Opinion issued March 7, 2013

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-12-00848-CV

———————————

THE CITY OF TEXAS CITY, Appellant

V.

EDITH SUAREZ, INDIVIUALLY AND AS SURVIVING PARENT OF AS 

AND SS, DECEASED, AND AS SURVIVING SPOUSE OF HECTOR 

SUAREZ, DECEASED, Appellee

On Appeal from the 212th District Court

Galveston County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 11CV1108

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This case arises from a sad and tragic event: the drowning deaths of nineyear-old twin girls, AS and SS, and their father, Hector Suarez. The drownings
2

occurred in Galveston Bay at a recreational area located on a dike owned and 

operated by the City of Texas City. Edith Suarez, the twins’ mother and Hector’s 

wife, filed suit against the City asserting wrongful death and survival claims. She 

alleges that the City was negligent and grossly negligent in failing to warn of 

certain premises hazards that she claims led to the deaths of her daughters and 

husband. 

The City filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting that Suarez’s claims should 

be dismissed because they are barred by governmental immunity. The trial court 

denied the plea, and the City filed this interlocutory appeal.

1

 The City presents one 

issue challenging the trial court’s denial of its plea to the jurisdiction. 

We reverse the trial court’s order denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction 

and render judgment dismissing Suarez’s claims.

Background Summary

The Texas City Dike is a five-mile-long manmade structure surrounded on 

three sides by the waters of Galveston Bay. The United States Corp of Engineers 

constructed the Dike in 1915 to protect the Texas City ship channel from siltation. 

Through the passage of special legislation, the State of Texas conveyed title of the 

 1 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(8) (Vernon 2012) 

(permitting interlocutory appeal from an order that “grants or denies a plea to the 

jurisdiction by a governmental unit”).
3

Dike to the City of Texas City in 1931. The legislation required that the Dike be 

used only for public purposes.2

 

In 1963, the legislature permitted the Dike to be used for recreational 

purposes. Visitors to the Dike engage in activities such as boating, fishing, 

picnicking, and swimming. An asphalt road runs the length of the Dike. The Dike 

also has boat ramps, parking areas, and concrete picnic shelters. The Dike is 

owned, maintained, and operated by the City of Texas City. 

The Corp of Engineers also uses a designated area on the north side of the 

Dike as a place to dispose of the sediment or “spoil” that it dredges from the ship 

channel. This designated spoil area has over time developed into a man-made 

beach. 

The Dike was heavily damaged during Hurricane Ike in September 2008. 

Relevant to this case, signs that had been posted on the Dike were destroyed during 

the hurricane. Among those signs were postings warning visitors to beware of 

water hazards such as undertow, rip currents, wakes from passing ships, and sink 

holes. Signs also warned that no lifeguards were on duty and that persons should 

swim in designated areas only. 

For nearly two years after the hurricane, the Dike remained closed to the 

public. During this period, the City made repairs and improvements to the Dike. 

 2 See Act “Granting Dike” to City of Texas City, 42nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 54, 1931 Tex. 

Spec. Laws 134.
4

During the repair process, the City did not replace all of the signs that had, before 

the hurricane, warned of water hazards. The City, however, did erect signs at two

of the Dike’s boat ramps warning of such hazards. These signs read in English and 

in Spanish: “Warning! No Swimming-Diving.” The signs also caution in English: 

“Beware [of] Undertow and Wake from Passing Ships.” 

On September 10, 2010, the City reopened the Dike to the public for 

recreational use. After the reopening, the City began charging a $5 per vehicle fee 

on weekends for non-residents to enter the Dike. The City’s residents, pedestrians, 

cyclists, and anyone entering during the week are not charged a fee. The $5 entry 

fee is used for trash collection and maintenance of the Dike. 

On Sunday, October 3, 2010, the Suarez family, including Edith Suarez, her 

husband, Hector, and their nine-year-old twin daughters, AS and SS, went to the

Dike to attend a family gathering. After paying the $5 entry fee, the family parked 

their car near one of the concrete picnic shelters adjacent to the man-made beach 

area on the Dike’s north side. 

The twin girls immediately entered the water from the beach. Antonio 

Esquivel, who had also arrived at the beach for the family gathering, later testified 

in an affidavit as follows: 

While the vehicles were being parked, [AS] and [SS] in their street 

clothes began playing in the beach water. It was about 9:45 a.m. The 

depth of the water was at about their knees. I saw both girls 

struggling against the water. It appeared that they were about 10 feet 
5

or so from the beach. I saw Hector running toward the water. I ran to 

the water. After entering the water, I could feel the pull of the

current.· I could see Hector and [AS] in the water and tried to swim 

out to them. I saw [AS] and Hector floating on their backs about 20 

feet away. Because of the force of the current, [another man] who 

also tried to assist and I had to help each other back to the beach.

AS, SS, and their father, Hector, drowned. Edith Suarez (“Suarez”) filed a 

wrongful death and survival suit against the City. In her petition, Suarez alleged 

negligence claims based on special defect and premises defect. She also identified 

claims for gross negligence and attractive nuisance. Suarez alleged, inter alia, that 

the City was aware of hidden dangers existing in the water at the beach where her 

family drowned; namely, she alleged that the City knew of the strong currents and 

an unstable submerged beach surface. She asserted that the City had been 

negligent in permitting swimming at the beach and in failing to warn about the 

dangerous conditions associated with entering the water at that location. 

Suarez alleged that the City had actual knowledge of the dangerous 

conditions because it had erected signs prohibiting swimming in certain areas on 

the Dike. The signs warned of undertows and deep holes. Suarez averred that the 

signage had been put up by the City “[b]ecause the area had been the subject of 

other drownings and swimming incidents.” She pointed out that these signs had 

been destroyed by Hurricane Ike. She further pointed out that, when it made 

repairs to the Dike, the City had not placed a warning sign at the beach where her 

family drowned. 
6

Suarez asserted that the legislature had waived the City’s governmental 

immunity in the Texas Wrongful Death Statute. Suarez alternatively alleged that 

the suit was permitted under the Texas Tort Claims Act and the Recreational Use 

Statute. 

The City answered Suarez’s suit. In its answer, the City raised a plea to the 

jurisdiction asserting that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because 

the City’s immunity from suit had not been waived. The City later filed a 

supplemental plea to the jurisdiction. The City argued that the Wrongful Death 

Statute does not waive its immunity. It also asserted that its immunity had not 

been waived under the Tort Claims Act. The City also argued that the Recreational 

Use Statute limited the duty of care the City owed to the Suarez family to the duty 

owed to a trespasser. The City asserted that Suarez had not pled sufficient 

jurisdictional facts, and it challenged the underlying jurisdictional facts. 

In support of its plea, the City offered the affidavit of its Director of Public 

Works, Tom Kessler. Appended to Kessler’s affidavit are photographs of the signs 

installed by the City at three different boat ramps on the Dike. The photos depict 

the signs installed at the boat ramps as they appeared before the hurricane and after 

the hurricane. The signs show that, after the hurricane, the City replaced signs at 

two separate boat ramps warning people not to swim and informing them to 

beware of undertow and wakes from passing ships. 
7

Suarez filed a response to the supplemental plea. In support of her response, 

Suarez offered the deposition testimony of the City’s mayor, Matthew Doyle, and 

the deposition testimony of Tom Kessler. Suarez also offered the affidavit of a 

coastal engineering expert, William Worsham. 

Suarez discussed Worsham’s testimony as follows:

[Worsham] conducted a study of the incident forming the basis of this 

lawsuit with the intent to characterize natural and man-made forces 

that were potentially involved. Mr. Worsham reached several highly 

pertinent conclusions, including the following:

• The Texas City dike is a man-made feature.

• The recreational beach upon which the subject incident occurred is a 

manmade feature placed adjacent to the dike.

• The material placed adjacent to the dike to form the beach was 

dredged from an adjacent navigation channel and included finegrained sediment that had the effect of making the submerged beach 

surface noticeably slippery when standing in the water.

• The presence of tidal currents and wind-generated waves interacting 

with the manmade beach on the morning of October 3, 2010, caused 

water motion adjacent to the beach shoreline of a magnitude sufficient 

to cause beachgoers standing in shallow water to lose their footing.

• The cuspate or scalloped surface of the subject beach is 

characteristic of a beach that can generate seaward-moving water 

motion known as rip currents when waves interact with the cuspate 

surface.

• The dike and manmade beach interacted with the waves and tidal 

currents naturally present to cause energetic breaking waves and 

stronger currents, each of which·was highly variable in strength and 

direction.
8

• The breaking waves produced by this interaction were sufficient to 

cause young persons and adults to lose balance. The likelihood of 

losing balance increased rapidly in the surf zone, such that even water 

depths of less than two feet were capable of causing loss of balance.

• The conditions found on the particular beach in question are unique 

in the upper Texas coastal region and do not exist naturally anywhere 

in Texas.

Suarez asserted that Worsham’s testimony “contradicts the City’s contention 

that the wave forces and current forces that contributed to the drownings . . . were 

entirely natural phenomena.” Suarez continued, 

It is not simply the risk of drowning in any body of water that lies at 

the heart of Suarez’s allegations. It is the risk of drowning in this 

particular body of water at this particular beach that was created under 

the authority of the City of Texas City; was owned, operated, and 

managed by the City of Texas City; and where rip currents and a 

“perfect storm” of man-made and natural forces converged in a way 

that does not occur anywhere else on the Texas Gulf Coast.

Suarez asserted that the City had an actual awareness of the hazards existing 

at the beach area. Suarez pointed to Mayor Doyle’s testimony indicating an 

awareness by the City that people swam “all around” the Dike. She also pointed to 

the mayor’s testimony in which he stated that the signs at the boat ramps 

cautioning people not to swim were intended to warn people not to swim anywhere

on the Dike; the warnings were not intended to be limited to the boat ramp areas. 

Suarez further asserted as follows in her response:

The presence of signs in some locations and not others is an 

indication that the City was aware of the danger of rip currents. The 

City’s failure to replace warning signs [after the hurricane] is evidence 
9

of its indifference to that danger and, in particular, to the danger it 

posed to beach users. While Mayor Doyle points to signs warning 

users of the Dike’s boat ramps of undertows and rip currents, the City 

afforded no such warning to swimmers, the Dike’s most vulnerable 

users.

Following a hearing, the trial court denied the City’s plea to the jurisdiction

and its motion for summary judgment. This interlocutory appeal followed. The 

City raises one issue asserting that the trial court erred by denying its plea to the 

jurisdiction. 

Plea to the Jurisdiction 

A. Standard and Scope of Review

A plea to the jurisdiction seeks to dismiss a case for want of jurisdiction. 

Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226–27 (Tex. 2004). 

When reviewing whether a plea was properly granted, we first look to the 

pleadings to determine if jurisdiction is proper, construing them liberally in favor 

of the plaintiffs and looking to the pleader’s intent. Id. at 226. The allegations 

found in the pleadings may either affirmatively demonstrate or negate the court’s 

jurisdiction. Id. at 226–27. If the pleadings do neither, it is an issue of pleading 

sufficiency and the plaintiff should be given an opportunity to amend the 

pleadings. Id. “However, if a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of 

jurisdictional facts, we consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties when 

necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised,” even when those facts may 
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implicate the merits of the cause of action. Id. at 227. If that evidence creates a 

fact issue as to the jurisdictional issue, then it is for the fact-finder to decide. Id. at 

227–28. “However, if the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact 

question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court rules on the plea to the 

jurisdiction as a matter of law.” Id. at 228. In considering this evidence, we “take 

as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant” and “indulge every reasonable 

inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.” Id.

B. Texas Wrongful Death Statute

Generally, the doctrine of governmental immunity protects political 

subdivisions, such as cities, from suit and liability. See Harris Cnty. v. Sykes, 136 

S.W.3d 635, 638 (Tex. 2004); Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 

692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003). Immunity from suit, as distinguished from immunity 

from liability, deprives a trial court of subject matter jurisdiction unless the 

government has consented to being sued. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 224; Tex. Dep’t 

of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999). The governmental entity’s 

consent to suit allows the trial court to exercise jurisdiction over the lawsuit. 

Jones, 8 S.W.3d at 638. A plaintiff bears the burden to affirmatively demonstrate a 

trial court’s jurisdiction by alleging a valid waiver of immunity, which may be 

either a reference to a statute or to express legislative permission. Id.
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Suarez alleged in her petition that the Wrongful Death Statute waives the 

City’s immunity. Section 71.002(b) of the statute provides, “A person is liable for 

damages arising from an injury that causes an individual’s death if the injury was 

caused by the person’s or his agent’s or servant’s wrongful act, neglect, 

carelessness, unskillfulness, or default.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 71.002(b) (Vernon 2008). The statute defines “person” to mean “an individual, 

association of individuals, joint-stock company, or corporation or a trustee or 

receiver of an individual, association of individuals, joint-stock company, or 

corporation.” Id. § 71.001(2) (Vernon 2008). The statute further defines 

“corporation” to include a municipal corporation; that is, a city. Id. § 71.001(1). 

Applying these definitions, Suarez contends that the statute waives the City’s 

immunity from suit because it provides that a city may be held liable for wrongful 

death damages. 

To waive immunity, the statute at issue must contain a clear and 

unambiguous expression of waiver. Rolling Plains Groundwater Conservation 

Dist. v. City of Aspermont, 353 S.W.3d 756, 759 (Tex. 2011) (citing TEX. GOV’T 

CODE § 311.034; Taylor, 106 S.W.3d at 696). As pointed out by the City, the 

Wrongful Death Statute expressly states that it applies only if the individual 

injured would have been entitled to bring an action for the injury if the individual 

had lived. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 71.003(a) (Vernon 2008). 
12

Here, AS, SS, and Hector Suarez would not have been entitled to bring an action 

against the City unless they first showed that the City’s immunity from suit had 

been waived. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 224.

Moreover, the Wrongful Death Statute can be reasonably construed as 

consistent with governmental immunity. The statute applies to private individuals 

and entities and municipal corporations alike; thus, the statute is not without 

meaning when construed against an asserted waiver of immunity. See Rolling 

Plains Groundwater, 353 S.W.3d at 759; cf. Kerrville State Hosp. v. Fernandez, 28 

S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. 2000) (holding that the anti-retaliation statute had no meaning 

absent waiver of sovereign immunity). Even if the statute’s definitions of “person” 

and “corporation” created an ambiguity, we must construe ambiguities in a manner 

that retains immunity. Rolling Plains Groundwater, 353 S.W.3d at 759. We hold 

that the Wrongful Death Statute does not waive the City’s immunity from suit. 

C. Governmental vs. Proprietary Functions

In her response to the City’s jurisdictional plea, Suarez asserted that a fact 

issue exists with respect to whether the City is immune from suit because its 

conduct of operating and managing the Dike is a proprietary function rather than a 

governmental one, as the City argues.

The Texas Constitution authorizes the Texas Legislature to “define for all 

purposes those functions of a municipality that are to be considered governmental 
13

and those that are proprietary . . . .” TEX. CONST. art. XI, § 13; see Tooke v. City of 

Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 343 (Tex. 2006). A municipality engaged in a function 

defined by the legislature as governmental is entitled to governmental immunity 

absent a legislative waiver of immunity. Hudson v. City of Houston, No. 01–07–

00939–CV, 2011 WL 1376168, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 13, 

2011, pet. denied); see Tooke, 197 S.W.at 343. 

In contrast, governmental immunity does not protect a city from suit when 

the claim arises from the performance of a proprietary function. See Dilley v. City 

of Houston, 222 S.W.2d 992, 993 (Tex. 1949); see also Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343. 

As a result, a city is liable to the same extent as a private party if it is negligent 

while engaged in the performance of a proprietary function. Gates v. City of 

Dallas, 704 S.W.2d 737, 739 (Tex. 1986); Hudson, 2011 WL 1376168, at *5. 

In the Texas Tort Claims Act (“TTCA”), the legislature has described

governmental functions as “those functions that are enjoined on a municipality by 

law and are given it by the state as part of the state’s sovereignty, to be exercised 

by the municipality in the interest of the general public.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 101.0215(a) (Vernon 2011). On the other hand, the legislature has 

defined a proprietary act as an act performed by a municipality in its discretion, 

primarily for the benefit of those within its corporate limits rather than for the 

general public. Id. § 101.0215(b). 
14

In TTCA section 101.0215, the legislature provides a nonexclusive list of 39 

municipal functions, classifying each function as either governmental or 

proprietary. See id. § 101.0215(a)–(b). Among the designated governmental 

functions, the legislature listed “parks and zoos” and “recreational facilities, 

including but not limited to swimming pools, beaches, and marinas.” Id.

§ 101.0215(a)(13), (23). As interpreted by Texas courts and the legislature, the 

terms “parks” and “recreation” have broad meanings. City of Plano v. Homoky, 

294 S.W.3d 809, 814 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) (citing Lewis v. City of 

Fort Worth, 89 S.W.2d 975, 978 (Tex. 1936)). A municipal park has been defined 

as “‘a place where the public generally may go for various kinds of recreation and 

amusement.’” Id. (quoting Lewis, 89 S.W.2d at 978). Parks are also tracts of land

“‘ornamented and improved as a place of resort for the public, for recreation and 

amusement of the public.’” Id. (quoting King v. City of Dallas, 374 S.W.2d 707, 

710 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1964, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). “Recreational parks are 

governmental in design because their purpose is to promote and benefit the ‘health 

and pleasure of the people at large.’” Id. (quoting Wiggins v. City of Fort Worth, 

299 S.W. 468, 471 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1927), aff’d, 5 S.W.2d 761 (Tex. 

Comm’n App. 1928)). By analogy, the legislature in the Recreational Use Statute 

has broadly defined “recreation” to include swimming, boating, picnicking, and 
15

“any other activity associated with enjoying nature or the outdoors.” TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 75.001(3)(C), (D), (F), (L) (Vernon 2011).

It is not in dispute that the Dike is a place where the public at large goes to 

enjoy a variety of recreational activities, such as swimming, boating, and 

picnicking. In other words, the Dike serves the same purposes as described in the 

broad interpretation that the law has given “parks” and “recreational facilities.” 

See Homoky, 294 S.W.3d at 814 (holding that operation of a golf course is 

encompassed within the governmental functions listed in the TTCA). In addition, 

Suarez’s claims center on her allegation that the City negligently managed the 

beach area where her family drowned. The legislature expressly mentions

“beaches” as a specific example of a recreational facility. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 101.0215(a)(23). Given the broad interpretations afforded “parks” 

and “recreational facilities,” we conclude that the governmental functions listed in 

the TTCA encompass the City’s operation and management of the Dike. See 

Homoky, 294 S.W.3d at 814–15.

Nonetheless, Suarez contends that evidence indicates that the City’s 

operation of the Dike is not a governmental function because such operation is 

more akin to an “amusement,” which the legislature lists as a proprietary function. 

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.0215(b)(2). Suarez points to Mayor 

Doyle’s testimony that the Dike is operated for the benefit of the City’s residents. 
16

Suarez also points out that City charges non-residents $5 to enter the Dike. She 

asserts that these payments benefit the City and its citizens. When read in context, 

however, the evidence shows that the entry fees are used by the City for trash 

pickup and maintenance of the Dike. Thus, the evidence indicates that the entry 

fee benefits all who use the Dike, not just the City’s residents. 

In any event, if a City’s actions are included as a governmental function in 

the TTCA, we have no discretion, regardless of the City’s motives, to declare the 

actions as proprietary. Homoky, 294 S.W.3d at 814; Tex. River Barges v. City of 

San Antonio, 21 S.W.3d 347, 357 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet. denied); see 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.0215(c) (providing that “the proprietary 

functions of a municipality do not include those governmental activities listed 

under Subsection (a)”).

Having concluded that the City’s management of the Dike falls within the 

classification of governmental functions listed by the legislature in the TTCA, we 

are precluded from holding that any of the activities related to the management of 

Dike are proprietary. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.0215(c); see 

also City of San Antonio v. Polanco & Co., L.L.C., No. 04–07–00258–CV, 2007 

WL 3171360, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Oct. 31, 2007, pet. denied) (mem. 

op.); City of Weslaco v. Borne, 210 S.W.3d 782, 792–93 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi 2006, pet. denied). Because the City was engaged in a statutorily defined 
17

governmental function, the City’s immunity from suit is retained, unless it has 

otherwise been waived by the legislature.

D. Tort Claims Act and Recreational Use Statute

The legislature has provided a limited waiver of governmental immunity 

from suit for certain tort claims under the Texas Tort Claims Act. See TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 101.021, 101.025 (Vernon 2011). The TTCA 

includes, among other things, a limited waiver of the state’s immunity from suits 

alleging personal injury or death caused by premises defects.3 Id. §§ 101.021(2), 

101.022. Here, Suarez’s petition raised allegations of premises defect.4

 See State 

 3 Suarez also alleged in her petition that her claim, in part, arose from a special 

defect in addition to a premises defect. A special defect is a subset of a premises defect. 

See Davis v. Comal Cnty. Com’rs Court, No. 03–11–00414–CV, 2012 WL 2989220, at 

*2 (Tex. App.—Austin July 13, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). Under Texas law, whether a

complained-of condition is classified as a premise defect or a special defect controls the 

entrant’s status, which in turn determines the duty of care owed to the entrant by the 

governmental unit. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.022; City of Dallas v. 

Reed, 258 S.W.3d 620, 622 (Tex. 2008). 

4 Suarez also alleges claims of general negligence and attractive nuisance in her 

petition. A plaintiff asserting a premises defect claim is limited to the TTCA provisions 

delineated by the section on premises defects and may not assert a general negligence 

theory. See Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 233 (Tex. 

2004). We further note that the Tort Claims Act expressly excludes attractive nuisance 

as a basis for waiver of sovereign immunity. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. 

§ 101.059 (Vernon 2011). In addition, Suarez alleges that the City’s immunity is waived 

based on its failure to replace certain warning signs after the hurricane. She alleged that 

this constituted a use of tangible personal property sufficient to waive immunity under 

TTCA section 101.021(2). That section provides, in part, that a governmental unit is 

liable for personal injury or death caused by the use of tangible personal property. Id. 

§ 101.021(2) (Vernon 2011). The Supreme Court of Texas has recently reiterated, “It is 

well settled that mere nonuse of property does not suffice to invoke section 101.021(2)’s 
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v. Schumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 283 (Tex. 2006) (citing TTCA provision waiving 

sovereign immunity for premises defect claim in case involving drowning death of 

child swimming in a state park river who was sucked underwater by a powerful 

undertow and trapped in man-made culvert); see also City of Weston v. Gaudette, 

287 S.W.3d 832, 836 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) (defining premises defect 

as a defect or dangerous condition arising from a condition of the premises). 

The type of duty owed to a plaintiff is part of the waiver analysis. City of 

Dallas v. Hughes, 344 S.W.3d 549, 554 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.) (citing 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 101.021, 101.022). In premises-defect 

cases, the governmental unit owes “only the duty that a private person owes to a 

licensee on private property, unless the claimant pays for the use of the premises”

in which case the duty owed is that owed to an invitee. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 101.022(a); see City of Irving v. Seppy, 301 S.W.3d 435, 441 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.); Garcia v. State, 817 S.W.2d 741, 742 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 1991, writ denied). 

The TTCA further modifies a governmental unit’s waiver of immunity from 

suit by imposing the liability limitations prescribed in the Recreational Use Statute. 

 

waiver.” City of N. Richland Hills v. Friend, 370 S.W.3d 369, 372 (Tex. 2012). Here, 

Suarez’s allegation that the City failed to replace certain warning signs does not allege a 

use of tangible property but is an allegation of non-use of such property. Accordingly, it 

does not fall within the waiver of immunity defined in section 101.021(2). See id. at 

372–73.
19

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 225 (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. 

§ 101.058). The Recreational Use Statute limits the governmental unit’s liability 

as a premises owner when the plaintiff engages in recreation on the premises. See 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 75.001–.003 (Vernon 2011 & Supp. 2012); 

Stephen F. Austin State Univ. v. Flynn, 228 S.W.3d 653, 659–60 (Tex. 2007). In 

such a case, chapter 75 controls over the TTCA. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE 

ANN. § 75.003(g) (providing that chapter 75 controls over chapter 101 to extent 

chapter 75 limits liability of governmental unit under circumstances in which 

governmental unit would be liable under chapter 101); id. § 101.058 (Vernon

2011) (providing same). When injury or death results on government-owned, 

recreational land, the Recreational Use Statute limits the governmental unit’s duty 

to that owed by a landowner to a trespasser. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. 

§ 75.002(c)(2), (f) (defining duty as that owed to trespasser); see Schumake, 199 

S.W.3d at 283. Thus, when applicable, the Recreational Use Statute elevates the 

plaintiff’s burden to require a showing of gross negligence, malicious intent, or bad 

faith. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 75.002(d); Flynn, 228 S.W.3d at 

659. 

Because it is not in dispute that the Suarez family entered the Dike to engage 

in recreation, the Recreational Use Statute applies to limit the City’s liability. See 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 75.001(3) (defining “recreation”); see also 
20

Homoky, 294 S.W.3d at 817. Our analysis involves only the standard for gross 

negligence. Suarez has not alleged that the City acted with malicious intent or in 

bad faith.

Gross negligence is “an act or omission involving subjective awareness of an 

extreme degree of risk, indicating conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or 

welfare of others.” Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 287 (citing Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 

879 S.W.2d 10, 21 (Tex. 1994)). Gross negligence, as applied under the 

Recreational Use Statute, involves two components: (1) viewed objectively from 

the actor’s standpoint, the act or omission must involve an extreme degree of risk, 

considering the probability and magnitude of the potential harm to others; and (2) 

the actor must have actual, subjective awareness of risk involved, but nevertheless 

proceeds in conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or welfare of others. See 

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 225.

Speaking to the second subjective component, the Supreme Court of Texas 

has explained: “[W]hat separates ordinary negligence from gross negligence is the 

defendant’s state of mind; in other words, the plaintiff must show that the 

defendant knew about the peril, but [its] acts or omissions demonstrate that [it] did 

not care.” Louisiana–Pacific Corp. v. Andrade, 19 S.W.3d 245, 246–47 (Tex.

1999); see also City of Corsicana v. Stewart, 249 S.W.3d 412, 414–15 (Tex. 2008)

(holding that “actual knowledge” element of a premises defect cause of action 
21

requires knowledge that the dangerous condition existed at the time of the 

accident).

In her petition, Suarez alleged that the City had actual knowledge of 

“dangerous currents and an unstable bottom.” Suarez alleged that, “[b]ecause the 

area has been the subject of other drownings and swimming incidents, the [City], 

in the past put up signs giving warning of undertows, deep holes and areas where 

swimming was not allowed.” Suarez also averred, 

There were dangerous currents and an unstable bottom that had been 

created through erosion, ship movements in the Houston ship channel 

and various weather conditions including hurricanes and storms over 

the years. In addition, there had been numerous drownings and 

swimming events to where [the City], knew dangerous conditions 

existed in the area where these drownings occurred.

Suarez’s petition did not contain allegations that the City had knowledge of 

the unique danger resulting from a confluence of man-made and natural conditions, 

which she later alleged in her response to the plea. Rather, in her petition, she 

alleged only naturally occurring conditions as the premises peril causing her family 

to drown. This is noteworthy. 

In City of Waco v. Kirwan, the Supreme Court of Texas clarified the duty 

owed by landowners to recreational users under the Recreational Use Statute, 

holding that a landowner does not generally owe a duty “to protect or warn against 

the dangers of natural conditions on the land.” 298 S.W.3d 618, 626 (Tex. 2009); 

see also Tex. State Univ.–San Marcos v. Bonnin, No. 03–07–00593–CV, 2010 WL 
22

4367013, at *4 (Tex. App.—Austin Nov. 5, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding 

plaintiffs could not plead valid gross negligence claim under Recreational Use 

Statute for failure to warn of a turbulent undertow, which led to their son’s 

drowning death because undertow was a naturally occurring condition). In 

Kirwan, the supreme court held that the City of Waco retained its governmental 

immunity in connection with a premises liability claim based solely on the collapse 

of a naturally occurring cliff in a city park. Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d at 625–29.

The Kirwan court drew a distinction between premises liability claims based 

solely on naturally occurring conditions and those based on artificial or man-made 

conditions. Id. at 622. The court distinguished its earlier holding in Shumake, a 

case in which a nine-year-old girl, tubing in a state park river, had drowned after 

being sucked into a man-made culvert by a strong undertow. Id.; see Shumake, 

199 S.W.3d at 288. The Kirwan court noted that the claims in Shumake were not 

based on a naturally occurring condition as were the claims in Kirwan. Kirwan, 

298 S.W.3d at 622.

In its plea to the jurisdiction, the City relied on Kirwan, asserting that, 

because she was alleging her family drowned because of naturally occurring 

conditions, it had no duty to warn of those conditions. The City asserted that 

Suarez’s pleading affirmatively negated jurisdiction. 
23

When she responded to the City’s plea, Suarez effectively amended her 

allegations against the City. In her response, Suarez stated, “It is not simply the 

risk of drowning in any body of water that lies at the heart of [her] allegations. It is 

the risk of drowning in this particular body of water at this particular beach.” She 

described the dangerous condition present at the beach as “a perfect storm of manmade and natural forces that converged in a way that does not occur anywhere else 

on the Texas Gulf Coast.”

Suarez relied on the affidavit of her expert, William Worsham, to explain the 

unique perils existing at the beach. In his affidavit, Worsham explained that “[t]he 

presence of tidal currents and wind-generated waves interacting with the manmade

beach on the morning of October 3, 2010, caused water motion adjacent to the 

beach shoreline of a magnitude sufficient to cause beachgoers standing in shallow 

water to lose their footing.” He explained that dredged sediment or “spoil,” placed 

on the beach by the Corp of Engineers, had made the submerged beach slippery. 

Worsham opined that the beach had a cuspate or scalloped surface that generated 

rip currents. He stated that “[t]he dike and manmade beach interacted with the 

waves and tidal currents naturally present to cause energetic breaking waves and 

stronger currents, each of which·was highly variable in strength and direction.” 

According to Worsham, “The breaking waves produced by this interaction were 

sufficient to cause young persons and adults to lose balance. The likelihood of 
24

losing balance increased rapidly in the surf zone, such that even water depths of 

less than two feet were capable of causing loss of balance.” 

Suarez also pointed to evidence offered in the jurisdictional proceedings 

showing that, before Hurricane Ike, the City had erected signs at various locations 

on the Dike warning visitors to swim only in designated areas and cautioning them 

to beware of undertows and rip currents. In her response, Suarez wrote, “The 

presence of signs in some locations and not others is an indication that the City was 

aware of the danger of rip currents.” As the City pointed out, Suarez did not 

explain, nor is it apparent, how such warnings indicate that the City had actual 

knowledge of the uniquely perilous conditions, caused by a confluence of manmade and natural conditions, she alleged existed on the day of the drownings. To 

the contrary, the signs warned of naturally occurring marine hazards commonly 

found in the ocean. The evidence showed that the City had placed the signs at 

various locations around the Dike but no evidence indicated that a warning sign 

had at any time in the past been erected at the beach. 

In addition, the warning signs, to which Suarez pointed, were erected before 

the hurricane. The evidence showed that the Dike was damaged by the hurricane 

and then repaired. The evidence also showed that, since the hurricane, the Corp of 

Engineers had placed additional spoils on the beach area, indicating that the area 

had been changed since the signs were erected. In short, no reasonable inference 
25

may be drawn that the City had actual awareness of the alleged unique and perilous 

conditions present at beach at the time of the drownings based on its placement of 

signs warning of common marine hazards at other locations on the Dike more than 

two years before the drowning deaths in this case. Cf. Prairie View A & M Univ. v. 

Brooks, 180 S.W.3d 694, 707 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) 

(holding that actual knowledge requires finding State knew of dangerous condition 

that caused injury, not just proof State was aware of related condition creating 

danger).

Manager of Public Works, Tom Kessler, did acknowledge in his deposition 

that there had been other drownings at the Dike before October 3, 2010, and some 

had involved children. He stated that he did not know how many drownings there 

had been. No evidence was presented or allegations made when the drownings had 

occurred, where they had occurred on the five-mile-long Dike, or under what 

circumstances they had occurred. The record contains no allegations or 

jurisdictional evidence that any drownings had been attributed to the unique 

conditions described by Worsham in his affidavit. See Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d at 625 

(noting that, although it had received reports of other falls from cliffs in the park, 

the city had received no reports of a cliff crumbling, which was the dangerous 

condition underlying the plaintiff’s premises claim); cf. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 

281, 288 (concluding that plaintiffs had alleged sufficient jurisdictional facts to 
26

show gross negligence in drowning case in which it was undisputed that the park 

had received complaints, only days before, of others that had nearly drowned from 

the same alleged risk at the same spot on the river).

The record also contains affirmative evidence indicating that the City had no 

actual knowledge of the unique perils Suarez alleges existed at the beach at the 

time of the drownings. Evidence was presented showing that the City had not 

commissioned any studies to determine the effect of the Dike on wave action or 

other naturally occurring conditions. Mayor Doyle testified in his deposition that 

the City had never conducted any type of analysis or risk assessment to determine 

whether there were dangerous currents that could affect swimmers at the beach 

area. The mayor also testified that he was not aware that the presence of the Dike 

created rip currents. The evidence showed that Mayor Doyle was the person who 

made the decision with respect to what signs should be erected and where they 

should be erected. The record also shows that the drowning deaths occurred less 

than one month after the reopening of the Dike following its nearly two-year 

closure. 

After a review of the jurisdictional evidence in the record, we conclude that 

there is no evidence that creates a factual dispute with regard to whether the City 

had actual knowledge or awareness of the alleged unique and dangerous property 

condition existing at the beach at the time of the drowning deaths of Suarez’s
27

family. In other words, the record conclusively shows that the City did not have 

actual awareness of the unique peril. The record indicates that Suarez has been 

given a full and fair opportunity to develop the record in this case, having deposed 

city officials, obtained written discovery, and retained expert assistance in 

developing her claim. See Rusk State Hosp. v. Black, No. 10–0548, 2012 WL 

3800218, at *6 (Tex. Aug. 31, 2012).

We conclude that Suarez cannot bring a valid gross negligence claim under 

the Recreational Use Statute; thus, the City’s immunity from liability for that claim 

is not waived. As a result, the City’s immunity from suit also remains intact. See 

Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d at 629.

We hold that the trial court erred when it denied the City’s plea to the 

jurisdiction. We sustain the City’s sole issue.5

 

Conclusion

We reverse the order of the trial court and render judgment dismissing 

Suarez’s claims against the City of Texas City.

Laura Carter Higley

Justice 

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Higley and Brown.

 5 We need not address other sub-issues and arguments that the City raises in support 

of its plea to the jurisdiction.