United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted January 4, 2006

Decided January 5, 2006

Before

Hon. RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge

 Hon. DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

 Hon. ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

No. 05-2300

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

MARK C. RUTHERFORD,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States

District Court for the Eastern

District of Wisconsin

No. 03-CR-224

Lynn Adelman, 

Judge.

O R D E R

Mark Rutherford pleaded guilty to transporting aliens in violation of 8 U.S.C.

§ 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii). The district court sentenced him to 24 months’ imprisonment, to

run concurrently with a four-year, state court sentence he was serving in

Tennessee, and three years’ supervised release. Rutherford filed a notice of appeal,

but his appointed counsel moves to withdraw, asserting that he cannot find a nonfrivolous basis for appeal. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). 

Rutherford was invited to respond to his counsel’s motion, see Cir. R. 51(b), and has

responded. Our review is limited to the potential issues identified in counsel’s brief

and in Rutherford’s submission. See United States v. Tabb, 125 F.3d 583, 584 (7th

Cir. 1997) (per curiam). 

UNPUBLISHED ORDER

Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53
No. 05-2300 Page 2

In September 2002, Rutherford and his brother Steven drove a truck

harboring ten illegal aliens from Tucson, Arizona to Greenfield, Wisconsin. The

brothers were stopped and arrested in Greenfield after a local officer who

encountered them at a gas station became curious about their furtive behavior,

their Arizona license plates, and several persons he saw hiding in the back of the

truck. Charges filed against the Rutherfords were shortly dismissed in anticipation

of their cooperation with immigration authorities in Tucson in busting aliensmuggling rings. Rutherford was told that if his cooperation resulted in “positive

outcomes,” the charges would remain dismissed. As it happened, however,

immigration authorities in Tucson were unable to use him, and approximately a

year later, the United States Attorney in Wisconsin refiled the original charges.

 

Rutherford then moved to dismiss the indictment, claiming that the

government had breached its agreement with him. He also moved to suppress the

evidence seized during the Terry stop of his truck, alleging that Greenfield police

lacked reasonable suspicion that he had committed, or was in the process of

committing, a crime. The district court granted him an evidentiary hearing, but

went on to deny both motions. Rutherford eventually pleaded guilty. Within ten

days, he attempted to withdraw his plea, claiming that he was under “great duress”

when he made it and that he had received ineffective assistance of counsel. The

district court denied his motion to withdraw his plea at sentencing.

Counsel first considers whether Rutherford might challenge the

voluntariness of his plea. He argues that there is no evidence of any defect in the

plea negotiation process, and that any potential defect in negotiations prior to the

plea was waived. See United States v. Villegas, 388 F.3d 317, 322 (7th Cir. 2004)

(noting that “an unconditional guilty plea waives all non-jurisdictional defects

occurring prior to the plea”) (quoting United States v. Elizalde-Adame, 262 F.3d

637, 639 (7th Cir. 2001)). We agree that contesting the validity of the plea would be

frivolous. The district court’s colloquy with Rutherford substantially satisfied the

requirements of Fed. R. Crim. P. 11, and that is our guarantee that the plea was

voluntary. See United States v. Blalock, 321 F.3d 686, 688 (7th Cir. 2003). 

Moreover, any challenge predicated on Rutherford’s contentions that counsel

threatened him with a longer sentence if he did not plead, or promised him a

shorter one if he did, is frivolous because the district court was entitled to rely on

Rutherford’s statements under oath that he had received neither negative nor

positive inducement to plead. See United States v. Stewart, 198 F.3d 984, 987 (7th

Cir. 1999); United States v. Martinez, 169 F.3d 1049, 1054 (7th Cir. 1999) (observing

that we presume the defendant’s statements during a Rule 11 colloquy are true).

 

Counsel also contemplates that Rutherford might wish to argue that the

district court erred in refusing his motion to withdraw his plea. But counsel could

think of no “fair and just reason” to permit him to withdraw. See United States v.
No. 05-2300 Page 3

Carroll, 412 F.3d 787, 792-93 (7th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (noting that actual

innocence of the crime and ineffective assistance of counsel are valid grounds);

United States v. Messino, 55 F.3d 1241, 1248 (7th Cir. 1995) (stating that defendant

“faces an uphill battle” in persuading the court) (citation and quotation omitted). 

And Rutherford himself failed to suggest a reason when his motion was denied at

his sentencing hearing.

Counsel next considers whether Rutherford might argue that his sentence

was unreasonable. But because it is within the recommended guidelines range, it is

presumptively reasonable, see United States v. Paulus, 419 F.3d 693, 700 (7th Cir.

2005); United States v. Mykytiuk, 415 F.3d 606, 608 (7th Cir. 2005), and counsel

suggests no fact that could rebut the presumption. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (listing

factors that must be considered in imposing sentence). Therefore, we agree with

counsel that the argument would be frivolous.

We need not retrace counsel’s third and fourth potential arguments

addressing the motion to suppress and the motion to dismiss because both

arguments are frivolous for a more fundamental reason: they were waived by entry

of the guilty plea. See Villegas, 388 F.3d at 322.

Rutherford advances five arguments of his own in his Cir. R. 51(b) motion. 

These include challenges to the denial of his two pretrial motions; a claim under the

Speedy Trial Act, see 18 U.S.C. § 3161; a claim that the judge coerced his guilty

plea; and a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel. All of these are clearly

frivolous. In light of the preceding discussion, we need say nothing further about

Rutherford’s challenges to the denials of the motion to suppress and the motion to

dismiss. Moreover, we note that his Speedy Trial Act claim is waived because of his

failure to assert his rights under the Act before entering his guilty plea. See United

States v. Morgan, 384 F.3d 439, 442 (7th Cir. 2004). His claim of judicial “coercion”

is frivolous because he points to no word or action of the district court that would

serve as an objective basis for the claim. Furthermore, because he has raised the

issue for the first time on appeal, he must prove his case under the more demanding

plain error standard. See United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 76

(2004); United States v. Lee, 399 F.3d 864, 866 (7th Cir. 2005). 

Finally, Rutherford’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is frivolous

because such claims require that we have a record directed toward examining the

reasons underlying counsel’s choices and strategies. As we have often repeated, it

is generally inappropriate to bring a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on

direct appeal. See Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504-05 (2003); United

States v. Schuh, 289 F.3d 968, 976 (7th Cir. 2002); Martinez, 169 F.3d at 1052. We

are aware that Rutherford has attempted to create a sufficient record by sending us

copies of his correspondence with his lawyers, but even if these materials were
No. 05-2300 Page 4

adequate, we would be unable to consider them since a number of them were never

presented to the district court. See Elizalde-Adame, 262 F.3d at 640. 

Accordingly, we GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw and order that the

appeal be DISMISSED.