FIFTH DIVISION

PHIPPS, P. J.,

DILLARD and PETERSON, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

May 2, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A0369. SPACE COAST CREDIT UNION v. GROCE. PE-015

PETERSON, Judge.

Space Coast Credit Union (“Space Coast”) filed a lawsuit against Robert Steve

Groce to reinstate a first priority deed to secure debt. When Groce did not file an

answer, Space Coastmoved for summary judgment. The trial court denied the motion,

ruling that Groce had not been served properly. Space Coast brought this

interlocutory appeal, arguing that the trial court had erred in concluding that (1)

Groce was mentally impaired and unable to acceptservice when it was attempted and

(2) a process server is required to interact and speak with a defendant at the time of

service. Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding thatservice was

not proper when the processserver merely left the papers at Groce’s bedside as he lay

semi-conscious (at best), we affirm.
Groce failed to file a responsive brief, and so he is deemed to admit the

statement of facts as set out by Space Coast to the extentsupported by the record. See

Green v. Waddleton, 288 Ga. App. 369, 369 n.1 (654 SE2d 204) (2007). So viewed,

Groce refinanced the first priority loan secured by his home with the same lender that

he had previously used, Eastern Financial Florida Credit Union (“EFFCU”). Shortly

after the closing, EFFCU erroneously executed and filed a cancellation of the first

priority deed, even though the deed had not been satisfied in full. Years later,

EFFCU’s successor company, Space Coast, filed this lawsuit, seeking to reinstate the

deed.

A week after the complaint wasfiled, a processserver attempted to serve Groce

at the property that secured the loan. The process server averred that he spoke to a

woman there who claimed to be Groce’s daughter. She said that her father did not live

there but would not share his whereabouts. A little more than a week later, the same

processserver attempted to serve Groce at a nearby nursing home. In his affidavit, the

process server said that Groce, who appeared to be in his late 60s or early 70s, “was

sleeping in his bed and in and out of consciousness” and was “unable to take the

papers.” The process server said that he put the papers on a table next to the bed. 

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Groce filed no answer to the suit, and Space Coast filed an unopposed motion

for summary judgment, arguing that because the underlying indebtedness on the loan

had not been satisfied, the cancellation did not re-convey title to Groce. Space Coast

sought a declaratory judgment that the deed remains the first priority deed and that

the cancellation was null and void. Having taken testimony from the process server

at a hearing,

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the trial court denied the summary judgment motion on the basis that

Groce was not properly served and therefore the court lacked personal jurisdiction

over him. Finding that the affidavit of service provided evidence that Groce was

“mentally impaired” at the time of service and the process server’s live testimony at

the hearing was insufficient to overcome this evidence, the trial court found that

Groce was incapable of accepting the service documents when they were left at his

bedside. The trial court found that the process server “was aware of the Defendant’s

condition” and “could not have reasonably believed that the Defendant was aware

service was being attempted.” The trial court issued a certificate for immediate

review, and we granted Space Coast’s application for interlocutory appeal. 

1 The record indicates that this hearing was held as part of a “no service”

calendar prior to the filing of the motion for summary judgment. However, the

hearing was not transcribed and the trial court did not issue a written order on the

issues raised by the attempted service until after that motion was filed. 

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“Absent a showing of an abuse of discretion, a trial court’s finding of

insufficient service of process must be affirmed.” Franchell v. Clark, 241 Ga. App.

128, 131 (3) (524 SE2d 512) (1999). “The trial court as factfinder must decide

whether the evidence overcomesthe facts reflected in a return of service, and we will

uphold that finding if it is supported by any evidence.” Holmes & Co. of Orlando v.

Carlisle, 289 Ga. App. 619, 620 (1) (658 SE2d 185) (2008). 

1. Space Coast argues that the trial court erred by finding that Groce was

mentally impaired at the time of service. It is difficult to evaluate this factual finding,

because no transcript was made of the hearing. Moreover, it is unclear exactly what

role this finding played in the trial court’s analysis. The trial court referenced OCGA

§ 9-11-4(e)(4), which provides that a person “who has been judicially declared to be

of unsound mind or incapable of conducting his or her own affairs and for whom a

guardian has been appointed” must be served via their guardian or guardian ad litem.

But the trial court also recognized that there is no evidence in this case that Groce has

been declared legally incompetent, and the court did not say explicitly that the

procedure outlined in OCGA § 9-11-4(e)(4) must be followed here. 

If the trial court did measure Space Coast’sservice attempts against the rule of

OCGA § 9-11-4(e)(4), the trial court erred. Unless and until a court determines that

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a person is civilly incompetent or in need of a guardian, the requirements for serving

someone who is incompetent do not apply and any lawful means of service will

confer personal jurisdiction over him. Trammel v. Bradberry, 256 Ga. App. 412, 415

(1) (568 SE2d 715) (2002) (physical precedent only) (construing substantially

identical prior version of statutory provision) (citing Sellers v. Bell, 151 Ga. App.

440, 441 (1) (260 SE2d 538) (1979)). The trial court here sought to distinguish

Sellers – in which we found that personalservice was proper when the defendant was

not declared incompetent until after he was served with papers — on the basis that

in that case there was no evidence that the plaintiff was aware of the defendant’s

mental condition. However, an examination of Sellersrevealsthat the reference to the

plaintiff’s lack of knowledge is merely dicta. See Sellers, 151 Ga. App. at 441 (1)

(holding service sufficient because “no such [judicial] determination [of

incompetency] had been made of the defendant until several months after the plaintiff

had served the defendant with her complaint and summons”). The statute contains no

exception to its condition precedent of a judicial determination of incompetence.

Sellers provides no authority for implying an exception based on a process server’s

subjective knowledge of a defendant’s mental condition. We decline to imply such

an exception ourselves. The question for us, then, is whether it was an abuse of

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discretion to find that Space Coast did not properly serve Groce under the usual rules

for service of process.

2. Space Coast argues that the trial court erred by finding that Groce was

“incapable of accepting the service documents” and that the process was inadequate

because the process server did not speak to or otherwise interact with Groce to alert

him to the fact that service was being attempted. OCGA § 9-11-4(e)(7) provides that

service on an individual defendant generally may be made by “delivering a copy of

the summons attached to a copy of the complaint . . . to the defendant personally.”

We have found no Georgia authority, and Space Coast has cited none, addressing

directly whether leaving papers next to a person who is asleep or is otherwise

unaware of the delivery amounts to “delivering” a summons “personally” as those

terms are used in OCGA § 9-11-4(e)(7).

A review of relevant case law and the text of the statute as a whole convinces

us that the answer to that question is no. In order for merely leaving papers where the

defendant lives or works to constitute valid service under OCGA § 9-11-4(e), certain

requirements must be met. For valid service to be effectuated by leaving papers at the

door of a defendant’s home, for instance, the sum involved in the case must be less

than $200, reasonable effortsto obtain “personalservice” must have been made first,

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the papers must be placed in a waterproof packet, and a copy also must be mailed. See

OCGA § 9-11-4(e)(6). In order to serve an individual defendant by delivering the

papers to the defendant’s workplace, they cannot be left with just anyone, but only

with “an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process.”

OCGA § 9-11-4(e)(7); see also Ameribank v. Quattlebaum, 220 Ga. App. 345, 346

(1) (469 SE2d 462) (1996) (debtor not “personally served” when deputy gave papers

to a receptionist and debtor found them on his desk). These separate provisions, with

their additional safeguards, suggest that serving a defendant “personally” means

something more than merely leaving papers in the vicinity of an unaware defendant.

In Carroll v. Celanese Corp. of America, 205 Ga. 493, 493 (2) (54 SE2d 221)

(1949), cited by Space Coast, our Supreme Court held that personalservice would be

valid if a deputy sheriff had dropped the papers at the defendant’sfeet. However, that

ruling was premised on the assumption that the deputy and defendant had a

conversation and the defendant had refused to take the papers. The defendant was

aware that service was being attempted and thus was on notice of the lawsuit against

him, and the Court simply refused to reward the defendant’s knowing refusal. Id. 

This case presents a differentset of circumstances: an elderly, dozing defendant

unaware of the process server’s efforts, and the distinction has constitutional

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implications. In order to comply with state and federal concepts of due process, the

method of service must be “reasonably calculated to give [a defendant] actual notice

of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard.” Melton v. Johnson, 242 Ga. 400,

403 (249 SE2d 82) (1978) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (61 S. Ct.

339, 85 LEd 278) (1940)); see also Benton v. Modern Finance & Inv. Co., 244 Ga.

533, 534 (261 SE2d 359) (1979) (method of service may be constitutionally defended

on ground it is “reasonably certain to inform those affected or, where conditions do

not reasonably permit such notice, that the form chosen is notsubstantially lesslikely

to bring home notice than other of the feasible and customary substitutes”) (quoting

Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 315 (70 S. Ct. 652, 94

LEd 865) (1949) (punctuation omitted)). Our Supreme Court previously declared

unconstitutional as violative of due process a statute that authorized service bymerely

leaving a copy at the defendant’s most notorious place of abode. Benton, 244 Ga. at

535. The Court based its decision on concerns that such a means of service “is not

reasonably calculated to apprise [the defendant] of the pendency of an action against

him.” Id. The Court suggested that, with that method of service, the papers may not

reach the defendant promptly, as he may be absent from the home for some period of

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time or in the process of moving, or the papers might be destroyed by bad weather or

removed by someone else. Id.

Although the mode of service employed is different, the concern is the same.

Groce might not have noticed the papers for some period of time, if ever. A nurse or

housekeeper might have thrown the papers away. Moreover, we may reverse the trial

court’s decision in this case only if it amounted to an abuse of discretion. See

Franchell, 241 Ga. App. at 131 (3). Although Space Coast may be correct that there

is no requirement that a process server always must engage in dialogue about service

with a defendant and ensure that the defendant understands and acknowledges

service, it was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to find, under the facts of

this case, that some communication was required to ensure that the (at best) semiconscious defendant had fair notice of the lawsuit.

Space Coast argues that the trial court’s ruling means that service on Groce

may not be possible, contending that the order means that Space Coast will need to

pursue a probate court’s determination as to Groce’s competency and, if he is

adjudicated incompetent, seek the appointment of a guardian for him. However, we

do not think that the rule applied here necessarily would leave a plaintiff attempting

to serve a defendant such as Groce without other options. A process server

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encountering an incapacitated defendant might attempt to rouse the defendant, or

simply return another time. Alternatively, the process server might leave papers “at

the defendant’s dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable

age and discretion then residing therein.” OCGA § 9-11-4(e)(7). And, in any event,

if the currentstatute does not provide practical optionsfor a plaintiff in Space Coast’s

shoes, the proper recipient for such a complaint is the General Assembly. Unlike this

Court, the General Assembly is vested with authority to amend the statute. We,

however, can only apply it.

Judgment affirmed. Phipps, P. J., and Dillard, J., concur.

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