J-A04045-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

E.R., IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellee

v.

D.D.,

Appellant No. 1505 WDA 2015

Appeal from the Order Entered August 6, 2015

In the Court of Common Pleas of Elk County

Civil Division at No(s): 2007-673

BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., BENDER, P.J.E., and SHOGAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED MAY 2, 2016

Appellant, D.D. (“Mother”), appeals pro se from the order of the Court 

of Common Pleas of Elk County in this child custody matter, in which E.R. 

(“Father”) received additional physical custody of the parties’ daughter, 

P.E.R. (“Child”). We affirm.

We summarize the history of this case as follows. Mother and Father 

were married on October of 2005 and separated in May of 2007, when 

Mother was several months pregnant with Child. Child was born in January 

of 2008. Father then filed for visitation. Mother agreed to the visitation and 

the parties eventually divorced. Father has since remarried. Mother resides 

in Emporium, Pennsylvania, and Father lives in St. Marys, Pennsylvania.

In March of 2011, the trial court entered a custody order directing that 

Mother would have physical custody of Child (then three years old) from 
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10:00 a.m. on Monday until 12:00 p.m. on Thursday, and Father would have 

physical custody of Child from 12:00 p.m. on Thursday until 10:00 a.m. on 

Monday. On November 30, 2012, Father filed a petition to modify custody. 

On March 12, 2013, the parties stipulated to the entry of a court order 

setting out in detail the periods of custody each parent would receive.1 

Although the basic weekly time frame for custody was not altered by the 

trial court’s order, it did set forth greater detail regarding custody for 

vacations and holidays, and provisions for travel and transportation. 

Paragraph six of the court order provided as follows: “6. The parties agree 

that [Child] shall attend the St. Marys Area School District commencing in 

kindergarten and Mother will relocate to St. Marys Area School District.” 

Custody Order, 3/12/13, at 9.

On October 14, 2014, Mother filed a pro se petition to modify custody 

in which she sought primary physical custody of Child and permission to 

relocate Child to an Emporium school in Cameron County. In her petition, 

Mother alleged that she did not have the financial capacity to move to St. 

Marys. Petition to Modify Custody, 10/14/14, at 2. In addition, in 

paragraph four of her pro se petition, Mother stated the following: “4. 

[Mother] has been driving [Child] to and fro[m] school daily and is under 

financial strain to continue to afford to drive this far daily[.]” Id.

____________________________________________

1 Both parties were represented by counsel at the time the stipulation was 

accepted by the trial court and reduced to an order.
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The parties participated in court-ordered custody evaluations. The 

matter eventually proceeded to a custody hearing before the Honorable 

Richard A. Masson, President Judge of Elk County, on June 23, 2015. On 

August 6, 2015, the trial court entered an order modifying physical custody 

in favor of Father and keeping Child in her current school district. On August 

11, 2015, the trial court authored a detailed opinion setting forth its general 

findings of fact and its statutory-factor findings. Mother filed this pro se

appeal on September 2, 2015. The trial court did not direct Mother to file a 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. The trial court filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) 

opinion on September 25, 2015.

Prior to discussing the substantive issues raised by Mother on appeal, 

we first consider Father’s contention that Mother’s appeal should be quashed 

or dismissed because of Mother’s failure to comply with provisions of the 

Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure relating to the filing of the notice 

of appeal in family fast track cases. Father’s Brief at 4-5. We have 

reviewed the record before us and observe that Mother has failed to fully 

comply with the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, as alleged.2 

Although this Court may dismiss or quash an appeal based upon an 

____________________________________________

2 Specifically, it has been alleged that Mother’s appeal failed to comply with 

Pa.R.A.P. 904(a) (relating to the proper form of the notice of appeal) and (f) 

(explaining the notice of appeal should advise the appellate court that the 

appeal is a children’s fast track), and Pa.R.A.P. 906(a) (relating to service of 

notice of appeal).
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appellant’s failure to follow the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, 

because her violations have not hampered the presentation of the appeal to 

this Court, and we are able to discern the issues raised by Mother on appeal, 

we decline to dismiss or quash in this instance. In re J.F., 27 A.3d 1017, 

1019-1020 (Pa. Super. 2011). See also Wilkins v. Marsico, 903 A.2d 

1281, 1285 (Pa. Super. 2006) (deciding issues raised on appeal by pro se

appellant because, “[d]espite the numerous defects in his brief, we are able 

to identify [a]ppellant’s issues”). Thus, we will proceed with our review.

In her pro se brief, Mother presents the following issues for our 

review, which we reproduce verbatim:

1. Whether or not the trial committed an error in law and or 

abused its discretion by taking the appellants custody time away 

when even the father wanted to keep the previous order the 

same?

2. Whether or not the trial committed an error in law or abused 

its discretion by making finding of facts that was contrary to the 

sufficient evidence or testimony presented?

3. Whether or not the trial committed an error in law or abused 

its discretion by ignoring the findings and report by Daniel 

Keysor, the clinical custody evaluator and not having him 

present in court but allowing the plaintiff to argue the report and 

aluding to a prior relationship between the appellant and the 

evaluator?

4. Whether or not the trial committed an error in law or abused 

its discretion by not giving the proper weight to all thje factors 

that are in the best interest of the child?

5. Whether or not the trial made an error in law or abused its 

discretion by giving more time to the father or appellee after he 

admitted in court to using alcohol with methadone and Percocet, 

and the evaluator finding an addiction?
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Mother’s Brief at 4.

Initially, we observe that Mother’s pro se brief fails to conform to 

multiple rules of appellate procedure pertaining to the construction of 

appellate briefs. In particular, Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 

2119 addresses the argument section of appellate briefs and provides, in 

part, as follows:

Rule 2119. Argument

(a) General rule. The argument shall be divided into as many 

parts as there are questions to be argued; and shall have...such 

discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a).

“The Rules of Appellate Procedure state unequivocally that each 

question an appellant raises is to be supported by discussion and analysis of 

pertinent authority.” Estate of Haiko v. McGinley, 799 A.2d 155, 161 (Pa. 

Super. 2002). “Appellate arguments which fail to adhere to these rules may 

be considered waived, and arguments which are not appropriately developed 

are waived. Arguments not appropriately developed include those where the 

party has failed to cite any authority in support of a contention.” Lackner 

v. Glosser, 892 A.2d 21, 29-30 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citations omitted). This 

Court will not act as counsel and will not develop arguments on behalf of an 

appellant. Irwin Union National Bank and Trust Company v. Famous 

and Famous and ATL Ventures, 4 A.3d 1099, 1103 (Pa. Super. 2010) 

(citing Commonwealth v. Hardy, 918 A.2d 766 (Pa. Super. 2007)).
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Although Mother lists a total of five issues in her statement of the 

questions presented, we observe that the argument portion of Mother’s brief 

is not divided into as many parts as there are questions to be argued 

because the argument portion is not divided into any distinctive segments. 

Mother’s Brief at 9-13. Even more disconcerting is the fact that the 

argument portion of Mother’s brief does not contain meaningful discussion of 

relevant legal authority. Id. at 10-13. Rather, the argument section of 

Mother’s brief consists of general statements as she sees the facts of this 

case and lacks any legal discussion or analysis. This lack of analysis hinders 

meaningful appellate review. Accordingly, because Mother’s arguments on 

her issues fail to set forth any meaningful discussion of relevant legal 

authority, we could conclude that her issues are waived. However, we 

decline to do so in this instance and we will proceed with a guarded analysis 

of Mother’s overarching claim of trial court error.

Issues one, two, four, and five presented by Mother essentially 

address the concerns that the trial court failed to properly weigh the 

evidence and apply the statutory factors in making its custody 

determination. Because she has presented these issues in a single 

argument section of her brief, we likewise address her claims regarding 

these issues in a single discussion.

At the outset, we observe that, as the custody hearing in this matter 

was held on June 23, 2015, the Child Custody Act (“the Act”), 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 
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5321 to 5340, is applicable. See C.R.F. v. S.E.F., 45 A.3d 441, 445 (Pa. 

Super. 2012) (holding that, if the custody evidentiary proceeding 

commences on or after the effective date of the Act, i.e., January 24, 2011, 

the provisions of the Act apply).

In custody cases, our standard of review is as follows:

In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest type 

and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must accept 

findings of the trial court that are supported by competent 

evidence of record, as our role does not include making 

independent factual determinations. In addition, with regard to 

issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we must defer to 

the presiding trial judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses 

first-hand. However, we are not bound by the trial court’s 

deductions or inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, 

the test is whether the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable 

as shown by the evidence of record. We may reject the 

conclusions of the trial court only if they involve an error of law, 

or are unreasonable in light of the sustainable findings of the 

trial court.

C.R.F., 45 A.3d at 443 (citation omitted).

We have stated:

[T]he discretion that a trial court employs in custody matters 

should be accorded the utmost respect, given the special nature 

of the proceeding and the lasting impact the result will have on 

the lives of the parties concerned. Indeed, the knowledge 

gained by a trial court in observing witnesses in a custody 

proceeding cannot adequately be imparted to an appellate court 

by a printed record.

Ketterer v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 540 (Pa. Super. 2006). Moreover, in 

M.A.T. v. G.S.T., 989 A.2d 11 (Pa. Super. 2010) (en banc), we stated the 

following regarding an abuse of discretion standard:
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Although we are given a broad power of review, we are 

constrained by an abuse of discretion standard when evaluating 

the court’s order. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error 

of judgment, but if the court’s judgment is manifestly 

unreasonable as shown by the evidence of record, discretion is 

abused. An abuse of discretion is also made out where it 

appears from a review of the record that there is no evidence to 

support the court’s findings or that there is a capricious disbelief 

of evidence.

Id. at 18-19 (quotation and citations omitted).

With any custody case decided under the Act, the paramount concern 

is the best interests of the child. 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5328, 5338. Section 5338 

provides that, upon petition, a trial court may modify a custody order if it 

serves the best interests of the child. 23 Pa.C.S. § 5338.3

____________________________________________

3 Section 5323 of the Act provides for the following types of custody awards:

(a) Types of award.—After considering the factors set forth in 

section 5328 (relating to factors to consider when awarding 

custody), the court may award any of the following types of 

custody if it is in the best interest of the child:

(1) Shared physical custody.

(2) Primary physical custody.

(3) Partial physical custody.

(4) Sole physical custody.

(5) Supervised physical custody.

(6) Shared legal custody.

(7) Sole legal custody.

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Section 5328(a) sets forth the best-interest factors that the trial court 

must consider. E.D. v. M.P., 33 A.3d 73, 80-81 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2011). 

Specifically, section 5328(a) of the Act provides as follows:

§ 5328. Factors to consider when awarding custody

(a) Factors.—In ordering any form of custody, the court shall 

determine the best interest of the child by considering all 

relevant factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors 

which affect the safety of the child, including the following:

(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit 

frequent and continuing contact between the child and another 

party.

(2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or 

member of the party’s household, whether there is a continued 

risk of harm to the child or an abused party and which party can 

better provide adequate physical safeguards and supervision of 

the child.

(2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a)(1) and 

(2) (relating to consideration of child abuse and involvement 

with protective services).

(3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf 

of the child.

(4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s 

education, family life and community life.

(5) The availability of extended family.

(6) The child’s sibling relationships.

(Footnote Continued) _______________________

23 Pa.C.S. § 5323(a).
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(7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on 

the child’s maturity and judgment.

(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the 

other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where 

reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the child 

from harm.

(9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable, 

consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate for 

the child’s emotional needs.

(10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily 

physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special 

needs of the child.

(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.

(12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability 

to make appropriate child-care arrangements.

(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the 

willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one 

another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by 

another party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to 

cooperate with that party.

(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or 

member of a party’s household.

(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or 

member of a party’s household.

(16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).4

____________________________________________

4 Effective January 1, 2014, the statute was amended to include an 

additional factor at 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(2.1), providing for consideration of 

child abuse and involvement with child protective services. Although 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Mother argues that the trial court erred in failing to properly consider 

various facts in reaching its custody decision and in weighing the evidence 

presented. Mother’s Brief at 10-13. In a rambling fashion Mother contends 

that the trial court failed to consider testimony about how well she cares for 

Child, how she takes Child to church, the bond that Mother has with Child, 

Father’s admission to taking prescription drugs and drinking alcohol, and 

Father’s alleged lying to make himself appear as a better parent. Id.

We have reviewed the briefs of the parties, the certified record, the 

relevant law, and the opinion filed by the trial court on August 11, 2015. It 

is our conclusion that the trial court thoroughly considered the facts as 

provided at the custody hearing and fully considered the statutory factors 

required pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a). Trial Court Opinion, 8/11/15.5 

Thus, the trial court adequately considered the favorable relationship and 

bond that exists between Mother and Child and the negative aspects 

(Footnote Continued) _______________________

applicable at the time of the custody hearings in this matter, there was no 

evidence that would have required the trial court’s consideration of this 

factor.

5 We note that it appears that the trial court inadvertently failed to list the 

fourth factor in its opinion dated August 11, 2015. Said factor asks the trial 

court to consider “[t]he need for stability and continuity in the child’s 

education, family life and community life.” Although the trial court did not 

enumerate factor four in its opinion, it did address the substance of the 

factor in its decision. Trial Court Opinion, 8/11/15, at 11-12. Hence, we are 

satisfied that the trial court adequately considered factor four in making its 

custody determination.
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pertinent to Father as alleged by Mother. Likewise, our review reflects that 

the trial court contemplated the favorable aspects of Father’s relationship 

and contact with Child, and the negative aspects pertinent to Mother. As the 

trial court effectively concluded, “Despite the want of substantial cogent and 

compelling evidence, both parents are undoubtedly positive parental forces 

in [Child’s] life and are expected to continue to promote her best interest in 

the future by continuing to maintaining [sic] constant contact with her.” Id. 

at 13. Hence, we discern no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court 

in reaching its decision to have Child remain at her school in St. Marys 

School District and in altering the custody arrangement by granting Father 

custody during the school week. Therefore, we adopt the trial court’s 

thorough analysis of the statutory custody factors as presented in its opinion 

of August 11, 2015, and we conclude that Mother’s contrary claims lack 

merit.6

In issue number three, Mother argues that the trial court erred in 

failing to have Daniel Kysor, the licensed psychologist who prepared a report 

for the trial court, present at the custody hearing. Mother’s Brief at 10. 

Essentially, Mother asserts that because Mr. Kysor was not present at the 

custody hearing, the trial court may have failed to properly consider his 

recommendations.

____________________________________________

6 The parties are directed to attach a redacted copy of the August 11, 2015 

opinion in the event of further proceedings in this matter.
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It is accepted that under Pa.R.C.P. 234.1, a party may subpoena 

another person to attend a hearing. Furthermore, it is axiomatic that a 

party must make a timely and specific objection to a procedure in order to 

preserve the issue for appellate review; otherwise, the party’s failure to 

object results in waiver of the claim. M.O. v. J.T.R., 85 A.3d 1058, 1061 

(Pa. Super. 2014) (citing Fillmore v. Hill, 665 A.2d 514 (Pa. Super. 1995); 

Smith v. Smith, 637 A.2d 622 (Pa. Super. 1993)).

Here, our review of the record reflects that neither party sought to 

subpoena Mr. Kysor to ensure his presence at the custody hearing. In 

addition, our review reveals that the trial court accepted Mr. Kysor’s report 

into evidence without objection from either party. Specifically, the trial court 

stated the following when it admitted Mr. Kysor’s report into evidence:

THE COURT: It will be admitted as Court Exhibit 1. There was 

no objection lodged by either party to the admissibility of Mr. 

Kysor’s summary or the results of his evaluation. So, that will 

be marked as Court Exhibit 1 and admitted.

N.T., 6/23/15, at 9. If Mother wanted to challenge the admission of the 

report and lack of Mr. Kysor’s presence at the hearing, she should have done 

so at the custody hearing. Thus, Mother’s failure to object to the admission 

of the report, even though Mr. Kysor was not present at the hearing, results 

in waiver of any challenge to its admissibility and its consideration by the 

trial court.

Although not raised in her list of issues in the statement of questions 

presented portion of her appellate brief, Mother also argues that the trial 
J-A04045-16

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judge should have recused himself from this case. Mother’s Brief at 11. 

Mother alleges that she previously appeared before the same trial judge in 

criminal matters in 2007-2008 and contends that the judge was not 

impartial in this custody matter. Id.

Regarding challenges to the trial court’s authority and suggestions that 

recusal was appropriate, we have stated the following:

It is the duty of the party asserting disqualification to file 

the petition in a timely fashion. Rizzo v. Haines, 555 A.2d 58, 

70 (Pa. 1989). A recusal motion that is not timely filed will be 

denied. Id. “It is well-settled that a party seeking recusal or 

disqualification must raise the objection at the earliest 

possible moment, or that party will suffer the consequence of 

being time barred.” Commonwealth v. Stafford, 749 A.2d 

489, 501 (Pa. Super. 2000) (quotation marks and citations 

omitted) (emphasis added). In addition, it is an appellant’s 

obligation to demonstrate which appellate issues were preserved 

for review. Pa.R.A.P. 2117(c), 2119(e).

Coulter v. Ramsden, 94 A.3d 1080, 1089 (Pa. Super. 2013).

Our review of the certified record reflects that Mother failed to seek 

disqualification of President Judge Masson at any time prior to this appeal. 

Likewise, Mother has failed to demonstrate where she has preserved this 

issue for appellate review. Accordingly, we are constrained to conclude that 

this issue is waived.

Order affirmed.
J-A04045-16

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 5/2/2016
P- W. S of the First Presbyterian Church of Emporium, Pennsylvania; maternal 

grandmother H9JDIIIIJ, and paternal stepmother SC Rtllf. Documentary evidence 

was also introduced in the nature of the custody evaluations and bonding assessments conducted 

by licensed psychologist Daniel Kysor, school rankings for South St. Marys Elementary School 

and Woodland Elementary School, P_.,s final report card for 2014-15 and an internet article 

hearing consisted of the testimony of plaintiff 1*Rtml; defendant D C. ~; Pastor 

Pending before the Court is the pro se petition to modify custody filed by defendant, I 

D •.• D a 2 (formerly known as D . R~ on October 14, 2014. In her petition, I 

defendant has sought to modify the custody provisions set forth in the March 11, 2013 Order of! 

C~urt which adopted and approved the. Febru~y 7, ~013 stipulation entered into by the parties 'I 

with regard to the custody of the subject mmor child, P~E-- age 7, born 

I 

JanuaryW, 2008. The February 7, 2013 stipulation included provisions for the parties' equal I 

sharing of legal and physical custody and the stipulation specifically referenced that U J j 

! would attend school in the St. Marys Area School District and that defendant would relocate to 

I the St. Marys Area School District. Moreover, both parents were represented by counsel when 

the stipulation was entered. I 

i j At the time of the June 23, 3015 hearing conducted on the modification petition, plaintiff] 

Ftlf ~, appeared and was represented by Attorney Thomas G.G. Coppolo, and defendant 

I911 Diii (f/k/a DQ Rdll) appeared pro se. The evidence introduced at time of 

l 

I '1 

CIVIL 

COUNTYBRANCH-ELK 

NO. 2007-673 

Ellll4ml * 

Plaintiff * 

* 

vs. * 

* 

(f/k/a~ * 

* 

Defendant * 

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF THE FIFTY-NINTH 

JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA 

Circulated 04/21/2016 03:17 PM
2 

Mother ~d father w;re married on October 28, 2qos, ao.d "Vere;divorced by decree dated 

June 4, 2009. As P119 was born on January. 2008, she was born in wedlock. I 

Following the parties' divorce, father married SF · R~with whom he has 

two children, twins s .. ~ ~nd S i ~. both age 7. Mother established a I 

long-term relationship with i:e S .. , who cohabitated with her from time-to-time over I 

. . I 

. 

'\.:l: ~/atps of the Parties 

ti -~ ..c Plaintiff E9..rulll 1 (hereafter "father") and D Dtllllll (formerly 

Rlllf)(hereafter "mother"), are the nattyaJ p~e~s of the subject minor child, :R1'••1 

" )~ 

-., S· 

FINDINGS OF FACT 

I 

· I 

In assessing the evidence presented during the hearing held on the pending petition to 

modify, the Court has directed its focus upon the best interes~~~~ fJJC J ,Ftmll~. In the 

process of) evaluating the evidence, the Court had the opportunity to view the demeanor and I 

''"'"' 

countenance of the parties, to determine the credibility of all witness, and to weigh the evidrp,c,~ 

all of which has been duly considered. The Court accordingly enters the following general 

findings pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1920.52. 

i 

1· 

I 

! 

DISCUSSION 

II l I 

II 

II 

' • i 

I 

I 

i 

. Section 5338 of the Child Custody Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. 5321-5340, provides that upon I 

pe~tiof, '- trial fourt may modify a custody order if it serves the best interests of the· child. "The 1 

best inter~sts standard, decided on a case-by-case basis, considers all factors that legitimately 

h 11 ave an effect upon the child's physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual well-being." Saintz v. 

i Rinrr'. 90; Afd 50f, 512 <t =: 2006) (citing Arnold v. Arnold, 8_47 A.2d 674,677 (Pa. I 

11 Super. 2~04)). · The Court must determine "the best interests of the child by considering all ! 

relevant factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which effect the safety of the I 

child," and must consider the statutorily-defined factors set forth at 23 Pa.C.S.A. 5328(a). J.R.M ! 

v. J.E.A. 33 A.3d 647, 652 (Pa. Super. 2011). The paramount concern is the best interests of the I 

subject minor child and all other considerations are subordinate to the child's best interests, . 

incLudi~~- ~¥,l~~rests of the adults who i~Y ~e ~ies to the action. Jackson v.Beck, 858 A. 2d 

1250 (Pa. Super. 2004). 
3 

! 

t 

I 

I 

an approximate three-year period until the relationship ended in March 2015, following I 

! 

which S. established a residence in Florida. ! 

2. Parties' Residences I 

Father owns the house at .Walnut Street, St. Marys, Pennsylvania, where he,! 

his current wife, C £ R .. , his step-son CIIII B •• age 10, the twin children of I 

father and S Ra9, $ and Et9 R9I', both age 7, and 1 live. The I 

house is a two-story residence with three bedrooms, two bathrooms, a dining room, living I 

room, playroom, and laundry on a 100 x 50 foot lot. 

i 

Mother rents a 2-bedroom trailer at .East 2nd Street, Emporium, Pennsylvania, I 

where she lives with Pllllltwhen mother maintains custody of her daughter. Until March I 

2015, mother's boyfriend, E8 S-, also lived at the residence. ~was described as a 

handyman who received disability benefits. He and mother were involved in a long-term I 

relationship lasting some three years, which ended when, according to mother, she 1 

discovered that s• was abusing drugs and he moved to Florida. I 

l 

Despite mother's assertion that she keeps a clean household and father's l 

household is in disarray, her infrequent and sporadic visits to father's residence during 

which she determined that the condition of his residence was messy was not supported by 

any objective evidence. Father acknowledged that his residence is cluttered from time to 

time, but not dirty. Therefore, the physical characteristics of both parents' residences are I 

appropriate and there was no evidence of any materially adverse environmental factor or 

other physical household issue which would have a deleterious effect upon the child. 

3. Parties' Employment and Income 

Neither parent is employed. Father has received disability benefits for the past 

four years as a result of leg and back conditions. Mother is also disabled due to shoulder I 

issues, but indicated that she would be eligible to have her nursing license reinstated in l 

December 2015 following a period of suspension after she had entered a guilty plea to an 

offense involving her having altered a prescription for Vicodin 

Neither mother nor father disclosed the amount each receives in disability 

benefits, but an allowance paid on behalf of P- was the focus of testimony provided 

by both parties. Mother indicated that she had been receiving $86 a month on behalf of 

Ptlll, but the recipient of the benefits was changed by father as the representative 
4 

! 

~ 1 

t 

I 

payee. Mother believes father has been receiving $400 a month in disability benefits i 

attributed to Plll9. The disability benefits allotted to P ... is derivative of father's/ 

~ disability benefits and those benefits are being held in escrow until suchtime as the issue! 

! 

of custody has been addressed, such that neither parent has been receiving benefits on I 

behalf of FL j of late. f 

In addition to the disability benefits in an undetermined amount which are paid to I 

father, father's current wife, S Rt9 contributes to father's household income by I 

virtue of full time employment as a secretary at Allegheny Coatings in Ridgway, It. 

Pennsylvania. However, the amount of her income was not introduced ofrecord. 

Although not established with any degree of specificity, the financial resources I 

! 

available to both parents is adequate to provide for Pg f needs and there was no I 

evidence that either parent was unable to pay for essentials for l g or that she has 

been deprived of any necessaries. 

4. Parents' Education 

Father graduated from St. Marys Area High School in 1998 and attended college 

for one semester. Mother graduated from Glasgow High School in Delaware in 1997 and I 

received an Associate's Degree in nursing from Del Tech. 

Both parents have the required educational background and abilities to provide 

P-with the necessary academic support and to assist her in school assignments. 

5. Child's Education 

At the time of the June 23, 2015 hearing, P- had completed first grade at the I 

South St. Marys Street Elementary School in St Marys, Pennsylvania, and had been 

promoted to second grade. She did very well in school, with her lowest grade in any of 

her core class curriculum being a 96 in English. She received 97's in Reading, Science, 

Health, and Social Studies, a 98 in Math and a 100 in Spelling as her final grades in those I 

subjects (Plaintiff Exhibit 3). 

Father is engaged in P-s education and given the proximity of his residence 

to that of the school, he frequently walks P- to school in the morning. He att~nds 

parent/teacher conferences, open house, school plays and school book fairs and has 

communicated with Pg I principal, teacher and guidance counselor about enrolling 

P .... in an enrichment program. Mother is also pro-active with P ... 's school work, j 

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Father's extended family resides primarily in the Elk County area. Paternal 

' grandparents, l9and n,mt Rtl9, live in St. Marys, Pennsylvania, while father's in- j 

laws, 11llt s• and DIIIKIII also live in St. Marys. Paternal aunt, S ) I 

ca a' lives in Kersey, Pennsylvania. Significantly, P .. 's half-siblings,~ and I 

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same town as mother. 

Sundays during father's periods of physical custody. 

7. Extended Family and Sibling Relationships . I 

Mother's brother, B I !llllllll, and his six-year-old son live in Emporium, I 

Pennsylvania, while mother's two sisters live in Bear, Delaware. Maternal grandmother, I 

H .. !lllll, also lives in Millsbarrow, Delaware. Therefore, the family member in 

closest proximity to mother and Pg is B ) D .. as he and his son live in the I 

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Elementary School in Emporium, Pennsylvania, the school P ... would attend if she 

lived primarily in Emporium. The rankings were based on a total of 1,422 Pennsylvania 

Elementary schools. 

6. Child's Religious Training · I 

Mother has been actively involved attending the First Presbyterian Church in I 

Emporium, Pennsylvania, for the past year and has taken P ... to church on a number I 

of occasions. Pastor P. W. ~ observed that P .. seems to enjoy church and l 

exhibits an interest in church, but that there is at present no Sunday School program I 

available Plllf I 

Father does not attend church, but indicated that because Pllllt appears to enjoy 

attending church, he has afforded her the opportunity to go to church with mother on 

with school administration. 

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including insuring that P .. gets her homework finished. Mother has also engaged in! 

school activities and addressed an issue regarding P .. being the target of bullying I 

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T~e evidence demonstrates that P- does very well in school. She displays no I 

kind of aberrant behavior at school, having received satisfactory grades in all areas of I 

Teacher Observation. I 

While not materially compelling, a comparison of school ratings introduced by f 

plaintiff (plaintiff Exhibits 1 and 2) yielded 2014 statewide elementary school rankings I 

383 for the South St. Marys Street Elementary School and 420 for the Woodland I 
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In the course of conducting the custodial evaluations (Court Exhibit 1 ), Daniel F. 

Kysor, a licensed psychologist, administered testing assessments and also made direct 

observations of the parties, the child and the parties' interactions with Ptllt. Both 

mother and father were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV 

(Wechsler), the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-II (Kaufinan) and the j 

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-II-Restructured Form (MMPI-11-RF). 

Kysor also utilized a comprehensive parenting tool to assess the parties' abilities to 

properly parent P... Father's score on the Wechsler scale was in the average 

range at the 2?1h percentile. He also obtained average scores in the verbal area. His 

working memory was deficient and his abstract reasoning was low average. Mother l 

obtained a Wechsler score in the average range at the 39th percentile. Her verbal area 

score was in the high average while her working memory, abstract reasoning and 

speed of task completion were in the average to low average range. 

The Kaufman test results attained by father indicated that he is functioning in the I 

low average level in reading, written expression, and math with the measured results I 

being similar to that of a middle school student. Mother's Kaufman test led to an 

indication that she is functioning in the low average level in math and at the post-high 

school level in reading and written expression. 

b) 

a) Physical Health 

As set forth hereinabove, both mother and father are currently disabled, but 

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8. Mental and Physical Conditions of the Parents 

aggressive towards Pi was not corroborated by any objective evidence. Finally [ 

P ... was described as having a very close relationship with her step-brother, <111111 

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1 slllt Rtllll, also reside in father's Walnut Street, St. Marys, Pennsylvania residence. I 

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The relationship between 1 I and her half siblings was found to be normal for seven j 

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year olds, mother's positing to the contrary notwithstanding as both mother's and! 

maternal grandmother's assertions that P j l's half-sister S 7 S has been physically 
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Father's MMPI-II-RF results yielded somatic complaints including head pain and I 

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neurological symptoms and an indication that he may develop physical symptoms in I 

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response to stress. There were no abnormal results indicative of any organic or I 

psychological disorder, but treatment considerations were indicated for father's pain i 

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management. Mother's MMPI-II-RF results raised concerns about the possible I 

impact of her under reporting on the validity of the assessment. Somatic complaints ! 

related to head pain and issues relating to previous juvenile conduct problems were I 

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indicated. She too was found to be prone to the development of physical symptoms i 

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in response to stress and treatment considerations for pain management were also I 

indicated for her. Despite the compromise of the protocol validity by her under I 

reporting, there were no apparent atypical conditions or issues which were ! 

determined. · 'I 

The comprehensive parenting tool utilized by Dan Kysor led him to determine 

that father possesses fair to good social judgment and other positive traits relevant to I 

effective parenting. Mother also displayed good to fair social judgment as a result of 

Kysor's utilizing a comprehensive parenting tool with her and she also demonstrates I 

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the capacity to promote and maintain the welfare of Pg ff and to be an effective · 

parent. 

As a result of Dan Kysor's observations and assessments of mother and father, he [ 

developed clinical impressions for both. Father was attributed an Axis I impression I 

of adjustment disorder. While Kysor referred to the clinical impression of possible ! 

drug addiction in remission, he provided no substantive basis for that determination. 

There was no question but that father does occasionally drink alcoholic beverages and 

is also prescribed methadone and piercocet, but there was no evidence that he 

currently presents with any kind of substance abuse issues. Father's Axis III 

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impression was that of disability due to back issues and on Axis IV, father presented I 

as exhibiting stress due to the pending custody proceeding. Kysor's clinical 

impression of mother was that on Axis I, she presented with an impression of drug 

abuse in remission by reports since 2006 and bipolar disorder by report. While 

mother's history includes reference to substance abuse, as with father, there was no 

evidence of any use of controlled substances which compromised parenting abilities 
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recommendation are in no way controlling, let alone dispositive. 

recommendation based on his assessments, all of which have been considered by the i 

Court and attributed the appropriate weight but Kysor's impressions, findings and [ 

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or jeopardized the health, safety, and welfare of P.... Her Axis III impression was 

that she was disabled due to shoulder issues and she, like father, presented an Axis IV 

impression of stress due to the issues of child custody. 

There was no material evidence that either father or mother presented with any 

kind of mental health disorder which would militate against them continuing to 

effectively parent P-and similarly, there was no evidence that any past disorder 

had in anyway compromised P-s best interests. 

9. Child's Psychological Profile 

On December 7, 2014 and January 7, 2015, PJ was assessed by Dan Kysor in 

the context of both mental health status and her bonding attachment to her parents. She 

first appeared with father and during that appointment, Kysor noticed that her interaction 

with father was good and was "good and positive." During her second appearance before ! 

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Kysor when she accompanied mother, Kysor found that she responded to her mother in It ..

an "affectionate manner, without prompting." 

P4111Ws affect was upbeat and excited when she was with mother and somewhat I 

more restrained and controlled when present with her father. However, there were no I 

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perceptual disturbances or psychotic patterns noted, nor were there any signs or I 

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symptoms of any disorders whatsoever. ! 

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P .. was administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV Edition.] 

Her intellectual ability was found to be in the high average range and her working j 

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memory was noted to be average. The Kaufman test was also administered to Piii to " 

assess her current achievement levels. Those results were consistent with her measured 

intellectual ability and indicated that P- is functioning within the high to average j 

range in all areas of achievement. I 

While Kysor found that P .. has bonded with both her parents, he determined I 

that she demonstrated a strong bond with mother and a more restrained bond with father. 

Kysor also recited P-s preferences as expressed to him as well as his 
While mother filed a petition for protection from abuse. against father on February 

j I 4, 2011, to No. 2011-199 of the Cameron County Branch of this Court and a temporary I 

d 11 protective order was entered that date, mother orally moved to withdraw her petition at 

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The evidence demonstrated that both parties permit frequent and continuing 

contact between PIIIII and the other party and have from time to time accommodated I 

requested deviations in the existing custody schedule to allow P .. to engage in 

activities with the non-custodial parent such as father allowing mother to take Ptml to 

church on father's Sundays. Mother has included father and his family members in 

birthday celebrations for W Both have acquiesced to the other parent taking P ... 

on trips, with mother taking PIIII to Delaware and Florida during periods of father's 

custody and father taking P[ J to an amusement park. 

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11 I ' 10. Performance of Essential Duties i 

I j Both parties have performed essential duties for P ... and have addressed her j 

! ! moral development and educational progress. 11• 

11 11. Current Best Interests ! 

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11' The evidence clearly established that the current physical, intellectual, moral and I 

I· I ! i spiritual well-being of P ... will be met by mother and father continuing to share l 

d ! 

I ! physical and legal custody as provided in the court order entered as the order of I 

11 disposition for the pending custody modification petition. I 

1 ·r Ji It ·! STATUTORY FACTOR FINDINGS 

I I i In conjunction with the foregoing general findings, the Court also enters the following I 

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I. findings in accordance with 23 Pa. C.S.A. 5328(a). I 

1. Factors (a)(8) and (a) (12) are non-factors. ! 

It I I There was no evidence of any attempt by either parent _to turn PIIIII against the l 

I other parent. Additionally, adequate child care is provided by both parents when P .. ! 

, is in their custody as both parents are disabled and neither has any employment or other I 

commitments requiring that they be absent from direct supervision of p .... for any r 

extended period. I 

2. Factors (a)(l ), (a)(2), (a)(2.1), (a)(3), (a)(9), (a)(l 0), (a)(l 1), (a)(13), (a)(14), (a)(l 5), and I 

(a)(16) are equally weighted. 
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Both parents indicated that they have been able to co-operate with one another I 

and that the level of conflict has been neutral for the most part, but the pending custody I 

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the time of the hearing on the petition. The motion was granted, the petition withdrawn ! 

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and the temporary protective order of February 4, 2011, was vacated. There was thus no l 

adjudication of mother's claims and no finding of any abuse perpetrated by father. ! 

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Both parties have had contact with local child protective service agencies, but no j 

incidents of abuse were founded nor were any services recommended or offered. Elk I 

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County Children and Youth Services investigated a report that father permitted PJ R to ! 

go to Luhr Park without supervision. Father acknowledged he had allowed P .. to go I 

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to the park which is some one hundred yards from his residence, but that she was always [ 

in the company of her step-brother and/or half-brother and sister and father had a direct I 

sight-line from his house to the park. After conducting an investigation, Elk County I 

Children and Youth Services determined that no case would be opened and no services I 

were warranted. Prior to moving to her current residence, mother lived in an apartment 

in Emporium for about five years and Cameron County Children and Youth Services 

investigated the apartment conditions but found no circumstances requiring further 

contact or the implementation of services. During this investigation, father was reported ! 

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to have wanted to contact Cameron County Children and Youth Services to let the agency 

know that he thought mother was a good mother. 

Both father and mother perform the parental duties required to keep P .. safe I 

and healthy and to promote her best interests. Similarly, both parents are equally likely I 

to maintain a loving, stable, consistent and nurturing environment for their daughter as J 

both have done so for extended periods of time. ' 

Since mother and father are available throughout the day given that both are 

disabled and do not work, the attention paid by them to P ... 's physical, emotional, 

developmental, and educational needs are the same. No special needs of P- were 

identified. I 

The distance between father's residence in St. Marys and mother's residence in j 

Emporium is about twenty miles and that proximity promotes each parent's ability to I 

maintain frequent contact with P .. , but it is impractical for mother to transport P .. I 

from Emporium to attend school in St. Marys, Pennsylvania. 

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attending school in St. Marys beginning with kindergarten and to her relocating to St. 

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Marys. ~has indeed attended South St. Marys Street Elementary School for the I 

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past two years and done very well in school. There was certainly no evidence to suggest j 

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litigation has exacerbated stressors on co-parenting, although both converse during l 

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· custody exchanges and at other times as necessary. I 

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Substance abuse issues were identified for both parents, but at present, no drug ! 

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usage has been demonstrated which has compromised either parent's ability to effectively! 

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parent PIIIJ Mother acknowledged an addiction to drugs prior to P ... ' s birth, but i 

has maintained sobriety for at least the last seven years. She continues to attend AA and! 

~ NA meetings and has taken P .. to the meetings to ostensibly teach her about I 

substance abuse. This is a curious approach in light of P-s age, but there was no I 

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evidence that P ... has any adverse reaction to her attending the meetings. I 

The reason promoted for mother ending her relationship with • S.in March J 

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of this year after she learned he was using drugs in somewhat circumspect, but there was I 

no evidence whatsoever that S-s drug usage occurred at any time when P ... was ! 

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present. Father has been prescribed both Percocet and methadone for five years to ! 

address chronic low back and left leg pain. He indicated that his methadone prescription j 

is a low dose of 5 to 10 mg and there was no evidence that the methadone had been I 

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prescribed for anything but pain. Father, also testified that on the weekends, he will drink i 

three to four beers over a five to six hour period. While mother promoted that father's ! 

drinking alcohol which taking methadone was contra-indicated and a display of poor ! 

judgment, the evidence in support of mother's position in the nature of an internet article I 

(defendant Exhibit A) was ineffectual when not presented with any corroborative l 

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evidence of father's dual usage which compromised his functioning as a parent. ! 

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The mental and physical conditions of the parents are discussed in the general i 

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findings hereinabove and no condition of either parent detracts from their parenting ! 

abilities. There was no evidence of any adverse mental or physical condition attributable ! 

toS .. R... i 

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3. The (a)(5), (a)(6) and (a)(7) factors are weighted in favor of father. 1 

Mother's evidence regarding her inability to locate housing in St. Marys was 

disingenuous. In March 2013, when represented by counsel, she stipulated to P- · 
let alone demonstrate that any change in P .. 's academic setting would be in her best! 

interests. To the contrary, a change in schools would likely destabilize P ... 's l 

educational progress. I 

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Similarly, the only reason presented by mother to explain why she had not I 

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relocated was that she could not afford to. However, there was no evidence presented by ! 

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her to compare relative housing costs in Emporium and St. Marys nor was there any 1 

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evidence of any material change in her income. Rather, the evidence suggests that ! 

despite her clear representation that she would re-locate, self interests prevailed, I 

including her continued relationship with Fe s• which only ended during the i 

pendency of this modification petition. Father is the parent most likely to insure the j 

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stability in P ... s education, family life and community life. As set forth in the I 

general findings, P .. has greater opportunity to maintain sibling relationships with I 

father. P .. is mother's only child, while father's twin children and hence IWllll's I 

half-brother and half-sister, s• and sllt Rll9, reside with father as does IWII' s II 

step-brother, C .. !39. 

Most of P .. 's paternal extended family live in and around St. Marys while I 

only a mat~mal uncle and P-s cousin live in Emporium. The other extended i 

members of mother's family live in Delaware, including maternal grandmother and I 

maternal aunts. The distance factor alone results in Plllt having greater opportunity to! 

interact with members of father's family on a consistent basis. i 

Other relevant factors which include P .. ' s spiritual development and the criminal I 

records of the parties. 

After inquiring of the First Presbyterian Church in Emporium in early 2014 

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whether the church could assist her in paying her rent, mother became active in attending I 

church, including regular services and Bible study class. She began taking J>9' to I 

church with her, which father permitted although the services were during his period of 

physical custody. Although father does discuss religious issues with P .. , he does so 

on a much more informal basis and thus the spiritual development of 1£ is weighted 

slightly in favor mother. 

Contact with the criminal justice system is weighted slightly in favor of father, I 

who has no criminal record. Mother presents with a criminal history which includes a I 

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August 11, 2015 

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[. !1. 2007 guilty plea for a violation of the Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, graded as an ( 

r unclassified misdemeanor, a 2007 guilty plea to a summary offense of harassment, a I 

1·1 2008 guilty plea to a misdemeanor two simple assault and a 2008 guilty plea to an! 

11 ungraded misdemeanor driving after imbibing offense which resulted in a three-day to six I 

11 month sentence of incarceration. The criminal incidents occurred in a relatively I 

I I compressed time period in 2007 and 2008, including two within months of P .. s I 

'i ; I , birth, but since then Mother's criminal record is clean, notwithstanding evidence !I• Ii 

l I regarding a May 2015 incident involving a confrontation with her aunt which resulted in ! I I charges filed before Magisterial District Judge Barry D. Brown. I 

I J Despite the want of substantial. cogent and compelling evidence, both parents are I 

1! I I undoubtedly positive parental forces in P .. s life and are expected to continue to promote her I 

I best interest in the future by continuing to maintaining constant contact with her. I L I 

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