Supreme Court

No. 2012-74-C.A.

(K3/11-486A)

State :

v. :

Lewis Kausel. :

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before 

publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to 

notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250 

Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone 222-

3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that 

corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
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Supreme Court

No. 2012-74-C.A.

(K3/11-486A)

State :

v. :

Lewis Kausel. :

Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

O P I N I O N

Justice Robinson, for the Court. The defendant, Lewis Kausel, appeals from the 

judgment of conviction on one count of simple domestic assault. This case came before the 

Supreme Court pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the 

issues raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided. After a close review of the record 

and careful consideration of the parties‘ arguments (both written and oral), we are satisfied that 

cause has not been shown and that this appeal may be decided at this time. For the reasons set 

forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of conviction. 

I

Facts and Travel

On June 3, 2011, defendant was charged by a criminal complaint with one count of 

―assault or battery or both‖ on Patricia Kausel in violation of G.L. 1956 § 11-5-3 ―in 

circumstances which are in violation of the protections offered through the Domestic Violence 
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Prevention Act,‖ G.L. 1956 § 12-29-5. A five-day jury trial was held in the Kent County

Superior Court1in October and November of 2011, during which defendant represented himself. 

At trial, Ms. Kausel was the first witness to testify for the state. She stated that on June 3, 

2011, she was living in East Greenwich with defendant, to whom she had been married for

twelve years, and their two children. Ms. Kausel further stated that she had begun the process of 

seeking a divorce from defendant. Ms. Kausel testified that, at approximately 10 a.m. that 

morning, she was at home along with defendant and her mother, Barbara Creighan; she 

explained that she was working from home, as it was her custom to do on Fridays. 

Ms. Kausel further testified that, while she was participating in a conference call,

defendant was conducting various loud activities—such as mowing the lawn, turning up the 

volume on the television, and running the washer and dryer. She testified that, when she asked 

defendant to keep the noise down, he replied in a loud voice: ―[Y]ou‘re telling me to shut up?‖ 

When asked to describe defendant‘s demeanor while she was on the conference call, Ms. Kausel 

answered that she would describe it as ―a little belligerent.‖ She further testified that she 

terminated the call out of embarrassment and proceeded to take the dog for a walk; she indicated 

that, at that point in time, defendant was taking a shower. 

Ms. Kausel testified that, upon returning from her walk, she saw defendant coming out of 

the bathroom completely unclothed. She stated that, in an effort to keep defendant out of her 

mother‘s sight, she tried ―herding him back into the bathroom‖ so that he could put his shorts 

back on. Ms. Kausel testified that she did not push or shove defendant; but she agreed that,

because they were ―in close contact,‖ it was ―possible‖ that she had touched him ―without a push 

 

1 After defendant was charged in Third Division District Court, the case was transferred to 

the Superior Court pursuant to Rule 23 of the District Court Rules of Criminal Procedure and 

was prosecuted by the Attorney General. 
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or a shove.‖ She further testified that she reached down to grab defendant‘s shorts, and then she 

remembered a slap to her face. She added that she then dropped the shorts to the floor, ran out of 

the bathroom, told her mother to return to the master bedroom, and proceeded to call the police. 

Ms. Kausel told the jury that it was defendant‘s hand that struck her, leaving a red mark on her 

face (which mark she testified she saw when she looked in a mirror). The prosecutor also 

questioned Ms. Kausel with respect to photographs (which were later entered into evidence) of 

Ms. Kausel depicting the way that her face appeared after the incident, including a photograph of 

what Ms. Kausel described as a ―very clear picture of a bruise on [her] cheek.‖

Ms. Kausel testified that she would not have fabricated such a story for the purpose of 

having defendant removed from the home. Thereafter, during cross-examination of his wife,

defendant sought to introduce a list in Ms. Kausel‘s handwriting which included such tasks as 

calling an attorney, buying a car, and closing various accounts. The defendant contended that the 

list demonstrated that Ms. Kausel had been taking steps to put herself in the best position with 

respect to the couple‘s divorce proceedings. However, the trial justice ruled that defendant was 

―not going to try the divorce case in this case.‖ The trial justice reviewed the list and then ruled

that it had no probative value and would only confuse the jury; consequently, he declined to

permit the list to be entered into evidence.

Barbara Creighan, Ms. Kausel‘s mother, was the next witness to testify about the June 3, 

2011 incident. Her testimony corroborated that of her daughter. The state also presented the 

testimony of three officers of the East Greenwich Police Department. All three of the officers 

stated that they had responded to the Kausel residence, and they proceeded to testify as to their 

involvement in the subsequent investigation. 
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One of the three officers who testified for the state was Lieutenant Matthew Haley. He 

stated that he received a call at around 10 a.m. on June 3, 2011 directing him to respond to the 

Kausel residence. He further testified that, upon his arrival, defendant showed him a ―small 

scratch‖ on his arm that defendant asserted had resulted from that morning‘s altercation with Ms. 

Kausel. Lieutenant Haley stated that he then spoke with Ms. Kausel. He further testified that he 

observed a mark on Ms. Kausel‘s face. Lieutenant Haley added that, ―[Ms. Kausel] seemed to 

explain some things that I thought made more sense to what had actually occurred.‖ 

During cross-examination, defendant asked Lt. Haley if he had considered whether Ms. 

Kausel‘s injury had been ―self-inflicted‖; Lt. Haley answered that that was a possibility. 

Lieutenant Haley also acknowledged that he knew that defendant had been injured.2 

The defendant proceeded with cross-examination of Lt. Haley as follows:

―Q: Lieutenant is it possible that Mrs. Kausel‘s injury was caused 

by the scuffle over the shorts in the bathroom?

―A: I don‘t believe so.

―Q: You don‘t believe so, is that what you said?

―A: Yes.

―Q: Why don‘t you believe that?

―A: I believe it occurred as she told us.

―* * *

―Q: I said did you believe Mrs. Kausel that she had a red mark on 

her face that she was struck, true?

―A: Yes, sir, based on my years of experience and saw what I saw 

that day, yes, I believed she was struck in the face.‖

On re-direct examination of Lt. Haley by the prosecutor, the following further testimony 

was elicited:

―Q: Is it fair to say when you conducted your investigation that 

whenever you hear from two people two different stories you have 

to make some credibility determinations?

―A: Correct.

 

2

In the course of the three officers‘ testimony, certain photographs which portrayed

injuries to Ms. Kausel and defendant were entered into evidence. 
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―Q: And you do that in this case?

―A: Yes.

―Q: And based on all of your experience in domestic violence and 

domestic allegations did you make a determination in this case 

after hearing from both parties?

―A: Yes.

―Q: And what was that determination?

―MR. KAUSEL: I object your Honor.

―THE COURT: Overruled. He may answer.

―Q: What was that determination?

―A: I believed, you know, Mr. Kausel was the primary aggressor in 

this incident * * *.‖

The state rested its case after Lt. Haley‘s testimony, and defendant opted not to present 

any testimony or other evidence. 

On November 2, 2011, the trial justice instructed the jury before the closing arguments 

took place. Within his instructions, the trial justice addressed the concepts of assault and battery; 

in pertinent part, he stated as follows:

―An assault is an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, 

and with the intent to commit a wrongful act, by means of physical 

force, upon the person of another. In other words, an assault is an 

unlawful attempt or offer, with force or violence, to do bodily 

harm to another. 

―A battery is somewhat different. A battery is the physical 

result of an accomplished assault; that is to say, the actual striking 

of the other person; that‘s a battery.‖

Immediately after he finished giving his instructions to the jury, the trial justice expressly asked 

both parties whether there were any objections to the instructions. Both defendant and the 

prosecutor stated on the record that they had no objections. The parties proceeded to make their 

closing arguments, and the jury then retired to deliberate.

Shortly after the jury began its deliberations, the trial justice received a note from the jury 

foreperson. The note asked the trial justice: ―If it is an accident can there be intent[?]‖ The note 

also requested the definition of the word ―intent.‖
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During a discussion of the jury‘s note between the parties and the trial justice, defendant

filed a motion for mistrial in open court claiming that the trial justice‘s instructions had ―failed to 

instruct completely on assault and battery‖; he elaborated by stating that the trial justice had

―stopped short in his instruction to inform the jury of the State[‘]s obligation in its burden of

proof.‖ 

Before ruling on defendant‘s motion for mistrial, the trial justice turned to the question

posed by the jury. The prosecutor asserted that general intent was the proper standard, and she 

asked the court to respond accordingly to the jury‘s note. The trial justice ultimately decided to 

wait until Friday, November 4, 2011 to respond to the jury‘s inquiry, and he allowed the jurors to 

continue deliberating. 

When the jury reconvened on November 4, 2011, the trial justice responded to the 

question by giving a supplemental instruction. He stated, in pertinent part, as follows:

―The answer to the question is: It depends. It depends on 

the crime which is alleged and it depends on what the ―accident‖ 

was. * * * [T]he alleged crimes are domestic assault and/or 

domestic battery. The underlying crimes—I only mentioned the 

word ―intent‖ one time in my original instructions when I defined 

those crimes. So let me define the type of intent these crimes 

require; that is, what intent the state must prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt for conviction here.

The trial justice proceeded to expand on his earlier definition of intent, specifically instructing on 

the meaning of ―general intent.‖ (See Part III A of this Opinion, infra.)

The trial justice then asked the parties if they had any objections to the supplemental 

instruction. The trial justice denied defendant‘s request for further instructions and stated that, to 

the extent that defendant had objected to the supplemental instruction, he overruled his objection. 
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Ultimately, on November 4, 2011, the jury returned with a verdict of guilty against 

defendant. After the verdict was rendered, the trial justice reserved judgment on defendant‘s

motion for mistrial until the time of sentencing. 

The defendant‘s sentencing hearing was held on November 22, 2011. At the hearing, the 

state presented a statement by Ms. Kausel that had been emailed (by Ms. Kausel‘s sister) to the 

prosecutor.3The prosecutor told the trial justice that she had spoken with Ms. Kausel to confirm 

that she could not be present at the hearing because of work, but that she wanted the statement to 

be read. The defendant objected to the reading of the statement, arguing that ―if it [was] that 

important to her she should [have been there].‖ The trial justice overruled defendant‘s objection, 

and he allowed the statement to be read to the court. The defendant also asked if he would 

receive a copy of what was being read into the record, to which the trial justice responded that he 

would not because he was ―listening to it now.‖ 

The prosecutor read to the court Ms. Kausel‘s statement that defendant had been 

harassing her as recently as the weekend prior to the sentencing hearing. In addition, Ms. 

Kausel‘s statement referenced harassing emails from defendant dating back several months. The 

defendant again objected. The trial justice overruled defendant‘s objection and proceeded with 

the sentencing hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial justice sentenced defendant to 

forty days to serve at the Adult Correctional Institutions with one year of probation.4

 

3 Ms. Kausel was not present at the sentencing hearing. 

4

The trial justice additionally noted that defendant had not moved for a judgment of 

acquittal pursuant to Rule 29 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure or for a new 

trial pursuant to Rule 33 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure. 
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II

Issues on Appeal

The defendant timely appealed,5asserting that the trial justice erred: (1) by failing to 

properly instruct the jury as to the elements of the charged conduct, thereby relieving the state of 

the burden of proving mens rea; (2) in limiting defendant‘s cross-examination of the complaining 

witness; (3) in impermissibly allowing a police witness to vouch for the complaining witness‘s

credibility; and (4) in withholding from defendant the statement by Ms. Kausel that had been

received by the state after the trial concluded but prior to sentencing. 

III

Analysis

A

Jury Instructions

The defendant argues that the trial justice erred in giving the jury instruction with respect 

to intent; specifically, defendant contends that the jury instruction ―absolved the [s]tate of the 

burden of proving mens rea.‖ Because defendant did not object to the initial instructions ―before 

the jury retire[d] to consider its verdict‖ (Rule 30 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal 

Procedure), it is clear that defendant has preserved only a challenge to the supplemental jury 

instruction. 

This Court reviews jury instructions in a de novo manner. State v. Lopez, 45 A.3d 1, 22 

(R.I. 2012). In undertaking such a review, we look at the entire instruction to the jury in order to 

―ascertain the manner in which a jury of ordinary intelligent lay people would have understood 

 

5 Although defendant filed his notice of appeal before the judgment of conviction entered, 

we consider it, as is our practice, to be timely. See, e.g., Article I, Rule 4(b) of the Supreme 

Court Rules of Appellate Procedure; State v. Chase, 9 A.3d 1248, 1252 n.2 (R.I. 2010). 
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them.‖ Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also State v. John, 881 A.2d 920, 929 (R.I. 

2005). We will not overturn a challenged instruction so long as it ―adequately cover[s] the law.‖ 

See State v. Delestre, 35 A.3d 886, 891 (R.I. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Even in 

instances when we conclude that the trial justice erroneously instructed the jury, ―reversal is 

warranted only if a jury could have been misled to the prejudice of the complaining party.‖ State 

v. Adefusika, 989 A.2d 467, 475 (R.I. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition, we 

have held that ―[c]ounsel‘s objection to the jury instruction must be made before the jury retires 

because once alerted to the perceived error in the instruction that has been given, the trial justice 

has an opportunity to cure the alleged deficiencies before the jury retires for deliberations.‖ State 

v. Viveiros, 45 A.3d 1232, 1243–44 (R.I. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Rule

30.

The defendant was charged with simple assault, which this Court has defined as ―an 

unlawful attempt or offer, with force or violence, to do a corporal hurt to another, whether from 

malice or wantonness.‖ State v. Lomba, 37 A.3d 615, 620 (R.I. 2012) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). We have also reiterated that ―simple assault is a general intent crime.‖ Id. And we 

have stated that general intent crimes ―require only the intention to make the bodily movement 

which constitutes the act which the crime requires.‖ State v. Sivo, 925 A.2d 901, 914 (R.I. 2007)

(internal quotation marks omitted); see also In re Michael, 423 A.2d 1180, 1183 (R.I. 1981) 

(discussing the difference between general and specific intent crimes). The trial justice stated in 

the supplemental instruction, in pertinent part, as follows:

―Assault and battery are both general intent crimes in our 

state. These crimes require only the intent to make a bodily 

movement which constitutes the acts which the crime requires. 

Because you asked about accident let me add that the amount of 

intent to make the bodily movement which constitutes the act 

which the crime requires, is what the state must prove; nothing 
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more. The state is not required to prove that [defendant] 

specifically intended the precise harm.‖

―* * * Intent simply means a state of mind with which an 

act is done * * *. [A]n assault is an unlawful attempt or offer with 

force or violence to do bodily injury to another person. The state 

does not have to prove that serious bodily harm actually resulted 

from the alleged assault.‖ (Emphasis added.)

The defendant correctly points out that the state was required to prove mens rea; however, we do 

not agree that the trial justice‘s instruction absolved the state of that burden of proof. Instead, 

with respect to general intent, he instructed (in language which very closely tracks what this 

Court has said about what general intent crimes require) as follows: ―These crimes require only 

the intent to make a bodily movement which constitutes the acts which the crime requires.‖ See

Sivo, 925 A.2d at 914. In this case, we perceive no error in the trial justice‘s instruction on 

intent; he adequately instructed that there need be an intent to make a bodily movement, but not 

an intent to cause a specific harm. See id. The jury could not have convicted defendant without 

finding that he intended to make such a bodily movement in an ―unlawful‖ manner. 

Accordingly, we hold that the instruction adequately covered the law. See Delestre, 35 A.3d at

891.

B

Limitation on Cross-Examination

The defendant contends that, when the trial justice refused to allow him to question Ms. 

Kausel about a list that she had prepared, he thereby erroneously limited defendant‘s 

constitutional right to cross-examination. The state argues in response that the trial justice‘s 

limiting of defendant‘s cross-examination was within the discretion accorded to him by Rule 403 

of the Rhode Island Rules of Evidence. 
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We have recognized that there is a ―fundamental right to cross-examine guaranteed by 

the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and art. I, sec. 10, of the Rhode 

Island Constitution * * *.‖ State v. DeBarros, 441 A.2d 549, 551 (R.I. 1982); see also State v. 

Drew, 919 A.2d 397, 411 (R.I. 2007). And we have emphasized that the ―right of crossexamination is guaranteed to a criminal defendant because it is the principal means by which the 

credibility of the witness and the truthfulness of his [or her] testimony can be tested.‖ See State 

v. Tiernan, 941 A.2d 129, 133 (R.I. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). But we have also 

noted that the right to cross-examination is not unlimited. See, e.g., Drew, 919 A.2d at 411 

(―[The] right to cross-examination * * * is not unbounded.‖). A trial justice ―must not unduly 

restrict a defendant‘s right to cross-examine,‖ and we review a trial justice‘s determination to 

limit cross-examination for an abuse of discretion. State v. Anthony, 422 A.2d 921, 924 (R.I. 

1980). We have also noted that the ―discretionary authority to limit cross-examination comes 

into play [only] after there has been permitted as a matter of right sufficient cross-examination to 

satisfy the Sixth Amendment.‖ State v. Parillo, 480 A.2d 1349, 1357 (R.I. 1984) (internal 

quotation marks omitted); see also Tiernan, 941 A.2d at 134. 

We have also stated that ―[i]rrelevant questions and lines of questioning that offer to 

produce no probative evidence need not be permitted by the trial justice and may be properly 

limited.‖ State v. Gasparico, 694 A.2d 1204, 1208 (R.I. 1997). We note that the list defendant 

sought to introduce into evidence, which he contended indicated that Ms. Kausel‘s actions on the 

date of the incident were ―premeditated,‖ contained items such as purchasing a car, closing 

certain bank accounts, contacting an attorney, and other various items. We agree with the trial 

justice that that list was not probative and would likely have served only to confuse the jury. 
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Accordingly, we hold that the trial justice did not abuse his discretion in limiting defendant‘s 

cross-examination of Ms. Kausel by excluding the list. 

C

The Defendant’s Contention About Improper Vouching

The defendant asserts that the trial justice erred in allowing Lt. Haley to express his 

opinion that defendant had been the aggressor; defendant contends that Lt. Haley thereby 

engaged in impermissible vouching by stating that he believed Ms. Kausel‘s version of events. 

The state argues that it was defendant‘s cross-examination of the officer that initially elicited the 

opinion testimony complained of, and it also contends that the trial justice did not err in allowing 

the state to return to the topic with the witness after defendant had opened the door to same. 

We have held that ―a witness is not permitted to offer an opinion concerning the 

truthfulness of the testimony of another witness.‖ Drew, 919 A.2d at 412 (internal quotation 

marks omitted). That restriction on the permissible scope of testimony is related to the principle 

that the ―determination of the truthfulness or credibility of a witness lies within the exclusive 

province of the jury.‖ Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition, such opinion 

testimony about another‘s truthfulness is impermissible ―even when the opinion does not literally 

address the other witness‘[s] credibility.‖ State v. Webber, 716 A.2d 738, 742 (R.I. 1998). After 

determining that ―certain testimony constitutes impermissible  ̳bolstering‘ or  ̳vouching,‘ our task 

in reviewing a trial justice‘s decision to admit such testimony is to determine whether the 

admission of the testimony constituted prejudicial error with respect to the defendant.‖ 
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Adefusika, 989 A.2d at 476. In this case, we shall assume without deciding that the elicited 

testimony of the lieutenant constituted impermissible vouching or bolstering.6 

After a careful review of the record in this case relative to what led up to the introduction 

of Lt. Haley‘s challenged testimony, we hold that the admission of this testimony did not

constitute prejudicial error with respect to this defendant. See Adefusika, 989 A.2d at 476. The 

defendant himself asked Lt. Haley who he believed had committed the assault, and he explored 

Lt. Haley‘s beliefs about the perpetrator of the assault during his cross-examination of the 

officer. Moreover, he objected to only one of the many statements about that issue during Lt. 

Haley‘s testimony on re-direct examination. In light of the testimony elicited from Lt. Haley by 

the questions posed by defendant while cross-examining him, it is our view that defendant could 

not have been prejudiced by questioning along those same lines during re-direct examination. 

See id.

D

The Use of Ms. Kausel’s Statement at Sentencing

Finally, defendant contends that the trial justice erred in proceeding with defendant‘s 

sentencing after refusing to allow defendant to see or examine Ms. Kausel‘s statement that was 

read to the court at the sentencing hearing. The defendant argues that, because of that alleged 

error, defendant‘s sentence should be vacated and the case should be remanded to the Superior 

Court ―to permit him to have access to the letter prior to any further sentencing proceedings.‖

 

6 We note that the state does not assert that Lt. Haley‘s testimony was proper; in fact, it 

limits its counterargument on appeal to the following contention: ―Defendant has no meritorious 

ground for appeal on [the improper vouching or bolstering] point even if all of Lieutenant 

Haley‘s testimony (on both cross and redirect) concerning whom Haley believed should have 

been excluded.‖ 
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In this case, the defendant concedes that the alleged error occurred after the verdict had 

been rendered and at the sentencing phase. In support of his argument, the defendant has cited to

only one case, State v. Stravato, 935 A.2d 948 (R.I. 2007). In view of the fact that Stravato was 

decided under Rule 16 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure, we conclude that the 

defendant is essentially arguing that, pursuant to Rule 16, he was entitled to see the statement 

prepared by his wife that the prosecutor read into the record at the sentencing hearing. Assuming 

arguendo that Rule 16 applied to this statement and that this was a violation of that rule, the 

defendant has failed to point to any prejudice arising from Ms. Kausel‘s email having been read 

into the record rather than having been marked as an exhibit or otherwise provided to him. See

generally State v. Pona, 810 A.2d 245, 250 (R.I. 2002) (―Even if [the state‘s conduct with respect 

to the statement] violated Rule 16, sanctions would not be warranted unless the violation 

prejudiced the defendant.‖). Accordingly, we see no merit in the defendant‘s argument.

V

Conclusion

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the Superior Court‘s judgment of 

conviction. The record in this case may be returned to that tribunal. 
RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet

TITLE OF CASE: State v. Lewis Kausel.

CASE NO: No. 2012-74-C.A.

(K3/11-486A)

COURT: Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: June 19, 2013

JUSTICES: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

WRITTEN BY: Associate Justice William P. Robinson III

SOURCE OF APPEAL: Kent County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

 Associate Justice Jeffrey A. Lanphear

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

 For State: Lauren S. Zurier

 Department of Attorney General

 

For Defendant: Thomas M. Dickinson, Esq.