FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

MAR 29, 2006

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 05-13579

Non-Argument Calendar

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D. C. Docket No. 04-00100-CR-FTM-33-DNF

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

JOHN DAVID WILLITS, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(March 29, 2006)

Before DUBINA, CARNES and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Appellant John David Willits (“Willits”) appeals his 200-month sentences of

imprisonment, imposed after he pled guilty to: (1) one count of possession with
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intent to distribute five grams or more of methamphetamine, in violation of 21

U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B)(viii); and (2) one count of possession of a

firearm and ammunition by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e). 

I.

In his brief on appeal, Willits first asserts that his rights under the Fifth and

Sixth Amendments and Fed. R. Crim. P. 11 were violated, because the record

reflects that he did not understand the nature of the charges against him. Willits

contends that the magistrate judge did not determine the existence of a factual basis

for the interstate commerce element of the felon in possession charge, that Willits

never admitted that the firearm and ammunition affected interstate commerce, and 

that the government did not proffer a factual basis for the commence element at the

change-of-plea hearing. Thus, Willits asserts, his guilty plea was not knowingly

and voluntarily entered, and his guilty plea should be vacated. 

When, as here, an objection to a violation of Fed. R. Crim. P. 11 has not

been raised in the district court, we review under the plain-error analysis. United

States v. Monroe, 353 F.3d 1346, 1349 (11th Cir. 2003). “Under plain-error

review, the defendant has the burden to show that there is (1) error (2) that is plain

and (3) that affects substantial rights. If all three conditions are met, [we] may then
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exercise [our] discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if (4) the error

seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.” Id. (internal citations omitted).

Before accepting a guilty plea, a district court must comply with Fed. R.

Crim. P. 11, and in particular, the court must address three core concerns

underlying the rule: “(1) the guilty plea must be free from coercion; (2) the

defendant must understand the nature of the charges; and (3) the defendant must

know and understand the consequences of his guilty plea.” United States v.

Hernandez-Fraire, 208 F.3d 945, 949 (11th Cir. 2000) (quotation omitted). 

Specifically, Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(G) requires the district court to

determine that a defendant understands “the nature of each charge to which the

defendant is pleading” before accepting the defendant’s guilty plea. Fed. R. Crim.

P. 11(b)(1)(G). We have explained that “there is no one mechanical or precise

juncture to which the district judge must conform in advising a defendant of the

nature of the charges to which he is pleading guilty.” United States v. Mosley, 173

F.3d 1318, 1322 (11th Cir. 1999) (internal quotations omitted). We determine “on

a case-by-case basis whether the district court adequately ensured that a defendant

understood the nature of the charge.” United States v. James, 210 F.3d 1342, 1344

(11th Cir. 2000). When a defendant faces simple charges, a reading of the
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indictment, followed by an opportunity to ask questions, is adequate to show that a

defendant was informed of the nature of the charges, but to ensure that a defendant

understands more complex charges or concepts, the district court may elect to

explain the elements of the offense. Id. at 1344-45 (internal quotations omitted). 

Moreover, Rule 11 requires that a district court may accept a guilty plea,

only if it determines “that there is a factual basis for the plea.” Fed. R. Crim. P.

11(b)(3). “‘The standard for evaluating challenges to the factual basis for a guilty

plea is whether the trial court was presented with evidence from which it could

reasonably find that the defendant was guilty.’” United States v. Frye, 402 F.3d

1123, 1128 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 2986 (2005) (quoting United States

v. Lopez, 907 F.2d 1096, 1100 (11th Cir. 1990)). 

Section 922(g) provides, inter alia, that it is unlawful for a person who has

been convicted of a felony in any court to possess a firearm “in or affecting

[interstate] commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). In order to convict a defendant for

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of § 922(g), the

government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt: “(1) that the defendant was a

convicted felon, (2) that the defendant was in knowing possession of a firearm, and

(3) that the firearm was in or affecting interstate commerce.” United States v.

Deleveaux, 205 F.3d 1292, 1297 (11th Cir. 2000). The prosecution need not prove
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that the defendant knew that his possession was unlawful. Id. at 1298. We have

explained that the crime of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon is a crime

that does not require any specific intent. See United States v. Jones, 143 F.3d

1417, 1419 (11th Cir. 1998). 

First, to the extent Willits argues that the district court did not determine that

there was a sufficient factual basis for the interstate commerce element to support

his conviction, under Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(3), we conclude from the record that

his argument fails. The government alleged in its “Notice of Penalties, Elements,

and Facts” that “[t]he Star firearm and PMC ammunition [Willits had possessed]

were made outside the state of Florida,” and, thus, Willits’s offense satisfied the

“in or affecting interstate commerce” element of § 922(g). Willits did not

challenge the government’s statement of facts prior to or during the change-of-plea

hearing. Thus, the district court was presented with evidence from which it could

reasonably find that the interstate nexus of the felon in possession offense was

established. 

Additionally, Willits’s argument that his guilty plea was not knowing and

voluntary because the district court did not establish that he understood the nature

of the charges, and specifically the interstate commerce element, as required by

Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(G), also fails. During the change-of-plea hearing, the
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magistrate recited the charges against Willits as stated in the indictment, and

Willits indicated that he had reviewed the indictment with counsel and he

specifically stated that he understood the charges against him. The magistrate

further informed Willits of the elements of each offense that the government would

have to prove at trial, and Willits indicated that he understood these elements. In

light of this exchange, the district court adequately informed Willits of the nature

of the charges, and, thus, did not plainly err in accepting Willits’s guilty plea. See

Jones, 143 F.3d at 1419 (holding that the district court adequately informed the

defendant of the charges he faced by identifying the charges, verifying that the

defendant had discussed the charges with his attorney, and providing the defendant

with an opportunity to ask questions); cf. United States v. Telemaque, 244 F.3d

1247, 1249 ( 11th Cir. 2001) (holding that the defendant was not adequately

informed of the charges where the district court referred to the offense only once

during the colloquy, did not detail the elements of the offense, and did not verify

that the defendant’s counsel reviewed the charges with him). Accordingly,

because we conclude from the record that the district court satisfied the core

concerns of Fed. R. Crim. P. 11 and properly determined that there was a sufficient

factual basis to support the guilty plea, we affirm Willits’s convictions.
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II.

Willits next argues that his prior convictions did not qualify as violent

felonies for purposes of the armed career criminal enhancement. He notes that the

district court concluded that he had six predicate offenses, all offenses involving

“conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another” under

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1)(B)(ii) – a first degree felony burglary conviction, three third

degree felony burglary convictions, and two third degree felony trespassing with a

firearm convictions. 

“[We review] the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines de

novo and its findings of facts for clear error.” United States v. Grant, 397 F.3d

1330, 1332 (11th Cir. 2005). We also review de novo whether a particular offense

constitutes a violent felony under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). United States v. Wilkerson,

286 F.3d 1324, 1325 (11th Cir. 2002). 

Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), a defendant is an armed career criminal if he has

three previous convictions for, inter alia, violent felonies. Burglary qualifies as a

violent felony. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), 2(B)(ii); see also United States v. Johnson,

399 F.3d 1297, 1302 (11th Cir. 2005) (stating that burglary is a crime of violence

under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1). Here, the indictment alleged that Willits had more than

three burglary convictions. Relying on the description of these offenses set forth in
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the indictment and Willits’s admission of these offenses during his plea colloquy

[R. Vol. 2, Tr. 21.], we conclude that the district court did not err in determining

that Willits had sufficient predicate offenses to justify the imposition of the armed

career criminal enhancement.

III.

Finally, Willits argues that he did not admit the existence of all of his prior

convictions, nor did he admit that the convictions constituted violent felonies for

purposes of the armed career criminal enhancement. Moreover, he contends, these

convictions were not proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, he argues,

his prior convictions should not be used to compute his sentence, as sentencing

him on the basis of these prior convictions would violate his Sixth Amendment

rights.

 Because Willits preserved his constitutional claim by raising it in the district

court, we review his sentence de novo, but will reverse only for harmful error. 

United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). In

Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S. Ct. 1219, 140 L. Ed. 2d

350 (1998), the Supreme Court held that the government need not allege in its

indictment and need not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant had

prior convictions for a district court to use those convictions for purposes of
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enhancing a sentence. In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S. Ct.

2348, 2362-63, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), the Supreme Court pronounced that,

“[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a

crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and

proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” The Supreme Court revisited the Apprendi

rule in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 2537, 159 L.

Ed. 2d 403 (2004), and the Court clarified that “the ‘statutory maximum’ for

Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the

basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant.” 

In Booker, the Supreme Court held that the mandatory nature of the

Guidelines rendered them incompatible with the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee to

the right to a jury trial. United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160

L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005). The Court explicitly reaffirmed its rationale in Apprendi that

“[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence

exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a

jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Id. at 244, 125 S. Ct. at 756. After Booker, we held that

Almendarez-Torres “was left undisturbed by Apprendi, Blakely, and Booker,” and

that “a district court does not err by relying on prior convictions to enhance a
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defendant’s sentence.” United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1329 (11th Cir.

2005). 

Recently in Shepard v. United States, a plurality of the Supreme Court

explained that a dispute over whether a burglary was a violent felony for purposes

of the Act because it was committed in a building or enclosed space could be

“described as a fact about a prior conviction.” 544 U.S. 13, __, 125 S. Ct. 1254,

1262-63, 161 L. Ed. 2d 205 (2005). Nevertheless, the plurality noted that the

determination was “too far removed from the conclusive significance of a prior

judicial record, and too much like the findings subject to Jones [v. United States,

526 U.S. 227, 119 S. Ct. 1215, 143 L. Ed. 2d 311 (1999)] and Apprendi, to say that

Almendarez-Torres clearly authorizes a judge to resolve the dispute.” Id. After

Shepard, we noted that Almendarez-Torres must be followed because, while

Shepard “may arguably cast doubt on the future prospects of Almendarez-Torres’s

holding regarding prior convictions, the Supreme Court has not explicitly

overruled Almendarez-Torres.” United States v. Camacho-Ibarquen, 410 F.3d

1307, 1316 n.3 (11th Cir. 2005). In another case, we noted that Shepard does not

alter the understanding that “because the prior-conviction exception remains

undisturbed after Booker, a district court does not err by relying on prior

convictions to enhance a defendant’s sentence.” United States v. Orduno-Mireles,
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405 F.3d 960, 962 & n.3 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 223 (2005). 

We conclude from the record that the imposition of the armed career

criminal enhancement under § 4B1.4, did not implicate the

Apprendi/Blakely/Booker line of cases, as those cases clearly exempt prior

convictions from the types of facts that must be admitted by the defendant or

proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt in order to support a sentencing

enhancement. Moreover, until the Supreme Court holds otherwise,

Almendarez-Torres remains the law. See e.g., Orduno-Mireles, 405 F.3d at 963.

Because, pursuant to Almendarez-Torres, a district court does not violate the Sixth

Amendment when it enhances a defendant’s sentence based on prior convictions,

the district court committed no error by doing so. 

For the above-stated reasons, we affirm Willits’s convictions and sentences. 

AFFIRMED.