COURTFILED

OF APPEALS DIVISION II

2015 FEB 24 All 9: 27

SATE OF WASHINGTON

BY

CITY

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

IN RE ESTATE OF

EVA JOHANNA ROVA BARNES, 

Deceased. 

No. 45069 -1 - II

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SUTTON, J. — Michelle Wells' and Dennis Wells (collectively "the Wells ") appeal the trial

court' s order on the petition of the Rovas, invalidating Eva Johanna Rova Barnes' s 2011 will for

undue influence. 2

The Wells argue that ( 1) they presented sufficient evidence to rebut the

presumption of undue influence; ( 2) the trial court' s findings of fact of undue influence were not

based on clear, cogent and convincing evidence; and ( 3) the trial court erred as a matter of law in

invalidating Barnes' s will. We agree and reverse and remand for a new trial. 

Michelle Wells, one of the appellants, became Barnes' s caretaker. We refer to Michelle Wells

as Michelle for clarity. We intend no disrespect. 

2

The respondents are Barnes' s nieces and nephew: Vicki Rova Mueller, Karen Bow, Marsha

Rova, and John Rova. We collectively refer to them as " the Rovas." We intend no disrespect. 
No. 45069 -1 - II

FACTS3

I. BARNES' S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ROVAS AND MICHELLE

Barnes died on June 27, 2011 at 94 years old. Barnes' s surviving family included her

brother' s four children, the Rovas. Barnes came to know Michelle as her rural mail carrier and, 

by the end of Barnes' s life, Michelle had become her caretaker. 

In March 2009, emergency medical responders found Barnes on her kitchen floor, where

she had fallen two and a half days earlier. After she recovered, medical professionals believed that

Barnes should temporarily reside at an assisted living facility; the Rovas concurred, as they were

desperate ' to help Barnes. Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 1132 ( Finding of Fact ( FF) 23). Barnes

refused to comply with this advice, and Dr. George Kina, her physician, did not believe he could

deny her demand to return home. Before the fire department would allow her to return home, 

however, Barnes' s home needed to be made safe due to her hoarding. In response to the fire

department' s order, the Rovas and Michelle cleared and discarded newspapers and magazines from

walkways and heat sources. 

Barnes returned home, but this event was " the beginning of the end" of her relationship

with the Rovas. CP at 1134 ( FF 29). Barnes felt that her privacy had been invaded, she believed

that the Rovas had destroyed her address book, and that the Rovas wanted to place her in a nursing

home for the rest of her life, which she feared.4 Barnes became paranoid and suspicious of the

Rovas. 

3 Because this case was tried as a bench trial, we derive these facts from the trial court' s findings . 

of fact. 

4 The trial court found that .Barnes' s beliefs about the Rovas were not true. 

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No. 45069 -1 - II

From April 2009 until her death, Barnes grew increasingly dependent on Michelle. The

gap" between Barnes and the Rovas widened and Barnes told Michelle that she felt ostracized by

the Rovas. CP at 1136 ( FF 41). After May 2010, Michelle provided all ofBarnes' s transportation

and took her to every appointment with Dr. Kina and Barnes' s attorney, Jeff Tolman. Michelle

became the only person consistently available and close to Barnes. Barnes was a " strong- minded" 

woman, and she chose not to maintain her relationship with the Rovas. CP at. 1132 ( FF 19) 

II. BARNES' S ESTATE. PLANNING

Barnes' s property was homesteaded by her parents, and she lived there from 1918 until her

death. In 2005, after her husband and child died, Barnes executed a will providing that upon her

death her estate was to be distributed to the Rovas in four equal shares; she also named Vicki Rova

Mueller as her attorney in fact. 

In November 2010, Barnes decided that she wanted to remove Mueller as her attorney in

fact. On November 17, Tolman set up a meeting in which he acted as mediator between Barnes

and Mueller in an attempt to resolve Barnes' s dispute with the Rovas, but Barnes did not want to

reconcile. In December 2010, Barnes named Michelle her new attorney in fact and in January, 

2011, Michelle began writing checks for Barnes. 

Tolman had invited Michelle to participate in the November 17 mediation meeting, where

Michelle stated in Barnes' s presence that the Rovas had thrown out Barnes' s address book; this

upset Barnes further. Michelle' s comments at the mediation meeting and subsequently to others

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fanned the flame" of Barnes' s anger toward the Rovas. 5 CP at 1146 ( FF 73). 

On March 1, 2011, Barnes met with Tolman to execute a new will, but Tolman believed

that Barnes was not feeling well so he sent her home when she could not remember the name of

one of her nieces. Two days later, Barnes returned to Tolman' s office.6 Before Barnes executed

her new will, Tolman engaged in a colloquy with her and he prepared a memorandum that Barnes

signed, setting forth her reasons for changing her will. Both Tolman and Dr. Kina, who Barnes

had visited just before coming to her appointment to change her will, believed that Barnes had the

necessary mental capacity to execute her will that day. Barnes' s new will completely disinherited

the Rovas and named " Dennis Wells and Michelle Wells" as her sole beneficiaries. CP at 3

capitalization omitted). 

III. PROCEDURE

Shortly after Barnes' s death, the Rovas petitioned the trial court to invalidate Barnes' s 2011

will, claiming that Barnes lacked the necessary mental capacity to execute it and that the will was

the product of the Wells' undue influence. The Rovas' petition was tried without a jury. After a

5 Michelle made derogatory comments about the Rovas on at least two other occasions in addition

to the meeting with Tolman: The Rovas and Barnes jointly owned a rental house located on

Barnes' s property. In October 2010, Barnes had accused the renters of not paying rent and sent

Michelle to confront them. Michelle told the renters that the Rovas wanted to " evict them so that

they [ the Rovas] could sell the land, develop the properties, and become millionaires," which was

not true. CP at 1138 ( FF 46). In May 2011, Michelle stated during an interview at Barnes' church

that John Rova tried to " throw [Barnes] under the bus a couple times." CP at 1145 ( FF 72). 

6 Michelle provided Barnes transportation to the meeting but was not present when Barnes' 

executed the will. 

7 Michelle was named as the personal representative, with Dennis Wells designated as the alternate

personal representative. 
No. 45069 -1 - I1

lengthy bench trial, the trial court entered 83 findings of fact and 23 conclusions of law. The trial

court ruled that Barnes had the mental capacity to execute the 2011 will, but invalidated the will

as the product of Michelle' s undue influence. 

ANALYSIS

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Wells do not challenge any ofthe trial court' s findings of fact. Unchallenged findings

of fact are verities on appeal. In re Estate ofLint, 135 Wn.2d 518, 533, 957 P.2d 755 ( 1998). 

Accordingly, we accept as true all of the trial court' s findings of fact. 

Though the Wells do not challenge the findings of fact, they assign error to conclusions of

law 11, and 13 through 22. We review conclusions of law de novo and our review is limited to

whether the unchallenged findings of fact support the conclusions of law. In re Estate ofHaviland, 

162 Wn. App. 548, 561, 255 P. 3d 854 ( 2011); Fuller v. Emp' t Sec. Dep' t, 52 Wn. App. 603, 605, 

762 P.2d 367 ( 1988). We consider the findings in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, 

here the Rovas. Scott' s Excavating Vancouver, LLC v. Winlock Props., LLC, 176 Wn. App. 335, 

342, 308 P. 3d 791 ( 2013), review denied, 179 Wn.2d 1011 ( 2014). 

II. UNDUE INFLUENCE

The law presumes that a facially rational, legally executed will is valid. Dean v. Jordan, 

194 Wash. 661, 668, 79 P.2d 331 ( 1938). The trial court' s function is not to assess the soundness

of the testator' s disposition of his or her property because the testator is allowed to dispose of

property in any lawful manner. In re Bottger' s Estate, 14 Wn.2d 676, 708, 129 P.2d 518 ( 1942). 

A trial court may set aside a will, however, if a will contestant proves with clear, cogent, 

and convincing evidence that the will is a product of undue influence. Haviland, 162 Wn. App. at

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558. Clear, cogent, and convincing evidence must convince the trier of fact that the fact is highly

probable by weighing and evaluating evidence and making credibility determinations. Haviland, 

162 Wn. App. at 558. 

To invalidate a will for undue influence, a will contestant must show more than " mere

influence." Dean, 194 Wash. at 671. Undue influence is influence that controlled the testator' s

volition, interfering with the testator' s free will and destroying free agency. Haviland, 162 Wn. 

App. at 557 -58; Bottger 's Estate, 14 Wn.2d at 700. The influence must be "` tantamount to force

or fear which destroys the testator' s free agency and constrains him to do what is against his will.'" 

Lint, 135 Wn.2d at 535 ( quoting Bottger, 14 Wn.2d at 700). The mere fact that the will proponent

offered " advice, arguments, persuasions, solicitations, suggestions or entreaties [ is] not enough to

establish undue influence." In re Melter, 167 Wn. App. 285, 313, 273 P. 3d 991 ( 2012). 

The seminal Dean opinion outlined " certain facts and circumstances" that may raise a

rebuttable presumption of undue influence: 

The most important of such facts are: ( 1) That the beneficiary occupied a fiduciary

or confidential relation to the testator; (2) that the beneficiary actively participated

in the preparation or procurement of the will; and ( 3) that the beneficiary received

an unusually or unnaturally large part of the estate. Added to these may be other

considerations, such as the age or condition of health and mental vigor of the

testator, the nature or degree of relationship between the testator and the

beneficiary, the opportunity for exerting an undue influence, and the naturalness or

unnaturalness of the will. The weight of any of such facts will, of course, vary

according to the circumstances of the particular case. Any one of them may, and

variously should, appeal to the vigilance of the court and cause it to proceed with

caution and carefully to scrutinize the evidence offered to establish the will. 

Dean, 194 Wash. at 671 -72. 

Significantly, the will proponent does not have the burden to disprove undue influence to

overcome the presumption. Kitsap Bank v. Denley, 177 Wn. App. 559, 578 -79, 312 P. 3d 711

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No. 45069 -1 - II

2013). To rebut this presumption, the will proponent must produce evidence " sufficient at least

to balance the scales and restore the equilibrium of evidence" regarding the will' s validity. Dean, 

194 Wash. at 672. The presumption does not shift the ultimate burden of proving undue influence, 

which remains with the will contestant. Melter, 167 Wn. App. at 299. The will contestant must

provide " positive evidence" to support its claim of undue influence and cannot rely on the " force

of the presumption" alone. Dean, 194 Wash. at 673. 

III. REBUTTING THE PRESUMPTION OF UNDUE INFLUENCE

The trial court correctly concluded that there was sufficient evidence to support a

presumption of undue influence. The trial court also entered conclusions of law 21 and 22, both

of which concluded that the Wells did not produce sufficient evidence to overcome the

presumption of undue influence. Conclusions of Law 21 and 22 stated as follows: 

21. Michelle Wells did not produce evidence that this Court finds sufficient

to " at least to balance the scales and restore the equilibrium of evidence touching

the validity of the will." In re Estate ofBurkland, 8 [ Wn.]. App. 153, [ 160], 504

P.2d 1143 ( 1972), [ review denied], 82 [ Wn].2d 1002 ( 1973). Clear, cogent and

convincing evidence establishes that the will signed by Ms. Barnes on March 3, 

2011 was the product of ongoing undue influence by Michelle Wells. 

22. The evidence that was presented on behalf of Ms. Wells was not

sufficient to overcome the presumption of undue influence, based not only on the

fiduciary relationship, the active participation in procuring the Will and the

unnatural disposition, but on all of the other considerations that the Supreme Court

says are appropriate to consider, age, health, incapacity, mental vigor, nature and

degree of relationships, opportunity for influence and the unnaturalness of the

disposition. The will that Ms. Barnes executed on March 3, 2011 is invalid because

it was the product of undue influence by Michelle Wells. 

CP at 1152 -53 ( Conclusions ofLaw 21, 22). The Wells argue that the trial court' s findings of fact

do not support these conclusions. We agree. 

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No. 45069 -1 - II

In order to rebut the presumption ofundue influence, to " balance the scales and restore the

equilibrium of evidence," the Wells had to come forward with evidence that supported an equally

plausible explanation for Barnes' s

testamentary disposition. Dean, 194 Wash. at 672. The trial

court' s unchallenged findings of fact contain more than sufficient evidence that Barnes changed

her will for a valid reason, unaffected by undue influence: that she had grown apart from, was

suspicious of, and disliked the Rovas. 

As Barnes' s mental and physical condition deteriorated after her fall in 2009, Barnes

became " increasingly involved" and " increasingly dependent" on Michelle. CP at 1135 ( FF 38). 

Michelle became Barnes' s " caretaker" while Barnes became " less involved" with the Rovas. CP

at 1136 ( FF 39). Michelle was the " only person close to [ Barnes] on a consistent basis." CP at

1144 ( FF 70). Michelle provided all of Barnes' s transportation needs because Barnes stopped

driving. Barnes became " suspicious" of the Rovas after they cleaned her home and after they

suggested that Barnes should enter into an assisted living facility, which Barnes was " desperately

afraid" of doing. CP at 1134 -35 ( FF 34). Barnes told Michelle that she " felt ostracized" from the

Rovas. CP at 1137 ( FF 44). The Rovas did not choose to become less involved in Barnes' s life. 

Instead, " it was [ Barnes' s] choice" to become " less involved" with the Rovas. CP at 1136 ( FF

39). Barnes was a " strong- minded" woman. CP at 1132 ( FF 19). These facts are sufficient

evidence to rebut the presumption of undue influence under Dean to at least " balance the scales" 

compared to the Rovas' evidence that created the presumption. Dean, 194 Wash. at 672. 

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No. 45069 -1 - II

The Rovas argue that the trial court' s conclusion of law 22, that the will was the product

of Michelle' s undue influence, is supported by sufficient evidence. The trial court did not, 

however, make any findings of fact of "positive evidence" of undue influence to specify what

constituted Michelle' s undue influence. Dean, 194 Wash. at 673. Instead, the trial court wholly

relied on the presumption in making its conclusions of law regarding undue influence. This

reliance on the presumption was error. 

The trial court' s conclusions of law 21 and 22, stating that the 2011 will was the product

of undue influence and that the Wells had failed to overcome the presumption, are not supported

by the findings of fact. We hold that conclusions of law 21 and 22 were made in error as a matter

of law. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial. 

IV. ATTORNEY FEES

The Rovas request that we award them attorney fees under RCW 11. 24.050 and RCW

11. 96A. 150. They argue that such an award would be equitable because the Wells' " factual

challenge" is meritless. Br. ofResp' t at 48. Because the Wells' appeal is not meritless, we deny

the Rovas' request for an award of attorney fees. 

We reverse and remand for a new trial, holding that the trial court erred as a matter of law

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in determining that the Wells did not rebut the presumption of undue influence. 

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, 

it is so ordered. 

We concur: 

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