NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule 

23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28, 

as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties 

and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's 

decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire 

court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case. 

A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25, 

2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted 

above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260 

n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

22-P-496

ALYSSA ZERESKI1

vs.

TOWN OF UXBRIDGE.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

The plaintiff brought this action after her daughter was 

injured at an elementary school owned and operated by the 

defendant town. During recess on the playground, the daughter

received permission from one or more supervising schoolteachers 

(supervisors) to use the restroom inside the school building. 

Afterward, the daughter returned to the playground, where she 

was knocked to the ground by an older male student who was 

running backwards and/or practicing football. The mother filed 

a complaint, asserting that the daughter's injuries were caused 

by the defendant's negligent failure to supervise the children, 

including the daughter, during recess. On the defendant's 

motion for summary judgment, a Superior Court judge ruled that 

1 As mother and next friend of Veronica Zereski.
2

the town was immune from liability under the Massachusetts Tort 

Claims Act, G. L. c. 258, § 10 (j). A judgment entered, and 

this appeal followed. 

Discussion. "The standard of review of a grant of summary 

judgment is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the nonmoving party, all material facts have been 

established and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a 

matter of law." Augat, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 410 Mass. 

117, 120 (1991). 

With certain exceptions not relevant here, G. L. c. 258, 

§ 10 (j) immunizes the town, as a public employer, from: 

"any claim based on an act or failure to act to prevent or 

diminish the harmful consequences of a condition or 

situation, including the violent or tortious conduct of a 

third person, which is not originally caused by the public 

employer or any other person acting on behalf of the public 

employer." 

 

G. L. c. 258, § 10 (j). 

The Supreme Judicial Court has "construed the 'original 

cause' language to mean an affirmative act (not a failure to 

act) by a public employer that creates the 'condition or 

situation' that results in harm inflicted by a third party." 

Kent v. Commonwealth, 437 Mass. 312, 318 (2002), quoting Brum v. 

Dartmouth, 428 Mass. 684, 695 (1999). "[F]or the 'original 

cause' language under § 10 (j) to apply, 'the act must have 
3

materially contributed to creating the specific "condition or 

situation" that resulted in the harm.'" Cormier v. Lynn, 479 

Mass. 35, 40 (2018), quoting Kent, supra, at 319. See Brum

supra, at 693 ("[w]hat is needed is an example of a condition 

[or situation] leading to a harmful consequence, where that 

condition was originally caused by the public employer but not 

brought about by the public employer's failure to prevent it"). 

As Brum makes clear, the negligent failure to prevent harm is 

not an affirmative act under the statute. See id. at 695-696. 

See also Bonnie W. v. Commonwealth, 419 Mass. 122, 125-127

(1994) (§ 10 [j] barred claim based on parole officer's 

"negligent failure" to supervise parolee but permitted claim 

that parole officer "negligently recommend[ed]" parolee's 

employment).

Here, the plaintiff's complaint fails to allege that an 

affirmative act by the supervisors was an original cause of the 

daughter's injuries. Viewing the complaint in the light most 

favorable to the plaintiff, it alleges that the daughter's 

injuries resulted from the supervisors' failure to supervise (1) 

the children on the playground, and (2) the daughter upon her 

return from the bathroom. What the plaintiff claims was a 

"neglect of duty" -- the purported failure to adequately 

supervise -- was "a failure to act to prevent or diminish" harm 

to the daughter upon her return to the playground. See Brum, 
4

428 Mass. at 693; Stahr v. Lincoln Sudbury Regional High Sch. 

Dist., 93 Mass. App. Ct. 243, 246, 247 (2018) ("amended 

complaint makes clear that [the plaintiffs'] claim is . . . that 

the coaches' lack of supervision and inadequate instruction 

. . . both omissions . . . caused [the plaintiff's] injuries").

Compare Gennari v. Reading Pub. Sch., 77 Mass. App. Ct. 762 

(2010). In Gennari, the principal's affirmative decision to 

hold recess in a concrete courtyard "materially contributed to 

creating the specific 'condition or situation' that resulted in 

the harm," id. at 765, citing Kent, 437 Mass. at 319, and could 

properly be considered an original cause of injury within the

meaning of § 10 (j). Were we to accept that the supervisors'

neglect of a duty or a failure to act "materially contributed" 

to the daughter's injuries, "then the opening words of § 10 (j), 

immunizing 'act[s] or failure[s] to act to prevent,' . . . would 

be virtually read out of the provision." Brum, 428 Mass. at 
5

692-693. See Cormier, 479 Mass. at 41-42; Stahr 93 Mass. App. 

Ct. at 247. 

Judgment affirmed.

By the Court (Blake, Walsh, & 

Hershfang, JJ.2),

Clerk

Entered: August 9, 2023.

2 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.