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STATE v. MRZA

Cite as 302 Neb. 931

State of Nebraska, appellee, v.

Sami S. Mrza, appell

___ N.W.2d ___

Filed April 19, 2019. No. S-18-372.

1. Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and Error. Assignments of error 

on direct appeal regarding ineffective assistance of trial counsel must 

specifically allege deficient performance, and an appellate court will not 

scour the remainder of the brief in search of such specificity.

2. ____: ____. Whether a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel 

may be determined on direct appeal is a question of law. In reviewing 

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal, an appellate 

court decides only whether the undisputed facts contained within the 

record are sufficient to conclusively determine whether counsel did or 

did not provide effective assistance and whether the defendant was or 

was not prejudiced by counsel’s alleged deficient performance.

3. Effectiveness of Counsel: Postconviction: Records: Appeal and 

Error. When a defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or her 

counsel on direct appeal, the defendant must raise on direct appeal any 

issue of trial counsel’s ineffective performance which is known to the 

defendant or is apparent from the record, otherwise, the issue will be 

procedurally barred in a subsequent postconviction proceeding.

4. Effectiveness of Counsel: Records: Appeal and Error. The fact that 

an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is raised on direct appeal does 

not necessarily mean that it can be resolved. The determining factor is 

whether the record is sufficient to adequately review the question.

5. Effectiveness of Counsel: Proof. Generally, to prevail on a claim of 

ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 

U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), the defendant must 

show that his or her counsel’s performance was deficient and that this 

deficient performance actually prejudiced the defendant’s defense.

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library

www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/

07/05/2019 09:06 AM CDT
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6. ____: ____. To show that counsel’s performance was deficient, a 

defendant must show that counsel’s performance did not equal that of a 

lawyer with ordinary training and skill in criminal law.

7. Effectiveness of Counsel: Proof: Words and Phrases. To show prejudice, the defendant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that but 

for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would 

have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient 

to undermine confidence in the outcome.

8. Trial: Effectiveness of Counsel: Presumptions: Appeal and Error. In 

determining whether trial counsel’s performance was deficient, there is 

a strong presumption that counsel acted reasonably.

9. Rules of Evidence: Proof. A proponent of evidence is not required to 

conclusively prove the genuineness of the evidence or to rule out all 

possibilities inconsistent with authenticity.

10. Rules of Evidence. Generally, the foundation for the admissibility of 

text messages has two components: (1) whether the text messages were 

accurately transcribed and (2) who actually sent the text messages.

11. ____. The rule of completeness allows a party to admit the entirety of 

an act, declaration, conversation, or writing when the other party admits 

a part and when the entirety is necessary to make it fully understood.

12. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Appeal and Error. When a defendant 

has not preserved a claim of prosecutorial misconduct for direct appeal, 

an appellate court will review the record only for plain error.

13. Appeal and Error. An appellate court may find plain error on appeal 

when an error unasserted or uncomplained of at trial, but plainly evident 

from the record, prejudicially affects a litigant’s substantial right and, 

if uncorrected, would result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and 

fairness of the judicial process.

14. Motions for Mistrial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Waiver: Appeal and 

Error. A party who fails to make a timely motion for mistrial based 

on prosecutorial misconduct waives the right to assert on appeal that 

the court erred in not declaring a mistrial due to such prosecutorial 

misconduct.

15. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Words and Phrases. Prosecutorial misconduct encompasses conduct that violates legal or ethical standards for 

various contexts because the conduct will or may undermine a defendant’s right to a fair trial.

16. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Juries. Prosecutors are charged with the 

duty to conduct criminal trials in such a manner that the accused may 

have a fair and impartial trial, and prosecutors are not to inflame the 

prejudices or excite the passions of the jury against the accused.
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17. ____: ____: ____. A prosecutor’s conduct that does not mislead and 

unduly influence the jury does not constitute misconduct.

18. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys. In assessing allegations of prosecutorial 

misconduct in closing arguments, a court first determines whether the 

prosecutor’s remarks were improper. It is then necessary to determine 

the extent to which the improper remarks had a prejudicial effect on the 

defendant’s right to a fair trial.

19. ____: ____. Whether prosecutorial misconduct is prejudicial depends 

largely on the context of the trial as a whole.

19. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Appeal and Error. In determining 

whether a prosecutor’s improper conduct prejudiced the defendant’s 

right to a fair trial, an appellate court considers the following factors: 

(1) the degree to which the prosecutor’s conduct or remarks tended to 

mislead or unduly influence the jury; (2) whether the conduct or remarks 

were extensive or isolated; (3) whether defense counsel invited the 

remarks; (4) whether the court provided a curative instruction; and (5) 

the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction.

21. Convictions: Evidence: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a criminal 

conviction for a sufficiency of the evidence claim, whether the evidence 

is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the 

same: An appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass 

on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such matters 

are for the finder of fact. The relevant question for an appellate court 

is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

22. Sexual Assault: Testimony: Proof. The State is not required to corroborate a victim’s testimony in cases of first degree sexual assault; 

if believed by the finder of fact, the victim’s testimony alone is 

sufficient.

23. Sentences: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion 

by the trial court.

Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Lor

A. Maret, Judge. Affirme

Sanford J. Pollack, of Pollack & Ball, L.L.C., for appellant.

Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Kimberly A. 

Klein for appellee.
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Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stac

Papik, and Freudenberg, 

Cassel, J.

I. INTRODUCTION

Sami S. Mrza appeals his jury conviction and sentencing 

for first degree sexual assault. Although he assigns multiple 

errors, we focus on two issues: the authentication requirement 

for “Snapchat” evidence and the prosecutor’s comment on 

Mrza’s use of an interpreter. Because the evidence was properly authenticated, trial counsel did not perform deficiently in 

failing to object to it. We find no plain error in the prosecutor’s 

closing argument, but determine that the record is not sufficient 

to address Mrza’s related claim of ineffective assistance of trial 

counsel. We find no error in Mrza’s other assignments, and 

because the record is insufficient, we do not reach other ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Therefore, we affirm.

II. BACKGROUND

Mrza emigrated from Iraq to the United States in December 

2014. In the fall of 2016, Mrza met N.W., the victim, in a class 

at a community college. The conviction flowed from an event 

on November 12, 2016, which we summarize in more detail 

later in this opinion.

The State charged Mrza with first degree sexual assault, 

pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-319 (Reissue 2016). Mrza pled 

not guilty. The case proceeded to a jury trial. Throughout the 

trial, Mrza utilized an interpreter. Both N.W. and Mrza testified. The jury found Mrza guilty, and the court sentenced him 

to 8 to 15 years’ imprisonment.

Mrza filed a timely appeal, which we moved to our docket.1

III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

We have reordered and restated Mrza’s numerous assignments of error, recognizing two primary issues. The first 

1 See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Cum. Supp. 2018).
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assigns that because trial counsel did not object to the authenticity of “Snapchat” evidence, counsel was ineffective. The 

second assigns prosecutorial misconduct for “inflammatory 

and prejudicial statements made during closing arguments.” 

As an alternative on this second issue, Mrza assigns ineffective assistance of trial counsel in failing to move for a mistrial 

based on those statements.

His remaining assignments of error assert that the evidence was insufficient, the sentence was excessive, and trial 

counsel was ineffective in two other instances, by failing to 

move to suppress Mrza’s statements to law enforcement and 

by “fail[ing] to adequately investigate [Mrza’s] defenses and 

effectively cross-examine witnesses.”

[1] We observe that Mrza’s last assignment lacked the specificity we demand on direct appeal. We have held that when 

raising an ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal, an 

appellant must make specific allegations of the conduct that 

he or she claims constitutes deficient performance by trial 

counsel.2 And we have long held that an alleged error must be 

both specifically assigned and specifically argued in the brief 

of the party asserting the error to be considered by an appellate 

court.3 It follows that we should not have to scour the argument 

section of an appellant’s brief to extract specific allegations 

of deficient performance.4 We now hold that assignments of 

error on direct appeal regarding ineffective assistance of trial 

counsel must specifically allege deficient performance, and 

an appellate court will not scour the remainder of the brief in 

search of such specificity.

Although we will not do so in the future, we have synthesized a specific assignment from the argument section of 

Mrza’s brief, which asserts that trial counsel was ineffective in 

2 See State v. Filholm, 287 Neb. 763, 848 N.W.2d 571 (2014).

3 See, e.g., State v. Sundquist, 301 Neb. 1006, 921 N.W.2d 131 (2019).

4 See State v. Dill, 300 Neb. 344, 913 N.W.2d 470 (2018) (declining to 

scour record in search of facts that might support claim).
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failing to investigate the time between the assault and N.W.’s 

first interview with law enforcement for possible defenses 

by failing to (1) subpoena cell phone records of N.W. and 

the friend she called following the event, (2) investigate the 

relationship between N.W. and her friend, (3) subpoena video 

from the restaurant where N.W. and Mrza met before the event, 

and (4) subpoena Snapchat to obtain self-destructing messages 

from Mrza, N.W., and N.W.’s friend.

IV. ANALYSIS

1. Snapchat Authent

Mrza argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object, on the ground of authenticity, to “Snapchat” 

evidence.

(a) Additional Facts

The night after the incident, Mrza initiated a conversation 

with N.W. via Snapchat (Snapchat is a photograph- and textsharing social media application). At trial, the State questioned N.W. about the Snapchat conversation. N.W. testified 

that Mrza was her “friend” on Snapchat. They became friends 

when they added each other’s “usernames.” She knew it was 

his account because she typed in the username that he told 

her. Later, when offering the Snapchat conversation as evidence, N.W. stated that she knew the messages were between 

herself and Mrza, because “it has his name on it.” She 

affirmed that the photographs of the conversation contained 

a fair and accurate depiction of the conversation. In the conversation, N.W. directly questioned Mrza about why he did 

certain things to her after she told him to stop. He apologized 

for his actions and promised not to do it again. After the State 

offered the evidence, trial counsel did not object and the court 

admitted it.

(b) Standard of Review

[2] Whether a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel 

may be determined on direct appeal is a question of law. In 
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reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct 

appeal, an appellate court decides only whether the undisputed 

facts contained within the record are sufficient to conclusively 

determine whether counsel did or did not provide effective 

assistance and whether the defendant was or was not prejudiced by counsel’s alleged deficient performance.5

(c) General Principles Regarding Ineffective 

Assistance of Counsel

[3,4] When a defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or 

her counsel on direct appeal, the defendant must raise on direct 

appeal any issue of trial counsel’s ineffective performance 

which is known to the defendant or is apparent from the record, 

otherwise, the issue will be procedurally barred in a subsequent postconviction proceeding.6

 The fact that an ineffective 

assistance of counsel claim is raised on direct appeal does not 

necessarily mean that it can be resolved. The determining factor is whether the record is sufficient to adequately review the 

question.7 Regarding the Snapchat evidence, we conclude that 

the record is sufficient to address Mrza’s claim.

[5-8] Generally, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington,

8

 the defendant must show that his or her counsel’s performance was 

deficient and that this deficient performance actually prejudiced the defendant’s defense.9

 To show that counsel’s performance was deficient, a defendant must show that counsel’s 

performance did not equal that of a lawyer with ordinary 

training and skill in criminal law.10 To show prejudice, the 

5 State v. Smith, ante p. 154, 922 N.W.2d 444 (2019).

6 Id.

7 Id.

8 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 

(1984).

9 State v. Avina-Murillo, 301 Neb. 185, 917 N.W.2d 865 (2018).

10 Id.
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defendant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that but 

for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is 

a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.11 In determining whether trial counsel’s performance 

was deficient, there is a strong presumption that counsel 

acted reasonably.12

(d) Analysis

The parties disagree as to which standard should be applied 

to the authentication of the Snapchat messages. The State 

contends that authentication “is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is 

what its proponent claims.”13 Mrza argues instead that the 

text message standard of authentication should be applied. 

Specifically, he argues that because Mrza testified that there 

were more messages to the conversation, the State failed to 

show that the messages were an accurate transcription of 

the conversation.

[9] The State’s formulation is a correct statement of the 

evidence rule governing authenticity.14 This rule does not 

impose a high hurdle for authentication or identification.15 A 

proponent of evidence is not required to conclusively prove 

the genuineness of the evidence or to rule out all possibilities 

inconsistent with authenticity.16

[10] Even if Mrza were correct that the text message authentication standard governs messages sent over social media 

applications, his claim would fail. Generally, the foundation 

for the admissibility of text messages has two components: 

11 Id.

12 State v. McGuire, 299 Neb. 762, 910 N.W.2d 144 (2018).

13 See Neb. Evid. R. 901(1), Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-901(1) (Reissue 2016).

14 See State v. Savage, 301 Neb. 873, 920 N.W.2d 692 (2018).

15 Id.

16 Id.
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(1) whether the text messages were accurately transcribed 

and (2) who actually sent the text messages.17 Mrza does 

not challenge the second prong of this test, but argues only 

that the State failed to prove that the messages were accurately transcribed. In that regard, he conflates accuracy with 

completeness.

[11] Contrary to Mrza’s argument, the existence of other 

messages does not undermine the accuracy of the messages 

that were offered. Mrza does not argue that the exhibit received 

in evidence was not accurate as far as it went. Instead, he 

argues that there were other messages not included in the 

exhibit. Essentially, his argument attempts to invoke the rule 

of completeness18 under the rubric of authenticity. The rule 

of completeness allows a party to admit the entirety of an 

act, declaration, conversation, or writing when the other party 

admits a part and when the entirety is necessary to make it 

fully understood.19 The rule of authentication did not require 

the State to offer all of the Snapchat messages in evidence. 

Where there is nothing to suggest that the other messages were 

relevant or the evidence entered was misleading or prejudicial, 

the State was not required to enter the entirety of the conversation into evidence.20

If Mrza believed that other messages were necessary to 

make the conversation fully understood, it was his obligation 

to offer them. But this was not a matter of authentication. 

Because N.W. testified to the accuracy of the Snapchat messages between herself and Mrza, it was sufficient to show 

that the messages were accurately transcribed and properly 

authenticated. Therefore, Mrza’s trial counsel did not perform deficiently in failing to assert an objection based on 

authentication.

17 Id.

18 See Neb. Evid. R. 106, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-106 (Reissue 2016).

19 Id.; Savage, supra note 14.

20 See Savage, supra note 14.
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2. Prosecutorial Misc

Mrza argues that the prosecutor’s closing argument discussing Mrza’s use of an interpreter was prejudicial misconduct. 

Mrza also asserts that to the extent his claim of prosecutorial 

misconduct was not preserved, his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to move for a mistrial.

(a) Additional Facts

In discussing his assignment of ineffectiveness of counsel 

in failing to move to suppress Mrza’s statements, his appellate 

brief acknowledges that his “ability to speak and understand 

the English language” was the subject of extensive testimony 

“[t]hroughout the case.”21 His brief recites that there was 

concern at a pretrial hearing whether he had “understood his 

waiver of a preliminary hearing,” because he had not been provided an interpreter in the county court.22 His brief argues that 

he had an “imperfect grasp” of the English language.23

At trial, the parties addressed Mrza’s English language 

proficiency. In the State’s opening statement, it foreshadowed 

evidence about Mrza’s college courses taught in English and 

how he communicated with N.W. only in English. In Mrza’s 

opening statement, he responded by outlining Mrza’s testimony 

about reading his textbooks numerous times when studying and 

that he did well in his classes.

This continued when evidence was presented. During N.W.’s 

direct examination, she stated that her classes were taught in 

English, she communicated with Mrza in English, he understood her when she spoke in English, she understood his 

English, and his class notes were in English.

The police sergeant who investigated the case stated that 

he interviewed Mrza in English and that Mrza appeared to 

understand English. The investigator testified that Mrza never 

21 See brief for appellant at 32.

22 Id.

23 Id.
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indicated he did not understand English and that he did not 

read Mrza his Miranda rights until he determined that Mrza 

understood English. Both a video and audio recording and a 

typed transcript of the investigator’s interview of Mrza were 

received in evidence and displayed to the jury.

On direct examination, Mrza stated that he studied English 

for 3 years at a university in Kurdistan; that his current 

textbooks were in English, which he read them two or three 

times to understand; and that he did not feel that he understood English well enough to understand his trial. On crossexamination, Mrza stated he switched from the English “yes” 

to the Kurdish “yes” because he was “saying almost everything in Kurdish” already; he took four English classes at a 

community college in Lincoln, Nebraska; all his classes were 

taught in English; during class, he rarely used the translation 

application on his cell phone; and he had a “3-plus” grade 

point average.

Mrza’s prosecutorial misconduct argument focuses on the 

State’s closing argument, when the prosecutor argued, “But 

I’d submit to you, ladies and gentlemen, this interpreter thing 

that we’ve got going on here is a charade. And it’s done to 

try to garnish some type of sympathy from you guys.” The 

prosecutor then commented on Mrza’s ability to understand 

English. This comment cited Mrza’s academic record and how 

he took all his classes in English and received high grades. 

The prosecutor recalled Mrza’s use of English slang in the 

Snapchat conversation and argued that someone who does not 

understand English could not text in slang. This argument also 

called attention to Mrza’s trial testimony in which he answered 

the first half of the direct examination with the English “yes,” 

but after lunch switched to the Kurdish equivalent. Mrza’s trial 

counsel did not object or move for a mistrial.

In Mrza’s closing argument, his trial counsel responded by 

arguing that although Mrza understands English, when interviewed by law enforcement, he used “clunky” English and was 

difficult to understand in the video. Trial counsel rhetorically 
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questioned who, “in today’s political climate,” would try to 

garner sympathy by claiming to be a refugee. In the State’s 

rebuttal closing argument, it briefly responded by arguing that 

Mrza’s inconsistent statements to law enforcement were not 

from a lack of understanding English, but because he was distracted and thinking about what he did.

In instruction No. 10, the court told the jury that there was 

evidence that Mrza had made a statement to a law enforcement 

officer and that it could rely on the statement only if it decided 

beyond a reasonable doubt that he made the statement, he 

understood what he was saying, and the statement was freely 

and voluntarily made under all of the circumstances surrounding its making. Otherwise, the court instructed, the jury must 

disregard Mrza’s statement even if it thought it was true.

(b) Standard of Review

[12,13] When a defendant has not preserved a claim of 

prosecutorial misconduct for direct appeal, we will review the 

record only for plain error.24 An appellate court may find plain 

error on appeal when an error unasserted or uncomplained 

of at trial, but plainly evident from the record, prejudicially 

affects a litigant’s substantial right and, if uncorrected, would 

result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and fairness of 

the judicial process.25 Generally, we will find plain error only 

when a miscarriage of justice would otherwise occur.26

(c) Analysis

Mrza argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct 

in his closing argument when he argued that Mrza’s use of 

an interpreter at trial was a charade used to garner sympathy from the jury. Mrza contends that the statements were 

improper, because there was no issue at trial regarding his 

24 State v. Custer, 292 Neb. 88, 871 N.W.2d 243 (2015).

25 Id.

26 Id.
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proficiency in English. Mrza contends that the statements 

were the expressions of the prosecutor’s personal beliefs and 

were designed to inflame the prejudices of the jurors. In addition to arguing that the prosecutor’s closing argument comments were plain error, Mrza argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to object and request a mistrial. We address 

this issue with Mrza’s remaining ineffective assistance of 

counsel assignments below.

[14] The State responds that Mrza failed to preserve the purported misconduct. The State is correct. A party who fails to 

make a timely motion for mistrial based on prosecutorial misconduct waives the right to assert on appeal that the court erred 

in not declaring a mistrial due to such prosecutorial misconduct.27 Because Mrza did not move for a mistrial, the alleged 

error was waived. Accordingly, our direct review of this issue 

is confined to a search for plain error.

[15-18] Prosecutorial misconduct encompasses conduct that 

violates legal or ethical standards for various contexts because 

the conduct will or may undermine a defendant’s right to a 

fair trial.28 Prosecutors are charged with the duty to conduct 

criminal trials in such a manner that the accused may have 

a fair and impartial trial, and prosecutors are not to inflame 

the prejudices or excite the passions of the jury against the 

accused.29 A prosecutor’s conduct that does not mislead and 

unduly influence the jury does not constitute misconduct.30 In 

assessing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct in closing 

arguments, a court first determines whether the prosecutor’s 

remarks were improper. It is then necessary to determine the 

extent to which the improper remarks had a prejudicial effect 

on the defendant’s right to a fair trial.31

27 Id.

28 Id.

29 Id. 

30 Id.

31 Id.
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Nebraska courts have not discussed the propriety of a prosecutor’s comments on the use of or need for an interpreter. 

We turn to the decisions of federal and other state courts 

for guidance.

In Andrade v. U.S.,

32 the District of Columbia Court of 

Appeals assessed a similar situation and determined that the 

conduct did not rise to the level of plain error. There, the 

appellate court concluded that the prosecutor had arguably 

transcended the bounds of permissible comment by making comments during cross-examination about the defendant’s use of an interpreter and then using these parts of 

the cross-examination during closing argument to express an 

opinion about the defendant’s veracity. In the prosecutor’s 

cross-examination, she commented on the defendant’s use 

of an interpreter by telling him, “‘you are not going to hide 

behind translation.’”33 During closing argument, the prosecutor 

recounted the defendant’s testimony during cross-examination 

denying that his attorney had told him what to say, and then 

she commented, “‘And then he tries to hide behind the interpretation, maybe, maybe she doesn’t translate for you. My 

questions were simple and they were direct and Spanish is not 

a very complicated language.’”34 In determining that there was 

no plain error requiring reversal, the appellate court relied on 

the trial court’s curative steps in ensuring proper interpretation 

and use of an interpreter.

In Diaz v. U.S.,

35 the District of Columbia Court of Appeals 

discussed a prosecutor’s comments during a “relatively long 

rebuttal”36 argument regarding a defendant’s use of an interpreter. According to the appellate court, the prosecutor had 

“ignored the factual record, implying that [the defendant] 

32 Andrade v. U.S., 88 A.3d 134 (D.C. 2014).

33 Id. at 140.

34 Id. at 141.

35 Diaz v. U.S., 716 A.2d 173 (D.C. 1998).

36 Id. at 180.
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lied when he said he didn’t understand what [the alleged 

victim] said to him in English even though he had ‘corrected 

[the interpreter’s] English translation of what he had said.’”37

Because the comments expressed personal opinion on the 

veracity and credibility of witnesses, the court concluded the 

comments, as a whole, were improper. In assessing the prejudicial value of the comments, the court did find that the corrective instructions by the court, instructing the jury about the 

role of the interpreter and that arguments by counsel are not 

evidence, ameliorated any harm from the statements. Other 

factors showed that the comments did not mislead the jury, the 

case turned on the credibility of witnesses, and there was sufficient evidence without the comments to believe the victim. 

The appellate court held that the defendant was not prejudiced 

by improper comments.

In U.S. v. Ganadonegro,

38 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 

10th Circuit assessed whether questions asked and objected to 

on cross-examination about the use of an interpreter amounted 

to prosecutorial misconduct. In opening statements, defense 

counsel discussed how the interpretation of “‘shaking’” from 

English to Navajo would be the crux of the trial.39 When the 

FBI interviewed the defendant, he had an interpreter present. 

An expert testified to the defendant’s competency in English 

and how he may have responded appropriately, even if he 

did not fully understand what was being said. During crossexamination of the defendant, the prosecutor extensively 

questioned him about his use of an interpreter, which drew 

several objections from defense counsel. The prosecutor drew 

a concession when the defendant admitted that he used the 

interpreter once in his first trial. The court concluded that the 

prosecutor’s conduct was not improper, because the defendant’s defense relied heavily on his language proficiency. 

37 Id.

38 U.S. v. Ganadonegro, 560 Fed. Appx. 716 (10th Cir. 2014).

39 Id. at 718.
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Therefore, the prosecution was entitled to pursue the theory 

of the defense.

In State v. Heredia,

40 the defendant challenged comments 

made by the prosecutor during cross-examination and closing 

argument about his use of an interpreter not under the Due 

Process Clause, but under the 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments 

to the U.S. Constitution. During cross-examination, the prosecutor asked, “‘You say that you don’t speak English that 

well?’”; “‘You were able to get a social security card, right, 

this one in your wallet?’”; and “‘Are you given any kind of 

a test when you come to court to decide whether or not you 

need an interpreter?’”41 During closing argument, the prosecutor made the following statement: “‘And I’d ask you not 

to be persuaded by his demeanor when he’s on the stand, 

when he leans over and looks, kind of sits down, slouched 

over, looks up at the interpreter and says, “como, como,” like 

he doesn’t know what’s going on.’”42 The Supreme Court 

of Connecticut reasoned that the comments at issue did not 

burden the defendant’s right to an interpreter, but focused on 

the conflict between his demeanor on the stand and the dangerous assailant described by the State’s witnesses. The court 

concluded that there was no violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights.

We have explained that “a distinction exists between arguing that a defense strategy is intended to distract jurors from 

what the evidence shows, which is not misconduct, and arguing that a defense counsel is deceitful, which is misconduct.”43

Similarly, we distinguish between the prosecutor’s statements 

directing the jury toward evidence of the defendant’s proficiency in English relevant to an issue, which is not misconduct, 

and a comment which could be construed as attacking the 

40 State v. Heredia, 253 Conn. 543, 754 A.2d 114 (2000).

41 Id. at 551, 754 A.2d at 120.

42 Id.

43 State v. Dubray, 289 Neb. 208, 227, 854 N.W.2d 584, 605 (2014).
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defendant as being deceitful or manipulative in his need for an 

interpreter in court proceedings.

This does not mean that, in any case in which the 

defendant avails himself of the services of an interpreter, 

the state would be free to focus on that fact in a manner that was irrelevant to the issues in the case, or in a 

manner that unduly casts doubt on the necessity of those 

services.44

We have held that a defendant’s inability to comprehend criminal proceedings or communicate in English at such proceedings 

can result in a violation of the defendant’s due process and 

Sixth Amendment rights.45 Prosecutors should carefully consider this distinction in commenting on language proficiency.

We agree with Mrza that the prosecutor’s “charade . . . to 

garnish . . . sympathy” comment, viewed in isolation, did not 

refer to any issue at trial. A prosecutor must base his or her 

argument on the evidence introduced at trial rather than on 

matters not in evidence.46 But Mrza’s understanding of the 

statements that he made to law enforcement officers was at 

issue. The remainder of the argument, addressing facts pertinent to that understanding, was not improper. Thus, viewing 

the matter through the prism for plain error, we must assess the 

extent of prejudice associated with this isolated statement.

[19,20] Whether prosecutorial misconduct is prejudicial 

depends largely on the context of the trial as a whole.47 In determining whether a prosecutor’s improper conduct prejudiced the 

defendant’s right to a fair trial, an appellate court considers 

the following factors: (1) the degree to which the prosecutor’s 

conduct or remarks tended to mislead or unduly influence 

the jury; (2) whether the conduct or remarks were extensive 

or isolated; (3) whether defense counsel invited the remarks; 

44 Heredia, supra note 40, 253 Conn. at 560, 754 A.2d at 125.

45 State v. Alarcon-Chavez, 295 Neb. 1014, 893 N.W.2d 706 (2017).

46 State v. McSwine, 292 Neb. 565, 873 N.W.2d 405 (2016).

47 Id.
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(4) whether the court provided a curative instruction; and (5) 

the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction.48

First, we turn to the degree to which the prosecutor’s conduct or remarks tended to mislead or unduly influence the 

jury. Viewed in isolation, that comment could be viewed as 

an attempt to unduly influence the jury. Regarding Mrza’s 

interaction with N.W., his defense was not predicated on a 

lack of English proficiency. But his linguistic proficiency did 

bear on the voluntariness of his statements to law enforcement officers.

Second, we turn to whether the conduct or remarks were 

extensive or isolated. As we have observed, the “charade . . . 

to garnish . . . sympathy” comment was isolated. It was brief, 

particularly in the context of the 60-minute closing argument. 

During rebuttal argument, the State briefly discussed Mrza’s 

comprehension but only in the context of whether he understood English when interviewed by law enforcement.

Third, we turn to whether defense counsel invited the 

remarks. Here, we focus specifically on the “charade . . . to 

garnish . . . sympathy” comment. We cannot say that defense 

counsel invited this particular comment; to the contrary, it 

seemed to have been a longstanding concern of the prosecutor.

Fourth, we look to whether the court gave any curative 

instruction. Mrza did not object to the comments and, accordingly, did not request a curative instruction or a mistrial. The 

court instructed the jury that comments of attorneys are not 

evidence and that their decision must be based solely on the 

evidence. Moreover, instruction No. 10 instructed the jury that 

in assessing the voluntariness of Mrza’s statements, it must 

consider whether Mrza understood what he said.

Finally, we turn to the strength of the evidence supporting 

Mrza’s conviction. The evidence ultimately presented a classic 

“she said, he said” situation. In that situation, Mrza’s statements to law enforcement officers were important to the State’s 

48 Id.
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case. Thus, his understanding of those statements was essential to the jury’s reliance on his statements. But because the 

strength of the State’s case highly depended upon a comparison 

of Mrza’s credibility to that of N.W., even an isolated comment 

had the potential for unfair prejudice.

After considering the above factors in the context of a 

review for plain error, we conclude that the isolated comment 

did not clearly demonstrate prejudice. Therefore, we do not 

find plain error in the prosecutor’s closing argument.

3. Sufficiency of E

Mrza argues that the evidence was insufficient to support 

his conviction. We disagree.

(a) Additional Facts

We recite these facts in the light most favorable to the State. 

On the evening of November 12, 2016, N.W. sent a message 

via Snapchat asking Mrza to go to dinner with her. They met 

at 11:30 p.m. at a restaurant on North 27th Street in Lincoln. 

Around 1 a.m., they finished their meals, but N.W. did not 

want to go home and suggested that they “cruise O Street.” 

Mrza agreed and offered to drive.

Upon entering Mrza’s vehicle, Mrza hugged N.W. with both 

hands on her mid-back. Mrza began kissing her neck. Mrza 

pulled down the collar of N.W.’s T-shirt to expose her breast 

and began kissing her breast. Mrza asked if she liked it, and 

she responded, “‘Yes.’” Mrza began rubbing her vagina on the 

outside of her pants. Again, he asked if it felt good and she 

said, “‘Yes.’”

Mrza moved his hand underneath her pants. She stated that 

she “wasn’t okay with that” and told him, “‘Stop. I don’t want 

to do this.’” Mrza digitally penetrated N.W. N.W. stated that 

Mrza was “getting frustrated” with her and was forcefully putting his fingers in and out of her vagina. Mrza removed his 

fingers and aggressively kissed her on the mouth.

Mrza unbuttoned his pants and “pulled out his penis.” Mrza 

grabbed the back of N.W.’s head, pulled it down to his penis, 
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and inserted his penis in her mouth. He forced her head up and 

down on his penis. N.W. turned her head and told him, “‘Stop. 

I don’t want to do this.’” N.W. pulled her head away.

Mrza tried to digitally penetrate N.W.’s vagina again, but 

she stopped him. He then pulled her pants down to her midthigh and attempted to perform oral sex on her. She remembered telling him multiple times to stop and that she did not 

want to do this.

N.W. attempted to open the vehicle door, and Mrza grabbed 

her shoulder, pulled her into the car, and shut and locked the 

doors. N.W. recalled that Mrza told her to get in the back seat 

and that “he wanted to fuck me.” She unlocked the door and 

ran to her car.

A few hours later, N.W. met a friend to tell him about the 

incident and he called the police. A police officer responded 

to the call and briefly interviewed N.W. before advising her 

to go to the hospital for an examination. N.W. went to a hospital with her mother for a sexual assault nurse examination. 

At the hospital, N.W. gave a detailed statement of the events 

to the examining nurse and a police sergeant. These statements are nearly identical to the events to which she testified 

to at trial.

(b) Standard of Review

[21] In reviewing a criminal conviction for a sufficiency 

of the evidence claim, whether the evidence is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the same: 

An appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, 

pass on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; 

such matters are for the finder of fact. The relevant question 

for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier 

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt.49

49 Smith, supra note 5.
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(c) Analysis

Mrza argues that although Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2028 

(Reissue 2016) states, “The testimony of a person who is a 

victim of a sexual assault . . . shall not require corroboration,” 

in this case, the victim’s statement lacked corroboration and 

therefore was insufficient to find Mrza guilty. Mrza contends 

that N.W.’s inconsistent statements to the police officer, the 

nurse, and the police sergeant about when she did and did not 

consent made her testimony not credible and did not provide 

sufficient evidence for the jury to find Mrza guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt.

[22] The State was not required to corroborate N.W.’s 

testimony. Since 1989, the State has not been required to 

corroborate a victim’s testimony in cases of first degree 

sexual assault; if believed by the finder of fact, the victim’s 

testimony alone is sufficient.50 Therefore, if the jury believed 

N.W., her testimony alone was sufficient. After viewing the 

facts in the light most favorable to the prosecution and without passing on the credibility of witnesses, there was sufficient evidence for any rational trier of fact to find Mrza guilty 

beyond a reasonable doubt.

4. Excessive Se

Mrza argues that the district court imposed an excessive 

sentence.

(a) Standard of Review

[23] An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed 

within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion by the 

trial court.51

(b) Analysis

Mrza argues that the district court abused its discretion by 

imposing an excessive sentence of 8 to 15 years’ imprisonment, 

50 See State v. Davis, 277 Neb. 161, 762 N.W.2d 287 (2009).

51 Id.
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rather than a probationary sentence. Mrza contends that his 

crime did not cause or threaten serious harm, he had no prior 

criminal or delinquent history, he has a close and positive family support system, and he was engaged in supporting his local 

ethnic community. He does not dispute that the sentence was 

within the statutory limits.

We have recited the principles of law governing such claims 

so many times that we see no point in doing so again here.52

Simply put, there was no abuse of discretion in the sentence 

imposed by the district court.

5. Remaining Ineffective A

of Counsel Claim

We have already disposed of Mrza’s assignment of ineffective assistance of trial counsel regarding the Snapchat evidence. Three claims remain: the failure to move for a mistrial 

during the prosecutor’s closing argument and the two claims 

set forth in the second paragraph of the assignments of error 

section (the latter of those two having been synthesized in the 

fourth paragraph of that section). We have already recited the 

standard of review and basic principles of law applicable to 

such claims.

We recognize his ineffectiveness assignment regarding the 

prosecutor’s closing argument referred by paragraph number 

to the assignment of excessive sentence. But Mrza’s argument 

in his brief made clear that he meant to refer to the prosecutorial misconduct assignment, and it is equally clear that the 

mistaken numerical reference was an inadvertent typographical error.

Mrza asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective when he 

failed to move for a mistrial following inflammatory statements made by the prosecutor during closing argument. We 

agree that Mrza has sufficiently described the deficiency in 

52 See id.
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counsel’s conduct and that the record does show that no such 

motion was made.

But this is not one of the rare instances where a reversal on 

direct appeal is appropriate.53 Although Mrza has accurately 

described what was not done, the record does not show why

trial counsel did not move for a mistrial. And we recall that in 

determining whether trial counsel’s performance was deficient, 

there is a strong presumption that counsel acted reasonably. 

Because the undisputed facts in the record cannot conclusively 

determine whether counsel did or did not provide effective 

assistance and whether Mrza was prejudiced by the alleged 

deficient performance,54 the record is not sufficient to address 

the claim on direct review.

In response to Mrza’s remaining claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the State responds that the record is not 

sufficient to address them. We agree.

V. CONCLUSION

We conclude that there is no merit to the assignments of 

error we can reach on direct appeal. Accordingly, we affirm 

Mrza’s conviction and sentence.

Affirmed

53 See, State v. Rocha, 286 Neb. 256, 836 N.W.2d 774 (2013); State v. Faust, 

265 Neb. 845, 660 N.W.2d 844 (2003), overruled on other grounds, State 

v. McCulloch, 274 Neb. 636, 742 N.W.2d 727 (2007).

54 See Smith, supra note 5.