COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Baker, Bray and Fitzpatrick 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

CLIFFORD LAMONT SILVER 

v. Record No. 0297-94-4 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

 JUDGE RICHARD S. BRAY 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA MAY 30, 1995 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROCKINGHAM COUNTY 

Porter R. Graves, Jr., Judge 

 Walter F. Green, IV (Green & O'Donnell, on brief), for 

 appellant. 

 Eugene Murphy, Assistant Attorney General (James S. 

 Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Clifford Lamont Silver (defendant) was convicted by a jury 

of robbery "as a principal in the second degree." On appeal, he 

contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove either a 

robbery or defendant's involvement in it. We disagree and affirm 

the conviction. 

 The parties are conversant with the record in this case, and 

a recitation of the facts is unnecessary to this memorandum 

opinion. 

 Under well established principles of appellate review, we 

examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly 

deducible therefrom. Traverso v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 172, 

176, 366 S.E.2d 719, 721 (1988). The jury's verdict will not be 

disturbed unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. 

Id. The credibility of a witness, the weight accorded the 

 

 *Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not 

designated for publication. 
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testimony, and the inferences to be drawn from proven facts are 

matters solely for the fact finder's determination Long v. 

Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 194, 199, 379 S.E.2d 473, 476 (1989). 

 I.

 Robbery is "the taking, with intent to steal, of the 

personal property of another, from his person or in his presence, 

against his will, by violence or intimidation." Johnson v. 

Commonwealth, 209 Va. 291, 293, 163 S.E.2d 570, 572-73 (1968). 

The possessory rights of "'another'" displaced by "the taking 

. . . 'from his person or in his presence, against his will'" 

requires only a custody interest "superior to that of the thief." 

Beard v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 359, 362, 451 S.E.2d 698, 700 

(1994) (citations omitted). "If the violence or intimidation 

preceded or was concomitant with the taking, the offense of 

robbery is established; if the taking was accomplished before the 

violence toward or intimidation of [the victim], then it was not 

robbery." Mason v. Commonwealth, 200 Va. 253, 255, 105 S.E.2d 

149, 151 (1958). 

 Here, defendant's confederate, Russell Tross, had taken 

physical possession of an item in a grocery store, intending to 

"shoplift" it, but was confronted by the manager while attempting 

to exit the store. In order to sever the continuing constructive 

possession of the owner and custodian of the property, thereby 

completing the theft, Tross murdered the manager and fled the 

premises with the stolen property. Under such circumstances, 

Tross's criminal conduct clearly constituted robbery rather than 
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simply larceny. See Beard, 19 Va. App. at 365 n.1, 451 S.E.2d at 

702; Pritchard v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 559, 561-62, 303 S.E.2d 

911, 912-13 (1983). 

 II. 

 It is well established that a "'principal in the first 

degree is the actual perpetrator of the crime.'" Hall v. 

Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 526, 530, 383 S.E.2d 18, 21 (1989) 

(quoting Jones v. Commonwealth, 208 Va. 370, 372, 157 S.E.2d 907, 

909 (1967)). A principal in the second degree is a person 

present at the scene of the offense, either actually or 

constructively, aiding or abetting its commission through "words, 

gestures, signals or actions to in some way encourage, advise, 

. . . urge, or . . . help" the primary actor. Ramsey v. 

Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 265, 269, 343 S.E.2d 465, 468 (1986). A 

principal in the second degree "may be indicted, tried, convicted 

and punished in all respects as if a principal in the first 

degree." Code § 18.2-18. 

 Aiders or abettors must either share the perpetrator's 

criminal intent or commit an overt act in furtherance of the 

crime, thereby making the offense "more likely" to occur. 

Rollston v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 535, 539, 399 S.E.2d 823, 

826 (1991). Whether an accused aided and abetted in the 

commission of an offense is a question of fact to be determined 

from the circumstances of each case. Pugliese v. Commonwealth, 

16 Va. App. 82, 93, 428 S.E.2d 16, 25 (1993). 

 A principal in the second degree may be vicariously 
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responsible for the criminal acts of the actual perpetrator, 

provided the aider and abettor acted in concert with him, 

intending "'to commit a wrongful act, the execution whereof makes 

probable, in the nature of things, a crime not specifically 

designed, but incidental to that which was the object of the 

confederacy.'" Carter v. Commonwealth, 232 Va. 122, 126-27, 348 

S.E.2d 265, 268 (1986) (citations omitted); Rollston, 11 Va. App. 

at 542-43, 399 S.E.2d at 827. The resulting crime need not have 

been "'part of the original design; it is enough if it be one of 

the incidental probable consequences . . . and should appear at 

the moment to [a] participant[] to be expedient for the common 

purpose.'" Carter, 232 Va. at 127, 348 S.E.2d at 268 (citation 

omitted). "The question of whether the offense is the natural 

and probable result of the intended wrongful act is usually for 

the jury." Rollston, 11 Va. App. at 543, 399 S.E.2d at 828 

(citation omitted). 

 The record discloses that defendant, Kelly Bodkins and 

Tross, all planned to "steal" beer from a grocery store, 

intending to share it with everyone in the automobile. Tammy 

Hamlin drove to the store, and "parked right out front." 

Defendant and Bodkins entered the store, followed by Tross, 

shoplifted beer, returned to the car, and waited for Tross. When 

they viewed the encounter between Tross and the manager through a 

window, Hamlin relocated the car at defendant's instruction, 

"slowly rolling" while still waiting for Tross. After shooting 

the manager with defendant's pistol, Tross ran to the vehicle, 
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defendant opened the door for him, and Hamlin sped away from the 

scene at the direction of defendant and Tross, with law 

enforcement officers in pursuit. In flight, Tross passed the 

murder weapon to defendant, and he "threw [it] out the window." 

Shortly thereafter, defendant and Tross "jumped out of the car" 

and "ran away." Following his apprehension, defendant lied to 

police with respect to his identity and involvement in the 

crimes. 

 This evidence, considered together with the entire record, 

clearly establishes defendant's role as a confederate of Tross, 

acting in concert with him to steal from the grocery store and, 

therefore, equally culpable for the attendant robbery. 

Accordingly, the verdict finds ample support in the record and 

will not be disturbed on appeal. 

 Affirmed.