NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SONG LIN,

Petitioner,

 v.

JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, Attorney

General,

Respondent.

Nos. 12-72136 and 13-72357

Agency No. A099-968-183

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted June 13, 2017

Honolulu, Hawaii

Before: FISHER, PAEZ, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.

Song Lin (“Lin”), a native and citizen of the People’s Republic of China

(“China”), petitions for review of his final order of removal as well as the denial of

his motion to reopen proceedings due to ineffective assistance of counsel. We

FILED

JUL 14 2017

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
grant the petition for review of the motion to reopen, No. 13-72357, and dismiss

the petition for review of the underlying removal order, No. 12-72136. 

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We review the BIA’s

denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion, “although [de novo] review

applies to the BIA’s determination of purely legal questions.” Cano-Merida v.

INS, 311 F.3d 960, 964 (9th Cir. 2002) (alteration in original). 

On April 8, 2013, Lin filed an untimely motion to reopen challenging the

performance of his attorney at his merits hearing as well as the performance of his

second attorney who failed to file a timely motion to reopen. As Lin’s motion to

reopen was untimely, Lin needs to demonstrate that he merits equitable tolling. 

See, e.g., Iturribarria v. INS, 321 F.3d 889, 898 (9th Cir. 2003). To merit equitable

tolling on account of ineffective assistance of counsel, Lin must establish: “(a) that

he was prevented from timely filing his motion due to prior counsel’s

ineffectiveness; (b) that he demonstrated due diligence in discovering counsel’s

fraud or error; and (c) that he complied with the procedural requirements of Matter

of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637 (BIA 1988).” Singh v. Holder, 658 F.3d 879, 884

(9th Cir. 2011). In denying Lin’s motion to reopen as untimely, the BIA did not

address the first two factors, stating only that Lin had met the requirements of

Matter of Lozada. It then turned to the merits of Lin’s motion to reopen. 

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“When considering the merits of a motion to reopen premised on ineffective

assistance of counsel, the BIA asks whether counsel’s performance was deficient,

and whether the alien suffered prejudice.” Singh, 658 F.3d at 885. Here, the BIA

did not address whether Lin’s first attorney at his merits hearing failed to perform

with sufficient competence, but resolved the prejudice prong against him. We

disagree and conclude Lin has demonstrated that he was prejudiced by his first

attorney’s performance in preparing and presenting his case before the immigration

court.

To demonstrate prejudice, a petitioner need only show that “the performance

of counsel was so inadequate that it may have affected the outcome of the

proceedings.” Mohammed v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 785, 793–94 (9th Cir. 2005)

(quoting Ortiz v. INS, 179 F.3d 1148, 1153 (9th Cir. 1999)) (emphasis in original). 

To determine whether Lin suffered prejudice, we “must consider the underlying

merits of the case to come to a tentative conclusion as to whether [Lin’s] claim, if

properly presented, would be viable.” Id. at 794 (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). As a result, Lin need only demonstrate that he “has plausible

grounds for relief . . . not . . . that [h]e would win or lose on any claim, only that

[his] claims merit full consideration by the BIA.” Id. (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted) (emphasis in original). Here, Lin has demonstrated that he has a

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plausible ground for relief, and the BIA abused its discretion in concluding

otherwise.

Lin seeks to reopen his proceeding so that he can apply for asylum based on

his political opinion relating to his resistance to China’s coercive population

measures. We have previously held that individuals who are not personally subject

to forced sterilization or abortion, can nonetheless be granted asylum if they have

demonstrated past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on

account of “‘other resistance’ to a coercive population control program.” Nai Yuan

Jiang v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1086, 1093–94 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Matter of J-S-,

24 I. & N. Dec. 520, 537–38 (U.S. Att’y Gen. 2008)); see also Ming Xin He v.

Holder, 749 F.3d 792, 794 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, by way of the additional

materials submitted in his motion to reopen, Lin has demonstrated a plausible

claim for asylum based on “other resistance.”

In his motion to reopen, Lin submitted a host of materials, including a new

detailed declaration, in support of his claim. Lin’s declaration provided the

following relevant facts: (1) he married his wife in a public ceremony despite

neither he nor his wife being of legal age to do so; (2) he and his wife gave birth to

a daughter earlier than was permitted under Chinese law; (3) he and his wife

decided they wanted another child in violation of China’s policy, and he

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accompanied his wife to a private doctor to have the government-inserted

intrauterine device removed; (4) Lin’s wife contacted her cousin and asked her to

report to government-mandated gynelogical examinations on her behalf to hide the

pregnancy; (5) the cousin reported to several examinations at the family’s request

and pretended to be Lin’s wife; (6) Lin’s wife gave birth to a second child in

violation of China’s family planning laws; (7) Lin’s wife was taken away by

government officials and forcibly sterilized; (8) Lin frantically attempted to locate

his wife after she was taken by government officials; (9) Lin and his wife were

fined for both their early marriage and the birth of both of their children; and (10)

family planning officials threatened to destroy Lin’s father’s home—where Lin

was living—if they failed to pay the fines.

All of the facts presented in Lin’s declaration were corroborated by Lin’s

wife’s declaration, Lin’s father’s declaration, Lin’s mother’s declaration, and Lin’s

wife’s cousin’s declaration.1 Moreover, the trustworthiness of Lin’s narrative is

bolstered by the 2007 and 2011 U.S. Department of State Country Reports on

Human Rights Practices in China that were submitted with Lin’s motion to reopen. 

As a result, Lin has presented sufficient evidence to plausibly establish conduct

1

 All of these declarations were prepared in Chinese, signed by the

declarants, and submitted with accompanying identification. 

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constituting other resistance to China’s coercive population control policies. See

Jiang, 611 F.3d at 1094–95.

To obtain reopening, Lin must also demonstrate that he has a plausible claim

of either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution. See Ling

Huang v. Holder, 744 F.3d 1149, 1152 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, Lin has established a

plausible claim of past persecution on account of his political opinion for

resistance to China’s coercive population control policies.2 The BIA held

otherwise because Lin did “not claim that he was ever detained or physically

harmed.” But, as our precedent makes clear, physical abuse and detention are not

the only conduct that rises to the level of persecution. See, e.g., Kovac v. INS, 407

F.2d 102, 105–07 (9th Cir. 1969) (physical harm not required for a finding of

persecution); Mashiri v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 1112, 1120 (9th Cir. 2004)

(“Persecution may be emotional or psychological, as well as physical.”); Baballah

v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1067, 1076 (9th Cir. 2004) (substantial economic deprivation

that constitutes a threat to life or freedom may constitute persecution). In simply

stating that Lin had not suffered physical abuse or detention, the BIA failed to

2

 As we conclude that Lin has made out a plausible claim of past

persecution, we do not address whether Lin has additionally established a plausible

claim of a well-founded fear of future persecution.

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consider all of the evidence in light of the foregoing precedent that recognizes

persecution even in the absence of detention or physical harm.

Lin’s plausible claim for persecution is based on: (1) his wife’s forced

sterilization; (2) the multiple fines that were levied against him for violating

China’s policies;3(3) Lin and his wife’s forced move back to Fujian Province

because family planning officials had started to come to the compound in which

they lived to question Lin’s boss; (4) threats by family planning officials that they

would destroy his father’s house—the house in which Lin was living—if the fines

were not paid; and (5) Lin’s move to Hunan Province to “temporarily avoid the

harassment of family planning.” As a result, the BIA abused its discretion in

concluding that Lin failed to demonstrate a plausible claim of persecution simply

because he was not detained or physically harmed. See Tadevosyan v. Holder, 743

F.3d 1250, 1252–53 (9th Cir. 2014) (stating abuse of discretion standard).

In denying Lin’s motion to reopen, the BIA abused its discretion. Lin has

made out a plausible claim for relief and thereby adequately demonstrated

prejudice. Accordingly, we grant the petition for review in No. 13-72357, and

remand to the BIA for further proceedings consistent with this memorandum. In

3

 In Jiang, we noted that fines can be “part and parcel of a broader set of

reprisals for [Lin’s] resistance to China’s coercive population control policies.”

611 F.3d at 1096 n.2.

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light of our decision on the motion to reopen, we do not address Lin’s challenges

to the underlying removal order in No. 12-72136. If on remand the BIA again

denies reopening, we direct the BIA to also reissue its underlying removal order to

permit Lin to file a new petition for review raising any challenges to the removal

order as well as the order denying reopening. 

The Petition for Review in No. 13-72357 is GRANTED and REMANDED.

The Petition for Review in No. 12-72136 is DISMISSED.

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