# Patent

## Title
Internally switched multiple range transducers

## Abstract

Systems and methods for an internally switched multiple range transducer are provided. In one embodiment, a method comprises receiving, at a first sensor, a pressure, wherein the first sensor is associated with a first pressure range; measuring, at the first sensor, the pressure to generate a first pressure signal; in response to determining that the first pressure signal is not associated with the first pressure range, activating a second sensor, wherein the second sensor is associated with a second pressure range that is different from the first pressure range; and measuring, at the second sensor, the pressure to generate a second pressure signal.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This Application is a continuation claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/094,569, filed Dec. 2, 2013 and published as U.S. Pat. Pub. No. US20140090477 on Apr. 3, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/196,035, filed Aug. 2, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,596,132, issued on Dec. 3, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/384,821, filed Apr. 9, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,997,143, issued on Aug. 16, 2011, all of which are entitled “INTERNALLY SWITCHED MULTIPLE RANGE TRANSDUCER,” and all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth herein.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to pressure transducers and more particularly to an array of multiple pressure transducers wherein a selected one is switched into operation according to the pressure range being monitored.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As one can ascertain it is often necessary to measure pressure with a high degree of accuracy and across a relatively large pressure range. Typical accuracy is specified as a percent of full scale. Therefore, even when a pressure transducer is manufactured with an extreme accuracy tolerance it may prove to be relatively inaccurate at the lower portion of the pressure range. Also it is often of interest to resolve accurately a relatively small differential pressure coupled to a fairly high line pressure. In both cases it is desirable that multiple sensing elements or multiple transducers, each of which is optimized for a specific portion of the pressure range, be employed. In the prior art, multiple pressures are measured employing multiple pressure transducers. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,401,541, entitled “MULTIPLE PRESSURE SENSING SYSTEM,” issued on Jun. 11, 2002 to Anthony D. Kurtz, an inventor herein, and assigned to Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. In that patent there is shown a plurality of pressure transducers where each can measure a different pressure range and are coupled to a single remote processor. In that particular patent it is a desire to measure multiple pressures by using multiple pressure transducers, but which transducers are exposed to different environments and where the pressure from each transducer is measured during a different interval. In any event, as one can ascertain from the above noted patent, there is shown multiple pressure transducers, switching devices and a microcontroller which controls the switching devices, and selects given sequences to access said transducers. The above noted patent is hereby incorporated in its entirety.
The present invention uses multiple sensing elements and an appropriate switching device to condition the signal, the internal functionality of the transducer would provide a continuous output proportional to the applied pressure over a large pressure range but with significantly enhanced accuracy. It is also understood that the assignee, Kulite, has many patents regarding the design and operation of pressure transducers in all types of environments and in all types of ranges. The present invention thus employs multiple pressure transducers which are selectively switched into operation or selectively utilized according to a different pressure range. Thus, according to the present invention, one would employ multiple sensing elements each of which is optimized for a specific portion of the pressure range and each of which is selected according to that portion of the pressure range being measured.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A plurality of pressure sensors, each responsive to an associated pressure range, wherein each sensor can accommodate a different pressure range to enable accurate pressure measurements over a wide range equal to the sum of said different ranges, means coupled to said plurality of pressure sensors and operative to select any one of said sensors according to the magnitude of an applied pressure, said selected sensor determined by whether said applied pressure is within the desired operating range of said sensor.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an internally switched multiple range transducer, according to this invention
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an alternate embodiment of such a transducer.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of another embodiment of such a transducer.
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a sensor arranged as a Wheatstone bridge configuration.
FIG. 5 is a top-plan view of an integrated circuit which can be employed together with this invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a internally switched multiple range transducer according to this invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of a switched multiple range transducer according to this invention. As ascertained above pressure transducers are designed to operate over various pressure ranges. As also indicated, it would be desirable to measure pressure with a high degree of accuracy, across a relatively large pressure range. Thus, when a transducer is manufactured with an extreme accuracy tolerance it may prove relatively inaccurate at the lower portion of the pressure range. In FIG. 1, there are depicted pressure sensors or transducers 10, 20 and 30. While the number of pressure transducers shown is three, it is indicated that the system can accommodate more. In any event, a pressure range is specified between 0 psi through N psi. As seen, the first pressure transducer designated P.sub.1 10 operates over a range of 0 to X psi. This is a low pressure range and, for example, may be a range of zero (0) to fifteen (15) psi, while the second pressure transducer is designed to be accurate over a range of X to Y psi, where X is fifteen (15) psi and Y may be, for example, one hundred (100) psi or greater. The third pressure transducer, 30, will operate over a range from Y psi to N psi, which for example may be two hundred (200) or three hundred (300) psi and so on.
In order to explain the invention it is shown that the total pressure range is therefore broken up into three (3) ranges, whereby pressure transducer 10 operates to accommodate range one (1), as indicated by module 26, pressure transducer 20 is designed to operate over the range of X to Y or range two (2), as designated by module 27, while pressure transducer 30 is designated to operate over the range of Y to N as designated by module 28. Module 25, designated as a range selector and control module also receives a pressure, and for example, may be a single pressure transducer which produces a voltage output across the entire range. The voltage output from the coarse pressure transducer in range selector 25, determines the range for the applied P. In this manner, the range selector determining the range selects a module as 11, 21 and 31. One of the transducers 10, 20 or 30 operates in that range as determined by module 25. Therefore, if the value of pressure is greater than X than the range selector and controller 25 would select pressure transducer 20 and pressure transducer 20 would be switched via selector 21 to the processing combiner 15 and hence to the output amplifier 16 where a voltage would be provided at the output, indicative of the voltage output of pressure transducer 20. It is also seen, that one can have an analog output voltage via module 16, or one can take the output of amplifier 16 and convert it to a digital signal via the analog to digital converter 17 to produce a digital output. As one can ascertain from FIG. 1, the range selector and control device 25 determines what range the pressure P is in, and then selects a suitable sensor or transducer 10, 20 or 30 for operation in this range.
The pressure sensor, for example, that can be selected as pressure sensor 10 via selector 11, pressure sensor 20 via selector 21 or pressure sensor 30 via selector 31. The selectors can be switches or other devices. The switches can be semiconductor switches and so on. Basically, as one can ascertain from FIG. 1, the multiple pressure sensors as 10, 20 and 30 are each optimized for a specific portion of the pressure range that they operate in. The multiple sensing elements are selected via selectors 11, 21 and 31 which may be switches as controlled by the range selector 25. Thus, the system produces an output over the entire pressure range as from 0 to N psi via output amplifier 16. This produces a reliable and consistent output for a user, whereby each of the separate pressure transducer operates efficiently within a given range and, therefore, selection of one of the transducers for the range produces a continuous high-accurate output.
It is understood that in regard to pressure transducers, one normally employs a diaphragm which can be fabricated from silicon or some other semiconductor or other material. The natural frequency of a diaphragm is important as it is the frequency which the diaphragm is most sensitive or resonates at. It is known that the greater the thickness of the diaphragm the higher the natural frequency, while the greater the area the lower the natural frequency. The natural frequency is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of a diaphragm. Since silicon has a very high stiffness to density ratio, with a modulus essentially equal to that of steel and a density comparable to aluminum, together with the fact that high piezoresistive coefficients of silicon piezoresistors and small size have resulted in transducers with high natural resonant frequencies. In any event, it is known that for accurate low frequency measurements a pressure transducer should employ a relatively large diaphragm which can be of a given thickness. Therefore, pressure transducer 10 would be differently manufactured than pressure transducer 20 or pressure transducer 30.
As will be explained further, a pressure transducer normally is a Wheatstone bridge configuration where each of the bridge resistors are piezoresistive devices. A semiconductor bridge is secured to a silicon or other diaphragm to fabricate a pressure or force transducer such as transducers 10, 20 and 30. Also as indicated above because of the operating range the transducers are different, as for example each transducer 10, 20 and 30 may have a different active area or may be separate transducers having different diaphragm thicknesses as well as different active areas. As seen from FIG. 1, the range selector and control 25 receives pressure P and contains a pressure sensor which operates over an entire range. Depending on the voltage output of the range selector pressure transducer in module 25, the range selector by determining the voltage output, selects one of the transducers 10, 20 or 30 according to the desired range and the selection is done by selectors 11, 21 and 31 which, as indicated above, can be switches. These switches can be semiconductor switches or mechanical switches or any other type of switch. Thus, as seen in FIG. 1, a major aspect of the present invention is to provide multiple sensing elements, or multiple transducers, each of which is optimized for a specific portion of the pressure range to be employed.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown an alternate embodiment of a switched multiple range transducer. As seen in FIG. 2, there is no range selector and control module as 25. There are again, three pressure transducers as shown by example as transducer 40, 41 and 42. Each transducer, as before, is designed to operate over a selected range. For example, pressure transducer 40 operates over the range of zero (0) to X psi while pressure transducer 41 operates over the range of X to Y psi, and transducer 42 operates over the range of Y to Z psi. In any event, it is also shown that pressure transducer, as for example 41 may operate over the range of X.sup.1 to Y. X.sup.1 could be slightly greater than X, or slightly smaller than X, to enable one to build in a pressure delay in regard to operating these switches.
The system of FIG. 2 operates as follows. Each pressure transducer as 40, 41 and 42 is associated with a switch module, as pressure transducer 40 is associated with switch 46, pressure transducer 41 is associated with switch 47 and pressure transducer 42 is associated with switch 48. Each of the switches is associated with a separate reference level, as reference level 43 for switch 46, reference level 44 for switch 47 and reference level 45 for switch 48. First, assume that the pressure is in the range of 0 to X psi. In this range the switch 50 is closed and the output of pressure transducer 40 is applied to an input of a summing amplifier 55. Switch 46 will operate when the voltage from P.sub.1 exceeds a predetermined reference level value. When switch P.sub.1 operates contact 50 opens and contact 51 and contact 52 closes. These contacts are operated by the switch and are shown in schematic form. In any event, switch 47 operates contact 52 so the output of pressure transducer 41, indicative of the range X to Y psi is now provided to an input of the summing amplifier 55. If the pressure rises then switch 47 operates. When switch 47 (P2) operates as controlled by reference level generator 44, contact 52 again opens, while contact 54 and 53 are closed. This now enables the output of pressure transducer 42 to be applied via switch 48 to an input of the output amplifier 55. It is also seen that reference level generator 43 is coupled to reference level generator 44 while reference level generator 44 is coupled to reference level generator 45. In this manner the reference voltages are added together to produce a difference reference level for each of the reference level generators. Because the voltages are coupled via a resistor network, this enables better temperature tracking and so on. Thus, as one can easily see from FIG. 2, if the pressure starts out at a high value then switch 46 operates to open contact 50 and to close contact 51 and 52 if the reference level from generator 44 is within a predetermined value, if not then switch 48 will operate contact 53 and so on. Thus it is seen that during any range depending on the voltage output from the pressure transducers and the reference level generated one of the switches as 46, 47 or 48 will operate, enabling one of the pressure transducers to be coupled to output amplifier 55. Each transducer, as indicated, is indicative of a particular pressure range. It is also seen that the output of amplifier 55 can be coupled to an analog digital converter 56 to produce a digital signal at the output, or can produce a signal indicative of a pressure range of zero (0) to Z psi at the output of the amplifier 55.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown still an alternate embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows three pressure transducers as 61, 61 and 62 each associated and designed to accommodate a given pressure range as indicated above. Each pressure transducer has its output coupled to an analog digital converter as A/D converter 63 for pressure sensor 60, A/D converter 64 for pressure sensor 61, A/D converter 65 for pressure sensor 62. Each pressure sensor as indicated above is associated and accurately designed for a given pressure range. The output from each pressure transducer is converted to a digital signal by the associated A/D converter. These digital signals are applied to a microprocessor 70 at the real time inputs. The microprocessor 70 scans each digital input and determines what the pressure range is. This is easily done, as for example, if the pressure range is ten (10) psi the microprocessor understands that the input from pressure transducer P.sub.1 is the most accurate input and, therefore, processes this input to produce an output. If the microprocessor sees that the pressure exceeds, for example, X psi, but does not exceed Y psi, then it immediately processes and connects the output from pressure transducer 61 to the output lead. If the microprocessor 70 determines that the pressure exceeds Y psi, then it couples the output from pressure sensor or transducer 62 to the microprocessor output. The microprocessor program is a simple program and can make an easy determination. The output of microprocessor goes to a digital analog converter 66 to produce an output signal which is an analog signal over the given voltage range of zero (0) to Z psi, as indicated. It is understood, that while three transducers are shown, one can have more than three. It is also understood that one can have multiple headers, or multiple pressure transducers, in an associated header, where each transducer is optimized for a desired portion of the range or one can utilize a single header with multiple sensors or transducers, each optimized separately.
The fabrication of pressure transducers as indicated above is well known and Kulite Semiconductor Products, the assignee herein, has many such transducers which will operate accordingly. FIG. 3 also shows a temperature unit 67, which sends a digital signal indicative of the system operating temperature to the microprocessor 70. Hence the microprocessor 70 can compensate for temperature operation of each transducer as 60, 61 and 62. This scheme is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,005, entitled “COMPENSATED PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS EMPLOYING DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY,” issued on Mar. 4, 1980 to A. D. Kurtz and assigned to Kulite.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a typical pressure sensor configuration. As indicated, a pressure sensor comprises a Wheatstone bridge, normally having four (4) piezoresistors as 80, 81, 82 and 83. The bridge is biased by a positive voltage and has its output taken as shown. In this manner, as a pressure is applied the piezoresistors vary in resistance to cause the bridge to produce a voltage output proportional to the applied pressure. The applied pressure flexes the diaphragm and hence causes piezoresistors to change resistance. Thus, the sensor as seen produces a given voltage for a given applied pressure. This voltage of course determines the applied pressure and, therefore, any monitoring circuit coupled to the Wheatstone bridge would know or determine what the pressure range is by determining the voltage output from the bridge.
FIG. 5 depicts a top plan view of the semiconductor chip having located thereon three (3) diaphragms designated as 90, 91 and 92. It is shown that each diaphragm, or the active area of each diaphragm, is different. Each of the diaphragms will have the same thickness, but different active areas. Thus, FIG. 5 depicts a single chip multiple range pressure transducer devices, each of which has a silicon substrate having a plurality of simultaneously formed thin regions where the thin regions are the diaphragm regions. Each has the same minimum thickness. A plurality of piezoresistor circuits are formed on the silicon substrate within the active area. Each of the thin regions deflects a different amount upon application of a common pressure thereto. Whereby, when excited, each of the circuits provides an output indicative of the common pressure over a different operating range. This configuration is depicted in great detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,642,594, entitled “SINGLE CHIP MULTIPLE RANGE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER DEVICE,” issued on Nov. 4, 2003 to A. D. Kurtz, an inventor herein, and assigned to Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc., the assignee herein. That patent is incorporated in its entirety within this application. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,276 issued on Mar. 1, 2005, entitled “METHODS OF FABRICATING A SINGLE CHIP MULTIPLE RANGE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER DEVICE,” by A. D. Kurtz and assigned to the assignee herein. As indicated from the above noted patents the semiconductor wafer such as that depicted in FIG. 5 has three sensors each located within an active area as 90, 91 and 92 where each active area is of a different dimension, where each diaphragm has the same thickness and, therefore, each of the diaphragms and the sensors associated with the diaphragms will operate in different pressure ranges. FIG. 5 shows three such diaphragm areas while the above noted patent shows two such diaphragm areas. In any event, it is apparent that two or more diaphragm areas can be employed obtaining the benefits of transducers which can operate over different pressure ranges.
Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown still another embodiment which can be employed. In FIG. 6 there are shown three pressure sensors as 95, 96 and 97. Each pressure sensor is associated with a switch as 110 for pressure sensor 95, 111 for pressure sensor 96 and 112 for pressure sensor 97. As seen each voltage output of the pressure sensors is directed to the input of a comparator. Thus, pressure sensor 95 is coupled to comparator 103, comparator 103 is also coupled to a reference level generator 100. In a similar manner the output of pressure sensor 96 is coupled to the input of comparator 104 which compares the output of sensor 96 with reference level generator 101. The output of pressure sensor 97 is coupled to comparator 105 which is associated with a reference level generator 102. Each comparator can operate the respective switch as 110, 111 and 112. As seen in FIG. 6, switch 110 is normally closed, thus applying bias and operating potential to the bridge 95. If the pressure level is within the range of 0 to X psi then comparator 103 keeps switch 110 closed while switches 111 and 112 are open. Thus, only the output from bridge 95 is directed to the output amplifier 120. If the pressure rises, then the voltage output from the bridge 95 will increase until it exceeds the reference level 100 at which time comparator 103 will open switch 110 and close switch 111. In this manner, the pressure transducer 96 will determine the output as it is the only transducer which receives a voltage. As the pressure rises then reference level generator 100 will cause comparator 104 to operate. When comparator 104 operates it again opens switch 111 and closes switch 112, which enables the pressure sensor 97, or bridge 97, to be connected to the input of the output amplifier 120. It is understood each of the diaphragms may have a stop which will prevent the diaphragm from further deflecting once a maximum deflection is set.
As one can ascertain, the way the circuit operates is that comparator 103 which is coupled to reference level generator 100 is always operated to cause contact 110 to be open because the output of the bridge 95 will always be at a high voltage as the pressure exceeds X psi. The diaphragm associated with bridge 95 will not deflect as it will be stopped at a given pressure and cannot deflect any further. In the same manner, if the pressure exceeds Y psi then comparator 104 continues to operate to keep contact 112 closed and contact 111 open. If the pressure goes down and goes into the range between X to Y psi, then comparator 103 will cause switch 111 to close giving circuit control to bridge 96. Again if the pressure goes down so that it is in the range of 0 to X psi then switch 110 closes, placing sensor 95 in operation and receiving bias. This happens because comparator 103 will be in its quiescent state causing switch 110 to close, placing sensor bridge 95 in operation. The bridge 96 and 97 do not receive operating potential and, therefore, do not affect the output. As the pressure rises beyond X psi then comparator 103 operates to open switch 110 and, therefore, remove bias from bridge 95 and close switch 111 to enable sensor bridge 96 to control the output 120.
A pressure transducer and switch combination which would operate in regard to the diagram in FIG. 6 is depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,610, issued on Apr. 8, 2003 to A. D. Kurtz, et al. and assigned to Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc., the assignee herein. That patent entitled “PRESSURE TRANSDUCER AND SWITCH COMBINATION” shows a piezoresistive bridge coupled to a comparator to produce an output when a pressure exceeds a predetermined threshold. That circuit can be used for the comparators shown in FIG. 6. In any manner it should be clear from the above-noted discussion that one can provide a multiple range transducer by utilizing multiple sensing elements as multiple transducers and an appropriate switching circuit which can be an analog or digital circuit to condition the signal. Thus, each of the multiple sensors or transducers can be designed to accurately accommodate a given pressure range and can be employed to produce an output when the applied pressure is within that range. In this manner, the most accurate and efficient sensor is used for each of the plurality of pressure ranges to be measured, therefore, providing a high degree of accuracy across a relatively large pressure range. It should be apparent to one skilled in the art that there are many alternate ways of accomplishing the above-noted invention, all of which are deemed to be encompassed within the spirit and claims appended hereto.

## Claims

1. A method, comprising:
receiving, at a first sensor and a second sensor, a pressure, wherein the first sensor is associated with a first pressure range and the second sensor is associated with a second pressure range that is different from the first pressure range;
measuring, at the first sensor, the pressure to generate a first pressure signal;
measuring, at the second sensor, the pressure to generate a second pressure signal;
converting the first pressure signal to a first digital signal indicative of the first pressure signal;
converting the second pressure signal to a second digital signal indicative of the second pressure signal;
determining, based on the first digital signal and the second digital signal, whether the received pressure corresponds to the first pressure range or the second pressure range;
responsive to determining that the received pressure corresponds to the first pressure range, selecting the first digital signal for coupling to a digital output; and
responsive to determining that the received pressure corresponds to the second pressure range, selecting the second digital signal for coupling to the digital output.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising converting the digital output to an analog output.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a temperature signal indicative of a temperature associated one or more of the first sensor and the second sensor.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein coupling to the digital output comprises compensating one or more of the first digital signal and the second digital signal based on the received temperature signal.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising outputting the compensated first or second digital signal.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising outputting the selected first or second digital signal.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first pressure range and the second pressure range form a contiguous pressure range.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first sensor and the second sensor is a semiconductor pressure sensor having a diaphragm, and wherein a thickness of the diaphragm of each of the first sensor and the second sensor are about equal.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein responsive to determining that the received pressure corresponds to the first pressure range, selecting only the first digital signal for coupling to a digital output; and wherein responsive to determining that the received pressure corresponds to the second pressure range, selecting only the second digital signal for coupling to the digital output.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein a cross-sectional area of the diaphragm of the first sensor is associated with the first pressure range and a cross-sectional area of the diaphragm of the second sensor is associated with the second pressure range.

11. A system, comprising:
a first pressure sensor associated with a first pressure range and configured to receive and measure a pressure to generate a first pressure signal;
a second pressure sensor associated with a second pressure range that is different from the first pressure range, the second pressure sensor configured to receive and measure the pressure to generate a second pressure signal;
a first analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the first pressure signal to a first digital signal indicative of the first pressure signal;
a second analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the second pressure signal to a second digital signal indicative of the second pressure signal; and
a microprocessor configured to:
receive the first digital signal and the second digital signal;
determine, based on the received first and second digital signals, whether the received pressure corresponds to the first pressure range or the second pressure range;
select, for output, the first digital signal responsive to determining that the received pressure corresponds to the first pressure range; and
select, for output, the second digital signal responsive to determining that the received pressure corresponds to the second pressure range; for coupling to a digital output.

12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a digital-to-analog converter configured to convert an output of the microprocessor to an analog signal.

13. The system of claim 11, further comprising a temperature unit configured to generate a temperature signal indicative of a temperature associated one or more of the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor, and wherein the microprocessor is configured to receive the temperature signal.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the microprocessor is further configured to compensate one or more of the first digital signal and the second digital signal based on the received temperature signal.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the microprocessor is further configured to output the compensated first or second digital signal.

16. The system of claim 11, wherein the microprocessor is further configured to output the selected first or second digital signal.

17. The system of claim 11 wherein the first pressure range and the second pressure range form a contiguous pressure range.

18. The system of claim 11 wherein each of the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor is a semiconductor pressure sensor having a diaphragm.

19. The system of claim 11, wherein a thickness of the diaphragm of each of the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor are about equal, and wherein a cross-sectional area of the diaphragm of the first pressure sensor is associated with the first pressure range and a cross-sectional area of the diaphragm of the second pressure sensor is associated with the second pressure range.

20. The system of claim 11, wherein each of the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor comprise a diaphragm that is part of a piezoresistive array.