*District Judge of the Southern District of Texas, sitting by

designation. 

1

REVISED

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 96-41007.

Danny L. RUSSELL, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

PLANO BANK & TRUST, Defendant-Appellee.

Dec. 19, 1997.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of Texas.

Before KING and JONES, Circuit Judges, and WERLEIN,* District

Judge.

KING, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff-appellant Danny L. Russell appeals the district

court's judgment, following a jury trial, in favor of

defendant-appellee Plano Bank & Trust. Russell claims that the

district court's jury instructions contained an incomplete

definition of the term "qualified individual with a disability"

within the meaning of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42

U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213 (1994), which he argues was likely to have

misled the jury. He therefore contends that he is entitled to a

new trial. We affirm the judgment of the district court.

I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff-appellant Danny L. Russell was employed by

defendant-appellee Plano Bank & Trust ("Plano Bank") from August
2

15, 1980, until his termination on October 31, 1993. Both parties

agree that Russell was a valuable employee who received several

promotions during his tenure at Plano Bank. In 1989, Russell

received a promotion to the position of Vice-President and Special

Asset Department Manager, and it is this position that he held at

the time of his termination.

On August 4, 1992, Russell was involved in a motor vehicle

accident that caused him to suffer neck, shoulder, and back

injuries, as well as a "concussion post-late effect, also known as

a brain injury." As a result of the accident, in September 1992

Russell began to experience "complex partial seizures." These

seizures caused Russell to experience symptoms which included

disorientation, muscle twitching in his extremities, blank staring,

sensitivity to sound and light, irritability, and rage. Several

weeks after the accident, Russell experienced one of these seizures

while at work.

As a result of the seizures, Russell sought medical attention,

and he was placed on disability leave while he underwent evaluation

and treatment. During the fall of 1992, Russell began a

rehabilitation program aimed at preparing him to return to work on

a part-time basis. On December 15, 1992, Russell, his wife, and

Dr. Richard Fulbright, Russell's treating neuropsychologist, met

with Jeff Chase, Plano Bank's Executive Vice-President and

Russell's supervisor, to discuss his condition and the possibility

of his return to work. The parties eventually agreed that Russell

could return to his job when he was capable of working for at least
 

1Plano Bank disputes this assertion, claiming that Russell's

physicians never gave him a full release to return to work and that

Plano Bank's policy required such a release before it could allow

him to return. 

3

four hours per day. Russell then enrolled in an intensive

rehabilitation program that focused on teaching him job-related

skills and allowed him to practice working on Plano Bank's own

files.

The rehabilitation program discharged Russell on July 7, 1993,

and he claims that as of that date he was ready and cleared by his

physicians to return to work for at least four hours per day.1 On

July 10, 1993, Russell, along with his wife and his rehabilitation

nurse, met with Chase and another Plano Bank representative. Chase

informed Russell that Plano Bank was planning to eliminate the

Special Assets Department and that he was therefore unsure whether

there was a place for Russell at the bank. On August 5, 1993,

Chase confirmed that he had been unable to find a position for

Russell, and he offered Russell a severance package conditioned on

Russell's signing a release of liability. In August 1993, Plano

Bank disbanded Russell's department. Russell refused to sign the

release that accompanied the severance package, and on October 26,

1993, he received a termination letter from Plano Bank stating that

he was terminated as of October 31, 1993.

On May 19, 1995, Russell filed suit against Plano Bank

claiming that it had violated the Americans with Disabilities Act

("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213 (1994), by failing to reasonably

accommodate him and by ultimately terminating his employment.
4

After a three-day trial, the jury returned a verdict finding that

Russell was not a qualified individual with a disability. The

district court therefore entered a judgment that Russell take

nothing on his claims, and Russell timely appealed.

II. DISCUSSION

A. The Jury Instructions

Russell argues that the district court's jury instruction

contained an erroneous definition of the term "qualified individual

with a disability" within the meaning of the ADA which is likely to

have misled the jury. He therefore argues that he is entitled to

a new trial. At trial, Russell submitted a proposed jury

instruction to the district court which read, in part, as follows:

The term "qualified individual with a disability", as

used in these instructions, means an individual with a

disability who can perform the essential functions of the

employment position at issue, with or without reasonable

accommodation.

The definition that the court ultimately gave to the jury

read, in part, as follows:

The phrase "qualified individual with a disability", as

used in these instructions, means an individual with a

disability who can perform the essential functions of the

employment position which the Plaintiff holds or for which the

Plaintiff has applied.

The next page of the instructions contained an explanation of the

term "essential functions" which included the following statement:

If a disabled employee is not able to perform the

essential functions of his position, with or without

reasonable accommodations, as that term is defined in these

instructions, the employee can lawfully be terminated and the

employer is not required to assign him to alternative

employment.

Two pages later, the jury instructions defined "reasonably
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accommodate" as follows:

The term "reasonably accommodate" means any effective

modification or adjustment to the workplace that makes it

possible for a person with a disability to perform the

essential functions of their employment position or to enjoy

the same benefits and privileges of employment that are

available to any person without a disability.

The Verdict of the Jury included a total of seven

interrogatories. Interrogatory Number 1 read as follows: "Do you

find from a preponderance of the evidence that Danny L. Russell was

a qualified individual with a disability?" Because the jury

responded negatively to this question, they did not reach any of

the other interrogatories.

Russell argues that he was prejudiced by the form of the jury

instructions because the words "with or without reasonable

accommodation" were omitted from the definition of qualified

individual with a disability. He contends that in answering

Interrogatory Number 1, the jury would tend to focus on the

specific definition of qualified individual with a disability and

was therefore likely to ignore the discussion of reasonable

accommodation which appeared in a later part of the jury

instructions. In support of his argument, Russell points to the

ADA's own definition of qualified individual with a disability,

which reads as follows:

The term "qualified individual with a disability" means

an individual with a disability who, with or without

reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions

of the employment position that such individual holds or

desires.

42 U.S.C. § 12111(8) (1994). Russell contends that the reasonable

accommodation requirement is the "heart and soul" of the ADA, and
6

he therefore argues that the district court's failure to mention

reasonable accommodation in its definition of qualified individual

with a disability created ineradicable doubt as to whether the jury

was properly guided in its deliberations.

In response, Plano Bank first argues that because Russell

failed to preserve his objection to the jury instructions, this

court's consideration of his appeal is limited to plain error

review. Second, Plano Bank notes that although Russell cited to §

104A.04 of the treatise Federal Jury Practice and Instructions as

support for his proffered instruction, the language in that book is

exactly the same as the language used by the district court in its

definition of qualified individual with a disability. Finally,

Plano Bank contends that there was no reasonable accommodation that

would have permitted Russell to fulfill the essential functions of

his job because (1) the accommodations that Russell requested were

not reasonable, and (2) even if the requested accommodations were

implemented, Russell was still not qualified for the position he

sought due to his mental limitations.

B. Standard of Review

Where a party argues on appeal that the district court erred

in refusing to give a proffered jury instruction, that party must

"show as a threshold matter that the proposed instruction correctly

stated the law." Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Mijalis, 15 F.3d

1314, 1318 (5th Cir.1994). As Russell's proffered instruction

tracked the language of the ADA, there is no question that it was

a correct statement of the law.
7

Once that threshold is met, we generally apply a two-part

test in considering a challenge to the district court's jury

instructions. The party challenging the instructions must first

"demonstrate that the charge as a whole creates "substantial and

ineradicable doubt whether the jury has been properly guided in its

deliberations.' " Id. (quoting Bender v. Brumley, 1 F.3d 271, 276

(5th Cir.1993)). Second, even where a jury instruction was

erroneous, "we will not reverse if we determine, based upon the

entire record, that the challenged instruction could not have

affected the outcome of the case." Id. Moreover, in determining

whether the instruction was erroneous, we accord substantial

deference to the decisions of the district court. Id. at 1319.

A prerequisite to our review of the instructions in this

manner, however, is that the objection must have been brought to

the attention of the district court at trial. 9A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT,

ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2553 (2d ed. 1995) ("In the

absence of a properly specific objection under Rule 51 made before

the jury retires, a party ordinarily cannot claim on appeal that

the trial court erred in the giving of an erroneous instruction or

the failure to give a requested instruction." (footnotes omitted)).

In order to raise the issue before the district court in the

proper manner, the complaining party must comply with Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 51, which states that "[n]o party may assign as

error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless that

party objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its

verdict, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds
8

of the objection." FED.R.CIV.P. 51. In the instant case, Russell

submitted a proposed jury instruction that the district court

rejected. A party may not satisfy the requirements of Rule 51 by

merely submitting to the court a proposed instruction that differs

from the instruction ultimately given to the jury. See Kelly v.

Boeing Petroleum Servs., Inc., 61 F.3d 350, 361 (5th Cir.1995).

Moreover, "parties are not entitled to have the jury instructed in

the precise language or form they suggest." Wilson v. Zapata OffShore Co., 939 F.2d 260, 270 (5th Cir.1991).

In addition to submitting his own instructions, however,

Russell's attorney objected to the district court's instructions,

stating "can we just have an objection that to the extent that the

Plaintiff's requested instructions were not given, we would object

on that ground." The court responded, "[t]he objections will be

overruled. And the Court will state for the record to the extent

the requested instructions of the Plaintiff are not substantially

covered—given in the Court's charge, they are refused." In

addition, Russell's attorney specifically objected to a portion of

the instructions dealing with good faith and undue hardship, but he

made no specific reference to the omission of the words "with or

without reasonable accommodation" from the definition of qualified

individual with a disability.

We have repeatedly held that a general objection to the

district court's jury instructions is insufficient to satisfy Rule

51. See, e.g., Bolton v. Tesoro Petroleum Corp., 871 F.2d 1266,

1272 (5th Cir.1989) (finding appellants' objection "to the extent
9

any charge [they] requested was not given by the Court" to be

insufficient to "inform the trial court of a perceived problem");

Tandy Brands, Inc. v. Harper, 760 F.2d 648, 654 (5th Cir.1985)

(finding that appellant's purported objection did "not satisfy Rule

51's requirement that a party state "distinctly the matter to which

he objects and the grounds of his objection' " and was not "

"sufficiently specific to bring into focus the precise nature of

the alleged error' " (quoting Delancey v. Motichek Towing Serv.,

Inc., 427 F.2d 897, 900 (5th Cir.1970))); Williams v. Hoyt, 556

F.2d 1336, 1340 (5th Cir.1977) ("The sweeping generalization that

the court's charge to the jury was "fundamentally wrong' and "not

a fair statement of the law' does not require extended discussion.

Appellants failed to object to the court's instructions.").

Russell's objection was not specific enough to apprise the district

court of his particular problem with the challenged instruction,

and it therefore failed to satisfy the requirements of Rule 51.

 A party may be excused from the requirement of making a

specific objection only where "the party's position previously has

been made clear to the trial judge and it is plain that a further

objection would be unavailing." 9A WRIGHT ET AL., supra, § 2553.

"Only when the appellate court is sure that the trial court was

adequately informed as to a litigant's contentions may the

appellate court reverse on the basis of jury instructions to which

there was no formal objection." Industrial Dev. Bd. of the Town of

Section, Alabama v. Fuqua Indus., Inc., 523 F.2d 1226, 1238 (5th

Cir.1975). For example, in Pierce v. Ramsey Winch Co., 753 F.2d
 

2At oral argument and in his Reply Brief, Russell's attorney

claimed that he explained his specific objection to the instruction

at issue to the district court in an off-the-record conference.

Russell relies on the Seventh Circuit's decision in Niehus v.

Liberio, 973 F.2d 526 (7th Cir.1992), to support his argument that

the objection need not be stated in the record so long as the trial

court has been made aware of it. The Niehus court noted that

nothing in the text of Rule 51 requires that the

objection be stated on the record; and the main purpose

of the rule—to give the judge a chance to correct an

error that might require a reversal and new trial—does

not require that the objection be recorded.

Id. at 529 (citations omitted).

Russell's reliance on Niehus is misplaced. In Niehus,

the court based its decision, at least in part, on the fact

that "[t]he uncontradicted affidavit by the defendants' lawyer

... establishe[d] that there was no violation of Rule 51."

Id. at 530. We do not think that a party's failure to make a

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416 (5th Cir.1985), this court found that the defendant adequately

preserved its objections to the jury instruction by making a

general objection to the court's failure to include its requested

instructions and by including in the record (1) its proposed

instructions that the court had rejected and (2) a memorandum

setting forth its position regarding its proposed instructions.

Id. at 424. In that case, the fact that the objecting party's

specific disagreements with the jury instructions were included in

the record assured us that the trial court was fully aware of the

substance of the objections, and we therefore concluded that the

purpose of Rule 51 had been served. See id. In contrast, in the

instant case, there is no evidence in the record that Russell's

position regarding the omission of the words "with or without

reasonable accommodation" from the paragraph defining qualified

individual with a disability was made clear to the trial judge.2
formal, on-the-record objection or to state clearly the grounds for

their objection, as required by Rule 51, may be remedied by the

submission of an affidavit stating that the objection was made.

Moreover, the holding in Niehus conflicts with the settled law of

this circuit; we have held that

[t]he procedure of holding off-the-record charge

conferences and failing to reflect what transpired is, we

think, in clear violation of the spirit of Fed.R.Civ.P.

51.... Obviously, we cannot consider off-the-record

objections to jury instructions not subsequently made

part of the record....

King v. Ford Motor Co., 597 F.2d 436, 440 n. 3 (5th Cir.1979).

Indeed, this circuit has never approved of off-the-record

objections as a method of satisfying the requirements of Rule

51. Cf. Bolton, 871 F.2d at 1272 (finding that raising an

objection at an informal conference with the trial judge's law

clerk was insufficient to preserve the objection where the

conference was not on the record); Burns v. Travelers Ins.

Co., 344 F.2d 70, 73 (5th Cir.1965) ("If the proper objection

does not appear in the record, then the appellate court need

not consider the alleged error."). Finally, we note that we

are not alone in our strict application of Rule 51; other

circuits enforce the requirement that the specific grounds of

the objection be clear from the record. See, e.g., Dupre v.

Fru-Con Eng'g, Inc., 112 F.3d 329, 334 (8th Cir.1997)

(rejecting Niehus 's reasoning and holding that "to preserve

an argument concerning a jury instruction for appellate

review, a party must state distinctly the matter objected to

and the grounds for the objection on the record"); Coy v.

Simpson Marine Safety Equip., Inc., 787 F.2d 19, 25 (1st

Cir.1985) (reviewing jury instructions only for plain error

where the specific grounds of the objections "were not stated

for the record after delivery of the charge to the jury and no

transcript of a conference held in chambers prior to the

charge is available"). 

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Where the party challenging the district court's instructions

has failed to raise the objection before the district court and his

position has not been made clear to the court in some other manner,

our consideration of the issue is limited to plain error review.

Highlands Ins. Co. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., 27 F.3d 1027,

1031-32 (5th Cir.1994). In order for an appellant to prevail under

this level of scrutiny he must show: "(1) that an error occurred;
12

(2) that the error was plain, which means clear or obvious; (3)

the plain error must affect substantial rights; and (4) not

correcting the error would "seriously affect the fairness,

integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.' " Id. at

1032 (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736, 113 S.Ct.

1770, 1778-79, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993), and holding that " "[t]he

principles and decision enunciated in Olano apply a fortiori in the

civil context' " (quoting Smith v. Gulf Oil Co., 995 F.2d 638, 646

(6th Cir.1993))).

C. Application of the Plain Error Standard to Russell's Claim

As Russell failed to satisfy the requirements of Rule 51, we

review the district court's jury instructions only for plain error.

At the outset, Russell must prove that an error occurred. In

determining whether a particular jury instruction was erroneous, we

consider the jury charge as a whole. Turnage v. General Elec. Co.,

953 F.2d 206, 211-12 (5th Cir.1992) ("An inadequate instruction

merits reversal when "the charge as a whole leaves us with the

substantial and ineradicable doubt whether the jury has been

properly guided in its deliberations'." (quoting Bommarito v.

Penrod Drilling Corp., 929 F.2d 186, 189 (5th Cir.1991))); 9A

WRIGHT, ET AL., supra, § 2558 ("In determining whether the charge is

erroneous, the charge must be considered as a whole by the

appellate court."). Viewed in their entirety, the jury

instructions in this case were not erroneous. Although the words

"with or without reasonable accommodation" were omitted from the

paragraph about which Russell complains, the jury instructions
13

mentioned reasonable accommodation numerous times. Specifically,

the explanation of essential functions included a reference to

reasonable accommodation, and the term "reasonably accommodate" was

explicitly defined shortly thereafter.

Russell claims, however, that the fact that Interrogatory

Number 1 directed the jury to consider only whether Russell was a

qualified individual with a disability means that it is likely that

the jury failed to consider Plano Bank's duty to reasonably

accommodate him because that was not mentioned in the definition of

qualified individual with a disability. We disagree. "Juries are

presumed to follow the instructions of the court." United States

v. Fletcher, 121 F.3d 187, 197 (5th Cir.1997) (citing Zafiro v.

United States, 506 U.S. 534, 540-41, 113 S.Ct. 933, 938-39, 122

L.Ed.2d 317 (1993)). The district court's instructions

specifically admonished the jurors that they were "not to single

out one instruction alone as stating the law, but must consider the

instructions as a whole." Absent any indication that the jury was

confused by or failed to follow the district court's instructions,

we cannot say that the omission of the words "with or without

reasonable accommodation" from the paragraph at issue constituted

error.

Even assuming, however, that it was error for the district

court to omit the language at issue from the definition, the

requirements of plain error are exacting and the plain error

exception is a narrow one that applies only where " "the error is

so fundamental as to result in a miscarriage of justice.' "
14

Johnson v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc., 892 F.2d 422, 424 (5th

Cir.1990) (quoting Sandidge v. Salen Offshore Drilling Co., 764

F.2d 252, 262 (5th Cir.1985)); see also 9A WRIGHT ET AL., supra, §

2558 ("If there is to be a plain error exception to Rule 51 at all,

it should be confined to the exceptional case when the error

seriously has affected the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of the trial court's proceedings."). Moreover, in

considering the requirements of plain error after the Supreme

Court's decision in Olano, we have stated that

Olano 's requirement of an "obvious" error is stringent.

The Court said that "at a minimum" an alleged error must be

"clear under current law." United States v. Frady [456 U.S.

152, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 71 L.Ed.2d 816], an opinion cited by

Olano, required error so clear that "the trial judge and

prosecutor were derelict in countenancing it, even absent the

defendant's timely assistance in detecting it." It is the

unusual case that will present such an error.

Highlands Ins. Co., 27 F.3d at 1032 (footnotes omitted).

Russell has presented no evidence that the alleged error was

"clear under current law." Id. In fact, in his own proposed jury

instructions Russell cited to the very treatise that contains the

pattern jury instruction about which he now complains. See 3 HON.

EDWARD J. DEVITT ET AL., FEDERAL JURY PRACTICE AND INSTRUCTIONS § 104A.04 (4th

ed. Supp.1997). Further, this court has found no cases, in this

circuit or in any other, that criticize the pattern jury

instruction used by the district court to define qualified

individual with a disability. As a result, we cannot conclude that

the district court's error, if any, was clear under current law.

Thus, while in retrospect a definition of qualified individual with

a disability that included the words "with or without reasonable
15

accommodation" may have been preferable, we cannot say that it was

plain error for the district court to fail to include such language

in a particular paragraph of a twenty-seven page jury instruction

which fully explained reasonable accommodation in later paragraphs

and admonished the jury to consider the instructions as a whole in

deciding on a verdict.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the

district court.