United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 14-3387

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Angel Miranda-Romero

lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

v.

Loretta E. Lynch, Attorney General of United States

lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent

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Petition for Review of an Order of the

 Board of Immigration Appeals

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 Submitted: June 9, 2015

 Filed: August 12, 2015

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Before GRUENDER, MELLOY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

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GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) determined that Angel MirandaRomero, a Mexican citizen, wasineligible for cancellation of removal because he had

committed a crime involving moral turpitude punishable by one or more years of

imprisonment. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1229b(b)(1)(C), 1227(a)(2). Angel-Romero petitions

our court for review, and we deny the petition. 
Miranda-Romero was arrested in Kansas City, Missouri for multiple traffic

offenses. Law-enforcement officials identified Miranda-Romero as a citizen of

Mexico who had not been admitted or paroled for entry into the United States. As a

result, Miranda-Romero faced removal proceedings. After conceding that he was

removable, Miranda-Romero requested cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229b. The immigration judge found that Miranda-Romero was not eligible for

cancellation because he had been convicted in 1993 of violatingCalifornia Penal Code

§ 472, a statute that criminalizes forgery and related conduct. On review, the BIA

determined that § 472 is categorically a crime involving moral turpitude that carries

a potential sentence of one year or more in prison. Accordingly, the BIA held that

Miranda-Romero was ineligible for cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C.

§§ 1229b(b)(1)(C), 1227(a)(2); Avendano v. Holder, 770 F.3d 731, 734 (8th Cir.

2014) (“The Immigration and Nationality Act providesthat an alien who is convicted

of a crime involving moral turpitude is ineligible for cancellation of removal, where

the offense is punishable by a sentence of one year or longer.”). Miranda-Romero

does not dispute that his conviction was punishable by one year or more in prison but

argues that his prior offense does not constitute a crime involving moral turpitude. 

“Although we lack jurisdiction to review the ultimately discretionary denial of

cancellation of removal, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B), we are not precluded from

considering ‘constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition for

review,’ § 1252(a)(2)(D).” Sanchez-Velasco v. Holder, 593 F.3d 733, 735 (8th Cir.

2010). We review these questions de novo, “according substantial deference to the

agency’s interpretation of immigration statutes and regulations.” Id. The phrase

“crime involving moral turpitude” is not defined by statute and thus “the meaning of

the phrase was left ‘to future administrative and judicial interpretation.’” Avendano,

770 F.3d at 734 (quoting Franklin v. INS, 72 F.3d 571, 572 (8th Cir. 1995)). We have

approved the BIA’s “‘longstanding general definition’ of a crime involving moral

turpitude, which include[s] ‘acts accompanied by a vicious motive or a corrupt

mind.’” Id. (quoting Chanmouny v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 810, 814 (8th Cir. 2004)).

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“[C]rimesthat have a specific intent to defraud as an element have always been found

to involve moral turpitude.” In re Kochlani, 24 I. & N. Dec. 128, 130-31 (BIA 2007);

seeBobadilla v. Holder, 679 F.3d 1052, 1057 (8thCir. 2012)(explaining that offenses

that require fraud as an element are categorically crimes involving moral turpitude). 

Miranda-Romero argues that § 472 criminalizes both acts requiring a specific

intent to defraud and acts without this mens rea. See Bobadilla, 679 F.3d at 1054-56

(explaining that our first step in the crime-involving-moral-turpitude analysis is to

apply the “categorical approach” and determine whether an offense is inherently a

crime involving moral turpitude). In Miranda-Romero’s view, the BIA erred in

determining that the statute categorically includes only crimes involving moral

turpitude. Thus, the sole issue in this appeal is whether Miranda-Romero’s 1993

conviction under § 472 necessarily required a specific intent to defraud and therefore

is categorically a crime involving moral turpitude. 

Section 472 provides:

Every person who, with intent to defraud another, forges, or counterfeits

the seal of this State, the seal of any public officer authorized by law, the

seal of any Court of record, or the seal of any corporation, or any other

public seal authorized or recognized by the laws of this State, or of any

other State, Government, or country, or who falsely makes, forges, or

counterfeits any impression purporting to be an impression of any such

seal, or who has in his possession any such counterfeited seal or

impression thereof, knowing it to be counterfeited, and willfully conceals

the same, is guilty of forgery. 

Miranda-Romero argues that the phrase “with intent to defraud another” refers only

to the conduct of forging or counterfeiting various government or corporate seals or

a court record. Thus, according to Miranda-Romero, the criminal conduct of one

“who falsely makes, forges, or counterfeits any impression purporting to be an

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impression of any such seal” or one “who hasin his possession any such counterfeited

seal or impression thereof, knowing it to be counterfeited, and willfully conceals the

same” does not require a specific intent to defraud for a conviction under § 472. 

Section 472 was enacted in 1872 and its language has never been revised. 

California courts have interpreted § 472 as categorically requiring an intent to defraud.

See Villatoro v. Holder, 760 F.3d 872, 878 (8th Cir. 2014) (looking to Iowa case law

to help determine whether an Iowa statute was categorically a crime involving moral

turpitude). As early as 1901, the California Supreme Court explained that “[s]ections

470, 471, and 472 provide that every person who, with intent to defraud another, does

certain acts therein enumerated is guilty of forgery.” People v. Terrill, 65 P. 303, 305

(Cal. 1901). More recently, a California appellate court interpreted § 472 when

reviewing a defendant’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge. People v. Castellanos,

2 Cal. Rptr. 3d 544, 546-47 (Cal. App. 4th 2003). In its analysis, the court explained

that a specific intent to defraud was a required element for a conviction of possessing

a forged or counterfeit document under § 472. Id. 

Miranda-Romero’s argument relies only on his parsing of the statute’s text and

does not cite any relevant California authority that supports his interpretation. In light

of the California courts’ longstanding interpretation of this statute, we hold that a

conviction under § 472 always includes the element of a specific intent to defraud and

is thus categorically a crime involving moral turpitude. See In re Kochlani, 24 I. &

N. Dec. at 130-31. We deny Miranda-Romero’s petition.

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