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In the United States Court of Federal Claims

No. 15-764C

Filed March 20, 2017

TREVOR LANGKAMP,

Plaintiff,

v.

THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant.

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Motion for Summary Judgment; RCFC 

56; Breach of Contract; Annuity.

Patrick James Attridge, Counsel of Record, King & Attridge, Rockville, MD, for 

plaintiff.

Mollie L. Finnan, Trial Attorney, Deborah A. Bynum, Assistant Director, Robert E. 

Kirschman, Jr., Director, Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, 

Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, 

DC, for defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff, Trevor Langkamp, brought this breach of contract matter alleging that the 

government breached a stipulation for compromise settlement that his parents entered into with 

the United States to resolve a personal injury lawsuit brought on his behalf (the “Settlement 

Agreement”). Plaintiff and the government have filed cross-motions for summary judgment on 

the issue of liability, pursuant to Rule 56 of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal 

Claims (“RCFC”). Pl. Mot.; Def. Mot. For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES

plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment on liability and GRANTS the government’s 

cross-motion for summary judgment on liability. 
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II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

A. Factual Background

In this breach of contract matter, plaintiff, Trevor Langkamp, alleges that the government 

has breached the Settlement Agreement that his parents entered into with the United States in 

1984 to resolve a personal injury lawsuit brought on Mr. Langkamp’s behalf. Specifically, 

plaintiff alleges that the Settlement Agreement obligates the government to make and guarantee 

certain structured payments provided for in the agreement. See Compl. at ¶¶ 14-23. Plaintiff 

further alleges that the government breached the Settlement Agreement by failing to pay or 

guarantee the full amount of the monthly and periodic lump-sum payments required under the 

Settlement Agreement after the original annuity company went into bankruptcy. Id.; see also

Def. Mot. at 1. 

As relief, plaintiff seeks to recover $68,270.78 in unpaid monthly annuity payments for 

the period August 2013 and June 2015. Compl. at ¶ 15. Plaintiff also seeks to recover a “lump 

sum equal to the present value of the monthly annuity payments that he is entitled to receive,” for 

the period July 2015 through the end of his life expectancy, plus a lump sum amount equal to the 

present value of certain lump-sum payments due to plaintiff on December 15, 2018 and 

December 15, 2028. Id. at ¶ 23. 

i. The Settlement Agreement

The material facts of this case are not in dispute. On April 18, 1980, plaintiff suffered 

certain injuries while on United States Department of the Army property. Compl. at ¶ 3; Def. 

Mot. at 2. In 1982, plaintiff’s parents filed a Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) claim against 

the United States on plaintiff’s behalf to recover damages in connection with these injuries. Def. 

App. at A1-A6; Compl. at ¶ 4. 

On November 15, 1984, plaintiff’s parents executed the Settlement Agreement to fully 

resolve the claims brought in the FTCA litigation. Def. App. at A8-A10; Compl. at ¶ 5; see also

Def. Mot. at 3. The Settlement Agreement provides, among other things, that the “United States 

 

1 The facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from plaintiff’s complaint 

(“Compl.”); plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment (“Pl. Mot.”); the government’s cross-motion 

for summary judgment on liability (“Def. Mot.”) and exhibits attached thereto (“Def. App. at A1-A182”).
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of America and United States Department of Army, will pay to the plaintiffs . . . the sum of 

$239,425.45 as an upfront payment which includes attorney fees and costs and a structured 

settlement for the benefit of Trevor Langkamp, which sum shall be in full settlement and 

satisfaction of any and all claims . . . on account of the incident or circumstances giving rise” to 

the Langkamps’ lawsuit. Def. App. at A8, ¶ 2; Compl. at ¶ 5. The Settlement Agreement also 

provides:

That the aforesaid amount shall be paid as follows: $350.00 per month beginning 

by the beginning of January, 1985 through October 15, 1996, then $3,100.00 per 

month, 3 percent compounded annually for life, guaranteed for 15 years, beginning 

November 15, 1996, and Lump Sum Payments as follows:

$ 15,000.00 on December 15, 1996

50,000.00 on December 15, 2000

100,000.00 on December 15, 2008

250,000.00 on December 15, 2018

1,000,000.00 on December 15, 2028

Def. App. at A9, ¶ 3; see Compl. at ¶¶ 6-7. 

The Settlement Agreement further provides that “plaintiffs hereby agree to accept said 

sum in full settlement and satisfaction of any and all claims and demands . . . which it or its 

agents or assigns may have against . . . the United States of America and the United States 

Department of Army . . . .” Def. App. at A9, ¶ 4. 

A Memorandum For File dated October 30, 1984, signed by the then-Acting Assistant 

Attorney General of the Civil Division of the Department of Justice provides that “[s]ettlement 

of this case for $400,000 in a structured settlement to be paid by the United States is hereby 

approved.” Def. App. at A7. In November 1984, the United States General Accounting Office

(“GAO”) issued an advice of payment of settlement to accompany check certifying that 

$400,000 is due to plaintiff from the United States, payable from the appropriations indicated to

J.M.W. Settlements, Inc. (“JMW”), on behalf of plaintiff. Id. at A14. The advice of payment of 

settlement to accompany check further provides that the GAO will issue two checks: a check in 

the amount of $160,574.55 to JMW for Trevor Langkamp and a check in the amount of 

$239,425.45 to Joseph P. Langkamp and Christina Langkamp, the natural guardians of Trevor 

Langkamp. Id. 
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Subsequently, in December 1984, the government paid $239,425.45 to the Langkamps to 

fulfill the lump-sum payment requirement set forth in the Settlement Agreement. Id. at A35. 

The government paid the remaining amount of $160,574.55 to JMW, a structured settlement 

broker, for the purchase of structured settlement annuities on December 5, 1984. Id. at A35-

A37. 

ii. The ELNY Annuities And Bankruptcy

On November 30, 1984, JMW purchased two single premium structured settlement 

annuity policies from Executive Life Insurance Company of New York (“ELNY”) to fund the 

monthly and the lump-sum payments delineated in paragraph three of the Settlement Agreement. 

Compl. at ¶ 8; Def. Mot. at 4; Def. App. at A9, A17-A34. On December 7, 1984, the 

Langkamps executed a release in full and final satisfaction of their claims. Def. App. at A38-

A39. Thereafter, the Langkamps and the government executed a stipulation of dismissal of the 

Langkamps’ FTCA claim on December 10, 1984. Id. at A40-A43. The United States District 

Court for the Western District of Michigan dismissed the action on December 17, 1984. Id. at 

A44. 

During the period January 1985 to July 2013, plaintiff received the monthly and periodic 

lump-sum payments required under the Stipulation Agreement pursuant to the annuities 

purchased on his behalf. Id. at A21, A30; Compl. at ¶ 9; Def. Mot. at 4. On April 16, 2012, the 

Supreme Court of New York declared ELNY insolvent, and the court approved a restructuring 

agreement for ELNY (the “Restructuring Agreement”). Def. App. at A45-A51; Compl. at ¶ 10; 

Answer at ¶ 10. Under the Restructuring Agreement, ELNY’s assets were transferred to the 

Guaranty Association Benefit Company (“GABC”), and the GABC assumed responsibility for 

making the monthly and periodic lump-sum payments due to plaintiff. Compl. at ¶ 10.

In letters dated November 12, 2013, and December 9, 2013, the GABC notified plaintiff 

that his monthly annuity payments would be reduced by 42.39%, from $4,974.59 to $2,108.73 

per month. Id. at ¶¶ 11-12; Def. App. at A181-A182. In addition, the GABC notified plaintiff 

that the periodic lump-sum payments to be paid in December of 2018 and December 2028 would 

be reduced from $250,000.00 and $1,000,000.00 to $105,975.00 and $423,900.00, respectively. 

Compl. at ¶ 11.
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The GABC began paying reduced annuity payments to plaintiff in August 2013. Pl. Mot. 

at 5. As a result, during the period August 2013 to October 2013, plaintiff received $2,108.73 in 

monthly annuity payments from the GABC, instead of the $4,974.59 per month payment that he 

would have received from ELNY. Compl. at ¶ 12. During the period November 2013 to 

October 2014, plaintiff received $2,177.99 in monthly annuity payments from the GABC,

instead of the $5,123.83 per month payment that he would have received from ELNY. Id. In 

addition, during the period November 2014 to June 2015, plaintiff received $2,237.15 in monthly 

annuity payments from GABC, instead of the $5,277.54 per month payment that he would have 

received from ELNY. Id.

B. Relevant Procedural Background

Plaintiff filed the complaint in this matter on July 22, 2015. See generally Compl. On 

November 20, 2015, the government answered the complaint. See generally Answer. 

On March 11, 2016, plaintiff filed a motion for partial summary judgment on liability. 

See generally Pl. Mot. On May 27, 2016, the government filed a cross-motion for summary 

judgment on liability and a response and opposition to plaintiff’s motion for partial summary 

judgment on liability. See generally Def. Mot. On July 8, 2016, plaintiff filed a response and 

opposition to the government’s cross-motion for summary judgment on liability and a reply in 

support of plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment on liability. See generally Pl. Reply. 

On September 2, 2016, the government filed a reply in support of its cross-motion for summary 

judgment on liability. See generally Def. Reply. 

On November 15, 2016, the parties filed supplemental briefs regarding the impact of the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit’s decision in Nutt v. United States, 837 

F.3d 1292 (Fed. Cir. 2016), on this matter. See generally Pl. Supp. Brief; Def. Supp. Brief. On 

December 6, 2016, the parties filed responsive supplemental briefs. See generally Pl. Supp. 

Resp.; Def. Supp. Resp. On December 20, 2016, the parties filed supplemental reply briefs. See 

generally Pl. Supp. Reply; Def. Supp. Reply.

These matters having been fully briefed, the Court addresses the pending motions.
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III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. Jurisdiction And Contract Claims Against The United States

The Tucker Act grants this Court jurisdiction to consider claims based “upon any express 

or implied contract with the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Court does not, 

however, possess jurisdiction to consider claims against the United States “based on contracts 

implied in law.” United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 218 (1983) (citing Merritt v. United 

States, 267 U.S. 338, 341 (1925)); Aboo v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 618, 626 aff’d, 347 F. 

App’x 581 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). And so, to bring a valid contract claim against the 

United States in this Court, the underlying contract must be either express or implied-in-fact. 

Aboo, 86 Fed. Cl. at 626. Such a contract claim must also be for “actual, presently due money 

damages . . . .” King v. United States, 395 U.S. 1, 3 (1969); see also Speed v. United States, 97 

Fed. Cl. 58, 66 (2011) (citations omitted).

In addition, plaintiff bears the burden of proving the existence of a contract with the 

United States, and plaintiffs must show that there is “something more than a cloud of evidence 

that could be consistent with a contract to prove a contract and enforceable contract rights.” D & 

N Bank v. United States, 331 F.3d 1374, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2003). To establish the existence of 

either an express or implied-in-fact contract with the United States, a plaintiff must show: (1) 

mutuality of intent; (2) consideration; (3) lack of ambiguity in the offer and acceptance; and (4) 

actual authority to bind the government in contract on the part of the government official whose 

conduct is relied upon. Kam-Almaz v. United States, 682 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2012). A 

government official’s authority to bind the United States must be express or implied. Roy v. 

United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 184, 187-89, dismissed, 124 F.3d 224 (Fed. Cir. 1997). And so, “the 

[g]overnment, unlike private parties, cannot be bound by the apparent authority of its agents.” 

Id. at 187.

In this regard, a government official possesses express actual authority to bind the United 

States in contract “only when the Constitution, a statute, or a regulation grants it to that agent in 

unambiguous terms.” Jumah v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 603, 612 (2009) aff'd, 385 F. App’x 

987 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (internal citations omitted); see also City of El Centro v. United States, 922 

F.2d 816, 820 (Fed. Cir. 1990). On the other hand, a government official possesses implied 

actual authority to bind the United States in contract “when the employee cannot perform his 
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assigned tasks without such authority and when the relevant agency’s regulations do not grant 

the authority to other agency employees.” SGS-92-X003 v. United States, 74 Fed. Cl. 637, 652

(2006) (citations omitted); see also Aboo, 86 Fed. Cl. at 627 (implied actual authority “is 

restricted to situations where ‘such authority is considered to be an integral part of the duties 

assigned to a [g]overnment employee’” (quoting H. Landau & Co. v. United States, 886 F.2d 

322, 324 (Fed. Cir. 1989))). In addition, when a government agent does not possess express or 

implied actual authority to bind the United States in contract, the government can still be bound 

by contract if the contract was ratified by an official with the necessary authority. Janowsky v. 

United States, 133 F.3d 888, 891–92 (Fed. Cir. 1998).2

B. RCFC 56

Pursuant to RCFC 56, a party is entitled to summary judgment when there is “no genuine 

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” RCFC 

56(a); see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986); Biery v. United States, 

753 F.3d 1279, 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2014). A dispute is “genuine” when “the evidence is such that a 

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. A 

fact is “material” if it could “affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law . . . .” Id. In 

addition, the moving party bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of any genuine issues 

of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). And so, “‘the inferences to 

be drawn from the underlying facts . . . must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party 

opposing the motion.’” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-88 

(1986) (quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962)). 

In making a summary judgment determination, the Court does not weigh the evidence 

presented, but instead must “determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 

U.S. at 249; see also Am. Ins. Co. v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl. 151, 154 (2004); Agosto v. INS, 

 

2 Ratification may take place at the individual or institutional level. SGS-92-X003 v. United States, 74 

Fed. Cl. 637, 653-54 (2006). Individual ratification occurs when a supervisor: (1) possesses the actual 

authority to contract; (2) fully knew the material facts surrounding the unauthorized action of his or her 

subordinate; and (3) knowingly confirmed, adopted, or acquiesced to the unauthorized action of the 

subordinate. Id. at 654 (quoting Leonardo v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. 552, 560 (2005)). In contrast, 

institutional ratification occurs when the government “seeks and receives the benefits from an otherwise 

unauthorized contract.” Id.; see also Janowsky v. United States, 133 F.3d 888, 891-92 (Fed. Cir. 1998). 
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436 U.S. 748, 756 (1978) (“[A trial] court generally cannot grant summary judgment based on its 

assessment of the credibility of the evidence presented . . . .”). The Court may grant summary 

judgment when “the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the 

nonmoving party . . . .” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. at 587. The above standard 

applies when the Court considers cross-motions for summary judgment. Principal Life Ins. Co. 

& Subsidiaries v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 82, 89 (2014); see also Estate of Hevia v. Portrio 

Corp., 602 F.3d 34, 40 (1st Cir. 2010). And so, when both parties move for summary judgment, 

“‘the court must evaluate each party’s motion on its own merits, taking care in each instance to 

draw all reasonable inferences against the party whose motion is under consideration.’” Abbey v. 

United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 430, 436 (2011) (quoting Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States,

812 F.2d 1387, 1391 (Fed. Cir. 1987)).

C. Contract Interpretation

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held that “[c]ontract 

interpretation is a question of law.” Barron Bancshares, Inc., v. United States, 366 F.3d 1360, 

1368 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Fortec Constructors v. United States, 760 F.2d 1288, 1291 (Fed. Cir. 

1985); Greenhill v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 385, 393 (2010) (“The interpretation of a 

settlement agreement is a question of law.”); see also Harris v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 142 

F.3d 1463, 1467 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“A settlement agreement is a contract, and we apply basic 

contract principles unless precluded by law.”). When interpreting a contract, the Court first 

looks to whether the language of an agreement is ambiguous or unambiguous. See Grumman 

Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d 990, 997 (Fed. Cir. 1996); see also NVT Techs., Inc. v. United 

States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004). It is also well established that the Court’s 

interpretation of a contract begins with its “plain language.” McAbee Constr., Inc. v. United 

States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1435 (Fed. Cir. 1996). And so, the plain and unambiguous provisions of a 

contract “must be given their plain and ordinary meaning . . . and the court may not resort to 

extrinsic evidence to interpret them.” Id. (citations omitted); see also Jowett, Inc. v. United 

States, 234 F.3d 1365, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (holding that the Court gives “the words of the 

agreement their ordinary meaning unless the parties mutually intended and agreed to an 

alternative meaning.”); Hills Materials Co. v. Rice, 982 F.2d 514, 516 (Fed. Cir. 1992) 

(“Wherever possible, words of a contract should be given their ordinary and common meaning.”) 

(citations omitted). 
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The Court also interprets the “provisions of a contract so as to make them consistent” and 

so as not “to render them ineffective or superfluous.” Abraham v. Rockwell Int’l. Corp., 326 

F.3d 1242, 1251, 1254 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (citations omitted); Fortec Constructors, 760 F.2d at

1292 (“This court must be guided by the well accepted and basic principle that an interpretation 

that gives a reasonable meaning to all parts of the contract will be preferred to one that leaves 

portions of the contract meaningless.”). But, in instances in which “there is a clear conflict 

between” contract clauses, the Court must “determine which of the conflicting terms controls.” 

Abraham, 326 F.3d at 1253-54 (citations omitted). To do so, the Court must apply the “general 

rules of interpretation,” which require that, “‘[w]here specific and general terms in a contract are 

in conflict, those which relate to a particular matter control over the more general language.’” 

Id. at 1254 (citations omitted) (emphasis existing). 

The Federal Circuit has also recognized that a contract that is reasonably susceptible to

more than one interpretation is ambiguous. Hills Materials Co., 982 F.2d at 516 (citations 

omitted). Where a latent ambiguity exists in a contract, “the court will construe the ambiguous 

term against the drafter of the contract when the nondrafter's interpretation is reasonable,” under 

the general rule of contra proferentem. Id. (citations omitted); see also NVT Techs, Inc., 370 

F.3d at 1159 (”To show an ambiguity it is not enough that the parties differ in their respective 

interpretations . . . both interpretations must fall within the zone of reasonableness.”) (citations 

omitted); HPI/GSA-3C, LLC v. Perry, 364 F.3d 1327, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Before a court 

may enforce the general rule of contra proferentem against the drafter of an ambiguity, the 

contractor’s interpretation of that ambiguity must be reasonable.”). But, “an exception to the 

general rule that requires construing ambiguities against” the drafter exists where “the 

ambiguities are so patent and glaring that it is unreasonable for a [party] not to discover and 

inquire about them.” HPI/GSA-3C, LLC, 364 F.3d at 1334 (quotations omitted). “Where an 

ambiguity is not sufficiently glaring to trigger the patent ambiguity exception, it is deemed latent 

and the general rule of contra proferentem applies.” Id. (citations omitted).

Specifically relevant to the present case, the Federal Circuit has also previously examined 

and interpreted settlement agreements with the United States that require future, periodic annuity 

payments in Nutt v. United States and Massie v. United States. In Massie, the appellants brought 

a breach of contract claim against the government alleging that the government had guaranteed 

the annuity payments provided for under a settlement agreement that required the government to 
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purchase an annuity that “will result in distributions on behalf of the United States,” after the 

annuity company went into conservatorship and failed to make the full payments. 166 F.3d 

1184, 1186-87 (Fed. Cir. 1999). The Federal Circuit observed that “[t]he language specifying 

that the annuity ‘will result in distributions’ and that the disbursements ‘shall be paid’ is 

unambiguously mandatory and says unequivocally that the Massies must receive the payments.” 

Id. at 1190. And so, the Federal Circuit held that the government had guaranteed the annuity 

payments required under the settlement agreement. Id.

More recently, in Nutt, the Federal Circuit interpreted a settlement agreement that 

required the purchase of an annuity for the purpose of making certain periodic, future payments 

required under that agreement. 837 F.3d 1292, 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2016). After the Nutt appellants

began receiving reduced payments under the annuity, the appellants alleged that the government 

had guaranteed, and thus, was liable for, the annuity payments. Id. The Federal Circuit noted in 

the decision, however, that the settlement agreement at issue specifically provided that “the 

United States shall assist [Plaintiffs], their heirs or personal representatives, in the prosecution of 

said suit to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations,” in the event that the annuity 

company defaults on the annuity payments. Id. at 1297 (brackets existing). The Federal Circuit 

also held that, among other things, “[t]he plain language of the Agreement makes clear that the 

Government agreed to purchase annuities and pay certain lump-sum payments to Appellants, not 

to make future payments or guarantee that the future payments be made if the insurance 

company defaulted.” Id. at 1298. And so, the Federal Circuit concluded that “the Government's 

obligations were satisfied upon making the lump-sum payments and purchasing the annuity.” Id.

IV. LEGAL ANALYSIS

The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment with respect to liability on 

the issue of whether the government is liable to plaintiff and obligated to pay the outstanding 

amounts of certain monthly and periodic lump-sum payments called for under the Settlement 

Agreement. See Pl. Mot.; Def. Mot. Plaintiff argues that the government guaranteed these 

payments and, as a result, the government breached the Settlement Agreement by failing to pay 

the outstanding amounts due. See Pl. Mot. at 8-9. The government counters that it has not 

breached the Settlement Agreement because the government has not expressly guaranteed the 

monthly and periodic payments required under that agreement. Def. Mot. at 7-8. And so, the 
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government maintains that it has fully satisfied its obligations with respect to these payments by 

purchasing annuities for the purpose of making the payments. Id.

For the reasons discussed below, the plain language of the Settlement Agreement 

demonstrates that the government has not unequivocally agreed to guarantee the monthly and 

periodic lump-sum payments required under that agreement. And so, the Court DENIES

plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on liability and GRANTS the government’s crossmotion for summary judgment on liability.

A. The Settlement Agreement Provides For The Purchase Of Annuities

As an initial matter, the plain language of the Settlement Agreement requires that the 

government purchase annuities for the purpose of making the monthly and periodic lump-sum 

payments called for under that agreement. The parties agree that the Settlement Agreement is 

unambiguous. Def. Supp. Brief at 1; Pl. Supp. Brief at 3; Grumman Data Sys. Corp., 88 F.3d at

997 (demonstrating that the Court first looks to whether the language of an agreement is 

ambiguous or unambiguous); NVT Techs., Inc., 370 F.3d at 1159 (same). And so, the Court

begins its interpretation of the Settlement Agreement with the plain language of that agreement. 

McAbee Constr., Inc., 97 F.3d at 1435; see also Jowett, Inc., 234 F.3d at 1368 (holding that the 

Court gives “the words of the agreement their ordinary meaning unless the parties mutually 

intended and agreed to an alternative meaning”). 

In this regard, the Settlement Agreement provides, in relevant part, that:

[The] United States of America and United States Department of Army, will pay to 

the [Langkamps] . . . the sum of $239,425.45 as an upfront payment which includes 

attorney fees and costs and a structured settlement for the benefit of Trevor 

Langkamp, which sum shall be in full settlement and satisfaction of any and all 

claims . . . on account of the incident or circumstances giving rise” to the 

Langkamps’ lawsuit. 

Def. App. at A8, ¶ 2 (emphasis supplied). The Settlement Agreement further provides that:

[T]he aforesaid amount shall be paid as follows: $350.00 per month beginning by 

the beginning of January, 1985 through October 15, 1996, then $3,100.00 per 

month, 3 percent compounded annually for life, guaranteed for 15 years, beginning 

November 15, 1996, and Lump Sum Payments as follows:

$ 15,000.00 on December 15, 1996

50,000.00 on December 15, 2000

100,000.00 on December 15, 2008
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250,000.00 on December 15, 2018

1,000,000.00 on December 15, 2028

Def. App. at A9, ¶ 3; see Compl. at ¶¶ 6-7. The Court interprets these provisions to require that 

the government purchase structured settlement annuities to make the monthly and lump-sum 

payments delineated in the Settlement Agreement. In this regard, the plain language of 

paragraph two of the Settlement Agreement provides that the government “will pay . . . a 

structured settlement for the benefit of Trevor Langkamp.” Def. App. at A8, ¶ 2. The Court 

must give these words their ordinary meaning, absent evidence that the parties mutually intended 

an alternative meaning. McAbee Constr., Inc., 97 F.3d at 1435; see also Jowett, Inc., 234 F.3d at

1368. A “structured settlement” is generally recognized to mean a legal settlement paid out as an 

annuity rather than as a lump sum. See, e.g., 3 Stein on Personal Injury Damages Treatise § 16:1 

(3d ed.) (2016) (“The payments [under a structured settlement] are normally funded using an 

annuity or obligations of the United States.”); 1 Negotiating and Settling Tort Cases § 18:1 

(providing that under a structured settlement, “[t]he defendant may retain the obligation to make 

the future payments, or, more commonly, it may transfer the obligation to make the future 

payments by purchasing an annuity contract from a life insurance company”). The Oxford 

Pocket Dictionary of Current English also defines the term “structured settlement” as “a legal 

settlement paid out as an annuity rather than in a lump sum . . . .” The Oxford Pocket Dictionary 

of Current English, available at www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesaurusespictures-and-press-releases/structured-settlement (accessed March 17, 2017). 

Because neither party argues that the parties mutually agreed to another meaning for the 

term structured settlement, the Court adopts the ordinary meaning of the term structured 

settlement−a legal settlement paid out as an annuity rather than as a lump sum–to interpret the 

Settlement Agreement. See, e.g., Pl. Mot.; Def. Mot. And so, the Court construes paragraph two 

of the Settlement Agreement to require that the government use a portion of the settlement 

proceeds to purchase structured settlement annuities for the purpose of making the payments 

delineated in paragraph three of that agreement.

Plaintiff’s reading of the Settlement Agreement to not require that the government 

purchase annuities for the purpose of making the monthly and periodic lump-sum payments

required under that agreement is also belied by the plain language of that agreement. See Pl. 

Mot. at 8-9. Plaintiff correctly observes in his motion for partial summary judgment that the 
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word annuity does not appear in the Settlement Agreement. See Pl. Mot. at 1. But, the 

Settlement Agreement, nonetheless, clearly provides that “the government will pay . . . a 

structured settlement.” Def. App. at A8. As discussed above, the Court interprets the 

requirement that the government will pay a structured settlement to require that the government 

purchase structured settlement annuities to make the structured payments required under that 

agreement. See, e.g., 3 Stein on Personal Injury Damages Treatise § 16:1 (3d ed.) (2016); 1 

Negotiating and Settling Tort Cases § 18:1. Given this, the Court construes the Settlement 

Agreement to reflect the parties’ intent for the government to purchase structured settlement 

annuities for the purpose of making the monthly and periodic lump-sum payments to plaintiff.

3

Def. App. at A9. 

B. The Government Did Not Guarantee The Future 

Periodic Payments Set Forth In The Settlement Agreement

Having determined that the plain language of the Settlement Agreement requires the 

government to purchase structured settlement annuities for the purpose of making the structured 

payments set forth in that agreement, the Court next examines whether the government has 

guaranteed these structured payments in the event of a default by the annuity company. In his 

motion for partial summary judgment on liability, plaintiff argues that the government has agreed 

to pay or guarantee these monthly and periodic lump-sum payments.4 Pl. Mot. at 9. The 

government counters in its cross-motion that the Settlement Agreement does not include such a 

guarantee and that the government has fulfilled its obligations under the agreement by 

purchasing the structured settlement annuities. See Def. Mot. at 7; Def. Supp. Resp. at 3. For 

the reasons discussed below, the plain language of the Settlement Agreement demonstrates that 

 

3 While the Court need not consider extrinsic evidence to interpret the unambiguous terms of the 

Settlement Agreement, it is noteworthy that the Court’s reading of the Settlement Agreement is also 

supported by the undisputed material facts regarding the parties’ intent in this case. See e.g., Greco v. 

Dep’t of Army, 852 F.2d 558, 560 (Fed. Cir. 1988). It undisputed that the government paid a portion of 

plaintiff’s settlement proceeds directly to a structured settlement broker for the purpose of purchasing 

structured settlement annuities to make the monthly and periodic lump-sum payments called for under 

that agreement. Def. Mot. at 3-4; Pl. Reply at 5; Def. App. at A35-A37. It is similarly without dispute 

that, after the structured settlement broker purchased these structured settlement annuity policies, the 

Langkamps released their legal claims against the government. Def. App. at A38-A44. 

4 Plaintiff contends that the government has been in breach of this agreement since August 2013, when he 

first began to receive reduced annuity payments. Compl. at ¶¶ 12-15.
14

the government has not guaranteed the monthly and periodic lump-sum payments required under 

that agreement.

First, plaintiff points to no language in the Settlement Agreement that expressly and 

unequivocally requires that the government guarantee the monthly and periodic lump-sum 

payments delineated in that agreement. Id. As the United States Court of Appeals for the 

Federal Circuit recently recognized in Nutt, the principle of sovereign immunity compels a 

finding that the agreement at issue here does not obligate the government to guarantee future 

payments if the government has not unequivocally promised to do so.5837 F.3d at 1298. A 

plain reading of the Settlement Agreement shows that the agreement does not contain such an 

unequivocal promise. See Def. App. at A8-A10. Rather, the Settlement Agreement simply 

provides that the future monthly and periodic lump-sum payments to be made to plaintiff “shall 

be paid.” Id. at A9. This language does not provide that the government will guarantee−or even 

make−these payments. Id. In fact, the use of the phrase “shall be paid” indicates that the parties 

intended for a third party, rather than the government, to actually make the future payments. 

And so, the Court does not read the plain language of the Settlement Agreement to require that 

the government guarantee the future payments called for under that agreement. 

The Court is also unpersuaded by the other arguments that plaintiff puts forward to show 

that the Settlement Agreement obligates the government to guarantee his monthly and periodic 

lump-sum payments. In this regard, plaintiff argues that there is no need for the Settlement 

Agreement to contain an unequivocal guarantee of these payments because, the Settlement 

Agreement does not contemplate the purchase of annuities. Pl. Supp. Resp. at 3-4; Pl. Supp. 

Reply at 3. But, as discussed above, paragraph two of the agreement clearly requires that the 

 

5

In Nutt, the Federal Circuit rejected the appellant’s argument that the language “payments by the United 

States shall operate as full and complete discharge of all payments to be made” meant that the 

government promised to guarantee the payments resulting from the annuities at issue in that case. 837 

F.3d at 1297. The Nutt agreement also contained language that provided that if the insurance company 

defaults in making the annuity payments, “[the appellants] . . . shall have standing to sue the said 

insurance company for breach of contract.” Id. at 1297. In contrast, here, the Settlement Agreement 

contains no provision regarding a default by the annuity company and simply provides that “plaintiffs 

hereby agree to accept said sum in full settlement and satisfaction of any and all claims and demands . . . 

against [the government].” Def. App. at A9, ¶ 4. 
15

government pay for structured settlement annuities to make these payments. And so, plaintiff’s 

argument cannot be reconciled with the plaint text of the agreement. 

Plaintiff would be, however, on somewhat firmer ground in arguing that the government 

has unequivocally guaranteed the payment of certain monthly payments required under the 

Settlement Agreement for a period of fifteen years. Paragraph three of the agreement provides

that the monthly payments called for in the Settlement Agreement are “guaranteed for 15 years.” 

Def. App. at A9, ¶ 3; see also Nutt, 837 F.3d at 1299. But, there is no dispute that this guarantee 

expired on November 15, 2011, and that these particular monthly payments have been paid in 

full by ELNY. Compl. at ¶ 9; Def. Supp. Brief at 8-9; Def. Supp. Resp. at 3; see Def. App. at 

A9, ¶ 3. And so, this language cannot form the basis for plaintiff’s claim to recover the 

outstanding portion of the monthly and periodic lump-sum payments that he seeks in this 

dispute.

Indeed, at bottom, plaintiff points to no language in the Settlement Agreement that would 

expressly and unequivocally require the government to guarantee the monthly and periodic 

lump-sum annuity payments that he seeks to recover in this litigation. Absent such an 

unequivocal promise, the Court will not read an obligation on the part of the government to 

guarantee these payments into the Settlement Agreement.

C. The Government Could Not Have 

Entered Into The Contract That Plaintiff Alleges 

As a final matter, it is also important to note that the undisputed material facts also show 

that the government could not have entered into a contract that requires the government to pay 

more than the $400,000 disbursed at the time of settlement to resolve plaintiff’s FTCA claim. To 

establish the existence of either an express or implied-in-fact contract with the United States, 

plaintiff must show, among other things, the actual authority to bind the government in contract 

on the part of the government official whose conduct is relied upon. Kam-Almaz, 682 F.3d at 

1368. The undisputed material facts here make clear that the Assistant United States Attorney 

who entered into the Settlement Agreement on behalf of the government had actual authority to 

settle the Langkamps’ claim for $400,000. Def. Mot. at 13; Pl. Reply at 5-6; Def. App. at A7. It 

is also undisputed that the government disbursed this authorized amount in 1984, in the form of a 

one-time, lump-sum payment of $239,425.45 and by paying a structured settlement broker 
16

$160,574.55 to purchase two structured settlement annuities for the benefit of plaintiff. Def. 

App. at A17-A37; Compl. at ¶¶ 5-8; Def. Mot. at 4. 

As the government argues in its cross-motion for summary judgment, any interpretation 

of a contract with the government that would result in an obligation to which the government 

cannot be legally bound would render the contract void and unenforceable. Def. Mot. at 10; see 

Fed. Crop Ins. Corp v. Merrill, 332 U.S. 380, 384 (1947); cf. Schism v. United States, 316 F.3d 

1259, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[A]ny private party entering into a contract with the government 

assumes the risk of having accurately ascertained that he who purports to act for the government 

does in fact act within the bounds of his authority.”) (citations omitted). And so, the government 

could not have entered into a contract in this case that would have obligated it to pay, or to 

guarantee, any amount in excess of the $400,000 authorized settlement amount to resolve the

FTCA litigation brought on plaintiff’s behalf.

6

 

V. CONCLUSION

In sum, the plain language of the Settlement Agreement at issue in this dispute

demonstrates that the government contracted to purchase annuities to make the future, periodic 

monthly and lump-sum payments required under that agreement. The plain language of this

agreement also demonstrates that the government did not unequivocally guarantee that it would 

make these payments in the event of a default by the annuity company. And so, the undisputed 

material facts in this matter show that the government is not liable to plaintiff for the remaining 

annuity payments required under the agreement. 

For the foregoing reasons, the Court

1. DENIES plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment on liability; 

2. GRANTS the government’s cross-motion for summary judgment on liability; and

 

6 Plaintiff’s argument that the Court may not consider evidence regarding the Assistant United States 

Attorney’s settlement authority because this information constitutes extrinsic evidence is also without 

merit. Pl. Supp. Resp. at 4. The Court may properly consider evidence regarding whether this 

government official had actual authority to enter into the Settlement Agreement, because the question of 

whether the Assistant United States Attorney had such authority is a threshold matter of contract 

formation. See Kam-Almaz v. United States, 682 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (holding that, to 

establish the existence of an express contract, a plaintiff must demonstrate the actual authority to bind the 

government in contract on the part of the government official whose conduct is relied upon).
17

It is further ORDERED that the parties shall FILE a joint status report on or before 

April 20, 2017, stating their respective views on whether this matter should be dismissed in light 

of the Court’s ruling on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment on liability. 

The Clerk’s Office shall enter judgment accordingly.

No costs. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Lydia Kay Griggsby

LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY

Judge