Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

People v. McWilliams, 2015 IL App (1st) 130913

Appellate Court 

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. 

RAHIM McWILLIAMS, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. First District, Third Division

Docket No. 1-13-0913

Filed January 21, 2015

Held

(Note: This syllabus 

constitutes no part of the 

opinion of the court but 

has been prepared by the 

Reporter of Decisions 

for the convenience of 

the reader.)

On appeal from defendant’s convictions for armed robbery and 

aggravated unlawful restraint arising from an incident in which he and 

two other men took a large amount of cash from a couple lured to a 

meeting with defendant to purchase a car he apparently listed for sale 

on Craigslist, his two convictions for aggravated unlawful restraint 

were vacated under the one-act, one-crime doctrine, since restraint 

was inherent in and concurrent with the armed robbery, but the 

sentences imposed on defendant for armed robbery were not an abuse 

of discretion and were affirmed.

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-CR-3996; the 

Hon. James B. Linn, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed in part and vacated in part.
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Counsel on

Appeal

Michael J. Pelletier and Ginger Leigh Odom, both of State Appellate 

Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Paul Connery and 

Tasha-Marie Kelly, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the 

People.

Panel JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice Pucinski and Justice Lavin concurred in the 

judgment and opinion.

 OPINION 

¶ 1 Following a bench trial, defendant Rahim McWilliams was convicted of two counts of 

armed robbery and two counts of aggravated unlawful restraint. On appeal, McWilliams 

contends that his aggravated unlawful restraint convictions must be vacated because they are 

based on the same act as his armed robbery convictions in violation of People v. King, 66 Ill. 

2d 551 (1977). We agree that McWilliams’s convictions for both aggravated unlawful 

restraint and armed robbery violate King’s one-act, one-crime doctrine, where restraint was 

inherent in and concurrent with the armed robbery, and thus vacate McWilliams’s two 

aggravated unlawful restraint convictions. 

¶ 2 McWilliams also contends that his concurrent 12-year sentences for each armed robbery 

count are excessive. We disagree and conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion 

in the sentencing of McWilliams. Nothing indicates that the trial court failed to consider 

mitigating factors and the sentence was well within the statutory range. 

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 McWilliams, who was 24 years old, was charged by indictment with two counts of armed 

robbery and two counts of aggravated unlawful restraint. The charges arose out of the 

robbery of Adam Bock and Jessica Dean by three men on February 9, 2012. Bock and Dean 

later identified McWilliams as one of the robbers. 

¶ 5 Adam Bock testified that he drove to the 2800 block of South Lowe, Chicago, to 

purchase a car on February 9, 2012. The car had been listed on Craigslist by an individual 

named “Sam.” Bock had been in contact with Sam and agreed to meet to purchase the car. 

Bock’s girlfriend, Jessica Dean, accompanied him. The couple arrived at the South Lowe 

address at around 7 or 8 p.m., with close to $6,000 in cash. Bock called Sam who said he was 

on the way. Sometime later, McWilliams walked out of a gangway across the street. He 

identified himself as Sam, and said that the car was in the garage in back. McWilliams, Bock, 

and Dean walked toward the garage. As they passed the house, two men ran out of the 

basement with what appeared to be pistols. They told Bock and Dean to get on the ground 

asking, “Where’s the money?” McWilliams and the others also told the couple to get on the 
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ground and not to move. Dean screamed and McWilliams told her, “Shh, shh, shh, shut up.” 

One of the other men hit Bock in the back of the head with his gun. The two other men put 

their guns to Bock’s and Dean’s heads. McWilliams asked where the money was and 

grabbed for Dean’s purse from her hands, which he took “by force.” The men also took 

Bock’s cell phone, wallet, cash, and credit cards. The men then told the couple to stay on the 

ground, count to either 50 or 100, and not move. The men left. After counting to 50, the 

couple ran to the front of the house. They found people out walking and borrowed a phone to 

call police. 

¶ 6 Jessica Dean testified that she drove to the 2800 block of South Lowe with Bock. 

McWilliams walked out through a gangway from behind a nearby house. The couple walked 

up to McWilliams, who identified himself as “Sam.” They all walked to the back of the 

house, where two men came up behind them with guns. The men pointed their guns at 

Dean’s and Bock’s heads. One of the men struck Bock in the head with a gun butt. 

McWilliams turned the couple around and pushed them down to the ground. He told them to 

get on the ground and give him money. Dean gave one of the three men her purse. They took 

Bock’s wallet and phone. The men told them to stay on the ground and count to 50. After 

counting to 50, Dean and Bock ran to the street and borrowed a phone to call police. 

¶ 7 Chicago police officer Ryan King testified that he heard a flash message describing a 

robbery and three suspects. King and his partners spotted three individuals parked at a 

Wendy’s. While interviewing the men, King saw a purse in the car’s front seat. The two 

other men fled. When the officers searched McWilliams they recovered $4,552. Bock and 

Dean were brought to the Wendy’s, where they identified McWilliams. Inside the car police 

found two BB guns and the purse, which held Dean’s driver’s license.

¶ 8 The State rested and the trial court denied McWilliams’s motion for a directed verdict. 

McWilliams rested without presenting evidence. 

¶ 9 The trial court found McWilliams guilty on both counts of armed robbery and both 

counts of aggravated unlawful restraint. 

¶ 10 At McWilliams’s sentencing hearing, the State argued that the offense was planned and 

violent. It noted that McWilliams had previously been convicted of two felonies and several 

misdemeanors, including two separate misdemeanor battery convictions. In mitigation, 

McWilliams argued that the crime was committed with BB guns, McWilliams did not carry 

either gun, and he did not strike anyone. The “vast majority” of the stolen items were 

recovered. McWilliams noted that he had been employed at the time of his arrest, had no 

gang connections, and was a “model student” in high school. McWilliams supported his three 

young children and girlfriend and had earlier completed a drug treatment program. 

McWilliams argued that his criminal background contained no violent felonies. 

McWilliams’s mother and stepfather spoke, calling him a “good boy” and “good young 

man.” McWilliams read a letter he had written, asserting his innocence and challenging the 

evidence presented against him at trial. 

¶ 11 The trial court sentenced McWilliams to 12 years’ imprisonment on each count of armed 

robbery and 5 years’ imprisonment on each count of aggravated unlawful restraint, with all 

sentences to run concurrently. McWilliams appeals. 
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¶ 12 ANALYSIS

¶ 13 One Act, One Crime

¶ 14 McWilliams first contends we should vacate his convictions for aggravated unlawful 

restraint of Bock and Dean as both are based on the same act of restraint as his convictions 

for armed robbery. The State responds that each conviction is supported by distinct and 

separate conduct. It notes that McWilliams lured Bock and Dean to the back of a home, 

where they were told to get on the ground. McWilliams and two other men asked where the 

money was and one of the men struck Bock in the back of the head with a BB gun. The men 

took Bock’s and Dean’s property, which the State argues completed the robbery. Thereafter, 

the men told Bock and Dean to stay on the ground and count to 50. 

¶ 15 McWilliams acknowledges that he forfeited the issue by failing to raise it at the trial 

level, but urges us to apply a plain error analysis. A reviewing court may consider an error, 

despite forfeiture, when a clear and obvious error occurred and either (1) the evidence is so 

closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against defendant 

or (2) the error is so serious as to challenge the integrity of the judicial process. People v. 

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007). The Illinois Supreme Court has ruled that a violation 

of the one-act, one-crime doctrine challenges the integrity of the judicial process and passes 

the second prong of plain error analysis. In re Samantha V., 234 Ill. 2d 359, 378-79 (2009). 

One-act, one-crime challenges are subject to de novo review. People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d 156, 

161 (2009). 

¶ 16 Under one-act, one-crime principles, a defendant cannot be convicted of multiple 

offenses “carved from the same physical act.” People v. King, 66 Ill. 2d 551, 566 (1977). 

When offenses stem from multiple related acts, multiple convictions with concurrent 

sentences are permitted so long as the offenses are not lesser included offenses. Id. An act is 

“any overt or outward manifestation that will support a different offense.” Id. 

¶ 17 Where two convictions are predicated on a singular act, a reviewing court must vacate the 

conviction of the lesser offense. People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d 156, 170 (2009). To determine 

which offense is the lesser offense, the reviewing court must compare the applicable sentence 

for each crime. Id. An offender commits aggravated unlawful restraint when he or she 

knowingly detains another without legal authority and while using a deadly weapon. 720 

ILCS 5/10-3, 10-3.1 (West 2010). Aggravated unlawful restraint is a Class 3 felony. Id. An 

offender commits armed robbery when he or she takes property from another by the use of 

force or by the threat of imminent force, while armed with a dangerous weapon. 720 ILCS 

5/18-2(a)(1) (West 2010). Armed robbery is a Class X felony when it is accomplished with a 

weapon other than a firearm. Id. While a robbery is complete on the taking of property, the 

simultaneous use of force or the threat of force during an escape “may be viewed as 

continuing the commission of the offense.” People v. Dennis, 181 Ill. 2d 87, 103 (1998). 

¶ 18 This court has addressed the interplay of armed robbery and aggravated unlawful restraint 

convictions under King principles multiple times. Recently in People v. Daniel, 2014 IL App 

(1st) 121171, this court vacated a defendant’s aggravated unlawful restraint conviction 

finding the restraint was “inherent” in the concurrent armed robbery. Id. ¶ 55. The Daniel

defendant drew a gun, demanding that a store owner give him money. Id. ¶ 3. The owner 

took money from the register, but the defendant ordered the owner onto the ground and 
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threatened to shoot him. Id. The defendant took more money from the register and ordered 

the owner to crawl to the back of the store, kicking and beating him the entire way. Id. The 

defendant demanded more money and took the owner’s wallet; he then placed his gun in the 

owner’s mouth and said that he would shoot if the owner talked. Id. The defendant then 

joined a second offender in the store’s office and the owner escaped. Id. This court reasoned 

that the restraint began and ended with the armed robbery, and thus, that restraint could not 

be viewed as an independent act. See id. ¶ 55; see also People v. Lee, 376 Ill. App. 3d 951 

(2007) (unlawful restraint conviction vacated where restraint ended with robbery). In Daniel, 

we vacated the defendant’s unlawful restraint conviction. Daniel, 2014 IL App (1st) 121171, 

¶ 55. 

¶ 19 McWilliams and his co-offenders initially ordered Bock and Dean to the ground while 

pointing BB guns that the victims believed were real guns. One of the men struck Bock in the 

head with the butt of the BB gun. The men then took Bock’s and Dean’s money, phones, and 

items. After instructing Bock and Dean to stay on the ground and count to 50, they fled. 

McWilliams and his co-offenders committed no further “overt or outward manifestation.” As 

in Lee and Daniel the restraint of Bock and Dean was inherent in the robbery and ended 

concurrently with the robbery. The robbery did not end once the men had taken Bock’s and 

Dean’s property, as the State argues, but continued until they had fled the scene, because the 

escape was facilitated by the same threat of force that accomplished the robbery. 

¶ 20 The State argues that the incident consisted of two separate restraints: an initial restraint 

when the men ordered Bock and Dean to the ground and a second restraint when they told 

Bock and Dean to remain on the ground and count to 50. But this nuanced distinction carves 

two acts out of one, in violation of King. When the men told Bock and Dean to stay on the 

ground, they did not restrain the couple anew, but merely continued to restrain them. At no 

point did Bock and Dean become unrestrained and become restrained again. Once restrained, 

the couple did not move to a separate location; they did not get up and then return to the 

ground. The offenders made no additional threat to keep the couple restrained while they 

fled. The restraint of Bock and Dean was a single, continuous act inherent in the armed 

robbery. 

¶ 21 The State’s reliance on People v. Crespo, 118 Ill. App. 3d 815 (1983), is misplaced. In 

Crespo, the defendant and a co-offender entered a tavern and ordered everyone to the floor. 

Id. at 816-17. The defendant subsequently threatened to shoot anyone who withheld money 

while the co-offender produced a knife. Id. at 817-18. Both during and after the robbery, the 

co-offender held a man at knife-point. Id. at 817. The reviewing court found that the 

defendant’s robbery conviction was supported by his threat to shoot and his partner’s 

production of the knife, while the defendant’s unlawful restraint conviction was based on the 

separate acts of ordering the tavern’s customer’s to the ground and holding a man at 

knife-point. Id. at 823-24. 

¶ 22 Unlike in Crespo, the evidence presented here did not include an additional threat by 

McWilliams or his co-offenders. The men produced their weapons as they ordered Bock and 

Dean to the ground and kept the guns pointed at the couple until they fled. The implicit threat 

to use the weapons was an inherent part of restraining the couple and keeping the couple 

restrained during the course of the robbery. As such, we find Daniel and Lee to be 

dispositive. McWilliams’s acts of restraint were inherent in and concurrent to the armed 

robbery; therefore, his aggravated unlawful restraint convictions are based on the same, 
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singular act as the armed robbery convictions. Because aggravated unlawful restraint is a 

Class 3 felony and armed robbery is a Class X felony, McWilliams’s two aggravated 

unlawful restraint convictions are the lesser offenses and should be vacated. 

¶ 23 As we agree that McWilliams’s aggravated unlawful restraint convictions are based on 

the same act as his armed robbery conviction, we need not address his alternative argument 

based on People v. Crespo, 203 Ill. 2d 335 (2003), and the State’s alleged failure to 

“apportion” separate acts of restraint in the charging instrument and at trial.

¶ 24 Review of Sentencing 

¶ 25 McWilliams next contends that his two concurrent 12-year sentences for armed robbery 

are excessive given his potential for rehabilitation, lack of a violent criminal background, and 

other mitigating factors. He asserts that he had only two, nonviolent adult convictions and 

was only 24 years old at the time of the offense. He notes that he graduated high school, 

worked as a carpenter at the time of the incident, had strong family support, and regularly 

attended church. 

¶ 26 The State argues that the trial court considered all factors in aggravation and mitigation 

and the sentence was within the statutory range. 

¶ 27 All sentences reflect the seriousness of the offense committed and the objective of 

rehabilitating offenders to useful citizenship. People v. Cooper, 283 Ill. App. 3d 86, 95 

(1996). The trial court must consider all factors of mitigation and aggravation. People v. 

Quintana, 332 Ill. App. 3d 96, 109 (2002). We presume a trial court has considered all of the 

relevant factors of mitigation before it. People v. Flores, 404 Ill. App. 3d 155, 158 (2010). 

That presumption cannot be overcome without affirmative evidence that the sentencing court 

failed to consider factors in mitigation. Id.

¶ 28 A reviewing court may only reduce a sentence when the record shows that the trial court 

abused its discretion. People v. Streit, 142 Ill. 2d 13, 19 (1991); People v. Martin, 2012 IL 

App (1st) 093506, ¶ 47. The reviewing court may not reverse the sentencing court just 

because it could have weighed the factors differently. Streit, 142 Ill. 2d at 19. 

¶ 29 The sentencing range for armed robbery is 6 to 30 years. 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(1) (West 

2010); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-25(a) (West 2010). A sentencing decision that falls within the 

statutory range will not be overturned unless it is “greatly at variance with the spirit and 

purpose of the law or manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense.” People v. 

Fern, 189 Ill. 2d 48, 54 (1999). While McWilliams’s sentence was double the minimum 

sentence, it was less than half of the maximum. The trial court found McWilliams’s crime to 

be premeditated. It asked McWilliams’s parents to speak in mitigation and explicitly 

referenced those statements in making its ruling. McWilliams has two prior adult felonies 

and several adult misdemeanor convictions. Notably, the court expressly recognized that 

McWilliams was eligible to serve his sentence at the 50% rate and, thus, would only serve six 

years in prison. McWilliams does not argue that the trial court did not consider the mitigating 

factors, but that the court improperly weighed the factors. We will not reverse the sentencing 

court just because the factors could have been weighed differently. Streit, 142 Ill. 2d at 19. 

We find that McWilliams’s sentence does not vary greatly from the spirit of the law and, 

therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing McWilliams to 12 years’ 

imprisonment. 
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¶ 30 CONCLUSION 

¶ 31 The judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed in part and vacated in part. 

¶ 32 Affirmed in part and vacated in part.