-response protocol when the information indicating the manner in which the electronic message was created indicates that the electronic message was generated manually;
and initiating a second challenge-response protocol that is more intrusive than the first challenge-response protocol when the information indicating the manner in which the electronic message was created indicates that the electronic message was generated automatically.

2. In a computer system that monitors electronic messages that are sent from senders to recipients, a method of determining whether an electronic message has been sent from an authorized sender, comprising: receiving an electronic message that includes information indicating the manner in which an electronic message was created, the information indicating at least a portion of the amount of time spent in creating the electronic message and one or more of an amount of keyboard activity or an amount of mouse activity used in creating the electronic message;
determining the manner in which the electronic message should be processed according to an analysis of the information indicating the manner in which an electronic message was created;
and processing the electronic message according to the analysis, the processing comprising:
initiating a first challenge-response protocol when the information indicating the manner in which the electronic message was created indicates that the electronic message was generated manually;
and initiating a second challenge-response protocol that is more intrusive than the first challenge-response protocol when the information indicating the manner in which the electronic message was created indicates that the electronic message was generated automatically.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein processing the electronic message according to the analysis comprises selecting at least one challenge message based upon the information indicating the manner in which the electronic message was created, which information indicates that the electronic message was generated automatically.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, granting the sender of the electronic message authorization to send future electronic messages based upon the manner in which the electronic message was created, which information indicates that the electronic message was generated manually.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the information indicating the manner in which the electronic message was created is generated by a software module adapted to: record pre-transmission mouse and keystroke activity of a sender computer; and generate, from the recorded pre-transmission mouse and keystroke activity, the information indicating the manner in which the electronic message was created.

6. A method of sending an electronic message, comprising: a computer of a sender of an electronic message monitoring computer activity of the sender prior to transmission of the electronic message;
the computer generating a data structure that includes information indicating the computer activity of the sender prior to transmission of the electronic message, the information indicating one or more of: an amount of keyboard activity used in creating the electronic message, an amount of mouse activity used in creating the electronic message, or an amount of time spent in creating the electronic message;
the computer attaching the data structure to the electronic message;
and the computer transmitting the electronic message and attached data structure to a recipient identified in the electronic message.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein a computer system associated with the recipient receives and processes the electronic message according to an analysis of the information indicating the computer activity of the sender prior to transmission of the electronic message.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: the computer receiving at least one challenge message from the computer system associated with the recipient, the at least one challenge message having been selected by the computer system associated with the recipient based upon the information indicating the computer activity of the sender prior to transmission of the electronic message; and the computer responding to the at least one challenge message.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein responding to the at least one challenge message includes one or more of: performing at least one action specified in the at least one challenge message after a predetermined time specified in the at least one challenge message has elapsed from an event;
sending a string of bytes received in the at least one challenge message, or a transformation of a string of bytes received in the at least one challenge message, to the computer system associated with the recipient; accessing a web page;
or receiving user input from the sender and sending the user input to the computer system associated with the recipient, the user input including a solution to a puzzle or information identified by the sender from a graphical image.

10. The method of claim 6, further comprising: the computer receiving a first challenge message from a computer system associated with the recipient, the first challenge message specifying a predetermined time after an event from which a first response to the first challenge message should be received by the computer system associated with the recipient;
and the computer sending the first response, after the predetermined time has elapsed, to the computer system associated with the recipient.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the event is at least one of a receipt of the electronic message or transmission of the first challenge message by the computer system associated with the recipient.

12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: the computer receiving a second challenge message from the computer system associated with the recipient, the second challenge message specifying that receipt by the computer system associated with the recipient of the first response to the first challenge message and a second response to the second challenge message must be separated from each other by at least a requested interval;
and the computer sending the second response, after the requested interval has elapsed from the sending of the first response, to the computer system associated with the recipient.

13. In a computer system that monitors electronic messages that are sent from senders to recipients, a method of determining whether an electronic message has been sent from an authorized sender, comprising:
receiving an electronic message intended for a recipient that includes information indicating the manner in which the electronic message was created;
determining the manner in which the electronic message should be processed according to an analysis of the information indicating the manner in which an electronic message was created;
and processing the electronic message according to the analysis, including, when the information indicates that the electronic message was generated automatically:
transmitting to the sender a first challenge message;
specifying a predetermined time after an event from which a first response to the first challenge message should be received such that responding to the first challenge message would be impractical for a bulk messaging system;
receiving the first response to the first challenge message; if the first response to the first challenge message is correct and if the first response to the first challenge message is received after the predetermined time from the event, transmitting to the sender a second challenge message after a predetermined period of time has passed since transmitting the first challenge message and specifying that receipt of the first response to the first challenge message and a second response to the second challenge message must be separated from each other by at least a requested interval such that responding to the second challenge message would be impractical for a bulk messaging system;
receiving a second response to the second challenge message;
and if the second response to the second challenge message is correct, and if receipt of the first response and the second response are separated from each other by at least the requested interval, designating the sender as being authorized to send electronic messages to the recipient.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein one or both of the first or second challenge messages includes entertainment or information to engage the sender during a waiting period prior to the sender sending one or both of the first or second responses, respectively.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the electronic message comprises a first electronic message, the method further comprising: receiving a second electronic message intended for the recipient that includes a data structure indicating that a sender of the second electronic message is an authorized sender; and delivering the second electronic message to the recipient without initiating a challenge-response protocol with the sender of the second electronic message.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the first challenge message and second challenge message identify an action to be performed as part of each of the first response and second response, wherein each action is to be performed either manually by the sender or automatically by a computer associated with the sender.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein one or both of the first or second challenge messages includes instructions to access a particular web page and a correct first or second response comprises the access of the particular web page by the sender, the method further comprising, monitoring access to the particular web page to determine whether the sender accesses the particular web page.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein the event is at least one of a receipt of the electronic message or transmission of the first challenge message.