J.P. v. D.P. and M.P.

2160706

Court of Civil Appeals of Alabama.

March 30, 2018

Courtney Brown Dubberly, Homewood, for appellant.

Submitted on appellant's brief only.

DONALDSON, Judge.

J.P. ("the father") appeals from a judgment of the Jefferson Juvenile Court, Bessemer Division ("the juvenile court"), finding the father's child, Ja.P. ("the minor child"), to be dependent, removing the minor child from the father's custody, and vesting custody of the minor child in M.P. ("the maternal aunt"). Before the father's fundamental constitutional right to the custody of the minor child could be deprived and transferred to a non-parent in these circumstances, the juvenile court must have been presented with clear and convincing evidence that the minor child was dependent. The evidence presented at the hearing held in this case does not support a finding that the minor child was dependent. Therefore, the juvenile court's judgment is due to be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

*Facts and Procedural History*

The maternal aunt and her husband, D.P. ("the maternal uncle") filed a petition in the Birmingham Division of the Jefferson Juvenile Court on August 15, 2016, seeking to have the minor child declared to be dependent. On September 20, 2016, the maternal aunt and uncle filed an amended petition. On October 5, 2016, the petition was transferred to the Bessemer Division of the Jefferson Juvenile Court because the father and the minor child resided there. A final hearing was held on February 27, 2017.

Testimony from the final hearing revealed the following pertinent facts. The father and the mother of the minor child had been married and had three children of the marriage: the minor child, age 10; a son who was approximately 19 years of age; and an older daughter, K.P., who was approximately 24 years of age. The testimony established that the father and the mother separated approximately 5 to 6 years before the filing of the dependency petition and that the minor child had lived with the mother after the separation. At the time of the hearing, the mother was deceased, allegedly as a result of acts by the son. Although it is not entirely clear from the record, it appears the mother died in 2016 shortly before the filing of the dependency petition. Immediately following the mother's death, the minor child spent one week with the maternal aunt and uncle. After that week, the father assumed custody of the minor child and moved the minor child to his residence. The father had been residing with his mother before the initiation of the dependency proceedings. At the time of the hearing, the minor child had been in the custody of the father since August 2016.

*865At the February 27, 2017, hearing, the juvenile court conducted an in camera examination of the minor child in which the attorneys for the parties were present. The minor child testified that she wished to live with the father but still be allowed visitation with the maternal aunt. The minor child stated that she, the father, the father's mother, the father's girlfriend, and the girlfriend's sons reside in the house where she lived. The minor child stated that the father's girlfriend resides in the house every day. The minor child stated that, although the father does get angry and scream, he will calm himself down. The minor child stated that, when the father screams, it is directed at the girlfriend's sons. The minor child testified that the father's girlfriend sleeps in one room with her sons and that she and the father share a bed in another room. The minor child testified that the father wakes her up in the mornings, prepares her breakfast, and prepares a lunch on the days she does not eat lunch at school. The minor child stated that she feels there is enough food to eat in the home and that she is provided an adequate amount of clothing to wear. The minor child testified that she felt safe at both the father's mother's home and the maternal aunt's home. The minor child stated that she wished to live with the father. When the minor child's guardian ad litem asked the minor child about a previous statement she had made indicating that she wished to live at the maternal aunt's home and why she had changed her mind, the minor child stated that she liked that there were other children to play with at the father's home and that there were not other children to play with outside at the maternal aunt's home.

The maternal aunt testified that she and the maternal uncle live in Alabaster and had been married for 13 years. The maternal aunt testified that they lived in a three-bedroom, two-bathroom house with a backyard. The maternal aunt testified that K.P. (the father's oldest child) lives with her and the maternal uncle. The maternal aunt testified that she was close with the minor child and had spent a significant amount of time with the minor child and the minor child's mother.

The maternal aunt testified that she believed the father to be angry and violent. The maternal aunt testified that she had seen the father punch walls, "tear furniture," and break a table; however, those incidents occurred approximately 15 years before the hearing. The maternal aunt testified that, several years before the hearing, she had also observed the father become physical with the mother and the son. The maternal aunt testified that she last witnessed an outburst of anger from the father in August 2016, after the death of the mother. The maternal aunt testified that the anger outburst did not result in the father's becoming physical with anyone present and was not directed at the minor child. The maternal aunt offered no testimony indicating that the father had ever abused the minor child. The maternal aunt also testified, over objection, that the mother had sought a protection-from-abuse order against the father at an unspecified time in the past. No evidence was provided regarding the details of any allegations the mother made when seeking a protection-from-abuse order or whether such an order was entered.

The maternal aunt testified that she was worried that the father would not be able to provide a stable home for the minor child or to transport the minor child to receive medical care and "things like that." The maternal aunt testified that the father had not had a steady income or a stable residence in the time that she had known him. The maternal aunt testified that the father has neither a reliable mode of transportation nor a driver's license. The maternal aunt testified that she had not seen the *866condition of the home where the father and the minor child were residing.

The maternal aunt testified that the father had not provided the primary care for his children while the mother was alive but that the father had visited the children often after the mother and the father separated. The maternal aunt testified that she continued to see the minor child after filing the dependency petition. The maternal aunt testified that the father knew that K.P. was bringing the minor child to the maternal aunt's home to visit. The maternal aunt also testified that she had visited with the minor child at her residence during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays in 2016. When questioned by the guardian ad litem, the maternal aunt testified, over objection from the father's counsel, that she was concerned about the mental health of the father and the father's mother and had been told that they each had a mental illness. No evidence was presented regarding the mental-health diagnosis of the father or the father's mother, nor was any evidence presented regarding the effect their mental health had on the minor child. The maternal aunt testified that she had offered to take the minor child to counseling following the mother's death, but had not been allowed to do so. No other evidence concerning the minor child's mental health was presented.

K.P., the older daughter, testified that she remained close with the minor child and saw her on the weekends. K.P. testified that, after the mother and the father separated, she did not see the father often. K.P. testified, however, that the father had seen the minor child approximately every other weekend after the separation. K.P. stated that, while she was living with the father and the mother, prior to the separation five to six years before the hearing, the father was frequently angry at the son and would become physically violent with the son. K.P. did not state how old the son was when these alleged actions occurred. K.P. testified that she once observed the father strike the minor child while the minor child was in a car seat and that that incident had occurred approximately eight years before the hearing. K.P. stated that the minor child was "really small" at the time. K.P. did not testify regarding any other details surrounding that incident. K.P. said that she had not witnessed the father striking the minor child since that time. K.P. stated that the police had been called to the home of the mother and the father multiple times during her childhood. K.P. stated that the last time she observed any altercation or "violence" from the father was approximately five years before the hearing. K.P.'s interaction with the father had been limited in the five years before the hearing.

K.P. testified about her routine when picking up the minor child for weekend visits after the mother's death. K.P. stated that, when she dropped the minor child off at the father's home, she would watch the minor child let herself into the home. K.P. testified that, because she did not speak to the father, she would not notify him of when she was dropping off the minor child. K.P. stated that there was one time when no one was present when she attempted to drop off the minor child at the father's home and that she waited with the minor child outside the home until someone arrived. K.P. testified that, in her opinion, the father could not provide the necessities that the minor child needed and that the minor child was in danger when in the father's care. K.P. also stated that the father drinks when he is around the minor child and that he is "always at the bar and clubs." K.P. stated that she had not been inside the father's home since December 2016, and she did not testify regarding the condition of the home.

*867K.P. testified that she also believed the father to have a mental illness but did not provide any other information about what type of illness or any effect the alleged illness had on the minor child. K.P. also stated that the father's mother had spent time on the psychiatric floor of a hospital when K.P. was very young, but, again, she could not offer any other evidence about that allegation.

The father testified that, during his separation from the mother, he continued to support the minor child. The father testified that he gave the mother $150 every two weeks when he would see the minor child. The father testified that he exercised visitation with the minor child when he wanted to but would allow the minor child to visit with friends in lieu of visitation with him if the minor child so desired.

The father testified that he had taken the minor child to one counseling session after the mother's death but that he did not continue the counseling sessions for the minor child due to legal fees associated with this case. The father stated that the minor child has been seeing a counselor at her school and that he intends to resume counseling for the minor child after the conclusion of this case. The father also testified that the minor child was no longer participating in dance classes due to costs he had incurred defending against the dependency petition. He later stated that he did, however, enroll the minor child in cheerleading and paid the associated fees and costs.

The father testified that, since the minor child has been living with him, he disciplines her as necessary by taking her cellular telephone or restricting her television privileges. The father stated that he could not physically discipline the minor child because "she won't let [him]" and that, when he "fuss[es] at her, she'll just start crying and [he] just can't." The father testified that he helps the minor child with her homework and that she is on the "A/B honor roll" at school. The father stated that he, his girlfriend, and his mother share in transporting the minor child to and from school. The father admitted to not having a driver's license yet still operating an automobile on occasion to drive the minor child. The father stated that he is eligible to have his license reinstated upon purchasing new eyeglasses and paying a $77 fee. The father testified that, in the time she has been living with him, he has taken the minor child to the doctor and that he intended to have her see an orthodontist for braces. The father stated that the minor child is insured through either Medicaid or AllKids Insurance. The father also stated that the minor child has had friends from school come to his home to spend the night and that she has many friends at her school. The father testified that he does not consume alcohol around the minor child and that he does not keep alcohol in the home.

The father testified that, before the minor child came to live with him, he had been working at "FSI."1 The father had worked there for three years, until "FSI" ceased operations. The father then began working for Supreme Automotive, an automobile-repair business. The father stated that he earned $350 per week and that he works 30 hours per week. The father testified that he does not work full-time so that he can be off work when the minor child gets out of school each day.

The father was questioned about answers he gave during a Department of Human Resources ("DHR") interview in January 2017. The father reported to the DHR representative that his monthly income was $3,079 per month. At the hearing, the father clarified, stating that that *868figure included "everybody['s] money." The father stated that any amount over his weekly compensation came from his mother's income, $250 in food stamps, and a $958 check the minor child receives every month. The father testified that he uses the money the child receives to provide for her needs and pay bills. The father testified that there is a mortgage on the home that is owned by his mother. The father stated that he pays his mother $300 per month toward the mortgage and pays the remainder of the household bills, which include power, gas, and Internet and cable service. The father also testified that he pays for a cellular telephone for himself and for the minor child.

The father testified that his girlfriend spends the night at his residence on occasion. The father stated that the girlfriend's sons will also, on occasion, spend the night at his residence. The father stated that his girlfriend has her own residence where she and her sons reside.

The father denied ever physically abusing the mother or the son. The father admitted to punching a hole in a wall when the son was two years old. The father stated that, while he had lived with the mother, he had shoved the son two or three times when the son balled his fists at the father, presumably to fight. The father admitted that K.P. was present during the last altercation between him and the son, which occurred eight years before the hearing. The father testified that the police had been called to the home he and the mother shared on 1 occasion, approximately 20 years before the hearing. When asked about the protection-from-abuse petition filed by the mother, the father stated that they had not gone to court and had continued to reside together after its filing. The father testified that he had physically disciplined, or "spanked," K.P. when she was five years old. The father stated that he had never struck or physically disciplined the minor child. The father testified that, when he and the mother separated, he helped the mother move into the maternal aunt's home. After that, he stated, he had lived with either his girlfriend or at his mother's residence where he had resided for the last two years.

Although the father admitted that he had been arrested for possession of a controlled substance 10 years before the hearing, there was no testimony about the disposition of that arrest. The father stated that he never used illegal drugs.

The father's mother testified that she, the father, and the minor child lived in her home. The father's mother testified that she pays the mortgage on the home while the father pays the expenses for utilities. She testified that the father financially supports the minor child by buying items that she needs such as clothes and groceries. The father's mother testified that she had never seen the father physically abuse the minor child or his other children. The father's mother testified that the interactions she had witnessed between the father and the minor child were positive. She stated that the father and the minor child played together, that the father cooked for her and cleaned her clothes, and that he did other activities with her. The father's mother testified that the father's girlfriend would spend the night at her home about three times per week. The father's mother stated that, when the girlfriend spent the night at her home, the girlfriend would stay in a room by herself and the father would stay in the bedroom with the minor child. When asked by the juvenile court whether or not she approved of the minor child's sharing a bed with the father, the father's mother stated that she did not oppose the sleeping arrangement. The father's mother denied that she or the father had ever been diagnosed with a mental *869illness or been under the care of a psychiatrist or psychologist.

On March 6, 2017, the juvenile court entered a final judgment that stated, in pertinent part:

> "The minor child has lived with the maternal aunt and now resides with her father. That the father is not capable of providing the minor with the proper care that [the minor child] needs. Testimony provided that the father has never had a residence of his own. That [the father] currently lives with his mother in a 3 bedroom home. There was testimony that the father's girlfriend also resides in the home.

> "Furthermore, other testimony showed that the father and the minor child share a bed together and that the father's girlfriend and her two (2) teenage sons share a bedroom with her. That the father has been bouncing from job to job, since his primary job at FSI closed down. The father is currently working at Supreme Automotive where he brings home $350.00 (cash) weekly.

> "Testimony at trial showed that the father has not held a driver's license for some 20 plus years, but he continues to drive and at times drives the minor child around. There was testimony that the mother filed a [protection-from-abuse petition] against the father. There was testimony from the maternal aunt and [the child's] older sister that the father has a violent temper and anger issues. Although his mother and aunt testify that he is not overly angry and they have never witnessed him being violent.

> "This case does not involve a mere custody dispute between a parent and nonparent, but what is in the best interest of the minor child.

> "The [juvenile] court has grave concerns, in this day and age regarding the sleeping arrangements of the father and his 10 year old daughter and that of the girlfriend and her sons. That a middle age man sleeps in the same bed with his younger daughter. Although his mother did not feel that this was a problem, but, she felt that the girlfriend sleeping with her two sons wasn't right. The [juvenile] court believes that other sleeping arrangements should have been made.

> "....

> "1. Wherefore, the [juvenile] [c]ourt from clear and convincing evidence and having considered all relevant and material evidence presented, FINDS [the minor child] to be DEPENDENT and IN NEED OF CARE AND SUPERVISION pursuant to Ala. Code § 12-15-102(8) a.

> "2. THAT CUSTODY OF [the minor child] is vested in the maternal aunt ....

> "3. The court does not desire to move the minor child in the middle of the school semester and seeing that the school year will end in approximately two (2) months. The minor needs to remain enrolled in her current school, therefore either the aunt will transport daily or the minor will continue to reside in the paternal grandmother's residence until the school year ends. If the child needs to remain in [the father's mother's] residence THE SLEEPING ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN THE FATHER AND DAUGHTER NEED TO BE CHANGED ASAP."

(Capitalization in original.) On March 10, 2017, the father filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate the juvenile court's judgment. In his postjudgment motion, the father contended, among other things, that the juvenile court's judgment was contrary to the weight of the testimony and evidence presented and contrary to Alabama law. The maternal aunt and uncle filed a response to the father's postjudgment motion denying the assertions therein. On March 21, 2017, the juvenile court held a *870hearing on the father's postjudgment motion at which no additional testimony was taken. On that same day, the juvenile court entered an order denying the father's postjudgment motion. The father timely filed his notice of appeal on March 28, 2017. This court has jurisdiction pursuant to § 12-15-601, Ala. Code 1975, and Rule 28(a)(2), Ala. R. Juv. P. The maternal aunt and uncle2 did not file a brief on appeal.

*Standard of Review*

> " 'On appeal from a judgment finding a child dependent following an ore tenus proceeding, we presume the juvenile court's factual findings are correct. *J.W. v. C.H.*, 963 So.2d 114, 119 (Ala. Civ. App. 2007). Those findings will not be disturbed if they are supported by sufficient evidence. *Ex parte Floyd*, 550 So.2d 982, 984 (Ala. 1989). In passing on the question of the sufficiency of the evidence as to a finding of dependency, this court does not reweigh the evidence; instead, this court determines whether the juvenile court, acting in its fact-finding role, reasonably could have determined from its own weighing of the evidence that the dependency of the child was proven by clear and convincing evidence .... *J.B. v. DeKalb County Dep't of Human Res.*, 12 So.3d 100, 112 (Ala. Civ. App. 2008).'

> " *R.F.W. v. Cleburne Cty. Dep't of Human Res.*, 70 So.3d 1270, 1272 (Ala. Civ. App. 2011)."

*N.G. v. Blount Cty. Dep't of Human Res.*, 216 So.3d 1227, 1233 (Ala. Civ. App. 2016).

*Discussion*

The father contends that the juvenile court was not presented with clear and convincing evidence that the minor child is dependent and that, therefore, the juvenile court could not remove the minor child from his custody.3 See § 12-15-311(a), Ala. Code 1975 (requiring clear and convincing evidence to establish that a child is dependent). Pursuant to § 12-15-102(8), Ala. Code 1975, a part of the Alabama Juvenile Justice Act ("the AJJA"), § 12-15-101 et seq., Ala. Code 1975, a "dependent child" is

> "a. A child who has been adjudicated dependent by a juvenile court and is in need of care or supervision and meets any of the following circumstances:

> "1. Whose parent, legal guardian, legal custodian, or other custodian subjects the child or any other child in the household to abuse, as defined in subdivision (2) of Section 12-15-301, [Ala. Code 1975,] or neglect as defined in subdivision (4) of Section 12-15-301, or allows the child to be so subjected.

> "2. Who is without a parent, legal guardian or legal custodian willing and able to provide for the care, support, or education of the child.

> "3. Whose parent, legal guardian, legal custodian, or other custodian neglects or refuses, when able to do so or when the service is offered without charge, to provide or allow medical, surgical, or other care necessary for the health or well-being of the child.

> "4. Whose parent, legal guardian, legal custodian, or other custodian fails, refuses, or neglects to send the child to school in accordance with the terms of the compulsory school attendance laws of this state.

> *871"5. Whose parent, legal guardian, legal custodian or other custodian has abandoned the child, as defined in subdivision (1) of Section 12-15-301.

> "6. Whose parent, legal guardian, legal custodian, or other custodian is unable or unwilling to discharge his or her responsibilities to and for the child.

> "7. Who has been placed for care or adoption in violation of the law.

> "8. Who, for any other cause, is in need of the care and protection of the state."

" 'Clear and convincing evidence' is " '[e]vidence that, when weighed against evidence in opposition, will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm conviction as to each essential element of the claim and a high probability as to the correctness of the conclusion." ' " *C.O. v. Jefferson Cty. Dep't of Human Res.*, 206 So.3d 621, 627 (Ala. Civ. App. 2016) (quoting *L.M. v. D.D.F.*, 840 So.2d 171, 179 (Ala. Civ. App. 2002), quoting in turn § 6-11-20(b)(4), Ala. Code 1975 ). In a dependency proceeding, the evidence must clearly and convincingly establish that the child is dependent at the time of the disposition. See *R.F.W.*, 70 So.3d at 1272.

> "In determining whether a child is dependent, the juvenile court

> " 'may consider any competent evidence relevant to the ability or willingness of the parent to discharge his or her responsibilities to the child, including, but not limited to, evidence of: domestic violence, *see, e.g.*, *A.W.G. v. Jefferson County Dep't of Human Res.*, 861 So.2d 400 (Ala. Civ. App. 2003), and *B.D.S. v. Calhoun County Dep't of Human Res.*, 881 So.2d 1042 (Ala. Civ. App. 2003) ; [and] parental conduct toward other children, *see, e.g.*, *D.A. v. Calhoun County Dep't of Human Res.*, 892 So.2d 963 (Ala. Civ. App. 2004)....' "

*J.L. v. W.E.*, 64 So.3d 631, 636 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010) (quoting *M.E. v. Shelby Cty. Dep't of Human Res.*, 972 So.2d 89, 100-01 (Ala. Civ. App. 2007) ).

Although the juvenile court did not cite which subsection of § 12-15-102(8) a. it relied on to establish the dependency of the minor child, the juvenile court stated in its judgment "[t]hat the father is not capable of providing [the minor child] with the proper care that she needs." See § 12-15-102(8) a.2 and 6. At time of the hearing, the minor child had been living with the father in the same household for approximately six months. The minor child stated that she felt safe in the father's home and had adequate food. The record shows that the father cleaned the minor child's clothes, cooked her meals, and assisted her with school assignments. The evidence showed that the child was attending school and was on the "A/B honor roll." The record further reveals that the father was active in the minor child's school activities and that the school had voiced no complaints about the minor child or the father when contacted by the guardian ad litem.

There was no evidence presented tending to show that the father's residence is in such a condition that it would present a danger to the minor child. There was testimony at the hearing alleging that both the father and the father's mother had an unspecified mental illness. Both the father and the father's mother denied that they had any mental illness, and the record does not disclose a diagnosis for the father or the father's mother. The allegation of an unspecified mental illness does not clearly and convincingly show that the father is unable or unwilling to care for the minor child.

The juvenile court found that the father has "been bouncing from job to job" since ceasing to work at "FSI." From the record, the undisputed testimony is that the *872father has had only one employer, Supreme Automotive, since the time he stopped working at "FSI." The undisputed evidence showed that he has maintained that job. No other evidence appears in the record to indicate that the father had several different employments. The father testified that he uses the income he receives to provide for the necessities for the minor child.

The record reveals that the minor child had health insurance and that the father had taken the child to at least one doctor's appointment since the minor child had been in his custody. The father testified that he intended to take the child to an orthodontist for braces. The record lacks any evidence indicating that the father was not providing appropriate medical care necessary for the health or well-being of the minor child. The father testified that he had not been able to afford more counseling sessions for the minor child because of the fees associated with the dependency litigation initiated by the maternal aunt and uncle, but, he said, he intended to resume counseling for the minor child when the litigation ended. He also testified that the minor child was seeing a school counselor. We do not find clear and convincing evidence in the record to show that a lack of counseling caused the minor child to be deprived of medical necessities on these facts. See § 12-15-102(8) a.3.

There was disputed testimony that the father had physical altercations with his son and an allegation that he had struck the minor child some eight years before the hearing. The juvenile court found that the mother had, at an unspecified time in the past, filed a protection-from-abuse petition against the father. There is no evidence in the record regarding the disposition of that protection-from-abuse petition. The father testified that the parties did not go to court regarding that petition and that he and the mother continued to reside together afterward.

We also note that many allegations regarding the father's conduct involved incidents that had occurred years before the proceedings. Although the father's past conduct was properly considered by the juvenile court, see *Ex parte Berryhill*, 410 So.2d 416 (Ala. 1982), his past conduct must be relevant to conditions that would cause the child to be dependent at the time of the disposition. See *R.F.W*, 70 So.3d at 1272. Evidence of a parent's past conduct is admissible if it assists the juvenile court in assessing and weighing the evidence regarding current conditions, but evidence of past conditions cannot be the sole basis for finding a child to be dependent. See, e.g., *M.G. v. Etowah Cty. Dep't of Human Res.*, 26 So.3d 436, 442 (Ala. Civ. App. 2009) (citing *V.M. v. State Dep't of Human Res.*, 710 So.2d 915, 921 (Ala. Civ. App. 1998) ) (noting that, in a termination-of-parental-rights case, evidence of a parent's past conduct or family history must be shown to have an impact on current conditions). There was no evidence to support a finding that the minor child was currently subjected to an environment that caused her to be dependent based on domestic violence. In fact, the juvenile court's decision to permit the child to remain in the custody of the father for the remainder of the school year and to have unsupervised visitation with the father thereafter is wholly inconsistent with a finding that the child was dependent based on domestic violence.4

*873The juvenile court also found that the father has never owned a residence of his own. The evidence in the record shows that the father has, at times, lived with his girlfriend, but has considered his mother's residence his home. The evidence at trial showed that the father had resided in the same home for two years preceding the hearing. The father's mother testified that she considered her home to be the father's home and the minor child's home as well. The evidence at trial did not show by clear and convincing evidence that the father was unable or unwilling to provide adequate shelter and care for the minor child. Although the evidence was conflicting regarding the frequency of the girlfriend's presence, there was no evidence introduced at trial to show that the father's girlfriend's presence caused the minor child to be dependent. See *L.A.C. v. T.S.C.*, 8 So.3d 322, 328 (Ala. Civ. App. 2008) (finding that the mother's cohabitation with a married man, while not favorable, did not support a finding of dependency).

In the judgment finding the child to be dependent, the juvenile court noted the sleeping arrangements of the father and the minor child when the father's girlfriend was present. There was conflicting testimony regarding the frequency of the overnight visits by the father's girlfriend, and the resolution of that conflicting testimony was for the juvenile court to determine. The juvenile court justifiably believed that the father should not share a bed with the minor child at any time, and this court shares the juvenile court's concerns. There was no other evidence presented, however, regarding the sleeping arrangements. We note again that, after finding the child to be dependent, the juvenile court permitted the child to remain in the father's home until the end of the school year and granted unsupervised visitation thereafter. We recognize that, after a finding of dependency, the juvenile court may "[p]ermit the child to remain with the parent ..., subject to conditions and limitations as the juvenile court may prescribe," § 12-15-314(a)(1), Ala. Code 1975. The only condition that the juvenile court placed on the minor child's remaining with the father until the end of the school year was that the father make other sleeping arrangements, indicating that the father could provide the minor child with a safe environment for the child to continue in an acceptable school environment. We are unable to determine from this record how this evidence clearly and convincingly established the dependency of the minor child under any of the subsections of § 12-15-102(8) a.

There is no evidence in the record that suggests that the minor child or other children in the home in which the father currently resides were being subjected to abuse or neglect at the time of the hearing. See § 12-15-102(8) a.1; § 12-15-301(2) (defining "abuse" as "[h]arm or the risk of harm to the emotional, physical health, or welfare of a child"); and § 12-15-301(8) (defining "neglect" as "[n]egligent treatment or maltreatment of a child, including, but not limited to, the failure to provide adequate food, medical treatment, supervision, education, clothing, or shelter"). There was no evidence showing that the father failed, refused, or neglected to comply with the state's compulsory school attendance laws. See § 12-15-102(8) a.4.

*874Nor does the record support a finding that the father had abandoned the minor child before the mother's death. Section 12-15-301(1), defines "abandonment" as:

> "A voluntary and intentional relinquishment of the custody of a child by a parent, or a withholding from the child, without good cause or excuse, by the parent, of his or her presence, care, love, protection, maintenance, or the opportunity for the display of filial affection, or the failure to claim the rights of a parent, or failure to perform the duties of a parent."

The maternal aunt testified that the father saw the minor child often before the mother's death. K.P. also testified that the father continued to see the minor child after the father's and the mother's separation. K.P. stated that the father continued to see the minor child two weekends per month, and occasionally spent the night with the minor child, until the mother's death. Such frequent contact between the minor child and the father before the mother's death cannot be said to constitute abandonment. See § 12-15-102(8) a.5.

As reflected in the March 6, 2017, judgment, the juvenile court attempted to act in the best interest of the minor child in transferring custody to the maternal aunt. The record supports a finding that the maternal aunt would be able to provide a nurturing environment for the minor child. If the sole question presented to the juvenile court was whether the best interest of the minor child would be served by transferring custody, the evidence would fully support the judgment.5 But before determining the best custodial environment and removing the minor child from the father's custody, the evidence must have clearly and convincingly established the dependency of the minor child. The state, acting through the judicial branch, cannot move a child from a parent to a more preferable environment, no matter how well-intentioned, without such a determination.

> " 'As a matter of constitutional law, a parent who has exercised custody over a child has a prima facie right to the continued custody of the child. *See**In re Moore*, 470 So.2d 1269, 1270 (Ala. Civ. App. 1985). The presumptive right of parents to the custody of their child may be overcome by clear and convincing evidence demonstrating that the parents are currently unable to discharge their responsibilities to and for the child and that the child requires additional care and supervision through the state, i.e., that the child is "dependent." *See* Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-102(8) a.6; *see also**V.W. v. G.W.*, 990 So.2d 414, 417 (Ala. Civ. App. 2008) (quoting *K.B. v. Cleburne County Dep't of Human Res.*, 897 So.2d 379, 389 (Ala. Civ. App. 2004) (Murdock, J., concurring in the result) ) ....' "

*N.G. v. Blount Cty. Dep't of Human Res.*, 216 So.3d 1227, 1233 (Ala. Civ. App. 2016) (quoting *R.F.W. v. Cleburne Cty. Dep't of Human Res.*, 70 So.3d 1270, 1272 (Ala. Civ. App. 2011) ). There was insufficient evidence presented at the hearing to find that the father was " 'currently unable to discharge [his] responsibilities to and for the [minor] child and that the [minor] child requires additional care and supervision through the state.' " *Id.* Therefore, the juvenile court could not remove the minor child from the custody of her father.

*875The father also raises as an issue in his brief the failure of the juvenile court to state a reason for the denial of his March 29, 2017, motion filed in the juvenile court seeking approval to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis. In the motion, the father's attorney stated that the juvenile court had previously found the father to be "partially indigent" and had appointed the attorney to represent the father in the proceedings. The motion requested an order "allowing him to proceed in the Alabama Court of Civil Appeals in forma pauperis." On March 31, 2017, the juvenile court entered an order denying the motion without an explanation. In his brief to this court filed on October 25, 2017, the father argued that "[t]he [juvenile] court erred in denying the motion and erred in failing to state the reasons for said denial." As a result, the father argues that he "should be allowed to proceed with appointed counsel in this appeal."

Although we agree that Rule 24(a), Ala. R. App. P., requires a "the trial court [to] state in writing the reasons for the denial" of a request to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis, the rule also requires that a motion must be filed in the appellate court within a specific time to review the denial:

> "If a motion for leave to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis is denied by the trial court, ...the clerk shall forthwith serve notice of such action. A motion for leave so to proceed may be filed in the appellate court within 28 days (4 weeks) after service of notice of the action of the trial court. The motion shall be accompanied by a copy of the affidavit filed in the trial court, or by the affidavit prescribed by the first paragraph of this subdivision if no affidavit has been filed in the trial court, and by a copy of the statement of reasons given by the trial court for its action."

A motion to proceed in forma pauperis was not filed in this court within 28 days of the entry of the March 31, 2017, order of the trial court, and we are not directed to authority that would permit this court to grant relief from the denial of the March 29, 2017, motion at this point of the appellate proceedings.6

Because the record does not show clear and convincing evidence supporting the juvenile court's finding that the minor child is dependent, the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Thompson, P.J., and Pittman, J., concur.

Moore, J., concurs in the result, without writing.

Thomas, J., dissents, with writing.

1

Although it is unclear from the record, "FSI" appears to be a manufacturing plant.

2

Although the final judgment grants custody of the child to the maternal aunt and not the maternal uncle, the maternal uncle was a petitioner seeking to have the child declared to be dependent and was a party throughout the proceedings in the juvenile court.

3

The father raises other issues on appeal, including challenges to several evidentiary rulings of the juvenile court. Because this issue is dispositive of the father's appeal, we pretermit discussion of the other issues the father raises in his principal brief.

4

Section 30-3-131, Ala. Code 1975, creates a rebuttable presumption that a perpetrator of domestic violence should not have custody of a child "where there is at issue a dispute as to the custody of a child." The threshold issue in this case is not who should have custody of the minor child, but whether the minor child is dependent, and there is no dispute over the custody of this child without a finding of dependency. To the extent § 30-3-131 has any application to the determination of whether the minor child is dependent, the juvenile court allowed the minor child to remain in the custody of the father to finish the school year and to have unsupervised visitation with the father thereafter. See § 30-3-135, Ala. Code 1975 (providing for limitations on visitation with a parent who has committed domestic violence). Those orders are inconsistent with a finding that domestic violence caused the minor child to be dependent.

5

The concurring opinion in *T.G.F. v. D.L.F.*, 237 So.3d 216 (Ala. Civ. App. 2017), does not address the issue of whether clear and convincing evidence was presented to deprive a parent of a fundamental constitutional right. In this case, the juvenile court was not asked to decide which parent should have custody of a child, but, rather, was asked to remove a minor child from the custody of her father and to transfer custody to a nonparent.

6

We also note that under Rule 24(a), "a party who has been permitted to proceed in an action in the court in forma pauperis ... may proceed on appeal in forma pauperis without further authorization unless" the trial court orders otherwise.

THOMAS, Judge, dissenting.

J.P. ("the father") has appealed a judgment of the Jefferson Juvenile Court, Bessemer Division, ("the juvenile court"), finding Ja.P. ("the child") dependent and awarding her custody to M.P. ("the maternal aunt"). Although I agree with the portion of the main opinion discussing the threshold issue of the father's request to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis, because I would affirm the juvenile court's judgment, I respectfully dissent. In my opinion, much of what Judge Donaldson expressed in a recent special writing is equally applicable in this case:

> "The judgment in this case was entered after a trial conducted in accordance with the requirements of law. From my review of the record and the [father's *876appellate] brief ..., I am unable to identify any procedural irregularities or substantive errors of law that occurred during the proceedings that would permit an appellate court to reverse the judgment as to the issue of [dependency]. Thus, the judgment, insofar as it addresses [dependency], may not be reversed without overturning the trial judge's assessment of the credibility of the witnesses. The law does not permit this court to do so.

> " 'It was within the province of the trial court to consider the credibility of the witnesses, to draw reasonable inferences from their testimony and from the documentary evidence introduced at trial, and to assign such weight to various aspects of the evidence as it reasonably may have deemed appropriate .... In order to reverse the trial court ..., we would have to make our own credibility determinations and we would have to reweigh the evidence, neither of which we are allowed to do.'

> " *Vestlake Cmtys. Prop. Owners' Ass'n, Inc. v. Moon*, 86 So.3d 359, 367 (Ala. Civ. App. 2011) (quoting *Miller v. Associated Gulf Land Corp.*, 941 So.2d 982, 990 (Ala. Civ. App. 2005) ).

> "Reasonable judges might disagree .... These types of cases 'are among the hardest to deal with and courts are seldom satisfied in all respects with the results reached.' *Mothershed v. Mothershed*, 348 So.2d 501, 502 (Ala. Civ. App. 1977). But only one judge actually saw and heard the parties and the witnesses, and that is the trial judge. Resolving disputed facts in highly emotional cases affecting lives, liberty, or property is part of the job placed squarely upon the trial judge's shoulders because that judge personally interacts with the people involved. Deferring to such decisions of the trial judge is not a matter of courtesy or protocol. It is a recognition that decisions based on assessments of the traits and character of people-e.g., where a child lives or with whom a child visits, whether a criminal defendant receives probation, the extent of pain felt by an injured employee, etc.-are best left to the judge who has actually seen and heard from the people involved and should not be made on cold records from distant offices.

> " '.... It is an awesome responsibility, fraught with difficulty, to determine the best welfare of children. The trial judge observes attitudes, facial expressions, voice tones and all human traits in parties and witnesses testifying and appearing before him, weighs the evidence, wishes for the wisdom of Solomon, and hopefully reaches the correct decision in the case. This unique opportunity to observe and hear is the primary reason for the strong presumption favoring the trial court's findings in cases of this nature.'

> " *Ashley v. Ashley*, 383 So.2d 861, 863 (Ala. Civ. App. 1980) (citing *Mothershed*, *supra* )."

*T.G.F. v. D.L.F.* [Ms. 2150607, April 28, 2017] --- So.3d ---- (Ala. Civ. App. 2017) (Donaldson, J., concurring specially)(bracketed language and some ellipses added).

In its judgment, the juvenile court determined that the child was dependent based on the evidence presented regarding the father's "violent temper and anger issues," his custom of sleeping in the same bed with the child, his refusal to obtain a valid driver's license, and his lack of stable employment.7 In reaching that determination, *877the juvenile court cited § 12-15-102(8) a., Ala. Code 1975, but it did not specify a particular basis or bases for its adjudication of dependency. In such situations, "[an appellate court] will affirm the trial court on any valid legal ground presented by the record, regardless of whether that ground was considered, or even if it was rejected, by the trial court." *Liberty Nat'l Life Ins. Co. v. University of Alabama Health Servs. Found., P.C.*, 881 So.2d 1013, 1020 (Ala. 2003).

*Background*

The evidence supporting the juvenile court's judgment was presented at a February 27, 2017, trial, which revealed the following.8 The record indicates that the child was 10 years old at the time of the trial. The maternal aunt testified that the child had been living with C.H. ("the mother"), the child's brother ("the brother"), and the child's sister ("the sister") until August 2016, when the mother was discovered burned to death in an abandoned apartment. She testified that the brother, who was 19 years old at the time of the trial, had been charged with murdering the mother. After the mother's death, the child and the sister began living with the maternal aunt and her husband, D.P. ("the maternal uncle"). The child remained in their care "for about a week and a half to two weeks," after which time the child began living with the father. At that time, the maternal aunt and uncle decided to initiate the dependency action because, the maternal aunt said, she believed the child was in danger living with the father.

The maternal aunt said that, at the time of the trial, she had known the father for more than 20 years and that she had lived with the mother, the father, and their collective children in the past "for about five or six years." The maternal aunt also said that the mother, the child, the brother, and the sister had lived with her for about a year after the mother and the father had separated, which had been about five years before the trial. When asked by her attorney what had given her concern regarding the father's ability to parent the child, the maternal aunt indicated that the father could not manage his anger effectively and that "[h]e has a tendency of being violent." During voir dire by the father's attorney, the maternal aunt testified that, after the mother's death in August 2016, the father had been speaking with the maternal uncle and "another guy" when the father "blew up and got angry." The maternal aunt denied that the father's anger during that incident had been directed toward her or the maternal uncle as a result of the dependency action, explaining that, at that *878time, the father had agreed that allowing the child to reside with the maternal uncle and aunt "was the best thing."

When the maternal aunt testified that she was also aware of incidents regarding the father's temper that had occurred more than five years before the date of the trial, the father's attorney objected to the admission of that testimony, arguing that it was irrelevant. In overruling the objection, the juvenile court explained: "[I]f any party who is seeking to have custody of this child has a history of anger management and child abuse[,] that is very relevant ... to this court [-b]e it five, ten, or fifteen years ago, [or] what happened in that intervening time."

The maternal aunt said that the mother and the father had separated about five years before the date of the trial. She testified that, during the time that she had lived with the mother and the father and their collective children, which she said had been about 15 years before the date of the trial, she had witnessed the father being violent toward "[p]retty much all of [them]." She said that, on multiple occasions, the father had punched walls, torn furniture, or broken a table. She also testified that, since the child's birth, she had seen the father be violent with the mother and the brother; she said that the father had grabbed the brother and pushed him against the wall.

The maternal aunt also said that the father had been unable to maintain housing or financial stability. Specifically, she said that the father had "moved around a lot" and that he had not possessed a driver's license or a steady mode of transportation. She testified that the father had not maintained a relationship with the child or supported the child financially before the mother's death, although she admitted that he had visited the child when the mother "would ask him to or provide gas for him to get [the child] or pick up money to take her out." She said that, to her knowledge, the father had not visited the child, the brother, or the sister, except when the mother had given him money to take them out. The maternal aunt said that, in her opinion, the child should undergo counseling after the mother's death and that she had offered to pay for such counseling, but, she said, the father had not allowed the child to attend counseling.

After the child had begun living with the father, the maternal aunt said, the father had eventually decreased the frequency with which the child visited the maternal uncle and aunt. The maternal aunt said that the father's decision in that regard had been made after he had received "a letter," at which time she had had a telephone conversation with the father. She testified that she had told the father that, "[i]f he wanted to receive some type of check or something, he could[,] and [the child] could stay-continue to stay with me." The father, however, "wanted [the child] to stay with him."

The sister, who was 24 years old at the time of the trial, also testified. She said that she and the child had a close relationship and that the child confided in her. The sister testified that, after his separation from the mother, the father had "just kind [of] bounced around." She explained that the father would sometimes live with his girlfriend and other times with his mother ("the paternal grandmother"). After the mother and the father separated, the sister said, she "[r]eally didn't see much of [the father] or talk to him much." She testified that, before the mother's death, the child had sometimes spent the night with the father and that the father had spent time with the child "maybe like two weekends out of a month. Not very often." When asked by the maternal uncle and aunt's attorney to describe the father's behavior toward her, the mother, and her siblings, *879the sister testified: "He was very angry all the time[,] especially with my brother. He was very violent."

The sister said: "I've seen [the father] choke my brother. I've seen him pick him up by his neck. I've ... seen him spit in his face. He's punched him. He's bit him in the face." The sister testified that the child had been present during those incidents. When asked whether the father had committed an act of violence against the child, the sister said that, when the child "was really small," the father had "reach[ed] back in the car in her car seat and hit her really hard." The sister testified that, when she and the child and the brother were younger, there "were a few times" when she had called the police to their home because the father was abusing the mother. The sister testified that she believed the child was in immediate danger. She explained: "I don't think [the father] can take care of her[,] and he's a violent person."

During an in camera interview, the child testified that she, the father, the paternal grandmother, and the father's girlfriend and her children, specifically her two teenage sons, lived in the paternal grandmother's house. She testified that the girlfriend was there every day and slept there every night. She said that she wanted to live with the father during the week and with the maternal aunt on weekends. During examination by her guardian ad litem, however, the child also recalled having told her guardian ad litem sometime before the trial that she had wanted to live with the maternal aunt. When asked why her preference had changed at the time of the trial, the child said that there were "children outside" where the father lived and that the maternal aunt's home was sometimes "boring."

The child testified that the father would sometimes "get mad and ... yell, but he'll calm himself down." She said that the father would sometimes yell at his girlfriend and her children. At one point during her testimony, the child referred to the father's girlfriend's teenage sons as "my brothers." During examination by the juvenile court, the child testified that she and the father slept in the same bed every night and that the father's girlfriend and her children slept in the same room.

The paternal grandmother testified that her house had three bedrooms and two bathrooms. The paternal grandmother said that the father's girlfriend and her children stayed at her house "[m]aybe three times a week" and "maybe on the weekends some." She said that, although she owned the house where she, the child, and the father lived, she had not always lived there. Before the mother's death, the paternal grandmother had lived in Hoover, and she had returned to her house after the mother's death to live with the father and the child, she said, so that she "could help."

Before her return to her house, the paternal grandmother testified, the father had been living in the house with his brother. She testified that the father's brother had since been incarcerated for "[c]onspiracy .... to sell drugs" and, after his arrest, had told her: "[M]om, I want you to move back home." She said: "I moved back to the house because I didn't want everything tore up and I wanted to be there to see what was going on, you know. But I trusted [the father], but ... also my son that's incarcerated asked me to move back home. That's one reason I moved back home." During examination by the juvenile court, the paternal grandmother testified that she believed it was a "problem" that the father's girlfriend slept in the same room as her teenage sons when they spent the night in her house, but she did not believe it was a problem for the father to sleep in the same bed as the child. The paternal grandmother's sister *880also testified, and she corroborated portions of the paternal grandmother's testimony.

The father's testimony at trial either disputed or discounted the significance of much of the testimony elicited from the maternal aunt and the sister. He testified, however, that he had never attended anger-management classes or received counseling, stating: "I rarely ever get mad"; he said that he did not plan to attend anger-management classes in the future. He testified that he had been arrested for possession of a controlled substance approximately 10 years before trial but also stated that he "[n]ever did drugs."

The father denied that his girlfriend and her children lived with him but admitted that she "[s]pends the night sometimes" and that his girlfriend's children had "spen[t] the night ... several times." He said that his girlfriend had "her own place." The father testified that he had slept in the same bed as the child only because "[s]he'll come knock on my door sometimes and ask [him]." The father said that he had his own bedroom and that "everybody got queen size beds and sixty inch TV's in their room."

The father's testimony also indicated that, although he could work full-time, he had intentionally chosen to work only 30 hours each week because, he said, he wanted to be able to pick up the child from school. He said he earned $350 cash per week or about $1,400 per month. The father testified that he received $250 in food stamps each month for himself and the child and that the child received a check each month for $958 from an unspecified source. The father stated that he had not accurately reported his weekly income when applying for food-stamp benefits.

The father also admitted that he had not possessed a valid driver's license "in so long," specifically 21 years, because he had not obtained glasses or paid a $77 fee. He said: "I can get them, but I just ain't do it." He admitted that he had driven in his mother's automobile with the child.

Although he said that, during the mother's funeral, the child was "taking it hard," he testified that the child had seen a counselor only one time since the mother's death. At the time of the trial, the father could not recall the name of the counselor that the child had seen or where the counselor had been employed. He specifically testified as follows when asked if he had taken the child to see a counselor: "Yes, one time. But the school counselor been-see, I've been having to try and pay for lawyers and stuff. So, I couldn't afford to just do it." Regarding the discrepancies between his testimony and the allegations of the maternal uncle and aunt, the father said: "I feel like I'm the only one telling the truth up here."

*Analysis*

In reversing the juvenile court's judgment, the main opinion relies in large part upon testimony elicited from the father and the paternal grandmother. The juvenile court, however, was not obligated to believe the testimony of the father and the paternal grandmother. *See**Bunn v. Bunn*, 628 So.2d 695, 697 (Ala. Civ. App. 1993) ("In determining the weight to be accorded testimony, the trial court, as sole judge of the credibility of witnesses, considers the demeanor and apparent candor or evasiveness of the witnesses, and the trial court may disbelieve and disregard portions of testimony and should accept only that testimony it considers worthy of belief."). Conflicts existed in the testimony presented regarding, among other things, the father's history of domestic violence.

Section 30-3-131, Ala. Code 1975,9 provides, in its entirety:

> *881"In every proceeding where there is at issue a dispute as to the custody of a child, a determination by the court that domestic or family violence has occurred raises a rebuttable presumption by the court that it is detrimental to the child and not in the best interest of the child to be placed in sole custody, joint legal custody, or joint physical custody with the perpetrator of domestic or family violence. Notwithstanding the provisions regarding rebuttable presumption, the judge must also take into account what, if any, impact the domestic violence had on the child."

*See also**J.P. v. T.H.*, 170 So.3d 681, 683 (Ala. Civ. App. 2014) (applying § 30-3-131 when reviewing a judgment entered in a dependency action not involving the Department of Human Resources).

Based on the testimony presented regarding the father's violence toward the mother and the brother, the latter of which, according to the sister, included choking, punching, and biting, sufficient evidence existed from which the juvenile court could have concluded that the father was a perpetrator of domestic or family violence and that awarding the father sole physical custody of the child was presumptively not in the child's best interest. In considering the impact that the domestic violence had had on the child, I note the evidence presented showing that the father had abused the brother in the child's presence, that the brother had later been charged with murdering the mother, that the father had inappropriately struck the child when she was younger, that the father had abused the mother when the sister was a child, that the father continued to become angry and yell at his girlfriend in the child's presence, that the father continued to become angry and yell at his girlfriend's teenage sons in the child's presence, that the child's bond with the girlfriend's children was such that the child viewed them as siblings, that the father denied having an anger problem at all, and that the father had no intention of correcting his behavior. Thus, I conclude that clear and convincing evidence was presented regarding the impact of the father's domestic violence on the child, such that the presumption that an award of sole physical custody to the father was not in the child's best interest was not adequately rebutted and that the child was therefore without a parent who was able to provide for her care or a parent who was able to discharge his parental responsibilities, such that she was dependent under the relevant portions of § 12-15-102(8) a.2., Ala. Code 1975, or § 12-15-102(8) a.6., Ala. Code 1975.

In reversing the juvenile court's judgment, the main opinion concludes that, as a matter of law, the testimony presented regarding the father's domestic violence that "allegedly occurred years before the proceedings" was insufficient to establish the child's dependency because "his past conduct must be relevant to conditions that would cause the child to be dependent at the time of the disposition." 260 So. 3d at 872. The evidence summarized above shows that, at the time of the trial, the *882brother, who had been abused by the father as a child, had been charged with murdering the mother, who had been caring for the child before her death. I therefore believe that a determination that the father's history of domestic violence had drastically impacted the child's life and had contributed to the circumstances causing the child to be dependent can be directly inferred from the record.

I also note that this court has rejected similar notions in the past. *See**T.B. v. Cullman Cty. Dep't of Human Res.*, 6 So.3d 1195, 1204 (Ala. Civ. App. 2008) ("Although these incidents were somewhat remote in time, they still evidence the character of the paternal grandmother and clearly and convincingly prove that she was not fit and qualified to receive and care for the children."). Moreover, our supreme court has explained that, "[i]n a child custody proceeding, character is obviously in issue and 'evidence touching the character, conduct, and reputation of the parties, or any other evidence tending to throw light on their fitness to be the custodian of the child, is admissible.' " *Ex parte Berryhill*, 410 So.2d 416, 419 (Ala. 1982) (quoting *Milner v. Gatlin*, 143 Ga. 816, 85 S.E. 1045, 1047 (1915) ).

Although some of the events described by the maternal aunt and the sister occurred before the father and the mother separated, the maternal aunt testified that the father had not maintained a relationship with the children after the separation, and the sister testified that she "[r]eally didn't see much of [the father] or talk to him much" after the separation. Thus, I do not view their lack of knowledge regarding specific incidents of violence occurring after the father's separation from the mother as an indication that the father had become less violent, but only as an indication that their exposure to the father had been less frequent. In light of, among other things, the evidence presented regarding the father's continued outbursts of anger toward his girlfriend and her children and his refusal to acknowledge his propensity for anger and violence and to take remedial actions, I believe that sufficient evidence was presented to support a determination that the child was dependent.10

As already mentioned, both the maternal aunt's and the sister's testimony demonstrated their belief that the father had not been adequately involved in the child's life before the mother's death, and the maternal aunt testified that the father had not maintained a relationship with the child or provided financial support for the child before the mother's death. The maternal aunt testified that, after she and the maternal uncle filed their dependency petition, the father had originally agreed that allowing the child to remain in their custody "was the best thing." She testified that the father had changed his mind after receiving a "letter," at which time she and the father had discussed the father's receipt of "a check" related to his care of the child. The father testified that he receives food stamps totaling $250 each month for himself and the child, that the child receives a monthly check for $958, that he intentionally works only part-time, and that he had inaccurately reported his income on his food-stamps application.

*883Section 12-15-102(8) a.5., Ala. Code 1975, provides, in relevant part, that a child may be adjudicated dependent if he or she has been abandoned by his or her parent. Section 12-15-301(1), Ala. Code 1975, defines "abandonment" as:

> "A voluntary and intentional relinquishment of the custody of a child by a parent, or a withholding from the child, without good cause or excuse, by the parent, of his or her presence, care, love, protection, maintenance, or the opportunity for the display of filial affection, or the failure to claim the rights of a parent, or failure to perform the duties of a parent."

The testimony of the maternal aunt and the sister indicated that the father had withheld from the child at least his maintenance and had failed to adequately perform the duties of a parent after his separation from the mother. Although the father disputed that evidence and it was undisputed that the child had entered his care after the dependency petition was filed, the juvenile court could have determined that the father's testimony was not credible and that his desire to maintain custody of the child had been influenced by the legal privileges that accompanied the child's care. *See**A.E. v. M.C.*, 100 So.3d 587, 598 (Ala. Civ. App. 2012) (" ' "We should not equate the filing of 'court papers' and the taking of legal positions with the establishment of human relationships." ' [ *Ex parte J.W.B.*, 933 So.2d 1081, 1092 (Ala. 2005) ](quoting *K.W.J. v. J.W.B.*, 933 So.2d 1075, 1081 (Ala. Civ. App. 2005) (Murdock, J., dissenting) )[ ].").

I next note that § 12-15-102(8) a.3., Ala. Code 1975, provides, in relevant part, that a child is dependent when his or her parent "neglects or refuses, when able to do so or when the service is offered without charge, to provide or allow medical, surgical, or other care necessary for the health and well-being of the child." The maternal aunt testified that she believed the child should undergo counseling after the mother's death and the brother's arrest for her murder and that she had offered to pay for such services, but the father had refused. The father testified that the child was "taking it hard" during the mother's funeral but that she had seen a counselor only one time. The father cited a lack of financial ability as the reason he had not secured counseling for the child. Based on the father's other testimony, however, and the testimony of the maternal aunt, sufficient evidence was presented to support a determination that the father had refused to provide counseling for the child, despite having an opportunity and the ability to do so.

Finally, even assuming that, taken alone, each of the categories of evidence described above would not support a dependency determination, I note that § 12-15-102(8) a.8., Ala. Code 1975, provides, in relevant part, that a child may be adjudicated dependent when, "for any other cause, [he or she] is in need of the care and protection of the state." In considering all the foregoing evidence together, in addition to the evidence presented regarding the father's decision to routinely transport the child in an automobile, despite not having a valid driver's license or the visual ability needed to safely operate an automobile under the law, and his custom of sleeping in the same bed as the child under circumstances which, after viewing the witnesses and assessing their demeanor, the juvenile court found particularly troubling and inappropriate, I believe that the juvenile court could have been clearly convinced of the child's dependency. "[O]nly one judge actually saw and heard the parties and the witnesses, and that is the trial judge." *T.G.F.*, 237 So.3d at 227 (Donaldson, J., concurring specially). Based on the evidence contained within this record, I am not persuaded that we should reverse the *884juvenile court's judgment. I therefore dissent.

7

The father argues on appeal that the juvenile court's judgment is inconsistent because it awards the father visitation with the child and permitted the child's living arrangement to continue until the end of the school year, *i.e.*, two months after the date of the judgment. The father does not explain how the asserted inconsistency constitutes reversible error. I would not therefore reverse the juvenile court's judgment on that basis. *See**Asam v. Devereaux*, 686 So.2d 1222, 1224 (Ala. Civ. App. 1996).

8

On appeal, the father argues that the juvenile court erred to reversal by admitting, over his objection, certain testimony that he contends constituted inadmissible hearsay. In the following summary of the evidence presented at the trial, I have omitted the testimony about which the father complains on appeal. As is discussed later in this dissent, I believe that the evidence summarized below was sufficient to support the juvenile court's dependency determination. Thus, I conclude that, insofar as the juvenile court might have erred by admitting the testimony the father contends was hearsay, any error was harmless. *See**Leonard v. Leonard*, 479 So.2d 1279, 1281 (Ala. Civ. App. 1985) ("[E]ven if we accept the mother's contention that such evidence is hearsay, which we do not, it nonetheless would be 'harmless error.' Rule 45, Alabama Rules of Appellate Procedure." "This is true in this instance because other evidence amply supports the trial court's action."). I would likewise reject the father's argument that the juvenile court erred by making certain "inappropriate" statements during the trial for similar reasons.

9

The main opinion appears to conclude that we cannot consider the applicability of § 30-3-131 to the facts of this appeal because the trial court awarded the father visitation, which, the main opinion determines, is inconsistent with the provisions of § 30-3-135, Ala. Code 1975. As mentioned above, however, "[an appellate court] will affirm the trial court on any valid legal ground presented by the record, regardless of whether that ground was considered, or even if it was rejected, by the trial court." *Liberty Nat'l Life Ins. Co.*, 881 So.2d at 1020. Thus, even if the juvenile court decided that § 30-3-131 was inapplicable and awarded the father unsupervised visitation as a result of that conclusion, this court can affirm its dependency determination. Insofar as the judgment is inconsistent, however, we have been presented with no basis to reverse it for that reason. See note 7, supra.

10

On appeal, the father argues that the juvenile court erred to reversal by failing to "indulge a presumption that parental custody will be in the best interests of the child," citing as support *Borsdorf v. Mills*, 49 Ala. App. 658, 275 So.2d 338 (1973), and *Hamilton v. State*, 410 So.2d 64, 66 (Ala. Civ. App. 1982). For the reasons discussed above, I conclude that sufficient evidence was presented to support a determination that awarding the father custody of the child was not in her best interest based on the standard set out in § 30-3-131. I therefore reject the father's argument that a presumption in his favor should have prevailed.