NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 22a0324n.06

No. 21-2904

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

SHIMAR JAMAL DEAN THOMPKINS,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

Before: MOORE, STRANCH, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

LARSEN, Circuit Judge. While serving probation under Michigan’s Holmes Youthful 

Trainee Act, Appellant Shimar Thompkins broke into a home and stole six guns. The following 

week, Thompkins posted several videos on Instagram, showing himself brandishing one of the 

stolen guns and trying to sell it. Thompkins pleaded guilty to receipt of a firearm by a person 

under indictment and possession of a stolen firearm. The court sentenced him to concurrent 

sentences of 60 months’ imprisonment for receipt of a firearm and 87 months for possession. 

Thompkins appeals his sentence. Because Thompkins’ arguments lack merit, we AFFIRM.

I.

A.

Thompkins’ troubles began in February 2017 when he and several others burglarized a 

home in Michigan. Because he was 17, state law made Thompkins eligible for a diversion program 

under the Holmes Youthful Trainee Act (HYTA). HYTA permits Michigan courts to assign a 17-

to-24-year-old the status of a “youthful trainee” if he pleads guilty to a criminal offense. 
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Mich. Comp. Laws § 762.11(1). The trainee then serves a term of probation or custody, id.

§ 762.13, and, if he successfully completes the term, the court may dismiss his case without a 

judgment of conviction, id. § 762.14. Thompkins pleaded guilty to home invasion and conspiracy 

and was sentenced to two years’ probation and 180 days’ custody. 

While on probation, Thompkins was arrested and charged with assaulting an officer. He 

again pleaded guilty and was incarcerated for some time before being placed on probation again. 

Unfortunately, Thompkins’ criminal endeavors didn’t end there. While serving probation, 

he ripped a gold necklace from a shopper’s neck at a food market. And when the police arrived, 

he fled. He pleaded guilty to assault with intent to rob while unarmed and to resisting an officer. 

He was again incarcerated and was eventually placed on probation for another two years. 

On February 23, 2020, during this third term of probation, Thompkins and two associates 

broke into another house. They stole six guns. The next week, on March 4, Thompkins posted 

videos on Instagram showing himself brandishing one of the stolen guns and trying to sell it. He 

was arrested, and a federal grand jury indicted him for receipt of a firearm by a person under 

indictment, 18 U.S.C. § 922(n), and possession of a stolen firearm, id. § 922(j). Thompkins 

pleaded guilty to both charges without a plea agreement. While his federal charges were pending, 

a Michigan court revoked his HYTA status. 

B.

At sentencing, the parties disagreed over the application of two sentencing provisions. 

First, the government argued that Thompkins’ base offense level should be 20 because, at the time 

he committed the federal offenses, Thompkins had a previous “conviction” for “a crime of 

violence.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). The district court agreed with the government that 
No. 21-2904, United States v. Thompkins

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Thompkins’ guilty plea, under HYTA, to assault with intent to rob while unarmed qualified as a 

“conviction” for purposes of § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). 

Second, Thompkins objected to a four-level enhancement for “possess[ing] any firearm or 

ammunition in connection with another felony offense.” Id. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). The court denied

Thompkins’ objection, finding that he possessed the stolen pistol during the February 23 burglary, 

which counted as “another felony offense” under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). 

The court calculated a Guidelines range of 77 to 96 months. It sentenced Thompkins to 

concurrent sentences of 60 months’ imprisonment for receipt of a firearm by a person under 

indictment and 87 months for possession of a stolen firearm. Thompkins appeals.

II.

A criminal sentence must be both procedurally and substantively reasonable. United States 

v. Morgan, 687 F.3d 688, 693 (6th Cir. 2012). Thompkins challenges only the procedural 

reasonableness of his sentence. Procedural reasonableness requires, among other things, that the 

court “properly calculate the guidelines range.” United States v. Rayyan, 885 F.3d 436, 440 (6th 

Cir. 2018). We review a claim of procedural unreasonableness for an abuse of discretion, but we 

“review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.” 

United States v. Parrish, 915 F.3d 1043, 1047 (6th Cir. 2019).

A.

Under § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), a defendant receives a base offense level of 20 if he “committed 

any part of the instant offense subsequent to sustaining one felony conviction of . . . a crime of 

violence.” Thompkins argues that his guilty plea to assault with intent to rob while unarmed does 

not count for purposes of this section because, under Michigan law, his assignment to youthful 

trainee status did not become a “conviction” until the court revoked that status. See People v. GR, 
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951 N.W.2d 76, 79 (Mich. Ct. App. 2020). Because the state court did not revoke his youthful 

trainee status until after he committed his federal offenses, Thompkins reasons that he did not 

commit his federal offenses “subsequent to” a “conviction.” 

That argument is foreclosed by our precedent. A “plea of guilty to a[n] . . . offense 

qualifies as a prior conviction for federal sentencing purposes when the defendant is assigned as a 

youthful trainee pursuant to the [H]YTA.” Adams v. United States, 622 F.3d 608, 612 (6th Cir. 

2010); United States v. Neuhard, 770 F. App’x 251, 258 (6th Cir. 2019). Even though a HYTA 

guilty plea “does not result in a formal judgment of guilt,” for liability purposes under state law, it 

still counts as a conviction for purposes of federal sentencing.1 Neuhard, 770 F. App’x at 258. 

This is true even if a state court dismisses HYTA charges without entering a final judgment of 

conviction. See Adams, 622 F.3d at 612; Neuhard, 770 F. App’x at 257. All parties agree that 

Thompkins entered his guilty plea, under HYTA, prior to his federal offenses. So, for purposes of 

§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A)’s sentencing enhancement, he had been convicted of a crime at the time he 

committed his federal offenses. Under our precedent, it makes no difference that his youthful 

trainee status wasn’t revoked until after he committed his federal offenses.

Relatedly, Thompkins argues that the district court violated the law-of-the-case doctrine 

by making two inconsistent findings. First, Thompkins claims that when he pleaded guilty to the 

federal charge of receipt of a firearm by a person under indictment, the district court found that his 

HYTA plea rendered him “under indictment”—i.e., not convicted—for the state offense of assault 

with intent to rob while unarmed; but then, when he was sentenced, the court found that his HYTA 

plea rendered him “convicted” of that same offense for purposes of § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). Thompkins

1 Such a guilty plea counts for Michigan sentencing purposes too. See Mich. Comp. Laws 

§ 777.50(4)(a).
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reasons that the court violated the law-of-the-case doctrine because “he was either under 

indictment for or convicted of unarmed robbery, but not both.” We disagree.

Law-of-the-case doctrine ensures that “the same issue presented a second time in the same 

case in the same court should lead to the same result.” Howe v. City of Akron, 801 F.3d 718, 739 

(6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Sherley v. Sebelius, 689 F.3d 776, 780 (D.C. Cir. 2012)). But here, the 

district court decided two different issues. At the guilty-plea hearing, the district court determined 

that Thompkins’ plea was knowing and voluntary and that there was a “factual basis” sufficient to 

support Thompkins’ plea to being a person “under indictment” for a felony within the meaning of 

18 U.S.C. § 922(n). See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(3). But the issue at sentencing was different. At 

sentencing, the court decided whether Thompkins’ HYTA guilty plea qualified as a “conviction” 

for purposes of the federal sentencing Guidelines. Under our precedents, the answer is “yes,” 

regardless of whether it would count as a “conviction” for purposes of substantive liability under 

18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (criminalizing receipt of a firearm by a person “who has been convicted in any 

court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.”). Because the district 

court decided two distinct questions, law of the case is not implicated.

As a last resort, Thompkins also claims that assault with intent to rob while unarmed is not 

a “crime of violence.” Thompkins may have waived this issue by conceding it at sentencing. The 

judge asked whether counsel agreed “that assault with intent to commit robbery is a crime of 

violence”; counsel replied, “I believe so, Judge, if that’s the prior,” seeming to withdraw the 

argument. Typically, an express withdrawal of an objection to a PSR constitutes a waiver, “forever 

foreclos[ing]” review. United States v. Jackson, 23 F. App’x 254, 255 (6th Cir. 2001). It does

give us pause, however, that defense counsel then remarked that he had “not researched” the issue 

and that “what’s a violent offense can often be tricky.” See United States v. Rodriguez, 544 F. 
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App’x 630, 634 (6th Cir. 2013) (applying plain error where defense counsel “withdrew [an] 

objection without explicitly conceding admissibility”). But at best defense counsel forfeited his 

objection by not presenting the district court with a reasoned argument and “an opportunity to 

correct itself when the problem ar[ose],” so plain error review would apply. See United States v. 

Clancy, 979 F.3d 1135, 1140 (6th Cir. 2020). And under that standard, a “lack of binding caselaw 

that answers the question presented will . . . preclude our finding of plain error.” United States v. 

Al-Maliki, 787 F.3d 784, 794 (6th Cir. 2015); accord United States v. White, 920 F.3d 1109, 1114 

(6th Cir. 2019); United States v. Woodruff, 735 F.3d 445, 450 (6th Cir. 2013). We have not found 

any precedent, nor has Thompkins offered any, holding that assault with intent to rob while 

unarmed under Michigan law is not a “crime of violence.” The district court did not plainly err.

B.

Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) provides for a four-point enhancement if a defendant “used or 

possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense.” The district 

court applied the enhancement, concluding that Thompkins stole and, therefore, “used or 

possessed” the pistol “in connection with another felony offense”—the February 23, 2020,

burglary. In the district court, Thompkins argued that the February 23 burglary could not serve as 

the predicate offense for the enhancement. He argued that he did not participate in the burglary 

but that, even if he had, the enhancement would not apply because United States v. Sanders, 162 

F.3d 396, 400 (6th Cir. 1998), requires a “separation of time” or “a distinction of conduct” 

“between the offense of conviction and the other felony offense.” Thompkins argued that neither 

condition was met in his case because his offense of conviction was nothing but “a continuation 

in the purported ‘other offense’ as it was the identical weapon that was stolen.” The government, 

for its part, argued that post-Sanders commentary issued by the Sentencing Commission should 
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instead control. Application Note 14(B) states that an enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) 

applies to “a defendant who, during the course of a burglary, finds and takes a firearm, even if the 

defendant did not engage in any other conduct with that firearm during the course of the burglary.”

So the government argued that the enhancement applied to Thompkins’ conduct. In the alternative, 

the government argued that the enhancement was also proper under Sanders because “[t]here was 

a separation in time and a distinction in conduct between the Feb 23, 2020 home invasion and 

Thompkins’s March 4, 2020 possession of the firearm.” 

The district court agreed with the government on both points. First, it found by a 

preponderance of the evidence that Thompkins “participated in the February 23, 2020, home 

invasion during which the Llama 1911 .45 caliber pistol was stolen.” So, looking to Application 

Note 14(B), the court deemed the enhancement appropriate because Thompkins “‘[found] and 

[took]’ the .45 caliber pistol” “during the course of a burglary.” In the alternative, the district court 

found the enhancement warranted under Sanders because Thompkins’ “later possession of 

the . . . pistol—on March 4, 2020, when he created the Instagram videos—was both separate in 

time and involved distinct conduct, Sanders, 162 F.3d at 400, in comparison to the burglary and 

the theft of the pistol on February 23, 2020.” 

On appeal in this court, Thompkins takes issue with the district court’s reliance on 

Application Note 14(B), arguing that it is inconsistent with the Guidelines’ text, and therefore not 

entitled to Auer deference under United States v Riccardi, 989 F.3d 476 (6th Cir. 2021), and United 

States v. Havis, 927 F.3d 382 (6th Cir. 2019). See Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461 (1997). We

note that Thompkins made none of these administrative law arguments in the district court, despite 

the government’s express reliance on Application Note 14(B). More importantly, Thompkins’ 

opening brief in this court failed entirely to address the district court’s alternative holding under 
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Sanders. Given that Thompkins advocated for the Sanders test in the district court, the implication 

of his challenge to Application Note 14(B) in this court must be that, if it does not govern, then 

Sanders does. But the district court applied the Sanders test, holding in the alternative that 

Thompkins’ conduct satisfied its “separate time or conduct” rule. If Thompkins thought the district 

court’s application of Sanders was wrong, then he was obliged to present that argument in his 

opening brief on appeal. See United States v. Johnson, 440 F.3d 832, 845–46 (6th Cir. 2006) 

(“[A]n appellant abandons all issues not raised and argued in its initial brief on appeal.” (quoting 

United States v. Still, 102 F.3d 118, 122 n.7 (5th Cir. 1996)). He did not, waiting instead to raise 

the issue in his reply brief. Consequently, Thompkins has forfeited this argument. See United 

States v. Penaloza, 648 F. App’x 508, 521 n. 6 (6th Cir. 2016) (holding that defendant who “raised 

for the first time in his reply brief the argument on which he focused before the district court” had 

forfeited that argument). Therefore, we affirm the district court’s decision on this issue. 

* * *

We AFFIRM.