IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE KIM RENETTE, a single person

Respondent,

v. BRIANNA COATES, and TYLER COATES and the marital community therein; T&E TRUCKING, LLC ; NATIONWIDE AGRIBUSINESS INSURANCE COMPANY; CO DY LOPEMAN and KASSIDY LOPEMAN, and the marital community therein; LOPEMAN HAY & CA TT LE, LLC; JAMES LYON and JANE DOE LYON and the marital community therein, WESTERN NATIONAL MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY; JOHN DOE(S) 1

- 10 and the marital community therein , Appellants. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 38804

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UNPUBLISHED OPINION

S IDDOWAY , J. P.T. 

— We granted discretionary review of the trial court’s refusal to dismiss this personal injury action for lack of personal jurisdiction , where it i s

un disputed that Kim Renette failed to effect timely service of process on any d efendant ,

 Judge Laurel H. Siddoway was a member of the Court of Appeals at the time argument was held on this matter. Sh e is now serving as a judge pro tempore of the court pursuant to RCW 2.06.150. FILED August 29 , 202 3 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals Division IIINo. 38804

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2 including defendants James Lyon, T&E Trucking, LLC , and its owners Brianna and Tyler Coates (Defendants) , who s ought review. We reverse and remand with directions to di smiss the complaint with prejudice.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND On June 22, 2018, Kim Renette was involved in a n automobile accident

. She was driving on State Route 902, near Medical Lake, when a large cab

- over engine tractor

trailer driven by James L yon collided into the rear of her car

. Mr. Lyon was driving the vehicle in the course of his employment by T&E Trucking, LLC. The LLC is owned by Tyler and Brianna Coates.
The collision caus ed Ms. Renette’s head to s trike the driver

- side window and left her with allegedly serious debilitating injuries, including back pain, limited mobility in her right arm and shoulder due to a rotator cuff separation, short

- term memory loss, an acquired stutter, and aggravation of posttraumatic stress disorder

. By Janua ry 2019, Ms. Renette had retained Craig Swapp & Associates to represent her in asserting a personal injury claim

. T he Swapp firm provided notice of a claim to Brianna Coates’ s insurer, Nationwide Agribusiness Insurance Company (Nationwide) , which request e d copies of Ms. Renette’s medical records and bills. T he Swapp firm apparently sent some of the requested documents, but little other information was exchanged in furtherance of any settlement.No. 38804

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3 In December 2020 or January 2021 , Ms. Renette retained a new law firm, Robert Cossey & Associates, to take over the claim

. Attorney Aaron Jones assumed responsibility for the matter , and i n February 2021 his paralegal notified Matthew Owen, the Swapp firm’s contact at Nationwide , to direct further communications t o herself and
Mr. Jones. On June 14, 2021 , Mr. Jones sent Mr. Owen a three

- page letter in which he described the accident and M s . Renette’s injuries and damages, and asked that
Nationwide tender insurance policy information and agree to mediation. He stat ed that he would be filing suit and submitting a copy of the complaint t o Nationwide, but encouraged mediation as “ mutually beneficial especially in light of your acceptance of liability on behalf of your insured. ” C lerk’s P apers (CP) at 119. Paula Jones , 1 a nother Nationwide adjuster, sent a response to Mr. Jones three days later, notifying him that she was now handling Ms. Renette’s claim

. She said that given the limited information provided by Ms. Renette to date, disclosure of the policy information w as not warranted , although she did confirm that Ms. Coates had an active
b usiness a uto policy on the date of loss. She stated that Nationwide had not admitted liability of its insured but “appreciate[d] any opportunity . . . to attempt to reach an early

1 Because of the potential for confusion between attorney Jones and adjuster Jones, we refer to Paula Jones by her first name. No disrespec t is intended.No. 38804

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4 r esolution

. ” CP at 125. G iven the lack of supporting documentation with which to evaluate the claim, she stated that Nationwide was not ready to agree to “ pre - litigation mediation. ” Id.
S he concluded the letter with a warning : [I] f a Complaint has not be en timely filed before the Statute of Limitations deadline of 6/22/2021, the defense counsel will be asked to assert (and to not waive) any and all applicable defenses, to include a Motion to Assert that the filing is barred in violation of the Statute of Limitations. Nationwide has been consistent with the expectation of the 3 year deadline and recommend [s] that you act accordingly. If you determine it is the best course of action to file a Complaint, I would appreciate a complimentary copy of the same. Id. Mr. Jones filed a summons and complaint the next day, naming as d efendants Mr. Lyon, the Coates es , T&E Trucking , LLC , Nationwide, and several others. 2 Mr. Jones did not provide Paula with a courtesy copy of the complaint, but the fact that it was f iled was brought to her attention by Nationwide’s lawyer . Karen Bamberger, outside counsel for Nationwide, filed a notice of appearance on behalf of the D efendants on June 28. It included the usual language that it did not constitute a waiver of objectio ns to service of process, jurisdiction or venue. The filing of the complaint on June 18 tolled the period within which Mr. Jones was required to serve the Defendants for 90 days, meaning service needed to be

2 Nationwide and the others were later dismissed from the action by stipulation.No. 38804

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5 accomplished by September 16, 2021. See RCW 4 .16.170. Upon receiving Ms. Bamberger’s notice of appearance, Mr. Jones forwarded Ms. Bamberger a copy of the letter/mediation request he had sent to Mr. Owen, informed her that he would be on paternity leave for the month of July , and stated that his par alegal “will be available to address any inquiries about records while I am out of the office for July

. ” CP at 127.
In July and August, Ms. Bamberger corresponded with personnel at Mr. Jones’s
office about providing a stipulation and medical release so th at Nationwide could obtain copies of Ms. Renette’s medical records from her providers. On August 10, M s . Renette executed an authorization for release of medical records, and Mr. Jones signed a related stipulation on August 13. On August 17, Ms. Bamberge r inquired of Mr. Jones whether a demand letter would be forthcoming. Mr. Jones still had not served any of the Defendants

. Two weeks before the 90

- day deadline for service, a paralegal at Mr. Jones’s office who had been assigned the responsibility of ad dressing service of process mailed a letter by certified mail, return receipt requested, to Mr. Lyon at his Ellensburg address. The letter, which was signed by Mr. Jones, requested insurance information from Mr. Lyon, and stated, “We are providing you wit h a copy of the Complaint and Summons that we have filed in this matter, as well as the Notice of Appearance we received.” CP atNo. 38804

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6 151. The letter did not ask Mr. Lyon to sign an acceptance of service. No copy of t he letter was sent to Nationwide or Ms. B amberger.
On the afternoon of September 14

— two days before the expiration of the deadline for service

— a judicial assistant in the superior court department to which Ms. Renette’s case was assigned e

- mailed Mr. Jones and Ms. Bamberger about an upcoming stat us conference. The e

- mail notified them that: It is this department’s policy that if the Summons/Complaint has been served, and answer filed, and a Civil Joint Status Report completed and submitted to this department, a Civil Case Schedule Order can be i ssued in lieu of the Status Conference.
CP at 155. Mr. Jones re sponded by e

- mail that afternoon, copying Ms. Bamberger . He stated: The parties have been in mediation status and an answer has not been filed yet. Is it possible to continue the status con ference out two months ? CP at 154. Ms. Bamberger did not respond to the e - mail s . She later testif ied by declaration that she did not respond because she had taken a red

- eye flight to Tennessee the morning
of the 14 th to visit her 85

- year old mother , wh o was hospitalized for an emergency
surgery . The deadline for serving process passed on September 16 without any d efendant having been served. On September 17, Ms. Bamberger filed an answer asserting theNo. 38804

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7 affirmative defenses of insufficient service, insu fficient service of process, and lack of personal jurisdiction

. On September 24, she filed a CR 12(b) motion to dismiss based on the affirmative defenses

. Mr. Jones’s office caused p ersonal service to be effected on Mr. Lyon on September 27, 3 and on T&E Trucking , LLC ’s registered agent on October 5.
The certified letter that Mr. Jones’s paralegal had mailed to Mr. Lyon in August was returned to Mr. Jones’s office on October 2 as unclaimed. In opposing the Defendants ’ motion to dismiss, Ms. Renette ar gued the y had waived their affirmative defenses by engaging in substantive discovery , that the statute of limitations should be equitably tolled , and that because Nationwide was aware of the complaint and service was effect ed before the motion was heard, t he issue of service was essentially nullified.
The trial court denied the motion to dismiss. An order presented by Ms. Renette included 15 “findings of fact,” no thing identified as a conclusion of law, and the court’s
order. The trial court made some han dwritten modifications to the “findings.” A motion by the Defendants for reconsideration was denied. The Defendants sought discretionary review, which was granted.

3 Mr. Lyon was served at the same address to which the certified letter had been addressed.No. 38804

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8 ANALYSIS Mr. Lyon, T&E Trucking, LLC, and the Coateses assign error to the trial court’s
refusal to dismiss the complaint

. I. S TANDARD OF REVIEW CR 12(b) authorizes a handful of defenses to be presented not only in the responsive pleading, but by motion, including the defenses of lack of jurisdiction over the person (12(b)(2) ) , insufficiency of process (12(b)(4) ) , insufficiency of service of process (12(b)(5) ) , and failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted (12(b)(6) )

. Whether service of process was proper is a question of law that we review de novo, as is a ruling on personal jurisdiction when the underlying facts are undisputed. Chengdu Gaishi Elecs., Ltd. v. G.A.E.M.S., Inc. , 11 Wn. App. 2d 617, 622

- 23, 454 P.3d 891 (2019); Precision Lab’y Plastics, Inc. v. Micro Test, Inc. , 96 Wn. App. 721, 725, 981 P.2d 454 (1999). Ms. Re nette a rgues that we must review the trial court’s “extensive” findings of fact for abuse of discretion , however. Br. of Resp’t at 3.
A trial court’s findings of fact on a CR 12(b) motion are reviewed for substantial evidence, e .g. , Harvey v. Obermeit , 16 3 Wn. App. 311, 318, 261 P.3d 671 (2011) , but only if they are bona fide findings of fact. If a determination concerns whether evidence shows that something occurred or existed, it is properly labeled a finding of fact , but ifNo. 38804

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9 the determination is made by a process of legal reasoning from facts in evidence, it is a conclusion of law. State v. Niedergang , 43 Wn. App. 656, 658

- 59, 719 P.2d 576 (1986).
M any of the trial court’s “findings of fact ” in this case are actually conclusions of law, such as the co urt’s “finding” that the failure to serve any d efendant was the result of excusable error (finding 9), that Defendants ’ notice of appearance did not preserve the defense of insufficient service of process (finding 11), that equitable tolling of the statute of limitations is appropriate in this matter (finding 13), and that good cause exists to deny the motion to dismiss (finding 14). Whe n conclusions of law are mislabeled as findings of fact, we treat them on appeal as what they are. E.g. , Willener v. Swe eting , 107 Wn.2d 388, 394, 730 P.2d 45 (1986)

. “Proper service of the summons and complaint is a prerequisite to a court’s obtaining jurisdiction over a party. Harvey , 163 Wn. App. at 318. It is undisputed that Ms. Renette did not cause any of the D efend ants to be served within the statute of limitations. While the D efendants are the appellants, we analyze the issues on appeal by reviewing Ms. Renette’s three arguments that the trial court properly denied the motion to dismiss.
II. T HE D EFENDANTS DID NO T WAIVE THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS BY TH E CONDUCT OF DISCOVERY Ms. Renette first argues that “[t]he trial court correctly applied the waiver doctrine because appellants engaged in litigation unrelated to the statute of limitations, delayedNo. 38804

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10 filing an answer , and continued to conduct discovery.” Br. of Resp’t at 18 (boldface and capitalization omitted)

. The Defendants dispute that waiver was a basis for the trial court’s denial of their motion, pointing out that the court struck Ms. Renette’s proposed findi ng that “ D efendants conducted themselves in a manner inconsistent with the later assertion of the defense of insufficient service, and the Court is justified in declaring a waiver of that defense.” CP at 174 ( striking the second sentence of f inding 12 ). This would be persuasive were it not for the fact that the trial court entered two other , inconsistent findings that the D efendants engaged in “discovery” unrelated to personal
service. CP at 173

- 74 ( f

indings 7 and 10). Ms. Renette also points out t hat t he court’s
13th finding, addressing equitable tolling , begins with the word “Additionally,” suggesting that equitable tolling was being identified as the court’s second basis for denying the motion to dismiss

. Id. at 74. Finally, we c ould affirm a trial court’s ruling

on any grounds the record and the law support. State v. Grier , 168 W n . App. 635, 644, 278 P.3d 225 (2012) (citing State v. Costich , 152 W n .2d 463, 477, 98 P.3d 795 (2004) ). 4
Waiver in this context is sometimes defined as the “ ‘voluntary an d intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right. ’ ” Jet Set Travel Club v. Houston Gen. Ins. Grp. , 30 W n . App. 882, 884, 639 P.2d 220 (1982) (quoting Morrissette v. Cont ’ l Life

4 We are unpersuaded by Ms. Renette’s reliance on the court’s fin ding that “the analysis set forth in Lyb b ert v. Grant County , 141 Wn.2d. 39, 1 P.3d 1124 (2000), is instructive, ” CP at 174, since the pinpointed citation of that decision could cut either way.No. 38804

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11 & Acc. Co ., 9 W n . App. 789, 791, 514 P.2d 1391 (1973) ). E ven a pa rty who properly pleads insufficient service of process may waive th e defense “if either (1) assertion of the defense is inconsistent with defendant’s prior behavior or (2) the defendant has been dilatory in asserting the defense.” King v. Snohomish Count y , 146 Wn.2d 420, 424, 47 P.3d 563 (2002). “The doctrine [of waiver] is designed to prevent a defendant from ambushing a plaintiff during litigation either through delay in asserting a defense or misdirecting the plaintiff away from a defense for tactica l advantage.” Id. Ms. Renette does not contend that the Defendants were dilatory in asserting their defenses, nor could she; they ultimately filed their answer before even being served. She relies instead on an argument that the Defendants engaged in i nconsistent conduct by engaging in discovery. “[W]here a party engages in considerable discovery not related to the [jurisdictional] defense” it can support a finding of waiver. Harvey , 163 Wn. App. at 32 4

. “ [A] party must do more than simply conduct di scovery,” however; it must also act in a way that “indicate[s] that it has abandoned the defense.” Id. at 325, 323. The “ discovery ” on which Ms. Renette rel ies is the Defendants ’ request that Ms. Renette provide a medical release and stipulat e to her p roviders’ production of her
medical records. She characterize s this as “discovery” because the stipulation include s language about the permitted use in future litigation of the records produced, as permitted by CR 29 ; that the stipulation was produced on pleading paper under the caption of theNo. 38804

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12 case ; and that it provided that the medical providers could produce the records “ in lieu of deposition. ” CP at 142. The Defendants dispute its characterization as discovery. To us,

w h ether or not it was traditiona l “discovery” is less important than whether anything about it could be understood as relinquishing a known right. More important are the following: Ms. Renette proposed and Nationwide had expressed agreement to information

- sharing and mediation in lieu of litigation , Nationwide had recently and clearly communicated its intent to assert a jurisdictional defense if available , the Defendants engaged in the “discovery” for only a couple of months and asserted their defenses immediately upon the defenses beco ming available , and the Defendants engaged in no misdirection or deceptive conduct. It was Mr. Jones, in his letter to Mr. Owen, who broached resolution of the claim by information

- sharing and mediation, stating in his letter on June 14: [W] e are requestin g and offering to engage in pre

- litigation mediation.

. . . This is mutually beneficial especially in light of your acceptance of liability on behalf of your insured.

. . . In anticipation of the mediation, we will work with you in order to provide docume ntation to you and your representatives, so that we can meaningfully participate in and arrive at a mediated outcome. CP at 118

- 19. Paula’s response stated that she “very much appreciate[d] any opportunity for us to attempt to reach an early resolution of this case,” while at the same time making clear that would not be possible without being provided with more documentation of Ms.No. 38804

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13 Renette’s medical care and expenses. CP at 125. For Ms. Bamberger to obtain the medical release and stipulation was complete ly consistent with this nonlitigation purpose. Nationwide had been very clear about its intent to assert any jurisdictional defense, telling Mr. Jones in no uncertain terms, on June 17, that if M s . Renette did not act within the statute of limitations “def ense counsel will be asked to assert (and to not waive) any and all available defenses,” and that “Nationwide has been consistent with the expectation of the 3 year deadline.” CP at 125. The “discovery” on which Ms. Renette relies began to be discussed in July , had been authorized by Ms. Renette and Mr. Jones in mid

- August, and had only been in process for a little over a month when it became apparent for the first time that Ms. Renette had allowed the deadline for service to pass without serving any d efen dant. The Defendants asserted the resulting defenses immediately. Ms. Renette does not identify any intervening conduct by the Defendants that can fairly be characterized as misdirecting or deceptive ly suggesting that they were abandoning a known right

. In Lybbert v. Grant Count y , the principal case on which Ms.
Renette relies, it was “[o]f particular significance” to the Supreme Court that the Lybberts served Grant County with interrogatories designed to determine if the county had an insufficient servic e of process defense, and the county conveniently provided tardyNo. 38804

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14 responses . T imely ones would have given the Lybberts time to cure their defective service. 141 Wn.2d 29, 42, 1 P.3d 1124 (2000). Lybbert ’s discussion of this court’s decision in Romjue v. Fairchild , 60 Wn. App.
278 , 803 P.2d 57 (1991) , observed that this court, too, “took particular note” of the fact
that before the running of the statute of limitations, plaintiff’s attorney wrote defense
counsel to express his understanding that the Defen dants had been served, which defense counsel conveniently ignored until it was too late for the plaintiff to cure the service defect . 141 Wn.2d at 41. In this case , t he Defendants had no reason to expect that Mr. Jones’s office would
fail to accomplish se rvice by the September 16 deadline until it failed to do so

. They had no notice that a paralegal in Mr. Jones’s office had mailed the summons and complaint to Mr. Lyon rather than arrange for it to be personally served. Ms. Renette has offered no

reason why personal service of process on one of the D efendants by the September 16 deadline would not have been simple

. The identity of the registered agent for Mr. Lyons’s employer was available

. Mr. Jones’s office had Mr. Lyon’s correct residence address. As for the September 14 e

- mail from the superior court, Ms. Renette misdescribes the communication in two ways. The judicial assistant did not ask the parties’ lawyers if service of process had been accomplished ; she simply gave notice of circumstances un derNo. 38804

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15 which they would not be required to attend the scheduling conference. N o one in Ms. Bamberger ’s office would have been under the impression that the court was seeking a report on the status of service of process

. N othing Mr. Jones said in his respons e would have struck anyone in Ms. Bamberger office as requiring correction ; h e did not say that
any d efendant had been served. And Ms. Bamberger offers an explanation why she, personally, would not have seen the communications. For all of these reasons, w aiver does not apply.
III. T HE D EFENDANTS ’ FRAMING OF THEIR RE QUEST FOR RELIEF DID NOT RENDER THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIO NS IRRELEVANT Ms. Renette next argues that “[t]he [ trial ] court correctly denied the motion because Defendants asked the court to dismiss the case on grounds of insufficient service and all parties were properly served by the time the court ruled.” Br. of Resp’t at 22 (boldface and some capitalization omitted)

. In this single

- paragraph argument , unsupported by any legal authority, Ms.
Renet te contends that the operative language of the motion to dismiss (in her view) relies only on jurisdictional and insufficiency of process grounds , rather than the statute of
limitations . As a result, she argues, all she had to do to defeat the motion was effect service before the motion was heard

— which she did. See Br. of Resp’t at 22 ( relying on
CP at 80 , lines 20

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16 Contrary to her argument, t he Defendants tie d their jurisdictional and service of
process - related grounds to the expiration of the statut e of limitations. See CP at 83

- 85. No different framing of the ir motion was required. 5
IV. T HE FACTORS NECESSARY FOR E QUITABLE TOLLING ARE NOT PRESENT Ms. Renette’s final argument is that “[t]he trial court was correct to apply equitable tolling to Ms. Renette’s statute of limitations [defense] because she was reasonably diligent and the procedural oversight was excusable neglect.” Br. of Resp’t at
23 (boldface and some capitalization omitted)

. The doctrine of equitable tolling permits a court to allow an action to proceed even though the statutory time period for commencing the action has elapsed. In re Pers. Restraint of Bonds , 165 Wn.2d 135, 141, 196 P.3d 672 (2008) (plurality opinion )

. Equitable tolling is “a narrow doctrine to be used only sparin gly and [that is] not applicable more generally to ‘garden variety’ claims of neglect.” In re Pers. Restraint of Haghighi , 178 Wn.2d 435, 4 47

- 48 , 309 P.3d 459 (2013)

. F our factors limit application of the doctrine: Washington law allows equitable tolling of a statute of limitations in a civil suit when (1) the plaintiff has exercised diligence, (2) the defendant’s bad faith, false assurances, or deception has interfered with the plaintiff’s diligent efforts, (3) tolling is consistent with (a) the purpose o f the

5 This is a frivolous argument. If a different framing of the motion were required, we would remand for the Defendants to bring the differently

- framed motion. It would be just as viable now as it was when brought initially.No. 38804

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17 underlying statute and (b) the purpose of the statute of limitations, and (4) justice requires tolling the statute of limitations. Fowler v. Guerin , 200 Wn.2d 110, 113, 515 P.3d 502 (2022). E ach factor must be satisfied for the doctrine to apply

. Id. at 12 4

- 25 . The burden is on the party seeking equitable tolling to establish compliance with all four factors. Bonds , 165 Wn.2d at 144. There is no evidence that Ms. Renette exercise d diligence in serving the
D efendants

. Her single effort at timely service was undertaken unreasonably late and

was inexcusably ineffective. The second factor is required because “a defendant should lose the benefits of finality provided by statutes of limitation only when that defendant has engaged in conduct that justi fies making an exception.” Fowler , 200 Wn.2d at 121. For the reasons we discussed in connection with waiver, t here is no evidence that any bad faith , false assurances, or deception on the part of the Defendants interfered with Ms. Renette’s
effort to eff

ect service

. Given that Ms. Renette fails to demonstrate either of the first two factors, we need not address the third and fourth; nevertheless, Fowler reminds us that “statutes of limitation reflect the importance of finality and settled expectations” a nd that statutory time bars serve as a “legislative declaration of public policy which the courts can do no less than respect, with rare equitable exceptions.” Id. at 118 (internal quotation marksNo. 38804

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18 omitted) (quoting Bilanko v. Barclay Ct. Owners Ass’n , 185 Wn. 2d 443, 451

- 52, 375 P.3d 591 (2016))

. We reverse the order denying the motion to dismiss and remand with directions to dismiss the complaint with prejudice. A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
Siddoway, J. P.T. WE CONCUR:

Pennell, J. Staab, J.