If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

January 12, 2023

v No. 358801

Ottawa Circuit Court

JAMES EDWARD DAVIS, JR., LC No. 20-044023-FH

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: JANSEN, P.J., and SERVITTO and GADOLA , JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals as of right his convictions on one count of operating a motor vehicle 

with the presence of a controlled substance in his body, MCL 257.625(8), as a third felony 

offender, MCL 257.625(11)(c), and one count of failure to stop at the scene of a property damage 

accident of an attended motor vehicle, MCL 257.618. A jury found defendant guilty on both 

counts. The trial court sentenced defendant to 90 days’ incarceration and 36 months’ probation. 

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.

Defendant’s convictions stem from a car crash on a snowy February night. The testimony 

at trial reflected that defendant was driving his family business’s work truck when another driver 

lost control and struck defendant’s truck. Defendant’s vehicle slid into a witness’s driveway. As 

the vehicle rolled back into the street, defendant jumped out of the driver’s side of the vehicle and 

walked around the front of the vehicle to grab some items from the passenger side of the vehicle. 

Defendant then walked away from the scene of the accident. Because it was snowing, defendant 

left a trail of footprints that led police officers to him. Defendant was arrested that evening for 

hindering the police investigation of the accident, for his failure to identify himself, and for his 

denial of involvement in the accident. Two eyewitnesses stated that defendant was the only person 

seen exiting the vehicle in the aftermath of the crash.

In contrast, defendant testified that an individual who worked for his company had been 

driving the vehicle during the accident. Defendant called several witnesses who stated that the 

individual had been seen driving defendant around during the day of the accident. One witness 
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stated that he saw the individual driving the truck when he exchanged money with defendant 

approximately an hour before the accident. But none of these witnesses saw the accident. 

In closing argument rebuttal, the prosecutor spoke about a perceived inconsistency in 

defendant’s testimony as compared to one of defendant’s witnesses:

All of those witnesses were not present when the accident occurred. They’ve either 

all talked to the defendant about it after the fact and received at least some 

information, but they were not present. They have no idea who the driver is. No 

idea. And I asked all of them that. Were you there? No. Do you know how it 

happened? No. Do you know who was driving? No. All we have is that 

Mr. Martinez said he met with the defendant at approximately 6:00 o’clock and 

gave him some money, which is inconsistent with the defendant’s testimony who 

said it was in a white envelope sealed. When we heard from Mr. Martinez, it was 

actually in a prescription bag and they actually joked about that. [Emphasis added.]

Defense counsel did not object to this statement. The prosecution based this statement on 

a perceived inconsistency between defendant’s testimony and the testimony of the defense witness,

who stated that he handed the money to defendant in a “prescription bag.” Defendant testified that 

he had received the money in a “white bag formed and sealed.” The jury convicted defendant as 

described earlier in this opinion, and defendant now appeals.

PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

First, defendant argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct in his closing argument 

when he attacked defendant’s credibility by asserting that defendant’s testimony was inconsistent 

with the testimony of one of defendant’s witnesses. We disagree.

To preserve a claim of error involving prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must 

contemporaneously object and must request a curative instruction. People v Bennett, 290 Mich 

App 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). Defendant failed to raise a contemporaneous objection or 

request a curative instruction regarding the prosecutor’s closing argument. This issue is, therefore, 

unpreserved.

This Court reviews unpreserved issues of prosecutorial misconduct for plain error affecting 

substantial rights. People v Cain, 498 Mich 108, 116; 869 NW2d 829 (2015). This Court may 

grant relief if defendant meets the four-part Carines1test. Defendant must establish “that (1) an 

error occurred, (2) the error was ‘plain’— i.e., clear or obvious, and (3) the error affected 

substantial rights—i.e., the outcome of the lower court proceedings was affected.” Id. If defendant 

satisfies the first three prongs, the Court must “exercise its discretion in deciding whether to 

reverse,” and “relief is warranted only when the court determines that the plain, forfeited error 

resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or seriously affect[ed] the fairness, 

 

1 People v Carines, 460 Mich 750; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).
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integrity or public reputation of [the] judicial proceedings . . . .” Id. (quotation marks and citation 

omitted; alterations in original).

When a claim of prosecutorial misconduct is unpreserved, this Court will only review the 

alleged error if a curative instruction could not have remedied the prejudicial effect of the 

prosecutor’s comments or if the failure to consider the issue would result in a miscarriage of 

justice. People v Mayhew, 236 Mich App 112, 122-123; 600 NW2d 370 (1999); see MCL 769.26. 

A miscarriage of justice will not be found if the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s comments 

could have been cured by a timely instruction. Mayhew, 236 Mich App at 123. “Curative 

instructions are sufficient to cure the prejudicial effect of most inappropriate prosecutorial 

statements.” People v Seals, 285 Mich App 1, 22; 776 NW2d 314 (2009).

“[T]he test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether a defendant was denied a fair and 

impartial trial.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 63; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). “Issues of 

prosecutorial misconduct are decided case by case, and this Court must examine the entire record 

and evaluate a prosecutor’s remarks in context.” Id. at 64. A prosecutor’s remarks are “evaluated 

in light of defense arguments and the relationship they bear to the evidence admitted at trial to 

determine whether a defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial.” People v Brown, 267 Mich 

App 141, 152; 703 NW2d 230 (2005). The defendant bears the burden of proving that he was 

denied a fair and impartial trial. See Dobek, 274 Mich App at 66. 

“A prosecutor may not make a factual statement to the jury that is not supported by the 

evidence, but he or she is free to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences arising from it 

as they relate to his or her theory of the case.” Id. (citations omitted). However, in closing 

argument, prosecutors generally are given great latitude and are free to argue the evidence and all 

reasonable inferences from the evidence. People v Mullins, 322 Mich App 151, 172; 911 NW2d 

201 (2017). At the end of trial, the trial court instructs the jury that “[m]any things are not evidence 

and you must be careful not to consider them as such” including, “the lawyer’s statements and 

arguments.” M Crim JI 3.5(3); 3.5(5). “[J]urors are presumed to follow their instructions.” People 

v Graves, 458 Mich 476, 486; 581 NW2d 229 (1998).

Defendant did not establish that the prosecution’s misstatement during rebuttal was plain 

error. See Cain, 498 Mich at 116. The prosecution misstated defendant’s testimony that he 

received the money in a “white bag formed and sealed,” and instead stated that defendant testified 

the money was in a “white envelope sealed.” The misstatement, however, was brief and isolated 

as compared to the wealth of circumstantial and direct evidence on the record indicating 

defendant’s guilt. See People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 239; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). 

Prosecutors are given wide latitude by the trial court to argue the evidence and all reasonable 

inferences arising therefrom. Mullins, 322 Mich App at 172. We disagree that absent the

mischaracterization (“white bag” versus “white envelope”) there was a reasonable probability of 

a different outcome at defendant’s trial.

Even assuming that the prosecutor’s misstatement had been objected to and excluded from 

the jury’s consideration, defendant asked the jury to believe that the actual driver disappeared from 

the scene without being seen by the eyewitnesses to the crash. Defendant’s version of the crash is 

belied by two eyewitnesses who saw only defendant exit the vehicle and walk away, leaving a trail 

of footprints to his location. No other footprints were found leading away from the scene. 
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Defendant attempted to support his iteration of the crash with witnesses who were not present 

during the crash. It is unlikely that the jury was swayed by the tangential discussion of the money 

bag and, instead, simply did not believe defendant’s dubious description of the crash aftermath.

Further, the trial court provided jury instructions that cured any error that may have 

occurred. The jury was instructed by the trial court that the lawyers’ statements and arguments 

are not evidence. M Crim JI 3.5(3); 3.5(5). To the extent that defendant may have suffered 

prejudice from the prosecutor’s misstatement, curative instructions are sufficient to cure the effect 

of most inappropriate prosecutorial statements. See Seals, 285 Mich App at 22. Defendant argues 

that these instructions were buried in a mountain of other instructions. However, “jurors are 

presumed to follow their instructions,” Graves, 458 Mich at 486, and there is nothing in the lower 

court record that rebuts this presumption.

INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

Next, defendant argues that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance when he did 

not object to the prosecution’s mischaracterization of defendant’s testimony in his closing 

argument. We disagree.

A defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of fact and 

constitutional law. People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). We review the 

trial court’s findings of fact for clear error, while reviewing questions of law de novo. People v 

Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 47; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). When there has been no evidentiary 

hearing held below, this Court’s review is limited to mistakes that are apparent on the record.2 

People v Payne, 285 Mich App 118, 188; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). “If the record does not contain 

sufficient detail to support defendant’s ineffective assistance claim, then he has effectively waived 

the issue.” People v Davis, 250 Mich App 357, 368; 649 NW2d 94 (2002).

Both the United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee a defendant the right to 

effective assistance of counsel. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. This state has adopted 

the federal constitutional standard for an ineffective assistance of counsel claim as set forth in 

Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). See People v 

Douglas, 496 Mich 557, 592; 852 NW2d 587 (2014). To obtain a new trial, a defendant must 

establish that “(1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and 

(2) but for counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome 

would have been different.” Id. A defendant must “overcome the strong presumption that 

counsel’s performance was born from a sound strategy.” Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 52. However, 

this Court “cannot insulate the review of counsel’s performance by calling it trial strategy.” Id.

“The inquiry into whether counsel’s performance was reasonable is an objective one and 

requires the reviewing court to determine whether, in light of all the circumstances, the identified 

acts or omissions were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” People v 

Vaughn, 491 Mich 642, 670; 821 NW2d 288 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “This 

 

2 This Court denied defendant’s motion to remand. People v Davis, unpublished order of the Court 

of Appeals, entered July 1, 2022 (Docket No. 358801).
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standard requires a reviewing court to affirmatively entertain the range of possible 

reasons . . . counsel may have had for proceeding as they did.” Id. (quotation marks and citation 

omitted; alteration in original). This Court will not substitute its own judgment for that of counsel 

or use the benefit of hindsight in assessing trial counsel’s competence. Unger, 278 Mich App 

at 242-243. Defense counsel is not ineffective when he or she fails to make an objection that lacks 

merit. See People v Clark, 330 Mich App 392, 426; 948 NW2d 604 (2019).

When a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is based on a failure to object to the 

prosecutor’s comments made during closing argument, this Court has determined that the prejudice 

of the prosecutor’s comments can be alleviated by the trial court’s instruction to the jury that the 

case is to be decided on the evidence and that the comments of counsel are not evidence. See 

People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450, 457; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). In this case, the trial court 

properly read the jury instructions to the jury after rebuttal. Further, because we conclude that 

prosecutorial misconduct did not occur, we also conclude that defense counsel did not provide 

ineffective assistance of counsel. Defense counsel is not required to advocate for a meritless 

position. Clark, 330 Mich App at 426. Declining to raise objections, especially during closing 

arguments, often can be consistent with sound trial strategy. Unger, 278 Mich App at 242. 

Defense counsel may have considered an objection unnecessary when the trial court’s instructions 

to the jury included the statement that attorney arguments are not evidence. M Crim JI 3.5(3); 

3.5(5). Defense counsel’s trial strategy is presumed to be sound. See Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 

at 52. This singular failure to object does not overcome that strong presumption. Defendant has 

failed to show defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.

In light of the testimony at trial demonstrating defendant’s guilt, defendant also cannot 

demonstrate the requisite prejudice to satisfy the second prong of his ineffective assistance of 

counsel claim. Defendant has failed to show that, but for counsel’s failure to object to the alleged 

misconduct, the results of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 51. We are not 

convinced that the jury’s verdict would have hinged on the conflicting descriptions of the manner 

in which Mr. Martinez delivered cash to defendant just before the crash. Defendant’s unlikely 

rendition of the crash aftermath was juxtaposed against overwhelming circumstantial evidence of 

defendant’s guilt.

Affirmed.

/s/ Kathleen Jansen

/s/ Deborah A. Servitto

/s/ Michael F. Gadola