[Cite as State v. Hunter, 2014-Ohio-5801.]

 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR GREENE COUNTY, OHIO 

STATE OF OHIO : 

Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 2014 CA 25 

v. : T.C. NO. CRB1302317 

ALICIA D. HUNTER : (Criminal appeal from 

 Municipal Court) 

Defendant-Appellant : 

 : 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

O P I N I O N

Rendered on the 30th day of December , 2014. 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

BETSY A. DEEDS, Atty. Reg. No. 0076747, Assistant Fairborn Prosecutor, 510 W. Main 

Street, Fairborn, Ohio 45324 

Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee 

F. HARRISON GREEN, Atty. Reg. No. 0039234, Executive Park, Suite 230, 4015 

Executive Park Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45241 

Attorney for Defendant-Appellant 

 . . . . . . . . . . 
2

DONOVAN, J. 

{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Alicia D. Hunter appeals her conviction and sentence 

for one count of resisting arrest, in violation of R.C. 2921.33, a misdemeanor of the second 

degree. Hunter filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on June 4, 2014. 

{¶ 2} The incident which forms the basis of the instant appeal occurred at 

approximately 9:00 p.m. on December 18, 2013, when Officer Carmen Bair was dispatched 

to the area of 204 S. Huron Court in Fairborn, Ohio, on a disturbance complaint involving a 

black male and a black female fighting in a parking lot. The dispatch further stated that the 

male was wearing black pants and a red shirt. Upon arriving in the general area, Officer 

Bair located the male, later identified as Ronald McFarlane, in the west parking lot of the 

K-Mart department store located at 224 E. Dayton Yellow Springs Road. Officer Bair 

testified that he believed that McFarlane was intoxicated because of the odor of alcohol 

about his person. McFarlane also had numerous scratches about his neck and face. While 

he tried to speak with McFarlane, Officer Bair observed a black female, later identified as 

Hunter, approaching him. Officer Bair attempted to detain McFarlane in order to 

investigate the nature of the disturbance. McFarlane became extremely agitated and 

argumentative, whereupon Officer Bair decided to handcuff him. 

{¶ 3} Officer Joshua Bradford arrived at the scene just as Officer Bair was 

attempting to handcuff McFarlane. Officer Bradford exited his cruiser and immediately 

went to assist Officer Bair, but Hunter, who was also intoxicated, began yelling and 

screaming at the officers regarding their attempt to restrain McFarlane. Officer Bradford 

testified that he turned around and told Hunter that she needed to calm down and step back. 
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Hunter refused to move back and kept yelling at Officer Bradford who testified that her 

conduct was extremely disruptive and required him to divert his attention from the struggle 

between Officer Bair and McFarlane. Officer Bradford further testified that he was unsure 

if Hunter “was going to be a direct threat to [the officers] or not.” Moreover, Hunter had 

not been patted down for weapons at that point in the investigation. Officer Bradford 

warned Hunter several times to stop yelling and step away from where the officers were 

struggling with McFarlane or he would be forced to arrest her for obstructing official 

business. Hunter refused to comply with Officer Bradford’s instructions and began to 

directly approach the officers who were both trying to get the second handcuff on 

McFarlane’s wrist. Before Hunter could get any closer to them, Officer Bradford stopped 

assisting Officer Bair with McFarlane, and he attempted to place Hunter under arrest. 

{¶ 4} A third Fairborn police officer, Officer Sortman, arrived at the scene and had 

to assist Officer Bradford as he attempted to handcuff Hunter and place her in the back of his 

cruiser. Hunter attempted to pull away from the officers while they attempted to handcuff 

her. Even after she was handcuffed, Hunter continued to struggle against the officers. 

Hunter went “dead weight” when the officer tried to move towards the cruiser. Hunter also 

refused to duck her head down so that she could sit down in the cruiser. After McFarlane 

had been handcuffed and placed in his cruiser, Officer Bair assisted Officers Sortman and 

Bradford as they pulled the struggling Hunter into the rear of Bradford’s cruiser. After 

Hunter had been placed in the cruiser, Officer Bradford informed her that she was under 

arrest for obstructing official business and resisting arrest. 

{¶ 5} On December 19, 2013, a citation was filed against Hunter charging her with 
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obstructing official business and resisting arrest. The case was tried to the bench on June 3, 

2014. At the close of evidence, Hunter made a Crim. R. 29 motion for acquittal, arguing 

that the State failed to adduce sufficient evidence to find her guilty of the charged offenses. 

The trial court granted Hunter’s motion with respect to the charge of obstructing official 

business, but denied her motion as to the charge for resisting arrest. The trial court 

subsequently found Hunter guilty of resisting arrest and sentenced her to ninety days in jail, 

seventy of which were suspended. Hunter was additionally ordered to pay a $150.00 fine 

and to submit to a mental health evaluation and alcohol assessment. 

{¶ 6} It is from this judgment that Hunter now appeals. 

{¶ 7} Hunter’s first assignment of error is as follows: 

{¶ 8} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING DEFENDANT’S 

MOTION TO DISMISS OBSTRUCTING OFFICIAL BUSINESS, R.C. 2921.31[,] WHEN 

THERE WAS NO PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST AS PRESENTED IN THE CITY OF 

FAIRBORN’S CASE.” 

{¶ 9} In her first assignment, Hunter contends that the trial court erred when it 

overruled her Crim. R. 29 motion for acquittal with respect to the charge for obstructing 

official business. However, the record clearly indicates that at the close of evidence, the 

trial court did, in fact, grant Hunter’s renewed Crim. R. 29 motion and in fact, dismissed the 

count of obstructing official business. Accordingly, Hunter’s first assignment is rendered 

moot. 

{¶ 10} Hunter’s second assignment of error is as follows: 

{¶ 11} “DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S CONVICTION OF RESISTING ARREST 
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WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE BY REASON OF THE 

CITY OF FAIRBORN FAILING TO SHOW A LAWFUL ARREST IN THE 

UNDERLYING CHARGE OF OBSTRUCTION OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS. THE TRIAL 

COURT ERRED IN FINDING APPELLANT GUILTY OF RESISTING ARREST BASED 

UPON THE EVIDENCE PRODUCED AT TRIAL.” 

{¶ 12} In her second and final assignment, Hunter argues that the trial court erred 

when it found her guilty of resisting arrest because her conviction was against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. Although not set out in a separate assignment of error, Hunter also 

argues in the body of her argument that the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to 

convict her of resisting arrest and the court erred when it overruled her Crim. R. 29 motion 

for acquittal regarding that charge. Specifically, Hunter contends that her arrest for resisting 

arrest was unlawful because the trial court ultimately found that the evidence was 

insufficient to convict her of obstructing official business, the underlying basis for the 

resisting charge. Accordingly, Hunter argues that the officers did not have a lawful basis 

upon which to arrest her, and her conviction for resisting arrest should therefore, be reversed. 

{¶ 13} Crim. R. 29(A) states that a court shall order an entry of judgment of 

acquittal if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction for the charged offense. 

“Reviewing the denial of a Crim. R. 29 motion therefore requires an appellate court to use 

the same standard as is used to review a sufficiency of the evidence claim.” State v. Witcher, 

6th Dist. Lucas No. L-06-1039, 2007-Ohio-3960. “In reviewing a claim of insufficient 

evidence, ‘[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after reviewing the evidence in a light most 

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 
6

elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Citations omitted). State v. 

Crowley, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2007 CA 99, 2008-Ohio-4636, ¶ 12. 

{¶ 14} “A weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability of the 

evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence is more 

believable or persuasive.” State v. Cassell, 2d Dist. Clark No. 09CA0064, 2011-Ohio-23, ¶ 

46. When a conviction is challenged on appeal as being against the manifest weight of the 

evidence, “ ‘[t]he court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable 

inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving 

conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage 

of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” State v. Thompkins, 

78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 

172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). 

{¶ 15} Resisting arrest is defined at R.C. 2921.33(A), which states that “[n]o 

person, recklessly or by force, shall resist or interfere with a lawful arrest of himself or 

another.” “Although the arrest must be ‘lawful,’ it is not necessary for the state to prove 

that the defendant was in fact guilty of the offense for which the arrest was made to uphold a 

conviction for resisting arrest. State v. Hurst, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-880706, 1989 WL 

140010 (Nov. 22, 1989). An arrest is ‘lawful’ if the surrounding circumstances would give 

a reasonable police officer cause to believe that an offense has been or is being committed. 

Id.; Parma Heights v. Kaplan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 55108, 1989 WL 30584 (Mar. 30, 

1989).” State v. Burns, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24784, 2012-Ohio-1847, citing State v. 

Sansalone, 71 Ohio App.3d 284, 285-286, 593 N.E.2d 390 (1st Dist.1991). 
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{¶ 16} The complaint of obstructing official business, in violation of R.C. 2921.31, 

states as follows: 

No person, without privilege to do so and with purpose to prevent, 

obstruct, or delay the performance by a public official of any authorized act 

within the public official's official capacity, shall do any act that hampers or 

impedes a public official in the performance of the public official's lawful 

duties. 

{¶ 17} “A person acts purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain 

result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, 

regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific intention to 

engage in conduct of that nature.” R.C. 2901.22(A). 

{¶ 18} “The proper focus in a prosecution for obstructing official business is on the 

defendant's conduct, verbal or physical, and its effect on the public official's ability to 

perform the official's lawful duties.” State v. Herron, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23868, 

2011-Ohio-127, ¶ 20, citing State v. Wellman, 173 Ohio App.3d 494, 2007-Ohio-2953, 879 

N.E.2d 215 (1st Dist.), at ¶ 12. 

{¶ 19} On direct examination by the State, Officer Bradford provided the following 

testimony: 

The State: What did you observe – what did you do when you 

observed Officer Bair struggling with Mr. McFarland [sic]? 

Officer Bradford: At that time I approached [Officer Bair] and I 

helped him detain the male subject or at least I attempted to before I was – I 
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had to divert my attention. 

Q: Okay. What drew your attention elsewhere? 

A: [Hunter] was very upset that we were attempting to detain, from 

what I believed at that time, was detain [McFarlane]; she was very irate, she 

was going off, she was very upset, again, she was screaming, trying to figure 

out what was going on. At that time, I approached her and I warned her that 

she needed to calm down and step back. 

*** 

Q: Okay. At that point you – just to get you back on to time, you 

indicated to Ms. Hunter that she needed to back off? 

A: Yes, ma’am. 

Q: Okay. And what happened once you asked her to back off? 

A: She continued to stay in the same place, however[,] she continued 

to speak so loudly that we couldn’t really figure out why we were – you 

know, at that time I didn’t know if she was going to be a direct threat to us or 

not. At that time I was trying to assess the situation, she was screaming 

loud, she was very upset; I don’t remember exactly what she was saying, 

however, I mean, it – it was definitely taking my attention off what needed to 

be taken – focusing on – on [McFarlane], what was going on with him and I 

was diverting my attention to her while Officer Bair was trying to detain him. 

*** 

Q: What was your roll [sic] in attempting to assist Officer Bair? 
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A: I was trying to assist him in getting the second cuff on 

[McFarlane]. 

Q: Did you warn Ms. Hunter just once? 

A: I warned her multiple times and I believe it was at least three 

times; I think it was three times I warned her to step back and to calm down. 

At one point I even told her to stand, there was an island there, I asked her to 

stand behind the island. 

*** 

Q: And this island is in the parking lot of the K-Mart? 

A: Yes, ma’am. 

*** 

Q: Okay. Did she go stand by the island or behind the island? 

A: No, ma’am, she actively started to approach us. At that time I had 

to break away from Officer Bair due to the fact that I couldn’t – we couldn’t 

both – I had to take my focus off of what was going on with him and direct it 

towards her just because of the thought – you know, for officer safety reasons 

and what she – she could do. 

Q: Okay. 

A: At that time, she hadn’t been [patted-down], she hadn’t had – 

(inaudible) – or anything like that, I mean, we didn’t know – again, we were – 

at this time we were just starting the initial investigation. 

*** 
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Q: Okay. You indicated that you warned her a few times? 

A: Yes, ma’am. 

Q: Okay. Did your warning contain any other information other than 

please step back? 

A: I warned her that if she didn’t step back she was going to be placed 

under arrest. 

Q: Okay. 

A: That was during the initial warnings. 

Q: Did you tell her for what? 

A: For obstructing. 

Q: Okay. Did she heed your warnings? 

A: No, ma’am. 

Q: What happened? 

A: After she didn’t heed my warnings at that time, that’s when I 

walked up and started to detain her – our investigation, for safety purposes 

until we could detain both subjects. 

Q: Did you place cuffs on her? 

A: I attempted to, yes. 

Q: Okay. You placed her under arrest at that point? 

A: Well, I started to put one cuff on her and at that time, she actively 

started to pull away from me, she was not happy, again, what was going on 

with [McFarlane], at the same time she wasn’t happy with what was going on 
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when I was trying to detain her myself; she began to pull away from me, at 

that time Officer Sortman had to assist me in getting – again – just like 

[McFarlane] – Officer Sortman had to step aside and had to help me detain 

[Hunter]. 

Q: And at that point was she under arrest for obstructing? 

A: Yes, ma’am. 

Q: Did you ever tell her she was under arrest for obstructing? 

A: Once we got her back to the vehicle; at that time I was solely 

focused on trying to get her contained, even while she was in cuffs she wasn’t 

really contained[,] she was still actively – you know, she wouldn’t walk, we 

would try to move her to an area where we could put her and separate the two 

until we could figure out what was going on, she wouldn’t – she was dead 

weight at that point; she tried to walk backwards, I do remember that at one 

point and then that’s when we – I opened the door and we asked her several 

times to sit in the rear of the cruiser like we instruct the people that we arrest 

we – I told her to turn around and sit down and she wouldn’t do that. 

Q: Okay. At that point you had informed her that she was under 

arrest? 

A: Yes, ma’am. 

{¶ 20} We conclude that a reasonable jury, or the trial court in the instant case, 

could find from Officer Bradford’s testimony that Hunter’s persistent screaming and yelling 

at him from a short distance, while he was attempting to focus on assisting Officer Bair, 
12

impaired or hindered Officer Bradford in the performance of his duties. Yelling and 

screaming at someone, from a short distance away, ordinarily constitutes a demand that the 

person addressed give their attention. Herron, ¶ 62. The trial court in this case could 

reasonably have inferred that Hunter intended to demand Officer Bradford’s attention by 

persistently yelling and screaming at him and refusing to calm down and step away. Id. 

{¶ 21} Although Officer Bradford’s testimony is not perfectly clear on this point, a 

reasonable jury could find that he told Hunter (“at least three times”) that she needed to calm 

down and step away so that he could effectively assist Officer Bair. Officer Bradford also 

testified that he specifically informed Hunter that he would arrest her for obstructing official 

business if she did not cease her disruptive conduct. But, despite these warnings and 

requests, Hunter continued to yell at Officer Bradford, and at one point, she even walked 

directly toward him and Officer Bair as they tried to handcuff McFarlane. On these facts, a 

jury could reasonably conclude that Hunter had the intention of distracting Officer Bradford 

from his task, thereby hindering and impeding him in the performance of his duties. 

{¶ 22} The trial court found that the evidence was insufficient to support Hunter’s 

conviction for obstructing official business and granted her Crim. R. 29 motion for acquittal 

with respect to that count. Hunter, therefore, argues that she could not be convicted of the 

offense of resisting arrest, proscribed by R.C. 2921.33(A), because her arrest was not lawful, 

which is an element of the offense. In making this argument, she contends that her arrest 

for obstructing official business was unlawful because the evidence presented by the State 

was not sufficient to support a conviction on that charge. 

{¶ 23} We recently discussed this issue in Herron, where we stated the following: 
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 In order to find that the evidence in the record is sufficient to support 

a conviction for Obstructing Official Business, a court must find that a 

reasonable jury could find from that evidence, beyond reasonable doubt, that 

the defendant hampered or impeded a police officer in the performance of her 

official duties, with the purpose to do so. In order to find that an arrest for 

Obstructing Official Business was lawful, a court need only find that the 

police officer effecting the arrest, based upon the facts known to the officer, 

or known to the police in general and transmitted to the arresting officer, had 

probable cause to believe that the person arrested committed the offense. 

There are, then, two classes of cases where there might not be 

sufficient evidence to convict a defendant of Obstructing Official Business, 

and yet an arrest for that offense would have been lawful, and could be used 

to support a charge of Resisting Arrest. One of these classes is where the 

facts known to the officer at the time of the arrest and the facts in evidence at 

the trial for Obstructing Official Business are materially different. Perhaps 

the evidence adduced at trial would establish reasonable doubt, at least, that 

the actor was acting with the requisite intent (the actor had la Tourette’s 

Syndrome, for example), but the officer effecting the arrest was unaware of 

those facts. 

The second class of cases is where there is some evidence that the 

defendant acted with the requisite intent, but it falls short of proof beyond 

reasonable doubt, and yet, that same evidence, known to the arresting police 
14

officer, was sufficient to support a finding of probable cause.

Id. at ¶¶ 67-69. 

{¶ 24} Upon review, we find that the instant case falls under “[t]he second class of 

cases” referred to in Herron. Id. While the evidence adduced by the State may not have 

convinced the trial court beyond a reasonable doubt that Hunter was guilty of obstructing 

official business, that same evidence, known to Officer Bradford, was sufficient to support a 

finding of probable cause to initiate a lawful arrest for that charge. Moreover, the record 

clearly establishes that Hunter resisted arrest. Thus, we conclude that although the trial 

court determined that the elements of the underlying charge for obstructing official business 

had not been proven, the record establishes that Bradford possessed a reasonable basis upon 

which to arrest Hunter for obstructing official business. At a minimum, Hunter’s conduct 

establishes a valid arrest for disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor of the fourth degree. 

Accordingly, we find that the State adduced sufficient evidence at trial to convict Hunter of 

resisting arrest, and her conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

{¶ 25} Hunter’s sole assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶ 26} Hunter’s sole assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of the 

trial court is affirmed. 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

FAIN, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur. 

Copies mailed to: 

Betsy A. Deeds 

F. Harrison Green 

Hon. Beth W. Root