NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals 

for the Federal Circuit ______________________

INTEL CORPORATION,

Appellant

v.

QUALCOMM INCORPORATED,

Appellee

______________________

2020-2092, 2020-2093

______________________

Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark 

Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos. IPR2019-

00128, IPR2019-00129.

______________________

Decided: March 24, 2022

______________________

GREGORY H. LANTIER, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale 

and Dorr LLP, Washington, DC, argued for appellant. Also 

represented by DAVID LANGDON CAVANAUGH, CLAIRE 

HYUNGYO CHUNG, THOMAS SAUNDERS; BENJAMIN S.

FERNANDEZ, Denver, CO; JAMES M. LYONS, Boston, MA.

 ISRAEL SASHA MAYERGOYZ, Jones Day, Chicago, IL, argued for appellee. Also represented by THOMAS W. RITCHIE; 

ROBERT BREETZ, DAVID B. COCHRAN, JOSEPH M. SAUER, 

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2 INTEL CORPORATION v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED

Cleveland, OH; KELLY HOLT, New York, NY; JENNIFER L.

SWIZE, Washington, DC.

______________________

Before NEWMAN, REYNA, and CHEN, Circuit Judges.

REYNA, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Intel Corporation appeals two final written 

decisions by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board finding 

that Intel failed to show that certain claims of U.S. Patent 

No. 9,154,356 are unpatentable as anticipated or obvious. 

Intel contends that the Board misconstrued the claim term 

“carrier aggregation” and that it committed legal and factual error in finding no motivation to combine the asserted 

prior art. We hold that the Board’s final written decisions 

are contrary to law and unsupported by substantial evidence. The decisions of the Board are therefore reversed.

BACKGROUND

Appellee Qualcomm Incorporated owns U.S. Patent 

No. 9,154,356 (the “’356 Patent”), titled “Low noise amplifiers for carrier aggregation.” The ’356 Patent is directed 

to a device and method for receiving wireless communications over multiple carrier signals. See ’356 Patent, Abstract.

A typical wireless communication may involve combining (“multiplexing”) an information signal with a carrier 

signal, transmitting the multiplexed signal to a wireless 

receiver, then removing the carrier signal (“de-multiplexing”) from the information signal to arrive at the communicated message. See generally J.A. 11, 56, 2398–99, 2424, 

5211–12. Often, a receiver will process the message signal 

through a low-noise amplifier (“LNA”)—a component that 

amplifies the information signal while keeping noise to a 

minimum. See ’356 Patent col. 3 ll. 60–61; J.A. 1018, 2402.

Carrier signals help ensure that communications are 

sent via designated frequency channels. See J.A. 1013–14. 

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INTEL CORPORATION v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED 3

Each frequency channel has a corresponding maximum 

data rate that limits the amount of information that can be 

transmitted over a certain period of time. J.A. 2397–98, 

2423. One way to increase the maximum data rate of an 

overall communications system is to split a message into 

parts that are then transmitted simultaneously using multiple carrier signals over multiple frequency channels. 

J.A. 2398–99, 2403, 2423–24, 2427–28, 2430, 2442. If a receiver can compile the segmented pieces of a message upon 

receipt, the communication system is no longer limited to 

the bandwidth and corresponding data rate of a single 

channel. This process can be referred to as carrier aggregation. Id.

The ’356 Patent discloses a receiver with a multipleLNA structure that is equipped to receive a carrier-aggregated signal. Claim 1 is representative:

1. An apparatus comprising: 

a first amplifier stage configured to be independently enabled or disabled, the first 

amplifier stage further configured to receive and amplify an input radio frequency 

(RF) signal and provide a first output RF 

signal to a first load circuit when the first 

amplifier stage is enabled, the input RF 

signal employing carrier aggregation comprising transmissions sent on multiple carriers at different frequencies to a wireless 

device, the first output RF signal including 

at least a first carrier of the multiple carriers; and

a second amplifier stage configured to be 

independently enabled or disabled, the second amplifier stage further configured to 

receive and amplify the input RF signal 

and provide a second output RF signal to a 

second load circuit when the second 

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4 INTEL CORPORATION v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED

amplifier stage is enabled, the second output RF signal including at least a second 

carrier of the multiple carriers different 

than the first carrier.

’356 Patent col. 20 ll. 42–61 (emphasis added).

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On November 9, 2018, Intel filed two petitions for inter 

partes review (“IPR”) challenging the claims of the ’356 Patent. See J.A. 9 n.5, 54 n.6. In IPR2019-00128, Intel challenged claims 1, 7, 8, 11, 17, and 18 as anticipated by U.S. 

Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0056681 (“Lee”) 

or obvious over the combination of Lee and a technical report published by a telecommunications standard-setting 

body, Third Generation Partnership Project (the “Feasibility Study”). J.A. 4005–89. In IPR2019-00129, Intel challenged claims 2–6 and 10 as obvious over Lee or over the 

combination of Lee and the Feasibility Study. J.A. 5005–

93.1

On May 27, 2020, the Board issued two final written 

decisions in which it construed the disputed claim term, 

“carrier aggregation.”2 J.A. 1–42, 46–89. Intel argued, citing the specification, that “carrier aggregation” should be 

broadly construed to mean “simultaneous operation on 

multiple carriers.” See J.A. 9–10, 54–55; see also ’356 Patent col. 1 ll. 32–33 (“A wireless device may support carrier 

aggregation, which is simultaneous operation on multiple 

carriers.”). The Board rejected that construction as overly

1 Although Intel asserted additional grounds for invalidation in both IPRs, we do not address those grounds 

as they are moot in light of our decision here. 2 On June 4, 2020, the Board issued two Errata to 

the final written decisions to correct recitations of the claim 

language. J.A. 43–45, 90–92. The changes have been 

taken into account in this opinion.

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broad. Instead, the Board relied on the specification, prosecution history, intrinsic record, and contemporaneous extrinsic evidence to construe “carrier aggregation” to mean

“simultaneous operation on multiple carriers that are combined as a single virtual channel to provide higher bandwidth.” J.A. 9–27, 54–72.

The parties agreed that the Feasibility Study discloses 

carrier aggregation (as construed by the Board) and that 

Lee discloses all other elements of claim 1. See Appellant’s 

Br. 46–47; J.A. 1628, 1684. Thus, the Board’s decisions 

turned on whether a person of ordinary skill in the art 

(“POSITA”) would have been motivated to combine the 

Feasibility Study with Lee to arrive at the claimed invention. See J.A. 35–37, 80–81.

To establish motivation to combine, Intel proffered declaration testimony from its expert, Dr. Fay, explaining that 

the Feasibility Study contemplates the application of carrier aggregation to LTE technology to achieve “LTEAdvanced.” See J.A. 1092–94 (“LTE-Advanced extends 

LTE release 8 with support for Carrier Aggregation, where 

two or more component carriers (CC) are aggregated in order to support wider transmission bandwidths up to 

100MHz and for spectrum aggregation.” (quoting Feasibility Study)). According to Dr. Fay, the Feasibility Study explains that the benefits of carrier aggregation can be 

obtained by using a receiver with “multiple RF front-ends.” 

J.A. 1093–94. Dr. Fay testified that the Feasibility Study 

teaches every RF front-end contains a low-noise amplifier,

so a POSITA would understand that the Feasibility Study 

effectively recommends the use of something like the circuit of Lee—which discloses a multi-LNA receiver. 

J.A. 1093–94.

Despite Dr. Fay’s testimony, the Board found that Intel 

“d[id] not adequately address why or how [a POSITA]

would have considered using the Feasibility Study’s carrier 

aggregated signal with Lee’s amplifier blocks, when Lee 

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6 INTEL CORPORATION v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED

does not teach combining carriers as a single virtual channel.” J.A. 39; see also J.A. 84. The Board rejected Intel’s 

argument as “overly generic” and noted that Intel “d[id] not

explain why or how using Lee’s particular circuitry would 

be necessary ‘to achieve [the] benefits and unlock the features of LTE Advanced.’” Id. The Board concluded that 

Intel had not met its burden to show that a POSITA would 

be motivated to combine the Feasibility Study with Lee

and, consequently, that Intel failed to show unpatentability of the challenged claims. J.A. 41, 86. Intel appeals the 

Board’s decisions. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 

28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the Board’s legal conclusions de novo and its 

factual findings for substantial evidence. ACCO Brands 

Corp. v. Fellowes, Inc., 813 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 

2016). Substantial evidence “means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to 

support a conclusion.” In re Gartside, 203 F.3d 1305, 1312 

(Fed. Cir. 2000) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc. 

v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229–30 (1938)).

Obviousness is a question of law with underlying factual issues relating to the “scope and content of the prior 

art, differences between the prior art and the claims at issue, the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art, and any 

objective indicia of non-obviousness.” Randall Mfg. v. Rea, 

733 F.3d 1355, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing KSR Int’l Co. 

v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 406 (2007); Graham v. John 

Deere Co. of Kansas City, 383 U.S. 1, 17–18 (1966)). “The 

presence or absence of a motivation to combine references 

in an obviousness determination is a pure question of fact,”

which, as noted above, we review for substantial evidence. 

Par Pharm., Inc. v. TWI Pharms., Inc., 773 F.3d 1186, 1196 

(Fed. Cir. 2014) (quoting Alza Corp. v. Mylan Lab’ys, Inc., 

464 F.3d 1286, 1289 (Fed. Cir. 2006)).

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INTEL CORPORATION v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED 7

DISCUSSION

I

As a threshold matter, we first address Qualcomm’s 

contention that Intel lacks standing to appeal the Board’s 

final written decisions on grounds that Intel fails to establish a non-speculative risk of an infringement suit by Qualcomm. Appellee’s Br. 22–33.

This is not the first time this court has addressed this 

standing issue between these parties. In two prior cases, 

we found Intel had standing on appeal based on the fact 

that Qualcomm sued Apple Inc. for infringement of the patent at issue, and that a main component of the accused 

products identified in Qualcomm’s infringement contentions was manufactured by Intel. Appellant’s Reply 

Br. 24–30. Intel Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., 21 F.4th 801, 808

(Fed. Cir. 2021) (determining that Intel had standing to 

bring its appeals); Intel Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., 21 F.4th 

784, 789–90 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (same). We see no reason to 

find otherwise in this appeal. As such, Intel has demonstrated a non-speculative risk of being sued by Qualcomm 

for infringement and therefore has standing to bring this 

appeal. See Grit Energy Sols., LLC v. Oren Techs., LLC, 

957 F.3d 1309, 1319–20 (Fed. Cir. 2020). We now turn to 

the merits of Intel’s appeal.

II

On appeal, Intel challenges the Board’s construction of 

the claim term “carrier aggregation,” as well as the Board’s 

finding of no motivation to combine the asserted prior art. 

See Appellant’s Br. 28–45. We conclude that the Board 

committed legal and factual error in assessing motivation

to combine Lee with the Feasibility Study, even under the 

Board’s construction of “carrier aggregation.”

Obviousness requires, among other things, a finding 

that a skilled artisan would have been motivated to combine the teachings of prior art to arrive at the claimed 

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8 INTEL CORPORATION v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED

invention. See OSI Pharms., LLC v. Apotex Inc., 939 F.3d 

1375, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (quoting Regents of Univ. of 

Cal. v. Broad Inst., Inc., 903 F.3d 1286, 1291 (Fed. Cir 

2018)). The inquiry into the existence of a motivation to 

combine is a flexible one—we assume a POSITA is a person 

of ordinary creativity with common sense, common wisdom, and common knowledge. See Fleming v. Cirrus Design Corp., No. 21-1561, — F.4th —, 2022 WL 710549, at *6

(Fed. Cir. 2022) (citing Randall Mfg., 733 F.3d at 1362; 

KSR, 550 U.S. at 421). In light of a POSITA’s knowledge 

and creativity, an obviousness determination does not require prior art to expressly state a motivation for every obvious combination. See, e.g., id. Moreover, there is no 

requirement that a motivation to combine must be separately expressed in each prior art reference.

Here, the Board rejected Intel’s position on grounds 

that Intel “d[id] not adequately address why an ordinarily 

skilled artisan would have considered using the Feasibility 

Study’s carrier aggregated signal with Lee’s amplifier 

blocks, when Lee does not teach combining carriers as a single virtual channel.” J.A. 39, 84 (emphasis added). But 

whether Lee teaches carrier aggregation is immaterial because, as the parties agree, the Feasibility Study teaches 

carrier aggregation. The Board’s requirement that both

references teach carrier aggregation was error.

Furthermore, the Board erred insofar as it penalized 

Intel for failing to “explain why or how using Lee’s particular circuitry would be necessary ‘to achieve [the] benefits 

and unlock the features of LTE Advanced.’” J.A. 39, 84

(emphases added). This court has recognized that an obviousness showing “does not require that a particular combination must be the preferred, or the most desirable, 

combination described in the prior art in order to provide 

motivation for the current invention.” Novartis Pharms. 

Corp. v. West-Ward Pharms. Int’l Ltd., 923 F.3d 1051, 1059 

(Fed. Cir. 2019) (quoting In re Fulton, 391 F.3d 1195, 1200 

(Fed. Cir. 2004)). Intel was required to show only that 

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INTEL CORPORATION v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED 9

“‘there is something in the prior art as a whole to suggest 

the desirability . . . of making the combination,’ not 

whether there is something in the prior art as a whole to 

suggest that the combination is the most desirable combination available.” Fulton, 391 F.3d at 1200 (quoting In re 

Beattie, 974 F.2d 1309, 1311 (Fed. Cir. 1992)).

Applying the appropriate legal standard, the asserted 

prior art discloses the desirability of combining the Feasibility Study with Lee to reach the claimed invention in order to claim the benefit of carrier aggregation: more 

bandwidth. As identified by Intel’s expert, the Feasibility 

Study expressly contemplates the benefits of carrier aggregation as applied in the LTE context, and that those benefits could be achieved by using a receiver with multiple RF 

front ends. Dr. Fay also explained that every RF front end 

contains a low-noise amplifier, so a skilled artisan would 

understand that the Feasibility Study effectively recommends combining carrier aggregation with a device like the 

receiver taught in Lee, which is a multi-LNA receiver. 

J.A. 1093–94. Whether Lee presents the best combination 

to achieve the claimed invention is irrelevant. See Novartis, 923 F.3d at 1059.

The evidence of record clearly shows a skilled artisan

would have been motivated to achieve the benefits of carrier aggregation with a multi-LNA receiver like Lee’s. Accordingly, we reverse the Board’s finding of no motivation 

to combine. See Corning v. Fast Felt Corp., 873 F.3d 896, 

902–03 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (reversing where the “only one permissible factual finding” was that a skilled artisan would 

be motivated to combine the prior-art references); Belden 

Inc. v. Berk-Tek LLC, 805 F.3d 1064, 1077 (Fed. Cir. 2015) 

(reversing under similar circumstances).

CONCLUSION

The Board’s final written decisions finding that a 

skilled artisan would not have been motivated to combine 

the asserted prior art to arrive at the claimed invention are 

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10 INTEL CORPORATION v. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED

contrary to law and unsupported by substantial evidence. 

Under the correct legal standard, Intel met its burden in 

showing that a skilled artisan would have been motivated 

to combine Lee with the Feasibility Study to arrive at the 

claimed invention. Thus, we reverse and hold that claims 

1–8, 10–11, and 17–18 of the ’356 Patent are unpatentable 

as obvious.

REVERSED

COSTS

Costs to Intel.

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