IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

STATE OF ARIZONA

DIVISION TWO

DAMIAN ORLANDO ARANDA, a

single man,

Plaintiff/Appellant,

v.

DIEGO CARDENAS, M.D., and JANE

DOE CARDENAS, husband and wife;

NES ARIZONA INC., an Arizona

corporation; MT. GRAHAM REGIONAL

MEDICAL CENTER, INC., an Arizona

corporation; JOGESWAR RATH, M.D.,

and JANE DOE RATH, husband and

wife; and MEDICAL CENTER OF

EASTERN ARIZONA, P.C., an Arizona

corporation,

Defendants/Appellees.

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2 CA-CV 2006-0178

DEPARTMENT A

O P I N I O N

APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF GRAHAM COUNTY

Cause No. C2005-003

Honorable Douglas Holt, Judge

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Jacoby & Meyers Law Offices

 By Bonnie S. Dombrowski Tucson

Attorneys for Plaintiff/Appellant

JUN -6 2007

FILED BY CLERK

COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION TWO
2

Carolyn Armer Holden and Scott A. Holden

Smith Law Group

 By Christopher J. Smith and Eric J. Thomae

Slutes, Sakrison & Hill, P.C.

 By Tom Slutes

Tempe

Attorneys for Defendants/

Appellees Cardenas

Tucson

Attorneys for Defendant/Appellee

 Mt. Graham Regional Medical

Center, Inc.

Tucson

Attorneys for Defendants/Appellees Rath

and Medical Center of Eastern

Arizona, P.C.

H O W A R D, Presiding Judge.

¶1 In this wrongful death action, appellant Damian Aranda challenges the trial

court’s grant ofsummary judgment in favor of appelleesDiegoCardenas,JogeswarRath, and

Mt. Graham Regional Medical Center (“Mt. Graham”). He argues the trial court erred by

applying the wrong legal standard for determining paternity in wrongful death cases and

imposing the burden of proof on Aranda. He contends the evidence presented was sufficient

to establish that he was the father of the unborn child that died. Finding a genuine issue of

material fact exists regarding Aranda’s paternity, we reverse.

Background

¶2 When reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary judgment,

we view the facts and all reasonable inferences from them in the light most favorable to the
1There does not appear to be any dispute that the unborn baby was a “person” under

A.R.S. § 12-611. See Summerfield v. Superior Court, 144 Ariz. 467, 479, 698 P.2d 712,

724 (1985) (viable, stillborn fetus a “person” under wrongful death statute).

3

nonmoving party. Link v. Pima County, 193 Ariz. 336, ¶ 12, 972 P.2d 669, 673 (App.

1998). In September 2003, Rachel Lopez sought treatment at Mt. Graham and was treated

by Cardenas and Rath. She was pregnant at the time, and ultimately, both she and her

unborn baby died. This action, on behalf of a number of statutory beneficiaries of both

Lopez and the unborn child,1 ensued in January 2005.

¶3 The defendants moved forsummary judgment on Aranda’s claim, arguing that

he was not a statutory beneficiary of the unborn child because he could not prove his

paternity of the child. Aranda argued there was sufficient evidence of his paternity to have

a jury decide the issue. The trial court granted the motion. After denying Aranda’s motion

for reconsideration, the court entered judgment dismissing Aranda’s claim. This appeal

followed.

Application of Paternity Statutes

¶4 Aranda first contends the trial court erred in referring in its ruling to A.R.S.

§§ 25-812 and 25-814 and in requiring deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) tests. Aranda argues

A.R.S. §§ 25-801 through 25-818 (“the paternity statutes”) do not apply to paternity

determinations in wrongful death cases and instead contends the issue should “be decided

under the Arizona Rules ofEvidence.” Cardenas, Rath, and Mt. Graham, on the other hand,

argue that the presumptions and other requirements in the paternity statutes should apply
4

to a paternity dispute in a wrongful death case. We review the trial court’s decision de novo.

See Tritschler v. Allstate Ins. Co., 213 Ariz. 505, ¶ 8, 144 P.3d 519, 523-24 (App. 2006)

(propriety ofsummary judgment reviewed de novo); see also Stein v. Sonus USA, Inc., 214

Ariz. 200, ¶ 3, 150 P.3d 773, 774 (App. 2007) (applicability ofstatute reviewed de novo).

¶5 “In interpreting statutes, our central goal ‘is to ascertain and give effect to the

legislature’s intent.’” Yarbrough v. Montoya-Paez, 214 Ariz. 1, ¶ 12, 147 P.3d 755, 759

(App. 2006), quoting Washburn v. Pima County, 206 Ariz. 571, ¶ 9, 81 P.3d 1030, 1034

(App. 2003). “‘[T]he best and most reliable index of a statute’s meaning is its language and,

when the language is clear and unequivocal, it is determinative of the statute’s

construction.’” City of Sierra Vista v. Dir., Ariz. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality, 195 Ariz. 377,

¶ 10, 988 P.2d 162, 165 (App. 1999), quoting Janson v. Christensen, 167 Ariz. 470, 471,

808 P.2d 1222, 1223 (1991). “When an ambiguity exists, however, we attempt to determine

legislative intent by considering‘the statute’s context,subject matter, historical background,

effects and consequences, and spirit and purpose.’” Hourani v. Benson Hosp., 211 Ariz.

427, ¶ 7, 122 P.3d 6, 10 (App. 2005), quoting Zamora v. Reinstein, 185 Ariz. 272, 275,

915 P.2d 1227, 1230 (1996).

¶6 Wrongful death actions are governed by statute. A.R.S. §§ 12-611 through

12-613 (“the wrongful death statutes”). Section 12-612(A) provides: “An action for

wrongful death shall be brought by and in the name ofthe surviving husband or wife, child,

parent or guardian, or personal representative of the deceased person for and on behalf of
5

the surviving husband or wife, children or parents.” But the wrongful death statutes do not

specify a procedure or standard of proof for proving paternity when the parties dispute it.

¶7 The paternity statutes prescribe the procedure and standards for proving

paternity in a paternity proceeding. Section 25-814 lists four situations in which a man is

presumed to be the father of a child. Those presumptions may only be overcome by clear

and convincing evidence. § 25-814(C). Additionally, § 25-807(C) provides that “[t]he

court, on its own motion or on motion of any party to the proceedings, shall order the

mother, her child or her children and the alleged father to submit to the drawing of blood

samples or the taking of [DNA] probe samples, or both.” If the results of this testing 

indicate that the likelihood of the alleged father’s paternity is

ninety-five percent or greater, the alleged father is presumed to

be the parent of the child and the party opposing the

establishment ofthe alleged father’s paternity shall establish by

clear and convincing evidence that the alleged father is not the

father of the child.

§ 25-807(D). The statutes also provide a method for a man to voluntarily acknowledge

paternity, § 25-812, as well as a default determination of paternity where an alleged father

does not appear or respond or does not submit to genetic testing as ordered. See § 25-813.

¶8 The wrongful death statutes do not mention the paternity statutes or prescribe

a standard or procedure for proving paternity. Neither do the paternity statutes state that

they apply to wrongful death proceedings or even to all cases in which paternity is in

dispute. Based on the statutory language alone, we cannot determine whether the legislature

intended to apply the standards in the paternity statutes to paternity determinations in
6

wrongful death cases. Accordingly, we must look to “‘context, subject matter, historical

background, effects and consequences, and spirit and purpose.’” Hourani, 211 Ariz. 427,

¶ 7, 122 P.3d at 10, quoting Zamora, 185 Ariz. at 275, 915 P.2d at 1230. 

¶9 The context of the statutes provides some initial guidance. The paternity

statutes appear in title 25, chapter 6, article 1. Both chapter 6 and article 1 are entitled

“Maternity and PaternityProceedings.” These titles suggest the legislature intended statutes

contained therein to relate specifically to maternity and paternity proceedings. See Pleak

v. Entrada Prop. Owners’ Ass’n, 205 Ariz. 471, ¶ 7, 73 P.3d 602, 605 (App. 2003)

(“[A]lthough title and section headings of statutes are not law, we may look to them for

guidance.”), aff’d, 207 Ariz. 418, 87 P.3d 831 (2004); Cochise County v. Borowiec, 162

Ariz. 192, 195, 781 P.2d 1379, 1382 (App. 1989) (construction of venue provisions “aided

by a review of the article headings”). And the language of the paternity statutes suggests

they are specific to those proceedings. See, e.g., §§ 25-801 (jurisdiction in maternity and

paternity proceedings); 25-802 (venue in maternity and paternity proceedings); 25-803

(parties who may institute paternity proceedings); 25-806 (procedures for instituting

maternity or paternity proceedings); 25-807(A) (precedence of maternity and paternity

proceedings); 25-809(A) (judgment shall include support obligation). The wrongful death

statutes appear in title 12 and include no reference to the standardsin the paternity statutes.

¶10 In addition to occupying different portions of the code, the wrongful death

statutes and the paternity statutes serve different purposes. In Hurt v. Superior Court, 124
7

Ariz. 45, 601 P.2d 1329 (1979), our supreme court declined to require a separate paternity

proceeding to establish paternity in a wrongful death action. Id. at 48-49, 601 P.2d at 1332-

33. In doing so, it noted that the purpose of the paternity statutes “appear[ed] to be to

provide financial support for the child fromthe natural parent.” Id. at 48, 601 P.2d at 1332;

see also Hall v. Lalli, 194 Ariz. 54, ¶¶ 13-14, 977 P.2d 776, 780-81 (1999) (discussing

child’s and state’sinterestsin paternity determination); Hoyle v. Superior Court, 161 Ariz.

224, 227, 778 P.2d 259, 262 (App. 1989) (“Historically, the purpose of a paternity action

was to prove that the defendant was the child’s father so that he could be required to

contribute to the child’s support.”).

¶11 The purpose ofthe wrongful death statutes, however, isto provide procedures

for compensatingsurvivorsforthe loss ofthe deceased. See Summerfield v. Superior Court,

144 Ariz. 467, 476, 698 P.2d 712, 721 (1985) (“In enacting the wrongful death statute in

1887, and in returning to its terms under the present statute, the legislature explicitly

recognized the legal right of the survivors to be compensated for their loss resulting from

the victim’s death.”); Katz v. Filandro, 153 Ariz. 601, 604, 739 P.2d 822, 825 (App. 1987)

(noting “legislative intent to allow full recovery for survivors”). The different purposes of

the statutes suggest no legislative intent that the paternity statutes apply to paternity

determinations in wrongful death cases.

¶12 We note also that the paternity statutes would not have permitted any of the

defendants in this action to be parties to a paternity proceeding. See § 25-803(A) (listing
8

who may bring paternity action); Hurt, 124 Ariz. at 48, 601 P.2d at 1332 (noting wrongful

death defendant would be “an outsider” in paternity proceeding). Thus, in relying heavily

on the genetic testing requirements of § 25-807, Cardenas is attempting to take advantage

of provisions he could not invoke were this a paternity proceeding. See Antonsen v.

Superior Court, 186 Ariz. 1, 7, 918 P.2d 203, 209 (App. 1996) (“[T]he legislature, by

definitively narrowing the category of who can be a ‘party’ to a paternity proceeding, has

thereby implicitly determined who has ‘good cause’ to request mandatory paternity testing

pursuant to A.R.S. section 12-847(C) [now § 25-807(C)].”). We cannot conclude that the

legislature intended to allow a party who would be a stranger to a paternity proceeding, and

thus unable to request mandatory paternity testing, see Antonsen, 186 Ariz. at 7, 918 P.2d

at 209, to rely on the paternity testing requirement in a wrongful death action where

paternity is at issue. 

¶13 Additionally, the situation in this case demonstrates the practical problems that

would arise from incorporating the requirements of the paternity statutes into the wrongful

death context. Paternity proceedings “may be instituted during the pregnancy of the mother

or after the birth of the child.” § 25-804. Given Aranda’s assertion that both he and Lopez

publicly acknowledged his paternity before Lopez’s death, Aranda would have had no

reason to seek a paternity determination during the pregnancy. And, because Lopez died

before giving birth, Aranda could not have sought a paternity determination after the birth

of the child.
9

¶14 The Texas Supreme Court considered a similar issue and reached a similar

result. In Garza v. Maverick Market, Inc., 768 S.W.2d 273, 274-75 (Tex. 1989), the court

considered whether an illegitimate, posthumous child had standing to file a wrongful death

action for the death of his alleged father. The court held that the child did not have to

comply with statutes in Texas’s Family Code in order to prove paternity. Id. at 275. The

court reasoned as follows:

The two bodies of law are simply too disparate in application

for such combination. The obvious purpose of chapter 13 of

the FamilyCode isto protect the rights of mothers and putative

fathers, and to serve the best interest of the child. The text of

that chaptershowsthat it was neither designed or even intended

to address tort actions; nor was it designed to protect

tortfeasors. The equally obvious purpose of the Wrongful

Death Act, on the other hand, is to provide a means whereby

surviving spouses, children, and parents can recover for the loss

of a family member by wrongful death. Absent any indication

by the legislature that it intended the legitimation provisions of

the Family Code to apply to the Wrongful Death Act, we will

not make that application ourselves.

Id. The court concluded that the determination of paternity in a wrongful death suit is a

factual question to be decided by a fact-finder in each case. Id. at 275-76.

¶15 We find the reasoning of Garza persuasive. As in Texas, our wrongful death

statutes and paternity statutes differ markedly, not only in their language, but in their

respective contexts and purposes. We decline to apply the requirements of the paternity

statutes in a wrongful death proceeding where the legislature has not explicitly done so.

Thus, we necessarily reject the defendants’ argument that, in the absence of a DNA test or
2Because we conclude that the paternity statutes do not govern here, we do not

decide whether the defendants accurately interpret those statutes.

3Cardenas and Mt. Graham contend that Aranda waived this issue by failing to raise

it below. See Schurgin v. AMFAC Elec. Distrib. Corp., 182 Ariz. 187, 190, 894 P.2d 730,

733 (App. 1995) (issuesraised for first time on appeal are waived). But, in Aranda’s motion

for reconsideration, he argued that the defendants had failed to prove he was not the unborn

child’s father. And the transcript of the hearing on the motion for summary judgment

demonstrates that the issue was before the court. In fact, it was Cardenas’s counsel who

stated: “[P]laintiffs’ position now and the position in their response is that it is the

defendants’ responsibility to prove that [Aranda] is not the father ofthisfetus.” We find the

issue was sufficiently raised and is not waived. 

10

other presumption of paternity, Aranda cannot prove his paternity.2 And, although the trial

court only stated that the paternity statutes “provide[d] guidance,” it relied heavily on the

absence of the types of proof acceptable in paternity actions in granting the defendants’

motion and in so doing applied an incorrect standard in deciding the motion for summary

judgment. 

Burden of Proof

¶16 Aranda next argues the trial court erred in imposing upon him the burden of

proving his paternity.3 He contends that lack of capacity to sue is an affirmative defense that

the defendants bear the burden of proving. When reviewing a trial court’s grant of summary

judgment, “we must determine de novo . . . whether the trial court erred in applying the

law.” Bothell v. Two Point Acres, Inc., 192 Ariz. 313, ¶ 8, 965 P.2d 47, 50 (App. 1998);

see also Am. Pepper Supply Co. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 208 Ariz. 307, ¶ 8, 93 P.3d 507, 509

(2004) (the appropriate burden of proof is an issue of law reviewed de novo).
11

¶17 In Hurt v. Superior Court, 124 Ariz. 45, 49, 601 P.2d 1329, 1333 (1979), our

supreme court concluded that a separate paternity action is not necessary to establish

paternity in a wrongful death case. Rather, the trial court can determine paternity “at a

pretrial hearing on the issue of the plaintiff’s capacity to sue properly raised by the

pleadings.” Id. “When a party desires to raise an issue as to . . . the capacity of any party

to sue . . . , the party desiring to raise the issue shall do so by specific negative averment,

which shall include such supporting particulars as are peculiarly within the pleader’s

knowledge.” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 9(a), 16 A.R.S., Pt. 1.

¶18 Although the supreme court in Hurt established the procedure for raising the

issue of paternity in wrongful death cases, it did not state who bore the burden of proving

paternity. Based on the wrongful death statutes and In re Cassidy’s Estate, 77 Ariz. 288,

270 P.2d 1079 (1954), we conclude that Aranda bears the burden of proving his paternity.

¶19 Section 12-612(A), A.R.S., provides: 

An action for wrongful death shall be brought by and in

the name of the surviving husband or wife, child, parent or

guardian, or personal representative of the deceased person for

and on behalf of the surviving husband or wife, children or

parents, or if none of these survive, on behalf of the decedent’s

estate. 

“‘The right of action for wrongful death is purely statutory and the action must be brought

in the names ofthe persons to whom the right is given by statute.’” Knauss v. DND Neffson

Co., 192 Ariz. 192, 199, 963 P.2d 271, 278 (App. 1997), quoting Solomon v. Harman, 107

Ariz. 426, 428, 489 P.2d 236, 238 (1971). In a wrongful death action, damages are awarded
12

to the statutory plaintiffsfor theirrespective damage. A.R.S. § 12-613. The action is subject

to defensesthat the defendant could have raised against the deceased. Gibson v. Boyle, 139

Ariz. 512, 515, 679 P.2d 535, 538 (App. 1983).

¶20 “Generally, when a statute grants a right or benefit, a court looks first to the

statute to determine whether the legislative body has allocated the burden of proving

entitlement to the right or benefit.” Harvest v. Craig, 195 Ariz. 521, ¶ 14, 990 P.2d 1080,

1083 (App. 1999). The language of § 12-612 suggests that proof that the plaintiff is a

statutory plaintiff is an element of the plaintiff’s case, even though the statute does not

specifically allocate the burden of proof. And, “it is generally held that a party seeking a

right or benefit under a statute bears the burden of proving that he comes within the ambit

of the statute.” Harvest, 195 Ariz. 521, ¶ 15, 990 P.2d at 1083. Furthermore, lack of

capacity to sue is not a defense that could have been raised against the decedent. See

Gibson, 139 Ariz. at 515, 679 P.2d at 538. Therefore, the wrongful death statutes support

imposing the burden of proof on the plaintiff. 

¶21 Additionally, the only supreme court case to impose the burden of proving

capacity to sue suggeststhe burden falls on the plaintiff. In Cassidy’s Estate, Ellen Cassidy,

a beneficiary of $4,000 under her brother Joseph Cassidy’s will, later petitioned to revoke

probate of the will, alleging fraud. 77 Ariz. at 290-91, 270 P.2d at 1080-81. On appeal

from dismissal of that action, our supreme court addressed, among other issues, whether

Ellen had capacity to bring the action, given that she had received $4,000 under the will,
13

which contained a clause forfeiting the bequest of anyone challenging the will. Id. at 298,

270 P.2d at 1085-86. Interpreting Rule 9(a), Ariz. R. Civ. P., the court stated: “It . . .

appears that the capacity to sue need not be averred, but when challenged it must be

proved.” 77 Ariz. at 299, 270 P.2d at 1086. The court remanded the case to provide Ellen

the opportunity to return the $4,000, which, the court stated, would permit her to “show[]

her capacity” to proceed. Id.

¶22 Cassidy’s Estate supports the proposition that, although a plaintiff need not

allege the capacity to sue, once the defendant raises the issue, the plaintiff bearsthe burden

of proof. But, in that case, there did not appear to be any factual dispute to resolve: if, on

remand, Ellen returned the money, she would have capacity to proceed. Thus, it is not clear

the supreme court was presented with, analyzed, and decided who bore the burden of

proving capacity on remand as opposed to stating the obvious factual situation. See State

v. Kelly, 210 Ariz. 460, ¶ 5, 112 P.3d 682, 684 (App. 2005) (prior opinion not binding

precedent on issue not squarely presented for decision); Mohave County v. City of

Kingman, 158 Ariz. 172, 176, 761 P.2d 1076, 1080 (App. 1988) (same), aff’d, 160 Ariz.

502, 774 P.2d 806 (1989); cf. Creach v. Angulo, 189 Ariz. 212, 214, 941 P.2d 224, 226

(1997)(supreme court’sstatement in prior case that error was “reversible” was dictumwhere

it would have been sufficient “[t]o have found mere ‘error’”). Nonetheless, we find

Cassidy’s Estate persuasive.
4We note that there is some authority to the contrary, imposing the burden on the

party raising the issue of capacity to sue. See, e.g., Finch v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 469 A.2d

867, 894-95 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1984); Dixie Dinettes, Inc. v. Schaller’s Furniture, Inc.,

335 N.Y.S.2d 632, 635 (Civ. Ct. 1972) (“[W]here the defendant seeks to impugn the

plaintiff’s capacity to sue, the burden of proofis placed upon him to establish such defense

with appropriate proof.”). But this position is inconsistent with our wrongful death statutes,

and we decline to adopt it.

14

¶23 Authority from other jurisdictions and secondary sources lends additional

support. See FDIC v. Main Hurdman, 655 F. Supp. 259, 262 (E.D. Cal. 1987) (although

Rule 9(a) requires defendant to plead capacity to sue, “plaintiff retains the burden of

proof”); Berg v. Bridle Path Homeowners Ass’n, 809 So. 2d 32, 34 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

2002)(requirement that defendant raise issue by specific negative averment “does not relieve

the plaintiff from having to prove every element of its entitlement to a judgment against the

defendant once the defendant makes a specific denial of a particular element ofthe claim”);

Mackey v. Burke, 694 P.2d 1359, 1363 (N.M. Ct. App. 1984) (“Rule 9(a) . . . does not

excuse a plaintiff who lacks capacity; once capacity is challenged, a plaintiff must show

capacity.”), overruled on other grounds by Chavez v. Regents of Univ. of N.M., 711 P.2d

883 (N.M. 1985); see also 2 Daniel J. McAuliffe & Shirley J. Wahl, Arizona Civil Trial

Practice § 10.1, at 211 (2d ed. 2001) (“Once the defense istimely raised, the party claiming

capacity, authority, or legal existence has the burden of proof on that issue.”); 5 Charles

Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1294, at 569 (2d ed.

1990) (“Although Rule 9(a) gives a denial of capacity some ofthe attributes of an affirmative

defense, it should not be so classified.”).4
15

¶24 Furthermore, when allocating the burden of proof, we may consider which

party will usually be best situated to carry it. Cf. State v. Grell, 212 Ariz. 516, ¶ 27, 135

P.3d 696, 702 (2006) (“not inappropriate” to put burden on defendant who has access to

information), cert. denied, ___ S. Ct. ___, 2007 WL 1387958 (May 14, 2007); Ohliger v.

Carondelet St. Mary’s Hosp. & Health Center, 173 Ariz. 597, 598, 845 P.2d 523, 524

(App. 1992) (“The burden of establishing the propriety of the fee must be on the attorney

because he will have the best accessto the information necessary to assist the court.”). Here,

whether the plaintiff is a statutory beneficiary depends on the relationship ofthe plaintiff to

the decedent. The plaintiff should have the best access to the information establishing that

relationship. The defendant, on the other hand, is typically a stranger to the relationship

who has caused the death of the decedent and may not have any knowledge of the

relationship or lack thereof.

¶25 We acknowledge that language in other Arizona cases suggests that the lack

of capacity to sue is an affirmative defense. See Baxter v. Harrison, 83 Ariz. 354, 356, 321

P.2d 1019, 1021 (1958) (“The defense or objection of lack of plaintiffs’ capacity to sue is

waived unless presented either by a motion, or, if no motion is made, in the answer or

reply.”) (emphasis added); Trico Elec. Coop. v. Ralston, 67 Ariz. 358, 368, 196 P.2d 470,

476 (1948) (“If th[e] issue [of capacity to sue] is not raised by motion before the answer is

filed, it must be set forth in the answer as an affirmative defense.”) (emphasis added); see

also Sirek v. Fairfield Snowbowl, Inc., 166 Ariz. 183, 186, 800 P.2d 1291, 1294 (App.
16

1990) (calling capacity to sue issue in Baxter “affirmative defense” in reciting Baxter’s

procedural background); Gonzales v. Ariz. Pub. Serv.Co., 161 Ariz. 84, 88, 775 P.2d 1148,

1152 (App. 1989) (rejecting suggestion that lack of capacity to sue constitutesfailure to state

claim); Ballard v. Lawyers Title of Ariz., 27 Ariz. App. 168, 169-70, 552 P.2d 455, 456-57

(1976); Salinas v. Kahn, 2 Ariz. App. 181, 186, 407 P.2d 120, 125 (1965).

¶26 These cases appear to support Aranda’s position because the party raising an

affirmative defense ordinarily bears the burden of proving it. See Grubb & Ellis Mgmt.

Servs., Inc. v. 407417 B.C., L.L.C., 213 Ariz. 83, ¶ 21, 138 P.3d 1210, 1216 (App. 2006).

But the above cases all involved whether the defendant’s failure to raise the issue resulted

in a waiver of it. None of them addressed the burden of proof. Thus, to the extent language

in those decisions suggests lack of capacity to sue is an affirmative defense, it is dicta. See

Ariz. Corp. Comm’n v. Mountain States Tel. &Tel. Co., 71 Ariz. 404, 412, 228 P.2d 749,

754 (1951) (“dictum” is “language . . . unnecessary to sustain the judgment of the court”).

¶27 More importantly, our decision today is consistent with the results of these

cases. If a defendant fails to raise the issue of capacity to sue, it is waived. Baxter, 83 Ariz.

at 356, 321 P.2d at 1021. And failing to allege capacity to sue does not constitute the

failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Gonzales, 161 Ariz. at 88, 775

P.2d at 1152. Further, the issue can still be determined prior to trial, no matter who bears

the burden of proof. See Hurt, 124 Ariz. at 49, 601 P.2d at 1333 (paternity in wrongful

death case “can be determined at a pretrial hearing on the issue ofthe plaintiff’s capacity to
17

sue”); Salinas, 2 Ariz. App. at 186, 407 P.2d at 125 (capacity to sue “should be raised prior

to trial”).

¶28 Although we acknowledge the authority suggesting lack of capacity to sue is

an affirmative defense, placingthe burden on the plaintiff once the defendant raisesthe issue

is consistent with the wrongful death statutes, the access of the parties to the necessary

information, and dicta in Cassidy’s Estate. Accordingly, we hold that, when the issue is

properly raised, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving the capacity to sue. The trial court

therefore did not err in placing the burden of proof on Aranda.

Genuine Issue of Material Fact

¶29 We now address whether a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding

Aranda’s paternity. Capacity to sue is generally a question of law for the court. See

Gemstar Ltd. v. Ernst & Young, 185 Ariz. 493, 499, 917 P.2d 222, 228 (1996)

(corporation’s capacity to sue question of law). But Aranda’s capacity to sue depends on

whether he is in fact the father of the unborn child. This is a factual question. See Garza

v. Maverick Mkt., Inc., 768 S.W.2d 273, 275-76 (Tex. 1989). Accordingly, if there is a

genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether he is the father, summary judgment was

inappropriate. See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(c), 16 A.R.S., Pt. 2; cf. Kiley v. Jennings, Strouss &

Salmon, 187 Ariz. 136, 140, 927 P.2d 796, 800 (App. 1996) (whether parties were of

unsound mind, which would have tolled statute oflimitations, wasfactual question forjury).
18

We determine de novo whether a genuine issue ofmaterial fact exists. Bothell v. Two Point

Acres, Inc., 192 Ariz. 313, ¶ 8, 965 P.2d 47, 50 (App. 1998).

¶30 Summary judgment is appropriate “ifthe pleadings, deposition[s], answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there

is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment

as a matter oflaw.” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). A trial court should grant summary judgment

where “the facts produced in support of the claim or defense have so little probative value,

given the quantum of evidence required, that reasonable people could not agree with the

conclusion advanced by the proponent of the claim or defense.” Orme Sch. v. Reeves, 166

Ariz. 301, 309, 802 P.2d 1000, 1008 (1990). Although the court must consider the

applicable burden of proof, see id. at 308-09, 802 P.2d at 1007-08, the fact-finder

determines credibility, weighs the evidence, and draws appropriate inferences from the

evidence, Allstate Indemnity Co. v. Ridgely, 214 Ariz. 440, ¶ 19, 153 P.3d 1069, 1073

(App. 2007). 

¶31 Cardenas, Rath, and Mt. Grahampresented the following evidence in support

of their motion for summary judgment: (1) at the time of the unborn child’s conception,

Aranda was married to another woman, with whomhe had fathered two children; (2) he and

Lopez were never married; (3) during questioning by police after being arrested in 2002,

Lopez referred to Aranda as her former boyfriend; (4) a certificate from the Arizona Office

of Vital Records showed there was no death record for a “Baby Lopez-Aranda”; (5) Rath
19

did not have the unborn child tested to see who was its father; and (6) there was no genetic

testing to prove Aranda’s paternity. None of this evidence proves as a matter of law that

Aranda was not the father of the child.

¶32 Aranda presented the following evidence in opposing the motion: (1) an

affidavit of Lopez’s mother, Minnie Lopez, stating that Lopez told family and friends that

Aranda was the father and that Lopez did not date or have intimate relations with anyone

but Aranda “during the period of possible conception”; (2) his deposition, in which he

testified that he was the father and that he and Lopez had been dating, they had lived

together, and he had taken her to the hospital several days before she died; (3) a medical

history signed by Lopez listing Aranda as the child’s father and listing Lopez’s last

menstrual period as March 17, 2003; (4) a portion of Rath’s deposition testimony stating

that a staff member would have put Aranda’s name in the “father” blank on the medical

history based on what Lopez said; (5) a medical history of a prior pregnancy, which ended

in February 2003 in a miscarriage, listing Aranda as the fetus’s father.

¶33 Cardenas and Mt. Graham argue that it is inappropriate to consider the

evidence Aranda presented because it is self-serving, conclusory, and largely based on

hearsay. Rule 56(e), Ariz. R. Civ. P., requires that a party responding to a motion for

summary judgment must, “by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, . . . set forth

specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Affidavits must be “made on

personal knowledge” and “set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence.” Id.
5We are perplexed by Aranda’s failure to avow that he had sexual intercourse with

Lopez during the relevant time period. But it is a reasonable inference from his sworn claims

that he dated and intermittently lived with Lopez and is the father ofthe child. We view all

reasonable inferences in his favor, as the party opposing summary judgment. See Andrews

v. Blake, 205 Ariz. 236, ¶ 12, 69 P.3d 7, 11 (2003). 

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¶34 Aranda’s deposition indicates that, at trial, he would testify he was dating

Lopez, they had lived together for some period of time, and he was the one who took her to

the hospital.5 These facts appear to be based on his personal knowledge, see Rule 602, Ariz.

R. Evid., 17A A.R.S., and, if he testified in court, would present no hearsay problem, see

Rule 801(c), Ariz. R. Evid., 17A A.R.S. (“‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made by

the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth

of the matter asserted.”) (emphasis added). This evidence would be at least marginally

relevant because it tends to prove that Aranda acted as a father would and was involved in

a relationship with Lopez around the time she conceived. See Ariz. R. Evid. 401, 17A

A.R.S. (“‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of

any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less

probable than it would be without the evidence.”). And the fact that his testimony might

be self-serving, which the trial court noted in its ruling, would not, alone, bar it. It would

instead be a matter of credibility for the fact-finder to determine. See Ridgely, 214 Ariz.

440, ¶ 19, 153 P.3d at 1073.
6They do not appear to contend that the medical record itselfisinadmissible hearsay.

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¶35 Cardenas and Mt. Graham also contend Lopez’s statement that Aranda was

the father, contained in a medical history signed byLopez, constitutesinadmissible hearsay.6

Cardenas further contends that the statement lacks foundation because Lopez could not have

known Aranda was the father. Aranda argues the statement falls under several hearsay

exceptions.

¶36 We find one hearsay exception dispositive. Rule 804(b)(4), Ariz. R. Evid.,

17A A.R.S., provides that the following is not hearsay if the declarant is unavailable to

testify:

(A) Astatement concerningthe declarant’s own birth, adoption,

marriage, divorce, legitimacy, relationship by blood, adoption,

or marriage, ancestry, or other similar fact of personal or family

history, even though declarant had no means of acquiring

personal knowledge of the matter stated; or (B) a statement

concerning the foregoing matters, and death also, of another

person, if the declarant was related to the other by blood . . . .

Because Lopez is deceased, she is unavailable to testify. See Ariz. R. Evid. 804(a)(4). And

the statement regarding Aranda’s paternity falls under Rule 804(b)(4) because it concerns

the birth of Lopez’s child. Cf. United States v. Carvalho, 742 F.2d 146, 151 (4th Cir.

1984) (under identical federal rule, “relevant issues” include “details of one’s ancestry”);

People v. Raffaelli, 701 P.2d 881, 884 (Colo. Ct. App. 1985) (under identical Colorado

rule, where baby had died and mother unavailable, “the fact that the baby died, the dates

ofher death and birth, and parentage are admissible under th[e] [family history] exception”).
22

Cardenas’s contention that the statement lacks foundation is inapposite because the rule

expressly provides that such statements are admissible “even though the declarant had no

means of acquiring personal knowledge of the matter stated.” Ariz. R. Evid. 804(b)(4). 

¶37 Similarly, MinnieLopez’s affidavit avowsthat Rachel Lopez told Minnie “and

other family and friends that she was having a baby with . . . Aranda.” These statements

concern the baby’s parentage and, for the reasons discussed above, fall under the family

history hearsay exception in Rule 804(b)(4).

¶38 Viewed in the light most favorable to Aranda, see Link v. Pima County, 193

Ariz. 336, ¶ 12, 972 P.2d 669, 673 (App. 1998), reasonable minds could differ on the issue

of his paternity. Accordingly, a genuine issue of material fact exists, and thus the trial court

erred in granting summary judgment.

Conclusion

¶39 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand

the case for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

____________________________________

JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Presiding Judge

CONCURRING:

____________________________________

GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Judge 
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____________________________________

PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Judge