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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

DEAH CHARLES, Personal Representative of the 

ESTATE OF RYAN CHARLES 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

UNPUBLISHED 

January 12, 2016 

v No. 323538 

Monroe Circuit Court 

SPARTAN STEEL COATING, LLC, LC No. 13-035216-NO 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

ON REMAND 

Before: TALBOT, C.J., and CAVANAGH and K. F. KELLY, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 This case is before us on remand from our Supreme Court for consideration as on leave 

granted1 the trial court’s order denying defendant’s motion for summary disposition in this action 

alleging a claim under MCL 418.131(1), the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy 

provision of the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act (WDCA), MCL 418.101 et seq. We 

reverse and remand for entry of a judgment in defendant’s favor. 

 On October 24, 2011, plaintiff’s decedent became trapped and was crushed while he was 

making a belt adjustment on a belt wrapper at the exit end of a steel recoiler machine at 

defendant’s facility where he worked. In her complaint, plaintiff alleged that on the day of this 

fatal accident, her decedent was asked to make a belt adjustment to this machine. Plaintiff’s 

decedent notified the exit end machine operator that he was going to make the adjustment and 

“pulled the plug on the machinery to disable it.” At some point the exit end machine operator 

believed plaintiff’s decedent was done and pressed the “auto prep” button which activated the 

machinery. When the machinery cycled, plaintiff’s decedent became trapped and was crushed. 

Plaintiff alleged that the plug her decedent pulled before beginning to work on the machinery 

only caused a partial lockout—not a complete lockout. Plaintiff also alleged that defendant 

knew or should have known that only partial lockouts occurred when such plug was pulled, 

which was extremely dangerous and made serious injury and/or death “certain to occur” as 

 

1 Charles v Spartan Steel Coating, LLC, 497 Mich 974; 859 NW2d 710 (2015). 
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contemplated under MCL 418.131(1). In her one-count complaint, plaintiff alleged that 

defendant had actual knowledge that the machinery was not completely shut down during a belt 

adjustment and, thus, knew that an injury was certain to occur but willfully disregarded that 

knowledge. Accordingly, the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy provision of the 

WDCA, MCL 418.131(1), was applicable and permitted this action.

 Eventually defendant filed a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 

2.116(C)(10). Defendant argued that, although plaintiff took the depositions of several of its 

employees and numerous documents had been produced at her request, plaintiff had no evidence 

to support her claim that defendant deliberately acted or failed to act with the purpose of causing 

injury to an employee like her decedent. The particular process of adjusting the belt at issue in 

this case had been used for years, including by plaintiff’s decedent, and there was no evidence 

that any injury ever occurred. Plaintiff simply had neither direct nor circumstantial evidence 

establishing the requisite intent to injure. Accordingly, the WDCA provided the exclusive 

remedy for plaintiff’s decedent’s death and prevented this action. 

 Plaintiff responded to defendant’s motion for summary disposition, arguing that the belt 

wrapper had been “malfunctioning for years” and required manual belt adjustments 4-5 times a 

shift; thus, defendant created a “continuously dangerous work environment.” And defendant’s 

“safety” protocol was to pull a plug, but that did not de-energize the entire piece of machinery 

during this necessary maintenance, i.e., the manual belt adjustments. In fact, Neil Bruss, 

defendant’s operations manager, and Chris Shuff, defendant’s maintenance manager, testified 

that the belt had not been tracking properly for a long time and there was no documentation to 

indicate that this problem was being corrected. Accordingly, plaintiff argued, defendant 

subjected her decedent to a “continually dangerous operative condition” as explained in Travis v 

Dreis & Krump Mfg Co, 453 Mich 149, 178; 551 NW2d 132 (1996), Johnson v Detroit Edison 

Co, 288 Mich App 688, 698; 795 NW2d 161 (2010), and Fries v Mavrick Metal Stamping, Inc, 

285 Mich App 706, 716-717; 777 NW2d 205 (2009). That is, defendant knew the belt wrapper 

was continually mis-tracking, yet the proper safety protocol was not in place and employees 

were forced to manually adjust the belt wrapper which subjected them to a risk of injury and 

death on a daily basis. Thus, plaintiff argued, defendant’s motion for summary disposition 

should be denied. 

 Defendant replied to plaintiff’s responsive brief, arguing that plaintiff’s reliance on the 

“continuously operative dangerous condition” was misplaced. For that doctrine to apply, the 

employer must know that a condition exists that will in fact cause injury—either because injury 

had already occurred or because there was a near-miss—yet the employer did not inform its 

employee about the condition or protect the employee from confronting the condition. But here, 

plaintiff’s decedent had performed the same belt adjustment daily for about two years before the 

accident and there was no evidence of any injury occurring or of any near-misses occurring. 

“While the belt had to be adjusted a couple of times a shift, the testimony was there was a 

specific procedure to be followed and that procedure was safe and had been performed for years 

without incident.” Thus, plaintiff had no evidence proving that defendant had actual knowledge 

that an injury was certain to occur and cannot establish her intentional tort claim. Accordingly, 

defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 
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 Following oral arguments, the trial court denied defendant’s motion for summary 

disposition. The trial court held that, according to the deposition testimony, there was a 

continuous problem with the belt wrapper not tracking right and, while defendant had talked to 

the manufacturer about the problem, the problem was not corrected. Defendant’s managerial 

employees knew about this dangerous problem and such knowledge could be imputed to 

defendant. The trial court concluded that a genuine issue of material fact existed which 

precluded summary disposition in defendant’s favor. 

 Defendant filed an application for leave to appeal from the trial court’s order denying its 

motion for summary disposition, which this Court denied. Charles v Spartan Steel Coating, 

LLC, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 17, 2015 (Docket No. 

323538). Thereafter, defendant filed an application for leave to appeal to our Supreme Court 

and, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, the Court remanded this case to us for consideration as 

on leave granted. Charles v Spartan Steel Coating, LLC, 497 Mich 974; 859 NW2d 710 (2015). 

The trial court proceedings were also stayed. Id. 

 Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it denied its motion for summary 

disposition because plaintiff had no evidence to support her claim that the intentional tort 

exception to the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA applied in this case. We agree. 

 This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s decision on a motion for summary 

disposition. Pugh v Zefi, 294 Mich App 393, 395; 812 NW2d 789 (2011). “A motion for 

summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint.” 

Huron Mountain Club v Marquette Co Rd Comm, 303 Mich App 312, 321; 845 NW2d 523 

(2013). Summary disposition is proper under MCR 2.116(C)(10) where, even considering the 

evidence submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the opposing party, no genuine 

issue of any material fact was established and, thus, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).

 An employee’s remedy against an employer for a personal injury is exclusively provided 

by the WDCA with one exception—a claim alleging an intentional tort. MCL 418.131(1). As 

explained by our Supreme Court in Travis, 453 Mich at 188: 

[T]he issue whether the facts alleged by plaintiff are sufficient to constitute an 

intentional tort is a question of law for the court, while the issue whether the facts 

are as plaintiff alleges is a jury question. If the latter issue were for the court, all 

jury trials in this type of case would have been eliminated, and we find that this 

was not the intention of the Legislature. [Quoting McNees v Cedar Springs

Stamping Co, 184 Mich App 101, 104; 457 NW2d 68 (1990).] 

The intentional tort exception, MCL 418.131(1), provides: 

 An intentional tort shall exist only when an employee is injured as a result 

of a deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically intended an 

injury. An employer shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the employer 

had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded 
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that knowledge. The issue of whether an act was an intentional tort shall be a 

question of law for the court. 

 In Travis, 453 Mich at 172, our Supreme Court explained the first sentence of MCL 

418.131(1) as follows: “[T]o state a claim against an employer for an intentional tort, the 

employer must deliberately act or fail to act with the purpose of inflicting an injury upon the 

employee.” There must be a specific intent to injure. Id. The Travis Court held that the second 

sentence of MCL 418.131(1) “will be employed when there is no direct evidence of intent to 

injure, and intent must be proved with circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 173. That is, the second 

sentence “is a substitute means of proving the intent to injure element of the first sentence.” Id. 

 In that regard, the Travis Court noted that “actual knowledge” is not constructive, implied 

or imputed knowledge, and it is not sufficient to allege that an “employer should have known, or 

had reason to believe, that injury was certain to occur.” Id. Further, that an injury is “certain to 

occur” means that “no doubt exists with regard to whether it will occur.” Id. at 174. With regard 

to this certainty requirement, the Travis Court held: “When an employer subjects an employee to 

a continuously operative dangerous condition that it knows will cause an injury, yet refrains from 

informing the employee about the dangerous condition so that he is unable to take steps to keep 

from being injured, a factfinder may conclude that the employer had knowledge that an injury is 

certain to occur.” Id. at 178. And the term “willfully disregard[s]” was “intended to underscore 

that the employer’s act or failure to act must be more than mere negligence, that is, a failure to 

act to protect a person who might foreseeably be injured from an appreciable risk of harm.” Id. 

at 179. 

 The Travis Court summarized the two sentences of the intentional tort exception as 

follows: “[A]n employer must have made a conscious choice to injure an employee and have 

deliberately acted or failed to act in furtherance of that intent. The second sentence then allows 

the employer’s intent to injure to be inferred if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury 

was certain to occur, under circumstances indicating deliberate disregard of that knowledge. Id. 

at 180; see also Palazzola v Karmazin Products Corp, 223 Mich App 141, 149-150; 565 NW2d 

868 (1997). 

 In this case, defendant argues that “it is not sufficient for a plaintiff to allege that an 

employer knew a big industrial machine had maintenance issues, and claim that requiring 

employees to perform maintenance on big industrial machines will likely lead to injuries over 

time.” And here, defendant argues, plaintiff had no evidence that a conscious choice was made 

to injure plaintiff’s decedent and that defendant deliberately acted in furtherance of that intent. 

 To the contrary, plaintiff argues, defendant subjected its maintenance employees to a 

continuously operative dangerous condition that it knew would cause injury or death and did 

nothing to protect its employees from the condition. Specifically, defendant “required its 

maintenance workers to perform belt-adjustments multiple times per shift while the machinery 

was live, the machinery could not be de-energized by pulling a plug that was ostensibly supposed 

to de-energize the area, and the machinery could be actuated at any time by another employee in 

a remote location.” 
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 First, it appears plaintiff is claiming that the “deliberate act,” under MCL 418.131(1), that 

led to her decedent’s fatal injuries was defendant’s failure to remedy the dangerous condition of 

exposing its employees like plaintiff’s decedent to energized machinery associated with the steel 

recoiling process during the performance of frequent and necessary maintenance. That is, 

defendant neither fixed the belt wrapper nor implemented a complete lockout procedure. 

 Second, it appears that plaintiff is arguing that, while there is no direct evidence that 

defendant “specifically intended an injury,” MCL 418.131(1), circumstantial evidence 

establishes a specific intent to injure. See Travis, 453 Mich at 173. In other words, defendant 

“had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that 

knowledge.” Id. at 172, quoting MCL 418.131(1). It appears clear from the deposition 

testimony that defendant’s supervisory employees had “actual knowledge” that the belt wrapper 

required frequent manual belt adjustments and not all of the machinery associated with the belt 

wrapper was completely locked-out during this necessary maintenance. However, the evidence 

does not establish that defendant’s supervisory employees had actual knowledge “that an injury 

was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge.” MCL 418.131(1). For an injury 

to be “certain to occur” there must be no doubt that it will occur; it is not enough that an 

employer knew an accident was likely. Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697-698 (citation omitted). 

 In that regard, plaintiff claims that a jury could conclude that defendant knew an injury 

was “certain to occur” because her decedent was forced to confront a “continually operative 

dangerous condition.” That is, plaintiff argues, “every encounter with the belt-wrapper 

inherently carried the potential for an inadvertent and unexpected cycling of the machinery.” 

While it is true that the human error of activating the machinery during the necessary 

maintenance posed a risk of injury, we disagree that it was a “continually operative dangerous 

condition” that satisfies the certainty requirement necessary to infer that defendant had a specific 

intent to injure employees like plaintiff’s decedent. See Travis, 453 Mich at 180. The cases that 

plaintiff relies on in support of her assertion are distinguishable. 

 For example, in Golec v Metal Exch Corp, which was the companion case to Travis, 453 

Mich at 183, the plaintiff’s employer required the plaintiff to continue to load scrap metal into a 

furnace despite knowing that an explosion had occurred earlier the same night, allegedly because 

aerosol cans were in the same scrap pile and because the scrap was wet. Id. at 158, 184-186. 

The plaintiff suffered burn injuries from a second furnace explosion that occurred later that 

night, id. at 158-159, and the Court held that a jury could find that a continually operative 

dangerous condition existed because every load of scrap had the potential to explode. Id. at 186. 

Similarly, in Johnson, 288 Mich App at 690-691, the plaintiffs’ jobs involved emptying hot ash 

and unburned coals from a boiler which was known to have broken ash gates that caused ash to 

build up and then spew or explode onto employees, who routinely sustained burns in varying 

degrees. After noting that the defendant did nothing despite knowing that the boiler was in 

disrepair and causing “dangerous ash spews for at least a year” which had resulted in burn 

injuries, this Court concluded that the jury could find the defendant subjected its employees to a 

continuously operative dangerous condition. Id. at 700-701. Likewise, in Fries, 285 Mich App 

at 717-718, this Court concluded that the jury could find the employer subjected the plaintiff to a 

continually operative dangerous condition because an unguarded stamping press was known to 

cycle on its own when loose clothing interrupted the control buttons’ light signal which, because 
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of how the machine operated, was certain to cause injury to an employee wearing a loose 

garment. 

 In contrast to those cases, here, plaintiff failed to present any evidence from which a jury 

could conclude that the danger presented with regard to the frequent and necessary belt wrapper 

maintenance constituted a “continuously operative dangerous condition.” Plaintiff argues that 

“every encounter with the belt-wrapper inherently carried the potential for an inadvertent and 

unexpected cycling of the machinery.” But unlike in the cases of Golec, Johnson, and Fries, 

here, there was no history of inadvertent activation of the machinery, of injury, or of near-misses 

occurring while a belt was being manually adjusted over the several years that such maintenance 

had been necessary. And even if the machinery was unexpectedly cycled during the belt 

adjustment, plaintiff did not show that an injury would always result. As in Travis, 453 Mich at 

182, plaintiff simply was not required to confront a continuously operating dangerous condition. 

 But even if we held that plaintiff’s decedent was required to confront a “continuously 

operative dangerous condition,” such condition “may form the basis of a claim under the 

intentional tort exception only if the employer knows the condition will cause an injury and 

refrains from informing the employee about it.” Alexander v Demmer Corp, 468 Mich 896; 660 

NW2d 67 (2003). Plaintiff has not established that defendant knew the alleged condition would 

cause injury and yet failed to inform plaintiff’s decedent about it. And while defendant may 

have known that the frequent belt adjustments posed a risk of injury considering that all of the 

associated machinery was not locked-out or rendered non-operational during this maintenance, 

such awareness is insufficient to establish that defendant knew that an injury was “certain to 

occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge.” MCL 418.131(1); see also Travis, 453 Mich at 

179; Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697-698. Therefore, plaintiff failed to establish that defendant 

possessed the specific intent to injure her decedent. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s 

order denying defendant’s motion for summary disposition and remand for entry of a judgment 

in defendant’s favor. 

 Reversed and remanded for entry of a judgment in defendant’s favor. We do not retain 

jurisdiction. 

/s/ Michael J. Talbot 

/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh 

/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly