# Patent

## Title
Establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application

## Abstract

Methods, apparatus, and computer program products are described for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application that include selecting, by the multimodal application, matching vocal and visual demeanors and incorporating, by the multimodal application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal application.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The field of the invention is data processing, or, more specifically, methods, apparatus, and products for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application.
2. Description of Related Art
User interaction with applications running on small devices through a keyboard or stylus has become increasingly limited and cumbersome as those devices have become increasingly smaller. In particular, small handheld devices like mobile phones and PDAs serve many functions and contain sufficient processing power to support user interaction through other modes, such as multimodal access. Devices which support multimodal access combine multiple user input modes or channels in the same interaction allowing a user to interact with the applications on the device simultaneously through multiple input modes or channels. The methods of input include speech recognition, keyboard, touch screen, stylus, mouse, handwriting, and others. Multimodal input often makes using a small device easier.
Multimodal applications often run on servers that serve up multimodal web pages for display on a multimodal browser. A ‘multimodal browser,’ as the term is used in this specification, generally means a web browser capable of receiving multimodal input and interacting with users with multimodal output. Multimodal browsers typically render web pages written in XHTML+Voice (‘X+V’). X+V provides a markup language that enables users to interact with an multimodal application often running on a server through spoken dialog in addition to traditional means of input such as keyboard strokes and mouse pointer action. Visual markup tells a multimodal browser what the user interface is to look like and how the user interface is to behave when the user types, points, or clicks. Similarly, voice markup tells a multimodal browser what to do when the user speaks to it. For visual markup, the multimodal browser uses a graphics engine; for voice markup, the multimodal browser uses a speech engine. X+V adds spoken interaction to standard web content by integrating XHTML (eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language) and speech recognition vocabularies supported by VoiceXML. For visual markup, X+V includes the XHTML standard. For voice markup, X+V includes a subset of VoiceXML. For synchronizing the VoiceXML elements with corresponding visual interface elements, X+V uses events. XHTML includes voice modules that support speech synthesis, speech dialogs, command and control, and speech grammars. Voice handlers can be attached to XHTML elements and respond to specific events. Voice interaction features are integrated with XHTML and can consequently be used directly within XHTML content.
In addition to X+V, multimodal applications also may be implemented with Speech Application Tags (‘SALT’). SALT is a markup language developed by the Salt Forum. Both X+V and SALT are markup languages for creating applications that use voice input/speech recognition and voice output/speech synthesis. Both SALT applications and X+V applications use underlying speech recognition and synthesis technologies or ‘speech engines’ to do the work of recognizing and generating human speech. As markup languages, both X+V and SALT provide markup-based programming environments for using speech engines in an application's user interface. Both languages have language elements, markup tags, that specify what the speech-recognition engine should listen for and what the synthesis engine should ‘say.’ Whereas X+V combines XHTML, VoiceXML, and the XML Events standard to create multimodal applications, SALT does not provide a standard visual markup language or eventing model. Rather, it is a low-level set of tags for specifying voice interaction that can be embedded into other environments. In addition to X+V and SALT, multimodal applications may be implemented in Java with a Java speech framework, in C++, for example, and with other technologies and in other environments as well.
Current lightweight voice solutions require a developer to build a grammar and lexicon to limit the potential number of words that an automated speech recognition (‘ASR’) engine must recognize—as a means for increasing accuracy. Pervasive devices have limited interaction and input modalities due to the form factor of the device, and kiosk devices have limited interaction and input modalities by design. In both cases the use of speaker independent voice recognition is implemented to enhance the user experience and interaction with the device. The state of the art in speaker independent recognition allows for some sophisticated voice applications to be written as long as there is a limited vocabulary associated with each potential voice command. For example, if the user is prompted to speak the name of a city the system can, with a decent level of confidence, recognize the name of the city spoken. In the case where there is no explicit context, such as a blank text field for inputting any search query, this speaker independent recognition fails because a reasonably sized vocabulary is not available.
Incorporating speech into multimodal application, however, naturally leads users to expect or at least wish that the multimodal application would have some personality. Personality is characterized by dynamism, however, and in the current state of the art, the user interface, page after page, voice after voice, is static. In a multimodal web site, for example, page after page has the same overall layout, color palette, font usage, and so on. In a multimodal web site, page after page presents the same speaking voice for prompts and responses, same gender, same age, same accent, and so on.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Methods, apparatus, and computer program products are described for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application that include selecting, by the multimodal application, matching vocal and visual demeanors and incorporating, by the multimodal application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal application.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular descriptions of exemplary embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers generally represent like parts of exemplary embodiments of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 sets forth a network diagram illustrating an exemplary system for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 2 sets forth a block diagram of automated computing machinery comprising an example of a computer useful as a voice server in establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 3 sets forth a functional block diagram of exemplary apparatus for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 4 sets forth a block diagram of automated computing machinery comprising an example of a computer useful as a multimodal device in establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 5 sets forth a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method of establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application (189) according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 sets forth a flow chart illustrating a further exemplary method of establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates a Unified Modeling Language (‘UML’) model of matching vocal and visual demeanors.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Exemplary methods, apparatus, and products for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings, beginning with FIG. 1. FIG. 1 sets forth a network diagram illustrating an exemplary system for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention. The system of FIG. 1 operates generally to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention by selecting, by the multimodal application, matching vocal and visual demeanors and incorporating, by the multimodal application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal application.
A multimodal device is an automated device, that is, automated computing machinery or a computer program running on an automated device, that is capable of accepting from users more than one mode of input, keyboard, mouse, stylus, and so on, including speech input—and also displaying more than one mode of output, graphic, speech, and so on. A multimodal device is generally capable of accepting speech input from a user, digitizing the speech, and providing digitized speech to a speech engine for recognition. A multimodal device may be implemented, for example, as a voice-enabled browser on a laptop, a voice browser on a telephone handset, an online game implemented with Java on a personal computer, and with other combinations of hardware and software as may occur to those of skill in the art. Because multimodal applications may be implemented in markup languages (X+V, SALT), object-oriented languages (Java, C++), procedural languages (the C programming language), and in other kinds of computer languages as may occur to those of skill in the art, this specification uses the term ‘multimodal application’ to refer to any software application, server-oriented or client-oriented, thin client or thick client, that administers more than one mode of input and more than one mode of output, typically including visual and speech modes.
The system of FIG. 1 includes several example multimodal devices:

    
    
        personal computer (107) which is coupled for data communications to data communications network (100) through wireline connection (120),
        personal digital assistant (‘PDA’) (112) which is coupled for data communications to data communications network (100) through wireless connection (114),
        mobile telephone (110) which is coupled for data communications to data communications network (100) through wireless connection (116), and
        laptop computer (126) which is coupled for data communications to data communications network (100) through wireless connection (118).
    
    


Each of the example multimodal devices (152) in the system of FIG. 1 includes a microphone, an audio amplifier, a digital-to-analog converter, and a multimodal application capable of accepting from a user (128) speech for recognition (315), digitizing the speech, and providing the digitized speech to a speech engine for recognition. The speech may be digitized according to industry standard codecs, including but not limited to those used for Distributed Speech Recognition as such. Methods for ‘COding/DECoding’ speech are referred to as ‘codecs.’ The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (‘ETSI’) provides several codecs for encoding speech for use in DSR, including, for example, the ETSI ES 201 108 DSR Front-end Codec, the ETSI ES 202 050 Advanced DSR Front-end Codec, the ETSI ES 202 211 Extended DSR Front-end Codec, and the ETSI ES 202 212 Extended Advanced DSR Front-end Codec. In standards such as RFC3557 entitled

    
    
        RTP Payload Format for European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) European Standard ES 201 108 Distributed Speech Recognition Encoding

and the Internet Draft entitled

        RTP Payload Formats for European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) European Standard ES 202 050, ES 202 211, and ES 202 212 Distributed Speech Recognition Encoding,

the IETF provides standard RTP payload formats for various codecs. It is useful to note, therefore, that there is no limitation in the present invention regarding codecs, payload formats, or packet structures. Speech for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention may be encoded with any codec, including, for example:

        AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate Speech coder)
        ARDOR (Adaptive Rate-Distortion Optimized sound codeR),
        Dolby Digital (A/52, AC3),
        DTS (DTS Coherent Acoustics),
        MP1 (MPEG audio layer-1),
        MP2 (MPEG audio layer-2) Layer 2 audio codec (MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and non-ISO MPEG-2.5),
        MP3 (MPEG audio layer-3) Layer 3 audio codec (MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and non-ISO MPEG-2.5),
        Perceptual Audio Coding,
        FS-1015 (LPC-10),
        FS-1016 (CELP),
        G.726 (ADPCM),
        G.728 (LD-CELP),
        G.729 (CS-ACELP),
        GSM,
        HILN (MPEG-4 Parametric audio coding), and
        others as may occur to those of skill in the art.
    
    


As mentioned, a multimodal device according to embodiments of the present invention, is capable of providing speech to a speech engine for recognition. A speech engine is a functional module, typically a software module, although it may include specialized hardware also, that does the work of recognizing and generating or ‘synthesizing’ human speech. The speech engine implements speech recognition by use of a further module referred to in this specification as a ASR engine, and the speech engine carries out speech synthesis by use of a further module referred to in this specification as a text-to-speech (‘TTS’) engine. As shown in FIG. 1, a speech engine (148) may be installed locally in the multimodal device (107) itself, or a speech engine (153) may be installed remotely with respect to the multimodal device, across a data communications network (100) in a voice server (151). A multimodal device that itself contains its own speech engine is said to implement a ‘thick multimodal client’ or ‘thick client,’ because the thick multimodal client device itself contains all the functionality needed to carry out speech recognition speech synthesis—through API calls to speech recognition and speech synthesis modules in the multimodal device itself with no need to send requests for speech recognition across a network and no need to receive synthesized speech across a network from a remote voice server. A multimodal device that does not contain its own speech engine is said to implement a ‘thin multimodal client’ or simply a ‘thin client,’ because the thin multimodal client itself contains only a relatively thin layer of multimodal device application software that obtains speech recognition and speech synthesis services from a voice server located remotely across a network from the thin client.
Each of the example multimodal devices (152) in the system of FIG. 1 may be configured to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention by selecting, by the multimodal application (195), matching vocal and visual demeanors and incorporating, by the multimodal application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal application. The multimodal application in a multimodal device configured to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention is often referred to in this specification as a ‘multimodal device application’ (195). For ease of illustration, only the personal computer (107) in the system of FIG. 1 is illustrated with a multimodal device application (195), but all multimodal devices (152) may contain multimodal device applications.
The use of these four example multimodal devices (152) is for explanation only, not for limitation of the invention. Any automated computing machinery capable of accepting speech from a user, providing the speech digitized to an ASR engine, and receiving and playing speech prompts and responses from the voice server may be improved to function as a multimodal device for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention.
The system of FIG. 1 also includes a voice server (151) which is connected to data communications network (100) through wireline connection (122). The voice server (151) is a computer that runs a speech engine (153) that provides voice recognition services for multimodal devices by accepting requests for speech recognition and returning text representing recognized speech. Voice server (151) also provides speech synthesis, text to speech (‘TTS’) conversion, for voice prompts and voice responses (314) to user input in multimodal applications such as, for example, X+V applications, SALT applications, or Java voice applications. The voice server (151) in the system of FIG. 1 is configured to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention by selecting, by the multimodal application, matching vocal and visual demeanors and incorporating, by the multimodal application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal application. The multimodal application in a voice server configured to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention is often referred to in this specification as a ‘multimodal server application’ (188).
The system of FIG. 1 includes a data communications network (100) that connects the multimodal devices (152) and the voice server (151) for data communications. A data communications network for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention is a data communications data communications network composed of a plurality of computers that function as data communications routers connected for data communications with packet switching protocols. Such a data communications network may be implemented with optical connections, wireline connections, or with wireless connections. Such a data communications network may include intranets, internets, local area data communications networks (‘LANs’), and wide area data communications networks (‘WANs’). Such a data communications network may implement, for example:

    
    
        a link layer with the EthernetTM Protocol or the Wireless EthernetTM Protocol,
        a data communications network layer with the Internet Protocol (‘IP’),
        a transport layer with the Transmission Control Protocol (‘TCP’) or the User Datagram Protocol (‘UDP’),
        an application layer with the HyperText Transfer Protocol (‘HTTP’), the Session Initiation Protocol (‘SIP’), the Real Time Protocol (‘RTP’), the Distributed Multimodal Synchronization Protocol (‘DMSP’), the Wireless Access Protocol (‘WAP’), the Handheld Device Transfer Protocol (‘HDTP’), the ITU protocol known as H.323, and
        other protocols as will occur to those of skill in the art.
    
    


The system of FIG. 1 includes a web server (149) connected for data communications through wireline connection (123) to network (100) and therefore to the multimodal devices (152). The web server (149) may be any server that provides to client devices markup documents that compose multimodal applications. The web server (149) typically provides such markup documents via a data communications protocol, HTTP, HDTP, WAP, or the like. The markup documents themselves may be implemented in any markup language that supports speech elements for identifying which speech to recognize and which words to speak, grammars, form elements, and the like, including, for example, X+V and SALT. A multimodal application in a multimodal device then, upon receiving from the web sever (149) a markup document as part of a multimodal application, may execute speech elements by use of a speech engine (148) in the multimodal device itself or by use of a speech engine (153) located remotely from the multimodal device in a voice server (151).
The arrangement of the voice server (151), the multimodal devices (152), and the data communications network (100) making up the exemplary system illustrated in FIG. 1 are for explanation, not for limitation. Data processing systems useful for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to various embodiments of the present invention may include additional servers, routers, other devices, and peer-to-peer architectures, not shown in FIG. 1, as will occur to those of skill in the art. Data communications networks in such data processing systems may support many data communications protocols in addition to those noted above. Various embodiments of the present invention may be implemented on a variety of hardware platforms in addition to those illustrated in FIG. 1.
Establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention in a thin client architecture typically is implemented with one or more voice servers, computers, that is, automated computing machinery, that provide speech recognition and speech synthesis. For further explanation, therefore, FIG. 2 sets forth a block diagram of automated computing machinery comprising an example of a computer useful as a voice server (151) in establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention. The voice server (151) of FIG. 2 includes at least one computer processor (156) or ‘CPU’ as well as random access memory (168) (‘RAM’) which is connected through a high speed memory bus (166) and bus adapter (158) to processor (156) and to other components of the voice server.
Stored in RAM (168) is a multimodal server application (188), a module of computer program instructions capable of operating a voice server in a system that is configured to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention. Multimodal server application (188) provides voice recognition services for multimodal devices by accepting requests for speech recognition and returning speech recognition results, including text representing recognized speech, text for use as variable values in dialogs, and text as string representations of scripts for semantic interpretation. Multimodal server application (188) also includes computer program instructions that provide text-to-speech (‘TTS’) conversion for voice prompts and voice responses to user input in multimodal applications such as, for example, X+V applications or Java Speech applications. Multimodal server application (188) in this example is also configured to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention by selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) and incorporating the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal server application (188). The multimodal server application (188) in this example is configured to statefully maintain a user profile, session navigation history, and session interaction history. The multimodal server application (188) is configured to select matching vocal and visual demeanors by use of the user profile, the navigation history, and the interaction history. The multimodal server application (188) can incorporate the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal server application by linking one or more markup elements of a markup document of the multimodal server application to one or more styles of a Cascading Style Sheet (‘CSS’) (514) and providing the CSS to a requesting multimodal device application that in turn loads the CSS into a multimodal device application and uses the CSS to control a multimodal user interface, the graphic display and the voice aspects of a multimodal user interface. The multimodal device application, located on a multimodal device across a network from the voice server, is the so-called ‘thin client,’ so-called because much of the functionality for establishing the multimodal personality is implemented on the voice server rather than on the multimodal device.
Cascading Style Sheets is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. The common application of CSS is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including Scalable Vector Graphics (“SVG”) and XML User Interface Language (“XUL”). The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (“W3C”). CSS can control the vocal display of an X+V page as well as the visual display. The aural rendering of a document, already commonly used by the blind and print-impaired communities, combines speech synthesis and “auditory icons.” Often such aural presentation occurs by converting the document to plain text and feeding this to a screen reader—software or hardware that simply reads all the characters on the screen. This results in less effective presentation than would be the case if the document structure were retained. Style sheet properties for aural presentation may be used together with visual properties (mixed media or multimodal) or as an aural alternative to visual presentation. When using aural properties, the aural CSS canvas consists of a three-dimensional physical space (sound surrounds) and a temporal space (one may specify sounds before, during, and after other sounds). The CSS properties also allow authors to vary the quality of synthesized speech (voice type, frequency, inflection, etc.). Here are examples of vocal rules or styles of an aural CSS:















H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 {



 voice-family: paul;



 stress: 20;



 richness: 90;



 cue-before: url(“ping.au”)



}



P.heidi { azimuth: center-left }



P.peter { azimuth: right }



P.goat { volume: x-soft }










These examples direct a speech synthesizer (TTS engine) to speak headers in a voice (a kind of “audio font”) called “paul,” on a flat tone, but in a very rich voice. Before speaking the headers, a sound sample will be played from the given URL. Paragraphs with class “heidi” will appear to come from front left (if the sound system is capable of spatial audio), and paragraphs of class “peter” from the right. Paragraphs with class “goat” will be rendered very softly.
Multimodal server application (188) in this example is a user-level, multimodal, server-side computer program that may be implemented with a set of VoiceXML documents which taken together comprise a VoiceXML application. Multimodal server application (188) may be implemented as a web server, implemented in Java, C++, or another language, that supports X+V, SALT, or another multimodal language, by providing responses to HTTP requests from X+V, SALT or other multimodal clients. Multimodal server application (188) may, for a further example, be implemented as a Java server that runs on a Java Virtual Machine (102) and supports a Java voice framework by providing responses to HTTP requests from Java client applications running on multimodal devices. And multimodal server applications that support establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application may be implemented in other ways as may occur to those of skill in the art, and all such ways are well within the scope of the present invention.
The voice serve in this example includes a speech engine (153). The speech engine is a functional module, typically a software module, although it may include specialized hardware also, that does the work of recognizing and generating human speech. The speech engine (153) includes an automated speech recognition (‘ASR’) engine for speech recognition and a text-to-speech (‘TTS’) engine for generating speech. The speech engine also includes a grammar (104), a lexicon (106), and a language-specific acoustic model (108). The language-specific acoustic model (108) is a data structure, a table or database, for example, that associates SFVs with phonemes representing, to the extent that it is practically feasible to do so, all pronunciations of all the words in a human language. The lexicon (106) is an association of words in text form with phonemes representing pronunciations of each word; the lexicon effectively identifies words that are capable of recognition by an ASR engine.
The grammar (104) communicates to the ASR engine (150) the words and sequences of words that currently may be recognized. For precise understanding, distinguish the purpose of the grammar and the purpose of the lexicon. The lexicon associates with phonemes all the words that the ASR engine can recognize. The grammar communicates the words currently eligible for recognition. The set of words currently eligible for recognition and the set of words capable of recognition may or may not be the same.
Grammars for use in establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention may be expressed in any format supported by any ASR engine, including, for example, the Java Speech Grammar Format (‘JSGF’), the format of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (‘SRGS’), the Augmented Backus-Naur Format (‘ABNF’) from the IETF's RFC2234, in the form of a stochastic grammar as described in the W3C's Stochastic Language Models (N-Gram) Specification, and in other grammar formats as may occur to those of skill in the art. Grammars typically operate as elements of dialogs, such as, for example, a VoiceXML <menu> or an X+V<form>. A grammar's definition may be expressed in-line in a dialog. Or the grammar may be implemented externally in a separate grammar document and referenced from with a dialog with a URI. Here is an example of a grammar expressed in JSFG:















<grammar scope=“dialog” ><![CDATA[



  #JSGF V1.0;



  grammar command;



  <command> = [remind me to]



  call | phone | telephone <name> <when>;



  <name> = bob | martha | joe | pete | chris | john | artoush;



  <when> = today | this afternoon | tomorrow | next week;



  ]]>



</grammar>










In this example, the elements named <command>, <name>, and <when> are rules of the grammar. Rules are a combination of a rulename and an expansion of a rule that advises an ASR engine which words presently can be recognized. In this example, expansion includes conjunction and disjunction, and the vertical bars ‘|’ mean ‘or.’ An ASR engine processes the rules in sequence, first <command>, then <name>, then <when>. The <command> rule accepts for recognition ‘call’ or ‘phone’ or ‘telephone’ plus, that is, in conjunction with, whatever is returned from the <name> rule and the <when> rule. The <name> rule accepts ‘bob’ or ‘martha’ or ‘joe’ or ‘pete’ or ‘chris’ or ‘john’ or ‘artoush’, and the <when> rule accepts ‘today’ or ‘this afternoon’ or ‘tomorrow’ or ‘next week.’ The command grammar as a whole accepts utterances like these, for example:

    
    
        “phone bob next week,”
        “telephone martha this afternoon,”
        “remind me to call chris tomorrow,” and
        “remind me to phone pete today.”
    
    


The multimodal server application (188) in this example is configured to receive, from a multimodal client located remotely across a network from the voice server, digitized speech for recognition from a user and pass the speech along to the ASR engine (150) for recognition. ASR engine (150) is a module of computer program instructions, also stored in RAM in this example. In carrying out automated speech recognition, the ASR engine receives speech for recognition in the form of at least one digitized word and uses frequency components of the digitized word to derive a Speech Feature Vector (‘SFV’). An SFV may be defined, for example, by the first twelve or thirteen Fourier or frequency domain components of a sample of digitized speech. The ASR engine can use the SFV to infer phonemes for the word from the language-specific acoustic model (108). The ASR engine then uses the phonemes to find the word in the lexicon (106).
Also stored in RAM is a VoiceXML interpreter (192), a module of computer program instructions that processes VoiceXML grammars. VoiceXML input to VoiceXML interpreter (192) may originate from VoiceXML clients running remotely on multimodal devices, from X+V clients running remotely on multimodal devices, or from Java client applications running remotely on multimedia devices. In this example, VoiceXML interpreter (192) interprets and executes VoiceXML segments received from remote multimedia clients and provided to VoiceXML interpreter (192) through multimodal server application (188). Also stored in RAM (168) is a Text To Speech (‘TTS’) Engine (194), a module of computer program instructions that accepts text as input and returns the same text in the form of digitally encoded speech, for use in providing speech as prompts for and responses to users of multimodal systems.
Also stored in RAM (168) is an operating system (154). Operating systems useful in voice servers according to embodiments of the present invention include UNIXTM, LinuxTM, Microsoft NTTM, AIXTM, IBM's i5/OSTM, and others as will occur to those of skill in the art. Operating system (154), multimodal server application (188), VoiceXML interpreter (192), ASR engine (150), JVM (102), and TTS Engine (194) in the example of FIG. 2 are shown in RAM (168), but many components of such software typically are stored in non-volatile memory also, for example, on a disk drive (170).
Voice server (151) of FIG. 2 includes bus adapter (158), a computer hardware component that contains drive electronics for high speed buses, the front side bus (162), the video bus (164), and the memory bus (166), as well as drive electronics for the slower expansion bus (160). Examples of bus adapters useful in voice servers according to embodiments of the present invention include the Intel Northbridge, the Intel Memory Controller Hub, the Intel Southbridge, and the Intel I/O Controller Hub. Examples of expansion buses useful in voice servers according to embodiments of the present invention include Industry Standard Architecture (‘ISA’) buses and Peripheral Component Interconnect (‘PCI’) buses.
Voice server (151) of FIG. 2 includes disk drive adapter (172) coupled through expansion bus (160) and bus adapter (158) to processor (156) and other components of the voice server (151). Disk drive adapter (172) connects non-volatile data storage to the voice server (151) in the form of disk drive (170). Disk drive adapters useful in voice servers include Integrated Drive Electronics (‘IDE’) adapters, Small Computer System Interface (‘SCSI’) adapters, and others as will occur to those of skill in the art. In addition, non-volatile computer memory may be implemented for a voice server as an optical disk drive, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (so-called ‘EEPROM’ or ‘Flash’ memory), RAM drives, and so on, as will occur to those of skill in the art.
The example voice server of FIG. 2 includes one or more input/output (‘I/O’) adapters (178). I/O adapters in voice servers implement user-oriented input/output through, for example, software drivers and computer hardware for controlling output to display devices such as computer display screens, as well as user input from user input devices (181) such as keyboards and mice. The example voice server of FIG. 2 includes a video adapter (209), which is an example of an I/O adapter specially designed for graphic output to a display device (180) such as a display screen or computer monitor. Video adapter (209) is connected to processor (156) through a high speed video bus (164), bus adapter (158), and the front side bus (162), which is also a high speed bus.
The exemplary voice server (151) of FIG. 2 includes a communications adapter (167) for data communications with other computers (182) and for data communications with a data communications network (100). Such data communications may be carried out serially through RS-232 connections, through external buses such as a Universal Serial Bus (‘USB’), through data communications data communications networks such as IP data communications networks, and in other ways as will occur to those of skill in the art. Communications adapters implement the hardware level of data communications through which one computer sends data communications to another computer, directly or through a data communications network. Examples of communications adapters useful for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention include modems for wired dial-up communications, Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) adapters for wired data communications network communications, and 802.11 adapters for wireless data communications network communications.
For further explanation, FIG. 3 sets forth a functional block diagram of exemplary apparatus for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application in a thin client architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. The example of FIG. 3 includes a multimodal device (152) and a voice server (151) connected for data communication by a VoIP connection (216) through a data communications network (100). A multimodal device application (195) runs on the multimodal device (152), and a multimodal server application (188) runs on the voice server (151). The multimodal client application (195) may be a set or sequence of X+V or SALT documents that execute on multimodal browser (196), a Java voice application that executes on the Java Virtual Machine (101), or a multimodal application implemented in other technologies as may occur to those of skill in the art. The example multimodal device of FIG. 3 also includes a sound card (174), which is an example of an I/O adapter specially designed for accepting analog audio signals from a microphone (176) and converting the audio analog signals to digital form for further processing by a codec (183).
In addition to the multimodal sever application (188), the voice server (151) also has installed upon it a speech engine (153) with an ASR engine (150), a grammar (104), a lexicon (106), a language-specific acoustic model (108), and a TTS engine (194), as well as a JVM (102), and a Voice XML interpreter (192). VoiceXML interpreter (192) interprets and executes VoiceXML grammars received from the multimodal device application and provided to VoiceXML interpreter (192) through multimodal server application (188). VoiceXML input to VoiceXML interpreter (192) may originate from the multimodal device application (195) implemented as a VoiceXML client running remotely the multimodal device (152), from the multimodal device application (195) implemented as an X+V client running remotely on the multimodal device (152). As noted above, the multimedia device application (195) also may be implemented as a Java client application running remotely on the multimedia device (152), a SALT application running remotely on the multimedia device (152), and in other ways as may occur to those of skill in the art.
VoIP stands for ‘Voice Over Internet Protocol,’ a generic term for routing speech over an IP-based data communications network. The speech data flows over a general-purpose packet-switched data communications network, instead of traditional dedicated, circuit-switched voice transmission lines. Protocols used to carry voice signals over the IP data communications network are commonly referred to as ‘Voice over IP’ or ‘VoIP’ protocols. VoIP traffic may be deployed on any IP data communications network, including data communications networks lacking a connection to the rest of the Internet, for instance on a private building-wide local area data communications network or ‘LAN.’
Many protocols are used to effect VoIP. The two most popular types of VoIP are effected with the IETF's Session Initiation Protocol (‘SIP’) and the ITU's protocol known as ‘H.323.’ SIP clients use TCP and UDP port 5060 to connect to SIP servers. SIP itself is used to set up and tear down calls for speech transmission. VoIP with SIP then uses RTP for transmitting the actual encoded speech. Similarly, H.323 is an umbrella recommendation from the standards branch of the International Telecommunications Union that defines protocols to provide audio-visual communication sessions on any packet data communications network.
The apparatus of FIG. 3 operates in a manner that is similar to the operation of the system of FIG. 2 described above. Multimodal device application (195) is a user-level, multimodal, client-side computer program presents a voice interface to user (128), provides audio prompts and responses (314) and accepts input speech for recognition (315). Multimodal device application (195) provides a speech interface through which a user may provide oral speech for recognition through microphone (176) and have the speech digitized through an audio amplifier (185) and a coder/decoder (‘codec’) (183) of a sound card (174) and provide the digitized speech for recognition to ASR engine (150). Multimodal device application (195) then packages the digitized speech in a recognition request message according to a VoIP protocol, and transmits the speech to voice server (151) through the VoIP connection (216) on the network (100).
Multimodal server application (188) provides voice recognition services for multimodal devices by accepting requests for speech recognition and returning speech recognition results, including text representing recognized speech, text for use as variable values in dialogs, and text as string representations of scripts for semantic interpretation. Multimodal server application (188) includes computer program instructions that provide text-to-speech (‘TTS’) conversion for voice prompts and voice responses to user input in multimodal applications such as, for example, X+V applications, SALT applications, or Java Speech applications.
The multimodal server application (188) receives speech for recognition from a user and passes the speech through API calls to an ASR engine (150) for recognition. The ASR engine receives digitized speech for recognition, uses frequency components of the digitized speech to derive an SFV, uses the SFV to infer phonemes for the word from the language-specific acoustic model (108), and uses the phonemes to find the speech in the lexicon (106). The ASR engine then compares speech founds as words in the lexicon to words in a grammar to determine whether words or phrases in speech are recognized by the ASR engine.
In addition in this example, in a similar manner as described above, multimodal server application (188) is configured to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention by selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) and incorporating the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the overall multimodal application represented by the cooperation of the multimodal server application (188) and a multimodal device application (195) running on the multimodal device (152) located remotely across the network (100) from the voice server (151). The multimodal server application (188) in this example is configured to statefully maintain a user profile, session navigation history, and session interaction history. The multimodal server application (188) is configured to select matching vocal and visual demeanors by use of the user profile, the navigation history, and the interaction history. The multimodal server application (188) can incorporate the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal server application by linking one or more markup elements of a markup document of the multimodal server application to one or more styles of a Cascading Style Sheet (‘CSS’) (514) and providing the CSS to a requesting multimodal device application that in turn loads the CSS into a multimodal device application and uses the CSS to control a multimodal user interface, the graphic display and the voice aspects of a multimodal user interface. As mentioned above, the multimodal device application (195), located on the multimodal device (152) across the network (100) from the voice server (151), is the so-called ‘thin client,’ so-called because much of the functionality for establishing the multimodal personality is implemented on the voice server rather than on the multimodal device.
Establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention in thick client architectures is generally implemented with multimodal devices, that is, automated computing machinery or computers. In the system of FIG. 1, for example, all the multimodal devices (152) are implemented to some extent at least as computers. For further explanation, therefore, FIG. 4 sets forth a block diagram of automated computing machinery comprising an example of a computer useful as a multimodal device (152) in establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention. In apparatus implementing thick multimodal clients as illustrated in FIG. 4, there is only a multimodal device (152), no network, no VoIP connection, and no voice server containing a remote speech engine. All the components needed for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention are installed or embedded in the multimodal device itself.
The example multimodal device (152) of FIG. 4 includes several components that are structured and operate similarly as do parallel components of the voice server, having the same drawing reference numbers, as described above with reference to FIG. 2: at least one computer processor (156), frontside bus (162), RAM (168), high speed memory bus (166), bus adapter (158), video adapter (209), video bus (164), expansion bus (160), communications adapter (167), I/O adapter (178), disk drive adapter (172), an operating system (154), a JVM (102), a VoiceXML Interpreter (192), and so on, including a speech engine (153). As in the system of FIG. 4, the speech engine in the multimodal device of FIG. 2 includes an ASR engine (150), a grammar (104), a lexicon (106), a language-dependent acoustic model (108), and a TTS engine (194). The speech engine (153) in this kind of embodiment often is implemented as an embedded module in a small form factor device such as a handheld device, a mobile phone, PDA, and the like. An example of an embedded speech engine useful for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention is IBM's Embedded ViaVoice Enterprise. The example multimodal device of FIG. 4 also includes a sound card (174), which is an example of an I/O adapter specially designed for accepting analog audio signals from a microphone (176) and converting the audio analog signals to digital form for further processing by a codec (183). The sound card (174) is connected to processor (156) through expansion bus (160), bus adapter (158), and front side bus (162).
Also stored in RAM (168) in this example is a multimodal device application (195), a module of computer program instructions capable of operating a multimodal device as an apparatus that supports establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention. The multimodal device application (195) implements speech recognition by accepting speech for recognition from a user and sending the speech for recognition through API calls to the ASR engine (150). The multimodal device application (195) implements generally by sending words to be used as prompts for a user to the TTS engine (194). As an example of thick client architecture, the multimodal device application (195) in this example does not send speech for recognition across a network to a voice server for recognition, and the multimodal device application (195) in this example does not receive synthesized speech, TTS prompts and responses, across a network from a voice server. All grammar processing, voice recognition, and text to speech conversion in this example is performed in an embedded fashion in the multimodal device (152) itself.
More particularly, multimodal device application (195) in this example is a user-level, multimodal, client-side computer program that provides a speech interface through which a user may provide oral speech for recognition through microphone (176), have the speech digitized through an audio amplifier (185) and a coder/decoder (‘codec’) (183) of a sound card (174) and provide the digitized speech for recognition to ASR engine (150). The multimodal device application (195) may be implemented as a set or sequence of X+V documents executing in a multimodal browser (196) or microbrowser that passes VoiceXML grammars and digitized speech through API calls directly to an embedded VoiceXML interpreter (192) for processing. The embedded VoiceXML interpreter (192) may in turn issue requests for speech recognition through API calls directly to the embedded ASR engine (150). Multimodal device application (195) also can provide speech synthesis, TTS conversion, by API calls to the embedded TTS engine (194) for voice prompts and voice responses to user input.
In a further class of exemplary embodiments, the multimodal device application (195) may be implemented as a Java voice application that executes on Java Virtual Machine (102) and calls the ASR engine (150) and the TTS engine (194) directly through APIs for speech recognition and speech synthesis services. In further exemplary embodiments, the multimodal device application (195) may be implemented as a set or sequence of SALT documents executed on a multimodal browser (196) or microbrowser that calls the ASR engine (150) and the TTS engine (194) through APIs for speech recognition and speech synthesis services. In addition to X+V, SALT, and Java implementations, multimodal device application (195) may be implemented in other technologies as will occur to those of skill in the art, and all such implementations are well within the scope of the present invention.
Multimodal device application (195) in this example is configured to establish a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention by selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) and incorporating the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal device application (195). The multimodal device application (195) in this example is configured to statefully maintain a user profile, session navigation history, and session interaction history. The multimodal device application (195) is configured to select matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) by use of the user profile, the navigation history, and the interaction history. The multimodal device application (195) can incorporate the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal server application by linking one or more markup elements of a markup document of the multimodal server application to one or more styles of a Cascading Style Sheet (‘CSS’) (514), loading the CSS into the multimodal device application (195), and using the CSS to control a multimodal user interface, the graphic display and the voice aspects of a multimodal user interface. The multimodal device application in this example, running on a stand-alone multimodal device with no network, no VoIP connection, and no voice server containing a remote speech engine and a remote multimodal server application, is the so-called ‘thick client,’ so-called because all of the functionality for establishing the multimodal personality is implemented on the multimodal device itself.
For further explanation, FIG. 5 sets forth a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method of establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application (189) according to embodiments of the present invention. The multimodal application may be implemented as described above with a thin client architecture in which part of the multimodal application functionality is implemented in a multimodal device application on a multimodal device and part of the multimodal application functionality is implemented in a multimodal server application in a voice server; or the multimodal application may be implemented in a thick client architecture in which all of the multimodal application functionality is implemented in a multimodal client application on a multimodal device.
The method of FIG. 5 includes selecting (502), by the multimodal application, matching vocal (550) and visual demeanors (552). The combination of a visual demeanor and a matching vocal demeanor are taken in this specification as a ‘multimodal personality.’ Visual demeanor is the overall visual appearance of a multimodal application, background colors, text colors, text fonts, selection and placement of graphic elements, and so on. Visual demeanor is characterized by attributes such as age (vibrant colors for young users, quieter colors for mature users), gender (sans serif fonts for women, serifs for men), location (Eiffel Tower background for Parisians, the Alamo for Texans), time (bright color palettes in the morning, quieter palettes in the evening), application domain (more text for legal subjects, more graphics for architectural subjects), and so on. Vocal demeanor is the overall appearance of the voice used to provide speech prompts and responses from a multimodal application to a user. Vocal demeanor also may be characterized by attributes such as age, gender, location (regional accent), time of day (businesslike during working hours, relaxed in the evening), application domain (businesslike for a voice representing a professional office, relaxed for a voice representing a spa), and so on, for any characterization of a demeanor as may occur to those of skill in the art. Vocal and visual demeanors may be inferred from predefined demeanors stored in a table, database records, or other form of computer memory. Or demeanors may be calculated at run time based on interaction history, navigation history, and user profile. A visual demeanor and a vocal demeanor are ‘matched’ by a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention when each is characterized by similar attributes of age, gender, location, time, application domain, and so on. The match is required to be merely ‘similar,’ not exact. ‘Similar’ means identical within some predefined margin of error. A failure to calculate or infer from storage matching demeanors in typical embodiments typically results in a multimodal application's use of default demeanors to formulate its multimodal personality.
In the method of FIG. 5, selecting (502) matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) may include selecting (504) a visual demeanor (552) in dependence upon a history (520) of multimodal interactions between the multimodal application and a user. The multimodal application may, for example, track a history of word choices from speech input or from other modes of input such as mouseclicks or keyboard an associate the word choices in the history with display color choices, text fonts, voice gender, voice age, and so on. Alternatively, the multimodal may track a history of direct selections of demeanor elements by a user in response to prompts from the application to make selections—of color choices, fonts, voice gender, voice accent, and so on.
In the method of FIG. 5, selecting (502) matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) may include selecting (506) a vocal demeanor in dependence upon visual properties (524) of a history (522) of a user's navigation among web sites. The multimodal application may, for example, track navigation history as a series of URLs and retrieve the series of URLs for analysis. The history may include cached copies of actual multimodal web pages previously visited, and analysis for selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors may include examining both the URLs, the pages identified by the URLs, and/or the cached pages to map visual properties to a demeanor. Visual properties may include, for example, fonts, counts of words on pages, background colors, text colors, graphic image colors, formatting aspects such as proportions of white space, ratio of graphic images to screen area, ratio of text space to graphic space or to screen size, and so on.
In the method of FIG. 5, selecting (502) matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) may include selecting (508) a visual demeanor (552) in dependence upon vocal aspects (526) of a history (522) of a user's navigation among multimodal web sites. The multimodal application may, for example, track navigation history as a series of URLs and retrieve the series of URLs for analysis. The history may include cached copies of actual multimodal web pages previously visited, and analysis for selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors may include examining both the URLs, the pages identified by the URLs, and/or the cached pages to map vocal properties to a demeanor. Such vocal aspects may include, for example:

    
    
        the number of grammars per page,
        the number of dialogs per page,
        dialog intensity, that is, the number of words in a grammar of a dialog, for which a multimodal application may select a faster demeanor or personality when there are many words in grammars and a slower demeanor when the grammars have fewer words, or
        the number of speech inputs per page, tracked with the number of no-match results, mapped to a demeanor based on the ratio, slower for few speech input, faster for many speech inputs per page.
    
    


For further explanation, FIG. 6 sets forth a flow chart illustrating a further exemplary method of establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention. The method of FIG. 6 is similar to the method of FIG. 5, including selecting (502) matching vocal and visual demeanors, incorporating (510) the matching visual and vocal demeanors as a multimodal personality into the multimodal application, and so on, all of which operates as described above with reference to FIG. 5. The flow chart of FIG. 6 illustrates an example in which selecting (502) matching vocal and visual demeanors includes retrieving (528) a user profile (536) from storage, selecting (532) a vocal demeanor (540) in dependence upon the retrieved user profile (530), and selecting (534) a visual demeanor (542) in dependence upon the retrieved user profile (530). A user profile is an aggregation of data elements whose values describe a user, name, address, logon ID, password, age, gender, demographics, occupation, income, and so on. A user profile can also include system-related properties affecting demeanors, whether the user prefers class Windows or Windows NT, whether user prefers black and white to color, language preference, preferred color palettes, preferred voice for speech prompts and speech responses, and so on. The user may enter these and other properties through an administration screen or in response to logon prompts or data entry prompts for stateful maintenance by the multimodal application on the client device across logons and across interactions with the multimodal application. In a thin client architecture, the user profile data may be maintained statefully by use of cookies on a multimodal client device or by use of files or database tables on a voice server.
The multimodal application may carry out selecting (502) matching vocal and visual demeanors by prompting a user for a logon ID at the beginning of execution of the multimodal application and then retrieving (528) a user profile (536) from storage by use of the logon ID, that is, from a store (536) of previously defined user profiles each of the which includes a logon ID uniquely identifying a particular user. The multimodal application may then select (532) a vocal demeanor (540) in dependence upon the retrieved user profile (530), either by retrieving a vocal demeanor from a previously constructed store (540) of vocal demeanors or by constructing the vocal demeanor at run time based on properties of the user derived from the retrieved user profile (530), name, age, gender, demographics, preferences, and so on. The multimodal application may then also select (534) a visual demeanor (542) in dependence upon the retrieved user profile (530), again, by selecting a visual demeanor from a previously constructed store (542) of visual demeanors or by constructing a visual demeanor at run time using properties of the retrieved user profile (530).
Again with reference to FIG. 5: The method of FIG. 5 also includes incorporating (510), by the multimodal application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) as a multimodal personality into the multimodal application. In the method of FIG. 5, incorporating (510) the matching vocal and visual demeanors (550, 552) as a multimodal personality into the multimodal application includes linking (512) one or more markup elements (556) of a markup document (554) of the multimodal application (189) to one or more styles (518) of a Cascading Style Sheet (‘CSS’) (514). The multimodal application can link (512) one or more markup elements (556) of a markup document (554) of the multimodal application (189) to one or more styles (518) of a CSS (514) as shown in the following example X+V page:















<html xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”



 xmlns:vxml=“http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml”



 xmlns:ev=“http://www.w3.org/2001/xml-events”



>



<head>



 <link rel=“stylesheet” type=“text/css”



  href=“http://www.ibm.com/style/demeanor.jsp” />



 <title>What would you like to drink?</title>



 <vxml:form id=“drinkform”>



  <vxml:field name=“drink”>



   <vxml:prompt src=“#p1”>



   </vxml:prompt>



   <vxml:grammar><![CDATA[



    #JSGF V1.0;



    grammar drinks;



    public <drinks> = coffee | tea | milk | nothing;]]>



   </vxml:grammar>



   <vxml:filled>



    <vxml:assign name=“document.fid.in1.value”



    expr=“drink”/>



   </vxml:filled>



  </vxml:field>



 <vxml:block>



 Your <vxml:value expr=“drink”/> is coming right up!



 </vxml:block>



 </vxml:form>



</head>



<body bgcolor=“#FFFFFF”>



 <h2 id=“p1” class=“server”>Would you like coffee, tea, milk, or



 nothing?</h2>



 <form name=“fid” action=“ctmn0-style.mxml”>



  <table>



   <tbody>



    <tr><td>Breakfast Drink:</td>



     <td>



      <input type=“text” name=“in1”



      ev:event=“focus”



      ev:handler=“#drinkform”/>



     </td>



    </tr>



   </tbody>



  </table>



 </form>



</body>



</html>










In this example X+V page, a VoiceXML form identified as “drinkform” voice enables an XHTML input form named “fid.” The table data field named “in1” registers “drinkform” as an event handler for “focus” events in the field; that is, when field “in1” gains focus, the multimodal application calls “drinkform” to administer vocal input to field “in1.” By use of the <drinks> grammar:















<drinks> = coffee | tea | milk | nothing;










“drinkform” can recognize the words “coffee,” “tea,” “milk,” or “nothing” as vocal input to field “in1.”

This example X+V page shows a link, defined as a <link> element, to an external CSS identified by the URL “http://www.ibmcom/style/demeanor.isp”:















<link rel=“stylesheet” type=“text/css”



  href=“http://www.ibm.com/style/demeanor.jsp” />










This example X+V page defines a multimodal speech dialog as a VoiceXML <vxml:form> element with id=“drinkform.” The <vxml:form> element includes a prompt <vxml:prompt src=“#p1”> that refers to an <h2> heading element:















<h2 id=“p1” class=“server”>Would you like coffee, tea, milk, or



nothing?</h2>










identified as id=“p1.” The <h2> heading element is controlled by a class attribute, class=“server,” that identifies the style to be returned from the reference to the external CSS, “demeanor.jsp.” The value of the style returned in this example is:
















h2.server {voice-family: female}



h3 {voice-family: male}










signifying that the spoken prompt for the <h2> heading is to be rendered in a female voice, and any prompts for <h3> headings are to be rendered in a male voice. Specific demeanor attributes may be implemented as session attributes, or as attributes that persist across sessions in a persistent user profile. Session-specific attributes may be passed as a cookie in the header of an HTTP request for the CSS. Analogous schemes as may occur to those of skill in the art can be constructed for the generation of grammars and the vocabulary used in prompts.

The fact that the referenced CSS is named “demeanor.jsp” indicates that the external CSS is returned from the computation of a Java Server Page. This effectively makes the referenced external CSS a variable. The multimodal application, through its operating environment, a browser or a JVM, can select and return a CSS whose styles effect the selected matching vocal and visual demeanors. The matching vocal and visual demeanors can be selected on the basis of user profiles, interaction history, and navigation history, and so on, as described in more detail above. A CSS can be selected from among many, hundreds or thousands, according to the characteristics of the matching demeanors, age, gender, location, application domain, and so on. Returning a selected CSS, loading it into the multimodal application, and using it to govern the presentation of the user interface, graphic and speech aspects in particular, is an example of an effective way of incorporating into the multimodal application matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality.
For further explanation, FIG. 7 illustrates a Unified Modeling Language (‘UML’) model of matching vocal and visual demeanors. The UML model of FIG. 7 illustrates relationships among system components that compute demeanors (540, 542) and generate a Cascading Style Sheet (‘CSS’) (514) used to control the voice and graphic display for a specific prompt in operation of a user interface of a multimodal application. The UML model shows matching vocal and visual demeanors (540, 542) selected on the basis of interaction history (520), navigation history (522), and user profiles (536). The demeanors in turn form the basis for selection of a CSS (514) that provides a style (546) for a prompt (544) governing how the prompt is presented in its graphic aspects (550) and as a voice (548). As shown in the UML, a style (546), in an object oriented sense, can be instantiated from many style classes—so that the results returned for a demeanor can contain more than one prompt class. Similarly, a returned CSS can be an instance instantiated from any one of hundreds or thousands of CSS classes.
In view of the explanations set forth above in this paper, readers will recognize that establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application according to embodiments of the present invention provides the following benefits:

    
    
        Provides the technical tools to enable developers to provide personalities for multimodal applications that dynamically adapt to the characteristics of a particular user—including demographic, locale, and system-related preferences of the user.
        Provides tools to enable developers to provide personalities for multimodal applications that dynamically adapt to the way that a particular user uses the application—by analysis of navigation history.
        Provides tools to enable developers to provide personalities for multimodal applications that dynamically adapt to the way that a particular user uses the application—by analysis of interaction history.
    
    


Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described largely in the context of a fully functional computer system for establishing a multimodal personality for a multimodal application. Readers of skill in the art will recognize, however, that the present invention also may be embodied in a computer program product disposed on signal bearing media for use with any suitable data processing system. Such signal bearing media may be transmission media or recordable media for machine-readable information, including magnetic media, optical media, or other suitable media. Examples of recordable media include magnetic disks in hard drives or diskettes, compact disks for optical drives, magnetic tape, and others as will occur to those of skill in the art. Examples of transmission media include telephone data communications networks for voice communications and digital data communications data communications networks such as, for example, EthernetsTM and data communications networks that communicate with the Internet Protocol and the World Wide Web. Persons skilled in the art will immediately recognize that any computer system having suitable programming means will be capable of executing the steps of the method of the invention as embodied in a program product. Persons skilled in the art will recognize immediately that, although some of the exemplary embodiments described in this specification are oriented to software installed and executing on computer hardware, nevertheless, alternative embodiments implemented as firmware or as hardware are well within the scope of the present invention.
It will be understood from the foregoing description that modifications and changes may be made in various embodiments of the present invention without departing from its true spirit. The descriptions in this specification are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention is limited only by the language of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method of establishing a multimodal personality for an application that provides vocal and visual output, the method comprising: with at least one processor:
selecting, by the application that provides vocal and visual output, matching vocal and visual demeanors; and
incorporating, by the application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the application by rendering a voice prompt and/or response generated by the application in the vocal demeanor and rendering a visual element generated by the application in the matching visual demeanor, the voice prompt or response being rendered in a voice having an age, gender and/or accent based on the selected vocal demeanor,
wherein:
selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a vocal demeanor in dependence upon a history of a user's navigation among web sites, the vocal demeanor being selected to match a visual demeanor determined based on at least one property of web pages previously visited, the at least one property comprising one or more of:
text font;
count of words on the web page;
proportion of white space;
ratio of graphics to screen area; or
ratio of text space to graphic space.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein incorporating the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the application further comprises:
linking one or more markup elements of a markup document of the application to one or more styles of a cascading style sheet;
providing the user interface by providing the markup document as an input to a multimodal browser; and
rendering the user interface with the multimodal browser based on the markup document.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon a history of multimodal interactions between the application and a user.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the visual element is rendered with a background color, text color, text font or placement matching the selected vocal demeanor.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon vocal aspects of a history of a user's navigation among multimodal web sites.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises
retrieving a user profile from storage;
selecting a vocal demeanor in dependence upon the retrieved user profile; and
selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon the retrieved user profile.

7. Apparatus for establishing a multimodal personality for an application that provides vocal and visual output, the apparatus comprising a computer processor and a computer memory operatively coupled to the computer processor, the computer memory having disposed within it computer program instructions capable of:
selecting, by the application that provides vocal and visual output, matching vocal and visual demeanors, the selected vocal demeanor and the selected visual demeanor having at least one matching characteristic, the at least one matching characteristic comprising at least one of an age, gender, location, time or application domain; and
incorporating, by the application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the application,
wherein:
selecting the vocal demeanor comprises selecting at least one grammar for use in recognizing vocal inputs; and
selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting the vocal and visual demeanors in dependence upon visual aspects or vocal aspects of a history of a user's navigation among multimodal web sites,
the vocal aspects comprising one or more of:
number of grammars per page;
number of dialogs per page;
dialog intensity; or
number of speech inputs per page; and

the visual aspects comprising one or more of:
text font;
counts of words on web pages of the multimodal web sites;
proportion of white space;
ratio of graphics to screen area; or
ratio of text space to graphic space.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein incorporating the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the application further comprises linking one or more markup elements of a markup document of the application to one or more styles of a cascading style sheet.

9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon a history of multimodal interactions between the application and a user.

10. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a vocal demeanor in dependence upon visual properties of a history of a user's navigation among web sites.

11. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon vocal aspects of a history of a user's navigation among multimodal web sites.

12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein:
the computer processor comprises a computer processor of a server;
incorporating the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the application comprises generating a markup document and transmitting the markup document to a client over a network; and
the server further comprises a component that performs speech recognition on VOIP signals received from the client over the network.

13. A computer storage medium encoded with a computer program product for establishing a multimodal personality for an application that provides vocal and visual output, the computer program product comprising computer program instructions for, when executed by at least one processor:
selecting, by the application that provides vocal and visual output, matching vocal and visual demeanors; and
incorporating, by the application, the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the application by:
selecting one or more demeanors from a store comprising a plurality of demeanors, the selected one or more demeanors defining the matching vocal and visual demeanors;
linking one or more styles to one or more markup elements of a markup document output by the application based on the selected demeanor; and
rendering, using a multimodal browser, the markup document using the one or more linked styles, the rendering comprising rendering at least one visual aspect and one speech aspect,
wherein:
selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon vocal aspects of a history of a user's navigation among multimodal web sites, the vocal aspects comprising one or more of:
number of grammars per page;
number of dialogs per page;
dialog intensity; or
number of speech inputs per page.

14. The computer storage medium of claim 13 wherein incorporating the matching vocal and visual demeanors as a multimodal personality into the application further comprises linking one or more markup elements of the markup document of the application to one or more styles of a cascading style sheet.

15. The computer storage medium of claim 13 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon a history of multimodal interactions between the application and a user.

16. The computer storage medium of claim 13 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a vocal demeanor in dependence upon visual properties of a history of a user's navigation among web sites.

17. The computer storage medium of claim 13 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon vocal aspects of a history of a user's navigation among multimodal web sites.

18. The computer storage medium of claim 13 wherein selecting matching vocal and visual demeanors further comprises
retrieving a user profile from storage;
selecting a vocal demeanor in dependence upon the retrieved user profile; and
selecting a visual demeanor in dependence upon the retrieved user profile.

19. The computer storage medium of claim 13, wherein the one or more styles specifies at least one of a color or font of the at least one visual aspect.

20. The computer storage medium of claim 19, wherein the one or more styles specifies at least one of a gender or age of the at least one speech aspect.