`[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 243 (Wednesday, December 18, 2024)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 103202-103335]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-29353]



[[Page 103201]]

Vol. 89

Wednesday,

No. 243

December 18, 2024

Part III





Department of Homeland Security





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





8 CFR Parts 214 and 274a





Modernizing H-2 Program Requirements, Oversight, and Worker 
Protections; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 89 , No. 243 / Wednesday, December 18, 2024 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 103202]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

8 CFR Parts 214 and 274a

[CIS No. 2740-23; DHS Docket No. USCIS-2023-0012]
RIN 1615-AC76


Modernizing H-2 Program Requirements, Oversight, and Worker 
Protections

AGENCY: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of 
Homeland Security (DHS).

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is amending its 
regulations affecting temporary agricultural (H-2A) and temporary 
nonagricultural (H-2B) nonimmigrant workers (H-2 programs) and their 
employers. This rulemaking is intended to better ensure the integrity 
of the H-2 programs and enhance protections for workers.

DATES:  This final rule is effective January 17, 2025.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Charles L. Nimick, Chief, Business and 
Foreign Workers Division, Office of Policy and Strategy, U.S. 
Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of Homeland Security, 
5900 Capital Gateway Drive, MD, Camp Springs, 20746; telephone (240) 
721-3000. (This is not a toll-free number.) Individuals with hearing or 
speech impairments may access the telephone numbers above via TTY by 
calling the toll-free Federal Information Relay Service at 1-877-889-
5627 (TTY/TDD).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary
    A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action
    B. Legal Authority
    C. Summary of Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action
    D. Costs and Benefits
II. Background
    A. Description of the H-2 Nonimmigrant Classifications
    1. H-2A Temporary Agricultural Workers
    2. H-2B Temporary Nonagricultural Workers
III. Changes in the Final Rule
    A. Changes to Provisions Related to Payment of Fees, Penalties, 
or Other Compensation by H-2 Beneficiaries
    1. Clarification of Acceptable Reimbursement Fees
    2. Prohibiting Breach of Contract Fees and Penalties
    3. Similar Employment Services
    4. Extraordinary Circumstances Standard
    5. Due Diligence Standard
    6. Application of the Prohibited Fee Provisions, and 1- and 3-
Year Denial Periods
    B. Application of Mandatory Grounds for Denial
    C. Application of Discretionary Grounds for Denial
    D. Discretionary Grounds for Denial
    E. Conforming Changes To Align With the USCIS Fee Schedule Final 
Rule
IV. Response to Public Comments on the Proposed Rule
    A. Summary of Comments on the Proposed Rule
    B. General Feedback on the Proposed Rule
    1. General Support for the Rule
    2. General Overview of Comments Opposing the Rule
    3. Other General Feedback Regarding the Rule
    C. Legal Authority and Background
    1. DHS/USCIS Legal Authority
    2. H-2 Program Background
    D. Program Integrity and Worker Protections
    1. Payment of Fees, Penalties, or Other Compensation by H-2 
Beneficiaries
    2. Mandatory and Discretionary Denials for Past Violations
    3. Compliance Reviews and Inspections
    4. Whistleblower Protection
    E. Worker Flexibilities
    1. Grace Periods/Admission Periods
    2. Transportation Costs for Revoked H-2 Petitions
    3. Portability and Extension of Stay Petitions
    4. Effect on an H-2 Petition of Approval of a Permanent Labor 
Certification, Immigrant Visa Petition, or the Filing of an 
Application for Adjustment of Status or an Immigrant Visa
    5. Removal of ``Abscondment,'' ``Abscond,'' and Its Other 
Variations, and Notification to DHS
    F. Program Efficiencies and Reducing Barriers to Legal Migration
    1. Eligible Countries Lists
    2. Eliminating the ``Interrupted Stay'' Calculation, Reducing 
the Period of Absence for Resetting the 3-Year Stay Clock
    G. Severability
    H. Input on Future Actions/Proposals for Beneficiary 
Notification
    I. Other Comments Related to the Rule or H-2 Programs/
Requirements
    1. Alternatives and Other General Comments on the Proposed Rule
    2. Implementation
    3. Employer/Petitioner Requirements, Processes, and Fees
    4. Validity Period and 3-Year Maximum Period of Stay
    J. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements
    1. Administrative Procedure Act (APA)
    2. Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) (E.O. 12866 and E.O. 13563)
    K. Out of Scope
V. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements
    A. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review) and 
Executive Order 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review)
    1. Summary of Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action
    2. Summary of Costs and Benefits of the Final Rule
    3. Summary of Comments Related to the Regulatory Impact Analysis 
and Associated Responses
    4. Background and Purpose of the Rule
    5. Population
    6. Cost-Benefit Analysis
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) C. Unfunded Mandates Reform 
Act of 1995 (UMRA)
    D. Congressional Review Act
    E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)
    F. Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform)
    G. Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments)
    H. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
    I. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

Table of Abbreviations

    AAO--Administrative Appeals Office
    APA--Administrative Procedure Act
    BLS--Bureau of Labor Statistics
    CBP--U.S. Customs and Border Protection
    CEQ--Council on Environmental Quality
    CFR--Code of Federal Regulations
    CPI-U--Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers
    DHS--Department of Homeland Security
    DOJ--Department of Justice
    DOL--Department of Labor
    DOS--Department of State
    DOT--Department of Transportation
    ELIS--Electronic Immigration System
    ETA--Employment and Training Administration
    FAM--Foreign Affairs Manual
    FDNS--Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate
    FR--Federal Register
    FRFA--Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
    FTE--Full-time equivalent
    FY--Fiscal year
    GAO--Government Accountability Office
    GDOL--Guam Department of Labor
    HR--Human Resources
    HSA--Homeland Security Act of 2002
    H-2A--Temporary Agricultural Workers Nonimmigrant Classification
    H-2B--Temporary Nonagricultural Workers Nonimmigrant 
Classification
    ICE--U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
    IEFA--Immigration Examinations Fee Account
    INA--Immigration and Nationality Act
    INS--Immigration and Naturalization Service
    IRFA--Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
    MOU--Memorandum of understanding
    NAICS--North American Industry Classification System
    NEPA--National Environmental Policy Act
    NOID--Notice of intent to deny
    NPRM--Notice of proposed rulemaking
    OFLC--Office of Foreign Labor Certification
    OMB--Office of Management and Budget
    OSHA--Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    PRA--Paperwork Reduction Act

[[Page 103203]]

    RFA--Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980
    RFE--Request for evidence
    RIA--Regulatory Impact Analysis
    SBA--Small Business Administration
    TFR--Temporary final rule
    TLC--Temporary labor certification
    UMRA--Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    USCIS--U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
    USDA--U.S. Department of Agriculture
    WHD--Wage and Hour Division

I. Executive Summary

A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action

    The purpose of this rulemaking is to modernize and improve the DHS 
regulations relating to the H-2A temporary agricultural worker program 
and the H-2B temporary nonagricultural worker program (H-2 programs). 
Through this rule, DHS seeks to strengthen worker protections and the 
integrity of the H-2 programs, provide greater flexibility for H-2A and 
H-2B workers, and improve program efficiency.

B. Legal Authority

    The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA or the Act) sec. 
101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) and (b), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) and (b), 
establishes the H-2A and H-2B nonimmigrant visa classifications for 
noncitizens \1\ who are coming to the United States temporarily to 
perform agricultural labor or services or to perform nonagricultural 
services or labor, respectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ For purposes of this discussion, DHS uses the term 
``noncitizen'' as synonymous with the term ``alien'' as it is used 
in the INA and regulations. See INA sec. 101(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Secretary's authority for this rule can be found in various 
provisions of the immigration laws, including but not limited to INA 
sections 103(a), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a), and 214, 8 U.S.C. 1184.\2\ INA sec. 
103(a), as amended, 8 U.S.C. 1103(a), provides the Secretary general 
authority to administer and enforce the immigration laws and to issue 
regulations necessary to carry out that authority. Section 402 of the 
Homeland Security Act of 2002 (HSA), Public Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 
2135, 6 U.S.C. 202, charges the Secretary with ``[e]stablishing and 
administering rules . . . governing the granting of visas or other 
forms of permission . . . to enter the United States'' and 
``[e]stablishing national immigration enforcement policies and 
priorities.'' See also HSA sec. 428, 6 U.S.C. 236. The HSA also 
provides that a primary mission of DHS is to ``ensure that the overall 
economic security of the United States is not diminished by efforts, 
activities, and programs aimed at securing the homeland.'' HSA sec. 
101(b)(1)(F), 6 U.S.C. 111(b)(1)(F).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The broad authority under INA sections 103(a), 8 U.S.C. 
1103(a)(3), and 214, 8 U.S.C. 1184, applies with respect to all of 
the provisions of this final rule, regardless of whether this 
authority is explicitly referenced in responses to specific public 
comments on any of the provisions of this final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to nonimmigrants in particular, the INA provides that 
``[t]he admission to the United States of any alien as a nonimmigrant 
shall be for such time and under such conditions as the [Secretary] may 
by regulations prescribe.'' \3\ INA sec. 214(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(a)(1); see INA secs. 274A(a)(1) and (h)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)(1) 
and (h)(3) (prohibiting employment of noncitizens who are not 
authorized for employment). In addition, the HSA transferred to USCIS 
the authority to adjudicate petitions for H-2 nonimmigrant status, 
establish policies for performing that function, and set national 
immigration services policies and priorities. See HSA secs. 451(a)(3), 
(b); 6 U.S.C. 271(a)(3), (b). Furthermore, under INA sec. 214(b), 8 
U.S.C. 1184(b), every noncitizen, with the exception of noncitizens 
seeking L, V, or H-1B nonimmigrant status, is presumed to be an 
immigrant unless the noncitizen establishes the noncitizen's 
entitlement to a nonimmigrant status. INA sec. 214(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(c)(1), establishes the nonimmigrant petition process as a 
prerequisite for obtaining (H), (L), (O), or (P)(i) nonimmigrant status 
(except for those in the H-1B1 classification). This statutory 
provision provides the Secretary of Homeland Security with exclusive 
authority to approve or deny H-2 nonimmigrant visa petitions after 
consultation with the appropriate agencies of the Government. It also 
authorizes the Secretary to prescribe the form of and identify 
information necessary to adjudicate the petition. With respect to the 
H-2A classification, this section defines the term ``appropriate 
agencies of [the] Government'' to include the Departments of Labor 
(DOL) and Agriculture (USDA), and cross-references INA sec. 218, 8 
U.S.C. 1188.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Although several provisions of the INA discussed in this 
final rule refer exclusively to the ``Attorney General,'' such 
provisions are now to be read as referring to the Secretary of 
Homeland Security by operation of the HSA. See 6 U.S.C. 202(3), 251, 
271(b), 542 note, 557; 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1), (g), 1551 note; Nielsen 
v. Preap, 586 U.S. 392, 397 n.2 (2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 214(c)(14) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(14), provides the 
Secretary of Homeland Security with the authority to impose, ``in 
addition to any other remedy authorized by law,'' such administrative 
remedies (including civil monetary penalties) as the Secretary 
``determines to be appropriate'' and to deny petitions for a period of 
at least 1 but not more than 5 years, if, after notice and an 
opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary finds that an employer 
substantially failed to meet any of the conditions of the H-2B petition 
or engaged in willful misrepresentation of a material fact in the H-2B 
petition. See INA sec. 214(c)(14)(A)(i) and (ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(c)(14)(A)(i) and (ii). It also authorizes the Secretary to 
delegate to the Secretary of Labor the authority under INA sec. 
214(c)(14)(A)(i) to determine violations and impose administrative 
remedies, including civil monetary penalties, and any other remedy 
authorized by law. See INA sec. 214(c)(14)(B), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(c)(14)(B).\4\ The Secretary of Homeland Security may designate 
officers or employees to take and consider evidence concerning any 
matter that is material or relevant to the enforcement of the INA. See 
INA secs. 235(d)(3), 287(a)(1), (b); 8 U.S.C. 1225(d)(3), 1357(a)(1), 
(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ In 2009, the Secretary delegated to the Secretary of Labor 
certain authorities under INA sec. 214(c)(14)(A)(i). See 
``Delegation of Authority to the Department of Labor under Section 
214(c)(14)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act'' (Jan. 16, 
2009).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 291 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1361, establishes that the 
petitioner or applicant for a visa or other immigration document bears 
the burden of proof with respect to eligibility and inadmissibility, 
including that a noncitizen is entitled to the immigration status being 
sought.

C. Summary of the Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action

    This final rule includes the following major changes:

 Program Integrity and Worker Protections

    To improve the integrity of the H-2 programs, DHS is making 
significant revisions to the provisions relating to prohibited fees to 
strengthen the existing prohibition on, and consequences for, charging 
certain fees to H-2A and H-2B workers, including new bases for denial 
for some H-2 petitions.\5\ Further, as a significant new program 
integrity measure and a deterrent to petitioners that have been found 
to have committed labor law violations or abused the H-2 programs, DHS 
is instituting certain mandatory and discretionary grounds for denial 
of an H-2A or H-2B petition. In addition, to protect workers who report 
their

[[Page 103204]]

employers for program violations, DHS is providing H-2A and H-2B 
workers with ``whistleblower protection'' comparable to the protection 
that is currently offered to H-1B workers. Additionally, DHS is 
clarifying requirements for petitioners and employers to consent to, 
and fully comply with, USCIS compliance reviews and inspections. DHS is 
also clarifying USCIS' authority to deny or revoke a petition if USCIS 
is unable to verify information related to the petition, including but 
not limited to where such inability is due to lack of cooperation from 
a petitioner or an employer during a site visit or other compliance 
review.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ DHS is making a change from the NPRM in how it refers to 
these new bases for denial, referring to the new 1- and 3-year 
periods following a petition denial or revocation for a prohibited 
fee as denial periods rather than as bars on approval.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Worker Flexibilities

    This final rule makes changes meant to provide greater flexibility 
to H-2A and H-2B workers. These changes include adjustments to the 
existing admission periods before and after the validity dates of an 
approved petition (grace periods) so that H-2 workers would be 
considered maintaining valid H-2 status for a period of up to 10 days 
prior to the petition's validity period and up to 30 days following the 
expiration of the petition. In addition, the final rule provides for an 
extension of the existing 30-day grace period to a period of up to 60 
days following revocation of an approved petition during which an H-2 
worker may seek new qualifying employment or prepare for departure from 
the United States without violating their nonimmigrant H-2 status or 
accruing unlawful presence. Further, to account for other situations in 
which a worker may unexpectedly need to stop working or wish to seek 
new employment, DHS is providing a new grace period for up to 60 days 
during which an H-2 worker can cease working for their petitioner while 
maintaining H-2 status.
    Additionally, in a change meant to work in conjunction with the new 
grace period provisions, DHS is permanently providing portability--the 
ability to begin new employment with the same or new employer upon the 
proper filing of an extension of stay petition rather than only upon 
its approval--to H-2A and H-2B workers. Furthermore, in the case of 
petition revocations, DHS is clarifying that H-2A employers have the 
same responsibility that H-2B employers have for reasonable costs of 
return transportation for the beneficiary. DHS also is clarifying that 
H-2 workers will not be considered to have failed to maintain their H-2 
status and will not have H-2 petitions filed on their behalf denied 
solely on the basis of taking certain steps mentioned in this rule 
toward becoming lawful permanent residents of the United States. 
Finally, DHS is removing the phrase ``abscondment,'' ``abscond,'' and 
its other variations to emphasize that the mere fact of leaving 
employment, standing alone, does not constitute a basis for assuming 
wrongdoing by the worker.

 Improving H-2 Program Efficiencies and Reducing Barriers to 
Legal Migration

    DHS is making two changes to improve the efficiency of the H-2 
programs and to reduce barriers to use of those two programs. First, 
DHS is removing the requirement that USCIS may generally only approve 
petitions for H-2 nonimmigrant status for nationals of countries that 
the Secretary of Homeland Security, with the concurrence of the 
Secretary of State, has designated as eligible to participate in the H-
2 programs. Second, DHS is simplifying the regulatory provisions 
regarding the effect of a departure from the United States on the 3-
year maximum period of stay by providing a uniform standard for 
resetting the 3-year clock following such a departure.

D. Costs and Benefits

    This final rule will directly impose costs on petitioners in the 
form of increased opportunity costs of time to complete and file H-2 
petitions and time spent to familiarize themselves with the rule. Other 
difficult to quantify costs may also be incurred by certain petitioners 
who are selected for a compliance review, petitioners that face 
stricter consequences for charging prohibited fees, and/or those that 
opt to transport and house H-2A beneficiaries earlier than they would 
have otherwise based on the extension of the H-2A pre-employment grace 
period from 7 to 10 days. The Federal Government may also incur 
increased opportunity costs of time for adjudicators to review 
information regarding debarment and other past violation determinations 
more closely and to issue requests for evidence (RFE) or notices of 
intent to deny (NOID), as well as additional costs for related computer 
system updates.
    The benefits of this final rule will be diverse, though most are 
difficult to quantify. The final rule will extend portability to H-2 
workers lawfully present in the United States regardless of a porting 
petitioner's E-Verify standing, affording these workers agency of 
choice at an earlier moment in time, which is consistent with other 
portability regulations and more similar to other workers in the labor 
force. Employers and beneficiaries will also benefit from the extended 
grace periods and from eliminating the interrupted stay provisions and 
instead reducing the period of absence out of the country to reset 
employees' 3-year maximum period of stay. The Federal Government, 
employers, and U.S. and noncitizen workers will realize benefits, 
mainly through bolstering existing program integrity activities, 
possible increased compliance with program requirements, and providing 
a greater ability for USCIS to deny or revoke petitions for issues 
related to program compliance.
    Table 1 provides a detailed summary of the provisions in this rule 
and their impacts. The impact of the costs and benefits described 
herein are quantified (and monetized) wherever possible given all 
available information. Where there are insufficient data to quantify a 
given impact, we provide a qualitative description of the impact.
BILLING CODE 9111-97-P

[[Page 103205]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.000


[[Page 103206]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.001


[[Page 103207]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.002


[[Page 103208]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.003


[[Page 103209]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.004

BILLING CODE 9111-97-C

II. Background

A. Description of the H-2 Nonimmigrant Classifications

1. H-2A Temporary Agricultural Workers
    The INA establishes the H-2A nonimmigrant classification for 
temporary agricultural workers, described as a noncitizen ``having a 
residence in a foreign country which he has no intention of abandoning 
who is coming temporarily to the United States to perform agricultural 
labor or services.'' INA sec. 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a). USCIS cannot approve petitions for H-2A workers 
unless the Secretary of Labor has certified that there are not 
sufficient able, willing, qualified, and available U.S. workers who are 
capable of performing such services or labor, and H-2A employment will 
not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers in the 
United States. See INA sec. 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a); INA sec. 218(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1188(a)(1); 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(ii).\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ DHS initially proposed this provision as new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iii). See Modernizing H-2 Program Requirements, 
Oversight, and Worker Protections, 88 FR 65040 (Sept. 20, 2023). 
Because a separate DHS final rule, Improving the H-1B Registration 
Selection Process and Program Integrity, 89 FR 7456 (Feb. 2, 2024) 
has since added a subparagraph within 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10), the 
provision of this final rule will now be new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv).
    \7\ DHS regulations provide that an H-2A petition must be 
accompanied by a Temporary Labor Certification (TLC) from DOL, which 
serves as DHS's consultation with DOL with respect to these 
requirements. See 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(1); 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(i)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in INA sec. 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a), not only must the noncitizen be coming 
``temporarily'' to the United States, but the agricultural labor or 
services that the noncitizen is performing must also be ``of a 
temporary or seasonal nature.'' Current DHS regulations further define 
an employer's temporary need as employment that is of a temporary 
nature where the employer's need to fill the position with a temporary 
worker will, except in extraordinary circumstances, last no longer than 
1 year. See 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(iv)(A). An employer's seasonal need is 
defined as employment that is tied to a certain time of year by an 
event or pattern, such as a short annual growing cycle or a specific 
aspect of a longer cycle and requires labor levels above those 
necessary for ongoing operations. Id. There is no annual limit or 
``cap'' on the number of noncitizens who may be issued H-2A visas or 
otherwise provided H-2A status (such as through a change from another 
nonimmigrant status, see INA sec. 248, 8 U.S.C. 1258).
2. H-2B Temporary Nonagricultural Workers
    Similarly, the INA establishes the H-2B nonimmigrant classification 
for temporary nonagricultural workers, described as a noncitizen 
``having a residence in a foreign country which he has no intention of 
abandoning who is coming temporarily to the United States to perform 
other temporary [nonagricultural] service or labor if unemployed 
persons capable of performing such service or labor cannot

[[Page 103210]]

be found in this country.'' INA sec. 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b). H-2B workers may not displace qualified, 
available U.S. workers who are capable of performing such services or 
labor, and H-2B employment may not adversely affect the wages and 
working conditions of workers in the United States. See INA sec. 
101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b); see also 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i).\8\ Current DHS regulations define an employer's 
temporary need as employment that is of a temporary nature where the 
employer's need to fill the position with a temporary worker generally 
will last no longer than 1 year, unless the employer's need is a one-
time event, in which case the need could last up to 3 years. See 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(1)(ii)(D), (h)(6)(ii), and (h)(6)(vi)(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ DHS regulations provide that an H-2B petition must be 
accompanied by an approved TLC from DOL or from the Guam Department 
of Labor (GDOL) for H-2B workers who will be employed on Guam, which 
serves as DHS's consultation with DOL or GDOL with respect to these 
requirements. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iii)(A), (C)-(E), (h)(6)(iv)(A), 
(h)(6)(v).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Unlike the H-2A classification, there is a statutory annual limit 
or ``cap'' on the number of noncitizens who may be issued H-2B visas or 
otherwise provided H-2B status. Specifically, the INA sets the annual 
number of noncitizens who may be issued H-2B visas or otherwise 
provided H-2B status at 66,000,\9\ to be distributed semi-annually 
beginning in October and April. See INA sec. 214(g)(1)(B) and (g)(10), 
8 U.S.C. 1184(g)(1)(B) and (g)(10). With certain exceptions,\10\ up to 
33,000 noncitizens may be issued H-2B visas or provided H-2B 
nonimmigrant status in the first half of a fiscal year, and the 
remaining annual allocation, including any unused nonimmigrant H-2B 
visas from the first half of a fiscal year, will be available for 
employers seeking to hire H-2B workers during the second half of the 
fiscal year.\11\ If insufficient petitions are approved to use all 
available H-2B numbers in a given fiscal year, the unused numbers 
cannot be carried over for petition approvals for employment start 
dates beginning on or after the start of the next fiscal year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Since 2017, Congress has authorized up to an additional 
64,716 visas when the Secretary of Homeland Security, after 
consultation with the Secretary of Labor, determines that the needs 
of American businesses cannot be satisfied in a given fiscal year 
with United States workers who are willing, qualified, and able to 
perform temporary nonagricultural labor. For example, on September 
25, 2024, Congress passed the FY 2025 authority, Public Law 118-83, 
which the President signed the next day. This law extends 
authorization under the same terms and conditions provided in 
section 105 of Division G, Title I of the FY 2024 Omnibus permitting 
the Secretary of Homeland Security to increase the number of H-2B 
visas available to U.S. employers in FY 2025, and expires on 
December 20, 2024.
    \10\ Generally, workers in the United States in H-2B status who 
extend their stay, change employers, or change the terms and 
conditions of employment will not be subject to the cap. See 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(8)(ii). Similarly, H-2B workers who have previously been 
counted against the cap in the same fiscal year that the proposed 
employment begins will not be subject to the cap if the employer 
names them on the petition and indicates that they have already been 
counted. See 8 CFR 214.2(h)(8)(ii)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(iii). 
The spouse and children of H-2B workers, classified as H-4 
nonimmigrants, also do not count against the cap. See INA 214(g)(2) 
and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(8)(ii). Additionally, until December 31, 2029, 
petitions for the following types of workers are exempt from the H-
2B cap: fish roe processors, fish roe technicians, or supervisors of 
fish roe processing; and workers performing labor or services in the 
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands or Guam. See Public Law 
108-287, sec. 14006, 118 Stat. 951, 1014 (Aug. 5, 2004); Northern 
Mariana Islands U.S. Workforce Act of 2018, Public Law 115-218, sec. 
3, 132 Stat. 1547, 1547 (July 24, 2018). Once the H-2B cap is 
reached, USCIS may only accept petitions for H-2B workers who are 
exempt or not subject to the H-2B cap.
    \11\ The Federal Government's fiscal year runs from October 1 of 
the prior calendar year through September 30 of the year being 
described. For example, fiscal year 2023 ran from October 1, 2022, 
through September 30, 2023.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Changes in the Final Rule

    Following careful consideration of public comments received, this 
final rule adopts the regulatory text proposed in the notice of 
proposed rulemaking (NPRM), Modernizing H-2 Program Requirements, 
Oversight, and Worker Protections, 88 FR 65040, published in the 
Federal Register on September 20, 2023, with some changes. DHS retains 
the rationale for the proposed rule and the reasoning provided in that 
rule, except as described in the preamble of this final rule. Section 
IV of this preamble includes a detailed summary and analysis of the 
comments and presents DHS's responses to those comments.

A. Changes to Provisions Related to Payment of Fees, Penalties, or 
Other Compensation by H-2 Beneficiaries

1. Clarification of Acceptable Reimbursement Fees
    In the NPRM, DHS explained that it is not the intention of DHS to 
pass to petitioners, employers, agents, attorneys, facilitators, 
recruiters, or similar employment services, the costs of services or 
items that are truly personal and voluntary in nature for the worker. 
Under the proposed rule, payments made primarily for the benefit of the 
worker, such as a passport fee, would not be prohibited fees or 
payments related to the H-2 employment and would, therefore, 
permissibly be considered the responsibility of the worker. To simplify 
the language related to acceptable reimbursement fees and to clarify 
that the exception only applies to costs that are truly for the 
worker's benefit, proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) would have replaced the existing regulatory language 
on this topic with text stating that the provision would not prevent 
relevant parties ``from receiving reimbursement for costs that are the 
responsibility and primarily for the benefit of the worker, such as 
government-required passport fees.'' As mentioned in the NPRM, this 
language was derived from, and is consistent with, DOL regulations on 
prohibited fees for H-2B and H-2A workers at 20 CFR 655.20(o), 29 CFR 
503.16(o), and 20 CFR 655.135(j).
    In response to public comments requesting additional clarity on 
this topic, DHS is finalizing the proposed language about costs that 
are the responsibility and primarily for the benefit of the worker and 
further revising 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) 
to add: ``This provision does not prohibit employers from allowing 
workers to initially incur fees or expenses that the employers are 
required to subsequently reimburse, where such arrangement is 
specifically permitted by, and performed in compliance with, statute or 
regulations.'' \12\ Adding this language clarifies that, under certain 
conditions, the employer can reimburse the worker after the worker 
initially pays costs that are the employer's responsibility (such as 
certain transportation costs), and that this would not be considered a 
collection of a prohibited fee. This change to specify when an employer 
may make reimbursements to the beneficiary for a cost that is 
ultimately the employer's responsibility complements the regulatory 
text as proposed and finalized in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) regarding reimbursements from the beneficiary. That 
language specifies that the prohibited fee provisions do not prohibit 
petitioners and third parties from receiving reimbursement from the 
beneficiary for costs that are the responsibility of and primarily for 
the benefit of the worker, such as government-required passport fees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See, e.g., 20 CFR 655.20(j)(2) (``The employer must pay or 
reimburse the worker in the first workweek for all visa, visa 
processing, border crossing, and other related fees (including those 
mandated by the government) incurred by the H-2B worker . . .'').

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 103211]]

2. Prohibiting Breach of Contract Fees and Penalties
    DHS is adding text to the proposed provisions at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) to clarify that a 
prohibited fee may not be collected from a beneficiary ``or any person 
acting on the beneficiary's behalf.'' This revision responds to public 
comment in that it strengthens the proposed language in the NPRM 
prohibiting the charging of breach of contract fees by barring non-
monetary penalties or penalties imposed on a worker or anyone acting on 
behalf of the worker.
3. Similar Employment Services
    Based on feedback from commenters requesting greater clarity with 
respect to the phrase ``similar employment services,'' DHS is amending 
its proposed provisions at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) to clarify that ``similar employment service refers 
to any person or entity that recruits or solicits prospective 
beneficiaries of the [H-2] petition.'' This clarification addresses 
commenters' feedback as to what ``similar employment services'' means.
4. Extraordinary Circumstances Standard
    In response to public comments, DHS is making several changes to 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) to clarify the 
standards under which a petitioner will be held accountable for its own 
prohibited fee-related violations or those of its employees. These 
changes include removing the proposed ``rare and unforeseeable'' 
language, as this phrase was always meant to specifically explain 
``extraordinary circumstances'' and not create another standard 
separate and apart from ``extraordinary circumstance.'' DHS is also 
removing the proposed ``To qualify for this exception'' language 
because this phrase was intended only to refer to the ``extraordinary 
circumstances'' exception, not to create another exception. In 
addition, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) requires the petitioner to demonstrate that it 
``made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and learn of 
the prohibited fee collection or agreement by its employees throughout 
the recruitment, hiring, and employment process'' instead of 
``significant efforts to prevent prohibited fees prior to the 
collection of or agreement to collect such fees.'' These changes 
clarify what was meant by ``significant''; moreover, they clarify the 
petitioner's obligation to not only prevent prohibited fees before the 
collection of or agreement to collect such fees occurs, but also to 
prevent and learn of any collection or agreement to collect such fees 
on an ongoing basis given that such fees could be collected or agreed 
upon at various points in time during the recruitment, hiring, or 
employment process. DHS is also deleting duplicative language about the 
petitioner's obligation to fully reimburse all affected beneficiaries.
5. Due Diligence Standard
    In response to public comments, DHS is making several changes at 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) to clarify the 
standards under which a petitioner may be held accountable for the 
prohibited fee-related violations of its agents, attorneys, 
facilitators, recruiters, or similar employment services. Specifically, 
DHS is foregoing the proposed ``did not know and could not, through due 
diligence, have learned'' language and instead requiring the petitioner 
to demonstrate ``ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and 
learn of the prohibited fee collection or agreement by such third 
parties throughout the recruitment, hiring, and employment process.'' 
This is not intended to be a substantive change, but instead is 
intended to clarify what DHS meant by ``due diligence'' and to better 
align the regulatory language at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) which also requires the same ``ongoing, good 
faith, reasonable efforts.'' Further, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) 
and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) require the petitioner to take immediate 
remedial action as soon as it becomes aware of the payment of or 
agreement to pay the prohibited fee, which was missing from these 
provisions as proposed in the NPRM. The only difference in the 
evidentiary requirements at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1), compared to new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2), is that prohibited fee-related violations by 
the petitioner or its employees, unlike those by third parties, will 
require an additional showing that extraordinary circumstances beyond 
the petitioner's control resulted in its failure to prevent collection 
or entry into agreement for the collection of prohibited fees in order 
to avoid denial or revocation of an H-2 petition on notice.
6. Application of the Prohibited Fee Provisions, and 1- and 3-Year 
Denial Periods
    As discussed in response to public comments, DHS is clarifying in 
this final rule how it will apply the revised provisions governing the 
collection of or agreement to collect prohibited fees. Namely, the 
denial or revocation of H-2 petitions under the provisions of this 
final rule will apply only to petitions filed on or after the effective 
date of this rule. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1)-(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1)-(2). Similarly, DHS is clarifying that the 1-year 
and 3-year additional denial periods of H-2 petitions based on the 
denial or revocation of petitions for collection or agreement to 
collect prohibited fees will apply in cases where the denial or 
revocation of the H-2 petition was made on a petition filed on or after 
the effective date of this final rule. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(B)-(C) 
and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(C)-(D). Petitions filed before the effective 
date of this final rule will be subject to the provisions in place 
before this final rule. DHS has made edits to the relevant regulatory 
provisions to ensure consistent application and transparency for the 
public.
7. Clarifying When a Designee May Be Reimbursed
    DHS is adding language at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 
(C)(1), and new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) and (D)(1), to clarify that 
a beneficiary's designee may be reimbursed only if the affected 
beneficiary(ies) cannot be located or is (are) deceased. These are 
clarifying, non-substantive changes. While proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) contained the 
clarifying clause ``only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are 
deceased,'' DHS never intended for this to apply only when the 
prohibited fee was collected by the petitioner pursuant to proposed 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1). To better 
ensure parity in the regulations, DHS is adding the same or similar 
clause to the other prohibited fee provisions addressing a prohibited 
fee collection or agreement by an agent, attorney, employer, 
facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment service, or any joint 
employer at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and (C)(1), and new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) and (D)(1).

B. Application of Mandatory Grounds for Denial

    DHS is clarifying in this final rule and discussing in more detail 
in response to

[[Page 103212]]

public comments how it will apply the new mandatory grounds for denial.
    With respect to denials based on final administrative 
determinations made by the Secretary of Labor or the Governor of Guam 
to debar the petitioner, USCIS will deny a petition pursuant to new 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) if it is filed during the debarment period 
or if the debarment occurs during the pendency of the petition, as 
proposed in the NPRM. 88 FR 65040, 65057-58 (Sept. 20, 2023). This 
final rule adds language clarifying that this provision will only apply 
if the petition is filed on or after the effective date of the rule and 
the final administrative determination to debar the petitioner is 
issued on or after the effective date of the rule.
    Similarly, as proposed in the NPRM, USCIS will deny petitions 
pursuant to new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(2) if a finding of fraud or 
willful misrepresentation of a material fact was included in the 
initial denial or revocation of a prior petition if such decision was 
issued during the pendency of the petition or within 3 years prior to 
filing the petition. 88 FR 65040, 65058 (Sept. 20, 2023). This final 
rule rephrases the provision for clarity and adds language specifying 
that this provision will only apply if the final denial or revocation 
decision is made on a prior petition filed on or after the effective 
date of the rule.
    When it comes to mandatory denials based on violations of INA sec. 
274(a) under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(3), USCIS will deny 
petitions if there is a final determination of violation(s) under 
section 274(a) of the Act during the pendency of the petition or within 
3 years prior to filing the petition, as proposed in the NPRM. 88 FR 
65040, 65058 (Sept. 20, 2023). This final rule adds language clarifying 
that this provision will only apply if the final determination of 
violation(s) under section 274(a) of the Act is made on or after the 
effective date of the rule and if the petition is filed on or after the 
effective date of the rule.

C. Application of Discretionary Grounds for Denial

    DHS will apply the discretionary grounds for denial under new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B), as proposed in the NPRM. 88 FR 65040, 65058-60 
(Sept. 20, 2023). This final rule adds language clarifying that this 
provision will apply to petitions filed on or after the effective date 
of this final rule, regardless of whether the action(s) or the 
violation(s) underlying the determination of violation(s) of the 
discretionary grounds for denial occurred before, on, or after the 
effective date of this final rule.

D. Discretionary Grounds for Denial

    In response to comments, DHS is adding new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(F) to state that, if USCIS has determined in the 
course of a previous adjudication that a petitioner (or the preceding 
entity, if the petitioner is a successor in interest) has established 
its intention and ability to comply with H-2A or H-2B program 
requirements notwithstanding relevant violation determinations under 
paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(B), USCIS will not seek to deny a subsequent 
petition under paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(B) of this section based on the 
same previous violation(s) unless USCIS becomes aware of a new material 
fact (such as a repeat of the previous violation(s)) or if USCIS finds 
that its previous determination was based on a material error of law.
    At 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B), DHS is making non-substantive changes 
to replace ``or'' with ``and/or'' to clarify that USCIS may deny a 
petition if the petitioner (or successor in interest) has not 
established its ``intention and/or ability to comply with H-2A or H-2B 
program requirements.'' Consistent with the NPRM, the petitioner must 
demonstrate that it has both the intent and ability to comply with H-2 
program requirements, and USCIS can deny a petition under this ground 
if the petitioner has not established either its intent to comply with 
H-2A or H-2B program requirements, or its ability to comply with H-2A 
or H-2B program requirements, or both.

E. Conforming Changes To Align With the USCIS Fee Schedule Final Rule

    As DHS proposed to eliminate the eligible countries lists from 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(5)(i)(F) and 214.2(h)(6)(C), DHS also proposed to remove a 
reference to the eligible countries list from 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(ii) 
which, at the time of the NPRM, allowed an unlimited number of H-1C, H-
2A, H-2B, and H-3 beneficiaries to be requested on a single 
nonimmigrant petition. After the publication of the NPRM, DHS published 
the Fee Schedule Final Rule (``Fee Rule'') on January 31, 2024, and 
that rule went into effect on April 1, 2024. 89 FR 6194. Most 
relevantly, the Fee Rule replaced the language in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(ii) 
allowing the grouping of an unlimited number of H-1C, H-2A, H-2B, and 
H-3 beneficiaries on a single nonimmigrant petition and imposed a limit 
of 25 named beneficiaries. Therefore, in addition to amending the 
language in final 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(ii) to remove the reference to the 
eligible country list, this provision has been amended to reflect the 
change made by the Fee Rule.

F. Severability

    In the severability clause contained in this final rule, DHS has 
identified the second level paragraphs (for example, (h)(6)) in which 
the severable amended provisions contained in this final rule can be 
found. These references along with the date of the final rule are 
intended to better identify the severable provisions and differentiate 
them from the existing provisions in 8 CFR 214.2 that are not being 
impacted by this final rule.

IV. Response to Public Comments on the Proposed Rule

A. Summary of Comments on the Proposed Rule

    DHS received a total of 1,944 public comment submissions in Docket 
USCIS-2023-0012 in response to the NPRM. Of the submissions, 223 were 
unique submissions, 1,714 were form letter copies, 3 were duplicate 
submissions, 1 was out of scope, 2 were foreign language submissions, 
and 1 was a partial foreign-language submission. The majority of 
comment submissions originated from individual or anonymous commenters, 
including attorneys and individual employers or farmers. Other 
commenters included companies, trade and business associations, 
advocacy groups, professional associations, unions, research 
organizations, Federal elected officials, State or local government 
agencies, farming or agricultural entities, a religious organization, 
and a foreign government. While the great majority of comment 
submissions (1,844) were supportive of the rule, some commenters (7) 
expressed general opposition to the rule, and many commenters (87) 
offered mixed feedback, such as by providing both support for and 
opposition to various provisions of the proposed rule throughout their 
comment, or by generally providing support or opposition but with 
suggested revisions.

B. General Feedback on the Proposed Rule

1. General Support for the Rule
a. Positive Impacts on Nonimmigrants/Workers/Noncitizens,Their 
Communities, and Support Systems
    Comment: Approximately 1,850 submissions, including a large form 
letter campaign, discussed the proposed rule's positive impacts on H-2 
beneficiaries, their communities, and support systems.

[[Page 103213]]

    A few individual commenters endorsed USCIS' efforts to advance 
protections and flexibilities for H-2 workers on the basis that such 
measures would be responsive to the needs of nonimmigrants and their 
support systems. Numerous commenters, including individual commenters, 
unions, joint submissions, advocacy groups, and a group of Federal 
elected officials, stated that the proposed rule would address long-
standing issues of abuse, exploitation, and trafficking among H-2 
workers by allowing workers to leave an abusive employer in search of 
outside opportunities, enhancing enforcement against retaliation, and 
protecting visa status for those seeking lawful permanent residence. 
Several individual commenters added that the proposed rule's efforts to 
provide flexibility and protections for H-2 workers would enhance 
workers' well-being and rights, as well as reporting practices. 
Similarly, a few individual commenters stated that the changes to 
nonimmigrant worker protections would represent a positive step towards 
equality and addressing health equity disparities by ensuring proper 
compensation, appropriate physical conditions, legal protections, and 
equal rights and opportunities relative to U.S. citizens.
    Several individual commenters, including an advocacy group, and a 
couple of joint submissions provided examples of abusive and 
exploitative behavior--such as what was seen in ``Operation Blooming 
Onion,'' \13\ employer retaliation against workers for protesting 
hazardous conditions, and other anecdotes from H-2 workers that they 
said showed the need for increased protections, including those 
proposed in the NPRM. A couple of individual commenters wrote that with 
the increase in extreme heat resulting from climate change, H-2 workers 
need further protection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ See, e.g., DOJ, U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District 
of Georgia, ``Three men sentenced to federal prison on charges 
related to human trafficking: Each admitted to role in forced farm 
labor in Operation Blooming Onion'' (Mar. 31, 2022) (involving 
forced labor, keeping workers in substandard conditions, kidnapping, 
and rape, among other abuses), https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdga/pr/
three-men-sentenced-federal-prison-charges-related-human-
trafficking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Numerous individual commenters and a form letter campaign stated 
that DHS has a responsibility to protect workers' rights, as H-2 
workers help to provide food for the U.S. public, serve as the 
``backbone'' of the U.S. agricultural industry, help U.S. society 
function, and as a result, strengthen U.S. national security. The form 
letter campaign added that the proposed rule would ``not only protect 
the rights and dignity of farm workers but also contribute to the 
welfare and security of [the] nation's agricultural workforce.'' 
Several individual commenters and a trade association commented that 
implementing measures to protect H-2 workers while ensuring their fair 
treatment would align with U.S. and agriculture industry values. An 
individual commenter added that farm workers are vital members of 
communities they work and live in, and that strengthened protections 
would benefit local, regional, and national communities.
    A couple of individual commenters and a couple of joint submissions 
including one from a union and numerous advocacy organizations stated 
that domestic farm workers' labor conditions are undermined by the 
exploitation of H-2 workers, highlighting the necessity of the proposed 
rule. An individual commenter stated that the proposed rule 
demonstrates DHS's commitment to listening to those working in the 
agriculture industry, including unions and organizations that represent 
migrant and non-English speaking agriculture workers. A joint 
submission from a union and numerous advocacy organizations contained 
comments from H-2 workers voicing support for the proposed rule changes 
on the basis that it would improve their job security and working 
conditions, and allow them to better provide for their families.
    Response: DHS appreciates public commenters' general support for 
this rulemaking and for the Department's ongoing efforts to advance 
protections and flexibilities for H-2 workers. As discussed earlier, 
DHS is cognizant of the importance of temporary nonimmigrant workers 
for agricultural and nonagricultural employers and of the positive 
impacts these workers contribute to local and regional economies in the 
United States. DHS agrees with the general support of the majority of 
commenters that the changes adopted in this rule will help to reduce 
the H-2A and H-2B programs' vulnerabilities and better ensure the 
rights and dignity of H-2 workers.
b. Positive Impacts on Employers/Petitioners/Farmers, Employment 
Service Providers, Workforce, Industry, and Economy
    Comment: Approximately 10 submissions discussed the proposed rule's 
positive impacts on petitioners, employment service providers, the U.S. 
workforce, U.S. industries related to the H-2 program, and the U.S. 
economy.
    An individual commenter expressed support for the proposed rule's 
efforts to streamline the petition process for employers, reasoning 
that these measures would reduce administrative and financial burdens 
for employers while increasing program efficiency and accessibility.
    Several commenters provided feedback on the potential positive 
impacts the proposed rule would have on the U.S. agricultural workforce 
and labor conditions for U.S. workers. Some individual commenters 
stated that H-2 workers are essential for the well-being of the U.S. 
economy and agriculture industry as they alleviate domestic workforce 
shortages, and stated that as a result, the protections put forth in 
the proposed rule are needed. Other individual commenters also voiced 
support for the proposed rule on the basis that their farming 
operations would benefit from their employees being able to stay for 
temporary H-2A employment.
    Response: DHS appreciates these commenters' support and their 
recognition of the positive impacts the proposed rule would have to the 
agricultural industry and the efforts to improve the Department's 
administration of the H-2 programs. In addition to the rule's focus on 
providing workers with better labor protections and increased 
flexibility, streamlining the process for requesting temporary 
nonimmigrant workers through reducing administrative and financial 
burdens is a positive change for both employers and their employees.
c. Positive Impacts on the Government, Program Operability, and 
Integrity
    Comment: Approximately 10 unique submissions, including a form 
letter campaign, discussed the proposed rule's impacts on the 
government, program operability, and integrity.
    Several commenters, including multiple advocacy groups, a joint 
submission from a union, a form letter campaign, and a group of Federal 
elected officials, endorsed the proposed rule's measures to improve 
program oversight and enforcement, reasoning that these provisions 
would deter misconduct by employers and recruiters while ensuring the 
integrity and quality of H-2 programs. Other commenters, including an 
advocacy group, a union, the form letter campaign, and joint 
submissions, also expressed support for the proposed rule on the 
grounds that it would create needed accountability and transparency in 
the H-2 programs. A business association provided additional feedback 
that the proposed changes would streamline requirements

[[Page 103214]]

between H-2A and H-2B programs, helping USCIS make the those program 
more effective and efficient overall.
    Multiple commenters, including a joint submission, advocacy groups, 
a union, the form letter campaign, and a group of Federal elected 
officials, stated that the proposed rule complemented DOL H-2 program 
initiatives in making needed program integrity improvements and 
enhancing DOL and DHS combined capabilities to protect workers from 
exploitation.
    Response: The Department appreciates the commenters' support for 
the changes finalized in this rule and agrees that the new provisions 
herein will have a positive impact on the effort to increase 
programmatic efficiency, integrity, and accountability. As demonstrated 
by the changes first proposed in the NPRM, and by those adopted as 
final in this rule, DHS is committed to efforts that will better 
protect workers from exploitation and deter misconduct by employers and 
recruiters.
2. General Overview of Comments Opposing the Rule
a. Lack of Need for the Rule
    Comment: An individual commenter expressed opposition to the rule 
on the basis that there is no need for the proposed changes. In 
addition to citing ``obstructive'' costs that will ``fall on general 
taxpayer[s],'' the commenter reasoned that DOL already provides a 
system of protection for temporary workers.
    Response: DHS declines to revise the proposed rule in response to 
this comment. The commenter does not identify any specific costs to 
general taxpayers or offer data to support the claims of such costs 
being ``obstructive.'' The commenter does not contest any of the 
Government Accountability Office (GAO) studies or media reports of 
abuse of H-2 workers occurring under current regulations that this rule 
is designed to curtail. Further, while DOL provides protection for 
temporary workers consistent with its authority and available 
resources, the changes in this rule are intended to complement DOL 
regulations to provide a more comprehensive framework for worker 
protections.
b. Negative Impacts on Employers/Petitioners/Farmers, Employment 
Service Providers, Workforce, Industry, and Economy
    Comment: Approximately 10 submissions discussed the proposed rule's 
potential negative impacts on petitioners, employment service 
providers, the U.S. workforce, U.S. industries relevant to the H-2 
programs, and the U.S. economy.
    An individual commenter stated their concern that the proposed rule 
could impact the availability and diversity of H-2 workers by deterring 
employers from participating or causing them to pass costs to workers. 
In support of this position, the commenter cited examples of proposals 
that are not included in either the proposed rule or this final rule, 
such as increasing filing fees, limiting the number of H-2B visas 
available each fiscal year, and excluding certain occupations from the 
H-2B program. In a separate comment, a research organization 
acknowledged the new flexibilities the NPRM provided for workers but 
stated that it does not make use of all the legal authorities available 
and does not include any effort to streamline the process for 
employers. The commenter expressed concern that the increased costs 
would cause employers to leave the program and would lead to more 
undocumented immigration and unauthorized employment.
    Some commenters expressed concern that the proposed rule would 
unfairly target employers who are largely compliant with labor laws and 
regulations, with multiple associations and an individual commenter 
stating that the Department's approach signals a belief that most 
employers are acting in violation of labor laws and that the proposed 
rule would debar good faith employers for minor infractions. In 
addition, one of the trade associations stated that 80 to 90 percent of 
H-2 workers return to previous employers and many refer friends and 
family as indication that a majority of petitioners are compliant with 
labor laws and treat workers fairly.
    In addition, other commenters expressed concern over the general 
costs that the proposed rule would have on employers. A trade 
association cited statistics on increases in domestic worker wages that 
have necessitated employers' reliance on the H-2 program, and stated 
that without a dependable workforce and a predictable and stable wage 
rate, farmers are making difficult decisions about the crops they grow 
and may be forced out of business. An individual commenter expressed a 
general, vague concern that the proposed rule ``would have a negative 
impact on my farm and the local, healthy food we produce,'' without 
further explaining the nature of the claimed negative impacts. Another 
individual commenter expressed concern that with the ``lengthy'' list 
of regulations both DHS and DOL have released in recent years, the new 
proposed rule would complicate farmers' ability to hire the workers 
they need in an already complex system. The commenter concluded that 
broadening DHS's authority to come onto farmers' property with 
``unfettered access'' to employees for interviews without a farmer or 
agent present ``worr[ies] American farmers,'' and urged USCIS to ``find 
solutions rather than create more problems.'' Another individual 
commenter repeated these concerns and added that the ``stringent'' 
nature of the disciplinary process would exceed State requirements for 
employers discharging U.S. workers, exacerbating disparities in 
employment law. Referencing the Department's statement on the purpose 
of the proposed regulation, a State agency voiced opposition to the 
proposed changes to the H-2 programs, reasoning that such changes would 
confuse entities in the agricultural industry and increase the 
likelihood that they will violate labor laws in the future.
    Response: While certain clarifying revisions that DHS has made in 
this final rule may address some of the commenters' concerns as 
discussed below, DHS is not making changes to the proposal in direct 
response to these comments. While a commenter identifies higher fees 
for filing petitions and certifications, this rule (both as proposed 
and finalized) does not include any higher filing fees. The concern 
from this commenter that employers would pass any costs on to workers 
is not persuasive as employers are already prohibited from passing 
costs to workers and this rule imposes new consequences on employers 
who pass those prohibited costs to workers. With respect to limiting 
which occupations qualify for H-2B visas, this rule did not remove any 
occupations from H-2B eligibility. While DHS appreciates a commenter's 
interest in streamlining the process, the commenter's broad 
characterization of the H-2 process as being complicated and time-
consuming does not address the specific provisions contained in this 
regulation. Among other things, the commenter offers no support in 
speculating that extra costs imposed by this rulemaking will inevitably 
cause employers to leave the program and result in more immigrants 
working without documentation. DHS considered potential costs of this 
rule and consequences to employers, such as impacts of site visits and 
time estimates for these administrative visits, lost productivity due 
to whistleblower revelations, and completing filings for

[[Page 103215]]

porting H-2 workers, and determined that the benefits of the proposed 
provisions, as outlined in various parts of this rule, outweighed any 
costs.
    DHS also maintains that the rule does not unfairly target compliant 
employers with loyal employees who return annually and refer their 
friends and family or, as the commenter characterizes it, ``debar'' 
good faith employers for minor infractions. As discussed below, and in 
the NPRM, this final rule is not punitive in nature, rather, it is 
adjudicative in nature, and, as is extensively explained throughout 
this preamble, intended to enhance the integrity of the H-2 program for 
the benefit of good faith employers and their workers alike, and to 
protect H-2 workers from exploitation and other abuses.
    DHS nonetheless is revising the proposed due diligence language 
regarding third parties' collection of prohibited fees to minimize 
negative impacts on responsible employers who make ongoing, good faith, 
reasonable efforts to prevent prohibited fees. Further, as explained 
below, mandatory denial is reserved for final determinations involving 
very specific egregious conduct, while discretionary denial occurs only 
if USCIS has determined, taking into account the totality of the 
circumstances and the factors outlined in the proposed regulations, 
that the petitioner or successor has not established its intention or 
ability to comply with H-2 program requirements. Moreover, DHS is 
adding new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(F) to assure petitioners with past 
violations who have established their intention and ability to comply 
with H-2A or H-2B program requirements in the course of USCIS' 
adjudication of a previously filed H-2 petition that USCIS will not 
seek to deny a subsequently filed petition under the discretionary 
denial provisions of this final rule based on the same violation(s), 
unless USCIS becomes aware of a new material fact or finds that its 
previous determination was based on a material error of law.
    Regarding concerns about increased wages, DHS reiterates that this 
rulemaking does not address worker wages, which is an issue that 
broadly falls within the jurisdiction of DOL.
    DHS acknowledges that employers will need time to familiarize 
themselves with the new regulations, which is why the final rule 
clarifies that DHS will apply certain provisions in a manner that 
balances the strong interest in enhancing H-2 program integrity and 
protection of H-2 workers with, as discussed below, the interest in 
providing petitioners with notice of new future effects applicable to 
certain conduct. DHS has determined that the benefits of the rule, 
including increased worker protections and flexibility as well as 
program integrity, outweigh time costs to employers. Finally, DHS notes 
that this rule does not create any new labor laws, which are under the 
jurisdiction of DOL or other labor agencies.
3. Other General Feedback Regarding the Rule
a. General Feedback Without Stating Support or Opposition to the 
Proposed Rule
    Comment: An individual commenter provided remarks on labor abuses 
in the H-2A visa program without stating a position on the proposed 
rule. The commenter expressed the need to address concerns around abuse 
and power imbalances through congressional action and comprehensive 
immigration reform.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenter's concerns with the 
vulnerabilities of H-2 workers and would implement any legislative 
changes Congress might make. DHS, however, maintains that it has the 
authority to improve the program under current laws as expressed in the 
proposed rule and this final rule.

C. Legal Authority and Background

1. DHS/USCIS Legal Authority
a. Congressional Intent and Statutory Authority
    Comment: Some commenters contended that DHS exceeded its authority 
to make some of the proposed changes. A joint submission from former 
DHS senior officials stated that, under the auspices of efficiency, 
equity, and ease of the administrative process, the proposed rule 
contradicts congressional authority and direction, makes semantic and 
substantive changes to undermine immigration enforcement, and removes 
one of our strongest defenses against the ``illegal job magnate 
[sic].'' However, other commenters, a group of Federal elected 
officials, stated that, in creating the H-2 programs, Congress struck a 
``delicate balance'' between ensuring that industries have available 
workers and that employers in those industries maintain a standard 
level of protections, rights, and working conditions for those workers. 
The commenters said this rulemaking effectuates congressional intent 
for the H-2 programs by protecting vulnerable workers and holding 
employers accountable. A union stated that DHS has the necessary 
statutory authority to implement the proposed rule. Specifically, the 
commenter quoted section 103(a) of the INA and section 402 of the HSA 
as granting DHS broad authority to implement the regulations 
contemplated in the NPRM. Citing case law, the commenter said courts 
have consistently characterized section 103(a) of the INA as a broad 
delegation of authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security. The 
commenter further quoted section 214(c)(14) of the INA as granting the 
Secretary specific authority to impose penalties on employers for ``a 
substantial failure to meet any of the conditions of the petition,'' 
INA sec. 214(c)(14)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C 1184(c)(14)(A)(i), as well as the 
authority to deny or approve petitions for foreign temporary workers, 
INA sec. 214(c)(14)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(14)(A)(ii). A form letter 
campaign stated that the rule would create flexibility inherent in 
DHS's immigration authority. The commenter said the proposed changes 
complement the improvements created by the DOL H-2 rule by utilizing 
the distinct authority of DHS to address abuses against farm workers.
    Response: DHS agrees with commenters who indicated that DHS has 
broad statutory authority to implement the changes proposed in the NPRM 
through this final rule.\14\ DHS set out the legal authority for the 
proposed changes in the NPRM in the Legal Authority section of the 
preamble at 88 FR 65040, 65045 (Sept. 20, 2023), and has specifically 
addressed the legal authority for the proposed changes in the sections 
pertaining to those changes. Section 214(a)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1184(a)(1), provides DHS with the authority to prescribe conditions for 
the admission of nonimmigrants, and section 214(c)(1) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1184(c)(1), establishes the nonimmigrant petition process as a 
prerequisite for obtaining H-2A or H-2B status (among others). Further, 
section 274A(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)(1), prohibits employment of 
noncitizens who are not authorized for employment. Section 
214(c)(14)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(14)(A), authorizes the 
Secretary of Homeland Security to impose administrative remedies and to

[[Page 103216]]

deny H-2B petitions for a period of at least 1 but not more than 5 
years based on the substantial failure to meet any of the conditions of 
the H-2B petition or willful misrepresentation of a material fact in 
the H-2B petition. Section 214(c)(14)(B) of the INA, in turn, 
authorizes the Secretary to delegate to the Secretary of Labor the 
authority Congress provided to DHS under section 214(c)(14)(A)(i) to 
determine violations and impose administrative remedies, including 
civil monetary penalties. In addition to these specific statutory 
authorities, sec. 103(a) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1103, provides the 
Secretary general authority to administer and enforce the immigration 
laws and to issue regulations necessary to carry out that authority. 
Further, sec. 402 the HSA, 6 U.S.C. 202, charges the Secretary with 
broad authority to establish and administer rules governing the 
granting of visas or other forms of permission to enter the United 
States and establishing national immigration enforcement policies and 
priorities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ See Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo, 144 S. Ct. 2244, 2263 
(2024) (``In a case involving an agency, of course, the statute's 
meaning may well be that the agency is authorized to exercise a 
degree of discretion. Congress has often enacted such statutes. For 
example, some statutes `expressly delegate' to an agency the 
authority to give meaning to a particular statutory term. Others 
empower an agency to prescribe rules to fill up the details of a 
statutory scheme, or to regulate subject to the limits imposed by a 
term or phrase that leaves agencies with flexibility, such as 
`appropriate' or `reasonable.' '') (cleaned up).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In this final rule, DHS similarly addresses the sources of its 
legal authority in the Legal Authority section. DHS is also addressing 
questions and comments regarding its authority to make specific changes 
in the respective sections of this rule. For example, DHS has 
specifically addressed comments challenging its authority to revise 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) to preclude denials of a nonimmigrant visa 
petition solely on the basis of the filing of a permanent labor 
certification or immigrant visa petition for that beneficiary in 
Section IV.E.4, Effect on an H-2 Petition of Approval of a Permanent 
Labor Certification, Immigrant Visa Petition, or the Filing of an 
Application for Adjustment of Status or an Immigrant Visa, in the 
subsection titled Opposition on the Basis of Legal Authority of this 
final rule. In addition, in Section IV. D. 3.a. Legal Authority for 
Compliance Reviews and Inspections, DHS also at length addresses 
comments challenging the USCIS Fraud Detection and National Security 
Directorate (FDNS) authority to conduct compliance reviews and 
inspections.
    DHS disagrees with the commenters asserting that DHS lacks 
authority to implement the changes proposed in the NPRM, including the 
mandatory and discretionary grounds for denial. Contrary to the 
commenters' assertion, and as noted in the NPRM, the mandatory and 
discretionary denial provisions best ensure the integrity of the H-2 
programs and the protection of H-2 workers from exploitation and other 
abuses based on and consistent with the statutory authorities discussed 
above. DHS also disagrees that its proposed changes undermine 
immigration enforcement and remove defenses against unauthorized 
immigration and employment. To the contrary, the changes proposed in 
the NPRM and finalized in this rule strike a balance between improving 
the H-2 programs for workers and their U.S. employers while also 
furthering program integrity. First, this final rule does not alter 
DHS's authority to deny petitions, as is provided in sections 103(a), 
214(a)(1), 214(c)(1), and 214(c)(14)(A)(ii) of the INA. Also, a number 
of the changes made through this rulemaking facilitate lawful 
participation in the H-2 programs. For example, and as discussed in 
more detail elsewhere in this rule, H-2 portability, harmonizing grace 
periods and periods of admission, removing the filing of a permanent 
labor certification/immigrant visa petition as a sole impediment to 
temporary petition approval, all in different ways help workers to find 
new H-2 employment and/or to timely depart the United States while 
maintaining their status. These protections in turn encourage workers, 
who may seek to enter the United States, to go through the proper 
channels of the temporary H-2 program and work for employers who need 
temporary H-2 workers. Similarly, H-2 workers who may face an 
unexpected cessation of employment or are exposed to adverse work 
environment that merits a revocation of the petition would not be faced 
with potentially finding other work without work authorization and/or 
accruing unlawful presence that could result in future bars to entry, 
which in turn might create the possibility that workers who are unable 
to participate in the program may opt to enter the United States via 
unauthorized means. Finally, contrary to the assertion by some 
commenters that this final rule ``undermines'' immigration enforcement, 
this final rule does not in any way limit the ability of DOL, pursuant 
to the authority DHS has delegated to DOL under section 214(c)(14)(B) 
of the INA, to impose appropriate civil monetary penalties and other 
administrative remedies, or any other remedy authorized by law. This 
final rule also does not limit the ability of U.S. Immigration and 
Customs Enforcement (ICE) to engage in worksite enforcement or enforce 
employment authorization rules.
    Comment: A couple of trade associations said some proposed 
enforcement changes appear to conflict with current law or lack legal 
authority altogether. These commenters said DHS has proposed to 
implement investigative and enforcement authority that conflicts with 
DOL's investigative and enforcement authority in the H-2A and H-2B 
programs, and fails to acknowledge the existing legal investigative and 
enforcement structure. A couple of commenters, including one of the 
trade associations and an individual commenter stated that the 
Secretary of Homeland Security has delegated all of DHS's H-2B 
enforcement authority to DOL. Citing case law, the individual commenter 
stated that since this redelegation has been unchanged, the 
investigative and enforcement power belongs exclusively to DOL Wage and 
Hour Division (WHD), as DHS has ``incapacitated itself'' from 
exercising any such authority. In addition, citing NPRM references to 
``general'' authority, the commenter said Congress subsequently spoke 
very specifically--even comprehensively--to the enforcement powers at 
issue in the NPRM. The commenter said ``those very-general provisions'' 
simply do not address the H-2B program or the fact that the Department 
has redelegated all of its authority.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the changes conflict with the law or 
lack legal authority or that DHS's investigative and enforcement 
authority conflicts with DOL's or that DHS has delegated all of its 
enforcement authority to DOL.
    With respect to both H-2A and H-2B nonimmigrant classifications, 
DHS has authority to make these changes under INA secs. 214(a)(1) and 
214(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(1) and 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(1) and, with 
respect to the H-2B classification, INA sec. 214(c)(14)(A), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(c)(14)(A). In addition to those specific statutory authorities, 
the Secretary has broad general authority under INA sec. 103(a), 8 
U.S.C. 1103(a) to, among other things, administer the immigration 
system, issue regulations and delegate certain duties to any employee 
of former INS, including USCIS, as established by HSA sec. 451, 6 
U.S.C. 271, and implemented through Delegation 0150.1 (Jun. 5, 2003). 
In addition, USCIS has the additional authority to interrogate aliens 
and issue subpoenas, administer oaths, take and consider evidence, and 
fingerprint and photograph aliens under INA section 287(a), (b), and 
(f), 8 U.S.C. 1357(a), (b), and (f), and INA section 235(d), 8 U.S.C. 
1225(d). INA sec. 287. Through this final rule DHS is exercising the 
delegated authority conferred upon it by Congress to ensure that 
participants of the H-2 programs comply with applicable laws. In 
particular, as it relates to ensuring compliance with the

[[Page 103217]]

H-2B program, under INA sec. 214(c)(14)(B), Congress explicitly 
permitted DHS to delegate to DOL authority under INA sec. 
214(c)(14)(A)(i) to impose certain administrative remedies and any 
other remedy authorized by law. See INA sec. 214(c)(14)(B). In 2009, 
DHS delegated this section 214(c)(14)(A)(i) authority to DOL See 88 FR 
65040, 65046 n.5 (Sept. 20, 2023).
    Significantly, the 2009 H-2B delegation to DOL cited in the NPRM is 
limited to section 214(c)(14)(A)(i) of the INA (as specifically 
authorized by section 214(c)(14)(B) of the INA), which focuses on 
administrative remedies, including civil monetary penalties. 
Notwithstanding the above-described delegation, DHS did not also 
delegate its authority to deny petitions for certain periods of time 
under INA section 214(c)(14)(A)(ii) pursuant to 214(c)(14)(B). A plain 
reading of the statute makes clear that DHS's delegation authority 
under section 214(c)(14)(B) does not extend to section 
214(c)(14)(A)(ii). Furthermore, section 10.0 of the DHS-DOL Interagency 
Agreement implementing the delegation states that ``[n]othing in this 
IAA is intended to conflict with current law or regulation. If a term 
of this IAA is inconsistent with such authority, then that term shall 
be invalid, but the remaining terms and conditions of this IAA shall 
remain in full force and effect.'' Thus, as described further below, 
DHS maintains its authority to deny petitions filed by petitioners who 
failed to follow applicable laws.
    DHS recognizes that the delegation mentions DHS's authority to deny 
petitions under section 214(c)(14)(A)(ii) of the INA, but it does so 
solely in the context of enabling DHS to rely, in DHS's discretion, on 
certain DOL findings of fact--after notice and an opportunity for a 
hearing--made by DOL in the context of DOL exercising authorities it 
was delegated under section 214(c)(14)(A)(i). Specifically, the 
delegation states that if DOL has issued a debarment order, DHS ``may'' 
(but need not) rely on the underlying DOL findings and ``take 
appropriate action with respect to the petition, including exercising 
[DHS] authorities under 214(c)(14)(A)(ii) of the INA, 8 U.S.C 
1184(c)(14)(A)(ii) and other provisions of the immigration laws.'' 
Nowhere in the delegation, however, is it stated that DHS lacks the 
authority to make its own findings of fact, provide notice and an 
opportunity for a hearing, or deny petitions in connection with its 
exercise of section 214(c)(14)(A)(ii) authority. Under the statute and 
the implementing Interagency Agreement, DHS may deny H-2B petitions for 
a given period in two potential ways: (a) by relying on DOL findings, 
or (b) after conducting its own hearing and by relying on its own 
findings.\15\ DHS's section 214(c)(14)(A)(i) delegation does not in any 
way limit DHS's authority under section 214(c)(14)(A)(ii), but findings 
by DOL provide an additional way for DHS to obtain information helpful 
or necessary to exercise its 214(c)(14)(A)(ii) authority, should facts 
be uncovered in the course of DOL's exercise of section 
214(c)(14)(A)(i) delegated authority. The use of the word ``may'' 
highlights the nonbinding nature of how DHS uses any findings by DOL 
that DOL makes in the course of exercising any enforcement authority 
that DHS delegated to DOL with respect to section 214(c)(14)(A)(i). 
Under section 214(c)(1) of the INA, DHS--not DOL--is the sole U.S. 
governmental agency authorized to determine whether an H-2 (or other H, 
L, O, or P) petition may be approved.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ See sec. 5.6 of the IAA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS, in its discretion, may avail itself of or rely on fact 
determinations made by DOL in exercising its delegated authority under 
section 214(c)(14)(A)(i). DHS, however, did not delegate its own 
authority to make factual determinations (following notice and an 
opportunity for a hearing) for purposes of section 214(c)(14)(A)(ii), 
nor did DHS delegate its authority under section 214(c)(14)(A)(ii) of 
the INA to deny H-2B petitions (or other petitions filed under INA 
secs. 204 or 214(c)(1)) from petitioners determined by DHS--based on 
its findings of fact, whether in choosing to rely on DOL's fact 
findings or DHS's own or both--have violated applicable laws for a 1- 
to 5-year period.
    The new denial provisions in this rule, as applied to H-2B 
petitions, are consistent with INA section 214(c)(14)(A). Specifically, 
INA section 214(c)(14)(A) provides that DHS may deny H-2B petitions for 
a period of at least 1 year, but not more than 5 years, based on the 
substantial failure to meet any of the conditions of the petition or a 
willful misrepresentation of a material fact in the petition. Under INA 
section 214(c)(14)(D), the term ``substantial failure'' means a willful 
failure to comply with requirements of INA section 214 that constitutes 
a significant deviation from the terms and conditions of a petition. As 
discussed in greater detail below, each of the violations triggering 
new denial periods in this final rule, as applied to H-2B petitions, 
stems from a willful failure to comply with program requirements. Such 
a willful failure to comply would constitute a significant deviation 
from the terms and conditions of the petition or a willful 
misrepresentation of a material fact. Consistent with caselaw, DHS 
interprets the term ``willfully'' in INA 214(c)(14)(A) to mean 
``knowingly'' or ``recklessly,'' as distinguished from accidentally, 
inadvertently, or in an honest belief that the facts are otherwise.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ See, e.g., Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47, 57 
(2007) (``We have said before that `willfully' is a ``word of many 
meanings whose construction is often dependent on the context in 
which it appears; and where willfulness is a statutory condition of 
civil liability, we have generally taken it to cover not only 
knowing violations of a standard, but reckless ones as well.'') 
(quotation marks and citations omitted); McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe 
Co., 486 U.S. 128, 132-33, (1988) (``willful,'' as used in a 
limitation provision for actions under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 
covers claims of reckless violation); Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. 
Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 125-26 (1985) (same, as to a liquidated 
damages provision of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 
1967); United States v. Ill. Cent. R. Co., 303 U.S. 239, 242-43, 
(1938) (``willfully,'' as used in a civil penalty provision, 
includes '' `conduct marked by careless disregard whether or not one 
has the right so to act'') (quotation marks and citation omitted); 
Bedrosian v. United States, 912 F.3d 144, 152 (3d Cir. 2018) 
(``[G]eneral consensus among courts is that, in the civil context, 
the term [``willfulness''] often denotes that which is intentional, 
or knowing, or voluntary, as distinguished from accidental, and that 
it is employed to characterize conduct marked by careless disregard 
whether or not one has the right so to act . . . In particular, 
where willfulness is an element of civil liability, we have 
generally taken it to cover not only knowing violations of a 
standard, but reckless ones as well.'') (quotation marks and 
citations omitted); Matter of Healy and Goodchild, 17 l & N Dec. 22, 
28 (BIA 1979) (``knowledge of the falsity of a representation'' is 
sufficient).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Each mandatory denial ground in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A), as 
applied to H-2B petitions, requires a finding of willfulness that 
comports with the applicable case law on willfulness. Specifically, 
with respect to 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1), debarment by DOL from the 
H-2B program requires that DOL has found either that the employer 
willfully misrepresented a material fact or that the employer willfully 
failed to comply with program requirements and the failure constituted 
a significant deviation from such requirements. See 20 CFR 655.73(a); 
29 CFR 503.19(a). DOL regulations defining willful violations for 
purposes of INA sec. 214(c)(14), state, ``A willful misrepresentation 
of a material fact or a willful failure to meet the required terms and 
conditions occurs when the employer . . . knows a statement is false or 
that the conduct is in violation or shows a reckless disregard for the 
truthfulness of its representations or for whether its conduct 
satisfies the

[[Page 103218]]

required conditions.'' \17\ 20 CFR 655.73(d); 29 CFR 503.19(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See Temporary Non-Agricultural Employment of H-2B Aliens in 
the United States, 80 FR 24042, 24086-87, 24129, 24139 (Apr. 29, 
2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A finding of willful material misrepresentation of a material fact 
or a finding of fraud by USCIS, as relevant in 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(2), likewise requires a finding of willfulness, in 
accordance with established case law. In addition, under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(3) a finding of violation under INA section 274(a) 
also requires the element of willfulness. In this regard, each 
subsection of INA section 274(a) includes an element of ``knowing'' 
and/or ``reckless disregard'' indicating that a finding under INA 
section 274(a) would meet the requirements of the term willfully 
referenced in INA 214(c)(14) and as defined in applicable civil case 
law.\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ For the purposes of civil liability (as opposed to criminal 
liability), the term ``willful'' includes both knowing violations 
and reckless violations. See, e.g., United States v. Hughes, 113 
F.4th 1158, 1161-62 (9th Cir. 2024). See also, Safeco Ins. Co. of 
Am., 551 U.S. at 56; McLaughlin, 486 U.S. at 132-33; Trans World 
Airlines, 469 U.S. at 125-26; Ill. Cent. R. Co., 303 U.S. at 242-43.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we note that, as a part of its application for a TLC, an 
employer must attest that they will comply with applicable Federal, 
State and local employment-related laws and regulations, and on the H-2 
petition itself, they must also attest that they agree to the 
conditions of H-2 employment, which limits participation in the H-2 
program to those petitioners who have not engaged in the types of 
criminal activities covered by INA section 274(a). Such a limitation is 
intended to ensure the integrity of the H-2 program, insofar as 
employers who have been found guilty of engaging in activities related 
to the bringing in and harboring of certain aliens have a demonstrated 
record of knowing or reckless disregard for adherence to the 
immigration law. Given the seriousness of the violations described in 
section 274(a), there is no assurance that they will take seriously 
their obligation to abide by the terms and conditions of the H-2 
program, or that they have the intention and ability to do so absent 
the passage of a sufficient time period for them to demonstrate that 
they in fact will abide by the terms and conditions of the H-2 program. 
For this reason, DHS has determined that precluding approval of H-2 
petitions for employers convicted of a violation of section 274(a) for 
the period of time specified in this rule is necessary not only to 
ensure compliance with the H-2 program but to serve as a disincentive 
to employers from engaging in the types of criminal activities 
specified in section 274(a) should they wish to avoid the mandatory 
denial periods set forth in this rule. For these reasons, a violation 
of INA section 274(a) therefore constitutes a willful violation of 
section 214 that constitutes a significant deviation from the terms and 
conditions of a petition that calls into question the petitioner's 
intent and ability to comply with the requirements of the H-2 program.
    In addition, the 1-year denial period for H-2B petitions set forth 
in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(C) stems from a willful failure to comply 
with program requirements that constitutes a significant deviation from 
the terms and conditions of the petition. Specifically, new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(C) will only apply after USCIS issues a decision denying 
or revoking on notice an H-2 petition for violation of the prohibited 
fee provision at paragraph (h)(6)(i)(B) or (h)(5)(xi)(A), or if a 
petitioner withdraws a petition following USCIS issuance of a request 
for evidence or notice of intent to deny or revoke the petition for 
prohibited fees under one of those provisions. The cited provisions, as 
finalized in this rule, enable a petitioner to avoid denial or 
revocation--and thus avoid the 1-year denial period--by demonstrating 
that it made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts throughout the 
process to prevent and learn of the prohibited fee collection or 
agreement, that it took immediate remedial action upon learning of the 
fee, that it has made all necessary reimbursements, and, for cases 
where the petitioner itself collected the fee, that its failure to 
prevent the fee resulted from extraordinary circumstances beyond its 
control. As discussed in the NPRM and in this final rule, the 
prohibitions related to fees charged to workers are a longstanding and 
important H-2 program requirement, and petitioners have to attest in 
the H-2 petition that, among other things, they have taken reasonable 
steps to ensure that prohibited fees are not being charged. As such, it 
is a petitioner's responsibility and obligation to make ongoing, good 
faith, reasonable efforts toward the prevention of such fees being 
charged by its employees and by any third parties within the 
recruitment chain, to take immediate remedial action if a violation 
occurs, and to reimburse the affected parties. Accordingly, as the same 
steps that are required to avoid denial or revocation are in fact 
petitioner obligations for compliance with program requirements and/or 
the terms and conditions of the H-2 petition, DHS considers the failure 
to take steps described above in order to prevent the payment of 
prohibited fees, and/or provide evidence that such steps were taken, to 
constitute a substantial failure, that is, a willful failure to comply 
with INA section 214 requirements that constitutes a significant 
deviation from the terms and conditions of the H-2B petition.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ In this regard, DHS notes that its regulations and petition 
instructions have long prohibited petitioners and recruiters from 
collecting prohibited fees and therefore violations of such 
prohibitions necessarily constitute a significant deviation from 
longstanding publicly known terms and conditions of a petition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, the additional 3-year period described in new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(D) only applies in instances where the petitioner has 
failed to provide the evidence necessary to avoid denial or revocation 
under paragraph (h)(6)(i)(B) or (h)(5)(xi)(A). Further, during this 3-
year period, USCIS may approve the petition notwithstanding such a 
denial or revocation upon a showing that each affected beneficiary has 
been reimbursed or that the beneficiary's designee has been reimbursed 
if the beneficiary cannot be located or is deceased. DHS considers a 
petitioner's failure to reimburse all relevant parties despite 
knowledge of the reimbursement requirement, or failure to provide 
evidence of such reimbursement, to constitute a willful failure to 
comply with program requirements that constitutes a significant 
deviation from the terms and conditions of the petition.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ DHS has noted that there are steps a petitioner can take to 
ensure they will be able to successfully provide reimbursement in 
the event that a prohibited fee violation occurs. Specifically, in 
the NPRM, DHS suggested that petitioners, as a matter of best 
practice, obtain in writing the beneficiary's full contact 
information (including any contact information abroad), early on 
during the recruitment process, and to maintain and update such 
information as needed, as well as obtain full designee information, 
early on during the recruitment process, and to maintain and update 
such information as needed to ensure the petitioner's ability to 
comply with the reimbursement requirement. 88 FR 65040, 65056 (Sept. 
20, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a matter of policy and condition of participation in H-2 
programs, DHS is imposing denials based on a predecessor's substantial 
failure to comply with program requirements or a willful 
misrepresentation of material facts, including a predecessor's denial 
under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(C) or (D) and (h)(10)(iv), on any 
successors in interest. While the acceptance of certain liabilities may 
not be agreed upon by the successor within the documents underlying the 
acquisition, merger, or other transfer resulting in a successor in 
interest relationship, under this final rule, DHS has decided to extend 
the

[[Page 103219]]

periods of denial based on a predecessor's willful failure to comply 
with program requirements to successors in interest regardless of 
whether any such successor in interest has agreed to succeed to all of 
the liabilities of the predecessor entity. Accordingly, as proposed in 
the NPRM and after this rule becomes effective, a successor in interest 
will be subject to any applicable denial period stemming from the 
violations of this rule. DHS has made this determination to prevent 
predecessors that have willfully violated program requirements or 
mispresented material facts from avoiding any consequences by simply 
reorganizing into a successor entity. This regulation puts prospective 
successors in interest on notice that they would assume liability for 
the predecessor's willful violation(s). To permit successors in 
interest to avoid successor liability would defeat the purpose/
objective of this regulation and would create a loophole to avoid the 
consequences of a willful failure to abide by the terms and conditions 
of the H-2 programs. This policy furthers the statutory purpose of 
ensuring integrity in the H-2 programs.
    Comment: An attorney commenter stated that the NPRM is premised on 
the belief that there are no material differences between the H-2A and 
H-2B programs, but they have been developed independently since 1986 
and each is subject to its own statutory provisions. The commenter 
wrote that failing to differentiate between the programs fails to 
follow congressional policy and rewrites statute. The commenter also 
said another major premise of the NPRM is the apparent conclusion that 
H-2B workers deserve or are entitled to extensive regulatory 
protection, but it is well-established that Congress created all H 
visas to promote the national interests and alleviate U.S. labor 
shortages for temporary positions by providing nonimmigrant labor. The 
commenter said there is no ``credible statutory language, structure, or 
legislative history suggesting that H-2B workers are a protected 
class'' but instead they are ``merely a conduit to safeguard the true 
protected class'' by reducing the incentive to bypass U.S. workers and 
avoid wage depression. The commenter stated that the preamble includes 
``virtually no discussion'' of the national interest, employer 
interests, or the interests of even U.S. workers, while DHS is 
effectively erecting a completely new and groundless regulatory 
structure.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter's assertion that the 
NPRM is premised on the beliefs that there are no material differences 
between the H-2A and H-2B programs and that failing to differentiate 
between them is contrary to congressional intent. While DHS generally 
agrees with the commenter that the H-2 programs were created to 
alleviate U.S. labor shortages, and thus promote the national interest, 
those objectives are consistent with providing protections from abuses 
common to both H-2A and H-2B workers. Further, the commenter stated 
that the NPRM failed to address the interests of U.S. workers; however, 
it is well established that providing protections for H-2 workers also 
benefits U.S. workers.\21\ For example, the 2023 report of the H-2B 
Worker Protection Taskforce stated that H-2B workers work alongside 
U.S. workers in some of our country's most critical occupations, but 
that structural disincentives to report or leave abusive work 
conditions not only harm H-2B workers but also undermine the wages and 
working conditions of U.S. workers who work with them.\22\ With respect 
to the commenter's contention that the rulemaking fails to address the 
national interest and employer interests, DHS also disagrees. The NPRM 
specifically discussed the importance of the H-2 programs to U.S. 
employers, including the expansion in their use in recent years in a 
section titled Importance of the H-2 Programs and the Need for Reforms. 
88 FR 65040, 65049 (Sept. 20, 2023). In this section DHS detailed the 
administration's policies to increase interest and expand access to 
these programs for employers, as well as the need to balance the 
expanded use of the H-2 programs with greater protections for workers. 
Id. The NPRM also specifically addressed the proposals that would most 
benefit U.S. employers, such as portability, as well as both the 
elimination of the eligible countries lists and the revision of the 
calculation of the maximum period of stay for H-2 workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ See generally Daniel Costa, EPI, ``Second-class workers: 
Assessing H-2 visa programs' impact on workers'' (July 20, 2022) 
(testimony before the Subcommittee on Workforce Protections in the 
United States House Committee on Education and Labor), https://www.epi.org/publication/second-class-workers-assessing-h2-visa-programs-impact-on-workers/.
    \22\ The White House, ``Strengthening Protections for H-2B 
Temporary Workers: Report of the H-2B Worker Protection Taskforce'' 
(Oct. 2023), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Final-H-2B-Worker-Protection-Taskforce-Report.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also explained that with respect to the H-2B program 
specifically, the proposed regulations which are also being finalized 
in this rule are intended to ensure that only those employers who 
comply with the requirements of the H-2B program will be able to 
compete for the limited number of available cap-subject visas, by 
precluding those employers who fail to demonstrate an intent to do so 
from participating in the H-2B program. 88 FR 65040, 65051-65052 (Sept. 
20, 2023).
2. H-2 Program Background
a. Worker Vulnerability
    Comment: A few commenters discussed the vulnerability of H-2 
workers to labor abuses and expressed their support for additional 
labor protections to be put into place. For example, a religious 
organization stated that foreign workers are uniquely vulnerable given 
that they are temporary workers, rely on their employers for basic 
needs, often have a language barrier, and many other factors. The 
commenter expressed their support for the Department's effort to 
address ongoing issues within the H-2 programs. A union and a trade 
association also expressed their support for additional worker 
protections for H-2 workers, reasoning that H-2 programs are a public 
benefit and that employers who use them need to be held to the highest 
possible standards. Similarly, a joint submission expressed their 
support for the proposed regulatory changes which they stated ``would 
make some badly overdue improvements for these most vulnerable 
workers.''
    Response: DHS agrees with, and appreciates, the commenters' 
feedback concerning the vulnerability of H-2 workers and the need for 
programmatic reforms, as well as their overall support for the rule's 
efforts to enhance H-2 worker protections.
b. Violations of Labor Laws
    Comment: Several commenters discussed labor violation issues within 
the H-2 programs and how employers can abuse their H-2 workers due to 
excessive leeway and weak oversight. Some labor unions stated that the 
program gives too much leeway to employers and that USCIS does not 
effectively enforce existing labor rules. The commenters said that this 
allows employers to bypass hiring procedures even though there are 
domestic workers available for these jobs. A research organization 
discussed how both H-2 programs have been plagued with controversy 
regarding undocumented immigration and human trafficking. The commenter 
cited reports from DOL showing that 70 percent of the audits for 
temporary labor certifications (TLCs) led to enforcement actions 
against the employer ranging from a warning to program debarment. The 
commenter further stated that Department of State

[[Page 103220]]

(DOS) reports showed that these programs enabled human trafficking and 
that between 2018 and 2020 there were 3,694 potentially identified 
victims of labor trafficking within the H-2A program. Lastly, the 
commenter noted that of over 200,000 investigations DOL had done in the 
seven major H-2B industries, 80 percent found labor violations. A trade 
association noted that DOL figures showed that only a small percentage 
of farms, about 5 percent, accounted for 71 percent of all violations 
over a 15-year period.
    A union and a religious organization stated that they have 
witnessed abuses against migrant workers such as charging fees for 
basic services, inadequate housing, long work hours, and limited 
training for the operation of heavy machinery. The commenters further 
discussed how in addition to these abuses, farm workers are often 
subject to restrictions on mobility, such as being prohibited from 
leaving their residences, insufficient health care, and isolation from 
the community. Lastly, a religious organization stated that workers 
have reported practices where an employer works its employees for 1 or 
2 months with no days off, then replaces them with a different group, 
and repeats the process. The commenter stated that these practices 
might even be considered human trafficking under the Trafficking 
Victims Protection Act of 2000. A joint submission from a union and 
numerous advocacy organizations noted that 72 percent of labor 
trafficking victims between 2018 and 2020 reported holding an H-2A or 
another temporary visa.
    A union further discussed how recruitment fees can be predatory and 
place a worker into an indentured servitude relationship with their 
employer, and further stated that the H-2 programs are one of the 
sources of modern forced labor. The commenter cited a study that it 
said showed about half of all H-2A workers from Mexico surveyed between 
2006 and 2011 took out loans to pay for these fees. A separate joint 
submission from a union and numerous advocacy organizations brought up 
reports that over half of H-2A workers paid recruitment fees, with some 
upwards of $4,500. The commenter also brought up concerns related to 
issues within the construction industry, and cited studies on how 
foreign workers are more vulnerable to injuries in this dangerous 
workplace environment.
    Commenters also addressed violations related to wage theft and its 
prevalence among H-2 employers. For example, a union cited studies that 
it said showed how H-2B employers often pay H-2B employees below what 
is required by State and Federal law and that this practice has led to 
almost 2 billion dollars in stolen wages. The commenter noted that 
another study showed that within the construction sector, foreign 
workers earn about 24 percent less than domestic workers while in the 
overall economy, this figure is about 11 percent. A joint submission 
from a union and numerous advocacy organizations cited other studies 
that they said showed 73 percent of the back wages and civil money 
penalties owed by farm employers were due to H-2A violations, and when 
investigated, agricultural employers are often found to be committing 
wage or hour theft from employees. A different union noted that this 
abuse leads workers to be deprived of job opportunities and subjected 
to lower wages.
    Response: DHS thanks these commenters, many of whom have on-the-
ground experience speaking to or working with participants in the H-2 
programs, for bringing attention to the violations of various labor 
laws that many H-2 workers experience and the harms they cause them. 
Several of the provisions finalized in this rule, such as the 
strengthened prohibited fee provisions and the new mandatory and 
discretionary grounds for denial, aim to mitigate against some of these 
harms and vulnerabilities.
c. Economic and Industry Reliance on H-2 Workers
    Comment: A few commenters, including a religious organization, 
discussed the current role of H-2 programs in the economy and how it is 
being used to fulfill labor demands that the domestic workforce is 
unable to meet. A few commenters discussed the use of the H-2 programs 
in the agricultural sector and how the industry has become more reliant 
on H-2A workers. A trade association stated that in part due to 
increased industrial job opportunities in Mexico, Texas farmers have 
begun to rely more heavily on H-2A workers to fill labor gaps. A 
business association noted that due to a shrinking domestic workforce, 
employers have had to rely more on H-2A workers in recent years and 
that the number of H-2A workers that are hired can range between a few 
dozen or thousands per entity. A separate business association 
discussed how the number of H-2A agricultural workers in states like 
Washington, Oregon, and Idaho has increased by significant margins in 
the past few years. The commenter stated that the number of H-2A 
workers in Washington has increased from 18,800 in 2017 to 38,664 in 
2023, while in Oregon the number of H-2A workers increased by a third 
between 2018 and 2021. The commenter also noted that about 90 percent 
of these workers return to the same place of employment in the 
following years.
    A trade association noted that over the last decade, an aging 
domestic workforce and changing economic conditions in Mexico have led 
the agricultural industry in border states such as Texas to rely on H-
2A workers to meet labor demands that are difficult to fulfill through 
domestic workers and Mexican day laborers. A professional association 
stated that there was an acute need for the H-2 and other similar 
programs to fill labor gaps in the U.S. economy, such as the 
construction industry where the ratio of openings to employment has 
climbed to 4.4 percent from 2.3 percent in 2015 and there were over 
300,000 openings at the time of commenting.
    Response: DHS is aware of the considerable increase in recent years 
in the utilization of both the H-2A and H-2B programs by U.S. employers 
and appreciates these commenters offering information on this growth. 
As noted in the NPRM, both the H-2A and H-2B programs have experienced 
significant growth over the last decade. H-2A visa issuances have 
increased by over 365 percent over the last decade, and H-2B visa 
issuances have nearly doubled over the last decade.\23\ 88 FR 65040, 
65049 (Sept. 20, 2023). Whether due to U.S. workers seeking employment 
opportunities in sectors other than agriculture, or due to an aging 
domestic workforce, or for other reasons, the strong interest from U.S. 
employers in seeking temporary workers through the H-2 programs is 
apparent, as these commenters note. The changes to the H-2 programs 
finalized in this rule will benefit these employers by further 
streamlining and improving the overall integrity of the programs as 
these programs grow.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ As further explained in the NPRM, while Congress has capped 
the number of H-2B visas available, the number of H-2B visas issued 
has regularly far-exceeded the statutory cap as a result of 
congressionally-provided limited authority to increase the cap over 
the past several years. 88 FR 65040, 65049 (Sept. 20, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. H-2B Program Size
    Comment: A couple of commenters generally discussed the growing 
size of the H-2 programs and, in particular, issues with the H-2B 
program exceeding the statutory 66,000 cap in recent years. A union 
expressed concern with how, through annual riders included in recent 
appropriations laws and DHS regulations including

[[Page 103221]]

returning worker exemptions, the government has been able to 
effectively increase the cap well above the 66,000 originally set when 
the H-2B program was established. The commenter also expressed concern 
that the increase in size and lax enforcement of labor laws has led to 
an undercutting of domestic labor.
    A research organization raised concerns over how the NPRM does not 
discuss the impact of portability on the H-2B annual cap, the number of 
extensions of stay with the same employer for the H-2B program, nor the 
true size of the H-2B program in terms of the total number of H-2B 
workers employed in a given fiscal year. The commenter noted that 
publicly available data at the time of comment do not convey the total 
number of positions filled by H-2B workers, which they stated was 
``critical to know since H-2B workers who change employers or extend 
with the same employer will have filled two positions under one slot 
under the annual cap.'' The commenter said that the number of 
beneficiaries approved for the H-2B program was important to know 
because the number of H-2B beneficiaries has grown far beyond the 
annual cap set by statute. The same commenter noted that USCIS 
calculates the total number of H-2B workers by adding the number of 
visas approved and the number of new H-2B workers that do not need 
visas, but that it leaves out H-2B workers that were approved to 
continue their status with the same employer or were approved to change 
employers. The commenter said that a similar issue exists with more 
recent data regarding the total number of H-2B workers because they do 
not differentiate between a new worker and one that is extending their 
current status or changing employers. Lastly, the commenter concluded 
that over the past few years, there have been significantly more H-2B 
workers than what is allowed by the statutory and supplemental caps. 
The commenter estimated that there would be a similar proportion of H-
2B workers compared to the statutory and supplementary cap in 2023.
    Response: As alluded to by a commenter, the INA sets the annual 
number of noncitizens who may be issued H-2B visas or otherwise 
provided H-2B status at 66,000, to be distributed semi-annually 
beginning in October and April. See INA sec. 214(g)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(g)(1)(B). Under this semi-annual cap, up to 33,000 noncitizens may 
be issued H-2B visas or provided H-2B nonimmigrant status in the first 
half of a fiscal year, and the remaining annual allocation, including 
any unused nonimmigrant H-2B visas from the first half of a fiscal 
year, will be available for employers seeking to hire H-2B workers 
during the second half of the fiscal year. See INA sec. 214(g)(10), 8 
U.S.C. 1184(g)(10). There are some exceptions to the cap, for example, 
as workers in the United States in H-2B status who extend their stay, 
change employers, or change the terms and conditions of employment are 
not subject to the cap. See 8 CFR 214.2(h)(8)(ii). Similarly, H-2B 
workers who have previously been counted against the cap in the same 
fiscal year that the proposed employment begins will not be subject to 
the cap if the employer names them on the petition and indicates that 
they have already been counted. See id.
    Once the H-2B cap is reached, USCIS may only accept petitions for 
H-2B workers who are exempt or not subject to the H-2B cap. No 
provisions adopted in this final rule allow DHS to exceed the statutory 
limitation on the number of H-2B visas issued per fiscal year. 
Similarly, no provisions adopted in this final rule alter the current 
exemptions to the statutory cap for workers in the United States in H-
2B status who extend their stay, change employers, or change the terms 
and conditions of employment.
    In recent fiscal years, Congress has authorized the Secretary of 
Homeland Security to temporarily increase the statutory cap. Before 
authorizing the additional visa numbers, the Secretary, in consultation 
with the Secretary of Labor, considers the needs of businesses and 
other factors, including the impact on U.S. workers and the integrity 
of the H-2B program. Most recently, on December 2, 2024, DHS and DOL 
jointly published a temporary final rule (TFR) increasing the numerical 
limit for FY 2025.\24\ Thisincrease is based on time-limited statutory 
authority that does not affect the H-2B program in future fiscal years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ This increase in the cap is in accordance with Section 105 
of Division G, Title I of the Further Consolidated Appropriations 
Act, 2024, Public Law 118-47, as extended by sections 101(6) and 106 
of Division A of the Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 
2025, Public Law 118-83, which gave the Secretary of Homeland 
Security the authority to make available additional H-2B visas for 
FY 2025.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS appreciates the commenter's analysis regarding the portability 
provision but does not agree with the conclusion that DHS fails to 
adequately assess the impact of the type of portability proposed on the 
growth and overall size of the H-2B program. Much of the comment's 
substance focuses on aspects of the H-2 program that, as described 
above, would not be affected by this rulemaking and therefore should 
not be considered as an impact of the rule. For instance, this 
rulemaking does not establish the ability to extend stay nor does it 
speak to which workers are cap exempt or subject to the respective 
caps. DHS believes that the NPRM's discussion of the marginal impact of 
portability on the affected population of porting workers is an 
accurate and sufficient articulation of the impacts of this rule. See 
88 FR 65040, 65074, 65079-80 (Sept. 20, 2023).
    Additionally, DHS appreciates the commenters' analysis of available 
H-2 data and agrees that the combination of data sources and methods 
described in the comment leads to overcounting of the total universe of 
H-2B workers in the country in a given fiscal year. More specifically, 
the commenter noted that the H-2B Data Hub's ``Continuing Approvals'' 
field likely overcounts total H-2B workers because of a lack of data on 
workers who switched employers or changed job conditions while at the 
same employer. In order to address concerns raised by the commenter, 
USCIS is providing relevant data in Table 2 and Table 3 below:
BILLING CODE 9111-97-P

[[Page 103222]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.005


[[Page 103223]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.006

BILLING CODE 9111-97-C
    Regarding the comment that the increase in H-2 program size and 
``lax enforcement'' of labor laws has led to an undercutting of 
domestic labor, DHS disagrees and emphasizes that enforcement of labor 
laws involving domestic labor generally falls under the jurisdiction of 
DOL. DHS notes that, to avoid the undercutting of domestic workers as 
mentioned by the commenter, it is a requirement under both H-2 programs 
that the Secretary of Labor must certify that there are not sufficient 
able, willing, qualified, and available U.S. workers who can perform 
such services or labor.\25\ Additionally, H-2 employment may not 
adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers in the 
United States.\26\ An H-2A or H-2B petition must be accompanied by an 
approved TLC from DOL, issued pursuant to regulations established at 20 
CFR part 655, or from the Guam Department of Labor (GDOL) for H-2B 
workers who will be employed on Guam. The TLC serves as DHS's 
consultation with DOL or GDOL with respect to whether a qualified U.S. 
worker is available to fill the petitioning H-2A or H-2B employer's job 
opportunity and whether a foreign worker's employment in the job 
opportunity will adversely affect the wages and working conditions of 
similarly employed workers in the United States.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ See INA secs. 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a)-(b), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a)-(b), 218(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1188(a)(1); 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(ii), (h)(6)(i).
    \26\ See INA sec. 218(a)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1188(a)(1)(B) (H-2A); 
INA sec. 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b) (H-
2B); 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(ii), (h)(6)(i).
    \27\ See INA sec. 214(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(1); 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(i)(A), (h)(5)(ii), (h)(6)(iii)(A), (h)(6)(v).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Program Integrity and Worker Protections

1. Payment of Fees, Penalties, or Other Compensation by H-2 
Beneficiaries
a. Use of Phrase ``Related to''
    Comment: Several commenters, including a trade association, a 
union, a joint submission, some advocacy groups, and a religious 
organization, expressed support for conforming USCIS regulations to 
DOL's regulatory language, such as the prohibition of fees ``related 
to'' employment, or clarifying the term ``prohibited fee'' to include 
any fee, penalty, or compensation. The religious organization expressed 
support for the language change to prohibit fees ``related to'' H-2 
employment in order to better protect workers and urged DHS to adopt 
the regulation as proposed.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' support for conforming 
USCIS regulations to DOL's regulatory language. These conforming 
changes are expected to increase clarity regarding prohibited fees and 
better protect workers. As discussed below, DHS is making some changes 
to the proposed regulation in light of other comments that suggested 
specific changes.
    Comment: A union and a State agency generally supported the 
language change to prohibit fees ``related to'' H-2 employment but 
suggested that USCIS include a list describing prohibited fees

[[Page 103224]]

in the regulatory text, similar to the list in the preamble.
    Response: As the commenters noted, the preamble of the NPRM 
provided examples of fees that are ``related to'' H-2 employment 
including, but not limited to, the employer's agent or attorney fees, 
visa application and petition fees, visa application and petition 
preparation fees, and recruitment costs.\28\ However, DHS declines the 
suggestions to include this or another listing of specific prohibited 
fees in the regulatory text. As noted in the NPRM, DHS is replacing the 
term ``as a condition of'' with ``related to'' to substantially conform 
with DOL prohibited fee regulations. DHS is also finalizing the 
clarification that ``[t]he passing of a cost to the beneficiary that, 
by statute or applicable regulations is the responsibility of the 
petitioner, constitutes the collection of a prohibited fee.'' New 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A), (h)(6)(i)(B). As DOL regulations already provide a 
non-exhaustive list of fees that are ``related to'' employment and thus 
are the responsibility of the employer,\29\ it is unnecessary to repeat 
that non-exhaustive list in DHS regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ 88 FR 65040, 65052 (Sept. 20, 2023) (citing DOL, WHD, 
``Fact Sheet #78D: Deductions and Prohibited Fees under the H-2B 
Program,'' https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/78d-h2b-deductions).
    \29\ See 20 CFR 655.20(o) (stating that fees ``related to'' H-2B 
employment ``include the employer's attorney or agent fees, 
application and H-2B Petition fees, recruitment costs, or any fees 
attributed to obtaining the approved Application for Temporary 
Employment Certification''); 29 CFR 503.16(o) (containing a similar 
list for fees ``related to'' H-2B employment); 20 CFR 655.135(j) 
(stating that fees ``related to'' H-2A employment include ``payment 
of the employer's attorney fees, application fees, or recruitment 
costs'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: An attorney expressed concern with the phrase ``related 
to,'' stating it was ``unrestricted'' and allows the Department to 
``sweep up'' any and all violations, including violations that are 
simply inadvertent or technical by ``even the most innocent employer.''
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter's characterization that 
the phrase ``related to'' is ``unrestricted'' and allows the Department 
to ``sweep up'' any violations that are simply inadvertent or 
technical. Instead, that phrase seeks to balance an interest in 
protecting workers from prohibited cost-shifting by employers while 
recognizing that not all payments or reimbursements by workers are 
forbidden. Moreover, this change in terminology provides consistency 
across agencies by conforming to the long-standing use of the phrase in 
DOL regulations.\30\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ See 20 CFR 655.135(j) (H-2A); 20 CFR 655.20(o) (H-2B). For 
readability purposes, this rule refers to all of the H-2B-related 
provisions of 20 and 29 CFR as ``DOL regulations'' notwithstanding 
DHS's joint issuance of some rules affecting these provisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The term ``related to'' is meant to be read broadly to ensure that 
employers bear the cost of bringing in noncitizen workers under the H-2 
programs and prevent employers from passing those costs to H-2 workers, 
with the resulting consequences of indebtedness, intimidation, and 
exploitation of nonimmigrant workers that can occur. This is consistent 
with the intent expressed by DOL in promulgating its own prohibited fee 
regulations, to ``requir[e] employers to bear the full cost of their 
decision to import foreign workers [as] a necessary step toward 
preventing the exploitation of foreign workers, with its concomitant 
adverse effect on U.S. workers.'' 75 FR 6884, 6925 (Feb. 12, 2010); 73 
FR 77110, 77158 (Dec. 18, 2008). However, the phrase ``related to'' is 
not ``unrestricted,'' as the commenter claimed. Consistent with DOL 
regulations, DHS recognizes that an H-2 employer is not responsible for 
costs that are primarily for the benefit of the H-2 worker and will 
finalize regulatory text making this clear. See new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A), (h)(6)(i)(B) (``This provision does not prohibit 
petitioners (including their employees), employers or any joint 
employers, agents, attorneys, facilitators, recruiters, or similar 
employment services from receiving reimbursement from the beneficiary 
for costs that are the responsibility and primarily for the benefit of 
the worker, such as government-required passport fees.''). DHS 
therefore disagrees with the commenter's concerns about the phrase 
``related to'' being ``unrestricted.''
b. Clarification of Acceptable Reimbursement From the Beneficiary for 
Costs That Are the Responsibility and Primarily for the Benefit of the 
Worker
    Comment: A professional association expressed support for the 
clarification that some costs to workers are acceptable if they are for 
the benefit of the worker and are the worker's responsibility. An 
advocacy group also supported this new regulatory language, noting that 
it improves clarity and affirms that an employer is responsible for all 
costs related to an H-2 worker's employment, other than those costs 
primarily for the benefit of the worker.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' support for the rule's 
clarification of certain fees that may be reimbursed by H-2 workers. As 
noted above, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B), 
as modified, will clarify that the prohibited fees provisions do not 
prohibit petitioners (including their employees), employers or any 
joint employers, agents, attorneys, facilitators, recruiters, or 
similar employment services from receiving reimbursement from the 
beneficiary for costs that are the responsibility and primarily for the 
benefit of the worker. DHS is slightly modifying this provision from 
what was proposed by adding ``from the beneficiary.'' As noted in the 
proposed rule, it is not the Department's intention to pass to 
petitioners, employers, agents, attorneys, facilitators, recruiters, or 
similar employment services, the costs of services or items that are 
truly personal and voluntary in nature for the worker.
    Comment: Many commenters, including trade associations, a research 
organization, and a joint submission, stated that DHS should provide 
additional guidance on what costs, in addition to government-required 
passport fees, may be considered ``the responsibility and primarily for 
the benefit of the worker'' such that they are acceptable for 
reimbursement by the worker. A professional association noted that 
``[p]assport fees are expressly excluded in the definition of 
prohibited fees'' but that ``there may be other fees that could benefit 
both employers and the workers not clearly addressed in the proposed 
rule.'' The commenter noted that ``[g]reater specificity would be 
helpful in the scope of the definition of prohibited fees, given that 
subsequent reimbursement would no longer remedy the error.''
    Response: As explained in the NPRM and codified in this final rule, 
fees that are ``related to'' H-2 employment are those that are the 
responsibility of and primarily for the benefit of the employer and may 
not be collected at any time from a beneficiary of an H-2A or H-2B 
petition. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B); 
88 FR 65040, 65052 (Sept. 20, 2023) (stating that fees that are 
``related to'' H-2 employment include, but are not limited to, the 
employer's agent or attorney fees, visa application and petition fees, 
visa application and petition preparation fees, and recruitment costs; 
however, such fees would not include those that are ``the 
responsibility and primarily for the benefit of the worker, such as 
government-required passport fees.''). Thus, an employer may not seek 
reimbursement from a worker for fees that are related to H-2 
employment. However, an employer may seek reimbursement from a worker 
for fees

[[Page 103225]]

that are ``the responsibility and primarily for the benefit of the 
worker.'' As finalized at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B), fees that are ``the responsibility and primarily for 
the benefit of the worker'' include ``government-required passport 
fees.'' \31\ This intentionally mirrors DOL's language that its 
prohibited fee provisions do not ``prohibit employers or their agents 
from receiving reimbursement for costs that are the responsibility and 
primarily for the benefit of the worker, such as government-required 
passport fees.'' 20 CFR 655.20(o), 655.135(j). Since DOL's regulatory 
language does not contain examples beyond government-required passport 
fees, DHS also will not provide other examples in new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ See WHD, ``Fact Sheet #78F: Inbound and Outbound 
Transportation Expenses, and Visa and Other Related Fees under the 
H-2B Program,'' https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/78f-h2b-fees; DOL, Field Assistance Bulletin NO. 2009-2 (Aug. 21, 2009).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, to be responsive to commenters' requests for additional 
guidance on what costs, in addition to government-required passport 
fees, may be considered ``the responsibility and primarily for the 
benefit of the worker,'' DHS hereby clarifies that such fees may also 
include H-4 visa fees for dependent family members and filing fees for 
Forms I-539, Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status, 
requesting extension of the same status for any H-4 dependents. There 
may be other instances in which a fee is considered primarily for the 
benefit of the worker, although, such instances will be limited in 
light of the fact that employers are responsible for all costs 
``related to'' H-2 employment.
c. Clarification of Acceptable Reimbursement to the Beneficiary for 
Certain Costs That Are ``Related to'' H-2 Employment
    Comment: A trade association urged DHS to allow employers to 
reimburse workers for meals and other costs associated with their 
travel to the United States, stating that this practice benefits 
workers. A joint submission expressed concern that leaving the proposed 
regulation vague about what other fees are acceptable for reimbursement 
could result in inconsistent application of the regulation. A 
professional association suggested that ```visa application' should be 
removed from this section [of prohibited fees] because [visa 
application fees, that is the DS-160 fee] is recognized elsewhere 
justifiably as a reimbursable cost.''
    Response: DHS recognizes that it is permissible, in certain limited 
circumstances, for a worker to initially pay a fee related to H-2 
employment and then to be reimbursed by the employer for that expense. 
In such a case, the fee is still the responsibility of the employer and 
may not be passed on to the worker, but reimbursement has been deemed 
to be an allowable mechanism by which the employer can fulfill its 
responsibility to pay the fee. For example, 20 CFR 655.20(j)(2) states 
with respect to H-2B workers that ``[t]he employer must pay or 
reimburse the worker in the first workweek for all visa, visa 
processing, border crossing, and other related fees (including those 
mandated by the government) incurred by the H-2B worker . . . .'' Thus, 
all visa, visa processing, border crossing, and other related fees are 
the responsibility of the employer, but DOL allows for the employer to 
satisfy its obligation to pay these fees by reimbursing the worker 
within the first workweek.
    DHS does not intend to prohibit reimbursement of fees where such 
reimbursement is specifically allowed by statute or regulations 
governing the H-2 programs. Therefore, DHS is modifying the regulatory 
text in this final rule at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) to add that ``This provision does not prohibit 
employers from allowing workers to initially incur fees or expenses 
that the employers are required to subsequently reimburse, where such 
arrangement is specifically permitted by, and performed in compliance 
with, statute or regulations governing the [H-2A/H-2B] program.''
    In addition, nothing in the regulation prevents an employer from 
seeking reimbursement from the worker after initially paying costs that 
are the worker's responsibility and are primarily for the benefit of 
the worker (such as passport costs). In determining the employer's 
responsibility to cover expenses related to H-2 employment, the 
question is not whether H-2 workers derive a benefit from payment of 
such fees, but whether, under applicable regulations and guidance, the 
payment is made primarily for the benefit of the employer.\32\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ See, e.g., 29 CFR 531.3(d)(1) (``The cost of furnishing 
`facilities' found by the Administrator to be primarily for the 
benefit or convenience of the employer will not be recognized as 
reasonable and may not therefore be included in computing wages.''); 
80 FR 24042, 24063 (Apr. 29, 2015) (``DOL's longstanding position is 
that deductions or costs incurred for facilities that are primarily 
for the benefit or convenience of the employer will not be 
recognized as reasonable and therefore may not be charged to the 
worker.''); see also DOL, ``Travel and Visa Expenses of H-2B Workers 
Under the FLSA'' (Aug. 21, 2009) (stating that in determining which 
pre-employment expenses incurred by the employee must be reimbursed 
back to the employee, ``the question is whether these expenses for 
H-2B nonimmigrant workers are `an incident of and necessary to the 
employment, and therefore are primarily for the benefit or 
convenience of the employer''), https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FieldAssistanceBulletin2009_2.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Prohibiting Breach of Contract Fees and Penalties
    Comment: Several commenters, including multiple trade associations, 
a union, and a joint submission, generally supported the inclusion of a 
breach of contract or penalty as a prohibited fee but requested DHS to 
clarify what constitutes a prohibited breach of contract fee or 
penalty. For example, multiple trade associations and a joint 
submission requested that DHS clarify what would constitute a breach of 
contract fee or penalty in circumstances where workers abandon or are 
terminated for cause from their work. The commenters requested that DHS 
clarify that the employer would not be deemed to have charged a breach 
of contract fee for failing to offer guaranteed work hours or provide 
return transportation in those cases. The joint submission asked 
whether the new regulation would preclude an employer from 
incorporating into the H-2A or H-2B contract a ``no complete, no 
rehire'' clause stating that workers will not be rehired for future 
contracts if they resign without cause prior to the agreed-upon end 
date.
    Response: DHS will not consider the petitioner's failure to offer 
guaranteed work hours, provide return transportation, and pay 
subsistence costs as a breach of contract fee or penalty, where DOL or 
DHS regulations relieve a petitioner of its responsibility to offer 
guaranteed work hours, provide return transportation, and pay 
subsistence costs for a beneficiary who has voluntarily left employment 
or was terminated for cause. See, e.g., 20 CFR 655.20(y) (abandonment/
termination of employment for H-2B workers); 20 CFR 655.122(n) 
(abandonment of employment or termination for cause for H-2A workers). 
Similarly, with respect to the commenters' question about a ``no 
complete, no rehire'' clause for a beneficiary who voluntarily left 
employment or was terminated for cause, DHS will not consider this 
clause a prohibited ``fee or penalty for breach of contract'' under new 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) or (6)(i)(B) so long as the consequence to the 
worker is limited to not being rehired by the petitioner

[[Page 103226]]

and does not include a monetary or financial penalty or fee for such 
termination or voluntary departure. However, DHS cautions that while 
such a clause does not fall under the ``prohibited fee'' provisions, it 
may implicate other statutory or regulatory provisions such as DOL's 
prohibition on discrimination or retaliation under the H-2A program at 
29 CFR 501.4. Petitioners and employers should take these other 
provisions into account when adopting such a clause or taking actions 
pursuant to such a clause.
    Comment: A State agency stated it is ``understandable to not charge 
excessive fees for the worker not completing the contract,'' but 
expressed concern that by prohibiting the charging of breach of 
contract fees, an employer could pay upfront several hundreds or 
thousands of dollars for a worker, just for the worker to leave the job 
after a short time without any consequences to the worker.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that an employer may be required to 
invest significant resources in petitioning for H-2 workers. However, 
certain costs associated with participation in the H-2 program are the 
responsibility of the employer. These costs remain the responsibility 
of the employer even if the worker departs prior to the end of the 
petition period and the employer may not seek to recover these costs 
through a ``breach of contract'' fee or otherwise.
    Comment: A few commenters, including advocacy groups and a 
professional association, expressed support for the proposed changes 
prohibiting breach of contract fees and penalties. An advocacy group 
recommended that USCIS strengthen this language even further by 
prohibiting non-monetary penalties or penalties imposed on a worker's 
relations or anyone acting on behalf of the worker. The advocacy group 
also proposed specific language adjustments for section 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) with corresponding changes for section 
212.4(h)(6)(i)(B), to specify that ``Requiring a beneficiary or any 
person related to the beneficiary or acting on the beneficiary's behalf 
to sign a negotiable instrument or grant a security interest in any 
collateral constitutes the collection of a prohibited fee.''
    Response: In response to the comment from the advocacy group, DHS 
is adding text to clarify that a prohibited fee may not be collected 
from a beneficiary ``or any person acting on the beneficiary's behalf'' 
at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and (6)(i)(B). This language is meant 
to clarify that an employer may not circumvent these provisions by 
collecting an otherwise prohibited fee from a third party (such as a 
family member) acting on the beneficiary's behalf.
    DHS declines to add the remaining suggested text to the final 
regulation regarding ``a negotiable instrument or grant a security 
interest in any collateral.'' While DHS agrees that prohibited fees may 
be collected in a variety of ways, including by requiring a beneficiary 
or someone acting on their behalf to grant a security interest in any 
collateral, the changes to 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and (6)(i)(B) to 
prohibit any ``other fee, penalty, or compensation (either direct or 
indirect), related to the H-2[A/B] employment'' are sufficiently broad 
to cover this and similar types of scenarios. Additionally, while DHS 
agrees that requiring a beneficiary or someone acting on their behalf 
to sign a negotiable instrument (such as a promissory note) to pay a 
prohibited fee would not be permissible, the phrases ``agreement to 
collect'' and ``agreed to pay'' at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 
(6)(i)(B)(1), and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and (6)(i)(B)(2), 
respectively, are sufficiently broad to cover this scenario and similar 
types of scenarios. There may be other fact patterns that could 
constitute the collection of or an agreement to collect a prohibited 
fee, and as such, codifying the technical terms ``negotiable 
instrument,'' ``security interest,'' and ``collateral'' is unnecessary.
e. Strengthening the Prohibited Fee Provisions
    Comment: Citing reports and statistics showing the pervasiveness of 
prohibited fees, an advocacy group welcomed the Department's efforts to 
strengthen enforcement against such fees. Another advocacy group, 
citing a statement from an H-2A worker, similarly expressed strong 
support for DHS's efforts to provide more effective enforcement on 
recruitment fees and other unlawful fees. A union generally endorsed 
the Department's efforts to increase accountability for employers who 
use foreign recruiters and other third-party agents through the 
proposed fee provisions.
    An advocacy group similarly expressed support for the proposal to 
strengthen the existing prohibition on and consequences for charging 
certain fees to H-2A workers. The commenter concurred with the 
Department's assessment that the consequences for employers charging 
prohibited fees could, in conjunction with the whistleblower 
protections, reduce disincentives for workers to report prohibited 
fees.
    Citing various statistics and reports, a joint submission expressed 
broad support for DHS's proposals with respect to prohibited recruiter 
fees. The commenters agreed with the Department's rationale that 
targeting employers who charge prohibited fees would also help to 
target human and labor trafficking. The commenters concluded that the 
pervasiveness of trafficking in the H-2A program and the egregiousness 
of the associated crimes justify DHS's proposals and require the rule's 
swift implementation.
    A union expressed strong support for DHS's proposal to eliminate 
the current regulatory exemptions that allow employers to avoid 
liability for the charging of prohibited fees. The union reasoned that 
the current regulations provide too many exemptions and eliminating 
them would make it more difficult for employers to avoid the 
consequences of their actions, as well as the actions of their agents.
    An advocacy group expressed overall support for the proposed 
language to strengthen the applicability of the prohibited fees 
provisions while citing provisions that would narrow the circumstances 
in which petitioners could avoid revocation or denial. The group 
acknowledged that the ``very high standard'' established in the 
regulations would require petitioners to take an active role in 
ensuring that their employees do not charge prohibited fees, and that a 
``mere lack of awareness'' would not allow petitioners to avoid 
consequences. Citing examples, the commenter reasoned that many H-2 
employers rely on employees to recruit new H-2 workers, without taking 
any steps to ensure that these employees are not charging fees to their 
recruits. The commenter additionally reasoned that H-2 petitioners are 
already obligated to ensure their employees comply with various legal 
obligations, so compliance with the H-2 regulations on prohibited fees 
should not be an exception. While similarly describing the standards 
under this section of the rule, another advocacy group emphasized the 
need for employers to discourage their agents and employees from 
charging prohibited fees, rather than allowing them to claim ignorance 
of fees to avoid penalties. The group concluded that the proposed 
affirmative obligations for employers would improve and maintain the 
integrity of the H-2 program.
    Response: DHS appreciates the broad support offered by these 
commenters for the changes made in relation to strengthening the H-2 
prohibited fees provisions. Despite existing regulatory provisions 
against charging certain fees

[[Page 103227]]

to H-2 employees, incidents of workers reporting prohibited fees were 
levied on them at some point during the recruitment and hiring process 
remain pervasive, as the commenters note. The changes proposed in the 
NPRM to enhance the integrity of the H-2 programs and provide 
additional worker protections are adopted in this final rule with some 
clarifying revisions; any amendments to those proposals based on public 
comment are discussed in detail under the appropriate section.
    Comment: Multiple commenters expressed concern with DHS's proposal 
to eliminate exceptions to prohibited fee-related denials or 
revocations that are based solely on a petitioner's reimbursement, pre-
payment cancellation of a prohibited fee agreement, or notification to 
DHS, as summarized below.
    A joint submission wrote that, under current regulations, employers 
must take remedial action as a condition of approval, which provides 
employers with a reasonable opportunity to resolve and remedy 
violations that occur without their knowledge or involvement. The 
commenters said that the proposal to remove such opportunities is 
``unbalanced'' and penalizes employers disproportionately. Similarly, a 
business association wrote that the proposal is concerning to 
businesses and would cause unnecessary disruptions for well-meaning 
employers that rely on the H-2 program to meet their workforce needs. A 
research organization wrote that the proposal to remove the exception 
to denial when an employer reimburses the fee before filing the 
petition is ``unjustifiable,'' as it would create an automatic denial 
in every situation where a prohibited fee is identified anywhere in the 
chain of recruitment.
    A few trade associations wrote that they supported strong 
enforcement against the unlawful collection of or threats to collect 
prohibited fees. However, they expressed concern that the proposal to 
eliminate these exceptions would prevent employers from accessing the 
program through correctional mechanisms (that is, through reimbursement 
or correctional action with DHS) whereby they can rectify situations in 
which the unlawful collection of fees occurred outside of their 
knowledge, or where it was ``impossible'' to prevent unlawful fee 
collection. A couple of these associations additionally wrote that 
DHS's proposal to eliminate the exceptions ``takes a sledgehammer to an 
issue that requires a scalpel.''
    Another trade association similarly expressed support for 
enforcement against prohibited fee collection, but said that the 
proposal to eliminate the exemptions would prevent growers from 
accessing a program on which they depend due to reasons ``far outside 
of their control,'' including actors deliberately and deceptively 
acting contrary to the employer's direction not to collect prohibited 
fees. A few trade associations additionally reasoned that the 
collection or threatened collection of prohibited fees often occurs in 
home countries, and U.S. employers have limited control in such 
situations, so it would be inappropriate to impose serious penalties 
any time a prohibited fee is discovered. Another trade association 
added that the Department's ``shortsighted'' proposal would disregard 
the totality of the implications in such situations and would 
negatively impact both employers and employees, rather than holding the 
parties conducting the unlawful collection of fees accountable.
    A business association wrote that the Department did not consider 
other alternatives to removing the current exception, such as retaining 
the exception to avoid petition revocation or denial only if workers 
are fully reimbursed and where the petitioner had no knowledge of the 
unlawful fee, and only denying or revoking a petition for egregious 
cases where employers knowingly charged or threatened a prohibited fee. 
A joint submission suggested that the Department consider making an 
``exception contingent on the employer attesting, under penalty of 
perjury, that it had no actual or constructive knowledge of the fee 
scheme.'' The commenter further suggested that the Department make this 
exemption inapplicable if there is evidence demonstrating that the 
petitioner had direct involvement or actual knowledge of the scheme or 
benefitted from it financially.
    Response: DHS declines to make any revisions based on these 
comments to its proposed strengthening of the H-2 prohibited fees 
provisions. The proposed changes in the NPRM, and now finalized in this 
rule, are meant to address, in part, two major vulnerabilities with 
respect to current regulatory provisions requiring reimbursement of 
beneficiaries as a condition of approval. First, DHS adopts these 
strengthened provisions in recognition of the potential harm to 
beneficiaries and in some cases their families who may have to borrow 
or otherwise incur debt to pay prohibited fees. Indebted noncitizen 
workers are more vulnerable to exploitation and coercive actions of 
unscrupulous employers or agents working on the employer's behalf. So, 
despite later reimbursement of the fees charged to these workers, 
significant damage may have already occurred. Second, in finalizing 
these new provisions, DHS recognizes that under the current, long-
standing regulatory framework, reports of prohibited fees paid by 
beneficiaries remain prevalent.\33\ Current provisions allow 
petitioners to avoid any liability for these types of fees being 
charged in cases where they have reimbursed the worker, or if the 
worker is unavailable, they claim reasonable efforts have been made to 
locate the worker.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ See, e.g., GAO, GAO-10-1053, ``Closed Civil and Criminal 
Cases Illustrate Instances of H-2B Workers Being Targets of Fraud 
and Abuse'' (2010) (describing various instances when employer 
charge excessive fees), https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-10-1053.pdf; 
GAO, GAO-15-154, ``Increased Protections Needed for Foreign 
Workers'' (2015) (specifying instances of abuses during the 
recruitment process, including the charging of prohibited fees), 
https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-15-154.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Though reimbursing workers charged prohibited fees is vital, and 
provisions adopted in this final rule require fully reimbursing such 
workers or their designees, DHS's intent here is to maximize incentives 
for petitioners to take affirmative measures to prevent workers from 
being charged or threatened with these fees in the first instance. The 
commenters' suggestions that DHS should maintain the current exceptions 
to prohibited fee-related denials or revocations that are based solely 
on a petitioner's reimbursement, pre-payment cancellation of a 
prohibited fee agreement, or notification to DHS, do not adequately 
recognize the harm already done to affected beneficiaries by having to 
come up with the funds to pay those fees upfront. Similarly, the 
commenters' suggestions to make an exception for petitioners who have 
no knowledge of or direct involvement in the prohibited fees do not 
adequately recognize the harm already done to affected beneficiaries, 
and furthermore, may even incentivize petitioners to remain ignorant 
about prohibited fee practices affecting their workers. These 
suggestions also do not adequately address the inadequacies of the 
current regulatory provisions which focus solely on reimbursement as 
the appropriate remedy rather than providing incentives for a 
petitioner to prevent these violations from occurring in the first 
place.
f. Similar Employment Services
    Comment: Multiple trade associations expressed concern about a lack 
of clarity around ``similar employment services.''

[[Page 103228]]

Some of these associations regarded the lack of a definition for 
``similar employment services'' as concerning given the Department's 
push for employers to recruit from Northern Central American countries 
through their Ministries of Labor. A few of the associations asked 
whether ministries of labor would count as ``similar employment 
services.'' Providing examples from recent cases of illegal activity 
within a Northern Central American ministry of labor and the Georgia 
State Workforce Agency, the commenters added that the vague provision 
surrounding ``similar employment services'' is concerning for 
employers.
    Response: DHS thanks these commenters for their submissions 
regarding clarification for the phrase ``similar employment services.'' 
Noting that this phrase has long been included in DHS H-2A and H-2B 
regulations, it is reasonable to amend these provisions to offer 
clarification for what may constitute ``similar employment services'' 
in the context of the strengthened prohibitions on charging H-2 workers 
certain fees. Based on feedback from commenters, DHS is amending its 
regulatory provisions at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) to now read, ``The term `similar employment service' 
refers to any person or entity that recruits or solicits prospective 
beneficiaries of the [H-2] petition.'' In accordance with this 
clarification, this includes recruitment or employment services offered 
by private, nongovernmental individuals and entities, quasi-
governmental entities (such as private entities working jointly with 
ministries of labor), and governmental entities (such as ministries of 
labor).
g. Due Diligence Standard
    Comment: An advocacy group welcomed DHS's clarification around the 
petitioners' responsibility to conduct ``due diligence'' to ensure that 
recruiters and other agents in their labor supply chain are not 
charging prohibited fees. Another advocacy group wrote that workers 
were generally optimistic that the due diligence provisions would cause 
employers to be more cautious in the recruitment process, particularly 
with regard to fees charged by third-party recruiters and their own 
employees.
    A joint submission generally acknowledged that under the proposed 
rule, H-2 employers would be responsible for conducting due diligence 
to ensure that their recruiters and other employees do not charge 
workers unlawful recruitment or other fees. The commenters said that 
the proposed provisions would strengthen the enforcement of 
prohibitions on charging unlawful fees, which severely harm workers.
    Response: DHS appreciates the support from these commenters. H-2 
employers are responsible for ensuring that individuals and entities 
that recruit, or that otherwise act on behalf of the employer and/or 
the recruiter, comply with all H-2 program requirements, including the 
prohibition on collection of fees related to H-2 employment. Based on 
feedback requesting clarification as to what constitutes due diligence 
that DHS received on its proposed rule, DHS is revising the provisions 
introduced in the NPRM as discussed in detail below.
    Comment: Numerous trade and business associations and a 
professional association expressed concern with the requirement that 
employers demonstrate to USCIS that they engaged in ``due diligence'' 
to prevent the collection of prohibited fees on the basis that the 
provision lacks a clear explanation for satisfying the requirement and 
is overly broad as to what ``due diligence'' would entail. A trade 
association urged the Department to address this concern in the final 
rule.
    A joint submission wrote that the provisions do not offer a 
definition of ``due diligence'' or provide examples of what this 
requirement would look like, except to say that a written contract ``by 
itself'' is insufficient. The commenters said that the Department's 
attempt to mitigate uncertainty through this statement is inadequate to 
protect against the provision's overreach. The commenters wrote that, 
as the rule does not adequately apprise the regulated community as to 
its obligations, the rule is impermissibly vague and violates due 
process.
    A couple of trade associations similarly remarked that the proposed 
rule is impermissibly vague and fails to define what specific objective 
steps must be taken to fulfill the ``due diligence'' requirement. The 
associations said that the proposed rule's failure to discuss the 
applicable standard of proof and failure to establish an objective 
standard deprive the public of the opportunity to comment on the 
proposal.
    A trade association reasoned that the ``broad and vague'' wording 
around due diligence would leave employers with a lack of understanding 
of agency expectations and would create challenges for employers to 
avoid penalties despite their ``good faith efforts'' to adhere to due 
diligence obligations. The association additionally wrote that vague 
due diligence requirements without parameters would prevent the 
application of a consistent standard and raise the risk of penalization 
for employers depending on how the agency interprets the requirement in 
each situation.
    Another association wrote that the proposed due diligence standard 
is unreasonably broad and unattainable such that employers would 
``never be able to reasonably meet its conditions.'' The association 
further remarked that while the Department explains that a lack of 
knowledge of an incident or even explicit contract terms prohibiting 
such fees are not sufficient to meet the ``due diligence'' standard, it 
does not explain what measures it would deem sufficient.
    A research organization stated that, under the proposed rule, ``a 
mere lack of awareness'' is no excuse for employers, yet the rule does 
not offer advice to employers on what constitutes ``due diligence'' to 
avoid mistakes or the collection of prohibited fees.
    Response: DHS appreciates the attention paid by commenters on its 
proposed provisions on prohibited fees and reiterates its commitment 
that employers conduct due diligence to ensure all parties acting on 
the employers' behalf comply with all H-2 program requirements. In 
light of commenters' calls for additional clarity regarding the due 
diligence standard, however, the Department is revising proposed 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) to offer greater 
clarification and simplification. Specifically, DHS is foregoing the 
proposed ``did not know and could not, through due diligence, have 
learned'' language and instead requiring the petitioner to demonstrate 
``ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and learn of the 
prohibited fee collection or agreement by such third parties throughout 
the recruitment, hiring, and employment process.'' This revision is 
intended to clarify what ``due diligence'' means and better aligns the 
regulatory language at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) with new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1).\34\ This revision also

[[Page 103229]]

more clearly explains the petitioner's obligation to not only prevent 
prohibited fee collection or agreement, but also an ongoing obligation 
to prevent and learn of such fees, given that such fees could be 
collected or agreed upon at various points in time during the 
recruitment, hiring, or employment process. Although DHS is replacing 
``due diligence'' with ``ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts'' in 
light of comments requesting clarity on the ``due diligence'' standard, 
DHS emphasizes that is not a substantive change as ``due diligence'' 
and ``ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts'' in this context require 
the same diligent level of effort by the petitioner.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ As will be discussed below, DHS is making corresponding 
revisions to new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) to clarify the standards under which a 
petitioner will be held accountable for its own prohibited fee-
related violations or those of its employees. As finalized, new 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) will 
require the petitioner to demonstrate that it ``made ongoing, good 
faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and learn of the prohibited fee 
collection or agreement by its employees throughout the recruitment, 
hiring, and employment process.'' This language replaces the 
``significant efforts'' language in proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1), 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1), and also the 
proposed ``due diligence'' language in proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2), 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2). These changes 
clarify that the proposed ``significant efforts'' and ``due 
diligence'' standards were not meant to be materially different from 
each other.
    \35\ One dictionary definition of ``due diligence'' is ``action 
that is considered reasonable for people to be expected to take in 
order to keep themselves or others and their property safe.'' 
Cambridge Dictionary, ``Due Diligence,'' https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/due-diligence; see 
also Merriam Webster Dictionary (defining ``due diligence'' as ``the 
care that a reasonable person exercises to avoid harm to other 
persons or their property''), https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/due%20diligence; Black's Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) 
(``The diligence reasonably expected from, and ordinarily exercised 
by, a person who seeks to satisfy a legal requirement or to 
discharge an obligation.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) require the petitioner to take immediate remedial 
action as soon as it becomes aware of the payment of or agreement to 
pay the prohibited fee. While this requirement was initially proposed 
for 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1), it was 
not initially proposed for 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2), and is now included in the final regulatory text 
to better ensure parity between 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1), and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2). These changes also are responsive to comments 
about the importance of ensuring that the petitioner take immediate 
remedial action to resolve and remedy violations, which can include 
immediate termination of the relationship with the recruiter or agent 
(in addition to full reimbursement to the beneficiary or the designee). 
DHS agrees with these comments and, as reflected by these changes, 
emphasizes that a petitioner should take immediate remedial action as 
soon as it becomes aware of the payment of or agreement to pay the 
prohibited fee, regardless of whether the prohibited fee payment or 
agreement to pay the prohibited fee was made to the petitioner, or to 
its agent, attorney, employer, facilitator, recruiter, or similar 
employment service, or joint employer as applicable.
    To summarize, under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2), if it is determined that the beneficiary paid or 
agreed to pay a prohibited fee related to the H-2 employment to any 
agent, attorney, employer, facilitator, recruiter, or similar 
employment service, or any joint employer as applicable, whether before 
or after the filing of the H-2 petition, the petition will be denied or 
revoked on notice unless the following factors are demonstrated through 
clear and convincing evidence:
    (1) The petitioner made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to 
prevent and learn of the prohibited fee collection or agreement by its 
employees throughout the recruitment, hiring, and employment process;
    (2) The petitioner took immediate remedial action as soon as it 
became aware of the payment of or agreement to pay the prohibited fee; 
and
    (3) The petitioner fully reimbursed all affected beneficiaries or, 
only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, it fully 
reimbursed the beneficiaries' designees.
    Overall, these changes clarify what specific steps a petitioner 
must take to avoid liability for prohibited fee collection or agreement 
by a third party. These changes should help alleviate the commenters' 
concerns about the proposed provisions being overly broad, vague, 
unattainable, or having undefined standards. To provide further 
clarity, DHS discusses additional non-exclusive examples of how a 
petitioner may demonstrate that it made ongoing, good faith, reasonable 
efforts in another comment response below. DHS assures petitioners that 
the intent of the ``ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts'' 
requirement is to ensure the integrity of the H-2 programs and to 
provide worker protections by better ensuring petitioners exercise 
ongoing reasonable efforts, based on the totality of the circumstances, 
to prevent the payment or collection of prohibited fees.
    Comment: A trade association said that placing the burden on 
employers to root out prohibited fee collection among various actors, 
is ``unfairly strict and impractical.'' The group wrote that, under the 
proposed rule, employers could be held responsible for monitoring 
actions hundreds or thousands of miles away. A few individual 
commenters remarked that ``forcing'' employers to show due diligence 
would be ``onerous'' and suggested that this work be carried out by 
enforcement on recruiters. An individual commenter stated that the 
provisions to deny or revoke H-2 petitions based on undefined standards 
are ``heavy-handed and arbitrary.'' The commenter wrote that employers 
would have to go to ``extreme lengths'' to show due diligence that they 
worked to prevent prohibited recruitment fees under the proposed 
provisions. A professional association similarly regarded the proposed 
rule's standards as ``extremely high'' and ``relentless'' with respect 
to employer requirements, penalties, and limited opportunities for 
relief.
    A trade association wrote that placing the burden on petitioners to 
``police'' the payment of prohibited fees would be unreasonable and 
unfair. The association remarked that it would not be feasible for 
petitioners to conduct every step of recruitment themselves and thus, 
they must rely on foreign recruiters. The association, along with 
another trade association, said that, as proposed, DHS unfairly places 
the burden on petitioners to prevent the collection of prohibited fees 
and issues unjust consequences if they fail.
    Other commenters claim that, by removing the knowledge requirement 
from the violation and abolishing the current safe harbor provision, 
the Department is proposing a ``strict liability system'' in which the 
mere allegation of the payment or solicitation of fees results in the 
petitioner being deemed guilty and then the petitioner must prove by an 
extraordinarily high burden that he is innocent. A trade association 
wrote that placing ``strict liability'' on U.S. employers for actions 
taken by a foreign recruiter is not an appropriate solution. Another 
association said that the broadly defined due diligence requirement 
would amount to ``strict liability.''
    A joint submission wrote that employers would be limited in their 
ability to prevent wrongdoing by third parties, and they cannot 
guarantee compliance with the rules at all times by all persons. While 
acknowledging that the risk to employers may increase with the scale of 
the agent or facilitators they hire, the commenters warned that the 
proposed rule may have the opposite of its intended effect and instead 
incentivize employers to hire smaller, less reputable, less ethical 
agents or facilitators as they may be perceived to be easier to 
monitor, which would result in less compliance and more worker 
exploitation.

[[Page 103230]]

    A professional association expressed opposition to the prohibited 
fee provision that would impose liability on employers for the actions 
of third parties. The association stated that employers would have to 
take affirmative steps to demonstrate that the third party was not 
engaging in prohibited conduct, or else be liable for the associated 
penalties. The association warned that such punitive measures would 
disincentivize employers to participate in the H-2 program to avoid the 
risk of liability for actions outside of their control.
    While articulating the need for petitioners to take steps to 
monitor their supply chains, a professional association voiced concern 
that employers cannot reasonably know everything that is happening. The 
association said that petitioners should not be held liable for the 
actions of third parties if they took immediate remedial action upon 
learning about a potential violation.
    Another trade association expressed concern that employers acting 
in good faith and engaging recruitment services from vetted entities 
would not be able to preclude the possibility of prohibited fees by any 
one employee of a third-party entity and, under the proposed 
provisions, would effectively be barred from the program no matter what 
preventative measures they took. The association urged the Department 
to be more judicious in considering what standards are fair to place on 
the regulated community. The association concluded that the Department 
should consider ``reasonable'' alternative measures, though offering no 
specific proposals, to reduce instances of prohibited fee payments 
while allowing employers to protect workers, rather than subjecting 
them to ``strict liability'' for unknown actions of third parties.
    A couple of trade associations expressed concern that employers 
would be held liable for actions by individuals who are not in 
contractual privity with them. The associations also stated that the 
Department's proposal fails to account for varying circumstances and 
different actors in the context of the collection of prohibited fees. 
For example, the associations indicated that under the proposed rule, 
employers would be liable for actions beyond their control, such as the 
collection of improper fees by foreign government officials. In 
considering these issues, the associations regarded DHS's proposal to 
punish employers for actions by third parties beyond their control, 
including those with whom they have no contractual relationship, as 
``imprudent'' and ``unreasonable.''
    Response: DHS disagrees with commenters' statements that the 
Department is being unfair, impractical, unreasonable, or imprudent in 
ensuring the burden is on petitioners to properly monitor and assume 
responsibility for the actions of third parties engaging in recruitment 
activities on its behalf. DHS acknowledges the comments that 
petitioners cannot always conduct each step of the recruitment process 
themselves and therefore often rely on foreign recruiters, agents, or 
other third parties to do so. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to place 
the burden on the petitioner to ensure that prohibited fees are not 
collected by such third parties. The petitioner, in hiring recruiters 
or other third parties, is in a position to condition the hiring of 
such parties upon the latter monitoring the activities of those further 
down the recruitment and hiring chain, even if the latter are located 
outside of the United States. In this regard, it is in the mutual 
interest of petitioners and recruiters to ensure against denials of 
petitions based on payment of prohibited fees. Furthermore, DHS reminds 
these commenters of the long-standing regulatory provisions against 
prohibited fees being charged to H-2 workers by foreign recruiters. It 
is therefore reasonable to expect that petitioners who currently work 
with foreign recruiters already have at least some practices in place 
in which to effectively monitor the activities of those recruiters and 
ensure compliance with H-2 regulations. In other words, the requirement 
to oversee or monitor the charging of prohibited fees is not new with 
the NPRM or with this final rule.
    This final rule does adopt measures to better ensure petitioners 
are liable for the actions of the third parties they engage for 
recruitment services. It is possible, however, for petitioners to avoid 
liability and possible consequences of a finding of prohibited fees 
charged by third parties if they demonstrate through clear and 
convincing evidence that they made ongoing, good faith, reasonable 
efforts to prevent and learn of the prohibited fee collection or 
agreement by such third parties throughout the recruitment, hiring, and 
employment process; they took immediate remedial action as soon as it 
became aware of the payment of the prohibited fee or agreement; and 
that all affected beneficiaries or, in certain circumstances, their 
designees have been fully reimbursed. See new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2). Therefore, DHS 
disagrees with some commenters' characterizations of these provisions 
as creating a new ``strict liability'' standard that would effectively 
deny a petitioner ``no matter what preventative measures they took.'' 
To the contrary, the new provisions incentivize petitioners to exercise 
ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts, based on the totality of the 
circumstances, to prevent the payment of prohibited fees in the first 
place.
    Finally, regarding the concerns that these provisions may 
incentivize employers to hire smaller, less reputable, less ethical 
agents which would result in less compliance and more worker 
exploitation, or may even disincentivize employers from participating 
in the H-2 program, such an assertion is speculative. For the reasons 
stated above, DHS assumes that good faith employers and agents have 
and, under this rule, will continue to have a strong incentive to 
ensure compliance with the terms and conditions of the H-2 program.
    Comment: Several commenters who opposed the proposed ``due 
diligence'' provisions expressed specific concerns about the negative 
impact these provisions would have on H-2 workers. For instance, a 
research organization articulated its concern that the proposed rule 
would not be a rights-enhancing provision for the impacted population. 
The organization further remarked that the rule would be unfair to 
workers who would lose their ability to work in the United States for 
an employer who wants to rectify the infraction. The commenter urged 
DHS to consider what would happen to workers who are unjustly denied a 
visa under the proposed rule and concluded that restricting the H-2 
visa would lead to unauthorized immigration.
    Another commenter, along with a joint submission, further remarked 
that the nature of the proposal is such that it would discourage 
workers from reporting fee violations for fear of losing employment or 
jeopardizing their relationships with the employer.
    Other commenters said that the rule, as proposed, would harm 
domestic and H-2A farm workers by reducing employment opportunities and 
diverting employer resources away from workers by making employers 
spend more resources to prove that prohibited fee collections or 
agreements did not occur.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns about the 
potential negative effects of the proposed changes on H-2 workers. DHS 
anticipates that other provisions in this rule, such as the new 
whistleblower protections, grace periods, and permanent portability 
provisions, will

[[Page 103231]]

provide significant relief to affected workers by increasing their 
ability to seek new employment and potentially lessening the impact of 
reporting fee violations or otherwise jeopardizing their relationships 
with an employer.
    With respect to the comment that the prohibited fee provisions of 
this rule would lead to unauthorized immigration, DHS disagrees with 
this assertion, which is speculative and assumes that participants in 
the H-2 program will be inclined to violate immigration laws rather 
than comply with the terms and conditions of the H-2 program. Regarding 
the comment asserting that the provisions would reduce employment 
opportunities and divert employer resources away from workers by making 
employers spend more resources to prove that prohibited fee collections 
or agreements did not occur, the commenter did not provide support for 
this assertion. While DHS anticipates this rule may result in some 
increased costs for employers in instances where there is evidence that 
prohibited fees may have been paid or agreed to, the commenter provides 
no basis for its claims that the costs in these limited instances will 
cause additional harm to workers, and the rule does not otherwise 
create any new reporting or evidentiary requirements for employers 
related to prohibited fees. Any employer costs incurred to prevent 
prohibited fees are not new costs imposed by this rule as the 
regulations this rule replaces already prohibits the collection of such 
fees and as such, petitioners were reasonably expected under the 
previous rule to have taken appropriate steps to ensure against the 
collection of such fees.
    Comment: In light of concerns with respect to the proposed ``due 
diligence'' standard, a business association requested that the 
Department provide a definition of ``due diligence'' and asked DHS to 
clarify what documentation would suffice to demonstrate a petitioner's 
efforts to meet this standard. The association requested that the 
Department consider allowances for situations in which a petitioner is 
not aware of an improper action by an agent, despite conducting due 
diligence and including expectations within the contract, and asked 
what courses of action are available for petitioners when a third party 
is not responsive.
    A trade association urged the Department to define ``measurable, 
reasonable `affirmative steps''' employers could take to prevent the 
collection of prohibited fees while recognizing the good practices that 
employers already use. The association also recommended that the 
Department consider which mitigating factors would be appropriate to 
avoid debarment. A joint submission similarly requested that DHS 
articulate specific guidance around due diligence, such as specifying 
whether it is sufficient to require agents and facilitators to ask 
workers during intake whether they have paid or been solicited to pay 
fees, or have workers sign a written attestation that they have not 
paid fees.
    A trade association suggested that DHS clarify that an employer's 
documented, good faith vetting of third parties would allow them to 
avoid liability for conduct outside of their knowledge. The association 
provided examples of this due diligence, such as written inquiries with 
responses from the third party, requests to review employment 
documents, and payment ledgers between visa applicants.
    While discussing the due diligence provisions, a member farm 
organization stated the need to establish reasonable expectations as to 
what an employer can do from the United States when recruiters may be 
``hundreds and even thousands of miles away.'' The group requested that 
DHS reconsider what it considered to be overly strict provisions and 
work with agricultural employers to find a ``healthy middle ground'' 
that benefits all parties.
    Some advocacy groups responded to DHS's request for comment 
regarding the types of due diligence activities that employers should 
be required to undertake. The advocacy groups suggested that employers:
     Create mechanisms to communicate with workers directly 
during the recruitment process and promptly investigate any reports of 
prohibited fees;
     Seek out ways to be available to workers during the 
recruitment process and create procedures for addressing abuses 
promptly (for example, through a designated Compliance Officer who 
reports to the employer and investigates and addresses unlawful fee 
collection);
     Take immediate remedial action in the event a petitioner 
discovers that a recruiter or agent has charged or entered into an 
agreement to charge a prohibited fee (including, at a minimum, full 
reimbursement and immediate termination of the relationship with the 
recruiter or agent);
     Implement rigorous vetting and monitoring procedures, such 
as through: (1) obtaining the agent's financial records, documentation 
of compliance with applicable laws, and records related to their prior 
recruitment of H-2 workers; (2) identifying agents or intermediaries 
upon which recruiters rely, and creating processes to identify agents 
or intermediaries not voluntarily disclosed; (3) conducting periodic 
audits of recruiters' practices and finances and communicating policies 
against recruitment fees; and
     Ensure that all agreements with recruiters provide for a 
realistic fee structure that will not incentivize recruiters to pass 
costs to workers to remain profitable.
    The other advocacy group endorsed the above commenters' 
recommendations in their submission and wrote that the first 
recommendation would be especially critical for the proposed rule to 
benefit workers.
    A professional association expressed concerns with the examples of 
relevant documentation provided in the NPRM, including ``evidence of 
communications showing the petitioner inquired about the third party's 
past practices and payment structure to ensure that it obtains its 
revenue from sources other than the workers and/or any documentation 
that was provided to the petitioner by the third party about its 
payment structure and revenue sources.'' In this regard, the 
association said it should not be mandated for disclosure to DHS ``for 
a [f]ishing expedition'' and that DHS must show cause on an individual 
basis prior to soliciting this type of ``proprietary'' information.
    Response: DHS acknowledges the concerns raised by these commenters 
regarding the potential need for additional clarity as to the steps 
employers should implement to exercise appropriate due diligence. As 
clarified elsewhere, DHS is responding to feedback on its NPRM by 
revising and clarifying the proposed due diligence provisions. 
Specifically, DHS is removing the term ``due diligence'' from the 
regulatory text to instead state that petitioners must have made 
ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts throughout the recruiting and 
employment period to prevent and learn of the collection of a 
prohibited fee. DHS emphasizes again that this revision is not intended 
to be a less stringent standard than the proposed due diligence 
requirement, but instead the change is offered as a more descriptive 
process than the provision included in the NPRM.
    DHS is particularly appreciative of those commenters who provided 
specific examples in response to the NPRM's request for public input in 
the NPRM. Indeed, the Department anticipated some interest and feedback 
on this provision, and in the NPRM explicitly requested public input 
regarding specific types of evidence that may be relevant and available 
to meet the proposed changes. 88 FR 65040,

[[Page 103232]]

65055 (Sept. 20, 2023). Based on these comments, DHS is providing the 
following examples of non-exclusive factors that may demonstrate 
whether a petitioner has made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts 
to prevent such fees. These factors may include, but are not limited to 
(1) whether the petitioner was providing compensation to the third 
party entity such that the third party would have no incentive to pass 
on costs to workers; (2) whether the petitioner had procedures to 
contact and monitor the performance of relevant parties in the 
recruitment chain, whether located in the United States or abroad; and 
(3) whether the petitioner has a mechanism to communicate directly with 
workers during and after the recruitment process and properly 
investigate any reports of prohibited fees. As noted above, the 
determination under new 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) 
will be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of 
the facts presented.
    To show that a petitioner was providing compensation to the third 
party entity such that it would have no incentive to pass on costs to 
workers, the NPRM provided examples of documentation that could be 
submitted including ``communications showing the petitioner inquired 
about the third party's past practices and payment structure to ensure 
that it obtains its revenue from sources other than the workers and/or 
any documentation that was provided to the petitioner by the third 
party about its payment structure and revenue sources.'' 88 FR 65040, 
65054-55 (Sept. 20, 2023). Contrary to a commenter's claim that 
``[t]his type of information is proprietary and should not be mandated 
to be disclosed to DHS for a [f]ishing expedition,'' these are merely 
examples of the types of evidence a petitioner may submit to 
demonstrate due diligence (which DHS now calls ``ongoing, good faith, 
reasonable efforts''). New 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) do not mandate the submission of any specific 
document nor the disclosure of any specific financial or proprietary 
information. Further, the petitioner may redact or sanitize a document 
in a manner that the document is still sufficiently detailed and 
comprehensive yet does not reveal sensitive financial or proprietary 
information. These clarifications should alleviate the petitioner's 
concerns about providing proprietary or sensitive financial information 
to DHS. DHS therefore disagrees with the commenter's suggestion that in 
providing these examples in its NPRM as to evidence that may meet the 
proposed due diligence requirement that the Department would solicit 
proprietary information to engage in a ``[f]ishing expedition.''
    To show what procedures a petitioner has in place to properly vet 
and monitor the recruiters, agents, or other third parties that it 
utilizes to recruit H-2 workers, commenters provided various examples 
such as: written inquiries with responses from the third party, 
requests to review relevant employment documents, evidence that agents/
facilitators asked workers during intake whether they have paid or been 
solicited to pay fees; evidence that the petitioner asked recruiters to 
identify agents or intermediaries upon which the recruiters rely and 
created processes to identify agents or intermediaries not voluntarily 
disclosed; and evidence that the petitioner conducted periodic audits 
of recruiters' practices and finances and communicate policies against 
recruitment fees. DHS agrees with these examples, and notes that they 
are non-exhaustive examples of the types of documentation a petitioner 
may submit under this factor; no one document will be dispositive, and 
all of the circumstances will be considered as a whole. DHS reminds 
petitioners that, under new 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2), a written contract between the petitioner and the 
third-party agent, attorney, facilitator, recruiter, similar employment 
service, or member employer stating that such fees were prohibited will 
not, by itself, be sufficient to demonstrate reasonable efforts. While 
the language of such a contract may be considered, additional 
documentation must be provided.
    To show whether the petitioner has a mechanism to communicate 
directly with workers during and after the recruitment process and 
promptly investigate any reports of prohibited fees, commenters 
suggested that a petitioner could submit evidence that it has a 
designated Compliance Officer who reports to the employer and 
investigates and addresses unlawful fee collection. A commenter further 
suggested that a petitioner could submit evidence that they require 
their recruiters to provide the Compliance Officer's contact 
information to workers as part of the initial job offer, as well as 
information about their rights in the recruitment process and 
assurances against retaliation for reporting any concerns. Again, these 
are just illustrative examples of the types of documentation a 
petitioner may submit under this factor; no one document will be 
dispositive, and all of the circumstances will be considered as a 
whole.
    Comment: An advocacy group and a union supported the proposed 
specification that the prohibited fee provisions would also apply to 
joint employers in the H-2A context and any employers in addition to 
the petitioner in the H-2B context.
    Response: DHS appreciates these commenters' support and adopts the 
proposed specifications that prohibited fee provisions apply to joint 
employers in the H-2A context, and any employer if different from the 
petitioner in the H-2A and H-2B context, in this final rule.
    Comment: A few trade associations indicated that they cannot 
support the proposed regulations regarding joint employers and due 
diligence as proposed. These commenters said that while they support 
employers performing due diligence, an innocent member of an 
association of U.S. agricultural producers should not have their 
enterprise jeopardized by a ``bad actor'' within the association.
    Response: As noted by the commenters, the provision at new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) prohibits fees collected by any joint employer 
including a member employer if the petitioner is an association of U.S. 
agricultural employers. Further, under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2), 
a USCIS determination that a beneficiary has paid or agreed to pay such 
a fee to a member employer will result in a denial or revocation unless 
the petitioner (in this case the association U.S. agricultural 
employers) can establish that it qualifies for the limited exception in 
that provision, which among other things, requires evidence that it 
engaged in ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and learn 
of its member employers' collection of prohibited fees. It is 
reasonable to expect that any petitioner filing on behalf of both 
itself and joint employers, including an association of U.S. 
agricultural employers acting as petitioner, will take steps to ensure 
that the representations it makes on other entities' behalf are 
accurate, and that such entities in fact comply with program 
requirements.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ When filing the Form I-129 petition, an association of 
agricultural employers certifies to the accuracy of the information 
in the petition, including the representations it makes on behalf of 
its joint employers, and agrees to the conditions of H-2A 
employment. Each joint employer also signs the petition, assuming 
responsibility for the representations in the petition and agreeing 
to the conditions of H-2A eligibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS recognizes that, under the new rule, a member employer who 
complies with H-2 program requirements with

[[Page 103233]]

respect to its own workers could nonetheless be impacted by the 
prohibited fee violation of a different employer listed on the same 
petition. Specifically, such a prohibited fee violation may ultimately 
lead to denial or revocation of the entire petition if the petitioner 
is unable to demonstrate eligibility for the narrow exception. It is 
worth noting, however, that the 1- to 4-year denial period following a 
denial or revocation for prohibited fees would apply to the 
petitioner--that is, the U.S. association of agricultural producers--
and not to each member employer listed as a joint employer on the 
petition. Regardless, DHS notes that member employers have the option 
to file individual petitions, and it is DHS's expectation that 
employers will exercise care in determining with which, if any, 
entities they will file jointly.
    Comment: Several commenters cited examples of prohibited fees being 
charged by government officials of countries where the United States 
government has helped to promote recruitment of H-2 workers. The 
commenters provided these examples to ask for more clarity regarding 
the due diligence standard.
    Response: DHS acknowledges the concerns regarding instances of 
prohibited fees by some ministry of labor officials in foreign 
governments which the United States government partnered with to 
promote the H-2 programs. DHS clarifies that it may consider whether 
the petitioner used one of these recruitment systems as a relevant 
factor in determining whether the petitioner engaged in ongoing, good 
faith, reasonable efforts. However, the fact that a petitioner used a 
recruitment system developed in partnership with the U.S. government 
will not by itself excuse an employer's failure to engage in the 
requisite reasonable and ongoing efforts to ensure against the payment 
of such prohibited fees. In all cases, DHS will make its determination 
with respect to the question of prohibited fees based on all of the 
facts presented.
    Comment: Regarding the due diligence standard, a joint commenter 
asked whether it would matter if ``the agent or facilitator has been 
certified by a third-party such as the Equitable Food Initiative, the 
U.N. Global Compact, or other organizations.''
    Response: DHS declines to address third party certifications, as 
the commenter did not provide any additional information about the 
referenced certification programs nor demonstrate these programs' 
relevance to how a petitioner might demonstrate due diligence, now 
phrased as ``ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts,'' under new 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2).
    Comment: A professional association recommended that, instead of 
placing the burden on employers to perform due diligence, DHS should 
provide safe harbor for employers who use recruiters included in DOL's 
H-2B Foreign Labor Recruiter List.
    Response: DHS declines to adopt the suggestion to provide safe 
harbor for employers who use recruiters included in DOL's H-2B Foreign 
Labor Recruiter List. As stated on DOL's Foreign Labor Recruiter List 
web page, by providing the information on this list, DOL ``will be able 
to verify whether a recruiter is recruiting for legitimate H-2B job 
opportunities in the United States.'' \37\ However, the web page 
expressly states that DOL ``does not endorse any foreign labor agent or 
recruiter included in the Foreign Labor Recruiter List, nor does 
inclusion on this list signify that the recruiter is in compliance with 
the H-2B program.'' DHS disagrees, therefore, that use of recruiters 
from the list is a sufficient factor to provide a safe harbor for 
petitioners, in part because DOL does not endorse any foreign labor 
agent or recruiter included in the list and inclusion on the list does 
not signify that the recruiter is in compliance with the H-2B program, 
and because DHS does not verify this recruiter list or vet any of the 
individual recruiters listed therein.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ DOL, Employment and Training Administration, ``Foreign 
Labor Recruiter List,'' https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/foreign-labor/recruiter-list.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: An advocacy group suggested that the Federal Government 
provide more information about and control over the H-2 hiring process 
overall and work to develop a multilingual, accessible platform 
providing access to vetted employers and verified job offers. While 
quoting a member of the affected population, the commenter reasoned 
that such an application would eliminate the need for recruiters, 
thereby eliminating prohibited recruitment fees.
    Response: DHS is not implementing this suggestion in this final 
rule. While appreciative of the goal of eliminating prohibited 
recruitment fees, it is not the intent of this final rule to eliminate 
the use of recruiters. Nor does DHS intend to be involved in matching 
or otherwise facilitating recruitment between an H-2 worker and a 
prospective H-2 employer. However, nothing in this rule prevents the 
private, nonprofit, or voluntary sector from creating such a platform.
h. Legal Authority and Burden of Proof Relating to the Requirements on 
Prohibited Fees
    Comment: Some trade associations said that DHS's proposal to make 
employers ``strictly liable'' for any payment of, or any allegation of 
payment of, an improper fee by a worker lacks statutory authority. The 
commenters went on to say that the proposal fails to establish any 
clear or objective standard, thus denying a petitioner notice of what 
conduct is required to satisfy the law and depriving the public of an 
opportunity to comment on the complete proposal.
    Response: DHS disagrees that it lacks the authority to promulgate 
its regulations governing the H-2 programs, including the provisions 
related to prohibited fees. The Legal Authority sections of both the 
NPRM and this final rule clearly address the DHS Secretary's authority 
to administer and ensure compliance with the immigration laws and to 
issue regulations necessary to carry out that responsibility. Specific 
to the H-2 programs, the HSA transferred to DHS the authority to by 
regulation set the condition for the admission of H-2 nonimmigrants and 
to adjudicate petitions for H-2 nonimmigrant status including 
establishing the form and content of such petitions. See INA 214(a)(1) 
and (c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(1), (c)(1), and INA 103(a)(1), (a)(3), 
1103(a)(1), (a)(3),; and, with respect to the H-2B classification, INA 
214(c)(14)(A), 1184(c)(14)(A); see also 6 U.S.C. 202(3), 271, 557. The 
HSA also established the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration 
Services, now USCIS, and transferred to USCIS the authority over 
petitions adjudicated by service centers (including H-2 nonimmigrant 
petitions), establish policies for performing that function, and set 
national immigration services policies and priorities. See HSA secs. 
451(a)(3), (b); 6 U.S.C. 271(a)(3), (b). Reading the expansive 
delegated authority over immigration and H-2 programs, including its 
administration, to include the authority to strengthen the prohibited 
fee provisions (that have been a part of the H-2 regulatory scheme 
since 2008),\38\ and thus prevent

[[Page 103234]]

the exploitation of H-2 workers, is the best reading of that authority, 
as it is consistent with the plain language of the statutes and will 
enhance the integrity of the H-2 programs and thus further this 
important statutory purpose.\39\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ In a response to public comments on the 2008 H-2A final 
rule, DHS explained that it has plenary authority to determine 
conditions for the admission of all nonimmigrants, including H-2A 
workers. 73 FR 76891,76899 (Dec. 18, 2008) (``Under section 214(a) 
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(a), DHS has plenary authority to determine 
the conditions of admission of all nonimmigrants to the United 
States, including H-2A workers. It is within the authority of DHS to 
bar the payment by prospective workers of recruitment-related fees 
as a condition of an alien worker's admission to this country in H-
2A classification.''). Similarly, in response to public comments on 
the 2008 H-2B final rule DHS stated that the ``this provision is 
necessary to ensure that the actual wages specified on the temporary 
labor certification will, in fact, be paid to the H-2B worker, 
thereby ensuring the validity of the labor market test and 
compliance with section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(B) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(B). The choice whether to use recruiters or 
facilitators and the terms and costs for such services is left 
entirely to the employer.'' 73 FR 78104, 78113 (Dec. 19, 2008).
    \39\ See Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo, 144 S. Ct. 2244, 2263 
(2024) (``In a case involving an agency, of course, the statute's 
meaning may well be that the agency is authorized to exercise a 
degree of discretion. Congress has often enacted such statutes. For 
example, some statutes expressly delegate'' to an agency the 
authority to give meaning to a particular statutory term. Others 
empower an agency to prescribe rules to fill up the details of a 
statutory scheme, or to regulate subject to the limits imposed by a 
term or phrase that leaves agencies with flexibility, such as 
`appropriate' or `reasonable.''' (cleaned up)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees with other assertions from the commenters. 
Firstly, the commenters fail to recognize that the provisions finalized 
in this rule do not impose strict liability on petitioners but provide 
limited ways for petitioners to avoid liability for prohibited fees. 
The ways in which petitioners may avoid potential denial or revocation 
of a petition differ depending on whether the beneficiary was charged 
by the petitioner itself or one of its employees, or whether the 
beneficiary paid or agreed to pay a third party recruiting on behalf of 
the petitioner. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A), 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B). 
See also the detailed description of these provisions in the comment 
response below. As noted above, this final rule in general, and these 
provisions in particular, are being promulgated in order to ensure the 
integrity of the H-2 programs and worker protections. Furthermore, DHS 
disagrees that it has deprived the public of the opportunity to comment 
on the complete proposal, and notes that the NPRM expressly sought 
comments on all of DHS's proposals, and explicitly requested public 
input on different aspects of several of its proposals, including 
specifically on the types of evidence that may be relevant to meet the 
proposed due diligence requirement and the clear and convincing 
standard that the petitioner did not know or could not have known of a 
third-party charging beneficiaries prohibited fees. DHS is making 
revisions to several of its proposals based on the comments it received 
on the NPRM, as discussed in these comment responses and in Section III 
which shows that petitioners understood DHS's proposals pertaining to 
the prohibited fee provisions and were able to provide salient and 
helpful feedback.
    Comment: Several commenters, including a professional association 
and a few individual commenters, expressed concerns that employers 
would be ``forced'' to prove their innocence under the proposed 
regulations, which would be incongruent with the U.S. justice system. A 
few commenters additionally expressed concern that the proposed rule 
would be based on the idea that all H-2 employers should be presumed 
guilty, or that it would defy the concept of ``innocent until proven 
guilty.'' A couple of trade associations, echoing these remarks, added 
that the ``illegal'' regulatory scheme surrounding the prohibited fees 
provisions would deny petitioners of basic due process. The 
professional association urged the Department to discard--or, at 
minimum, revise--the worker protection provisions to allow DHS to 
enforce regulations against prohibited fees without forcing employers 
to prove their innocence.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the proposed prohibited fees 
provisions, finalized in this rule with minor revisions, are counter to 
the concept of ``innocent until proven guilty'' or otherwise deny 
petitioners of basic due process. These provisions do not purport to 
assign ``guilt'' or ``innocence,'' but instead address those situations 
where, as a factual matter, workers have paid or agreed to pay 
prohibited fees. Nothing proposed in the NPRM and finalized in this 
rule departs from DHS's current regulatory framework whereby USCIS may 
approve a benefit request only if the petitioner establishes 
eligibility for the requested benefit.\40\ If the evidence fails to 
establish eligibility, the benefit request will be denied on that 
basis, generally preceded by an RFE or a notice of the agency's intent 
to deny, with the opportunity for the benefit requester to provide 
additional evidence in response to the request or notice and an 
opportunity to appeal any such denial.\41\ H-2 petitioners continue to 
be afforded this process under the provisions of this final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ See 8 CFR 103.2(b)(1) (``An applicant or petitioner must 
establish that he or she is eligible for the requested benefit at 
the time of filing the benefit request and must continue to be 
eligible through adjudication.''); see also USCIS, Policy Manual 
Chapter 4, ``Burden and Standards of Proof'' (``The burden of proof 
to establish eligibility for an immigration benefit always falls 
solely on the benefit requestor. The burden never shifts to 
USCIS.''), https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-1-part-e-
chapter-
4#:~:text=The%20burden%20of%20proof%20to%20establish%20eligibility%20
for,or%20she%20has%20made%20a%20prima%20facie%20case.
    \41\ See generally 8 CFR 103.2(b)(8), 103.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Extraordinary Circumstances
    Comment: Several comments requested clarity concerning what 
constitutes ``extraordinary circumstances,'' noting that this term is 
not defined in the proposed regulation nor does DHS explain how it 
plans to evaluate the facts in making its decision. Several trade 
associations commented that the Department did not explain what 
``extraordinary circumstances'' would allow an employer to avoid 
liability for prohibited fees charged ``by a third-party.'' 
Additionally, a professional association wrote that the framework 
proposed by DHS to enforce the prohibition of fees requires greater 
detail to the required showing of circumstances that were ``rare and 
unforeseeable.'' A joint submission, providing detailed remarks on 
DHS's proposal and offering suggestions, recommended that the 
Department soften the ``extraordinary circumstances'' and ``rare and 
unforeseeable'' requirements to more lenient standards (for example, 
``took reasonable steps'').
    Response: In light of these comments, DHS is revising the 
regulatory text at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) to clarify the ``extraordinary circumstances'' 
framework. As described above, as well as in Section III, DHS is 
finalizing the proposed provisions at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) 
and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) to state, in pertinent part, that if 
USCIS determines that a petitioner or any of its employees,\42\ whether 
before or after the filing of the H-2 petition, has collected or 
entered into an agreement to collect a prohibited fee related to the H-
2 employment, USCIS will deny or revoke the petition on notice unless 
the petitioner demonstrates through clear and convincing evidence that, 
among other things, ``the petitioner made ongoing, good faith, 
reasonable efforts to prevent and learn of the prohibited fee

[[Page 103235]]

collection or agreement by its employees throughout the recruitment, 
hiring, and employment process'' and that ``extraordinary circumstances 
beyond the petitioner's control resulted in its failure to prevent 
collection or entry into agreement for collection of prohibited fees.'' 
Specifically, DHS is eliminating the part of the proposed regulatory 
text referring to ``rare and unforeseeable'' circumstances. This phrase 
may have caused unnecessary confusion, as DHS had always meant the 
phrase ``rare and unforeseeable'' to specifically explain the meaning 
of ``extraordinary circumstances,'' not to create another standard 
separate and apart from ``extraordinary circumstances.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ DHS notes an inaccuracy in some of the comments that 
confuse an important distinction in how the new prohibited fees 
provisions treat instances of prohibited fees charged by petitioners 
or its employees and such fees charged by third parties. The 
``extraordinary circumstances'' determination is applicable only to 
instances of prohibited fees charged by the petitioner itself or by 
its employees, not in situations where such fees are charged by 
third party entities. Prohibited fees charged by third party 
entities are covered by new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, DHS is eliminating the part of the proposed regulatory 
text stating, ``To qualify for this exception, a petitioner must first 
establish. . ..'' That proposed language was intended to refer back to 
how to demonstrate ``extraordinary circumstances,'' not to create 
another exception.
    These changes are intended to clarify that there is only one 
exception for a petitioner to avoid liability for prohibited fees by 
itself or its employees. DHS is also deleting ``and that it has fully 
reimbursed all affected beneficiaries or the beneficiaries' designees'' 
because this is duplicative of the sentence, ``Moreover, a petitioner 
must establish that it has fully reimbursed all affected beneficiaries 
or, only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, that 
it has fully reimbursed their designees,'' which is being retained.
    To summarize, under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1), if it is determined that a petitioner or any of 
its employees, whether before or after the filing of the H-2 petition, 
has collected or entered into an agreement to collect a prohibited fee 
related to the H-2 employment, the petition will be denied or revoked 
on notice unless the following factors are demonstrated through clear 
and convincing evidence:
    (1) The petitioner made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to 
prevent and learn of the prohibited fee collection or agreement by its 
employees through the recruitment, hiring, and employment process;
    (2) Extraordinary circumstances beyond the petitioner's control 
resulted in its failure to prevent collection or entry into agreement 
for collection of prohibited fees;
    (3) The petitioner took immediate remedial action as soon as it 
became aware of the payment of or agreement to pay the prohibited fee; 
and
    (4) The petitioner fully reimbursed all affected beneficiaries or, 
only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, it fully 
reimbursed the affected beneficiaries' designees.
    With respect to comments specifically requesting clarification of 
the phrase ``extraordinary circumstances,'' this phrase is currently 
used in other areas of immigration administration and therefore is not 
ambiguous or ill-defined as commenters have asserted.\43\ Based on the 
plain meaning of ``extraordinary,'' extraordinary circumstances are 
``very unusual, special, unexpected, or strange'' \44\ (in other words, 
rare and unforeseeable). To provide an example for illustrative 
purposes only, the unexpected death, serious illness, or incapacity of 
the petitioning entity's supervisor or other key employee with 
responsibility for recruiting beneficiaries and ensuring against the 
payment of prohibited fees may qualify as ``extraordinary 
circumstances'' beyond the petitioner's control, although a minor 
illness or short-term incapacity likely would not qualify. In 
evaluating whether the circumstances in a particular case were 
``extraordinary'' and ``beyond the petitioner's control,'' USCIS will 
take into account all relevant information and evidence, including but 
not limited to who within the organization collected or entered into an 
agreement to collect prohibited fees, and the relationship of the 
asserted circumstances to the actions of such individual(s). It is 
worth emphasizing that demonstrating the existence of extraordinary 
circumstances beyond the petitioner's control is only part of the 
exception under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B). Not only does a petitioner need to demonstrate 
extraordinary circumstances beyond the petitioner's control, but the 
petitioner must also establish that these circumstances ``resulted in 
the petitioner's failure to prevent collection or entry into agreement 
for collection of prohibited fees,'' as required under new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B). Circumstances that had 
no connection to the petitioner's failure to prevent collection or 
entry into agreement for collection of prohibited fees, such as a 
serious illness that occurred after the prohibited fee had already been 
collected, would not be sufficient to meet the regulatory standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ For example, the concept of ``extraordinary circumstances'' 
beyond the petitioner or applicant's control is found in regulatory 
provisions relating to certain extension of stay or change of status 
requests, see current 8 CFR 214.1(c)(4) and 248.1(b)(1), and in a 
precedent decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals and 
respective guidance implementing provisions of the Child Status 
Protection Act, Pub. L. 107-208 (2002). See INA secs. 203(h); see 
also Matter of O. Vasquez, 26 I&N Dec. 817, 821 (BIA 2012), USCIS 
Policy Memorandum, ``Guidance on Evaluating Claims of `Extraordinary 
Circumstances' for Late Filings When the Applicant Must Have Sought 
to Acquire Lawful Permanent Residence Within One Year of Visa 
Availability Pursuant to the Child Status Protection Act'' (June 6, 
2014); cf. 8 CFR 208.4(a)(5) (defining ``extraordinary 
circumstances'' for purposes of the one-year filing deadline for 
asylum applications). DHS recognizes those examples are not related 
to H-2 prohibited fees, but the point remains that the phrase 
``extraordinary circumstances'' is generally well understood.
    \44\ Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/extraordinary; see also Merriam Webster 
Dictionary (defining ``extraordinary'' as ``going beyond what is 
usual, regular, or customary''), https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extraordinary; Black's Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) 
(``Beyond what is usual, customary, regular, or common.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the petitioner needs to demonstrate that it meets the 
remaining factors of the exception at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B), specifically: that the petitioner had made 
ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and learn of such 
prohibited fee collection or agreement throughout the recruitment, 
hiring, and employment process; the petitioner took immediate remedial 
action as soon as it became aware of the payment of or agreement to pay 
the prohibited fee; and that the petitioner fully reimbursed all 
affected beneficiaries or, in certain circumstances, the beneficiaries' 
designees. Overall, this exception is intentionally narrowly drawn as 
it is critical in furthering the primary intent of this final rule, 
which is to better ensure the integrity of the H-2 programs and to 
provide protections to H-2 workers.
j. Significant Efforts
    Comment: Several commenters, including numerous trade and business 
associations and a professional association, requested clarity 
concerning what constitutes ``significant efforts to prevent prohibited 
fees prior to the collection or agreement to collect such fees.''
    Response: As discussed above, DHS is finalizing the proposed 
provisions at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) to offer greater clarification and simplification. 
Specifically, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) eliminates the phrase ``significant efforts'' and 
instead provides that the petitioner must demonstrate that it ``made 
ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and learn of the 
prohibited fee collection or agreement by its

[[Page 103236]]

employees throughout the recruitment, hiring, and employment process.'' 
Although DHS is replacing ``significant efforts'' with ``ongoing, good 
faith, reasonable efforts'' in light of comments requesting clarity, 
DHS emphasizes that is not a substantive change as ``significant 
efforts'' and ``ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts'' in this 
context requires the same level of effort by the petitioner. This 
change clarifies what DHS initially meant by ``significant,'' and more 
effectively explains the petitioner's obligation to not only prevent 
prohibited fees prior to the collection of or agreement to collect such 
fees, but also undergo an ongoing obligation to prevent and learn about 
such fees given that such fees could be collected or agreed upon at 
various points in time during the recruitment, hiring, or employment 
process.
    This change better aligns the provisions at new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) with the 
provisions at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2). As finalized, all of these provisions require 
petitioners to demonstrate their ongoing, good faith, reasonable 
efforts to prevent and learn of the prohibited fee collection or 
agreement throughout the recruitment, hiring, and employment process, 
regardless of whether the prohibited fee collection or agreement was 
made by the petitioner (including its employees) or by third 
parties.\45\ These changes clarify that the proposed ``significant 
efforts'' and ``due diligence'' standards were not meant to be 
materially different from each other.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ As discussed earlier, the requirement to demonstrate that 
the petitioner ``made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to 
prevent and learn of the prohibited fee collection or agreement by 
its employees throughout the recruitment, hiring, and employment 
process'' replaces the proposed ``due diligence'' language in 
proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2), 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2). 
Although DHS is replacing ``due diligence'' with ``ongoing, good 
faith, reasonable efforts'' in light of comments requesting clarity 
on the ``due diligence'' standard, DHS emphasizes that is not a 
substantive change as ``due diligence'' and ``ongoing, good faith, 
reasonable efforts'' in this context requires the same level of 
diligent effort by the petitioner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similar to the examples of non-exclusive factors that DHS offered 
for ``ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts'' at new 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2), DHS is offering the 
following examples of factors that may demonstrate ``ongoing, good 
faith, reasonable efforts'' at new 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1). These factors include: (1) whether the petitioner 
had procedures to contact and monitor the performance of relevant 
parties in the recruitment chain, whether located in the United States 
or abroad; and (2) whether the petitioner has a mechanism to 
communicate directly with workers during and after the recruitment 
process and properly investigate any reports of prohibited fees. As 
noted above, the determination under new 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) will be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into 
consideration all of the facts presented.
k. Clear and Convincing Evidence Standard
    Comment: A professional association said that it opposed the 
imposition of a ``clear and convincing'' standard concerning an 
employer's burden of proof to demonstrate that a failure to prevent an 
inadvertent payment resulted from extraordinary circumstances beyond 
the employer's control. The association reasoned that the standard 
would be unduly burdensome. An attorney additionally expressed concern 
that the Department proposed to adopt the ``little-understood'' ``clear 
and convincing'' standard without justification and with ``virtually no 
guidance'' to meet this standard. While stating that there is no way 
that a U.S.-based employer would know what another agent or recruiter 
is doing, the attorney concluded that the proposed rule would amount to 
``a trap for the most conscientious.''
    A joint submission, providing detailed comments, remarked that the 
proposed evidentiary standards would be too high of a threshold for 
petitioners to satisfy ``even under the best of circumstances.'' The 
commenters said that it is not clear from the proposed rule what 
evidence a petitioner may provide to demonstrate its lack of knowledge 
and said that it would be unreasonable to require evidence under the 
clear and convincing standard to prove a negative. The commenters wrote 
that it would be unlikely that any petitioner could satisfy the 
proposed standard, leading to inequitable outcomes for employers. 
Therefore, the commenters recommended that the Department reduce the 
standard of proof to a ``preponderance of the evidence standard.''
    Additionally, while providing alternative regulatory text, the 
joint commenters suggested that the Department, at minimum, consider 
scaling back the rigidity of the proposed rule and propose that USCIS 
maintain discretion to evaluate a petitioner's unique circumstances. 
Such an approach, the commenters reasoned, would allow the petitioner 
to provide evidence in their defense and demonstrate possible 
mitigating circumstances. The commenters further reasoned that this 
approach would align with due process obligations and avoid unduly 
penalizing employers.
    With respect to the vetting of third parties, a trade association 
suggested that DHS establish a ``reasonable'' clear and convincing 
standard so that the impermissible actions of H-2B facilitators cannot 
constitute grounds for punishment of an employer except under 
extraordinary circumstances.
    Response: DHS declines to change the ``clear and convincing'' 
evidentiary standard at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) or 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B). DHS does not agree that the standard is ``little 
understood.'' Rather, it is a longstanding term in the law that is 
generally understood to mean ``[e]vidence indicating that the thing to 
be proved is highly probable or reasonably certain.'' \46\ Further, the 
``clear and convincing'' standard is currently used in other areas of 
immigration administration, including in the H-2B regulations with 
respect to an exception to the limitation on the period of 
admission,\47\ so some employers likely already have experience in the 
application of this standard in H-2B petitions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019), ``Evidence.''
    \47\ 8 CFR 214.2(h)(13)(v).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Nor does DHS agree that the ``clear and convincing'' standard is 
unduly burdensome for employers. The heightened standard appropriately 
balances the importance of strengthening protections for H-2 workers 
and preventing prohibited fees, with employers' ability to provide the 
necessary evidence to meet an exception to the requirement, in the 
event that USCIS determines that H-2 workers have paid or agreed to pay 
prohibited fees. As stated in the NPRM, DHS recognizes that despite 
current regulations on prohibited fees, significant numbers of H-2 
workers have reported paying prohibited fees, and that stronger 
protections are needed for the nonimmigrant workers who participate in 
the H-2 programs. 88 FR 65040, 65050 (Sept. 20, 2023). The current 
regulations on prohibited fees, which petitioners can currently satisfy 
under the preponderance of the evidence standard, have not adequately 
deterred against prohibited fees. By ensuring that petitioners are 
taking proactive measures to prevent the collection of prohibited fees, 
the heightened evidentiary standard will help ensure that petitioners 
will avoid liability for prohibited fees only where they have taken 
necessary steps to avoid

[[Page 103237]]

the collection of prohibited fees and have reimbursed workers who have 
paid prohibited fees.
    Where petitioners have taken proactive measures to prevent the 
collection of prohibited fees, it is reasonable to expect that these 
measures could be documented sufficiently to satisfy the ``clear and 
convincing'' evidentiary standard. For example, under new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1)-(2) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1)-(2) a 
petitioner may avoid denial of its petition by showing, among other 
things, ``that it had made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to 
prevent and learn of the prohibited fee collection or agreement.'' In 
addition to the examples discussed above of relevant evidence suggested 
by commenters, it is reasonable to expect a petitioner to be able to 
provide evidence such as documentation relating to compensation paid to 
a recruiter, documentation of the procedures implemented by the 
petitioner to monitor the performance of relevant parties in the 
recruitment chain and to communicate directly with workers during and 
after the recruitment process and properly investigate any reports of 
prohibited fees.
l. Requirement to Comply With Prohibited Fee Provisions as a Condition 
of Approval
    Comment: A joint submission objected to the proposal for 
petitioners to comply with the prohibited fee provisions as a condition 
of their approval, reasoning that the proposal would be ``unduly 
punitive.'' The commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
provision would result in ``automatic denial of a petition'' even where 
there was no harm to workers.
    Response: The phrase ``condition of approval'' does not mean that 
USCIS would automatically deny a petition. The regulations at new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) clearly state that the 
petition ``will be denied or revoked on notice'' unless the petitioner 
demonstrates eligibility for the limited exception allowed under those 
regulations. As with current practice, USCIS will generally afford a 
petitioner an opportunity to demonstrate that its petition should not 
be denied or revoked in accordance with 8 CFR 103.2(b). Thus, DHS 
disagrees with the commenter that the new regulations would not afford 
employers an ``opportunity to resolve and remedy violations.'' DHS also 
disagrees with the commenter's characterization that the new 
regulations would be ``unduly punitive.''
m. Consequences of a Denial or Revocation Based on Prohibited Fees
    Comment: A union wrote that employers and recruiters who charge 
prohibited fees must be ``barred'' from the program.
    A couple of commenters endorsed the Department's proposed timelines 
for ``debarment.'' An advocacy group wrote that the timelines for the 
denial periods, as proposed, are appropriate, given the harm that 
prohibited fees cause workers and the need for improved deterrence. In 
addition, a joint submission urged DHS not to reduce the proposed 
timeframes for the denial periods.
    A group of Federal elected officials wrote that, under current 
regulations, employers and recruiters are incentivized to break the law 
with respect to charging prohibited fees. The elected officials said 
that the proposed rules would put an end to these practices by 
heightening the consequences for charging prohibited fees, including 
debarment for up to 4 years after a violation has been found. An 
advocacy group similarly stated that the proposed denial periods 
related to prohibited fees would reduce violations by employers and 
reduce harm to workers. The commenter added that the consequences and 
remediation measures should apply to petitioners whether they were 
directly involved in the charging of prohibited fees, or it occurred 
through a third party if the petitioner was to benefit from the 
worker's presence.
    Response: DHS appreciates these commenters' support for the 
provisions strengthening the consequences of a denial or revocation 
based on prohibited fees being charged to H-2 employees. The provisions 
finalized in the rule reflect the seriousness of prohibited fee 
violations and the significant harm caused to workers who are charged 
such fees.
    Comment: An advocacy group said that while it supported the 
imposition of consequences on employers for charging prohibited fees, 
DHS should find ways to incentivize and encourage workers to report 
prohibited fees, reasoning that H-2 workers who lose their jobs as a 
result of these consequences ``bear the brunt of their employer's 
violation.''
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenter's concern and acknowledges 
that the provisions of this rule do not eliminate the risk that H-2 
workers who report prohibited fees may need to seek new employment if 
the petition filed on their behalf is ultimately denied or revoked. 
This rulemaking does, however, include several provisions that are 
meant to increase worker flexibility in ways that mitigate such 
disincentive to reporting prohibited fees and other abuses. 
Specifically, the whistleblower protection and extended grace periods 
for revocation and cessation of employment, in conjunction with the 
changes to portability, should facilitate the ability of a worker 
facing abuse to seek and transfer to a new employer.\48\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ The H-2 NPRM referenced a GAO report's statement that the 
incidence of abuses in the H-2A and H-2B programs may currently be 
underreported, in part due to workers' fear of retaliation by their 
employer, and noted that ``[t]he proposed whistleblower provision, 
in conjunction with other proposed changes in this rulemaking, 
including those related to grace periods and portability, may help 
mitigate the above-discussed structural disincentives that workers 
could face with respect to reporting abuses.'' Modernizing H-2 
Program Requirements, Oversight, and Worker Protections, 88 FR 
65040, 65062 (Sept. 20, 2023) (citing GAO, GAO-15-154, ``Increased 
Protections Needed for Foreign Workers,'' p. 37 (2015), https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-14-154.pdf).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the prohibited fee provisions in this rulemaking include 
strong reimbursement incentives, with petitioners facing up to a 4-year 
period of denial unless all affected beneficiaries have been 
reimbursed. The increased likelihood that reporting a prohibited fee 
will lead to a full reimbursement for affected workers may also serve 
to encourage whistleblowers to come forward.
    Comment: Multiple commenters wrote that the proposed consequences 
for petitioners are severe, significant, overly punitive, strict, or 
not commensurate with the alleged violation, particularly in cases 
where the petitioner has reimbursed the worker in full, or the behavior 
is unintentional, unknown, and out of the petitioner's control. An 
individual commenter stated that the proposal would create ``extreme 
penalties for potentially minor violations.''
    Many commenters remarked on the negative impacts of this proposal 
on employers and others who rely on them. For example, a State 
Government agency said that DHS's proposed 1- to 4-year debarment would 
hinder the hiring of workers. Furthermore, several commenters including 
trade associations and a joint submission expressed concern that a year 
without access to the H-2 program could result in irreparable harm to 
U.S. employers and put them out of business, which would impact the 
nation's food supply and national security.
    Multiple commenters, including a few professional associations and 
several individual commenters, additionally expressed concern that the 
proposed consequences would penalize employers for ``doing the right 
thing.''

[[Page 103238]]

The commenters said that employers who take corrective action or report 
prohibited recruitment fees would be penalized by possible denial or 
revocation, or debarment from the program, with limited exceptions.
    While describing a detailed scenario, a joint submission said that 
under the Department's proposed framework, a single fee violation 
occurring at any level could cause significant harm to an enterprise if 
an employer cannot meet the ``impossibly high'' standards of evidence. 
Precluding an entire corporate structure from utilizing the H-2 program 
for 1 year, the commenters said, would amount to an ``extreme 
punishment'' resulting in ``catastrophic financial losses'' and 
downstream economic consequences for the employer and the totality of 
its workforce. Thus, the commenters continued, the Department's 
proposal may cause workers more harm, contrary to the proposed rule's 
objective, due to the disruption in employment and lack of earning 
potential. Further, the commenters stated that a ``prohibited fee death 
sentence'' could translate into missed career opportunities for skilled 
U.S. workers who benefit from employers' abilities to fill their entry-
level labor needs through the H-2 programs.
    The joint commenters additionally emphasized that employers are not 
in a position to solve endemic corruption, and most do not have the 
financial resources to investigate recruitment activities outside of 
the United States. In expressing their view that no amount of due 
diligence is a perfect safeguard against bad actors, the commenters 
said that employers would inevitably come across a fee violation or 
potential violation at some point in their H-2 program history. The 
commenters further remarked that bad actors unaffiliated with employers 
have engaged in fraudulent activities under their clients' names, which 
would make it difficult for an employer to prove that they were not 
involved in such activity and could lead to ``wrongful convictions.'' 
Thus, the commenters concluded that the Departments' ``rigid'' proposal 
would be ``completely untenable'' and represent a ``massive 
overreach.''
    Response: DHS acknowledges the significance of the potential 
consequences of a petition denial or revocation based on a USCIS 
finding that an associated H-2 beneficiary paid or agreed to pay 
prohibited fees. The Department disagrees, however, that the 
consequences are ``overly punitive'' and not commensurate with a 
violation of the prohibited fees provisions. Instead, the consequences 
as finalized in this rule recognize the seriousness of these types of 
offenses and the severity of situations in which beneficiaries go into 
debt before obtaining an employment opportunity and the urgent need to 
ensure that beneficiaries not be subject to exploitation or other forms 
of coercion as a result of incurring such debt.
    DHS also acknowledges the potential financial losses some employers 
may experience if they are precluded from utilizing H-2 workers under 
the finalized 1-year and additional 3-year periods. These more robust 
consequences are not intended to force petitioners to remedy all 
``endemic corruption'' prevalent in noncitizen worker recruitment and 
are intended to incentivize petitioners to take appropriate 
responsibility for their own employees, or any third party entities it 
engages, as well as those further downstream, in the recruitment 
process and in obtaining workers under the H-2 programs.
    Finally, DHS disagrees with the comments that this rule 
``penalize[s] employers for `doing the right thing.''' Instead, in 
recognizing some petitioners may still encounter bad actors, DHS is 
putting in place mechanisms such that petitioners may avoid liability 
under certain circumstances, by taking proactive steps to prevent the 
collection of such fees and taking immediate remedial action, as 
described in multiple areas in this preamble.
    Comment: Numerous commenters, including a joint submission and 
several associations, encouraged DHS to re-evaluate the proposed 
enforcement measures or its handling of circumstances involving 
prohibited fee violations. Specifically, instead of focusing on denials 
and revocations, the commenters urged the Department to propose clear, 
reasonable alternatives for public comment that constitute a 
comprehensive strategy to protect workers while balancing employers' 
challenges to preventing the unlawful collection of fees with their 
need to access the program. Similarly, another trade association 
encouraged the Department to consider measures that would allow 
employers to protect workers, rather than subjecting them to ``strict 
liability'' for unknown actions of third parties.
    Several commenters offered specific alternatives to the proposed 
regulations around denials and revocations for the collection of 
prohibited fees, detailed below.
    Numerous commenters suggested reduced or graduated penalties for 
fee violations. For example, a joint submission wrote that the denial 
of one petition and the inability to secure workers pursuant to that 
petition would constitute an appropriate punishment for a fee 
violation. The joint commenters recommended that the Department 
consider making the 1-year ``bar'' applicable only to willful 
violations, repeat occurrences, or cases where the employer did not 
take affirmative steps to comply with the regulations. The commenters 
suggested that this punishment not extend to first-time violators or 
instances where the employer undertook reasonable efforts to comply or 
promptly rectified the issue.
    A few trade associations and a professional association encouraged 
the Department to ``gradient'' penalties commensurate with the 
circumstances of the violation and reserve denials or revocations for 
repeat, ``intentional'' or ``egregious'' violations. The business 
association added that denial or revocation must only occur after the 
petitioner has the opportunity to rebut adverse information. Instead of 
a ``one-size-fits-all'' approach that removes agency discretion to 
evaluate cases based on their merits, a business association similarly 
suggested a graduated scale of penalties, owed by the petitioner to the 
Department and based on the company's track record. The association 
said that such penalties would be reasonable if the petitioner 
``directly committed'' or was a ``knowing accomplice'' to the 
questionable activity. The association remarked that a harsher penalty 
of a denial or revocation would be fitting in situations where the 
imposition of fees could be deemed a pattern, but the Department's 
``one-size-fits-all'' approach that removes the discretion to evaluate 
cases based on their merits is unnecessarily punitive and should be 
abandoned.
    A professional association recommended that the Department impose 
fines for first-time violations when it determines that the H-2 
beneficiary has paid or agreed to pay a prohibited fee.
    A trade association suggested, instead of a denial or revocation, 
that DHS require a mutual attestation for an employee's file, whereby 
both the petitioner and the worker sign an agreement that prohibited 
fees were not charged. If the worker discloses that fees were charged, 
then the petitioner would be required to follow the current 
reimbursement requirements.
    A research organization said that the proposed denial periods for 
charging prohibited fees are ``far in excess of the infraction in many 
cases,'' as the

[[Page 103239]]

prohibited fee could constitute ``a very small percentage of total 
remuneration for the worker.'' The commenter suggested that, in cases 
where the prohibited fees are less than 5 percent of the total value of 
the contract, DHS should not impose a ``bar'' and instead should afford 
an opportunity for the employer to make the worker whole.
    Response: DHS declines to make the changes as articulated by the 
commenters and disagrees that the provisions finalized in this rule are 
excessive or lead to a ``one-size-fits-all'' approach. With respect to 
the commenter's assertion that the 1-year denial period should only 
apply to ``willful'' violations, for the reasons discussed in an 
earlier response, DHS considers a denial or revocation for prohibited 
fees to constitute a substantial failure to meet conditions of the 
petition, that is, a willful failure to comply with program 
requirements that constitutes a significant deviation from the terms 
and conditions of the petition. Furthermore, it is inaccurate to state 
that USCIS decisions will not be based on the merits of any specific 
case. In making a determination as to whether a violation of the 
prohibited fees provisions has occurred, USCIS evaluates each case 
based on the totality of the submitted evidence to determine whether: 
the petitioner made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent 
and learn of the prohibited fee collection or agreement throughout the 
recruitment, hiring, and employment process; the petitioner took 
immediate remedial action as soon as it became aware of the payment of 
or agreement to pay the prohibited fee; all affected beneficiaries, or 
designees only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, 
have been fully reimbursed; and, if applicable, that extraordinary 
circumstances beyond the petitioner's control resulted in its failure 
to prevent collection or entry into agreement for collection of 
prohibited fees. Where DHS intends to either deny or revoke a petition, 
the petitioner will be notified and afforded the opportunity to respond 
to the agency's intent to deny or revoke the petition, as provided 
under 8 CFR 103.2(b)(8).
    In declining to adopt the commenters' specific suggestions for 
amending the consequences for prohibited fee violations, such as 
reserving denial or revocation of petitions based on ``egregious'' 
infractions, only denying petitions filed by repeat offenders, or 
fining first-time offenders instead of denying their petition, DHS 
finalizes the proposals from the NPRM in the belief that the provisions 
will be more effective when the potential consequences of such 
violations are clear and unambiguous. Basing the severity of the 
consequences on a gradient basis, or denying or revoking only certain 
petitions even after determining that a prohibited fee was collected, 
would unacceptably introduce ambiguity and uncertainty and risk 
inconsistent adjudications, thereby potentially weakening the deterrent 
effect intended by these provisions. Further, where a petitioner can 
demonstrate that it was truly acting in good faith to prevent and/or 
remedy a prohibited fee violation, the new regulations will provide 
those petitioners with a mechanism to avoid denial or revocation of 
their petition.
    DHS further declines to adopt the suggestion to require a mutual 
attestation whereby both parties sign an agreement that no prohibited 
fees were paid or agreed to by workers. As noted in the NPRM, DOL 
already requires employers to contractually forbid third parties whom 
they engage for the recruitment of workers from seeking or receiving 
payments or other compensation from prospective employees. 88 FR 65040, 
65054 (Sept. 20, 2023). See 20 CFR 655.9(a), 20 CFR 655.20(p), and 20 
CFR 655.135(k). Accordingly, USCIS' acceptance of such a contract alone 
would mean that nearly all petitioners could avoid liability by simply 
requiring their prospective or current worker to sign such an 
agreement.
    Finally, the suggestion to allow the petitioner to simply reimburse 
a beneficiary when the prohibited fees are less than 5 percent of the 
total value of the contract, without facing any other consequence, 
fails to recognize the harm already done to a beneficiary who has 
incurred debt to pay such fees and fails to deter this harm from 
occurring in the first place, as intended by this provision.
    Comment: A couple of commenters suggested more aggressive penalties 
for violations of the prohibited fee provisions. A union urged DHS to 
take more aggressive action and increase denial periods in light of the 
pervasiveness of prohibited fee collection. The commenter recommended 
increasing the penalties beyond what is proposed in the rulemaking and 
provided detailed modifications to the proposed regulatory language. 
Specifically, the union recommended increasing the denial period under 
section 214.2(h)(6)(i)(C) from 1 year to 3 years and increasing the 
denial period under section 214.2(h)(6)(i)(D)(1) to 2 years, for a 
total potential 5-year bar. Citing 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(14)(A)(ii), the 
union said that DHS can deny petitions based on a failure to meet 
program requirements for a period of up to 5 years and, as such, DHS 
would not be fully exercising its authority to deny petitions for 
charging prohibited fees unless it increases the proposed denial 
periods.
    A research organization recommended that DHS increase what the 
commenter refers to as the ``debarment'' periods to a 5-year minimum 
for a first offense and permanent debarment for all other offenses, 
reasoning that a 1-year debarment following an H-2 denial or revocation 
based on prohibited fees is insufficient to deter employers from 
engaging in such conduct. The organization, citing DHS's justification 
in the proposed rule, reasoned that recruitment fees put workers at 
risk of debt bondage, human trafficking, and other abuses. The 
commenter further remarked that payment of such fees by workers 
strengthens incentives for employers to prefer a foreign workforce over 
U.S. workers, which would violate the law and congressional intent 
behind the H-2 programs (INA sec. 101(a)(15)(h)(ii)). Conversely, the 
commenter reasoned that raising the penalty for collecting such fees 
would protect workers and better reflect the seriousness of these 
violations.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments but declines to adopt the 
suggested revisions. As finalized in this rulemaking, the consequences 
of a denial or revocation for prohibited fees within the time period 
prescribed in this final rule strikes an appropriate balance in 
creating a reasonable and strong deterrent against employers or 
entities working on their behalf charging prohibited fees to H-2 
workers, while also recognizing that employers or entities may make 
lasting changes to practice, policies, and personnel over time to 
remedy deficiencies. The rule also adopts robust measures to 
incentivize the full reimbursement of such fees to H-2 beneficiaries or 
their designees in those instances where such improper fees have 
already been paid.
    Comment: A union wrote that the Department must ban recruitment 
fees in ways that do not penalize workers and encouraged agencies to 
work together to reverse the policy of denying visas to workers who 
admit to being charged such prohibited fees. In addition to other 
measures, the union suggested that USCIS grant humanitarian parole and 
work authorization to workers for at least a year following the 
identification of a prohibited fee violation. The union additionally 
suggested that the Department take steps to ensure that

[[Page 103240]]

employers do not continue to use foreign labor recruiters who have 
charged prohibited fees, such as by issuing a notice to employers who 
may have used that recruiter.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenter's feedback but is not 
making any changes based on this comment. Regarding beneficiary 
reluctance to admit to being charged prohibited fees, this rule adopts 
several provisions that are meant to remove some of the disincentives 
to reporting such violations. Specifically, the permanent adoption of 
portability provisions, as well as new whistleblower protections and 
extended grace periods in cases of revocation and cessation of 
employment, provide workers with flexibility to find new H-2 employment 
and certain protections from potential employer retaliation for 
reporting program violations. Additionally, the strengthened prohibited 
fee provisions in this rulemaking should increase the likelihood that 
reporting a prohibited fee will lead to a full reimbursement for 
affected workers and may also serve to encourage those workers to 
report these violations. DHS acknowledges that these provisions would 
mainly benefit workers already in the United States, however, the 
suggestion to reverse the existing policy of denying visas to workers 
who admit to being charged illegal fees would require Department of 
State action and is outside the scope of this rulemaking.
    Further, DHS declines to adopt the suggestion to create a new 
process of issuing notices to employers who may have used foreign 
recruiters identified as having charged prohibited fees, as such a 
notification process would prove overly difficult for DHS to implement, 
accurately matching foreign recruiters accused of wrongdoing to 
specific employers outside of the normal petition adjudication process. 
However, DHS notes that, if during the adjudication of a petition USCIS 
received information that an employer may have used a foreign labor 
recruiter found to have charged illegal fees, USCIS could issue a 
notice to the employer and request additional evidence on that basis. 
In addition, DHS is adopting in this rulemaking robust provisions that 
require petitioners to conduct ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts 
to ensure against the collection of prohibited fees throughout the 
recruitment, hiring, and employment process. These provisions should 
address the commenter's concern that petitioners will use recruiters 
who have been identified as having charged prohibited fees.
    With respect to the grant of humanitarian parole with work 
authorization to workers subject to the payment of prohibited fees, DHS 
notes that parole based on urgent humanitarian reasons may be granted 
based on certain factors such as, but not limited to, whether the 
circumstances are pressing, and the degree of suffering that may result 
if parole is not authorized. A grant of parole is a discretionary 
authorization by USCIS to be given on a case-by-case basis and is not 
addressed in or limited by this rulemaking, which only focuses on the 
H-2 programs.
n. Reimbursement of Prohibited Fees to Workers
    Comment: A few trade associations, a union, and a professional 
association expressed general support for the reimbursement of 
unlawfully collected fees.
    Response: DHS agrees that it is important to require reimbursement 
of prohibited fees. Bearing in mind the serious nature of prohibited 
fee violations and the significant harm to beneficiaries who are 
charged such fees, it is appropriate in such circumstances to provide 
strong incentives to ensure that beneficiaries or their designees are 
fully reimbursed. In addition to requiring reimbursement, this final 
rule aims to provide strong incentives to prevent the payment or 
agreement to pay prohibited fees in the first place, given the concerns 
regarding beneficiaries incurring a debt burden in order to obtain H-2 
employment.
    Comment: A union suggested that petitioners who are unable to 
reimburse the beneficiary or their designee within the proposed 4-year 
period should thereafter be required to contribute the entirety of the 
fee to a fund for victims of H-2 violations as a condition for 
regaining access to the program.
    Response: DHS declines to require petitioners to contribute to a 
fund for victims when a beneficiary or designee cannot be reimbursed as 
this suggestion would require DHS to create a new process and 
regulatory scheme that would separately be subject to notice and 
comment rulemaking, particularly since DHS would need to define the 
universe of ``victims of H-2 violations,'' determine eligibility for 
receiving payments from the fund, including the amounts that would be 
distributed and how those would be set, create a process to request or 
initiate reimbursement, as well as create an appeal/dispute resolution 
process. In addition, DHS may need additional statutory authorities to 
both expend resources to establish this process, as well as to collect 
and hold unlawfully collected fees, and distribute funds to victims of 
H-2 violations. The commenter's proposal would also be operationally 
difficult and costly to administer because DHS may need to locate 
victims abroad.
    Comment: While expressing overall support for the proposed 
prohibited fee provisions, an advocacy group encouraged the Department 
to expand the reimbursement requirements to include full compensation 
for all monetary damages associated with the unlawful collection of 
fees. The commenter reasoned that prohibited fees cause H-2 workers to 
incur debt with high interest rates and ensuring that reimbursement 
must cover all damages would achieve the goal of making workers whole. 
The commenter suggested the following regulatory text, to be added to 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 212.4(h)(6)(i)(B)(1): ``To fully 
reimburse a beneficiary who was charged a prohibited fee, the 
petitioner must reimburse the beneficiary for the prohibited fee in 
full plus any actual damages the beneficiary incurred as a result of 
the prohibited fee, such as interest.''
    Response: DHS appreciates this comment but declines to make any 
changes with respect to the requirement to fully reimburse all 
beneficiaries or their designees for any collected prohibited fees. DHS 
acknowledges that the collection or agreement to collect a prohibited 
fee has the potential to harm an H-2 worker even if the fee is later 
reimbursed or the agreement is cancelled prior to collection, such as 
by causing the worker to go into debt related to the payment, or 
anticipated payment, of the fee. Thus, DHS is finalizing the regulatory 
provisions at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i) in order 
to incentivize petitioners to prevent the collection of prohibited fees 
and to require reimbursement of beneficiaries (or, in limited 
circumstances, a designee) in the event that such fees are collected. 
However, DHS declines to extend the reimbursement requirement to 
damages or interest beyond the prohibited fees themselves as it would 
be too difficult for USCIS to determine the amount of such damages or 
interest, as well as the connection of any possible collateral harm to 
the worker resulting from payment of the prohibited fees. Nothing in 
this final rule, however, is intended to prevent a worker from seeking 
damages for such harms in a private cause of action against an 
offending employer or other person or entity.

[[Page 103241]]

    Comment: In light of concerns related to the strengthened 
prohibited fees provisions and the proposed consequences, a few trade 
associations encouraged DHS to work with petitioners to identify and 
establish proper safeguards and protocols to prevent the extortion of 
workers and establish methods for swift reimbursement. One of the 
associations wrote that employers should be assessed based on their 
policies to prevent prohibited fees from being charged or threatened, 
and whether they respond properly upon discovery of a problem by 
reimbursing the worker and appropriately dealing with the offending 
party (for example, the employee or recruiter). One of the associations 
further suggested, as an alternative to denial or revocation, that DHS 
require reimbursement in situations where the petitioner did not have 
knowledge of the prohibited fee.
    Response: The provisions at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B), as finalized, appropriately balance concerns about 
proper safeguards to prevent the collection of prohibited fees and 
recognize the limitations of petitioners. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) 
and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) provide narrow exceptions under which 
petitioners may avoid liability for prohibited fees. These narrow 
exceptions recognize the reality that petitioners may not always be 
able to prevent prohibited fees, while also recognizing the importance 
of the petitioner taking proactive measures to prevent the collection 
of fees in the first place as well as full reimbursement to the 
beneficiary or, in limited circumstances, a designee regardless of 
whether one of these exceptions applied.
    Specifically, where USCIS determines that a petitioner or any of 
its employees collected a prohibited fee, USCIS will deny or revoke an 
H-2 petition on notice unless the petitioner demonstrates through clear 
and convincing evidence that extraordinary circumstances beyond the 
petitioner's control resulted in its failure to prevent collection or 
entry into agreement for collection of prohibited fees, and that it had 
made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and learn of 
prohibited fees. Further, a petitioner must establish that it took 
immediate remedial action as soon as it became aware of the payment of 
the prohibited fee. The petitioner must also demonstrate that it has 
fully reimbursed all affected beneficiaries or, only if such 
beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, that it has fully 
reimbursed their designees. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1).
    Where USCIS determines that a prohibited fee has been collected by 
a third party, USCIS will deny or revoke the H-2 petition on notice 
unless the petitioner demonstrates to USCIS through clear and 
convincing evidence that it made ongoing, good faith, reasonable 
efforts to prevent and learn of such payment or agreement throughout 
the recruitment, hiring, and employment process. Further, a petitioner 
must establish that it took immediate remedial action as soon as it 
became aware of the payment of the prohibited fee or agreement. The 
petitioner must also demonstrate that all affected beneficiaries or, 
only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, their 
designees have been fully reimbursed. Thus, the petitioner will have 
the opportunity to avoid denial or revocation of a petition by 
demonstrating its policies and efforts to prevent the collection of 
prohibited fees in the first place, as well as what remedial actions it 
took including full reimbursement of affected beneficiaries or their 
designees, as described in these provisions. New 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2).
    Comment: A professional association suggested that, in 
circumstances when there is no evidence that the employer knew or 
should have known about a recruiter's violation of the prohibitions 
against the collection and payment of fees, the recruiter should 
reimburse the workers, rather than the employer. The association added 
that H-2 employers should not be responsible for reimbursing payments 
collected by attorneys who also fail to advise the employers or who 
otherwise act without the employer's knowledge in the collection of 
legal or other fees.
    Response: Unlike the provisions regarding prohibited fees charged 
by the petitioner or its own employees at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) 
and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1), which specifically require evidence 
that the petitioner itself has fully reimbursed all affected 
beneficiaries or their designees in order to avoid denial or 
revocation, the provisions at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2) require evidence ``that all affected beneficiaries 
or their designees have been fully reimbursed'' without specifying the 
reimbursing party. This wording accounts for the possibility that in 
some cases the offending recruiter or third party may provide the 
reimbursement. Ultimately, however, it is the petitioner's 
responsibility as the H-2 program user to ensure that the reimbursement 
takes place.
    As the party seeking the benefit of using the H-2 program to employ 
temporary workers, it is the petitioner--not any third party it may 
engage to assist in the process--who is required to certify their 
agreement to abide by the conditions of the H-2A or H-2B program.\49\ 
It is therefore both appropriate and reasonable to require the 
petitioner to ensure its H-2 workers are reimbursed in the event that 
the workers are charged a prohibited fee by a third party that the 
petitioner engaged.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ See USCIS, Form I-129, ``Petition for a Nonimmigrant 
Worker,'' https://www.uscis.gov/i-129 (last updated June 3, 2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A professional association expressed concern regarding the 
proposal to require reimbursement as a condition of approval of H-2B 
petitions following the denial or revocation of a petition for 
prohibited fees. Specifically, the commenter was concerned with the 
requirement that ``all'' workers be fully reimbursed and asked what the 
outcome would be for employers who ``have trouble contacting'' former 
employees from 2 or 3 years prior and whether the employer would be 
``debarred for life.'' The association discouraged DHS against using 
absolute terms in the regulatory language that could unjustly penalize 
employers.
    Response: DHS declines to make any changes to these provisions 
based on this comment which appears to have misunderstood the provision 
and its consequences. Even when USCIS determines that the petitioner 
collected or entered into an agreement to collect a prohibited fee 
under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1), 
the petitioner would not have its petitions denied ``for life.'' Where 
a petitioner is found to have collected or entered an agreement to 
collect prohibited fees, USCIS will deny or revoke the petition unless 
the petitioner can demonstrate that it meets the exception at new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1). Where a 
beneficiary has paid or agreed to pay a prohibited fee to a third 
party, USCIS will deny or revoke the petition unless the petitioner can 
demonstrate it meets the exception at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(2) 
and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(2). USCIS will deny any H-2 petition filed 
by the same petitioner or a successor in interest within 1 year after 
the decision denying or revoking on notice an H-2 petition on the basis 
of paragraph (h)(5)(xi)(A) or (h)(6)(i)(B). See 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(B) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(C).

[[Page 103242]]

    Subsequently, USCIS will deny any H-2 petition filed by the same 
petitioner or successor in interest for an additional 3-year maximum 
period, unless the petitioner or successor in interest demonstrates to 
USCIS that each beneficiary or designee has been fully reimbursed. If 
the petitioner or successor in interest demonstrates to USCIS that each 
beneficiary or designee has been fully reimbursed, they can avoid a 
subsequent denial of their petition during this 3-year period. The 
commenter is correct that, during the additional 3-year period 
described in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(D), a 
petitioner will need to demonstrate reimbursement as a condition of 
approval of an H-2 petition. However, DHS notes that the additional 3-
year period described in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(D) is a maximum of 3 additional years, and thus would 
not result in an employer having its petitions denied ``for life.'' 
Further, there is nothing requiring a petitioner to wait to reimburse 
beneficiaries or designees until the additional 3-year period described 
in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(D) has passed. 
Indeed, under this final rule, the petitioner should make every effort 
to reimburse beneficiaries or designees as soon as the prohibited fee 
is discovered. By promptly reimbursing the beneficiary or designee, a 
good faith petitioner may avoid denial or revocation of the petition 
(provided all the other conditions of the exception are met), and even 
in the event of denial or revocation, avoid a subsequent denial during 
the time period described in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(D).
    The commenter is also correct that a failure to reimburse due to 
``trouble contacting'' beneficiaries or their designees will not 
satisfy the requirements of 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(D). However, DHS is firmly of the view that it is both 
appropriate and reasonable to require the petitioner to ensure its H-2 
workers are reimbursed, given the harm already done to workers who 
incurred debt to pay the prohibited fees. As noted in the NPRM, 
petitioners are expected, as a matter of best practice, to obtain in 
writing the beneficiary's full contact information (including any 
contact information abroad), early on during the recruitment process, 
and to maintain and update such information as needed, to better ensure 
the petitioner's ability to fully reimburse the beneficiary, or the 
beneficiary's designee(s), for any sums the petitioner may be liable to 
pay the beneficiary.
o. Beneficiary Designees
    Comment: An advocacy group encouraged the Department to finalize 
the language defining ``designee'' as currently proposed at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1), 212.4(h)(6)(i)(B)(1). The group reasoned that 
while many workers will choose to identify designees, some may prefer 
non-governmental organizations or other entities due to concerns about 
retaliation against family members.
    Response: DHS is finalizing the definition of ``designee'' as 
originally proposed at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(1) and 
212.4(h)(6)(i)(B)(1), although it is incorporating the definition at 
new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A)(3) and 212.4(h)(6)(i)(B)(3) to clarify 
that it applies to all prohibited fee provisions at paragraph 
(h)(5)(xi) and (6)(i) of this section. As noted by the commenter, the 
definition enables beneficiaries to provide an individual or entity as 
their designee, which accommodates those who may choose to use a non-
governmental organization as their designee.
    Comment: A few trade associations endorsed the proposal that 
employees would identify beneficiary designees during the initial 
application and recruitment processes for the purposes of reimbursement 
but expressed concern with the application of the beneficiary designee 
provision in practice. For example, the associations stated that it is 
most likely that a petitioner would be required to reimburse a 
beneficiary or designee following the end of a petition period and that 
it is unclear from the proposed rule the length of time or efforts the 
employer would need to undergo to ``maintain and update'' the designees 
following a petition's validity period. The associations additionally 
remarked that the proposed rule lacks a description of ``exhaustion of 
efforts'' to locate the worker or designee. The commenters encouraged 
the Department to establish a clear procedure to satisfy this criterion 
and steps to reimburse the worker or beneficiary designee. 
Alternatively, a couple of these commenters suggested that DHS instead 
require petitioners to take ``reasonable steps'' to reimburse the 
worker or designated beneficiary, with one association suggesting that 
DHS define ``reasonable steps.'' The commenters concluded that the 
``Department must establish a clear procedure to provide notice to 
petitioners of what reasonable steps must be taken to attempt to 
reimburse the worker or beneficiary designee.''
    Response: DHS declines to make changes based on these comments. 
Although commenters expressed concern that a petitioner would most 
likely be required to reimburse a beneficiary or designee following the 
end of a petition period, that would generally not be true in the case 
of a petition denial. While a revocation could take place after the 
petition period, this generally would not occur long after the petition 
period, thus it would not be unreasonable to expect a petitioner to 
retain records that would allow them to reimburse a beneficiary or 
designee as necessary. DHS expects each petitioner to determine its own 
best practices on how to comply with this provision. DHS also declines 
to codify an exception to the reimbursement requirement for 
``exhaustion of efforts'' or ``reasonable steps'' to attempt to 
reimburse the worker or beneficiary, as it is not clear how such an 
exception would be materially different than the regulations that were 
in effect prior to the effective date of this final rule which allowed 
petitioners to satisfy the requirement that it reimburse the 
beneficiary based on reasonable efforts to locate the beneficiary, 
including contacting the beneficiary's known addresses. See current 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(D).
    Comment: A couple of trade associations expressed concern that the 
proposed beneficiary designee provisions could negatively impact 
enterprises in cases where a beneficiary has passed away before 
appointing a designee, in which case the employer would be unable to 
comply with the requirement.
    Response: As noted in the preamble to the NPRM, upon finalization 
of this provision, DHS expects petitioners to inform the beneficiary 
early in the recruitment process of the beneficiary's ability to 
independently name a designee, to obtain full designee information, and 
to maintain and update such information as needed to ensure that the 
petitioner has in fact complied with the reimbursement requirement. 88 
FR 65040, 65056 (Sept. 20, 2023). Taking these measures as a matter of 
best practice will help alleviate the risk of the scenario envisioned 
by the commenters.
p. Successors in Interest
    Comment: A union articulated its strong endorsement of the proposal 
to apply the consequences for the collection of prohibited fees to 
successors in interest, reasoning that this approach, in combination 
with other related prohibited fee provisions,

[[Page 103243]]

would be an important first step to root out abusive farm labor 
contractors. The union mentioned its own experiences with H-2A farm 
labor contractors found to have committed extensive violations of the 
H-2A regulations as a result of court actions or investigations by 
Federal agencies, but who continue to operate, usually with an 
associate or family member becoming the formal employer.
    Response: As recognized by the commenter, applying the consequences 
for prohibited fees to a petitioner's successor in interest is intended 
to address the issue of petitioning entities avoiding liability by 
changing hands, reincorporating, or holding itself out as a new entity.
    Comment: A trade association expressed concern that, as proposed, 
the provisions precluding a petitioner or successor in interest from 
participation in the H-2 programs on the basis of prohibited fees would 
extend to ``legitimate'' successors in interest, who the commenter said 
are ``completely uninvolved with the underlying violation.'' Providing 
examples, the association wrote that this consequence is ``excessive,'' 
``too broad,'' and ``fails to provide any additional protection to 
workers.'' The association further reasoned that the proposed provision 
requires no discretion on DHS's part and that the Department's 
enforcement authority ``is more than capable'' of undertaking an 
investigation to determine whether a successor in interest is a 
``reinvented version'' of its predecessor. Finally, the association 
wrote that it is unclear whether other petitions of a successor in 
interest who already employed H-2 workers would be implicated and 
expressed concern with the harmful consequences of such an approach. 
The association concluded that the Department should reject the 
successor in interest provisions altogether.
    A professional association wrote that the ``overly broad'' 
definition of a successor in interest, which assigns liabilities to new 
entities that have not succeeded to all the rights and liabilities of 
the predecessor entity, could negatively impact other visa categories. 
The association expressed concern that, should the proposed definition 
be promulgated and subsequently applied to other visa categories 
without petitioners' knowledge or opportunity to provide input, the 
definition could violate the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). 
Furthermore, the association wrote that imputing liability upon 
purchasing a business defies an employers' free will to engage in 
business transactions, and it unfairly assigns liability to employers 
that did not participate in the predecessors' business conduct. The 
commenter concluded that the successor-in-interest relationship should 
apply only when the employer that is carrying on the business of a 
previous employer has agreed to succeed to all of the rights and 
liabilities of the predecessor entity via a written contract. The 
professional association additionally expressed concern about what it 
calls the overbroad definition of a successor under proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(D)(2) for the purposes of applying the 1-year bar on 
subsequent approvals. The association appreciated USCIS' consideration 
of multiple enumerated factors to determine a successor in interest but 
suggested additional language ``regarding notice and knowledge a 
successor had or could have had regarding a prior determination 
resulting in a 1-year ban.''
    An attorney wrote that the expansive definition of a successor in 
interest ``virtually guarantees'' that an affected employer would be 
unable to sell their business, ``even in an arms-length transaction.''
    Response: DHS declines to make any changes as a result of these 
comments. As noted above, applying the consequences for prohibited fees 
to a petitioner's successor in interest is intended to address the 
issue of petitioning entities avoiding liability by changing hands, 
reincorporating, or holding itself out as a new entity. In such cases, 
the successor in interest may be considered a continuation of the 
petitioner and applying the consequences to the successor in interest 
would be appropriate. Thus, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C)(2) clarifies 
that an entity will only be considered a successor in interest where it 
is ``controlling and carrying on the business of a previous employer.'' 
Successor liability is a longstanding concept and has been applicable 
to H-2 employers since 2008, when DOL codified it in H-2A and H-2B 
regulations.\50\ DHS notes that the definition of successor in interest 
and factors listed in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(D)(2) are substantially similar to the definition and 
factors that have been in the DOL H-2 regulations. Therefore, the 
regulation is sufficiently clear and is generally familiar to the 
regulated public.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ See, e.g., 20 CFR 655.5, 655.103(b); 29 CFR 503.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS disagrees with the suggestion that the successor in interest 
provision should apply ``only when the employer that is carrying on the 
business of a previous employer has agreed to succeed to all of the 
rights and liabilities of the predecessor entity via a written 
contract.'' Adopting such a high standard would essentially create an 
easy loophole for a successor entity to avoid liability and could 
defeat the goal of preventing petitioners from easily avoiding 
liability simply by entering into a formal contract with the 
predecessor entity disclaiming certain liabilities. Further, regarding 
the suggestion to include ``notice and knowledge a successor had or 
could have had regarding a prior determination'' in the factors, DHS 
does not believe this is necessary. This would be too high of a 
standard and create an easy loophole for a successor entity to avoid 
liability by choosing to remain ignorant of the previous employer's 
actions. Again, the provision is intended to address situations where a 
petitioner has sought to avoid liability by simply changing hands, 
reincorporating, or holding itself out as a new entity. It is 
reasonable to assume that, as part of a legitimate arms-length 
transaction, a successor entity would, as a matter of course, 
familiarize itself with applicable law, including this rule that might 
affect its rights and obligations. It is further reasonable to assume 
that a successor in interest would make inquiries into any outstanding 
liabilities of the predecessor entity, and that the predecessor entity 
would make appropriate disclosures. Requiring DHS to consider all 
circumstances as a whole will prevent the unfair assignment of 
liability on an unrelated entity. In this regard, while an entity can 
be a successor whether or not it possesses knowledge of a prior 
determination, the presence of some of the factors listed at new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C)(2) and (6)(i)(D)(2) indicate that the successor 
entity had or could have had notice and knowledge of a prior 
determination, such as if there was similarity of supervisory 
personnel, or the former management or owner retains a direct or 
indirect interest in the new enterprise, or familial or close personal 
relationships between predecessor and successor owners of the entity.
    DHS disagrees with the comment that the successor in interest 
provision ``requires no exercise of discretion from the Department.'' 
The regulation explicitly states that ``all of the circumstances will 
be considered as a whole.'' This ``totality of the circumstances'' 
approach necessarily involves some level of discretion in which DHS 
must assess the weight to

[[Page 103244]]

give facts as applied to the regulatory factors in order to determine 
whether an employer is a successor in interest.
    Finally, with respect to the concern that the definition of a 
successor in interest at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C)(2) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(D)(2) could ``negatively impact other visa categories'' 
and potentially violate the APA, DHS reiterates that this definition is 
limited to the H-2 programs.
2. Mandatory and Discretionary Denials for Past Violations
a. General
    Comment: A couple of advocacy groups and a research organization 
expressed support for the proposed provisions, reasoning it would 
increase accountability, curb employer violations and abuse, reduce 
harm faced by workers, and level the playing field for employers who 
obey the law. Similarly, a union expressed support for the proposed 
provisions, in particular the mandatory denials for administrative 
determinations, criminal convictions, or civil judgments. A group of 
Federal elected officials wrote that in addition to the consequences 
based on prohibited fees, barring employers for other violations for 
several years would put an end to illegal employer and recruiter 
practices, as it would no longer be cheaper for them to break the law 
than to comply with it.
    Response: DHS agrees that the proposed provisions, and the 
provisions as finalized in this rule, are important steps to increasing 
employer accountability, curbing employer violations and abuse, 
reducing harm faced by workers, and leveling the playing field for 
employers who obey the law. DHS also generally agrees that these 
provisions will help put an end to illegal and abusive employer and 
recruiter practices, although DHS cannot verify the commenter's 
assertion that it will no longer be cheaper for H-2 employers and 
recruiters to break the law than to comply with program requirements as 
the commenter did not provide corroborating details or data about the 
costs for compliance versus non-compliance.
    Comment: A religious organization expressed support for the 
proposed provisions, reasoning that they would be important to improve 
program integrity, protect H-2 workers, and deter potential petitioners 
who have previously committed labor law violations or H-2 program 
abuse. The commenter suggested that DHS consider taking additional 
steps to strengthen these provisions by referencing U and T visa grants 
when considering whether an employer should be barred, adding that 
these visa applications may lead to investigations but not prosecutions 
for fraud, but that they should be considered against an employer's 
participation in the H-2 program.
    Response: DHS agrees that the provisions are an important step to 
encourage employers to comply with all applicable H-2 requirements, 
improve program integrity, and deter employers from engaging in labor 
law violations and abuse of the H-2 program. However, DHS declines to 
expand the mandatory and discretionary denial provisions to include 
consideration of grants of U and T nonimmigrant status visas that were 
based on investigations into H-2 employers. Information relating to 
noncitizens who are applying for or have been granted U or T 
nonimmigrant status visas is subject to strict confidentiality 
protections that would generally preclude DHS from disclosing such 
information to an H-2 petitioner. See 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2). Further, an 
investigation into fraud, standing alone, would not trigger the new 
mandatory and discretionary denial provisions because an investigation 
by itself would not constitute a ``final'' determination as required 
under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv).
    Comment: Several commenters, including a professional association, 
stated that the provisions that would allow for the denial of H-2 
petitions for employers that have been found to have committed labor 
law violations or other violations of H-2 program regulations were 
``overly broad and vague.'' Some of these commenters stated that the 
provision was vague and did not provide the public with the ability to 
evaluate and comment on what would result in a denial or the standards 
against which an employer's conduct would be measured. A few individual 
commenters stated that the proposed rule would grant DHS the authority 
to deny and revoke H-2 petitions based on ``arbitrary, undefined 
standards'' such as perceived labor violations or an employer's lack of 
cooperation with an agency. The commenters asked whether an incorrect 
pay stub would be grounds for denial or revocation of a petition under 
the proposed rule. As a result, these commenters urged the department 
to reconsider its implementation of the proposed section.
    Similarly, a couple of trade associations provided an example of an 
inspector entering the employer's worker housing and seeing that 
workers had removed a battery from a smoke detector to stop it from 
going off during meal preparation. The commenters questioned whether 
this violation would be subject to a mandatory or discretionary denial. 
Additionally, while discussing the recently issued DOL ``Adverse Effect 
Wage Rate'' regulation, the commenters expressed concern that 
violations under that regulation would subject the petitioner to 
mandatory or discretionary denials.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the provision is overly broad or 
vague. Rather, the mandatory grounds for denial in new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A) are specific and focused on violations that show a 
petitioner's past inability to abide by the requirements of the H-2 
programs and, that due to their severity, are alone sufficient to 
conclude that the petitioner lacks the requisite intent and ability to 
comply with the requirements of the H-2 programs in the future. 
Likewise, the discretionary grounds for denial discussed in new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) enumerate specific violations pertaining to the 
petitioner's compliance with immigration and employment laws. Because 
these still very serious violations could potentially be less egregious 
in nature or less directly related to the H-2 programs than the 
mandatory grounds, DHS recognizes that this would require additional 
analysis before determining whether application of one of the 
discretionary grounds is warranted.
    In addition to delineating the applicable violations that could 
give rise to a discretionary denial, the proposed rule also provided 
detailed information on how USCIS will examine the applicable 
violations to determine whether a denial should apply. As described in 
the proposed rule, specific considerations include: the recency and 
number of violations; the egregiousness of the violation(s), including 
how many workers were affected, and whether it involved a risk to the 
health or safety of workers; overall history or pattern of prior 
violations; the severity or monetary amount of any penalties imposed; 
whether the final determination, decision, or conviction included a 
finding of willfulness; the extent to which the violator achieved a 
financial gain due to the violation(s), or the potential financial loss 
or potential financial injury to the workers; timely compliance with 
all penalties and remedies ordered under the final determination(s), 
decision(s), or conviction(s); and other corrective actions taken by 
the petitioner or its successor in interest to cure its violation(s) or 
prevent future violations. See 88 FR 65040, 65106 (Sept. 20, 2023).
    With respect to the specific examples raised by commenters, DHS 
notes that the mandatory grounds for denial only

[[Page 103245]]

apply in three limited circumstances: (1) when there is a final 
debarment determination by DOL or GDOL; (2) where there is a final 
USCIS denial or revocation decision issued during the pendency of the 
petition or within 3 years prior to filing the petition that included a 
finding of fraud or willful misrepresentation of a material fact with 
respect to a prior H-2A or H-2B petition; and (3) when there is a final 
determination of violation(s) under section 274(a) of the Act during 
the pendency of the petition or within 3 years prior to filing the 
petition. With respect to discretionary denials, DHS declines to state 
in absolute terms whether the violations in those examples would or 
would not trigger a discretionary denial. Providing specific examples 
is not advisable because USCIS will evaluate each violation together 
with all the other relevant factors on a case-by-case basis. By 
including a very broad scope for the types of violation determinations 
that may lead to a discretionary denial under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) 
generally and the catch-all provision under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3) specifically, DHS recognizes that the violations 
underlying these determinations can vary widely in nature and severity.
    Comment: Several commenters expressed concerns about the impact of 
petition adjudication delays as a result of these provisions, noting 
that these provisions will result in an increase in RFEs, denials, and 
appeals which could take several weeks to resolve. For example, a 
couple of trade associations expressed concern that the proposed 
section did not consider the time-sensitive nature of H-2 petitions, 
stating that refusing to process an employer's petition serves as an 
``effective debarment from the program for at least a year.'' The 
commenters added that because the current appeal process is ``slow,'' a 
denial or a refusal to process a petition prevents an employer from 
obtaining an approved petition regardless of whether an appeal is 
successful. Another commenter noted that the time needed to resolve 
these requests for evidence is ``time that petitioners do not have in 
seeking their critical workforce for jobs related to perishable 
commodities.'' Some commenters urged DHS to guarantee ``expeditious 
timelines'' of these adjudications. Another commenter urged DHS to 
consider ``the opportunity for an expedited appeal process.''
    Response: DHS understands that H-2 petitions are time sensitive and 
strives to adjudicate each H-2 petition in a timely manner. However, 
DHS will not ``guarantee expeditious timelines during periods of 
alleged consequences'' nor create a new ``expedited appeal process'' as 
suggested by some commenters. DHS already provides expedited processing 
of Form I-129 for H-2A petitioners without requiring an additional 
fee.\51\ This final rule does not change this practice. If an H-2B 
petitioner seeks expedited processing of their H-2B petition, they may 
file Form I-907, Request for Premium Processing Service, with fee, with 
USCIS.\52\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ USCIS, ``H-2A Temporary Agricultural Workers'' (stating 
``USCIS provides expedited processing of Form I-129 for H-2A 
petitions''), https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-2a-temporary-agricultural-workers (last updated 
Sept. 11, 2024).
    \52\ Form I-907, ``Request for Premium Processing Service,'' 
https://www.uscis.gov/i-907 (last updated June 3, 2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to comments about DHS ``refusing to process an 
employer's petition,'' the commenters appear mistaken as to what was 
proposed. DHS is not refusing to process an employer's petition but 
rather finding that prior violations can be so significant as to 
indicate the petitioner's inability and lack of intent to comply with 
the requirements of the H-2 programs, such that denial of the petition 
is warranted under either the mandatory or discretionary provisions. 
DHS will not neglect to process the petition but will rather take 
adjudicative action consistent with the new regulations. Regarding the 
appeal process, DHS understands that the seasonal nature of some H-2 
petitions could be impacted by appeals processing timelines. However, 
that is not unique to or caused by these provisions. This is something 
faced by any petitioner who fails to demonstrate eligibility for the 
benefit sought such that their petition is denied or revoked by USCIS.
    Comment: While voicing concerns that the proposed rule does not 
address abuse by recruiters and preparers, an individual commenter 
stated that the regulations should specify clearly how recruiters and 
preparers can be ``debarred,'' reasoning that it is often recruiters or 
preparers, not employers, who collect prohibited fees. The commenter 
also encouraged USCIS to specify that a failure to list a recruiter 
when one has been used can be considered a ``material 
misrepresentation'' for purposes of the mandatory and discretionary 
grounds for denial. Additionally, the commenter suggested that the 
prior use of prohibited recruiters or preparers could serve as a 
discretionary basis for precluding approval of an employer's petition.
    Response: DHS appreciates the opportunity to clarify that new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv) does not create a ``debarment'' process for 
recruiters, nor does it create any type of official registry or list of 
recruiters who may participate in the H-2 programs. Recruiters do not 
register or directly file for benefits with DHS. DHS currently has no 
existing framework to exclude or identify a recruiter as ``prohibited'' 
from the H-2 program in a registry or similar list, and creating such a 
framework is outside the scope of this rule. While DOL's Office of 
Foreign Labor Certification (OFLC) currently publishes an H-2B 
``Foreign Labor Recruiter List,'' which includes the name and location 
of persons or entities identified on the TLC as an agent or recruiter, 
DOL clearly states that it ``does not endorse any foreign labor agent 
or recruiter included in the Foreign Labor Recruiter List, nor does 
inclusion on this list signify that the recruiter is in compliance with 
the H-2B program.'' \53\ Without a mechanism for a petitioner to 
identify a specific recruiter as ``prohibited,'' DHS currently lacks 
the means to implement the commenter's suggestion to codify the prior 
use of a ``prohibited'' recruiter as part of new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ DOL, OFLC, ``Foreign Labor Recruiter List,'' https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/foreign-labor/recruiter-list. This DOL-
published list is specific to the H-2B program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Notwithstanding the above, if a petitioner fails to disclose on the 
H-2 petition that it has used a recruiter to locate and/or recruit the 
intended beneficiaries, USCIS may consider this to be a material 
misrepresentation or omission, depending on the circumstances. With 
this final rule, the Form I-129 is being revised to ask H-2 petitioners 
whether they used or plan to use an agent, facilitator, recruiter, or 
similar employment service to locate and/or recruit the H-2A/H-2B 
workers that they intend to hire by filing the petition. The Form I-129 
is also being revised to ask H-2 petitioners to provide the name(s) and 
address(es) of all such persons and entities regardless of whether the 
petitioner has a direct or indirect contractual relationship with them, 
and regardless of whether such person or entity is located inside or 
outside the United States or is a governmental or quasi-governmental 
entity. If the petitioner used a recruiter prior to submitting the Form 
I-129, but did not disclose that information on the petition, or gave 
false information about the recruiter they used on the Form I-129, 
USCIS may deny or revoke the petition on the basis that the statements 
on the petition misrepresented or

[[Page 103246]]

omitted a material fact under existing 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(ii) or 
(11)(iii)(A)(2), respectively. In turn, this may trigger a 
discretionary denial under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(2) or new 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(2). As new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv) already gives 
USCIS the ability to consider the failure to disclose a used recruiter 
on an H-2 petition, DHS declines to specifically codify language about 
a prior recruiter in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv).
    With respect to the comments about debarred agents and preparers, 
DOL currently publishes a list of agents and attorneys who are debarred 
from the H-2A and H-2B labor certification programs.\54\ Also, the 
Department of Justice's (DOJ) Executive Office for Immigration Review 
(EOIR) maintains a List of Currently Disciplined Practitioners who are 
not authorized to practice before DHS, the Board, and the Immigration 
Courts.\55\ If USCIS discovers that an H-2 petition was filed by or 
associated with a debarred agent or attorney, depending on the 
circumstances, USCIS may consider this information in determining the 
credibility of the overall petition. However, DHS also recognizes that 
each petition must be adjudicated on its own merits, and in the absence 
of other factors indicating that the petition is not approvable, an 
agent or attorney's debarment may not have an impact on the eligibility 
of the petition, as the agent or attorney's debarment may have nothing 
to do with the petitioner or the underlying reason for the prior 
debarment may no longer be at issue. Therefore, DHS declines the 
commenter's suggestion to codify the prior use of a debarred preparer 
as a factor for discretionary denial in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv).\56\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ DOL, ``Program Debarments,'' https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/oflc/pdfs/Debarment_List.pdf.
    \55\ EOIR, ``List of Currently Disciplined Practitioners,'' 
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/list-of-currently-disciplined-practitioners (last updated June 13, 2024).
    \56\ As noted above, however, it remains the responsibility of 
the employer to continually exercise ongoing efforts to ensure 
against payment of prohibited fees, and an employer's engaging a 
recruiter or similar service that has previously collected such fees 
could be a factor that DHS would consider in determining whether the 
employer is subject to the discretionary denial provisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: An individual commenter expressed concern that this 
section would result in the ``debarment'' of employers without a 
hearing. The commenter added that case law requires hearings for 
``debarment.'' The commenter stated that Congress requires a hearing, 
willfulness, and substantiality, all of which DOL has recognized but 
this NPRM specifically denies.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter's assertion that the 
provisions in this rule result in ``debarment'' of employers without a 
hearing. USCIS provides petitioners with an opportunity to challenge 
the denial of their petitions pursuant to 8 CFR part 103, including the 
ability to bring their case before USCIS' Administrative Appeals Office 
(AAO) and request oral argument to present their case. Specifically, 
USCIS will be using its existing adjudications and appeals processes to 
satisfy this ``notice and opportunity for a hearing'' requirement. See 
8 CFR 103.2, 103.3; 88 FR 65040, 65057 (Sept. 20, 2023).\57\ Each 
denial determination in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv) would take place 
within a nonimmigrant petition adjudication, and as a result would 
provide ``notice and opportunity for a hearing'' within that informal 
framework. See 8 CFR 103.2, 103.3. To issue a USCIS denial under new 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv), an Immigration Services Officer (ISO) would 
generally issue a NOID or RFE to the petitioner, providing up to 12 
weeks to file a response. 8 CFR 103.2(b)(8). Upon considering the 
petitioner's response and any rebuttal evidence, the ISO could deny the 
petition in a written decision that would explain the specific grounds 
for the denial. 8 CFR 103.3(a)(1)(i). With respect to mandatory grounds 
for denial in new 8 CFR 214.2.(h)(10)(iv)(A), the notice would inform 
the petitioner of their right to appeal, and indicate that the denial 
is based upon a mandatory ground for denial and that the petitioner's 
pending and subsequently filed petitions would also be subject to 
denial based on the same ground, during the applicable period. New 8 
CFR 214.2.(h)(10)(iv)(E)(1). With respect to the discretionary grounds 
for denial, the notice would inform the petitioner that the 
discretionary ground may also apply in the adjudication of any pending 
or future-filed petitions during the applicable time period. New 8 CFR 
214.2.(h)(10)(iv)(E)(2). If the petitioner refiles during the 
discretionary denial period, they will have the opportunity to 
establish that they have the ability and intent to comply, 
notwithstanding a prior denial. As with a denial notice issued under 
new 8 CFR 214.2.(h)(10)(iv)(E)(1), a denial notice issued under new 8 
CFR 214.2.(h)(10)(iv)(E)(2) would also inform the petitioner of the 
right to appeal the denial, which may include a request for oral 
argument, pursuant to 8 CFR 103.3.\58\ Upon issuance of the decision, 
the petitioner would have 30 days (plus applicable mailing time) to 
appeal the denial of the petition to the Administrative Appeals Office 
(AAO). 8 CFR 103.3(a)(2)(i) and 8 CFR 103.8(b). In support of an 
appeal, the petitioner may submit a brief, additional evidence, and a 
request for oral argument before the AAO. See generally 8 CFR 
103.3.\59\ Thus, this final rule provides sufficient procedural 
safeguards to ensure a fair and reliable proceeding to ensure that a 
petitioner has notice and opportunity for a hearing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ See also Michael Asimow, Admin. Conference of the U.S., 
``Federal Administrative Adjudication Outside the Administrative 
Procedure Act'' (2019) (discussing informal adjudication), https://www.acus.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Federal%20Administrative%20Adj%20Outside%20the%20APA%20-%20Final.pdf.
    \58\ The denial notice would also inform the petitioner of the 
ability to file a motion under 8 CFR 103.5(a). The filing of a 
motion would not stay the denial decision. 8 CFR 103.5(a)(1)(iv).
    \59\ See INS Gen. Counsel, GenCo Op. No. 91-23, Determination of 
Date of Final Decision in Denied Cases, 1991 WL 1185134 (Feb. 21, 
1991).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes, in response to the comment regarding the statute's use 
of the term ``notice and opportunity for hearing,'' that INA section 
214(c)(14)(A)(ii) does not require, in the event of a denied H-2B 
petition and/or appeal of a denied H-2B petition, a formal hearing 
under 5 U.S.C. 554 or 556. Rather, DHS's existing adjudications and 
appeals processes, described above, satisfy the ``notice and 
opportunity for a hearing'' requirement. In this regard, DHS notes that 
the plain language of INA section 214(c)(14) does not require an ``on 
the record'' hearing or otherwise indicate that Congress expected an 
adversarial, trial-type hearing referenced in 5 U.S.C. 554(a) and 556. 
Statutes calling for a ``hearing,'' a ``public hearing,'' or an 
``appeal,'' without using the words ``on the record,'' are implicit 
delegations to the agency to determine the meaning of those terms, and 
DHS has determined that ``notice and an opportunity for a hearing'' 
does not require a hearing on the record.\60\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ See Dominion Energy Brayton Point, LLC v. Johnson, 443 F.3d 
12, 17 (1st Cir. 2006) (finding that the prior court's decision that 
there is a presumption in the APA for an evidentiary hearing was 
created because of an absence of congressional intent and that 
basing a statutory interpretation on a negative finding is 
``antithetic to a conclusion that Congress's intent was clear and 
unambiguous''); Accrediting Council for Indep. Colleges & Schs. v. 
DeVos, 303 F. Supp. 3d 77, 110 n.11 (D.D.C. 2018) (concluding that 
the phrase ``after notice and opportunity for a hearing'' in a 
statute does not trigger APA requirement for formal adjudication).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, with regard to the commenter's statement regarding 
willfulness and substantiality, as explained in an earlier comment

[[Page 103247]]

response, each of the violations triggering new denial periods in this 
final rule, as applied to H-2B petitions, stems from a willful failure 
to comply with program requirements or a willful misrepresentation of 
material fact. Accordingly, the provisions are consistent with INA 
section 214(c)(14), as well as INA sections 103(a), 214(a)(1), and 
214(c)(1).
b. Discretionary and Mandatory Denials Related to Other Agencies' 
Determinations
    Comment: Several commenters expressed concerns with DHS's legal 
authority to deny an H-2 petition based on the findings of another 
agency. For example, a couple of trade associations stated that the 
proposal to deny a petition based upon the finding of another agency 
was ``misguided'' and lacked statutory authority. Some commenters 
suggested that the Department rework the proposed rule to ensure it is 
not interpreting and enforcing DOL regulations, adding that it would 
potentially be ``arbitrary and capricious'' of DHS to do so. A trade 
association expressed concern that USCIS officers are not experts in 
labor law or regulations and that the analysis required under this 
section would require these officers to make individual judgments about 
the underlying decision and merit of a claim, resulting in an 
interpretation that would be arbitrary and capricious. A different 
trade association suggested that DHS ensure that its employees are not 
overreaching and attempting to ``supplant the regulatory authority'' of 
other government authorities. A professional association similarly 
expressed concern that ``DHS is also playing enforcer of other agency 
laws and rules when, in fact, those other agencies should be enforcing 
their own standards.''
    Some commenters said that if another Department, such as DOL, 
investigates an employer, determines a violation occurred, and imposes 
a penalty, DHS lacks the legal authority to impose an additional 
penalty on the employer in the form of what it describes as the 
discretionary or mandatory bar to approval. A couple of trade 
associations stated that the proposal to deny petitions of petitioners 
on the basis that they paid civil money penalties to another agency for 
a violation lacked a statutory basis, as the Department cannot penalize 
an employer for a violation that has already been resolved. The 
commenters added that employers typically pay fines for alleged minor 
violations because it is cheaper than challenging the violations, but 
that the proposal would cause employers to potentially face debarment 
as a result of this practice.
    A trade association wrote that in situations where other agencies 
have determined that debarment is not necessary, the Department should 
factor in those agencies' decisions when deciding whether to deny a 
petition. Similarly, another trade association stated that when other 
agencies have decided a violation does not warrant debarment, DHS ``has 
no basis to refuse to approve a petition and thereby effectively impose 
a debarment penalty.''
    A research organization expressed opposition to the section, saying 
it was unreasonable of DHS to second-guess a DOL determination that 
debarment was not necessary for a violation. The research organization 
said DOL's labor certification stage, rather than the petition stage, 
was the correct place to enforce program requirements because it is 
earlier in the process and DOL is more accustomed to violation 
evaluations. The organization also urged DHS to extend the deference it 
has made to its own past determinations to the determinations of other 
agencies, including DOL. The commenter stated that this provision is 
``unnecessary or duplicative of DOL regulations or proposed 
regulations.''
    Several trade associations and a couple of advocacy groups 
expressed concern with the Department's proposal to deny petitions from 
employers who have been subject to an administrative action by DOL's 
WHD or other Federal, State, or local agency that did not require 
debarment. The commenters reasoned that if an agency's investigation 
determined that debarment was not necessary, then the Department should 
not deny an employer's petition, as it would effectively debar them 
from H-2 programs. Similarly, a trade association stated that DHS 
should honor the outcome of an investigation and administrative action 
by WHD. The commenter added that the provision allowing for an 
additional investigation following WHD's initial actions would create 
unnecessary expenses for employers.
    Response: DHS disagrees with commenters' claims that it lacks 
statutory authority to consider findings of violations made by other 
agencies when determining whether to deny an H-2 petition. DHS also 
disagrees with the comments about it supplanting other agencies' 
authority, seeking to enforce or interpret other agencies' laws, and 
purporting to be an expert in other agencies' laws. As discussed in the 
proposed rule, as well as elsewhere in this final rule, DHS has broad 
authority to deny petitions requesting H-2 workers pursuant to its 
general authority under INA secs. 103(a)(1) and (3), and 214(a)(1) and 
(c)(1), as well as its specific authority under INA sec. 
214(c)(14)(A)(ii). See 88 FR 65040, 65056 (Sept. 20, 2023). Neither the 
general nor the specific authority Congress delegated to DHS to 
administer immigration laws and approve or deny status to an H-2 worker 
upon petition by the importing employer, including authority to 
establish the information required on the petition, preclude DHS, or 
limit its authority, from denying H-2 petitions based on the final 
determinations of serious violations made by DOL or other agencies. As 
discussed in response to public comments in part IV.C.1, where the 
facts warrant, DHS has the authority to deny H-2 petitions in the 
manner provided in this rule. Implicit in these delegations is the 
obligation that DHS ensure the integrity of H-2 programs.
    In carrying out its authority and responsibility to promulgate 
regulations under the above-referenced statutory provisions, DHS has 
determined that there are instances where the violations are so severe 
or egregious, and so related to the question whether the petitioner has 
the ability and intent to comply with the H-2 program requirements so 
as to preclude approval of a petition for a specific period. 
Accordingly, reading DHS' statutory authorities as including the 
authority to promulgate regulatory provisions mandating the denial of 
H-2 petitions based on final determinations of egregious violations 
made by DOL, other agencies, as well as U.S. courts in the case of 
criminal convictions, is the best reading of DHS's broad statutory 
authority and responsibility to administer and ensure the integrity of 
the H-2 program. Similarly, the statute is best understood as 
authorizing DHS to consider final determinations of lesser violations 
on a discretionary basis, along with all aggravating or mitigating 
factors, relating to whether a petitioner has the intent and ability to 
comply with the H-2 program requirements. These comments seem to be 
based on a misunderstanding of the nature and purpose of DHS's 
consideration of other agencies' findings. In considering violations 
found by other agencies, DHS is not re-adjudicating the merits of those 
findings. Rather, DHS's analysis is limited to whether those 
violations, along with all relevant factors, indicate to DHS that the 
petitioner is unwilling or unable to comply with the

[[Page 103248]]

requirements of the H-2A or H-2B program, which is squarely within the 
scope of DHS's authority.
    DHS is not proposing to ``second-guess'' the determination of the 
other agencies. Rather, DHS is deferring to their expertise to 
determine if a violation under their authority has occurred. If another 
agency or a court has determined that one or more of the violations 
listed in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) has occurred, USCIS will then 
consider that finding of violation in relation to USCIS' authority in 
the H-2 program to determine whether, in USCIS' discretion, the 
violation is significant enough and so related to the H-2 program that 
it undermines the petitioner's claim of intent and ability to comply 
with H-2 program requirements. USCIS may also consider the violation in 
assessing the overall credibility of the petitioner's statements in the 
petition. Although another agency such as DOL may investigate a 
violation and determine that that specific violation does not warrant 
debarment, USCIS may still consider the violation in the larger context 
of the petitioner's recent actions. Further, USCIS' focus is not just 
on how the violation relates to the petitioner's claim of intent and 
ability to comply with H-2 program requirements but also encompasses 
other information that could not be or was not considered in the other 
agency's proceedings, such as prior misrepresentations in the H-2 
petition context or lack of corrective action. As is made clear by the 
regulatory text at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(C), USCIS will look at 
the totality of the petitioner's circumstances, not just the facts 
concerning a violation in isolation. While USCIS officers will evaluate 
whether the petitioner, more likely than not, will comply with H-2 
requirements, USCIS officers will not revisit the merits of the 
underlying final administrative or judicial determination against the 
petitioner.
    Similarly, USCIS would not revisit or re-adjudicate a final 
determination by another agency or a court that one or more violations 
listed under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) or (3) had occurred. 
Rather, USCIS would determine whether the final determination was made 
against the petitioner or its successor in interest, and whether it was 
made during the relevant period. As explained in the NPRM, ``[t]he 
violation findings set forth in proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A) are, 
by nature, so egregious and directly connected to the H-2 programs that 
they warrant mandatory denial.'' 88 FR 65040, 65057 (Sept. 20, 2023).
    Comment: Some commenters expressed procedural concerns with giving 
USCIS the ability to issue a discretionary denial based on the findings 
of another agency. A commenter said the section fails to provide a 
method for adequate due process, including for petitioners to offer 
evidence about the claim. Another trade association expressed concern 
that by barring petitioners or successors in interests from the program 
as a result of a violation adjudicated by other agencies, the proposal 
would ignore due process mechanisms set in place to protect regulated 
entities.
    A professional association said that giving USCIS ``discretion to 
deny an employer from filing an H-2 petition based on the findings of 
another agency makes it almost impossible for employers to defend 
themselves'' and is violative of employers' due process rights. The 
commenter further stated that the ability of USCIS to issue a 
discretionary denial when USCIS had not been party to the proceedings 
finding violations is arbitrary and unfair. Moreover, the commenter 
said that the proposed rule does not include a provision allowing 
employers to make corrections for future petitions after a denial or 
debarment, thus denying the employer its right to ``establish its 
intention or ability to comply'' with program requirements under 
proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B). The commenter concluded that USCIS 
should not be able to issue a discretionary denial under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(C), but if DHS insists on maintaining the language in 
the final rule, USCIS should consider ``all relevant factors'' when 
making determinations and have a thorough review process.
    Response: DHS disagrees with these comments. Again, it appears that 
the commenters misunderstand the nature and purpose of USCIS' 
consideration of other agencies' findings. Within the context of the H-
2 petition adjudication, there is no need for USCIS to provide the 
petitioner with an opportunity to offer evidence to dispute or ``defend 
themselves'' against the merits of the underlying violation because 
USCIS will not re-adjudicate the underlying violation. It is reasonable 
to assume that, if the petitioner had wanted to dispute or defend 
themselves against the merits of the underlying violation, they would 
have done so during the proceedings leading to the final determination 
of the violation and would not raise these matters for the first time 
during the H-2 petition process. It is also reasonable to assume that 
the other agency afforded the petitioner adequate due process during 
the proceedings leading to the final determination of the violation and 
that the petitioner would have raised any such matters during those 
prior proceedings before the relevant administrative or judicial entity 
issued its final determination.
    USCIS will comply with all procedural safeguards outlined in 8 CFR 
103.2(b), including generally providing the petitioner an opportunity 
to respond to derogatory information pursuant to 8 CFR 103.2(b)(16)(i). 
Thus, before denying a petition under the new mandatory or 
discretionary ground at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv), USCIS generally 
will first issue a request for evidence or NOID the petition and 
provide an opportunity for the petitioner to respond. Further, upon a 
determination that one of the mandatory or discretionary grounds at new 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv) warranted a denial of the petition, USCIS will 
issue a denial notice informing the petitioner of the right to appeal 
the denial to USCIS' AAO, including the ability to request an oral 
argument. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(E)(1)-(2). The commenters did 
not explain what part of these procedures they believe will violate 
their due process rights.
    Also, the commenters did not explain what they meant by ``including 
a provision allowing employers to make corrections for future petitions 
after a denial or debarment'' for purposes of the new discretionary 
bar. If a petitioner took corrective actions subsequent to a denial 
under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B), that petitioner may file a new H-2 
petition requesting USCIS to consider those corrective actions as 
positive factors that demonstrate its intent and ability to comply with 
H-2 program requirements. Under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(7)-(8), 
USCIS specifically factors in whether the petitioner has made ``timely 
compliance with all penalties and remedies ordered under the final 
determination(s), decision(s), or conviction(s)'' and ``other 
corrective actions taken by the petitioner or its successor in interest 
to cure its violation(s) or prevent future violations.'' DHS reaffirms 
that, under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B), USCIS will consider all 
relevant factors and have a thorough review process when making 
determinations. Further, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(E)(2) specifies 
that, with respect to denials under the discretionary ground, the 
denial notice will indicate that the discretionary ground of denial 
``may also apply in the adjudication of any other pending or

[[Page 103249]]

future H-2 petition filed by the petitioner or a successor in interest 
during the applicable time period.'' New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(E)(2) 
does not, however, state that the discretionary ground of denial 
``will'' apply to any other pending or future H-2 petitions filed by 
the petitioner or a successor in interest during the applicable time 
period.
    Comment: Some commenters expressed concern that the proposal does 
not include details of how violations adjudicated by other agencies 
would be communicated to or verified by the Department.
    Response: Revisions to the Form I-129 associated with this final 
rule require the petitioner to answer questions regarding serious labor 
law violations or other violations. If the petitioner answers ``yes'' 
to these questions, they must submit a complete copy of the final 
administrative or judicial determination with the Form I-129. Once 
USCIS reviews a copy of the final administrative or judicial 
determination, USCIS will rely on those findings and will not re-
adjudicate such final determination.
    Note that in some instances, such as a DOL debarment or an INA sec. 
274(a) violation, DOL or other Federal agencies will provide 
documentation of the violation directly to USCIS. In other instances, 
USCIS may come across information from another source (for example, 
open sources like a press release or a newspaper article, a tip 
submitted to the ICE online tip form, or an administrative site visit 
information) suggesting the petitioner was found to have committed a 
relevant violation. In those cases, USCIS may request evidence of the 
final administrative or judicial determination (for example, a 
certified court disposition) from the petitioner if it has not already 
been submitted with the Form I-129. In all cases, however, it remains 
the petitioner's burden to truthfully answer all the questions on Form 
I-129 and submit all required evidence. By signing the Form I-129, the 
petitioner (and any employer and joint employer, as applicable) 
certifies, under penalty of perjury, that it has reviewed the petition 
and that all the information contained on the petition, and in the 
supporting documents, is complete, true, and correct.
    Comment: Some commenters expressed concern that imposing the 
mandatory or discretionary bar based upon a debarment action that is 
not final and the employer did not have an opportunity to appeal is a 
denial of due process. Without providing specific examples, the 
commenter claimed to be aware of ``several recent cases'' where DOL 
initiated a process of debarment, and where USCIS refused to approve an 
employer's petition despite the DOL adjudication not being finalized.
    Response: The proposed rule preamble and regulatory text make clear 
that the mandatory grounds for denial at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A) are 
applied only to determinations or findings that are final. 
Specifically, each violation listed in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A), as 
proposed and finalized, includes the word ``final'' when discussing the 
nature of the findings that will trigger the mandatory ground for 
denial.\61\ Additionally, DHS's intent was to propose that all of the 
discretionary triggering events would also be final determinations. 
However, based on the comments received, the regulatory text could be 
made clearer in this regard. As such, DHS is adding the word ``final'' 
to new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(2) so that it is clear that all 
violations listed under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) refer to a final 
determination.\62\ Regarding the commenter's unsubstantiated claim of 
the impact of pending debarment under the current regulations, DHS 
cannot respond because the commenter did not provide any specific 
information about this claim. However, as noted above, the mandatory 
and discretionary denial provisions under the new regulations are 
triggered only by a final determination from DOL to debar a petitioner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ As explained in the NPRM, a ``final'' USCIS decision means 
that there is no pending administrative appeal or the time for 
filing a timely administrative appeal has elapsed. 88 FR 65040, 
65058 (Sept. 20, 2023).
    \62\ As proposed and finalized, 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iii)(B)(1) 
and (3) already contains the word ``final.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few trade associations requested clarification of the 
interplay between new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv) and 8 CFR 214.1(k). 
Specifically, these commenters requested DHS to clarify whether 8 CFR 
214.1(k) would apply, or if new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv) would result in 
a ``one-time denial or revocation.''
    Response: As stated in the NPRM, DHS is retaining the provision at 
8 CFR 214.1(k) and believes the addition of new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv) 
will complement that provision. DHS is unclear about the commenters' 
reference to a ``one-time denial or revocation'' under new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv) because the new provision addressing H-2 petition 
denial during debarment, specifically 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1), 
does not indicate a ``one-time denial or revocation,'' but rather is a 
prohibition on petition approval during the debarment period. In so far 
as the commenters are concerned about the possible overlap between 8 
CFR 214.1(k) and new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1), the new provision at 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) provides clarity on how USCIS will 
exercise its ability to deny H-2 petitions filed by petitioners that 
are debarred from the H-2 programs. Specifically, while 8 CFR 214.1(k) 
provides that USCIS ``may'' deny petitions for workers in the H (except 
for H-1B1), L, O and P-1 nonimmigrant classifications during the period 
of debarment (for a period of 1 to 5 years) upon DOL debarment under 20 
CFR 655, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) clarifies that USCIS ``will'' 
deny H-2 petitions filed or pending during the period of debarment 
under 20 CFR part 655, subpart A or B, or 29 CFR part 501 or 503 as 
specified by DOL, or during a period of debarment specified by the 
Governor of Guam. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) will only apply to 
H-2 petitions filed on or after the effective date of this rule, with a 
debarment period beginning on or after the effective date of this rule. 
If new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) does not apply, USCIS may still 
apply 8 CFR 214.1(k) to deny H-2 petitions filed by petitioners subject 
to DOL debarment.\63\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ For instance, H-2 petitions filed prior to the effective 
date of this rule, or with a debarment period beginning prior to the 
effective date, may still be denied under 8 CFR 214.1(k). In 
addition, USCIS may deny an H-2 petition under 214.1(k) when the 
petitioner has been debarred by DOL from a non-H-2 program, whereas 
new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iii)(A)(1) does not extend to the denial of 
an H-2 petition in such a case.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Comments Specific to Mandatory Denials Under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)
    Comment: A professional association said that involving WHD 
determinations in DHS decisions would be an overstep of the boundaries 
between agencies, and suggested DHS only deny employers based on what 
it discovers in its own investigations.
    Response: DHS declines the suggestion to limit the scope of the new 
mandatory grounds for denial to only violations that DHS discovers in 
its own investigations. Such a suggestion would be unnecessarily 
restrictive compared to what DHS can already do. For example, under 
current 8 CFR 214.1(k), USCIS may already deny H-2 petitions for a 
period of at least 1-year but not more than 5 years upon a finding of 
debarment by DOL. Moreover, it is contrary to the statutory and 
regulatory scheme, which specifically contemplates DOL's role in 
assisting

[[Page 103250]]

DHS in determining the approvability of H-2 petitions.\64\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ See, e.g., INA sec. 214(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(1) (the 
question of importing an H-2 worker ``shall be determined by [DHS], 
after consultation with appropriate agencies of the Government,'' 
and that for H-2A nonimmigrants, the term ```appropriate agencies of 
Government' means the Department of Labor and includes the 
Department of Agriculture''); 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(ii) (``The temporary 
agricultural labor certification process determines whether 
employment is as an agricultural worker, whether it is open to U.S. 
workers, if qualified U.S. workers are available, the adverse impact 
of employment of a qualified alien, and whether employment 
conditions, including housing, meet applicable requirements''); 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iii)(A) (``Prior to filing a petition with the 
director to classify an alien as an H-2B worker, the petitioner 
shall apply for a temporary labor certification with the Secretary 
of Labor [or the Governor of Guam]'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Comments Specific to Discretionary Denials Under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)
    Comment: Several commenters opposed proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) on the basis that the consequences of this 
provision may not be commensurate with violations that are ``minor,'' 
``minimal,'' ``technical,'' ``trivial,'' ``innocent,'' or otherwise 
insignificant in nature. For example, a trade association stated that 
the provision was overbroad, increases the impact of determinations by 
other agencies, and creates a situation where employers could lose 
access to the H-2 program based on ``minor employment law violations 
that have no impact on the health or safety of workers.'' Other 
commenters expressed that H-2 employers should not be effectively 
debarred for minor violations and were concerned with the perceived 
lack of guardrails in the proposed rule to ensure that citations for 
``minor'' infractions would not result in DHS denying or revoking a 
petition under its discretionary authority.
    A joint submission expressed concern that, despite the proposed 
rule's assertion that DHS would not exercise its authority for ``de 
minimis'' violations, its discretionary authority would be ``open 
ended'' and extend to any legal or regulatory violation, regardless of 
its severity. Discussing the proposed rule's ``intention or ability to 
comply'' analysis that it said the Department provided as a ``balancing 
test,'' the commenter said this test does not apply to the ``threshold 
provision'' that determines whether its discretionary denial is 
applicable. The commenter provided various examples of violations of 
``minimal significance,'' including violations that an employer would 
not seek to appeal given the cost would exceed the violation penalty 
itself, but that DHS could use to show a large ``number of violations'' 
or a ``pattern of violations'' and invoke the section. The commenter 
stated that as a result, the Department's discretionary denial 
authority is ``unfair, excessive, and overly punitive.''
    Similarly, a union expressed concern that the application of USCIS' 
discretionary authority might be overbroad and extend to minor 
violations that might have occurred as a result of administrative 
errors. The commenter stated that employers might face discretionary 
denials for violations that ``do not call into question the ability or 
intention'' of petitioners to comply with H-2 program requirements. An 
attorney stated that the phrase ``calling compliance into question'' 
must be removed for vagueness, as any violation, no matter how trivial, 
could penalize a petitioner under this provision for ``the most 
innocent act.'' A trade association strongly opposed proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) in its entirety but said that, if maintained in the 
final rule, DHS should clarify and provide examples of violations that 
would trigger a denial or revocation of a petition under the proposed 
discretionary authority.
    A joint submission urged the Department to ``soften'' the proposed 
rule's language regarding violations that would trigger a discretionary 
denial. The commenter suggested the rule include qualifications to 
limit actions to ``severe or egregious violations involving worker 
health and safety,'' referencing similarities to other Federal 
regulations. The commenter concluded that this would provide additional 
layers of due process protections and prevent employers from being 
penalized for minor violations while still protecting workers. Other 
commenters suggested DHS limit the nature of the violations exclusively 
to violations of USCIS H-2 regulations.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns but declines to 
make changes to the discretionary grounds for denial at new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) based on these comments.\65\ DHS maintains that the 
factors enumerated in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(C) make it clear that no 
single factor, standing alone, will be considered sufficient to warrant 
denial because the analysis includes consideration of all relevant 
factors, including the number of violations, egregiousness of the 
violation(s), overall history or pattern of prior violations, and the 
severity of the penalties imposed, among others. As stated in the NPRM, 
a single factor, standing alone, will not be outcome determinative, but 
may be weighted differently depending on the circumstances of each 
case; such that one factor could be given significant weight in 
reviewing the totality of the facts presented, even if other listed 
factors were absent. 88 FR 65040, 65060 (Sept. 20, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ Note that DHS did make edits to these provisions to clarify 
their application based on public comments discussed elsewhere in 
this final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For example, as illustrated in the NPRM, USCIS would likely not 
consider a single de minimis Occupational Safety and Health 
Administration (OSHA) violation or a single Department of 
Transportation (DOT) violation for poor vehicle maintenance that did 
not result in risk or harm to workers as necessarily relevant to the 
petitioner's intention or ability to comply with H-2A program 
requirements. 88 FR 65040, 65059-60 (Sept. 20, 2023). On the other 
hand, if a petitioner has, for instance, a history of serious OSHA 
violations for failure to provide workers with personal protective 
equipment or a history of DOT violations for poor vehicle maintenance 
and those vehicles were continually used to transport the company's H-2 
workers, resulting in the death or injury of (or risk of death or 
injury to) H-2 workers, then USCIS would likely consider those 
violations relevant to the petitioner's intention and/or ability to 
comply with H-2A or H-2B program requirements under proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3). These examples illustrate that new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) reflects a totality-of-the-circumstances 
consideration in which USCIS will consider all relevant factors.
    Some commenters provided specific examples of violations which they 
characterized as ``minor,'' ``minimal,'' or otherwise of an 
insignificant nature, implying that these violations should never 
trigger a discretionary denial under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B). 
These examples included violations because a petitioner failed to list 
the company's Federal Employer Identification Number on the worker's 
pay statement, failure to properly calculate the hours offered in the 
earnings records, or ``fail[ure] to pay a nickel's worth of backpay.'' 
However, DHS does not agree that the violations in these examples 
should always be considered ``minor,'' ``minimal,'' or otherwise of an 
insignificant nature such that they should never be relevant to the 
petitioner's intention and/or ability to comply with H-2 program 
requirements. For instance, a petitioner's failure to properly 
calculate the hours offered in the earnings records may not be relevant 
to the petitioner's

[[Page 103251]]

intention and/or ability to comply with H-2 program requirements if it 
is an isolated incident and the petitioner immediately took corrective 
action to correct the mistake. However, it may be relevant if the 
failure to properly calculate the hours resulted in significant 
financial loss to that worker and the petitioner refused to take 
corrective action. Similarly, a single, isolated violation of a 
petitioner failing to pay ``five cents'' worth of backpay to a worker 
would likely not be relevant to the petitioner's intention and/or 
ability to comply with H-2 program requirements, but it may be relevant 
if this violation is part of a pattern of the petitioner intentionally 
failing to pay backpay and failing to take any corrective action 
despite being ordered to do so. These examples demonstrate how the 
relevance of each violation will depend on the circumstances of each 
case, making it inadvisable to draw a hard line on which violations 
would always or never trigger a discretionary analysis under new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B).
    For the same reason, DHS declines to provide absolute examples of 
what would or would not trigger the discretionary analysis pursuant to 
a commenter's suggestions. Providing specific examples of violations is 
not advisable because USCIS will evaluate each violation together with 
all the other relevant factors on a case-by-case basis. By including a 
very broad scope for the types of violation determinations that may 
lead to analysis under the discretionary denial provision at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) generally and the catch-all provision at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3) specifically, DHS recognizes that the violations 
underlying these determinations can vary widely in nature and severity.
    DHS declines to adopt a commenter's suggestions to limit the reach 
of this provision to only ``severe or egregious violations involving 
worker health and safety.'' As proposed, new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(C)(2) specifically lists ``the egregiousness of the 
violation(s), including how many workers were affected, and whether it 
involved a risk to the health or safety of workers'' as one of the 
relevant factors USCIS will consider.
    Finally, DHS declines to limit new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) 
exclusively to violations of USCIS H-2 regulations. As stated in the 
NPRM, this provision is consistent with existing DOL regulations 
requiring H-2 petitioners to comply with all applicable Federal, State, 
and local laws and regulations, including health and safety laws \66\ 
and recognizes that numerous Federal, State, and local agencies have 
authority in areas affecting H-2 employers and workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ 20 CFR 655.20(z), 20 CFR 655.135(e).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few commenters suggested that USCIS should revise the 
discretionary denial provisions so that there is a system of graduated 
penalties. For example, a commenter suggested that USCIS should 
``truncate'' the scope of violations that trigger additional reviews. 
Other commenters suggested that DHS evaluate alternative consequences 
that better align with the nature of the violation, including a ``tier 
system of escalating consequences and fines'' and a ``remediation 
system.''
    Response: The commenters did not provide specific suggestions on 
how a system of truncated violations, a tier system of escalating 
consequences and fines, or a remediation system, could work. If the 
commenters were suggesting that DHS modify proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) so that the length of time a petition is denied 
would vary based on the severity of the violation(s) similar to the 
approach in current 8 CFR 214.1(k), DHS declines such an approach. New 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) gives USCIS the ability to consider the 
nature of the prior violation(s)--within the context of the 
petitioner's other actions and all other relevant factors--to determine 
whether the petitioner has the intent or ability to comply with H-2 
program requirements and the petitioner's overall credibility. Since 
USCIS will consider all relevant factors to determine the petitioner's 
intent and ability to comply, it does not make sense to truncate the 
application of new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) based on the severity of 
the violation. Further, the finalized approach provides more clarity 
because it specifies exactly how long the petitioner's petitions could 
potentially be denied (``during the pendency of the petition or within 
3 years prior to filing the petition'') if USCIS determines that the 
petitioner has not established its intent or ability to comply with H-2 
program requirements, as opposed to leaving the petitioner unsure of 
how long they could potentially be denied under new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B).
    Comment: A few trade associations expressed concern with the 
language of 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B), reasoning it would result in 
petitioners ``being penalized for the same violation twice (equating to 
double jeopardy)--or more, if the petition denial is repeated in 
multiple years.''
    Response: In light of these comments, DHS is making the following 
regulatory changes to clarify that, under the following facts, USCIS 
will not deny certain petitions for the same underlying violation(s), 
recognizing that such a denial would be unduly burdensome to the 
petitioner. Specifically, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(F) states that, if 
USCIS has previously determined that a petitioner (or the preceding 
entity, if the petitioner is a successor in interest) has established 
its intention and ability to comply with H-2A or H-2B program 
requirements in the course of adjudicating a petition involving 
violation determinations under paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(B), USCIS will not 
seek to deny a subsequently filed petition under paragraph 
(h)(10)(iv)(B) of this section based on the same violation(s), unless 
USCIS becomes aware of a new material fact (for example, a previously 
undiscovered violation(s) or new violations that occurred during the 
applicable time period), or if USCIS finds that its previous 
determination was based on a material error of law. In cases where 
USCIS becomes aware of a new material fact or determines its previous 
determination was based on a material error of law, petitioners will 
generally have the opportunity to challenge an intended denial.
e. Final Determinations Against Individuals Under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)
    Comment: A union expressed support for proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D) which specifies when USCIS may treat a criminal 
conviction or final administrative or judicial determination against an 
individual as a conviction or final administrative or judicial 
determination against the petitioner or successor in interest, 
reasoning it would strengthen accountability for employers who try to 
shield themselves from penalties by ``hiding behind'' recruiters and 
other agents who violate the law. The commenter added that because H-2 
workers' status is tied to their employment with a particular employer, 
they are economically dependent on their employers and ``view 
situations from that vulnerable perspective.'' The commenter stated 
that as a result, the provision to consider the perspective of an 
employee under proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2) ``appropriately 
takes that reality into consideration'' when assessing whether an 
employee is acting on behalf of its petitioning entity.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment that accurately reflects the 
provision's goals of strengthening

[[Page 103252]]

accountability for employers and acknowledging an H-2 beneficiary's 
vulnerability to exploitation from their employer or persons allegedly 
acting on the employer's behalf.
    Comment: A couple of trade associations stated that DHS should 
``carefully weigh whether the Due Process considerations'' of accused 
petitioners are ``adequately protected'' by proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D). A joint submission expressed concern that the 
proposed rule did not adequately consider ``the balance of the 
interests'' in both attributing the misconduct of individuals to the 
petitioner and increasing the penalties for misconduct. The commenter 
concluded that the provision is an overreach and suggested that DHS 
provide ``additional procedural protections'' for petitioners and 
provide them with a ``greater degree of leniency to the extent that 
they have taken steps to remedy the violation(s) and prevent them from 
occurring in the future.''
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters. It is not reasonable 
to allow a petitioner to avoid liability for the actions of an 
individual who is acting on behalf of that petitioner, as a petitioner 
could then knowingly engage in unlawful activity simply by instructing 
another individual to perform the unlawful activity on their behalf. 
Further, it is reasonable to expect that an employer will monitor the 
activities of its employees whom the employer has empowered to act on 
its behalf.
    It is not entirely clear what the commenters meant by their vague 
references to ``additional procedural protections'' or ``Due Process 
considerations.'' Regardless, DHS reiterates that USCIS will comply 
with all procedural safeguards outlined in 8 CFR 103.2(b), including 
generally providing the petitioner an opportunity to respond to 
derogatory information pursuant to 8 CFR 103.2(b)(16)(i). Thus, before 
denying a petition under the new mandatory or discretionary ground at 
new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv), USCIS generally will first issue a request 
for evidence or NOID the petition and provide an opportunity for the 
petitioner to respond. For example, in response to the request for 
evidence or NOID, the petitioner will have the opportunity to 
demonstrate that the underlying conviction was against an individual 
who was not acting on behalf of the petitioner, or if the conviction 
was against an employee of the petitioning entity, that a reasonable 
person in the H-2A or H-2B worker's position would not believe the 
individual was acting on behalf of the petitioning entity.
    Comment: Referencing proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2), a 
professional association expressed support for actions that attempt to 
ensure accountability among employers but stated that a ``reasonable 
person'' standard should not be applied with respect to an individual 
who an H-2 worker believes is acting on behalf of the petitioning 
entity. The commenter instead suggested that USCIS ``rely on whether an 
oral or written agreement was entered into.'' Another commenter, a 
joint submission, urged DHS to ``afford petitioners a greater degree of 
leniency to the extent that they have taken steps to remedy the 
violation(s) and prevent them from occurring in the future'' and 
asserted that the ``reasonable person standard'' safeguard is 
inadequate for reasons such as the high rate of fraud and impersonation 
of employers via the internet and social media.
    Response: The provision at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D) allows a 
criminal conviction or final administrative or judicial determination 
against an individual to be considered a conviction or final 
determination against the petitioner in some circumstances. First, 
under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(1) this can occur when an individual 
(such as the petitioner's owner, employee or, a contractor) was in fact 
acting on the petitioner's behalf when engaging in conduct that 
resulted in the conviction or final administrative determination. In 
addition, under the provision referenced by the commenters, 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2), a conviction or final determination against an 
individual can be considered a conviction or final determination 
against the petitioner for the purposes of discretionary denial when 
the individual was the petitioner's employee and a reasonable person in 
the H-2 worker's position would believe the individual was acting on 
the petitioner's behalf.
    It is not entirely clear what is meant by the commenter's 
suggestion that, instead of a reasonable person standard, liability 
under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2) should depend on ``whether an oral 
or written agreement was entered into.'' To the extent that the 
commenter is suggesting USCIS should rely on whether there is an oral 
or written employment agreement between the petitioner and the 
individual, DHS notes that the provision only applies to the 
petitioner's employees, who generally would have entered into an oral 
or written employment agreement with the petitioner.
    If, on the other hand, the commenter is suggesting that the 
existence of a written or oral contract prohibiting the violation-
related conduct alone should in all cases be sufficient for the 
petitioner to avoid liability for its employee's actions, DHS disagrees 
and believes it is appropriate to consider the relevant facts and 
circumstances on a case-by-case basis. As noted in the preamble to the 
NPRM, because liability for this population will be limited to the 
discretionary denial provision, petitioners will have an opportunity to 
provide information regarding the circumstances of the employee's 
actions, and USCIS will consider all relevant factors in determining 
whether the petitioner had established its intention and ability to 
comply with H-2 program requirements. 88 FR 65040, 65061 (Sept. 20, 
2023).
    With regard to the suggestions in the joint submission comment, DHS 
agrees that steps taken by the petitioner to remedy the violations and 
prevent them from occurring in the future are important and relevant 
considerations, and notes that such steps will be considered in 
determining whether a denial is warranted. See 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(C)(8). DHS disagrees, however, with the suggestion 
that the ``reasonable person standard'' in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2) 
is inadequate to safeguard against fraud and impersonation of employers 
via the internet and social media. Even if an H-2 worker reasonably 
believed that the individual engaging in fraud or impersonation was 
acting on behalf of the employer, the petitioner could not be held 
accountable under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2) unless the individual 
was its employee in which case, as discussed above, all relevant 
circumstances will be considered.
    Comment: A professional association suggested treating a conviction 
or determination of an individual as a conviction or determination 
against a petitioner only in ``the most egregious circumstances.'' The 
commenter questioned the Department's rationale that employers would be 
knowledgeable of the actions of all individuals in its recruitment 
chain, calling it ``aspirational but also not realistic.'' Similarly, a 
few trade associations stated that in many cases petitioners may not 
have knowledge of another party's behavior, particularly in the case of 
contractors. The commenters also urged the Department to clarify 
whether criminal convictions or final administrative or judicial 
determinations must be related to labor violations, H-2-related job 
duties, or corresponding employees. Finally, these

[[Page 103253]]

commenters suggested the Department develop alternative approaches to 
denial and revocation that include corrective action but indicated 
that, if the provision is retained, they support the use of reasonable 
person analysis, an opportunity to provide evidence prior to 
determination, and opportunity to appeal to a neutral body in order to 
prevent unfounded denials.
    Response: As noted above, 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(1) allows 
convictions and final determinations against some non-employees (for 
example contractors and others) to be treated as convictions and final 
determinations against the petitioner, but only to the extent that the 
individual is acting on the petitioner's behalf. DHS believes it is 
both realistic and appropriate to expect petitioners to have knowledge 
of, and a degree of control over, third party individuals' actions 
taken on their behalf.
    DHS appreciates the commenters' request for clarity regarding 
whether the convictions and final determinations covered by 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D) must relate to labor violations, H-2 employment, 
and H-2 workers. First, DHS notes that the provision only applies to 
certain final determinations and convictions that are relevant to 
petitioner's compliance with H-2 program requirements as enumerated in 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A) and (B). DHS also emphasizes that, because 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(1) only applies to an individual who is 
``acting on behalf of the petitioning entity,'' it would not apply to a 
conviction or final determination for actions the individual took on 
behalf of a different employer, or for conduct that is otherwise 
unrelated to the individual's work on behalf of the petitioner. 
Finally, as discussed above, the provision at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2) applies only to an employee of the petitioner 
who a reasonable person in the H-2 worker's position would believe is 
acting on the petitioner's behalf, and in such cases, petitioners will 
have an opportunity to provide information regarding the circumstances 
of the employee's action. USCIS will consider all relevant factors--
including corrective and preventative measures the petitioner has 
taken--in determining whether the petitioner has established its 
intention and ability to comply with H-2 program requirements. As with 
all denials under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv), such decisions will be 
appealable to the USCIS Administrative Appeals Office.
f. 3-Year Timeframe (``Lookback Period'')
    Comment: Several commenters discussed the 3-year timeframe for 
mandatory and discretionary denials based on certain violations. An 
advocacy group said a 3-year look back period would be sufficient to 
ensure approval of H-2 petitions would not be detrimental to the rights 
of workers or the integrity of the program. An advocacy group and a 
joint submission urged DHS to not reduce the proposed 3-year timeframe.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments and agrees that a 3-year 
lookback is appropriate for the relevant provisions of 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A) and (B).
    Comment: While expressing opposition to the denial of petitions for 
certain violations, a couple of trade associations said that if the 
section was maintained, the Department could not impose penalties until 
3 years after the provision became effective and employers received 
notice. Another commenter stated that denying employers retroactively 
for conduct that occurred prior to the rule's implementation was 
unconstitutional due to the retroactivity doctrine.
    Response: DHS did not propose to deny petitions in a way that is 
impermissibly retroactive or without adequate notice. In general, DHS 
applies its regulations prospectively. DHS is aware that the U.S. 
Supreme Court has held that ``statutory grants of rulemaking authority 
will not be understood to encompass the power to promulgate retroactive 
rules unless that power is conveyed by express terms.'' \67\ It is also 
aware that retroactive rules alter the past legal consequences of past 
actions.\68\ DHS also recognizes that a rule operates retroactively if 
it takes away or impairs vested rights.\69\ In addition, DHS recognizes 
that if a new rule is ``substantively inconsistent'' with a prior 
agency practice and attaches new legal consequences to events completed 
before its enactment, it operates retroactively.\70\ However, an agency 
rule that alters the future effect, not the past legal consequences of 
an action, or that upsets expectations based on prior law (which may be 
characterized as secondary retroactivity), is not necessarily 
impermissibly retroactive.\71\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \67\ Georgetown Univ. Hosp. v. Bowen, 488 U.S. 204, 208 (1988).
    \68\ Bowen, 488 U.S. at 219 (Scalia, J. concurring).
    \69\ See Nat'l Mining Ass'n v. U.S. Dep't of the Interior, 177 
F.3d 1, 8 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (National Mining I) (quoting Ass'n of 
Accredited Cosmetology Sch. v. Alexander, 979 F.2d 859, 864 (D.C. 
Cir. 1992)).
    \70\ See Arkema Inc. v. EPA, 618 F.3d (D.C. Cir. 2010) (vacating 
an EPA rule in part on impermissible retroactivity grounds because 
the rule attached new legal consequences to events completed before 
its enactment) (quoting Nat'l Mining Ass'n v. Dep't of Labor, 292 
F.3d 849, 860 (D.C. Cir. 2002)); see also Mobile Relay Assocs. v. 
FCC, 457 F.3d 1, 11 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (explaining ``[r]etroactive 
rules `alter[ ] the past legal consequences of past actions' '' 
(quoting Bowen, 488 U.S. at 219 (Scalia, J., concurring)).
    \71\ Mobile Relay Assocs. v. FCC, 457 F.3d 1, 11 (D.C. Cir. 
2006); see Bowen, 488 U.S. at 220 (Scalia, J., concurring); see also 
Alexander, 979 F.2d at 864 (``Member schools have no `vested rights' 
to future eligibility to participate in the GSL program. Although we 
do not doubt AACS's submission that the schools expected to be 
eligible in the future, such an expectation did not constitute 
vested interest.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Here, DHS proposed to, in certain circumstances, alter the future 
effect of past actions by adding program integrity measures to address 
certain violations that occurred in the past. As such, the proposed 
rule might have raised questions regarding secondary retroactivity.\72\ 
Rules that have a secondary retroactive effect can be valid if they are 
reasonable.\73\ As discussed in more detail below, the provisions 
included in this final rule are reasonable because they ensure that 
petitioners have adequate notice of consequences of certain conduct 
while giving DHS the ability to hold program users accountable. Namely, 
while DHS is uniformly applying the new rules to agency actions that 
take place on or after the effective date of the final rule, the 
additional consequences imposed by this rule will in some cases attach 
to prohibited conduct that occurred before the effective date of this 
final rule. DHS believes that this approach is reasonable because the 
conduct covered by these provisions is already prohibited, and as such, 
petitioners could have no reasonable expectations that such egregious 
conduct could not subsequently be taken into account in petition 
adjudications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ Bowen, 488 U.S. at 220 (Scalia, J., concurring) (``A rule 
that has unreasonable secondary retroactivity--for example, altering 
future regulation in a manner that makes worthless substantial past 
investment incurred in reliance upon the prior rule--may for that 
reason be `arbitrary' or `capricious,' see 5 U.S.C. 706, and thus 
invalid. In reference to such situations, there are to be found in 
many cases statements to the effect that where a rule has 
retroactive effects, it may nonetheless be sustained in spite of 
such retroactivity if it is reasonable.'').
    \73\ Bowen, 488 U.S. at 220 (Scalia, J., concurring).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While DHS did not specifically address in the NPRM how the 
provisions relating to the denial or revocation of petitions for 
prohibited fees, as well as the mandatory and discretionary denials of 
H-2A and H-2B program violators would apply, DHS is clarifying in this 
final rule that it will apply certain provisions in a manner that 
balances the strong interest in enhancing H-2 program integrity and 
protection of H-2 workers with the interests of petitioners to have 
adequate notice of new future effects applicable

[[Page 103254]]

to certain conduct. Consistent with this discussion, DHS has added 
language to the applicable regulatory provisions to clarify how they 
will apply, as discussed in more detail below.
(1) Denial and Revocation of H-2 Petitions for the Collection of 
Prohibited Fees
    DHS is clarifying that USCIS will deny or revoke H-2 petitions 
filed on or after the effective date of this final rule based on the 
revised prohibited fees provisions in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) and 
(h)(6)(i)(B). Petitions filed before the effective date of the final 
rule will be denied or revoked based on the prohibited fee provisions 
in effect before this final rule.
(2) The 1- and 3-year Periods of Denial for the Collection of 
Prohibited Fees and Failure To Reimburse
    DHS, under this final rule, will deny additional H-2A and H-2B 
petitions for a period of 1 year based on denials or revocations that 
resulted from a violation of prohibited fee provisions contained in 
this final rule. Under regulations in place before the effective date 
of this final rule, employers in both H-2A and H-2B programs were 
prohibited from charging workers certain prohibited fees and are 
required to reimburse workers when such fees have been charged. If an 
H-2A or H-2B petition is denied or revoked for violating the provisions 
in place before the effective date of this final rule, petitioners 
filing petitions in the same program within 1 year of the denial or 
revocation must demonstrate to the satisfaction of USCIS that the 
workers were reimbursed or that the employer made reasonable efforts to 
locate the workers but has failed to do so. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(xi)(C) 
and (h)(6)(i)(C). If this obligation is not met, the subsequent 
petition is denied. The obligation attaches to all subsequent petitions 
filed during the 1-year period. Under the NPRM and this final rule, a 
denial that occurs during the 1-year period following a USCIS denial or 
revocation based on a prohibited fee violation applies across H-2A and 
H-2B programs and does not allow the petitioner to avoid a denial 
during the relevant 1-year period simply by the petitioner reimbursing 
the affected workers or making reasonable efforts to do so.
    While petitioners do not necessarily have a right to approval of 
their petitions, DHS understands that petitioners may not be in a 
position to remedy or provide reasons for their past actions in a 
manner that complies with the new regulations (for example, establish 
by clear and convincing evidence that the petitioner engaged in good 
faith, ongoing efforts to prevent the collection of such fees) such 
that they can overcome this ground for denial or revocation and thereby 
avoid the 1-year denial period following such a decision. As such, 
without the clarification included in this final rule, the NPRM might 
have been construed as having proposed the imposition of new future 
consequences on petitioners for past actions that have already 
concluded. Therefore, DHS is clarifying that it will apply the expanded 
1-year denial provisions based on initial denial or revocation 
decisions involving prohibited fees that are issued on petitions filed 
only on or after the effective date of this rule. In other words, DHS 
will apply this provision prospectively from the effective date of this 
final rule, not retroactively.
    With respect to the 3-year mandatory denial period, the obligation 
to reimburse is not new and is a requirement under regulations that 
have been in place since 2008. The period of denial, however, will be 
longer under this final rule, will eliminate the option to merely 
demonstrate reasonable efforts to locate a beneficiary, and will 
explicitly impose obligations on successors in interest with respect to 
ensuring the integrity of the H-2 program and H-2 worker protections. 
Therefore, similar to the 1-year denial provision, DHS will apply the 
3-year additional denial period to petitioners, including successors in 
interest, based on initial denial or revocation decisions issued on 
petitions filed on or after the effective date of this final rule. For 
petitions denied or revoked under previous regulations, the 1-year 
denial period in place before the effective date of this final rule 
will apply.\74\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ The failure to reimburse workers for fees collected prior 
to the effective date of this final rule may be considered, among 
the totality of facts presented, with respect to whether to deny 
such petitions on a discretionary basis under new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iii) regardless of whether the petition is filed 
before, on, or after the effective date of this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) Mandatory Denial of Petitions Filed by H-2 Petitioners
    As noted above, DHS recognizes that denying petitions under the 
three mandatory denial provisions may result in unforeseen new effects 
attaching to past conduct. Specifically, for denials based on DOL or 
GDOL debarment, unlike the existing provision in 8 CFR 214.1(k), the 
new mandatory denial provision requires rather than permits USCIS to 
deny petitions on this basis but operates similarly to 8 CFR 214.1(k) 
in that it is triggered by a DOL debarment even if such debarment takes 
place while the petition is already pending with USCIS and supported by 
a valid TLC. Under existing regulations and this final rule, if the 
debarment of a petitioner prevented the petitioner from obtaining a 
TLC, USCIS would not be able to approve such petition.
    Similarly, DHS recognizes that issuing a mandatory denial of the H-
2A or H-2B petition based on prior USCIS decisions finding fraud or 
misrepresentation, may attach new effects to already prohibited 
conduct. Under the NPRM and without further clarification, these new 
effects could have attached without providing the petitioner the 
ability to overcome this ground based on new facts or evidence that may 
have occurred since the initial decision. The same is true of denials 
based on violations of section 274(a) of the Act.
    For these reasons, DHS is clarifying how the mandatory denial 
provisions will apply:
    (1) For mandatory denials involving DOL or GDOL debarment, DHS will 
apply these provisions only to petitions filed on or after the 
effective date of this final rule and when the final administrative 
debarment decision is made on or after the effective date of this final 
rule. For petitions filed before the effective date of the rule 
involving DOL or GDOL debarment, USCIS may continue to deny under the 
existing provision at 8 CFR 214.1(k).
    (2) For mandatory 3-year denials based on the USCIS denial or 
revocation of an H-2A or H-2B petition for fraud or material 
misrepresentation, these provisions will apply only to initial denial 
or revocation decisions issued on petitions filed on or after the 
effective date of this rule.
    (3) For mandatory denials involving violations of section 274(a), 
USCIS will deny H-2A or H-2B petitions filed on or after the effective 
date of the final rule and based on final determinations of violations 
of section 274(a) of the Act that are made on or after the effective 
date of this final rule. With respect to determinations of section 
274(a) violations made before the effective date of this final rule, 
DHS will apply the 2-year denial provision in current 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(iii)(B).
    This approach operates prospectively, and provides petitioners with 
sufficient notice of the additional consequences of these egregious 
violations.

[[Page 103255]]

(4) Discretionary Denial of Petitions Filed by H-2 Petitioners Based on 
Violation Determinations That Occurred During the Pendency of the 
Petition or the Previous 3 Years
    These new provisions provide for the consideration of certain 
violations and other relevant factors in adjudicating H-2 petitions. 
These provisions do not mandate denial. DHS is clarifying that these 
provisions will apply to H-2A or H-2B petitions that are filed on or 
after the effective date of this rule based on determinations of past 
violations that occurred during the pendency of the petition or the 
previous 3 years, regardless of whether they occurred before, on, or 
after the effective date of this final rule. This rule provides H-2 
program violators with sufficient notice and opportunity to demonstrate 
their intention and ability to comply with program requirements and 
obligations. DHS acknowledges the commenters' concern that some 
employers may have agreed to pay a civil monetary penalty for alleged 
minor violations because they were unaware at the time of their 
agreement that this could be a violation potentially leading to a 
petition denial. However, because the new discretionary provisions do 
not mandate denial, these petitioners would have the opportunity to 
explain why they agreed to pay fines which USCIS would then take into 
consideration, along with all relevant factors including the 
egregiousness of the violation(s) and the severity or monetary amount 
of the fines paid, in determining whether the petitioner has the intent 
and ability to comply with H-2 program requirements and obligations. In 
exercising its discretion, DHS will consider all of the facts presented 
and in doing so, will accord appropriate weight to an employer's 
previous violations and actions based on the nature and severity of 
such violations and actions.
    Comment: A professional association expressed concern with the ``3-
year lookback period'' with respect to the proposal for mandatory 
denials based on certain violations and suggested that DHS should only 
look at the current year instead of a 3-year lookback period.
    Response: DHS will not make any changes based on this comment. 
Initially, DHS notes that the ``3-year lookback'' period does not apply 
to all of the grounds for mandatory denial. In the NPRM, DHS proposed 
new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A), under which USCIS would deny an H-2 
petition filed by a petitioner, or successor in interest to a 
petitioner, that has been the subject of one or more of the three 
actions enumerated in the provision. One such action, under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) as proposed, is a final administrative 
determination by DOL or GDOL debarring a petitioner. However, this 
mandatory ground for denial applies only during the period of 
debarment. DHS did not propose a 3-year lookback period for this 
provision.
    Under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(2) as proposed, a petition will be 
denied where a petitioner has been subject to ``[a] final USCIS denial 
or revocation decision issued during the pendency of the petition or 
within 3 years prior to filing the petition that included a finding of 
fraud or willful misrepresentation of a material fact with respect to a 
prior H-2A or H-2B petition.'' The 3-year period in this provision is 
appropriate for the reasons explained in the NPRM: that is, that a 3-
year timeframe captures an employer's reasonably recent activity, which 
is a highly relevant consideration with respect to a petitioner's 
current intention and ability to comply with program requirements, and 
is generally sufficient to ensure that approval of an H-2 petition 
would not be detrimental to the rights of H-2 workers or the integrity 
of the H-2 program. 88 FR 65040, 65058 (Sept. 20, 2023). The commenter 
recommends that USCIS ``look at the current year instead of a 3-year 
lookback period,'' but provides no further explanation as to why 
limiting review to the ``current year'' would be appropriate or whether 
the ``current year'' meant the current calendar year or fiscal year. 
Regardless, DHS declines to adopt this approach. Limiting review to the 
current year could render this provision largely ineffective, as such a 
short timeframe may not enable USCIS to consider the eligibility 
implications of a past H-2 program violation during adjudication of a 
subsequent petition, as intended. Thus, limiting this review could have 
little deterrent effect on a petitioner whose petition for a given year 
was already denied.
    There is also a 3-year lookback under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(3) 
which, as proposed, applies with respect to ``[a] final determination 
of violation(s) under section 274(a) of the Act during the pendency of 
the petition or within 3 years prior to filing the petition.'' Again, 
the commenter did not explain why limiting review to the current year 
would be appropriate. DHS is similarly concerned that limiting the 
review period to ``the current year'' with respect to this provision 
could render it largely ineffective and have little deterrent effect. 
Further, limiting 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(3) to only 1 year would 
actually be more lenient than current 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(iii), which 
states that a petitioner cannot establish requisite intent for 2 years 
after a violation of section 274(a) of the Act. DHS maintains that a 3-
year period is more appropriate as this period captures an employer's 
reasonably recent activity and will generally be sufficient to ensure 
that approval of an H-2 petition will not be detrimental to the rights 
of H-2 workers, or the integrity of the H-2 program. Therefore, DHS 
will not make any changes as a result of this comment.
    Comment: A couple of advocacy groups, a research organization, and 
a union stated that while first-time offenders should be subject to a 
3-year timeframe under proposed 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A), repeat offenders 
should be permanently banned from the H-2 programs.
    Response: DHS does not believe that a permanent ``ban'' would be 
reasonable, even for repeat offenders, as it would fail to account for 
changes in practice, policies and personnel by an employer which may 
become less relevant as the underlying violation becomes more remote in 
time. As discussed in the NPRM and noted above, DHS believes that a 3-
year timeframe is appropriate as it captures an employer's reasonably 
recent activity, which is a highly relevant consideration with respect 
to a petitioner's current intention and ability to comply with program 
requirements. Therefore, DHS declines to adopt the suggestion.
    Comment: A union supported a mandatory denial of petitions based on 
a final debarment determination by DOL for violations of H-2 
regulations and contractual obligations. The union suggested that DHS 
modify proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) to impose a mandatory 
denial based on a final determination of debarment that was issued by 
DOL within 5 years of filing a new H-2 petition, rather than only if a 
petitioner files with DHS ``during the debarment period, or if the 
debarment occurs during the pendency of the petition.'' The commenter 
concluded that these revisions would help ensure ``bad actors'' stay 
out of the H-2 program. Similarly, while discussing the grounds for 
denial or revocation under proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(2) and 
(3), the union also suggested that rather than the proposed 3-year 
timeframe, the Department require a 5-year look-back period for all 
actions, convictions, and determinations included under the proposed 
section. The commenter reasoned that this change would further 
encourage compliance by employers and agents and promote consistency 
with INA's

[[Page 103256]]

statutory 5-year limit on DHS's ability to deny petitions. Another 
union that supported the mandatory and discretionary denial provisions 
similarly urged that the look back period for violations be extended 
from 3 to 5 years.
    Response: DHS declines to modify 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(1) in 
this final rule to impose a mandatory denial based on a final 
determination of debarment that was issued by DOL within 5 years of 
filing a new H-2 petition. In the final rule, as in the proposed rule, 
denial by USCIS will be mandatory only ``if the petition is filed 
during the debarment period, or if the debarment occurs during the 
pendency of the petition.'' Limiting mandatory denials to the period of 
debarment is appropriate because it will be consistent with the 
debarment period imposed by DOL. Beyond the mandatory denials during 
the period of debarment, USCIS may still consider the debarment under 
the circumstances described in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) and (C) if it 
finds that the debarment calls into question a petitioner's or 
successor's intention and/or ability to comply with H-2 program 
requirements.
    DHS also declines to impose a 5-year lookback period under new 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(A)(2) and (3). As discussed in the NPRM and noted 
above, DHS believes that a 3-year timeframe is appropriate as it 
captures an employer's reasonably recent activity, which is a highly 
relevant consideration with respect to their current intention and 
ability to comply with program requirements, while also recognizing 
that employers may make changes to practice, policies, and personnel 
over time to remedy deficiencies.
    Comment: A couple of advocacy groups and a research organization 
generally supported proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) and suggested 
that DHS should not limit this provision to a 3-year look-back 
timeframe. The commenters reasoned that a ``severe labor violation 5 
years ago'' could indicate an ongoing ``inability or unwillingness'' to 
comply with H-2 program requirements, while a ``relatively minor one'' 
might not. The commenters also stated that the 3-year timeframe should 
be removed, as recency is already a factor that USCIS would be 
instructed to consider.
    Response: DHS declines to adopt this suggestion. While, as noted by 
the commenters, ``recency'' is a relevant factor listed in 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(C), DHS recognizes that employers have an interest in 
knowing that, at some point, a long-ago violation, standing alone, will 
no longer be a basis for calling into question their ability and intent 
to comply with H-2 program requirements. Establishing a set timeframe 
is appropriate because it recognizes the employer's interest in 
certainty and accounts for changes in practice, policies and personnel 
by an employer which may become more relevant as the underlying 
violation becomes more remote in time.
g. Other Comments Related to the Mandatory and Discretionary Denial 
Provision
    Comment: A couple of advocacy groups and a union expressed support 
for the mandatory and discretionary denial provisions that will apply 
to petitioners and successors in interest. The advocacy group 
referenced a comment from its members that it said showed employers 
commonly sidestepped legal consequences by reorganizing under new 
corporate entities and continuing abusive employment practices. The 
commenter stated that by extending the mandatory and discretionary 
denial provisions to successors in interest, the Department would 
address these situations.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments and agrees that the 
provisions at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv) should also apply to successors in 
interest.
    Comment: A trade association expressed support for DHS's statement 
in the proposed rule preamble that USCIS would distinguish between a 
single or minor violation of OSHA requirements versus a pattern of 
serious non-compliance. The commenter also expressed support for the 
relevant factors USCIS stated it would consider in 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(C). However, the commenter suggested that DHS 
``reinforce this position by providing detailed guidance following 
issuance of a final rule,'' reasoning it would benefit petitioners and 
DHS staff.
    Response: As explained above, the provision at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3), as finalized in this rule, covers ``any 
applicable employment-related laws or regulations.'' This provision 
allows USCIS to consider discretionary denial for a wide variety of 
administrative or judicial determinations that are relevant to a 
petitioner's intention or ability to comply with H-2 program 
requirements. DHS believes that this provision is sufficiently clear. 
However, USCIS may consider providing additional policy guidance 
related to this provision, similar to the guidance provided in the NPRM 
and in this final rule, on the uscis.gov website or in the USCIS Policy 
Manual. Similarly, DHS believes that the provision at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(C) is clear in that it explains that USCIS will 
consider ``all relevant factors'' in determining whether a violation 
calls into question a petitioner's or successor in interest's intention 
and/or ability to comply with H-2 program requirements. The provision 
goes on to provide a non-exhaustive list of eight factors that may be 
considered in making the determination. Again, although this provision 
provides sufficient clarity and guidance to the regulated public and to 
USCIS adjudicators, USCIS may consider providing additional guidance on 
the uscis.gov website or in the USCIS Policy Manual.
    Comment: Several commenters generally supported proposed 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) and provided suggestions on how to strengthen this 
provision. For example, an advocacy group expressed support for 
proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B), reasoning it would help curb 
abusive employers' exploitation of the program and level the playing 
field for ``scrupulous'' employers. However, the commenter suggested 
the Department strengthen 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3) to include 
housing-related violations, reasoning that H-2 workers are typically 
subject to ``noncompliant, unsanitary, and unsafe'' housing. Similarly, 
an advocacy group said that under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B), failure to 
provide safety training to H-2 workers should be grounds for denial, 
adding that the first 1 to 2 weeks of employment should be devoted to 
training that aligns with United States' labor laws for domestic 
workers. A research organization suggested 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3) 
be expanded to include ``a number of other violations.''
    Response: DHS declines to make changes to 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3) based on these comments. DHS believes the 
wording of the provision at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3), as finalized 
in this rule, is appropriately broad to allow USCIS to consider 
discretionary denial for a wide variety of administrative or judicial 
determinations, including those relating to housing, which are relevant 
to a petitioner's intention or ability to comply with H-2 program 
requirements. As the provision covers ``any applicable employment-
related laws or regulations,'' it is unnecessary to specifically list 
each category of violation covered.
    For instance, with respect to the housing-related violations noted 
by one commenter, because H-2A employers are required to provide 
employee housing, the laws and regulations

[[Page 103257]]

governing the provision of such housing would constitute ``applicable 
employment-related laws and regulations,'' and a final determination 
that an H-2A employer had violated such laws or regulations in its 
provision of housing to workers could potentially call into question 
the petitioner's intention or ability to comply with program 
requirements. In addition, while another commenter's suggestion to 
institute specific training requirements for workers is outside of the 
scope of this rulemaking, to the extent that current or future laws or 
regulations prescribe specific training requirements applicable to H-2 
workers, they would likewise be considered ``applicable employment-
related laws or regulations'' for the purposes of this provision.
    Comment: A research organization and a union suggested that USCIS 
create ``a list of key labor, employment, wage and hour, civil rights, 
disability, anti-trafficking, and anti-discrimination laws'' that if an 
employer violated, would establish evidence that they are unlikely to 
follow employment and immigration laws and thus, be prohibited from 
having a petition approved for an H-2 worker. The research organization 
added that DHS should make denial of petitions based on violations of 
these laws mandatory if the violations had occurred in the preceding 5 
years. The commenters also suggested that a list of violations work 
best in tandem with a ``front-end screening process'' from DOL. As 
described by the commenters, this ``front-end screening process'' would 
require employers to first register with DOL for eligibility to use the 
program. DOL would then screen the employers' records on compliance 
with labor and employment laws up front at the TLC stage. However, the 
commenters concluded that, even absent a new screening process at the 
DOL level, DHS should, at a minimum, build on 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) 
by creating a list of key violations, which could make significant 
progress in keeping lawbreaking employers out of the H-2 programs.
    Response: DHS declines to create a specific list of additional 
legal violations or to make a violation on this list a specific ground 
for mandatory denial if the violation occurred within the preceding 5 
years. By including a very broad scope for the types of violation 
determinations that may lead to discretionary denial provision at 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B) generally and the catch-all provision at 
214.2(h)(10)(iv)(B)(3) specifically, DHS recognizes that the violations 
underlying these determinations can vary widely in nature and severity, 
and believes it is appropriate to maintain a discretionary analysis 
that will allow consideration on a case-by-case basis.
    Comment: A union urged DHS to create a mechanism for public 
entities, such as labor unions and advocacy groups, to report employers 
that have committed violations or might be attempting administrative 
changes to avoid successor in interest consequences, considering the 
breadth and scope of H-2 employers and recruiters.
    Response: DHS declines to create a separate mechanism for public 
entities to report suspected immigration benefit fraud and abuse, which 
would include employer violations and employers undertaking 
administrative changes solely to avoid successor in interest 
consequences. Instead, DHS encourages public entities to report such 
information through the existing ICE Tip Form or other tip forms, as 
appropriate.\75\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ The ICE Tip Form is available online at https://www.ice.gov/webform/ice-tip-form (last visited July 29, 2024). 
Anonymous tips may alternately be reported to ICE via the toll-free 
ICE Tip Line, (866) 347-2423.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: While expressing support for the mandatory and 
discretionary denials for certain violations section, an advocacy group 
urged the Department to create mechanisms for former employees of 
barred petitioners to connect with alternative H-2 employers, such as a 
recruitment database. The commenter reasoned that certain H-2 ``sending 
communities'' have limited numbers of recruiters and employers, which 
causes workers to decide between an abusive H-2 job or no job at all. 
The commenter added that the exclusion of an abusive employer from the 
program might result in a loss of economic opportunities for workers 
who chose the job out of necessity.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns and suggestions 
but will not be adopting the suggestions as part of this final rule. 
While DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns about the need to 
provide workers with alternative non-abusive employers, DHS does not 
match or otherwise facilitate recruitment between an H-2 worker and a 
prospective H-2 employer. Creating a recruitment database or other 
mechanism for matching workers with H-2 employers is outside the scope 
of this rule. However, DHS may continue to consider these suggestions 
outside of the regulatory process.
3. Compliance Reviews and Inspections
    Comment: Some commenters, including a research organization and a 
few unions, expressed support for USCIS' investigative authority to 
ensure employers' compliance with the proposed rule. A couple of unions 
urged USCIS to use the proposed rule to ensure confidentiality in USCIS 
interviews and explicitly mandate that USCIS interviews with H-2 
employees take place without the employer or their representative 
present. A union proposed modified language for the discussion of site 
visits at 8 CFR 214.2(h) to specify that ``[i]nterviews with H-2B 
workers must be taken in confidence,'' similar to DOL's Davis-Bacon 
regulations on prevailing wage labor standards investigations. See 29 
CFR 5.6(a)(3). This commenter concluded that, if an H-2 worker knows 
that an interview is taken in confidence and that its contents will not 
be reported back to the employer, the H-2 worker will be empowered to 
speak more freely about potential violations.
    Response: The regulatory text in this rulemaking states that 
petitioners and employers must agree to allow USCIS to ``interview [ ] 
the employer's employees and any other individuals possessing pertinent 
information, which may be conducted in the absence of the employer or 
the employer's representatives, as a condition for the approval of the 
petition.'' New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(vi)(A), (h)(6)(i)(F). As such, the 
regulatory text already states that employee interviews may be 
conducted without the employer or employer's representative present. 
DHS declines to add regulatory text mandating that employee interviews 
take place without the employer or their representative present because 
of the operational and logistical issues it could present. 
Additionally, some employees may have a genuine wish to have an 
employer's representative present and USCIS may grant that request.
    DHS declines the suggested revision to the regulatory text to state 
that interviews of H-2 workers ``must be taken in confidence.'' DHS 
recognizes that workers providing information to USCIS officers during 
interviews can place the worker in a precarious position, and that 
assurances of confidentiality may encourage a worker to speak more 
freely. DHS anticipates that the expansion of the whistleblower 
protections in this rule will help counteract the potential negative 
consequences that workers may face when cooperating with USCIS officers 
in interviews. To the extent practicable, USCIS seeks to protect the 
privacy of

[[Page 103258]]

workers when using information they have provided to support any 
adjudicative decision. However, USCIS must also adhere to 8 CFR 
103.2(b)(16)(i) which states that for any decision based on derogatory 
information unknown to the petitioner, the petitioner will be advised 
of that fact and offered an opportunity to rebut the information. DHS 
also recognizes that sometimes workers may genuinely prefer to speak 
with their employer present. In that situation, USCIS may comply with 
the worker's preference and decline to remove the worker from the site 
to conduct the interview in confidence.
    Comment: A couple of commenters, including a religious organization 
and a trade association, expressed support for USCIS' clarification of 
the scope and potential consequences for employers who fail to fully 
cooperate with USCIS with respect to on-site inspections. These 
commenters emphasized the importance of employers understanding what is 
required of them for on-site inspections and the consequences for 
noncompliance so that they avoid unnecessary penalties. A research 
organization recommended DHS repeal its October 27, 2021 policy 
memorandum, Guidelines for Enforcement Actions in or Near Protected 
Areas,\76\ so that USCIS can broadly exercise the enforcement actions 
(including site inspections) proposed in the proposed rule, rather than 
being limited to certain areas or persons.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ Dept. of Homeland Security, ``Guidelines for Enforcement 
Actions in or Near Protected Areas'' (Oct. 27, 2021), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/21_1027_opa_guidelines-enforcement-actions-in-near-protected-areas.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS agrees with commenters that by providing clear 
requirements and expectations for inspections, verification, and 
compliance reviews, and adding transparency to the potential 
consequences of non-compliance, petitioners will have the information 
necessary to remain in compliance with the requirements of the H-2 
program. Regarding the mentioned policy memorandum, USCIS does not 
anticipate that the requirements of that memorandum would interfere 
with the activities of USCIS officers conducting on-site inspections in 
a way that would limit their ability to interview pertinent 
individuals. Importantly, USCIS inspections, verifications, and 
compliance reviews are not enforcement actions, but rather are 
information gathering actions to ensure that entities remain in 
compliance with the terms and conditions of the H-2 petition that was 
filed with USCIS. As noted in the proposed rule, the petitioner will be 
informed of and given the chance to respond to any information gathered 
from the site visit.
    Comment: A professional association expressed support for the 
proposed rule's strengthening of USCIS activities such as audits and 
investigations, but opposed the provision that would allow government 
access to H-2A housing, calling this intrusive and burdensome. The 
professional association further stated that USCIS investigations 
should only include material and information collection related to H-2A 
program compliance.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenter's concern but will retain 
the language requiring H-2A petitioners and employers to allow access 
to sites where workers are or will be housed. This requirement is 
important to ensure USCIS has access to the workers themselves during 
the course of compliance review activities. As stated in the preamble 
of the NPRM, USCIS does not and will not conduct inspections regarding 
the standard of housing provided, however such inspections may, if in 
accordance with relevant law, be conducted by other Federal, State, or 
local agencies. 88 FR 65040, 65061 (Sept. 20, 2023).
    Comment: Several individual commenters expressed concern about what 
standards USCIS would use to define noncooperation during on-site 
visits. Similarly, some commenters, including a business association, a 
professional association, and a couple of trade associations, expressed 
concern with the term ``fully cooperate'' used in the proposed rule at 
88 FR 65040, 65061 (Sept. 20, 2023), writing that USCIS is unclear in 
explaining how it will decide what cooperation during site visits looks 
like.
    Response: As discussed in the proposed rule, DHS's goal is to 
provide transparency to the compliance review process so that entities 
and individuals subject to those processes understand that USCIS' 
inability to verify pertinent facts, including where such inability is 
due to entities' or individuals' failure to fully cooperate, may result 
in denial or revocation of the petition. Id. With this rule, DHS is 
codifying its existing authority and clarifying the scope of 
inspections and the consequences of a refusal or failure to fully 
cooperate with these inspections in response to these comments. See new 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(vi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F)(2). In response to 
the commenters' request for clarification as to what cooperation during 
site visits is expected, DHS notes preliminarily that the determination 
whether a person or entity is ``fully cooperating'' with a DHS 
inspection will depend on the facts of each case. In general, to 
``fully cooperate'' in this context, entities would be expected to 
comply with the scope of the reviews and be responsive to 
investigators, including by: granting access to the premises, making a 
representative of the petitioner or employer available for questions, 
submitting or allowing review of pertinent records, providing access to 
workers and allowing interviews with such employees to take place in 
the absence of the employer or employer's representative and at a 
location mutually agreed to by the employee and USCIS officers, which 
may or may not be on the employer's property. Full cooperation also 
generally includes providing access to the sites where labor is 
performed and to worker housing, if applicable.
    As described in the proposed rule, a petitioner or employer failing 
or refusing to fully cooperate ``could include situations where one or 
more USCIS officers arrived at a petitioner's worksite, made contact 
with the petitioner or employer and properly identified themselves to a 
petitioner's representative, and the petitioner or employer refused to 
speak to the officers or were refused entry into the premises or 
refused permission to review HR records pertaining to the 
beneficiary(ies). Failure or refusal to fully cooperate could also 
include situations where a petitioner or employer agreed to speak but 
did not provide the information requested within the time period 
specified, or did not respond to a written request for information 
within the time period specified.'' 88 FR 65040, 65061 (Sept. 20, 
2023). Importantly, no denial or revocation for USCIS' inability to 
verify pertinent facts based on non-compliance would occur without the 
petitioner first being given notice of USCIS finding non-compliance and 
having a chance to rebut and present information on its own behalf in 
compliance with 8 CFR 103.2(b)(16).
    Comment: Some commenters expressed opposition to the application of 
investigative authority to any documents or areas that another H-2 
regulatory body already inspects and encouraged USCIS to coordinate 
with other agencies to avoid wasting Department or employer resources 
on duplicative reviews. Likewise, a joint submission and a professional 
association suggested USCIS may be overstepping its subject matter 
expertise and regulatory bounds when it comes to employment matters, 
noting specifically

[[Page 103259]]

that DOL and State workforce agencies already exercise the same 
investigative authority that DHS seeks to codify. Similarly, while 
commenting on DHS's proposed codification of its authority for on-site 
inspections, a few commenters, including a professional association and 
trade associations, remarked that USCIS should ensure it is not 
overreaching or superseding the regulatory authority of other 
government entities.
    Response: USCIS officers conduct verification and compliance 
reviews, including on-site verifications, to ensure compliance with the 
terms and conditions of the H-2 petition filed with USCIS. The focus of 
these reviews is on information that is needed by USCIS to verify facts 
related to the adjudication of the petition, such as facts relating to 
the petitioner's and beneficiary's eligibility and continued compliance 
with the requirements of the H-2 program. USCIS officers routinely 
coordinate with others in the Department and with other agencies to 
reduce duplicative investigations when possible. However, the 
occurrence of a review by another agency does not absolve the employer 
of its responsibility to fully cooperate with USCIS verification and 
compliance reviews, including on-site inspections. It remains the 
petitioner's burden to demonstrate eligibility for the benefit 
sought.\77\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ See INA sec. 291, 8 U.S.C. 1361; see also USCIS, Policy 
Manual, Chapter 4--Burden and Standards of Proof (``The burden of 
proof to establish eligibility for an immigration benefit always 
falls solely on the benefit requestor. The burden of proof never 
shifts to USCIS.''), https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-1-part-e-chapter-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS recognizes that other agencies may exercise investigative 
authority pertaining to their respective mandates. However, DHS 
continues to exercise its own authority pursuant to INA sec. 103(a) and 
214, 8 U.S.C. 1103(a) and 1184, HSA sec. 451, 6 U.S.C. 271, and 8 CFR 
part 103, among other provisions of law,\78\ under which USCIS conducts 
inspections, evaluations, verifications, and compliance reviews, to 
ensure that a petitioner and beneficiary are eligible for the benefit 
sought and that all laws have been complied with before and after 
approval of such benefits. The existing authority to conduct 
inspections, verifications, and other compliance reviews is vital to 
the integrity of the immigration system as a whole and to the H-2A and 
H-2B programs specifically. In codifying its currently exercised 
authority, DHS will continue to review matters pertinent to H-2A and H-
2B petition approval. Although some issues, such as the duties of the 
offered job, may be applicable to both DHS authority and the authority 
of another agency, that overlap does not signify DHS ``overstepping'' 
its authority in reviewing information pertaining to that issue. To the 
extent that multiple agencies are involved in the administration of the 
H-2A and H-2B program, DHS and other agencies may each maintain 
independent authority to ensure that entities and individuals are 
abiding by the terms and conditions of the H-2A and H-2B programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ See, e.g., INA secs. 235(d)(3), 287(a)(1), (b); 8 U.S.C. 
1225(d)(3), 1357(a)(1), (b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Legal Authority for Compliance Reviews and Inspections
    Comment: A research organization stated that the proposed on-site 
inspections by USCIS FDNS are illegal, asserting that there is no 
authority to authorize USCIS to conduct on-site inspections. The 
commenter stated that the HSA refers to USCIS' duties as solely 
immigration-related ``[a]djudications,'' and Congress has never enacted 
any statute that overturns the prohibition on USCIS engaging in law 
enforcement, investigations, and intelligence gathering. The commenter 
went on to state that the HSA expressly prohibits any reorganization of 
agency functions by the Executive, and the NPRM provides no citation 
for FDNS's authority to conduct investigations and inspections. 
Further, the commenter said INA sec. 286(m) provides that Immigration 
Examinations Fee Account (IEFA) funds are earmarked ``for expenses in 
providing immigration adjudication and naturalization services,'' and 
if USCIS insists on moving forward with FDNS inspections, it should 
clearly state that those inspections will not be paid for by IEFA 
funds. The commenter concluded that DHS should follow the HSA, transfer 
all investigations to ICE--which has express legal authority and 
capacity to carry out investigative and intelligence-gathering 
activities, and cease the unlawful diversion of IEFA funds to FDNS.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter that it lacks legal 
authority to conduct on-site inspections through USCIS FDNS. DHS also 
disagrees that DHS should transfer all investigations to ICE. Finally, 
DHS disagrees with the assertion that it is unlawfully diverting IEFA 
funds to FDNS. Specifically, this rulemaking codifies existing 
authorities exercised by USCIS FDNS in the Code of Federal Regulations, 
and does not include any changes to the funding structure or sources of 
FDNS.\79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ As noted in the preamble of the USCIS fee rule, DHS 
interprets 8 U.S.C. 1356(v)(2)(B) as providing supplemental funding 
to cover activities related to fraud prevention and detection and 
not prescribing that only those funds may be used for that purpose, 
and FDNS is funded from both the IEFA and the Fraud Prevention and 
Detection Account. 89 FR 6194, 6247 (Jan. 31, 2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2004, USCIS established the FDNS in response to a congressional 
recommendation to establish an organization ``responsible for 
developing, implementing, directing, and overseeing the joint USCIS-ICE 
anti-fraud initiative and conducting law enforcement/background checks 
on every applicant, beneficiary, and petitioner prior to granting 
immigration benefits.'' \80\ FDNS also oversees a strategy to promote a 
balanced operation that distinguishes USCIS' administrative and 
adjudicatory authority, responsibility, and jurisdiction from ICE's 
criminal investigative authority.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ See Conference Report to accompany H.R. 4567 [Report 108-
774], ``Making Appropriations for the Department of Homeland 
Security for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005,'' p. 74 
(Oct. 9, 2004), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-108hrpt774/pdf/CRPT-108hrpt774.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The site visits and inspections conducted by FDNS are authorized 
through multiple legal authorities. The Secretary of Homeland Security 
is authorized to administer and enforce the immigration laws. INA sec. 
103(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1). The Secretary may confer this authority 
to any DHS employee, to the extent permitted by law. INA sec. 
103(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(4); HSA sec. 102(b)(1), 6 U.S.C. 112(b)(1); 
8 CFR 2.1.\81\ Moreover, under 6 U.S.C. 112(a)(3), all functions of 
officers, employees, and organizational units of [DHS] are vested in 
the Secretary. The Secretary of Homeland Security delegated to USCIS 
the authority to administer the immigration laws, including the 
authority to investigate civil and criminal violations involving 
applications or determinations for benefits.\82\ Following

[[Page 103260]]

the dissolution of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and 
the creation of DHS on March 1, 2003, authority to ``administer the 
immigration laws'' was delegated to USCIS.\83\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ Pursuant to 8 CFR 2.1, all authorities and functions of the 
Department of Homeland Security to administer and enforce the 
immigration laws are vested in the Secretary of Homeland Security. 
The Secretary of Homeland Security may, in the Secretary's 
discretion, delegate any such authority or function to any official, 
officer, or employee of the Department of Homeland Security, 
including delegation through successive redelegation, or to any 
employee of the United States to the extent authorized by law. Also, 
because INA sec. 103(a)(4) refers to ``Service'', i.e. Legacy INS, 
see also 8 CFR 1.2 which defines Service as ``U.S. Citizenship and 
Immigration Services, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and/or 
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, as appropriate in the 
context in which the term appears.''
    \82\ Delegation to the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration 
Services, Department of Homeland Security Delegation Number 0150.1, 
Issue Date: 06/05/2003. The Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration 
Services was the initial name for USCIS following the dissolution of 
the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
    \83\ See Delegation 0150.1(II)(H) (June 5, 2003).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    USCIS was delegated the ``authority to investigate alleged civil 
and criminal violations of the immigration laws, including but not 
limited to alleged fraud with respect to applications or determinations 
within the USCIS, and make recommendations for prosecutions, or other 
appropriate action when deemed advisable.'' \84\ USCIS also has the 
``authority to interrogate aliens and issue subpoenas, administer 
oaths, take and consider evidence, and fingerprint and photograph 
aliens under sections 287(a), (b), and (f) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1357(a), (b), and (f), and under 235(d) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225(d).'' 
\85\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ See Delegation 0150.1(II)(I) (June 5, 2003).
    \85\ See Delegation 0150.1(II)(S) (June 5, 2003).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    USCIS and ICE were granted concurrent authority to investigate 
immigration benefit fraud.\86\ Through written agreement, ICE agreed to 
take the lead on criminal and other enforcement investigations. USCIS 
agreed to focus on detecting and combating fraud associated with 
adjudicating applications and petitions.\87\ The Homeland Security Act 
of 2002, Public Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, granted the Secretary of 
Homeland Security the authority to administer and enforce provisions of 
the INA, as amended, INA sec. 101, 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq. The Secretary, 
in Homeland Security Delegation No. 0150.1, delegated certain 
authorities to USCIS. FDNS's activities fall squarely within this 
delegation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ In Section (II)(I) of DHS Delegation Number 0150.1, 
Delegation to the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, 
and in section 2(I) of DHS Delegation Number 7030.2, Delegation of 
Authority to the Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Immigration 
and Customs Enforcement, USCIS and ICE received concurrent authority 
to investigate fraud involving immigration benefits available under 
the INA. In their respective delegations, USCIS and ICE were further 
directed by the Secretary of Homeland Security to coordinate the 
concurrent responsibilities provided under these Delegations. A 
memorandum of agreement was undertaken to advance the coordination 
between USCIS and ICE, as authorized by these Delegations. The 
Secretary of Homeland Security has properly delegated authority to 
immigration officers, including immigration officers who work for 
FDNS.
    \87\ Memorandum of Agreement between USCIS and ICE on the 
Investigation of Immigration Benefit Fraud, September 25, 2008; see 
also Memorandum of Agreement between USCIS and ICE Regarding the 
Referral of Immigration Benefit Fraud and Public Safety Cases (Dec. 
15, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, regulations support the FDNS activities that are described 
in this rule. For example, 8 CFR 1.2, defines ``immigration officer'' 
to include a broad range of DHS employees including immigration agents, 
immigration inspector, immigration officer, immigration services 
officer, investigator, and investigative assistant. As duly appointed 
immigration officers, FDNS immigration officers may question 
noncitizens based on the authority delegated by the Secretary of 
Homeland Security. Furthermore, INA sec. 287(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 
1357(a)(1), provides any officer or employee of the Service with the 
authority to (pursuant to DHS regulations) without warrant 
``interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as to his 
right to be or remain in the United States.'' See also 8 CFR 287.5. The 
regulation at 8 CFR 287.8(b) specifically sets out standards for 
interrogation and detention not amounting to arrest, wherein 
immigration officers can question individuals so long as they do not 
restrain the person they are questioning. The Board of Immigration 
Appeals has recognized that the reports produced by FDNS based on site 
visits and field investigations are ``especially important pieces of 
evidence.'' \88\ These investigations and reports help ensure that 
adjudicative decisions are made with confidence by providing 
information that would otherwise be unavailable to USCIS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ Matter of P. Singh, 27 I&N Dec. 598, 609 (BIA 2019) 
(``Detailed reports from on-site visits and field investigations are 
especially important pieces of evidence that may reveal the presence 
of fraud.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the assertions that DHS is unlawfully diverting 
funds to FDNS, DHS also disagrees with such assertions. USCIS' funding 
authority for FDNS is discussed in detail in the Fee Final Rule where 
DHS addressed similar comments. 89 FR 6194, 6246-6248 (Jan. 31, 2024); 
89 FR 20101 (Apr. 1, 2024).
4. Whistleblower Protection
a. Support for Whistleblower Protections
    Comment: Many commenters expressed support for incorporating 
whistleblower protections in the proposed rule, with some commenters, 
including some unions, stating that workers would feel safer in 
reporting abuses or violations without fear of retaliation. A joint 
submission stated their support for expanding the activities covered 
under whistleblower protections.
    A couple of advocacy groups expressed strong support for the 
provision, particularly the inclusion of seeking legal services as a 
protected activity and for considering loss of H-2 status due to an 
employer's retaliatory action an ``extraordinary circumstance,'' and 
urged DHS to finalize it as soon as possible. An advocacy group also 
expressed support for expanding the definition of protected activities, 
even if it would result in the language for H-2 differing from the H-1B 
whistleblower provision. An individual commenter expressed support for 
the implementation of H-2 whistleblower protection in alignment with 
protections for H-1B workers. The commenter reasoned that such 
protections would not only give nonimmigrants the ability to voice 
concerns about wrongdoing, malpractice, or fraud, but they would also 
hold industries accountable, creating a better environment for H-2 
workers. Similarly, a union expressed that allowing H-2 workers the 
flexibility to call out employers' program violations makes all workers 
safer.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments about the need for 
whistleblower protections for H-2 workers. DHS anticipates that these 
revisions will help H-2 workers feel safer in reporting violations, 
improving worker conditions for all employees at the location.
    Comment: Discussing a series of court cases that emphasized ``the 
crucial nature of provisions protecting workers against employer 
reprisals for filing claims and opposing employer violations'' and 
expansively interpreted the types of conduct protected against 
retaliation, a joint submission expressed support for the proposed 
whistleblower provisions and DHS's overall efforts to enhance worker 
protections as part of the broader changes alongside the DOL's proposed 
changes to the H-2A program.\89\ The commenters stated that ``the total 
of such systemic change is especially essential'' to protecting 
vulnerable H-2 workers, many of whom ``are vulnerable to threats of 
violence or other forms of retaliation against their family members in 
their home country, as well as to recruiter threats to blacklist them 
from any future H-2 employment.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \89\ See ``Improving Protections for Workers in Temporary 
Agricultural Employment in the United States,'' 88 FR 63750 (Sept. 
15, 2023). DOL subsequently published a corresponding final rule on 
April 29, 2024. 89 FR 33898.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS agrees with the commenters that H-2 workers are 
vulnerable to retaliation and expects that this rule, along with 
existing DOL

[[Page 103261]]

regulations,\90\ will encourage H-2 workers to report violations with 
less fear of retaliation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \90\ See, e.g., 20 CFR 655.135 (H-2A); 29 CFR 501.4 (H-2A); 20 
CFR 655.20(n) (H-2B); 29 CFR 503.16(n) (H-2B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: While expressing support for whistleblower protections in 
the proposed rule, several commenters, including trade associations and 
a professional association, urged USCIS to better define terms such as 
``retaliatory action'' and ``nondocumentary documentation.'' A couple 
of the trade association commenters added that employers require these 
definitions to implement training accordingly. A union recommended DHS 
include ``charging of illegal recruitment fees'' as an example of a 
labor dispute for which claims would be protected under the 
whistleblower protections, as well as ensuring that collective 
bargaining and other union activities warrant whistleblower protection.
    Response: DHS appreciates the general support but declines to adopt 
the specific suggestions. The comments requesting that DHS define 
certain terms did not offer suggestions as to what those definitions 
should be. As explained in the proposed rule, to ensure flexibility, 
and to track the current approach for H-1B petitions at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(20), DHS did not propose to define ``retaliatory action.'' 
Nevertheless, DHS offered a non-exclusive list of examples, to include 
harassment, intimidation, threats, restraint, coercion, blacklisting, 
intimidating employees to return back wages found due (``kickbacks''), 
or discrimination, which could dissuade an employee from raising a 
concern about a possible violation or engaging in other protected 
activity. In determining what constitutes ``retaliatory action,'' DHS 
will consider all relevant facts presented, including those 
vulnerabilities particular to H-2 workers. DHS also notes that it did 
not use the phrase ``nondocumentary documentation.'' Instead, DHS 
proposed requiring ``credible documentary evidence . . . indicating 
that the beneficiary faced retaliatory action from their employer based 
on a reasonable claim of a violation or potential violation of any 
applicable program requirements or based on engagement in another 
protected activity.'' In order to allow flexibility in the types of 
documentation that may be submitted, DHS did not propose specifying any 
particular form that a ``claim'' or the ``credible documentary 
evidence'' must take. DHS recognizes that credible evidence can take 
many forms, some of which it might not be able to foresee, and 
anticipates that the flexible credible documentary evidence standard, 
without further restrictions, will balance the need for evidence with 
the special challenges vulnerable H-2 workers may face in collecting 
evidence.
    Comment: A union suggested that the reasonableness of a claim of 
program violations should be considered from the H-2 worker's 
perspective, similar to the decision in Stericycle, Inc., in which the 
National Labor Relations Board explained that, in analyzing whether a 
work rule has a ``reasonable tendency to chill employees from 
exercising their . . . rights,'' it will ``interpret the rule from the 
perspective of an employee who is subject to the rule and economically 
dependent on the employer . . . .'' \91\ The commenter recommended DHS 
use similar language to revise 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ Stericycle, Inc., 372 NLRB 113, 114 (NLRB Aug. 2, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS appreciates this suggestion. While DHS is not bound 
by NLRB's decision in Stericycle, Inc. decision, DHS recognizes the 
importance of setting a standard that considers the perspective of an 
employee who is subject to an employer's work rule and economically 
dependent on the employer. As discussed throughout the proposed rule 
and this final rule, H-2 workers are a vulnerable population at risk 
for retaliation against themselves and their family. Accordingly, new 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(20) states that ``USCIS will determine the reasonableness 
of any claim from the perspective of a reasonable person in the H-2A or 
H-2B worker's position.'' This will be similar to the language proposed 
and finalized for 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv)(D)(2), as recommended by the 
commenter.
    Comment: A union expressing support for these protections urged DHS 
to ensure H-2 workers receive training--in a language they understand--
on their rights just prior to their departure for the United States. A 
religious organization expressing support for the proposed 
whistleblower protections recommended that DHS provide the protections 
in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2) to workers in a language they understand.
    A union stated that DHS should work alongside other Federal 
agencies to improve access to and expedite requests for status 
protections during a whistleblower claim. A joint submission similarly 
remarked that other agencies with a similar purview, such as DOL, do 
not have enough time to investigate claims or ensure temporary 
immigration relief for claimants. Accordingly, the commenter, along 
with an advocacy group, urged for the proposed policy to be adopted 
immediately on an interim basis until it is finalized.
    An advocacy group cited multiple sources demonstrating the 
pervasiveness of blacklisting--a form of employer retaliatory action 
that can make it difficult for H-2 workers to find new positions--in 
the H-2 program, creating added fear that prevents H-2 workers from 
coming forward as whistleblowers. The group urged DHS to take further 
steps to specifically counter blacklisting, including (but not limited 
to) providing work authorization and parole to any worker who brings a 
credible report of blacklisting to a labor agency.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments and anticipates that this 
final rule will adequately address their concerns insofar as the issues 
are within DHS jurisdiction. DHS agrees that workers should understand 
their rights. Currently, DOS provides H-2 visa recipients with a Know 
Your Rights informational pamphlet, sometimes known as a Wilberforce 
pamphlet.\92\ The pamphlet explains that retaliation against workers 
reporting abuse is unlawful and provides information on programs 
available to victims of retaliation. The pamphlet is currently 
available in more than 50 languages, with new translations being added 
on a continual basis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ The English language version of this pamphlet is available 
at DOS, ``Know Your Rights; National Human Trafficking 
Hotline,''https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/visas/LegalRightsandProtections/Wilberforce/Wilberforce-ENG-100116.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also appreciates the interest in interagency efforts to reduce 
retaliation. DHS notes that DOL recently broadened 20 CFR 655.135(h) to 
explicitly protect certain activities workers must be able to engage in 
without fear of intimidation, threats, and other forms of retaliation. 
89 FR 33898, 33998-99 (Apr. 29, 2024). DHS anticipates that interagency 
cooperation is possible without additional revisions to this rule. 
While DHS agrees with the commenter that protections from retaliation 
are urgently needed, DHS is finalizing this rule rather than 
implementing this one aspect of the proposal on an interim basis.
    DHS recognizes the harms caused by blacklisting and appreciates the 
commenters' concerns about this issue. DHS explicitly stated in the 
preamble to the proposed rule that retaliatory actions include 
blacklisting and anticipates that the final rule, as drafted, will help 
address such actions by an employer. DHS will not, in this rule,

[[Page 103262]]

implement further steps, such as providing work authorization and 
parole to any worker who brings a credible report of blacklisting to a 
labor agency. DHS did not propose to provide parole or work 
authorization in these circumstances, and the suggestions exceed the 
scope of this rulemaking. However, DHS notes that as a matter of 
prosecutorial discretion, it may defer removal action against 
individual noncitizens on a case-by-case basis, and that a noncitizen 
granted such deferred action may, per 8 CFR 274a.12(c)(33), apply for 
and obtain employment authorization for the period of deferred action 
if they establish ``an economic necessity for employment.'' \93\ This 
process may, under appropriate circumstances, be applicable to workers 
who bring credible reports of blacklisting to a labor agency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ USCIS, ``DHS Support of the Enforcement of Labor and 
Employment Laws,'' https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/information-for-employers-and-employees/dhs-support-of-the-enforcement-of-labor-and-employment-laws (last updated Apr. 11, 
2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A religious organization supported the proposed 
whistleblower provision but recommended that DHS simplify, outline, and 
provide to workers an explanation of this process ``so that the workers 
are able to submit complaints to DHS regarding retaliation.'' The 
commenter also urged DHS to include in the whistleblower process the 
opportunity for certifications (I-918 Supplement B) or declarations (I-
914 Supplement B) for U or T visa status.
    Response: DHS appreciates the opportunity to clarify what might be 
a misunderstanding concerning the nature of the whistleblower provision 
at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(20)(ii). This provision, as proposed and as 
finalized, does not create a new process in which an H-2 worker can 
submit a complaint regarding retaliation directly to DHS. Instead, this 
new provision allows a petitioner filing an H-2 petition requesting an 
extension of stay or change of status on behalf of a beneficiary to 
demonstrate that the beneficiary's loss or failure to maintain H-2A or 
H-2B status was due to a retaliatory action from their employer. If DHS 
determines such documentary evidence to be credible, DHS may consider 
any loss or failure to maintain H-2 status by the beneficiary related 
to such retaliatory action as an ``extraordinary circumstance'' for 
purposes of 8 CFR 214.1(c)(4) and 8 CFR 248.1(b), and DHS may grant a 
discretionary extension of H-2 stay or a change of status to another 
nonimmigrant classification, as applicable. This provision does not 
affect the existing processes or requirements for an H-2 beneficiary to 
apply for certifications for U or T nonimmigrant status.
b. Opposition to Whistleblower Protections
    Comment: Multiple commenters, including a joint submission, a 
professional association, and a State Government, expressed concern 
that the whistleblower protections as written give H-2 workers too much 
power and may incentivize workers to make bad faith claims about 
employer violations. Two commenters expressed concern that the standard 
was too broad, with one recommending limiting whistleblower protections 
to ``serious violations involving health and safety,'' while another 
felt a formal report should be required evidence. Similarly, a State 
Government remarked that with the proposed whistleblower protections, 
DHS would eliminate employers' protections.
    A business association expressing opposition to the proposed 
whistleblower standards stated that H-2 workers are not as vulnerable 
as the proposed standards assume and DHS does not offer any specific 
evidence that these lowered standards would alleviate any 
vulnerability. A professional association questioned DHS's authority to 
decide protected activities for whistleblowers.
    A couple of commenters, including a joint submission and an 
association of State Governments, urged DHS to clarify how the 
whistleblower provision would be enforced or how claims would be 
investigated. The association of State Governments expressed concern 
that the change in protections may be costly to employers and that 
employers may not receive due process protections.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns about the 
broadness of the standard and the potential for bad faith claims of 
violations but declines to make changes in response to these comments. 
First, the ``credible documentary evidence'' standard should decrease 
any potential for frivolous or bad faith claims. Second, DHS does not 
anticipate that the new whistleblower protections would significantly 
incentivize beneficiaries to make false claims of retaliation. New 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(20)(ii) does not create a new process for H-2 
beneficiaries to directly notify DHS of a violation of potential 
violation of their rights. Instead, new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(20)(ii) will 
only apply when a petitioner files an H-2 petition requesting an 
extension of stay or change of status on behalf of an H-2 beneficiary. 
An employer seeking to extend the stay of their own employee is 
unlikely to admit their own wrongdoing. Assuming a different employer 
was willing to advance a bad faith claim, DHS anticipates that the 
``credible documentary evidence'' standard should decrease that risk.
    Third, DHS emphasizes that these provisions are not intended to 
penalize employers. Instead, they are designed to better enable an 
employee who has a reasonable claim of retaliation to extend their stay 
or change status. A grant of the request for an extension of stay or 
change status for an H-2 worker under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(20)(ii) based 
on a claim of retaliation by a specific employer will not, for example, 
trigger a discretionary or mandatory ground for denial of a petition 
filed by that employer. Only in cases where the claim leads to a 
separate proceeding that confirms an employer violation, with adequate 
notice and an opportunity to respond, would the employer face any 
adverse consequences. Because adjudications of the extension of stay or 
change of status requests are not punitive to a prior employer, DHS 
declines to elaborate further on how these extensions of stay or change 
of status requests will be adjudicated and does not believe that this 
provision raises due process concerns for employers. For the same 
reason, given that the adjudication of these requests does not, by 
itself, penalize an employer, DHS concludes there is no need to limit 
the types of whistleblower claims that can support an extension of stay 
or change of status request to formal reports or serious violations 
involving health and safety.

E. Worker Flexibilities

1. Grace Periods/Admission Periods
a. General Support for Revisions to Grace Periods
    Comment: Some commenters, including an advocacy group, a business 
association, and a joint submission, generally supported the proposed 
changes to grace periods. A professional association supported the 
proposed worker flexibilities granting grace periods to H-2 workers, 
especially H-2B workers. An advocacy group said the proposals to grant 
workers greater flexibility in the form of grace periods and extended 
periods of admission are important steps towards realizing mobility 
between H-2 employers and alleviating the harms caused by the H-2 
program's structure. A business organization stated that its members 
welcomed the proposed grace periods as

[[Page 103263]]

the increased flexibility in these grace periods will help them meet 
their workforce needs. The commenter noted that the grace periods will 
help workers settle, which alleviates stress for both the employer and 
employee, and will help companies seeking to hire additional workers. 
Some commenters generally supported the proposed pre- and post-validity 
grace periods (further discussed below) without providing specific 
rationale.
    Response: DHS appreciates these commenters' feedback on the 
benefits of the new grace periods, which will improve worker mobility 
and protections as well as benefit employers. DHS will finalize the 
grace periods without change from the NPRM.
b. Harmonization of H-2 Grace Periods
    Comment: Multiple commenters, mostly trade associations and a 
business association, appreciated the harmonization of pre- and post-
validity grace periods between the H-2A and H-2B programs, with 
commenters saying it would provide workers and employers with needed 
flexibilities to minimize challenges associated with transferring 
workers to a new contract. A joint submission said the proposed pre- 
and post-validity periods would be a desirable change that improves 
worker mobility and reduces the burden on both workers and employers.
    A couple of trade associations said that aligning these periods 
among both programs would help reduce potential confusion in 
understanding the Department's ``already overly complicated'' 
regulatory structure governing the H-2A and H-2B programs. A joint 
submission similarly said the harmonization makes the two programs more 
efficient and provides uniformity in standards for affected employers 
and employees. An advocacy group said the alignment would improve 
certainty and predictability for H-2 workers and is a step towards 
improving H-2B workers' ability to seek legal support if needed. An 
advocacy group wrote that ensuring that pre- and post-employment 
admissions periods align for H-2A and H-2B workers would make it easier 
for advocates to inform workers about their rights and would improve 
certainty and predictability for workers. Some commenters, including 
several business associations, said the harmonization also allows 
sufficient time for successive petitions to be filed and timely 
processed by USCIS prior to the next contract start date.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' feedback on the benefits 
of harmonizing the length of the pre- and post-validity grace periods 
for H-2A and H-2B workers and will finalize these grace periods without 
change.
    Comment: Without elaborating, a religious organization invited DHS 
to consider expanding the grace period for H-2 beneficiaries to be 
consistent with the grace period afforded to H-1B workers, stating that 
many of the proposed changes incorporate other H-1B protections to the 
H-2 programs.
    Response: The length of the new grace periods for H-2 workers 
finalized in this rule will be the same as, and in some cases longer 
than, the grace periods afforded to H-1B workers. Specifically, H-2A, 
H-2B, and H-1B workers will have a pre-validity grace period of up to 
10 days. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(viii)(B); 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(vii); 8 CFR 
214.1(l). H-2A and H-2B workers will have a post-validity grace period 
of up to 30 days, while H-1B workers have a post-validity grace period 
of up to 10 days. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(viii)(B); 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(vii); 8 CFR 214.1(l). H-2A, H-2B, and H-1B workers will 
have a grace period for cessation of employment of up to 60 days. 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(13)(i)(C); 8 CFR 214.1(l). H-2A and H-2B workers will have a 
grace period of up to 60 days upon the revocation of the employer's 
petition, but H-1B workers have no such grace period. New 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(11). These different grace periods take into consideration the 
special vulnerabilities of H-2 workers.
c. Post-Validity Grace Period of Up to 30 Days Following Expiration of 
the Petition
    Comment: Some commenters specifically supported the proposed 
expansion of the grace period from 10 to 30 days following the 
expiration of the petition for H-2B workers, with most stating that it 
would likely alleviate some of the pressure employers feel due to the 
statutory cap when timing the filing of subsequent petitions against 
the expiration of a previous contract. The commenters added that the 
expansion would provide H-2B workers the time and flexibility to find 
continued subsequent employment without risk. A business association, 
examining the grace period in combination with the enhanced portability 
provisions, wrote that employers are confident that the ability of H-2 
workers to find subsequent employment would inure direct benefits to 
their companies. The commenter said this would help H-2B employers 
avert cap-related issues, as these individuals have already been 
subject to the cap and would not be subject to the cap if they transfer 
from one company to another in the same fiscal year.
    A professional association similarly stated that, with the 
unpredictability of DOL processing times and the unavailability of 
additional visa numbers, this proposed grace period gives workers the 
opportunity and the time needed to find alternative H-2 employment from 
within the United States without having to potentially leave the United 
States and, if applicable, then subject themselves to the annual H-2B 
cap. The commenter also said that employers benefit, as this grace 
period will make it easier for them to transfer workers to their employ 
within the United States because the workers will remain in status for 
up to 30 days after the expiration of their program end date.
    An advocacy group stated that, without this post-contract admission 
period, it would be ``near impossible'' for H-2 workers to take 
advantage of the proposed rule's portability provisions, as workers 
seeking to use these flexibilities may need time to look for another 
job, or the start date of the new job may not align precisely with the 
end date of their existing job. The commenter went on to state that a 
30-day post-contract grace period would give workers returning to their 
countries of origin after the end of their H-2 contract period time to 
prepare for their departure. In addition, the commenter said the 30-day 
period would allow H-2 workers to address any violations of their 
rights by seeking legal assistance after they have finished employment, 
during regular business hours, and within the United States. A joint 
submission in support of the proposal stated that, where a worker seeks 
additional H-2 employment or where a worker seeks to pursue complaints 
relating to their employment, the current 10-day period of authorized 
presence is ``grossly inadequate.''
    Response: As noted in the NPRM and by commenters, the extension of 
the post-validity grace period will benefit both H-2 workers and 
employers by facilitating the use of the new portability provision. It 
will also give workers more time to prepare for departure or applying 
for an extension of stay based on a subsequent offer of employment. As 
also noted by commenters, the extension of this grace period may also 
provide workers more time to address any violations of their rights and 
pursue complaints relating to their employment.
    Comment: A research organization stated that this 30-day grace 
period should be lengthened to at least 60 days to ensure that workers 
do not find

[[Page 103264]]

themselves out of status when they cannot find an additional employer 
within such a short period.
    Response: DHS declines to extend the length of the new post-
validity grace period from up to 30 days to at least 60 days. Workers 
who complete their contracted employment should know in advance when 
their status ended and should have sufficient time to prepare for 
departure or make other arrangements within the 30-day grace period 
finalized in this rule, compared to H-2 workers who unexpectedly find 
themselves out of employment and would be eligible, under this final 
rule, for a longer grace period of up to 60 days.
    Comment: A trade association stated that, with the change of work 
authorization starting at the filing of the extension with USCIS, 
``extending the grace period to 60 days after the authorized work 
period is not necessary.'' The commenter said this extension may cause 
issues with workers who do not have access to housing or give ``bad 
player'' employers the opportunity to continue employment without the 
proper work authorization. The commenter said changing the policy that 
work can start when USCIS receives the petition would already increase 
the worker's ability to find employment by several additional days and 
should give employees appropriate time to find new employment.
    Response: Assuming this commenter is referring to the post-validity 
grace period at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(viii)(B) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(vii)(A) providing for a grace period of up to 30 days 
(rather than 60 days) following the expiration of the H-2B petition, 
DHS declines to eliminate or shorten this grace period as proposed. As 
acknowledged by other commenters, the extension of the post-validity 
grace period to 30 days for all H-2 workers provides valuable benefits 
not only for H-2 workers, but also for H-2 employers by likely 
alleviating some of the pressure employers feel due to the statutory 
cap when timing the filing of subsequent petitions against the 
expiration of a previous contract.
d. Support for 60-Day Grace Period Following Cessation of Employment
    Comment: Multiple commenters including a group of Federal elected 
officials, a union, and a professional association supported the 
proposal to provide a new 60-day grace period following cessation of H-
2 employment if the worker was terminated, has resigned, or otherwise 
ceased employment prior to the end date of their authorized validity 
period. Some of these commenters said this grace period is essential to 
allowing H-2 workers sufficient time to respond to the unexpected loss 
of employment by seeking new H-2 employment, exploring their legal 
options, or organizing their departure from the United States. A joint 
submission said that this new provision would improve worker mobility 
and reduce the administrative burden on workers and employers. A 
professional association stated that in situations usually outside of 
the worker's control, the H-2 worker should be allowed to seek new 
employment. A union in support of this provision stated that, without 
time to search for and secure new employment, visa portability would 
not be practically accessible for H-2 workers. The aforementioned union 
and professional association, said the proposal is consistent with the 
benefits offered by other nonimmigrant classifications.
    Multiple commenters, including a couple of unions, a joint 
submission, and an advocacy group, supported the proposed grace period 
because it would enhance worker autonomy, flexibility, and mobility to 
leave unfair, unsafe, or abusive employment conditions and apply for 
alternative employment without the risk of losing their visa. A group 
of Federal elected officials stated that guest workers have a well-
founded fear of retaliation from employers that often prevents them 
from speaking out and advocating for better working conditions, and it 
is extremely challenging for workers to change employers, even when 
employers break the law. Likewise, an advocacy group said this grace 
period is especially critical when workers are terminated from 
employment in retaliation for exercising their rights and will lessen 
the power of bad-faith employers to leverage the immigration system as 
a tool of retaliation. The commenter stated that the proposed rule 
complements existing anti-retaliation provisions in DOL regulations 
governing the H-2 programs, and in Federal and State law. The commenter 
also welcomed DHS's application of this flexibility to any termination 
rather than attempting to limit it to retaliatory firings, as 
determining whether a termination constitutes retaliation often 
requires a fact-intensive and time-consuming legal inquiry. The 
commenter went on to say that workers need the 60-day post-employment 
grace period to assess any potential violations of their rights and 
take legal action if necessary.
    A couple of trade associations supported the specification that 
workers would not accrue any period of unlawful presence solely based 
on cessation of employment. These commenters also agreed with the 
proposal that workers would not have to notify DHS or USCIS to take 
advantage of the new grace period. The commenters added that DHS should 
not consider employer notification to be conclusive evidence regarding 
a worker's status or trigger the start date of the 60-day grace period, 
and that when an extension is filed the petitioner should provide 
information or evidence regarding the cessation of employment to 
demonstrate status maintenance.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' support for this grace 
period, which is intended to improve worker flexibility, mobility, and 
protections. DHS confirms that this grace period will apply regardless 
of the reason for the H-2 worker's termination (subject to the worker's 
maximum period of stay). DHS further confirms that an employer's 
notification under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(vi)(B) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F) 
will not be considered conclusive evidence regarding a worker's status.
e. Concerns With the 60-Day Grace Period Following Cessation of 
Employment
    Comment: Multiple commenters, including several trade associations, 
expressed concern over the 60-day cessation of work grace period as 
proposed, stating that it could be abused if H-2 workers, in whom 
employers have invested considerable time and expense resources, 
immediately quit to spend 60 days, without risk, consequence, or 
penalty, to look for another H-2 job. Some of these commenters cited 
data indicating that most H-2 employers do not take advantage of their 
workforce, nor are they removed from the program, asserting that, while 
the 60-day grace period might be warranted if the Department revokes a 
bad-actor H-2 employer's petition, it is not necessary or justified for 
the majority of H-2 employers. A trade association wrote that the 
uncertainty associated with this proposal would have a detrimental 
impact on labor-intensive American agriculture. Another trade 
association stated that their industry's peak harvest generally lasts 
60 to 90 days and that a worker unexpectedly leaving in the last 60 
days of the contract would be devastating. Another commenter urged DHS 
``to be aware of perverse incentives'' created by this new grace period 
and to consider how it ``would affect worker behavior, and the economic 
cost of such impact on

[[Page 103265]]

employers should they experience turnover.''
    Response: DHS will finalize the grace period for a cessation of 
employment at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(13)(i)(C) as proposed. Without this new 
grace period, an already financially vulnerable H-2 worker facing an 
abusive employment situation or hazardous working conditions must 
choose between remaining in a bad employment situation or facing the 
harsh consequences of losing wages, benefits, and legal status from 
their H-2 employment. As other commenters have noted, some H-2 
employers leverage a potential loss of status to coerce workers into 
continued employment, creating a power imbalance that allows forced 
labor and trafficking to occur in the H-2 programs. Thus, this grace 
period of up to 60 days is an important step towards addressing the 
systemic power imbalance between H-2 workers and their employers by 
giving H-2 workers a more realistic option of leaving a bad employer.
    DHS acknowledges that an H-2 employer, like any employer in a free 
labor market, risks losing valuable time, resources, and/or manpower 
when a worker leaves employment. However, the new grace period is not 
expected to provide a significant ``perverse incentive'' for H-2 
workers to cease employment without good cause. DHS does not agree with 
the commenters that an H-2 worker who ceases employment does so without 
risk, consequence, or penalty. Whenever a H-2 worker ceases employment, 
they face several risks and consequences including the loss of wages 
and benefits that come from that employment, such as housing for H-2A 
workers and certain H-2B workers. And as other commenters have noted, 
the ability of H-2 workers to cease employment, especially when faced 
with a harmful work environment, will help improve equality of wages 
and working conditions with U.S. workers.
    It is important to emphasize that the new grace period will not 
authorize a beneficiary to lawfully work in the United States, but only 
ensure that USCIS will not consider a beneficiary to have failed to 
maintain nonimmigrant status or to have accrued unlawful status 
``solely on the basis of a cessation of the employment.'' New 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(13)(i)(C). As stated in the NPRM, the limitation that the 
grace period will apply ``solely on the basis of a cessation of 
employment'' should mitigate the risk that some workers would try to 
use this grace period to engage in unauthorized employment or other 
unlawful behavior. 88 FR 65040, 65065 (Sept. 20, 2023). This aspect of 
the grace period serves as an important disincentive for H-2 workers to 
abuse this provision. Considering the risks an H-2 worker incurs when 
leaving their employer, such as losing wages and other benefits, DHS 
disagrees that this grace period provides a ``perverse incentive'' for 
an H-2 worker to start and immediately quit employment unless there was 
good reason to do so. While DHS cannot completely eliminate all risk 
that an H-2 worker who might not be deserving would still benefit from 
the new grace period, for the reasons stated above, DHS maintains that 
such a situation would likely be rare and that the importance of 
protecting H-2 workers overall substantially outweighs the risk. Id.
f. Requested Changes to Proposed 60-Day Grace Period Following 
Cessation of Employment
    Comment: Several commenters suggested that the proposed grace 
period following cessation of employment should only apply in certain 
circumstances, stating that workers can voluntarily quit for a number 
of reasons unrelated to an abusive or hazardous employment situation. 
For instance, a joint submission concluded that it would be appropriate 
to exclude beneficiaries terminated for cause from taking advantage of 
the 60-day grace period in order to protect subsequent employers from 
potentially dangerous or problematic behavior (for example, if workers 
were terminated for committing violent acts, sexual harassment, or 
other infractions that may pose a risk to the health, safety, and well-
being of others). The commenter understood the basis for ``casting a 
wide net'' but said it is improbable that workers in an abusive or 
unsafe situation would nonetheless remain employed and also engage in 
behavior that would lead to their for-cause termination. The commenter 
said this is particularly the case in light of both DOL's parallel 
rulemaking that would narrow the scope of permissible circumstances in 
which workers may be terminated for cause and DHS's ``very lenient'' 
grace period proposal. A trade association said DHS should consider 
adding language defining a process by which employers and workers can 
document workplace claims and the efforts made to resolve the concern. 
This commenter stated that this provision is needed to provide a 
pathway for those working for H-2 employers that have taken advantage 
of their workforce, but added that a clearly defined process to utilize 
this type of grace period is needed to avoid unnecessary abuse of the 
provision. A few trade associations stated that there should be an 
affirmative duty of the H-2 worker to attempt to resolve workplace 
claims or concerns with the employer prior to quitting since the 
employer has committed time and expense in exchange for the worker's 
ability to enter and work in the United States, and that there should 
be less concern about reprisal if an H-2 worker ceases employment 
because they would have a 60-day grace period to seek other H-2 
employment if they are unable to resolve the dispute with their 
sponsoring employer. Other trade associations expressed concern that 
providing a 60-day grace period after an employer has incurred the 
expense of bringing a worker to the United States could lead to workers 
arriving and quitting to spend 60 days searching for a higher paying H-
2 job elsewhere, stating that there should be associated consequences 
for the worker who violates their contract instead of a ``reward'' by 
allowing the worker to stay in the United States to pursue another 
contract.
    A business association urged DHS to consider options to ensure that 
workers do not take advantage of this grace period in a manner that 
harms employers and suggested an option of foreclosing an H-2 worker's 
ability to avail themselves of the 60-day grace period within the first 
month of their entry into the U.S to help diminish the potential for 
mischief involving the 60-day grace period. Another commenter asked 
whether DHS should impose ``a presumption of intent to defraud an 
employer if the H-2 worker arrives and leaves within a short period of 
time without trying to resolve any workplace dispute.''
    Response: As proposed, the new grace period for cessation of 
employment will apply regardless of the reason for cessation. DHS 
declines to create a new discretionary process by which USCIS would 
determine whether to grant or deny a request for a grace period on a 
case-by-case basis, such as granting a grace period only when an H-2 
worker can document that they made good faith efforts to resolve a 
workplace claim or that a workplace is hazardous, or denying a grace 
period when a beneficiary was terminated for cause (for example, if the 
beneficiary was terminated for committing a violent act, sexual 
harassment, or other infractions that may pose a risk to the health, 
safety, and well-being of others). The main reason why DHS did not 
propose--and now declines to adopt--a discretionary grace period 
similar to the one under 8 CFR 214.1(l)(2) is to provide more certainty 
to affected H-2

[[Page 103266]]

workers. As stated in the NPRM, giving more certainty of the length of 
the grace period could help alleviate some fears held by H-2 workers 
who are facing abusive employment situations, or otherwise wish to 
change jobs, but are reluctant to leave such employment due to 
uncertainty surrounding whether they would benefit from a grace period 
and how long the grace period would be. 88 FR 65040, 65064 (Sept. 20, 
2023). Namely, ``termination for cause'' is both a law and fact-
specific inquiry and workers may not have sufficient understanding of 
the concept to know with certainty where USCIS may land on such an 
inquiry in a subsequent adjudication, and therefore adding this 
limitation on the use of the grace period would likely create a 
chilling effect that would undermine the policy objective of this 
provision.
    It would also be impracticable for USCIS to set up a separate 
process outside petition adjudication for approving grace periods on a 
case-by-case basis. USCIS would need to create a form for requesting 
grace periods, as well as a legal framework for determining whether a 
worker was terminated for cause and allow for the submission of 
evidence and rebuttal evidence. DHS believes that, even if DHS were 
inclined to adopt the commenter's suggestion, the regulated public 
should have an opportunity to comment on any such framework and 
process, including on the feasibility of workers complying with such a 
process. More importantly, even if feasible, such an adjudication could 
take a considerable amount of time, potentially undermining the utility 
of the grace period for a terminated worker who most likely would not 
know the outcome of the adjudication until the end or close to the end 
of the grace period, which as explained above would likely lead to a 
chilling effect of workers even attempting to use the 60-day grace 
period. Regarding the commenter's concern about the grace period 
possibly benefiting workers who were terminated for committing violent 
acts, sexual harassment, or other infractions that may pose a risk to 
the health, safety, and well-being of others, DHS believes that state 
and local judicial systems provide avenues to address such and similar 
serious criminal and civil infractions, and that limiting the use of 
the finite 60-day grace periods is therefore not necessary for that 
purpose. In addition, criminal charges may separately affect a worker's 
ability to remain in the United States.
    DHS declines to adopt the suggested alternative of foreclosing an 
H-2 worker's ability to avail themselves of the grace period of up to 
60 days within the first month of their entry. Similarly, DHS declines 
to impose ``a presumption of intent to defraud an employer'' if the H-2 
worker arrives and leaves within a short period of time without trying 
to resolve any workplace dispute. As previously explained, the 
limitation that the grace period would apply ``solely on the basis of a 
cessation of employment'' and the fact that the H-2 worker would be 
unable to work during this grace period absent any pending H-2 petition 
filed on their behalf should mitigate the risk that some workers would 
try to use this grace period for unlawful purposes. Again, while DHS 
cannot completely eliminate all risk that an H-2 worker who might not 
be deserving would still benefit from the new grace period, DHS 
maintains that such a situation would likely be rare and that the 
importance of protecting H-2 workers overall substantially outweighs 
the risk. 88 FR 65040, 65065 (Sept. 20, 2023).
    Comment: Several commenters urged DHS to revise the length of the 
proposed grace period at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(13)(i)(C) to 30 days. A 
commenter stated that while 60 days is consistent with other 
nonimmigrant classifications, the H-2 programs are unique which 
warrants some differences, noting that H-2 programs impose substantial 
costs on employers compared to other nonimmigrant classifications. The 
commenter said a 30-day grace period for cessation of employment would 
reduce the likelihood of worker departure for ``arbitrary or 
transient'' reasons while accommodating workers who are in an unsafe or 
abusive employment relationship. The commenter also said a 30-day grace 
period for cessation would be congruent to the 30 days afforded to 
workers at the expiration of the petition validity, noting that it 
makes little sense for workers who successfully complete a period of 
employment to only have a 30-day grace period while affording workers 
terminated for cause an extra month. Lastly, the commenter said the 
unique low and unskilled nature of many H-2 occupations better lends 
itself to a shorter grace period as employers in labor-intensive 
industries are more likely than ``white collar'' employers to fill job 
positions quickly, whereas a 60-day grace period may be more 
appropriate for highly skilled visa classifications (for example, E-1, 
E-2, E-3, H-1B, L-1, O-1, and TN) that typically command higher pay and 
benefits, are subject to less frequent turnover, and are not associated 
with extensive employer cost obligations.
    A couple of business associations similarly stated that the 
creation of a new separate 60-day grace period adds unnecessary 
complexity and confusion regarding a beneficiary's legal status and 
work authorization. The commenters recommended a standard 30-day grace 
period applicable in all situations for ensuring uniformity and 
simplicity in understanding and complying with the requirements.
    Response: DHS declines to shorten the length of the proposed grace 
period at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(13)(i)(C) to 30 days. Thirty days likely would 
not allow sufficient time for a worker to respond to sudden or 
unexpected changes related to their employment, such as by searching 
for possible new employment or, if necessary, planning their departure 
from the United States. A longer period of up to 60 days would better 
allow affected H-2 workers to seek and secure new H-2 employment, 
assess any potential violations of their rights and explore legal 
actions, if necessary, and/or organize their departure from the United 
States. While DHS agrees that the H-2 program is unique in the sense 
that these programs impose some cost obligations (such as certain 
housing and subsistence costs) that not all employers in other 
nonimmigrant programs are responsible for, DHS does not agree that 
these differences warrant a shortening of the grace period to 30 days. 
Instead, because H-2 workers are a particularly vulnerable population, 
a 30-day grace period likely would not be sufficient for affected 
workers to respond to sudden or unexpected changes related to their 
employment. As other commenters have noted, H-2 guest workers are 
uniquely vulnerable given that they are temporary workers, rely on 
their employers for basic needs, often have a language barrier, and may 
live in isolated environments where their access to information and 
resources is limited, among other factors.
    DHS acknowledges that this means an H-2 worker who successfully 
completes a period of employment will only have a 30-day grace period, 
while H-2 workers who cease employment before the end of their validity 
period will have a longer grace period by up to another month. However, 
this is reasonable as workers who cease employment before the end of 
their validity period may have such cessation of employment occur 
unexpectedly and thus would need more time to plan their next steps. 
Workers who successfully complete their period of employment would know 
the end date of their employment in advance and would have had more 
time to plan for their next steps.

[[Page 103267]]

g. 60-Day Grace Period Following Revocation of Approved H-2 Petition
    Comment: Multiple commenters, including several trade associations, 
a joint submission, and a professional association, specifically 
supported the proposal to provide a new 60-day grace period following 
the revocation of an approved H-2 petition, with most citing a similar 
rationale as above relating to cessation of employment. Several of 
these commenters said that this grace period would provide protection 
and stability in circumstances beyond the petitioner's or worker's 
control. An advocacy group said H-2 workers do not control the petition 
or their employers' conduct and cannot prevent laws or violations that 
might lead to a revocation. For example, the commenter stated that both 
current and proposed rules call for petition revocation in the event of 
a determination that an H-2 petitioner or its agent has charged a 
recruitment fee or other prohibited fee. While supporting these 
consequences, the commenter said that H-2 workers who lose their jobs 
because of this would bear the brunt of their employer's violation. The 
commenter concluded that the proposed grace period would lessen the 
undue harm that a revoked H-2 petition causes workers.
    A professional association agreed with proposed provision 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(11)(iv) allowing H-2 beneficiaries to remain in lawful status 
for 60 days or the end of their H-2B petition, whichever is shorter.
    Response: DHS agrees that this new grace period will lessen some of 
the harm to an H-2 worker who loses their job and H-2 status caused by 
a revoked H-2 petition.
h. Work Authorization During the 60-Day Grace Periods
    Comment: Multiple commenters urged DHS to provide work 
authorization during the 60-day grace period, stating that not doing so 
would limit workers' ability to take advantage of the grace period and 
the flexibility this measure seeks to create. Specifically, several 
advocacy groups recommended that DHS automatically issue interim work 
authorization to H-2 workers. These commenters noted the financial 
situations of most H-2 workers, such as often living paycheck to 
paycheck, frequently arriving at their United States worksites already 
deeply indebted, and not having the savings to support the time needed 
to identify, apply to, and travel to new H-2 job opportunities. One of 
these commenters detailed a suggested process through which H-2 workers 
who experience an early cessation of employment for any reason during 
an H-2 contract period, and who seek interim employment authorization, 
could directly notify DHS of this cessation of employment and receive a 
receipt at an address they would specify in their notice. Then, DHS 
could issue guidance (as it currently does for H-2A employers who are 
eligible to take advantage of the limited portability provisions) to 
potential employers of H-2 workers during the grace period stating that 
the employee's unexpired Form I-94 indicating their H-2 status, 
combined with the receipt of notification of early cessation of 
employment, would constitute sufficient proof the worker's employment 
authorization. DHS would then instruct employers to make any notation 
necessary on the I-9 to convey the limited 60-day period. The commenter 
said this process would be consistent with INA sec. 214(c)(1), as well 
as with DHS's broad authority to define the time periods and conditions 
of any nonimmigrant's admission to the United States under section 
214(a)(1) of the INA. Another advocacy group supported this commenter's 
proposal. A couple of advocacy groups also stated that to the extent 
DHS has continued doubts about the appropriateness of providing interim 
employment authorization to all H-2 workers who experience an 
unexpected cessation of employment before the end of the contract 
period, DHS should at a minimum provide interim work authorization to 
workers who lose their employment due to the revocation of their 
employer's petition by no fault of the worker, as well as workers who 
are involved in an ongoing labor dispute with the H-2 employer that is 
the subject of an investigation by DOL or another relevant agency.
    Response: As proposed and now finalized, none of the grace periods 
would independently authorize the beneficiary to work. As stated in the 
NPRM at 65065-65066, to the extent that such work authorization is 
permissible, there are also operational challenges and costs associated 
with providing work authorization documentation to H-2 workers who have 
ceased employment. While commenters provided suggestions that could 
have alleviated some operational challenges, other operational 
challenges would have remained. For example, setting up a process for 
beneficiaries to directly notify DHS of a cessation of employment and 
receive a receipt at an address would still require the agency to set 
up a new notification process for beneficiaries and mail out a physical 
receipt notice, all of which takes time and resources which the agency 
would not recover without imposing a new fee.
    DHS acknowledges that not providing work authorization upon 
cessation of employment makes it difficult for affected H-2 workers to 
support themselves, thus potentially limiting their ability, as a 
practical matter, to leave their current employment. DHS notes, 
however, that the new portability provisions may offer help to affected 
H-2 workers who wish to begin employment sooner if they find a new 
petitioning employer. In addition, as previously noted, other forms of 
relief such as deferred action may be possible depending on the 
circumstances.
    Providing employment authorization to only some, but not all, H-2 
workers also would not be feasible. As discussed above, it would not be 
operationally feasible for USCIS to ``adjudicate'' a grace period 
within the context of the H-2 petition process. Similarly, it is not 
operationally feasible for USCIS, using current processes, to determine 
who would be eligible for interim employment authorization within the 
limited timeframe of such a grace period; there is no current mechanism 
in which DHS could provide interim work authorization, or issue such 
proof of employment authorization, for only some H-2 workers, such as 
those whose employment was terminated ``by no fault of their own.'' In 
addition, as noted in the NPRM, DHS determined that the creation of a 
process whereby, upon cessation of employment, a worker would file, 
with fee, a request for work authorization for a limited period of 60 
days and receive evidence of that work authorization before the 60-day 
period had elapsed, likely would not be an attractive option for the 
filer nor operationally feasible for the agency. 88 FR 65040, 65066 
(Sept. 20, 2023). Finally, while DHS acknowledges the commenters' 
legitimate concern, the Department notes that not allowing for interim 
work authorization during the grace period is consistent with 
longstanding policy.\94\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \94\ See, e.g., ``Modernizing H-2 Program Requirements, 
Oversight, and Worker Protections,'' 88 FR 65040, 65065-65066 (Sept. 
20, 2023) (``It has long been the policy of DHS that grace periods 
do not authorize employment.''); ``Retention of EB-1, EB-2, and EB-3 
Immigrant Workers and Program Improvements Affecting High-Skilled 
Nonimmigrant Workers,'' 81 FR 82398, 82439 (Nov. 18, 2016) 
(``Consistent with longstanding policy, DHS declines to authorize 
individuals to work during these grace periods.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Requests To Extend the 60-Day Grace Periods
    Comment: A couple of advocacy groups said DHS should allow at least

[[Page 103268]]

a 90-day grace period for all H-2 workers who experience an unexpected 
end to their employment, with injured workers granted extensions beyond 
the initial 90-day period. An advocacy group expounded that H-2 workers 
need a longer grace period because of the acuteness and prevalence of 
abusive labor practices in the H-2 programs; their isolated living and 
working conditions; and their typically lower levels of income, 
education, and web access. In addition, the commenter said DHS should 
also provide for situations in which workers may need to remain in the 
United States for a longer period due to work-related injury or 
illness. The commenter stated that H-2 workers often are unable to take 
advantage of their workers' compensation benefits because they are 
forced to return to their home countries after a workplace injury or 
illness by retaliatory employers. The commenter noted that 60 days is 
insufficient for most workers to receive necessary treatment through 
workers' compensation because medical treatment and associated 
interactions can be time-consuming. Further, injured workers are 
unlikely to find new H-2 employment during a 60-day grace period, and 
therefore will be faced with the unfortunate choice between overstaying 
or returning home to forfeit medical care and benefits. The commenter 
suggested that DHS clarify that grace periods and the post-contract 
admission period may be extended for workers who need to remain in the 
United States to receive medical treatment related to an injury or 
illness covered by a workers' compensation claim. Relatedly, the 
commenter said DHS should also provide for a straightforward parole 
process for injured workers who have already departed the United States 
but need to return to seek medical care.
    A couple of commenters, including an advocacy group and a research 
organization, recommended a 120-day grace period following loss of 
employment. One of these commenters provided similar rationale as 
above, stating that a 60-day grace period would often be too short for 
workers to seek care or find new employment, particularly given the 
geographic, social, and cultural isolation of H-2A workers. A research 
organization stated that, while it had previously urged that DHS should 
at least grant H-2 workers the same in-petition 60-day grace period as 
is granted to H-1B workers, given the ``bureaucratic realities of the 
H-2 programs,'' 60 days is insufficiently short. The commenter cited 
data indicating that the median U.S. worker took almost exactly 60 days 
to find a new job, but those workers could accept any job, not just 
seasonal jobs from employers willing to undergo the H-2 process. 
Additionally, the commenter said the H-1B petition DOL process takes 
only a week, while H-2 DOL processes take much longer. Citing data, the 
commenter stated that, assuming that an H-2B worker finds a new 
employer that is not already participating in the H-2B process, it will 
take over 100 days to complete the steps to join the program. Even in 
the case of the H-2A process, which takes about a month, the commenter 
said this month should be added to the median of 60 days it takes to 
find a new job to begin with.
    Response: DHS declines to extend the grace period beyond 60 days. 
While commenters expressed legitimate concerns about why 60 days may 
not be sufficient (including TLC delays), DHS must balance these 
concerns with other concerns about potential abuse of the grace period 
if it were extended beyond 60 days. Also, the longer the grace period, 
the more concerns DHS would have with beneficiaries engaging in 
unlawful employment during the grace period.
    DHS also declines to provide a longer grace period for only certain 
beneficiaries such as those who experienced an ``unexpected'' end to 
their employment or suffered a work-related injury or illness. As noted 
above, it would not be operationally feasible for USCIS to 
``adjudicate'' a grace period within the context of the H-2 petition 
process using the current processes and mechanisms, or in a context 
separate from the H-2 petition process. Absent an adjudication, USCIS 
would not be able to provide a longer grace period only to certain H-2 
beneficiaries. DHS again highlights that H-2 workers involved in labor 
disputes may request DHS to exercise prosecutorial discretion,\95\ 
which may offer some relief for certain workers who were terminated for 
an unlawful reason or suffered a work-related injury or illness. Other 
avenues of relief, such as requesting a change of status to visitor 
status (B-2), may also be available to H-2 workers who need to receive 
medical treatment related to a workplace injury or illness.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \95\ USCIS, ``DHS Support of the Enforcement of Labor and 
Employment Laws,'' https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/information-for-employers-and-employees/dhs-support-of-the-enforcement-of-labor-and-employment-laws (last updated Apr. 11, 
2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

j. Grace Period at the End of 3-Year Period of Stay
    Comment: Multiple trade associations expressed concern that H-2 
workers who continue three successive contracts (that is, workers whose 
final contract within their 3-year authorization ends at the very end 
of that authorization period) would be left with no time to prepare to 
leave the country after their third contract expires. These commenters 
stated that DHS should consider providing an additional minimum grace 
period, such as 5 days, in those situations to ensure workers do not 
inadvertently overstay due to waiting for the employer-scheduled 
transportation or for delayed or canceled flights. The commenters said 
adding a minimum grace period would benefit H-2 workers and allow them 
to return to the United States without any unauthorized stay.
    A research organization similarly stated that DHS should provide a 
grace period of at least 10 days at the end of the 3-year period of 
stay to avoid inadvertent periods where people lose status to give 
people time to line up their transportation home. The commenter said 
this would match the NPRM's proposed 10-day grace period to enter the 
country.
    Response: By regulation, an H-2 worker's maximum period of stay is 
limited to 3 years. See 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(viii)(C); 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(13)(iv)-(v). DHS did not propose to change the maximum period 
of stay for H-2 workers and will not provide an additional grace period 
beyond that 3-year limit in this final rule. Further, as new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(viii)(B) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(vii) already provides a 
post-validity grace period of up to 30 days, it is unclear why the 
suggested additional 10-day grace period is necessary. It is the 
petitioner's burden to be aware of when their H-2 workers' status will 
end and arrange their return transportation accordingly.
k. Employer Obligations During Grace Periods
    Comment: Several trade associations that were generally supportive 
of the proposed grace periods requested that DHS consider and provide 
clarity surrounding the obligations of parties during the grace 
periods, specifically whether an H-2 employer is required to provide 
housing and meals during those periods of time. These commenters 
opposed requiring a petitioner to provide housing and meals for a 
worker who is no longer employed, regardless of the circumstances of 
the end of

[[Page 103269]]

employment. The commenters also noted the impact of and asked DHS to 
clarify the situation when the worker quits mid-contract, and an 
employer may need to seek an emergency labor certification to hire new 
workers and have housing available for them. The commenters said DHS 
should evaluate and plan for how a worker who ceases to be employed has 
access to resources such as housing and food without placing those 
obligations on an employer following the abandonment, termination, 
revocation, or expiration of a petition period.
    A research organization stated that DHS should clarify that all 
employer obligations toward the worker end when the worker exercises 
their rights to use the in-petition grace period, and DHS or the worker 
or both should be required to notify the employer that they have 
exercised the right to use the grace period. The commenter said 
employers should not be forced to provide housing, pay, food, and other 
benefits when a worker is no longer employed for them.
    Response: H-2 employers must abide by applicable DOL regulations 
concerning their obligations to provide housing, pay, food, and other 
benefits when a worker's employment has terminated as described in DOL 
regulations.\96\ DHS is not imposing any new obligations on an H-2 
employer by virtue of providing these new grace periods or extending 
existing ones.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ See generally, 20 CFR 655.20(j)(ii), 20 CFR 655.122(h)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several advocacy groups suggested that, in addition to 
granting H-2 workers work authorization during the grace period, DHS 
should also ``clarify that otherwise eligible workers can qualify for 
unemployment benefits during the grace period.''
    Response: DHS declines to provide the requested clarification, as 
DHS does not adjudicate or otherwise regulate eligibility for 
unemployment benefits for H-2 nonimmigrants.
l. Restriction on Multiple Grace Periods During a Single Period of 
Admission
    Comment: A few commenters including advocacy groups said that DHS 
should remove the restriction on multiple grace periods during a single 
period of admission, which would leave at-risk workers with no grace 
period in which they could leave a second abusive job. Specifically, 
the commenters said DHS should clarify H-2 workers' access to a 60-day 
(or 120-day) grace period in case of a second unforeseen cessation of 
employment. Commenters said workers need access to multiple grace 
periods during a single period of admission if they have multiple 
employers due to the widespread nature of violations in H-2 industries, 
which DHS itself acknowledges. The commenters said workers who have 
previously changed employers would experience the same risks of labor 
abuse that are endemic to the H-2 program as workers who have not 
changed employers, and they should be able to access the same grace 
period.
    Response: DHS believes the commenters' concerns may be based on a 
misunderstanding of the phrase ``once during each authorized period of 
admission,'' as used in the NPRM and retained in this final rule at new 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(13)(i)(C). DHS appreciates the opportunity to clarify 
this point.
    As noted in the NPRM, the phrase ``authorized period of admission'' 
refers to the time period noted on a worker's I-94, which will normally 
have an end date 30 days after the end of the corresponding petition's 
validity period to account for the 30-day grace period at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(viii)(B) or 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(vii). In the scenario 
described by the commenters, in which a worker is the beneficiary 
granted an extension of stay based on a petition by a new employer, the 
worker will have been granted a new ``authorized period of admission'' 
(and therefore, a new I-94) based on the approval of the new employer's 
petition.\97\ Notably, 8 CFR 214.2(h)(13)(i)(C) allows a 60-day grace 
period for a cessation of employment ``once during each authorized 
period of admission'' (emphasis added). Accordingly, notwithstanding a 
worker's prior use of the 60-day grace period for cessation of 
employment in connection with a prior petition, such a worker would not 
be considered to have failed to maintain nonimmigrant status, and would 
not accrue any period of unlawful presence under section 212(a)(9) of 
the Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)), solely on the basis of a cessation of 
the new employment for 60 days or until the end of the new 
authorization period, whichever is shorter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \97\ When a Form I-129 petition with a request for extension is 
approved, the Form I-797 approval notice includes a Form I-94. The 
approval notice instructs the petitioner that the lower portion of 
the notice, including the Form I-94, should be provided to the 
beneficiary(ies).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Transportation Costs for Revoked H-2 Petitions
    Comment: A few commenters expressed support for the proposed 
provision requiring H-2A employers to pay for the beneficiary's 
reasonable costs of return transportation in the event of petition 
revocation. A professional association elaborated that this provision 
is consistent with other nonimmigrant visa categories, including H-1B, 
O, and P, and that it ensures the worker has the means to return to 
their home country upon separation from employment. Another 
professional association remarked that this requirement would create 
uniformity between H-2A and H-2B and is fair and efficient. Conversely, 
a professional association and a trade association stated that the 
proposed provision is redundant with other existing regulations that 
are already in place.
    A trade association and a few other commenters commented that they 
have no concerns regarding the proposed provision. A joint submission 
remarked that they have no objections to the proposed provision since 
the Department is making a conforming change and is not changing the 
underlying substantive requirements. The joint submission further 
commented that the proposed provision does not alter existing program 
obligations under applicable DOL regulations.
    Response: DHS appreciates the support and confirmation that these 
revisions do not represent a change in an employer's obligation and 
conform with other nonimmigrant classifications. DHS is not making any 
additional revisions based on these comments.
3. Portability and Extension of Stay Petitions
a. Positive Impacts on Employers, Workers, Program Operability, and the 
Economy
    Comment: A professional association stated that the proposed 
portability provisions were ``sound'' from both employers' and H-2B 
workers' perspectives. While expressing support for the proposal to 
allow workers to begin employment upon the filing of a nonfrivolous 
petition, a trade association stated that the proposal would provide 
employers with the ability to employ workers in a timely manner, and 
provide beneficiaries with expanded job opportunities. A joint 
submission and a trade association also expressed support for the 
portability provisions, reasoning that permitting workers to begin 
employment in the same classification upon receipt of the non-frivolous 
petition would help avoid gaps in employment and potential hardships to 
workers, and allow workers to capitalize on their presence in the 
United States to earn income rather than waiting for a petition to be 
finalized. The commenters also stated that the provisions would benefit 
employers because employers seeking to

[[Page 103270]]

employ transferred workers would have access to workers, and have 
already demonstrated that they have a temporary need for labor or 
services. Similarly, a trade association expressed support for the 
portability provisions, reasoning that current timelines frustrate both 
workers seeking employment and employers who need workers, but that the 
proposed provisions would allow workers to immediately help employers 
that are in need of assistance. A professional association expressed 
support for making permanent the portability provisions that were in 
place during the COVID-19 pandemic, reasoning it would allow employers 
to fully staff their workforce when the petition was valid rather than 
having the workers remain idle until petitions were approved.
    A joint submission added that the provisions would positively 
impact the U.S. economy since workers pay taxes and purchase goods and 
services, which would be lost if workers faced employment gaps. An 
advocacy group expressed support for the portability provisions, 
reasoning it would give workers the flexibility they desire while 
benefiting U.S. regions with varied agriculture profiles.
    A couple of advocacy groups expressed support for the proposed 
portability provisions on the grounds that they would curtail the 
coercive power employers have over H-2 workers. Discussing abuse faced 
by H-2 workers, the commenters said that some H-2 employers leverage a 
loss of status to coerce workers into continued employment, creating a 
power imbalance that allows forced labor and trafficking to proliferate 
in the H-2 programs. The commenter stated that permanent portability 
would help address trafficking, violations, and other abuses in the H-2 
program. Similarly, a union and an advocacy group expressing support 
for the proposal stated that visa status is at the center of the power 
imbalance between employers and workers that enables exploitation 
within the H-2 program, and the portability provisions would help 
restore a balanced relationship between workers and employers. A group 
of Federal elected officials stated that workers' dependency on their 
employers to live and work in the United States creates a ``well-
founded fear of retaliation'' that prevents workers from speaking out 
against abuse and advocating for better working conditions. The 
commenter stated that under DHS's current rules, it is ``extremely'' 
challenging for workers to change employers, even when the employers 
break the law, which the proposed rule would ameliorate. A joint 
submission also stated that existing procedures fail to allow H-2 
workers to pursue alternative employment free from employer control and 
retaliation.
    A research organization expressed support for the portability 
provisions, reasoning that the ability to change employers was a basic 
freedom, that it was important for human and labor rights, and that it 
would empower workers. A couple of advocacy groups and a joint 
submission also expressed support for the proposal, reasoning that 
workers who face abusive conditions or are unjustly fired would have a 
greater chance of finding alternative employment. A religious 
organization stated the proposed provisions would provide stronger 
protections for workers to switch employers. A union expressed support 
for the portability provisions' goal to empower and prevent hardships 
to workers.
    A trade association expressed support for the portability 
provisions, reasoning it would establish a consistent policy between H-
2A and H-2B program regulations and help remove confusion in the 
complexity of the regulations governing the H-2 programs. A trade 
association expressed support for the portability provisions, reasoning 
it would establish a consistent policy between H-2A and H-2B program 
regulations and help remove confusion in the complexity of the 
regulations governing the H-2 programs.
    Response: DHS agrees with the commenters about the intended 
benefits of portability, including empowering H-2 workers and providing 
H-2 employers with the ability to employ workers in a timely manner.
b. Negative Impacts on Employers and Program Operability
    Comment: A few trade associations expressed support for the 
flexibility that the changes to the proposed extension of stay petition 
and E-Verify requirements created, but said that the language of the 
proposal was too broad when coupled with the other sections in the 
rule, such as the section on grace periods. The commenters expressed 
concern that workers would be encouraged to violate the terms of their 
contracts with employers. The commenters also discussed the 
``significant'' financial investments employers make prior to hiring H-
2 workers. A trade association added that in exchange for these 
investments, employers require a level of certainty that workers are to 
remain employed with them for the life of their contract. This 
commenter and another trade association said that the proposed rule 
could cause economic harm to employers by allowing workers to abandon 
their employers and leave them in situations where they do not have 
enough workers to perform their harvest. A few trade associations 
recommended that in instances where a worker voluntarily abandons their 
job for reasons not related to a hazardous work environment, there 
should be consequences for workers who violate their contracts. A trade 
association recommended that DHS require that workers attempt to 
resolve workplace claims and concerns with employers before quitting a 
contract, and that it only provide workers the ability to port to a new 
contract when either the contract had been revoked, the employer is 
found to have violated the contract, the worker provides evidence of a 
hazardous workplace, or the worker completes their previous contract. A 
couple of trade associations also suggested that the Department could 
consider a requirement that a worker report to the Department that they 
are voluntarily abandoning employment as a mechanism to ensure the 
worker also meets their contractual obligations. The trade associations 
added that such a notification would serve as a consequence for a 
worker who violates their contract, and assist in tracking grace period 
timelines and lawful presence.
    Similarly, a trade association added that while employees may 
voluntarily abandon employment for a variety of reasons, allowing 
workers to leave their primary employer for economic or social reasons 
would be detrimental to the program. The commenter urged the Department 
to develop ``more rigid'' language surrounding the conditions under 
which an employee may exercise the portability provisions in cases of 
voluntary abandonment. The commenter also suggested the Department 
develop a ``review and qualifications system using a series of 
escalation and opportunities for corrective actions'' to be enacted 
prior to permitting an employee to voluntarily abandon their primary 
employer. The commenter added that this system should be open to public 
comment prior to the Department moving forward with the portability 
provisions.
    An attorney expressed opposition to the portability provisions, 
reasoning that the provisions would set up a bidding war to employ 
workers, where the initial employer is subject to ``poaching'' attempts 
by other employers who are able to pay higher wages and did not incur 
travel costs for the employee.

[[Page 103271]]

    Response: DHS will not make changes to the portability provision. 
While DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns regarding the negative 
impacts on an employer when an H-2 employee ports to another employer, 
DHS does not agree that these concerns justify requiring an H-2 worker 
to stay with that employer for the life of their contract or imposing 
other limitations on an H-2 worker's ability to change employers. Nor 
does DHS agree that these concerns justify requiring workers to report 
to DHS when they leave employment as a mechanism to ensure that workers 
meet contractual obligations. As other commenters have noted, worker 
mobility is important to improving the ability of workers to leave an 
abusive employer without fearing retaliation. Worker portability helps 
to correct the power imbalance that has led to abusive employment 
practices within the H-2 programs as a result of a petitioning 
employer's control over the employee's legal status.
    Implementing a ``review and qualifications system using a series of 
escalation and opportunities for corrective actions'' or another 
similar process prior to permitting an employee to port, as suggested 
by commenters, would be counter to the central aims of the portability 
policy. Such a mechanism would potentially require a lengthy, fact-
intensive adjudication that would delay an H-2 worker from leaving an 
abusive or hazardous employment situation, undermining the benefit of 
the portability provision in the first place.
    DHS declines to exclude from portability H-2 workers who 
voluntarily left their petitioning employer for economic or social 
reasons, as suggested by another commenter. Portability provides 
benefits even for workers not in an abusive employment situation. As 
other commenters have noted, the ability for H-2 workers to change 
workers for economic reasons may incentivize employers to offer better 
wages and working conditions in order to retain their H-2 workers, 
which in turn would raise labor standards for these workers as well as 
U.S. workers. Portability also benefits employers that have already 
demonstrated that they have a temporary need for workers to hire H-2 
workers more quickly and avoid gaps in employment. For petitioners 
seeking workers under the cap-subject H-2B classification, this would 
also serve as an alternative for those who have not been able to find 
U.S. workers and have not been able to obtain H-2B workers subject to 
the statutory numerical limitations. 88 FR 65040, 65068 (Sept. 20, 
2023). Although portability could create instability or increase costs 
for some employers that lose or risk losing H-2 workers porting to 
another employer, this is not unlike the situation that any employer in 
the labor market may face or situations when an employer files an H-2 
petition for another employer's workers in the same classification, but 
just has to wait until the petition is approved before such workers can 
start working. Further, some of these costs may be offset by the 
benefits and savings to employers of being able to have replacement 
workers start work more quickly to avoid loss of income due to lack of 
workers, and potentially averting some cap-related issues in the H-2B 
program.
c. Mixed Comments on Portability Provision
    Comment: While suggesting an ``at-will'' visa that allows employees 
to move between employers without contractual commitments, an 
association of State Governments stated that the portability provisions 
in the proposed rule aim to create a similar dynamic. As such, the 
commenter expressed support for the portability provisions. The 
commenter reasoned that if the portability allowance permitted 
employees to immediately begin new employment, the changes to 
portability would allow employers to fill labor gaps, which is the 
purpose of an employer petitioning to receive H-2 employees in the 
first place. The commenter stated that this would impact the overall 
success of the program. However, they also noted that it could create 
instability and uncertainty for some employers, and expressed concern 
that the ability for employees to leave in the middle of a harvest 
could result in losses for employers. The commenter requested clarity 
on the ``immediate'' effectiveness of portability without consideration 
for the approval of the petition, except in cases of ``blatant misuse 
or the program or abuse of an agricultural employee by the 
petitioner.''
    Response: Under new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(i)(I), an eligible H-2 
nonimmigrant on whose behalf a nonfrivolous H-2A or H-2B petition is 
filed requesting the same classification that the nonimmigrant 
noncitizen currently holds is authorized to start new employment upon 
the proper filing of the petition, or as of the requested start date, 
whichever is later. The eligible H-2 nonimmigrant does not need to wait 
until the approval of the portability petition to start working, and 
the H-2 nonimmigrant is authorized to work pursuant to the portability 
petition until the adjudication or withdrawal of such petition. During 
the pendency of the petition, the H-2 nonimmigrant will not be 
considered to have been in a period of unauthorized stay or employed in 
the United States without authorization solely on the basis of 
employment pursuant to the portability petition, even if such petition 
is subsequently denied or withdrawn.
    A portability petition must be properly filed and non-frivolous. 
While these standards are intended to prevent a petitioner that is 
misusing the program or abusing their workers from taking advantage of 
portability provisions, DHS recognizes that these determinations will 
not be made until USCIS has adjudicated the petition, meaning that an 
H-2 worker may have worked under the portability petition even if it is 
ultimately denied as frivolous. However, other provisions being 
finalized in this rule, such as the strengthened site visit provisions 
and the new mandatory or discretionary denial provisions, are intended 
to address the concern of ``blatant misuse or the program or abuse of 
an agricultural employee by the petitioner'' including the types of 
potential abuses noted by the commenters.
d. Portability and the H-2B Cap
    Comment: A professional association said that the portability 
provisions would provide employers with ``significant cap relief,'' 
reasoning that an H-2B worker could ``seek employment, remain longer, 
and not count towards'' toward the H-2B statutory cap. The commenter 
added this was a ``win-win'' for employers and employees. Similarly, a 
couple of trade associations and advocacy groups stated that the 
portability provisions appeared to be helpful in providing cap relief 
to a ``vastly oversubscribed'' H-2B program, but expressed concern that 
an employer could be left without a workforce if an employee moves to 
another employer that is ``capped out.''
    Response: Under current practice, which DHS will not change in this 
final rule, workers in the United States in H-2B status who extend 
their stay, change employers, or change the terms and conditions of 
employment generally will not be subject to the cap.\98\ Similarly, H-
2B workers who have previously been counted against the cap in the same 
fiscal year that the proposed employment begins generally will not be 
subject to the cap if the employer names them on the petition and

[[Page 103272]]

indicates that they have already been counted.\99\ It is therefore not 
clear what the commenter's concern is regarding an employer that 
``could be left without a workforce if an employee moves to another 
employer that is `capped out''' because in that scenario, a petition 
filed by a porting employer seeking an extension of stay for a worker 
already in the United States in H-2B status generally would not be 
subject to the cap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \98\ USCIS, ``Cap Count for H-2B Nonimmigrants,'' https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-2b-non-agricultural-workers/cap-count-for-h-2b-nonimmigrants (last 
updated Mar. 8, 2024).
    \99\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: An advocacy group and a couple of unions stated that the 
Department must ensure H-2B petitions filed on behalf of transferring 
employees are subject to the statutory cap, reasoning that portability 
must not be implemented in a way that allows employers to work around 
the statutory H-2B cap. The commenters added that if the cap on 
petitions was already reached in a given fiscal year, the Department 
could count the positions against the cap in the following fiscal year. 
A union said that DHS could also deny petitioners if the cap had 
already been reached. Alternatively, another union suggested employers 
be instructed to only offer H-2B positions to transferring workers when 
there are still available positions under the current year's cap. The 
union further stated that regulatory flexibilities have been used to 
bypass the statutory cap in the past without increased accountability. 
Citing the INA's annual cap, the commenter added that if the provisions 
effectively created cap-exempt H-2B positions, it would result in a 
violation of congressional intent.
    Similarly, while expressing support for the portability provisions, 
a research organization stated that they must not be implemented in a 
way that enables employers to circumvent the H-2B program cap. The 
commenter expressed concern that the NPRM did not consider the impact 
of the portability provisions on the growth and size of the program and 
that it did not put in place safeguards to ensure employers do not 
circumvent the H-2B cap. The commenter said that because the proposed 
portability provisions would allow employers to evade the statutory cap 
limit, the ``true size'' of the H-2B program would increase to three 
times the size of the total cap, which would be inconsistent with 
congressional intent. The commenter stated that as a result, the 
Department must subject workers who are continuing employment, either 
by transferring employers or extending their employment with the same 
employer, to the H-2B annual cap. The commenter concluded that the 
simplest way to implement this requirement is to count an approved 
continuing petition against the annual cap for the following fiscal 
year. The advocacy group and a union added that keeping the program 
closer to the size that Congress originally intended would incentivize 
employers to improve pay and working opportunities, so employees do not 
leave for better opportunities.
    Response: This rulemaking does not make any changes to DHS's long-
standing method of counting the H-2B cap, and DHS will not make changes 
to its cap counting methodology. DHS will continue its longstanding 
practice of not counting against the statutory cap any petition seeking 
to extend the stay of an H-2B worker in the United States in H-2B 
status who has already been counted against the cap, which includes 
portability petitions. This longstanding practice is codified at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(8)(ii)(A) (``Requests for petition extension or extension of 
an alien's stay shall not be counted for the purpose of the numerical 
limit'') and is also articulated on USCIS' ``Cap Count for H-2B 
Nonimmigrants'' website.\100\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \100\ USCIS, ``Cap Count for H-2B Nonimmigrants,'' https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-2b-non-agricultural-workers/cap-count-for-h-2b-nonimmigrants (last 
updated Mar. 8, 2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS does not agree with the commenters that its cap counting 
methodology is inconsistent with congressional intent. Pursuant to INA 
sec. 214(g)(1), ``[T]he total number of aliens who may be issued visas 
or otherwise provided nonimmigrant status during any fiscal year . . . 
under section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b) of this Act may not exceed 66,000.'' 
An individual would be considered to have been ``otherwise provided'' 
H-2B nonimmigrant status upon admission into the United States without 
a visa or through change of status to H-2B while already in the United 
States. On the other hand, H-2B workers in the United States seeking an 
extension of H-2B stay, whether or not with the same employer, will not 
be counted against the cap because they have already been ``otherwise 
provided'' such H-2B status, either at the time of their admission to 
this country or in conjunction with their current H-2B grant of status. 
Further, since the beneficiaries of a porting petition requesting an 
extension of their H-2B stay are already in H-2B status, they are not 
changing their status from another nonimmigrant classification. Thus, 
H-2B workers seeking an extension of H-2B stay are not counted against 
the cap consistent with INA sec. 214(g)(1).
    These longstanding H-2B cap procedures have been codified at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(8)(ii) for over two decades.\101\ This methodology has also 
been consistently and clearly documented in numerous reports that USCIS 
has submitted to Congress.\102\ The commenters did not acknowledge 
USCIS' longstanding cap counting methodology as codified in 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(8)(ii) and, other than citing to INA sec. 214(g)(1)(B), did 
not cite to anything else to support their assertions that USCIS' cap 
counting methodology with respect to portability petitions and other 
petitions for extensions of status is inconsistent with congressional 
intent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \101\ See, e.g., 8 CFR 214.2 version as of January 1, 2002, 
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2002-title8-vol1/xml/CFR-2002-title8-vol1-sec214-2.xml.
    \102\ See, e.g., USCIS, ``H-2B Usage and Recommendations, Fiscal 
Year 2016 Report to Congress'' (July 22, 2016), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/U.S.%20Citizenship%20and%20Immigration%20Services%20-%20H-2B%20Usage%20and%20Recommendations.pdf; USCIS, ``Characteristics of 
H-2B Nonagricultural Temporary Workers: Fiscal Year 2022 Report to 
Congress Annual Submission'' (Feb. 14, 2023), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/data/USCIS_H2B_FY22_Characteristics_Report.pdf (``Generally, a worker 
whose stay in H-2B status is extended will not be counted against 
the H-2B cap.''); USCIS, ``USCIS Report to Congress'' (Mar. 20, 
2006) https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/data/h-2b-fy2005-petitions-report.pdf (``[A]liens who are currently in H-2B 
status and who seek to extend their stay or seek concurrent 
employment are not counted against the cap.''). See also CRS Report 
R44306, ``The H-2B Visa and the Statutory Cap'' (July 13, 2022) 
(providing a history of the H-2B annual numerical limitations, 
including a history of special H-2B cap-related legislation 
throughout the years).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters generally supported the permanent 
portability provision but expressed concerns that an employer that paid 
transportation and filing fees could be left paying those significant 
costs and still be unable to find a replacement workforce. These 
commenters asked whether subsequent employers could be made to 
reimburse the costs paid by their previous employers.
    Response: DHS will not adopt the suggestion to require a subsequent 
porting employer to reimburse the preceding employer its transportation 
and petition filing costs. Such a requirement could discourage the use 
of portability, or even discourage situations that are allowed by long-
standing regulations, such as an H-2 nonimmigrant starting work for 
another employer once USCIS approves a petition that has been filed on 
their behalf. And while an H-2 employer that paid transportation and 
filing fees risks losing those costs if the worker leaves, this is not 
unlike the situation that any

[[Page 103273]]

employer in the labor market may face when a worker leaves and the 
employer loses costs already paid to hire that worker (for example, 
recruitment and training costs, relocation expenses, hiring bonuses).
e. Portability Within Same Classification
    Comment: A joint submission, an advocacy group, and a trade 
association expressed support for the Department's proposal to extend 
portability to workers performing different jobs within the same 
classification, rather than limiting employment to the initial 
conditions of their authorization. Similarly, a professional 
association and a trade association expressed support that portability 
would be permanent and applied to new work in the same classification 
with the same or different employer, reasoning it would not limit 
workers' employment to the initial authorization, allowing the worker 
to have successive petitions and perform other jobs. A trade 
association and advocacy group reasoned that requiring beneficiaries to 
only work in the ``exact same job'' that they were initially approved 
for would be restrictive and undermine the provisions' goals.
    Response: DHS appreciates these commenters' support for allowing H-
2 workers to port to different jobs within the same classification.
    Comment: An advocacy group suggested that the Department allow H-2 
workers to switch between H-2A and H-2B program categories. The 
commenter noted that although transferring from H-2A status to H-2B 
status would cause administrative hurdles as the status change would 
require adherence to the H-2B cap, the commenter reasoned it would 
significantly improve H-2A worker mobility by allowing them to accept 
seasonal non-agriculture positions.
    Response: While portability is intended to improve worker mobility, 
DHS will not adopt the suggestion to allow portability for H-2 workers 
to ``switch between H-2A and H-2B program categories'' and start 
working merely upon the filing of a portability petition. As proposed, 
new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(i)(I) specifies that portability, or the ability 
to work while a petition remains pending, will only apply to new 
employment (with the same or different employer) in ``the same 
classification that the nonimmigrant alien currently holds.''
    There is an important distinction between a change of status and an 
extension of stay. A worker in H-2A nonimmigrant status seeking to 
change to an H-2B employer (for example) would need to change their 
status, not merely extend their stay. Unlike extensions of stay that 
fall under DHS regulations at 8 CFR 214.1, changes of status are 
governed by INA sec. 248, 8 U.S.C. 1258, which, unlike 8 CFR 214.1, 
specifically authorizes a nonimmigrant to change to any other 
nonimmigrant classification only if they are ``continuing to maintain 
that status.'' It is not clear how a nonimmigrant worker seeking to 
change to another nonimmigrant classification will continue to maintain 
their current status as required by INA sec. 248 while their change of 
status petition is pending if they have ported to new employment based 
on the new petition requesting a different status. Further, porting 
between H-2A and H-2B nonimmigrant classifications may raise issues 
related to administration of the H-2B cap if an H-2A worker starts 
working while the petition seeking to change to H-2B nonimmigrant 
status, which is subject to numerical limitations under INA sec. 
214(g)(1)(B) and (10), is accepted by USCIS and remains pending.
f. Employment Authorization While an Application for a Temporary Labor 
Certification Is Pending
    Comment: Discussing the Department's proposal to consider 
beneficiaries who are employed in the United States while their 
petition is pending to be in a period of authorized stay, a joint 
submission stated that the proposal was necessary to maximize the 
portability provision and for it to be implemented and function 
properly. Similarly, a research organization expressed support for the 
NPRM's proposal to permit an H-2 worker to be employed while their 
petition is pending, reasoning that it would make it faster to change 
employers and complement the grace period proposal. However, the 
research organization suggested that USCIS should further authorize 
employment while a labor certification application is pending with the 
DOL. The commenter stated that given the high percentage of H-2 TLC 
approvals, it was ``sensible'' to allow workers to be employed pending 
the outcome of their ``initial application,'' adding that it would 
decrease unlawful employment and make the portability provisions more 
``workable.'' The commenter further suggested that the Department 
exempt workers already in the United States from the labor 
certification process. The commenter reasoned that because they are 
already in the United States, they do not have to be ``imported'' and 
thus should not be subject to the H-2 labor certification statute, and 
that because they are transferring between employers, they do not 
increase the total amount of labor market competition.
    Response: DHS will not implement the suggestion to authorize 
employment while a labor certification application is pending with the 
DOL. Allowing portability to occur upon the filing of an application 
with a TLC would present integrity and operational issues due to the 
TLC being adjudicated by another agency. The mere filing of a TLC 
application does not guarantee that the labor market test with respect 
to the particular job in question has been satisfied nor does it ensure 
that the TLC application is non-frivolous and that DOL will approve it. 
In addition, allowing portability to occur upon the mere filing of an 
application with a TLC could incentivize frivolous TLC applications. 
DHS would not be able to determine if the TLC was frivolous, nor would 
DHS be able to codify a standard for whether a TLC filing is frivolous 
(or another similar requirement) through this rule, as such a 
regulation would necessarily have to be done by DOL and would be beyond 
the scope of this rule and DHS's expertise.
    Allowing portability to occur upon the filing of an application 
with a TLC would also present integrity issues due to the potential for 
abuse or fraud inherent in allowing employment authorization without 
proper documentation. Because the TLC does not specifically name a 
worker, employers would face difficulties in satisfying the employment 
verification requirements of section 274A of the Act. Also, the mere 
filing of a TLC does not guarantee that the employer will actually file 
an H-2 petition based on that TLC. Without a signed and filed petition 
naming the porting worker accompanied by evidence of the certified TLC, 
DHS would be unable to identify the porting worker and verify their 
eligibility. Further, without a petition, DHS and DOL would not have 
evidence of the petitioner's agreement to employ the porting worker 
consistent with the requirements of the applicable H-2 program, 
including the employer's agreement to comply with all the obligations 
and assurances that serve to protect the porting worker (and U.S. 
workers). Thus, allowing portability to occur upon the filing of an 
application with a TLC could also undermine this rule's goal of 
improving worker protections.
g. Removal of E-Verify Requirement From H-2A Portability
    Comment: Several commenters, including trade associations, advocacy 
groups, and a professional association, expressed support for removing 
the E-

[[Page 103274]]

Verify requirement from H-2A portability. A couple of advocacy groups 
reasoned that the E-Verify requirement had limited the number of H-2A 
jobs that qualified for the flexibility offered through permanent 
portability, with a few trade associations stating that its removal 
would open up the use of transfer petitions within the H-2A program. A 
joint submission stated that removing the E-Verify requirement from H-
2A portability would provide many benefits, including improving worker 
flexibility and mobility, helping workers avoid gaps in employment and 
potential hardship and putting their U.S. presence to productive use 
rather than forcing them to sit on the sidelines unable to earn an 
income while the petition is pending. The submission also stated that 
this would benefit employers that have already demonstrated that they 
have a temporary labor need for such workers' labor or services (that 
is, by virtue of having an approved labor certification from DOL), and 
would benefit the U.S. economy overall, as such workers are earning, 
purchasing goods and services from local businesses, and paying taxes.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' support for the benefits 
of expanding H-2A portability beyond E-Verify participating employers.
    Comment: A couple of commenters expressed support for removing the 
E-Verify requirement but expressed concern that the increased fee 
schedule in another DHS rulemaking, ``USCIS Fee Schedule and Changes to 
Certain Other Immigration Benefit Request Requirements,'' will 
``chill'' the use of the proposal by increasing the cost of filing a 
named petition. The commenters expressed opposition to the fee 
increase, stating that it will hamper their ability to take advantage 
of in-country transfers. Similarly, a trade association expressed 
opposition to the fee increase, reasoning that the increased fee will 
negate the benefits of removing the E-Verify requirement.
    Response: On January 31, 2024, DHS published a final rule, U.S. 
Citizenship and Immigration Services Fee Schedule and Changes to 
Certain Other Immigration Benefit Request Requirements, 88 FR 6194, 
with an effective date of April 1, 2024. The final fee rule raised the 
Form I-129 filing fee for H-2A named beneficiaries from $460 to $1090 
(or $545 for small employers and nonprofits), and the Form I-129 filing 
fee for H-2B named beneficiaries from $460 to $1080 (or $540 for small 
employers and nonprofits).\103\ It also raised the Form I-129 filing 
fee for H-2A unnamed beneficiaries from $460 to $530 (or $460 for small 
employers and nonprofits), and from $460 to $580 for H-2B unnamed 
beneficiaries (or $460 for small employers and nonprofits).\104\ To the 
extent that the commenter is suggesting changes to the USCIS Fee Rule, 
those comments are outside the scope of this rulemaking. In addition, 
while H-2A and H-2B filers for named beneficiaries (excluding small 
employers and nonprofits) will pay significantly higher petition filing 
fees compared to H-2A and H-2B filers for unnamed beneficiaries, DHS is 
not persuaded that the increased filing fees will significantly negate 
the benefits of portability for employers. Employers will still benefit 
from portability in the form of the ability to employ workers earlier 
since portability petitions are for workers who are already in the 
United States in H-2 status and will not need to wait for petition 
approval and visa issuance. By obtaining H-2 workers faster, these 
employers may avoid financial hardships due to lack of workers to 
perform time-sensitive labor. Further, the porting employer will 
benefit by not paying for inbound transportation for the H-2 worker, 
since those costs will have already been paid by the preceding 
employer. The commenters did not account for these benefits, nor did 
they provide data to support the assertion that the increased filing 
fees will negate these benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ USCIS, ``Frequently Asked Questions on the USCIS Fee 
Rule,'' https://www.uscis.gov/forms/filing-fees/frequently-asked-questions-on-the-uscis-fee-rule (last visited Apr. 11, 2024). These 
amounts represent the Form I-129 filing fees and do not include the 
additional asylum fee, if applicable.
    \104\ Id. These amounts represent the Form I-129 filing fees and 
do not include the additional asylum fee, if applicable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A research organization expressed opposition to DHS's 
proposal to remove the requirement that H-2A workers can only port to 
an employer who participates in good standing in E-Verify. The 
commenter said that the Department's initial goal to incentivize E-
Verify's use and reduce unauthorized workers in the agricultural sector 
was still important. The commenter instead suggested DHS extend the 
requirement to all employers who petition for workers in the H-2 
program, reasoning that E-Verify participation has ``negligible costs 
and significant benefits to employers.'' The commenter added that E-
Verify reduces the risk employers would hire unauthorized workers and 
provides them with a rebuttable presumption to section 274A of the INA 
if they do. The commenter also said that E-Verify participation reduces 
the likelihood that employers engage in misconduct, because employers 
who misuse E-Verify are subject to ``significant'' criminal and civil 
liability.
    Similarly, a joint submission from former DHS senior officials 
expressed opposition to the removal of the E-Verify requirement, 
reasoning that the NPRM was missing a justification for its removal. 
Referencing statistics associated with the ``speed and accuracy'' of 
the E-Verify program, the commenters stated that E-Verify is a 
``signature enforcement program'' that deters undocumented immigration 
and serves as a ``key indicator'' that an employer is fairly dealing 
with its employees. The commenters said that the NPRM does not justify 
the proposal to remove the requirement and that it does not seek 
alternatives because the use of E-Verify is contrary to the goals of 
the Administration and is viewed as a barrier to legal immigration. 
While stating that there has been an increase in the number of 
noncitizens arriving at the U.S. border, the commenters expressed 
concern that ``a tool with a proven track record of effectiveness'' was 
being eliminated. The commenters added that the removal of the 
requirements ``illustrates'' the Administration's ``contentment with 
illegal employment'' in the United States, and concluded that the 
provision was arbitrary and capricious and that it should be struck 
from the final rule.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters. Permanently making 
portability available to all H-2 employers is expected to increase 
worker mobility and employer flexibility; it is not related to alleged 
``contentment with illegal employment'' nor to the utility of E-Verify 
as a general enforcement tool. As stated in the NPRM, DHS remains 
committed to promoting the use of E-Verify to ensure a legal workforce. 
88 FR 65040, 65067 (Sept. 20, 2023). However, DHS no longer believes it 
is appropriate to restrict the benefit of portability to H-2A workers 
seeking employment with E-Verify employers, particularly given the need 
to increase these workers' mobility and the various measures enhancing 
program integrity that are established in this rulemaking. For 
instance, other provisions being finalized in this rule will improve 
program integrity and deter harmful or illegal conduct by petitioners. 
These provisions include the strengthened site visit authority 
provisions at new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(vi)(A) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F) 
and the mandatory and discretionary denial provisions at new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10). These new provisions are targeted to address a 
petitioner's misbehavior within the H-2 programs, which a petitioner's 
E-Verify status may

[[Page 103275]]

or may not reveal. As also noted in the NPRM, this provision is not 
anticipated to reduce E-Verify enrollment. This is because other 
incentives or even legal requirements exist for E-Verify participation 
outside of the H-2 programs.
    Regarding the suggestion to expand the E-Verify requirement to all 
employers who petition for workers in the H-2 program (regardless of 
whether such employers are requesting the benefit of portability), such 
an expansion of the E-Verify program within the H-2 programs was not 
proposed in the NPRM and is beyond the scope of this rule. It would 
also be inconsistent with this rulemaking's goal of improving worker 
mobility, particularly as H-2B employers have never before been 
required to participate in E-Verify program in order to benefit from 
portability.
    For all of the above reasons, DHS declines to make any changes to 
the proposed portability flexibility for the H-2A and H-2B programs 
that is permanently implemented in this final rule.
h. Additional Suggestions Related to Portability Provisions
    Comment: A few advocacy groups and a union generally supported the 
portability provisions but noted that, while the portability and grace 
period provisions represent an improvement over the current status quo, 
they will not fully achieve their goals unless H-2 workers have better 
ways of obtaining accurate or real-time information about other 
available H-2 employment opportunities. These commenters suggested that 
the Department implement additional measures to ensure that H-2 workers 
are aware of existing employment opportunities. For example, the 
commenters suggested DHS:
     Work with DOL to improve the SeasonalJobs.dol.gov platform 
so that this website would provide accurate, real-time information 
about available job opportunities;
     Facilitate communication between workers and employers 
during the recruitment process, the pendency of the petition, and when 
porting between jobs, either through the enhancement of Seasonal Jobs 
or another platform, which would be an important step towards a just 
recruitment model through which workers would be able to connect 
directly with vetted, legitimate employers through a multilingual and 
accessible government database of verified job offers;
     Work with State workforce agencies' job services to H-2 
workers seeking alternative employment;
     Consider the idea of allowing additional flexibility to 
match workers with other employers that are in need of staffing 
support;
     Create a process for H-2A workers in the United States to 
notify USCIS that they are seeking employment. These workers could be 
added to a database accessible by prospective H-2A employers for the 
duration of the worker's visa validity and grace period (although the 
list should not include any personal identifying information that may 
be used to retaliate or discriminate against workers, such as name, 
age, or gender). Such a process could also allow workers to rebut 
fraudulent abscondment or termination reports filed by their employers;
     Require employers who have not made job offers to domestic 
or prospective H-2 workers outside of the country to offer employment 
to an H-2 worker or prospective H-2 worker seeking new employment that 
qualifies for the position.
    Response: DHS will not implement these suggestions in this final 
rule. While DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns about the need to 
provide workers with information about available job opportunities in 
order to improve the utility of the new portability provision, it is 
beyond DHS's purview to match or otherwise facilitate recruitment 
between an H-2 worker and a prospective H-2 employer. Working with DOL 
to enhance its SeasonalJobs.dol.gov platform or working with State 
workforce agencies is outside the scope of this DHS rule. However, DHS 
may continue to consider some of these suggestions and other ways to 
enhance worker mobility outside of the regulatory process.
    Comment: Some commenters expressed concerns that true job 
portability would not be fully realized without a mechanism for H-2 
workers to obtain information about a portability petition filed on 
their behalf. These commenters stated that, currently, an H-2 
beneficiary's knowledge of their status depends entirely upon their 
employer's representations, and that existing procedures leave an H-2 
worker vulnerable to unscrupulous employers and labor contractors who 
withhold or misrepresent petition status information. The commenters 
further stated that current procedures increase the worker's risk of 
labor exploitation, abuse, trafficking, blacklisting, or other forms of 
employer retaliation. These commenters made various recommendations on 
how DHS could improve the benefits of portability by improving an H-2 
worker's access to status information. These commenters recommended 
DHS:
     Directly notify H-2 workers of their continued lawful 
status and employment authorization status where an H-2 employer 
represents that it has filed an I-129 petition identifying them as a 
beneficiary;
     Provide I-129 petition and other immigration information 
to H-2 beneficiaries;
     Establish mechanisms for H-2 workers to independently 
confirm they are the beneficiaries of petitions and receive information 
about their immigration process;
     Communicate immigration status information through 
WhatsApp;
     Work with DOL to improve seasonal.jobs to provide H-2 
workers with full and accurate information about the terms and 
conditions of offered H-2 employment and any agents authorized to 
recruit on behalf of the employer.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments. In the NPRM, DHS stated 
that it was seeking preliminary public input on ways to provide H-2 and 
other Form I-129 beneficiaries with notice of USCIS actions taken on 
petitions filed on their behalf as well as other suggestions regarding 
ways to ensure adequate notification to beneficiaries of actions taken 
with respect to petitions filed on their behalf. DHS is not making any 
regulatory changes as a result of the request for preliminary input in 
this final rule but will seriously consider the input provided by these 
commenters as it continues to research and consider the feasibility, 
benefits, and costs of various options separate and apart from this 
final rule.
4. Effect on an H-2 Petition of Approval of a Permanent Labor 
Certification, Immigrant Visa Petition, or the Filing of an Application 
for Adjustment of Status or an Immigrant Visa
a. General Support
    Comment: A couple of trade associations expressed support for 
USCIS' elimination of the ``dual intent'' provision. Similarly, several 
trade associations and an advocacy group expressed support for the 
proposal to allow H-2 workers to have a ``dual intent'' of being both a 
noncitizen and an immigrant for purposes of obtaining a Green Card. A 
trade association expressed support for a ``clearly defined path'' for 
H-2 workers with a ``dual intent'' of obtaining a Green Card. 
Similarly, a business association expressed support for the provisions,

[[Page 103276]]

reasoning it would ``form the beginning of a `dual intent' regime.''
    Numerous commenters, including advocacy groups, professional 
associations, and a research organization, expressed support for the 
proposed rule's clarification that H-2 workers may take steps to become 
lawful permanent residents while maintaining lawful immigration status. 
A farming entity regarded proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) as ``a 
significant and much-needed improvement to the current regulations 
governing H-2A workers'' that recognizes the dynamic nature of 
immigration intents, aligns with broader policy goals, and promotes 
both flexibility and fairness in the H-2A program.
    Other commenters expressed support for the proposed changes to H-2 
workers' ability to seek lawful permanent resident status on the basis 
that it would be beneficial for employers and H-2 workers. A trade 
association said that the proposed change would benefit workers who 
have followed H-2 program requirements and employers who want to offer 
promotions to those workers. A farming entity wrote that the proposed 
changes would provide a mechanism for improved stability in struggling 
rural communities and farms, which face challenges in securing full-
time employees and working within the immigration system. Similarly, a 
trade association said that due to domestic labor shortages, employers' 
options for permanent agricultural employees are limited. The commenter 
stated that the proposed rule's clarification would allow employers to 
promote workers into permanent positions and expand opportunities for 
worker mobility. Similarly, a union said the changes would increase 
worker mobility and thus decrease the vulnerabilities faced by H-2 
workers. A professional association stated that the proposed changes 
would allow for more worker flexibility and would help them obtain 
permanent residence. The commenter stated that while DHS would 
scrutinize the conversion of the employer's job position from a 
seasonal need to a permanent need, this conversion would assist 
employers and workers with ongoing labor needs and stability. Another 
trade association said the proposed change would allow employers to 
sponsor employees who have an interest in moving to the United States 
year-round roles in their business.
    A group of Federal elected officials said that the proposed rule 
would empower H-2 workers to seek permanent residence without fear that 
they would lose their H-2 program status while they do so. Similarly, a 
couple of trade associations expressed support that H-2 beneficiaries 
who seek lawful permanent resident status through a petition related to 
the permanent labor certification program would not jeopardize their 
eligibility in the H-2 program in the interim. While expressing support 
for amending 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) to incorporate elements of ``dual 
intent,'' a professional association said that the proposal reflected 
the reality that agricultural and nonagricultural employment could be 
temporary and permanent and that the employer's need should not be 
``imputed'' on a worker's intention regarding employment or future 
permanent status. The commenter stated that because existing 
regulations allow approval of a permanent labor certification or filing 
an H-2 petition to be used as a reason to deny a worker's extension of 
stay, the process deters employers and employees from taking steps 
toward permanent residence due to fear that future H-2 status could be 
denied based on the worker's intent. The commenter added that the 
proposal does not undermine the integrity of the H-2 program because 
the requirement that employers demonstrate a temporary or seasonal need 
remains covered by 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(iv) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(ii), 
respectively.
    A few commenters, including a farming entity, an attorney, and an 
individual commenter, expressed support for the proposed provision 
based on the necessary contributions of H-2 workers to U.S. businesses 
and the economy. For example, the individual commenter and the attorney 
said that under current regulations, workers who support U.S. 
businesses and the U.S. economy are dissuaded from pursuing lawful 
permanent residence due to the risk of losing eligibility for H-2 
status once the permanent labor certification is certified. A couple of 
commenters added that the potential loss of nonimmigrant status leaves 
workers with the ``impossible'' choice between pursuing the long-term 
goal of U.S. lawful permanent residence and sustaining the immediate 
need for seasonal income. Such concerns, the commenters concluded, 
drive potential full-time employees to Canada, harming U.S. businesses 
that rely on H-2 workers. An attorney and farming entity additionally 
reasoned that both nonimmigrants and businesses rely on the maintenance 
of seasonal positions, adding that workers fully intend to abide by the 
temporary nature of their placement while they wait ``in line'' to 
pursue permanent residence through the employment-based (EB)-3 category 
and other worker categories. The farming entity wrote that the proposed 
provisions would enhance the ability of workers to contribute to the 
United States while respecting the integrity of the immigration system 
and would address the ``overly restrictive'' nature of regulations that 
penalize workers for pursuing a more stable future in the United 
States. Echoing the above remarks, an individual commenter also 
expressed support for Section IV.B.4. of the proposed rule (``Effect on 
an H-2 Petition of Approval of a Permanent Labor Certification, 
Immigrant Visa Petition, or the Filing of an Application for Adjustment 
of Status or an Immigrant Visa'') and urged DHS to maintain the 
proposed language in the final rule.
    Response: DHS thanks these commenters and will finalize 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(16)(ii) as proposed. As DHS explains further below, the 
proposal and the finalized regulation do not change the requirements 
that the H-2 petitioner's need be temporary or seasonal in nature, that 
an H-2 beneficiary has a foreign residence that he/she has no intention 
of abandoning, or that the H-2 worker be in this country temporarily to 
perform labor or services. Rather, 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) clarifies 
that taking certain steps in seeking lawful permanent residence, by 
itself, will not violate H-2 status.
b. Opposition on the Basis of Legal Authority
    Comment: A couple of commenters, including a joint submission from 
former DHS senior officials and a research organization, opposed the 
proposed changes to clarify that an H-2 worker may take steps toward 
becoming a lawful permanent resident while still maintaining lawful 
nonimmigrant status. These commenters asserted that the proposal will 
transform the H-2A and H-2B programs into ``dual intent'' visa programs 
and claimed that the proposed change is ultra vires, as it is unlawful 
for agencies to act in violation of their own regulations or enabling 
statutory authority. The research organization said that both the H-2A 
and H-2B visa programs are ``single intent'' visa programs that do not 
allow beneficiaries to intend to take steps to adjust their status to 
that of a lawful permanent resident. The commenter asserted that, under 
the statute, H-2A and H-2B applicants must demonstrate that they are 
not coming to the United States to reside permanently, as immigrants, 
but will return home at the end of their authorized period of stay. The

[[Page 103277]]

commenter stated that proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(i) is inconsistent 
with statute and must be withdrawn, asserting that if a noncitizen 
enters the United States on a ``single intent'' visa but nevertheless 
intends to apply for a Green Card during the workers' time in the 
United States, this indicates that the noncitizen misrepresented their 
intention at the time they entered the United States. The commenter 
concluded that it is both ultra vires and inappropriate for the 
Executive Branch to actively encourage H-2A and H-2B workers to take 
steps towards adjustment of status in violation of the INA. Stating 
similar rationale, the joint submission from former DHS senior 
officials said the Department seeks to undermine unambiguous statutory 
language that the H-2 programs provide for temporary admission. The 
commenter said, pursuant to clear statutory construction, admission of 
an H-2 beneficiary cannot be granted when the beneficiary has an intent 
to abandon a foreign residence. The commenter indicated the proposed 
provision conflicts with the proposed regulation and violates the first 
prong of Chevron.\105\ As further evidence of the asserted ultra vires 
nature of the proposal, the commenter said Congress specifically 
provided for dual intent of certain nonimmigrants but did not include 
H-2 classification. The commenter concluded that this proposed rule 
seeks to create a pathway for admission as a dual-intended H-2 
beneficiary that is contrary to the law, asserting that DHS must 
withdraw these provisions from the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \105\ Subsequent to receiving this comment, the Supreme Court in 
Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, 144 S. Ct. 2244 (2024), 
overruled Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 
467 U.S. 837 (1984). In its decision in Loper Bright, the Court 
recognized that in certain cases Congress has given agencies 
authority to exercise discretion, including by defining certain 
terms or promulgating rules to fill in details of a statutory 
scheme.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) is consistent with the plain 
language of section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) of the INA. This provision 
does not exempt an H-2 worker from the statutory requirement that the 
worker have a residence in a foreign country which he or she has no 
intention of abandoning, nor from the requirement that the worker be 
coming temporarily to the United States to perform H-2 services or 
labor. This statutory provision includes the phrase ``having a 
residence in a foreign country which he has no intention of 
abandoning.'' Implicit in that phrase is discretion to determine, as a 
factual matter, whether the noncitizen meets the definition for 
classification as an H-2A or H-2B nonimmigrant based, in part, on the 
noncitizen's intent, since the statute does not address how such intent 
is to be ascertained; for example, by setting out facts or factors the 
Government is to consider.\106\ Given that other sections of the INA 
delegate authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security to administer 
immigration laws, promulgate regulations regarding the same, and 
specifically authorize the Secretary to prescribe regulations for the 
admission of nonimmigrants,\107\ DHS is well within its authority to 
establish which factors it will consider to ascertain the noncitizen's 
intent, including whether any of those factors will de facto preclude 
the noncitizen from being classified as an H-2A or H-2B nonimmigrant. 
Therefore, final 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) effectuates the authority 
Congress delegated to the Secretary to fill in details necessary to 
carry out the statutory scheme. As finalized, 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) 
simply clarifies that certain H-2 worker's actions seeking lawful 
permanent resident status will not, standing alone, be the basis for 
denying an H-2 benefit. This provision is, in fact, consistent with 
established binding precedent.\108\ DHS is not persuaded that taking 
steps described in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) to secure lawful 
permanent resident status necessarily demonstrates that the H-2 worker 
misrepresented their intent when entering the United States or that the 
H-2 worker does not intend to abide by the rules applicable to H-2A or 
H-2B temporary status. An unexpected opportunity can arise after 
admission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ See Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo, 144 S. Ct. 2244, 
2263 (2024) (``In a case involving an agency, of course, the 
statute's meaning may well be that the agency is authorized to 
exercise a degree of discretion. Congress has often enacted such 
statutes. For example, some statutes `expressly delegate' to an 
agency the authority to give meaning to a particular statutory term. 
Others empower an agency to prescribe rules to fill up the details 
of a statutory scheme, or to regulate subject to the limits imposed 
by a term or phrase that leaves agencies with flexibility, such as 
`appropriate' or `reasonable.' '') (cleaned up).
    \107\ As discussed in the Legal Authority section of this final 
rule's preamble as well as in the proposed rule, under INA sec. 
103(a) and (a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a) and (a)(3), the Secretary has 
explicit authority to administer and enforce the immigration and 
naturalization laws and establish regulations necessary to carry out 
that authority. Furthermore, under INA sec. 214(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(a)(1), the Secretary has explicit authority to promulgate 
regulations prescribing the conditions for the admission of 
nonimmigrants, including explicitly ``to insure that at the 
expiration of such time or upon failure to maintain the status under 
which he was admitted, or to maintain any status subsequently 
acquired . . . , such alien will depart from the United States.'' In 
addition, INA sec. 214(c), 8 U.S.C. 1184(c), provides the Secretary 
with explicit authority to prescribe the form and content of a 
nonimmigrant visa petition, and to determine the eligibility for the 
H-2 nonimmigrant classifications.
    \108\ See Matter of Hosseinpour, 15 I&N Dec. 191 (BIA 1975) 
(noting that ``a desire to remain in this country permanently in 
accordance with the law, should the opportunity to do so present 
itself, is not necessarily inconsistent with lawful nonimmigrant 
status [citing cases]'' and holding that ``the filing of an 
application for adjustment of status is not necessarily inconsistent 
with the maintenance of lawful nonimmigrant status.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The fact that DHS is amending 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) to revise the 
language put into place by its 1990 regulations regarding the 
significance of the approval of a permanent labor certification and the 
filing of an immigrant petition or adjustment of status application 
with respect to the noncitizen's H-2 status does not call into question 
DHS's statutory authority to do so. As stated in the proposed rule, the 
current regulation conflates the beneficiary's nonimmigrant intent with 
the nature of the employer's need. 88 FR 65040, 65068 (Sept. 20, 2023). 
Further, while the agency in previous rulemaking stressed the 
importance of not allowing petitioners to circumvent the requirement to 
demonstrate a temporary need by petitioning for permanent status on 
behalf of the worker even in a different job, DHS continues to 
maintain, as it did in the NRPM, that such a prohibition is overly 
broad and that it is important to increase H-2 workers' mobility to the 
extent legally possible, particularly given the vulnerability of H-2 
workers to potential intimidation and threats made on the basis of 
their nonimmigrant status. 55 FR 2606, 2619 (Jan. 26, 1990).
    Significantly, the provision does not create a ``dual-intent'' 
classification or otherwise encourage H-2 workers to seek lawful 
permanent resident status. It also does not create a new, direct 
pathway to lawful permanent residence deriving from H-2 status or 
otherwise contradict any statutory provisions applicable to the H-2A or 
H-2B classifications. Rather, it allows an H-2 worker to avail 
themselves of existing lawful pathways by clarifying that approval of a 
permanent labor certification, the filing of an immigrant petition for 
a noncitizen (family sponsored or employment-based), or an application 
by a noncitizen to seek lawful permanent residence or an immigrant 
visa, will not, standing alone, be the basis for denying an H-2 
petition, a request to extend such a petition, or an application for 
admission in, change of status to, or extension of stay in H-2 status. 
DHS is also slightly revising the provision, as proposed in the NPRM, 
to explicitly include those seeking benefits as an immediate relative 
or under the diversity visa program, as it was not DHS's intention to 
exclude

[[Page 103278]]

those benefits. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii). DHS will consider these 
actions, together with all other facts presented, in determining 
whether the H-2 nonimmigrant is maintaining their H-2 status and 
whether the noncitizen has a residence in a foreign country which he or 
she has no intention of abandoning. For these reasons, DHS is 
finalizing this provision with slight revisions relating to immediate 
family and diversity visa programs described above.
c. Limited Impact of Proposed Provision
    Comment: Some of the commenters who are in support of allowing H-2 
workers to pursue lawful permanent residence specifically commented on 
DHS's data, stating that such data show that ``the regulation will have 
a minimal impact due to the low number of workers who apply for 
permanent resident status'' and that ``the proposed rule would not 
expand the underlying eligibility of H-2 workers for lawful permanent 
resident status.''
    A research organization stated that few H-2 workers ever obtain 
lawful permanent resident status through the EB pathway. The commenter 
stated that Congress must address this issue, as there are insufficient 
pathways for workers in low-wage jobs and without advanced degrees to 
obtain lawful permanent resident status or become naturalized. 
Referencing statistics associated with employment-based lawful 
permanent residence, the commenter said that only 1 percent of total 
approved certifications by employers for employment-based lawful 
permanent residence were for H-2 workers. The commenter attributed this 
to DHS's interpretation of nonimmigrant intent, which the commenter 
stated has deterred employers who would otherwise apply to permanently 
hire H-2 workers.
    Response: Congress has defined various employment-based immigrant 
classifications. This rule is not the place to address the 
applicability of those categories to H-2 workers. As noted in the 
proposed rule, this provision does not expand the underlying 
eligibility of H-2 workers for lawful permanent resident status and is 
consistent with longstanding precedent. See Matter of Hosseinpour, 15 
I&N Dec. 191, 192 (BIA 1975).
d. Temporary Need Requirement
    Comment: A trade association expressed support for the proposed 
rule's clarification that an employer may petition for permanent status 
on behalf of an H-2 employee while still being able to demonstrate a 
temporary need. Similarly, a joint submission expressing support for 
this proposed change stated that it would have no substantive impact on 
the current temporary need requirements of the H-2 programs and that it 
would improve the flexibility and mobility of individual beneficiaries. 
The commenter said that the current framework conflates the 
beneficiary's intent and the temporary or permanent nature of the 
employer's need. The commenter concluded that it was in the best 
interest of the United States and its businesses for the Department to 
not preclude H-2 status for beneficiaries that are at some point in the 
lawful permanent residence process and urged the Department to 
incorporate the provision in the final rule.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments and agrees that a more 
nuanced approach to actions in pursuit of lawful permanent residence is 
important for both H-2 workers and employers. As noted in the proposed 
rule, the requirements that an H-2A or H-2B petitioner must establish 
temporary need remain covered by the provisions at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(iv) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(ii), respectively. Removing the 
language of the prior regulation that mandates stringent consequences 
for an H-2 worker who takes certain action to obtain lawful permanent 
resident status creates flexibility for employers to promote H-2 
workers.
e. Sponsoring of Lawful Permanent Resident Status by H-2 Employers
    Comment: Several commenters, including several trade associations 
and a few advocacy groups, suggested the Department clarify whether 
employers can sponsor H-2 workers for permanent positions within their 
business even if they are the same or similar role that the employer is 
petitioning for. Some of the commenters reasoned that this was 
important because some positions are structured the same but while some 
employees are needed year-round, others are only needed for certain 
seasonal periods, as they have a reduced need for staff in the off-
season. Several trade associations and an advocacy group added that 
this would allow employers to sponsor H-2 workers more frequently. An 
advocacy group added that this would provide clarity for workers and 
employers. Similarly, a business association stated that the proposed 
changes would provide welcome relief and certainty to H-2 workers and 
employers if immigrant visa petitions did not preclude workers from 
obtaining or maintaining H-2 status. However, the commenter also 
requested that the Department clarify that the employer that files a 
permanent immigrant visa petition for an H-2 worker could also be that 
worker's employer on their H-2 visa.
    Another trade association suggested that an additional 
clarification needed to be proposed for public comment that would allow 
employers to sponsor H-2 workers for permanent positions within their 
operation regardless of whether the position corresponds to the 
employment outlined in the H-2 petition.
    Response: DHS appreciates the desire for greater clarity but is not 
proposing or making any change to how it views an employer's temporary 
need. As noted in the proposed rule, the requirements that an H-2A or 
H-2B petitioner must establish temporary and/or seasonal need, as 
applicable, remain covered by the provisions at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(iv) 
and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(ii), respectively.
f. Other Feedback and Suggestions on the Impact of Seeking Lawful 
Permanent Resident Status
    Comment: A union and a research organization expressed support for 
the proposed change, reasoning that it would increase the ability of H-
2 workers to adjust their status to become lawful permanent residents. 
However, the commenters urged the Department to clarify that the change 
would apply to workers seeking permanent residence through both 
employment-based and family-based petitions.
    Response: DHS appreciates the opportunity to clarify that the 
provision at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) does indeed apply to workers 
seeking permanent residence through both employment-based and family-
based, as well as diversity visa, petitions. The provision at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(16)(ii), as revised in this final rule, clarifies that the 
fact that an individual has taken certain specified steps toward 
becoming a permanent resident will not by itself be a basis for denying 
an H-2 petition, a request to extend an H-2 petition, or an application 
for admission in, change of status to, or extension of stay in H-2 
status, but will instead be considered together with all other facts 
presented in determining whether the individual is maintaining H-2 
status and has a residence in a foreign country which he or she has no 
intention of abandoning. DHS is making minor revisions to the final 
rule to include all immigrant petitions, instead of just preference 
petitions, to avoid inadvertently omitting immediate relative petitions 
under INA sec. 204(a)(i)(I)(i) or diversity visa petitions filed with 
DOS. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii). Among the steps covered in the 
revised provision is ``the filing of an immigrant petition'' on the

[[Page 103279]]

individual's behalf. The phrase ``immigrant petition'' in this context 
refers to any immigrant petition filed under INA secs. 204(a), 8 U.S.C. 
1154(a), and 201(b)(2)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(2)(A)(i) (``Immediate 
Relatives''), 203(a), 8 U.S.C. 1153(a) (``Preference allocation for 
family-sponsored immigrants''), or INA sec. 203(b), 8 U.S.C. 1153(b) 
(``Preference allocation for employment-based immigrants''), as well as 
INA sec. 203(c), 8 U.S.C. 1153(c) (``Diversity immigrants''), and thus 
includes both family-based and employment-based petitions as well as 
the diversity visa program. Similarly, the provision covers the filing 
of an application to seek ``lawful permanent residence or an immigrant 
visa'' without specifying limitations as to the basis for the permanent 
residence application or the immigrant visa application.
    Comment: While expressing support for the proposed change, a 
research organization stated in the interest of fairness to applicants 
in other programs, the change should not be limited to the H-2 program 
and should be codified generally. Similarly, an advocacy group 
suggested there be no barriers to legal migration and changes of status 
for H-2 workers.
    In response to proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii), a research 
organization requested that DHS provide an explanation as to why it 
decided to ``partially address the barriers to citizenship by H-2A visa 
participation'' rather than incentivizing citizenship. As an 
alternative to the proposed approach outlined in the NPRM, the 
organization suggested an approach to establish a clear pathway to 
citizenship, while incentivizing workers to return to their country of 
origin. Specifically, citing research, the organization suggested that 
new immigrants could work during an initial period under a provisional 
visa, during which they earn the benefit of permanent residence through 
``a continuous and productive working career'' and through payment of 
taxes. The suggested approach would additionally entail a measure 
whereby workers would post a bond to an escrow account through their 
wages, and the bond would be forfeited if the worker becomes a 
resident.
    Response: While DHS appreciates the comment, any new visa program 
or pathway to citizenship would require legislation. The suggestion 
about applying the language in new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16) beyond the H-2 
program is beyond the scope of this rule. The commenter's suggestion 
``that there be no barriers to legal migration and change of status for 
H-2 workers'' is unclear. However, DHS notes that it proposed numerous 
changes to improve the efficiency of the H-2 programs and to reduce 
barriers to use of those programs. For example, DHS proposed to remove 
the eligible countries lists and to simplify the regulatory provisions 
regarding the effect of a departure from the United States. These 
provisions are part of this final rule and are discussed below.
    Comment: While expressing support for an immigration process that 
permits H-2 workers in good standing to apply for permanent residence 
or citizenship, an association of State Governments questioned whether 
this change would cause additional administrative burdens for employers 
and employees, and for the requirements for lawful permanent resident 
status. The commenter requested the Department clarify the details of 
this immigration process in the final rulemaking.
    Response: DHS does not expect the provision at 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(16)(ii) to result in any additional administrative burden for 
H-2 employers or employees. The provision at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) is 
not creating a new program for lawful permanent residence or 
citizenship and does not create any new obligation for H-2 employers or 
employees; it merely clarifies that, standing alone, the fact that an 
individual has taken certain steps to pursue permanent residence will 
not be considered a violation of H-2 status or show an intent to 
abandon a foreign residence. It is important to note that, for those 
employers who choose to file an immigrant petition on behalf of a 
current or former H-2 nonimmigrant--or those H-2 workers who choose to 
pursue permanent residence through another avenue (whether employment-
based or family-sponsored, or on the basis of diversity)--the provision 
at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii) does not change the existing immigration 
process or eligibility requirements. The provision also does not revise 
existing eligibility requirements or procedures for adjustment to 
lawful permanent resident status.
    Comment: A business association referenced the consular review 
process that H-2 workers face when they leave the United States and 
return on another H-2 visa. The commenter stated that the ``dual 
intent'' regulations would help the individuals if they were reviewed 
by DHS, but that the regulations would not hold sway over consular 
officials under the State Department. The commenter suggested DHS work 
with the State Department to ``harmonize their respective regulations 
and guidance documents'' to avoid conflictual applications of the two 
agencies' policies.
    A professional association and a trade association expressed 
support for the Department's clarification but stated DHS's reasoning 
for the clarification, that an H-2 worker taking steps to become a 
permanent resident would not show an intent to abandon their foreign 
residence, appeared to be counterintuitive.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the provision is counterintuitive. An 
H-2 worker may seek to eventually adjust status to that of a lawful 
permanent resident while maintaining a current intent to leave the 
United States at the end of their authorized period of stay and 
continuing to have a foreign residence that they have no current 
intention of abandoning. As the rule provides, the approval of a 
permanent labor certification, filing of a preference or other 
immigrant visa petition, or filing of an application for adjustment of 
status or an immigrant visa will be considered, together with all other 
facts presented, in determining whether the H-2 nonimmigrant is 
maintaining his or her H-2 status and whether the alien has a residence 
in a foreign country which he or she has no intention of abandoning. 
See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(16)(ii). Standing alone, such filing will not, 
however, be sufficient basis to conclude that the H-2 nonimmigrant has 
failed to maintain his or her H-2 status or has the intent to abandon 
the person's residence in a foreign country. As noted above, the 
provision is consistent with longstanding precedent, Matter of 
Hosseinpour, 15 I&N Dec. 191, 192 (BIA 1975) (``[C]ourts have held that 
a desire to remain in this country permanently in accordance with the 
law, should the opportunity to do so present itself, is not necessarily 
inconsistent with lawful nonimmigrant status.'').
    DHS agrees that coordination with DOS is important, and notes that 
the Foreign Affairs Manual (FAM) is not inconsistent with new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(16)(ii). The FAM, which constitutes guidance to DOS employees, 
is not binding on DHS and does not indicate that certain actions 
seeking lawful permanent resident status, standing alone, warrant 
denial of the visa.\109\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \109\ Currently, the FAM states, in pertinent part: ``Unlike H-
1B nonimmigrants, H-1B1, H-2, and H-3 nonimmigrants are subject to 
INA sec. 214(b) and are not accorded dual intent under INA sec. 
214(h). Under INA 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)-(iii), an applicant is not 
classifiable as an H-2A, H-2B, or H-3 nonimmigrant unless the 
applicant has a residence abroad and no intention to abandon that 
residence. Thus, the fact that an H-2 or H-3 nonimmigrant has sought 
or plans to seek permanent residence may be considered evidence of 
the applicant's intention to abandon foreign residence.'' DOS, 
Foreign Affairs Manual 9 FAM 402.10-10(A) (emphasis added), https://fam.state.gov/FAM/09FAM/09FAM040210.html#M402_10_10_A.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 103280]]

5. Removal of ``Abscondment,'' ``Abscond,'' and Its Other Variations, 
and Notification to DHS
a. Removal of ``Abscondment,'' ``Abscond,'' and Its Other Variations
    Comment: A few commenters expressed support for DHS's proposed 
technical change. Several commenters, including a few trade 
associations, an advocacy group, a joint submission, and a professional 
association, expressed that they have no concerns or objections to 
DHS's proposal to remove the words ``abscondment,'' ``abscond,'' and 
its other variations from the H-2 regulations and replace the word 
``absconds'' with the phrase ``does not report for work for a period of 
5 consecutive workdays without the consent of the employer.'' A trade 
association stated that it was ``agnostic'' as to whether the 
Department should remove the terms ``abscondment'' and ``abscond'' from 
the regulations. A joint submission stated that it has no objections to 
the Department's proposal to the extent that it does not substantively 
change any existing program obligations. The joint submission commented 
that it considers this a reasonable change to the regulatory text and 
supports the Department's rulemaking on this front. The joint 
submission concurred with the Department that workers deserve to be 
treated fairly. They further commented that in their experience, though 
rare, workers do leave employment for legitimate reasons, and in 
isolation, the act of separating employment should not adversely affect 
that worker's ability to secure subsequent employment if done through 
lawful processes. Similarly, a professional association stated that 
workers leave their employment for various reasons, the majority of 
which are entirely legitimate, including to undergo medical procedures, 
injury, pregnancy, emergencies back home, or to assume more 
advantageous employment elsewhere. The commenter remarked that it is 
critical to ensure that DHS uses appropriate and fair language when 
describing those workers who leave their employment for valid reasons 
since the negative connotation surrounding these words can negatively 
impact the workers' ability to obtain future U.S. immigration benefits.
    A professional association noted that some people have a negative 
connotation of the words ``abscond'' and ``abscondment'' and recognized 
that workers may have valid reasons for leaving their contracts. Two 
advocacy groups welcomed the Department's removal of the words 
``abscondment,'' ``abscond,'' and its other variations from the H-2 
regulations as these words convey wrongdoing by the worker, without 
regard for the reality of their working and living conditions. The 
advocacy groups stated that there are many reasons why an H-2 worker 
may not report for work, including illness, injury, unsafe working 
conditions, and transportation issues. The commenters remarked that 
replacing these words is a positive step in the recognition of the 
imbalance of power between workers and employers since it is not 
uncommon for employers to use the threat of reporting abscondment to 
prevent workers from asserting their rights.
    Response: DHS appreciates the support expressed by these commenters 
for removing terms ``abscondment,'' ``abscond,'' and its other 
variations from the H-2 regulations. These terms have negative 
connotations which suggest wrongdoing on the part of H-2 workers who 
may have a wholly valid reason to leave their employment prior to the 
end of a work contract. As explained in the supporting comments, in 
many instances, workers leave employment early for wholly valid 
reasons, such as safety concerns, medical issues, or emergencies that 
require their presence in their home countries. In finalizing the 
proposals to remove these terms, DHS reaffirms its recognition of the 
many legitimate reasons why workers may leave employment early.
b. Notification Requirements
    Comment: A couple of advocacy groups urged the Department to 
reevaluate its decision to maintain the notification requirements in 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(5)(vi)(B) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F). The advocacy groups 
stated that these requirements often function as another avenue of 
exploitation for abusive employers, who can rely on the threat of 
reporting a worker as having ``absconded'' to retaliate against workers 
seeking to leave. The commenters added that the coercive effect of the 
threat is intensified by the current policy that bars some absconded 
workers from the H-2A program for 5 years, and USCIS does not have the 
resources to verify the accuracy of these reports. The commenters asked 
that the Department amend this notification system or include avenues 
for worker notification and opportunities for workers to respond. The 
commenters concluded that including workers in the process will 
minimize the chances that H-2 employment-related reports will be used 
to retaliate against workers who have exercised their rights or to 
coerce them into remaining in an abusive or exploitative working 
environment.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns regarding the 
potential for the H-2 notification requirements to be used by employers 
in a coercive or retaliatory manner. As demonstrated by the worker 
protection provisions finalized in this rule, the Department is 
strongly committed to addressing all forms of abuse in the H-2 
programs, including coercive actions and threats of retaliation 
committed by employers. The Department has chosen not to substantially 
change or eliminate the notification requirements in 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(vi)(B) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F), because these 
information collections continue to have value for both DHS and DOL. 
The Department reiterates, however, that it does not consider the 
information provided in an employer notification, alone, to be 
conclusive evidence indicating the worker is immediately out of status. 
As noted in the proposed rule, in subsequent petitions on the workers' 
behalf, information or evidence may be requested regarding a worker's 
date of cessation to demonstrate maintenance of status. This is one 
reason, in addition to operational limitations, DHS is not adopting the 
suggestion that affected workers be made aware of and provided an 
opportunity to respond to notifications submitted by their employers.
    Comment: A trade association expressed its concerns about what it 
described as the burdens, ``ineffective safeguards,'' and unequal 
regulatory requirements placed on employers who avail themselves of the 
H-2 program, such as notification requirements when a beneficiary does 
not report for work. The commenter stated that employers must continue 
to satisfy notification requirements when a beneficiary does not report 
for work, which is yet another requirement for which employers must 
comply. While the notifications may permit an employer to file for a 
replacement worker, this is a marginal benefit, reasoned the commenter, 
noting that a harvesting season may be nearly over before a replacement 
worker can arrive. On the other hand, the commenter continued, failure 
to provide such notification could result in sanctions on the 
petitioner, including that DOL may find the employer liable

[[Page 103281]]

to pay wages for up to three-quarters of the hours offered to a worker 
who abandoned the job. The commenter also suggests that ``[H-2] 
regulating agencies show they are more concerned that employer submits 
an email than whether a beneficiary maintains their status.'' The 
commenter added that ``the Department must do better to ensure 
beneficiaries maintain status--either by completing job contracts or 
porting to another eligible job opportunity.''
    Response: The commenter does not offer a clear supportive position 
on retention of petitioner notification requirements other than to 
suggest that it is important that employers notify DHS when workers 
have ``abandoned'' their jobs. The commenter also does not clearly 
oppose retention of these notification requirements or offer 
suggestions for revising the related regulatory provisions. Instead, 
the commenter appears to suggest that the current notification 
requirements are not ``equitable,'' as the burdens of complying with 
them fall heavily on petitioners yet these notification requirements 
only provide ``marginal benefits'' to petitioners. While DHS 
understands that the burdens of compliance fall on the petitioner, DHS 
believes these information collections continue to have value. For 
example, information that an H-2 worker is no longer working for a 
petitioner could be useful for public safety reasons and to maintain 
the integrity of the H-2 programs (or any other nonimmigrant visa 
programs) as well.
    With regard to the commenter's suggestion that ``[H-2] regulating 
agencies show they are more concerned that employer submits an email 
than whether a beneficiary maintains their status,'' DHS strongly 
disagrees with these unfounded assertions. The Department also declines 
to make any changes with respect to the comment's statement that DHS 
must do even more to ensure beneficiaries maintain their status either 
by completing job contracts or porting to another eligible job 
opportunity. DHS is finalizing robust worker flexibility provisions in 
this rule, including expanded grace periods and access to portability, 
to help ensure H-2 beneficiaries can maintain status if situations 
arise where they need to find new employment.

F. Program Efficiencies and Reducing Barriers to Legal Migration

1. Eligible Countries Lists
a. Support for Eliminating Eligible Countries Lists
    Comment: Multiple commenters expressed general support for the 
Department's removal of the H-2 eligible countries lists. While 
expressing their support, a professional association and a business 
association stated that the Department's rationale for the removal--
improving efficiency and removing burdens for the Department and 
employers--seems appropriate. Another professional association remarked 
that removing the lists provides another efficiency to the H-2 program. 
A joint submission concurred with the Department that the existing 
national interest waiver framework is burdensome, a waste of resources, 
and difficult to administer, while adding that it unfairly punishes 
foreign nationals for circumstances involving their home country's 
government that are out of their control. The commenter agreed with the 
Department's assessment that the costs of the eligible countries lists 
outweigh its benefits to U.S. geopolitical interests. A professional 
association applauded the proposed removal of the eligible countries 
lists, stating that it would reduce burdens on DHS, USCIS, and H-2 
employers, while also enhancing the accessibility of the H-2 programs. 
A research organization welcomed the change to remove the eligible 
countries lists, stating that the INA provides no authority to impose a 
presumptive bar to entire nationalities from participating in these 
programs. The commenter stated that banning certain countries can cause 
overstay rates from those countries to increase, citing Haiti as an 
example. An individual commenter expressed general support for the 
regulations' stance on reducing barriers to legal migration, and stated 
that the authorization of a select few countries/foreigners to work in 
the United States temporarily creates domestic labor shortages and 
diminishes opportunities for both foreign workers and U.S. industries.
    An advocacy group remarked that the proposed provision would free 
up resources to be used on other pressing projects across DHS and the 
DOS, as well as reduce the burden on petitioners that seek to hire H-2 
workers from ineligible countries. The commenter further stated that 
the provision would increase access to workers who are potentially 
available to businesses that utilize the H-2 programs.
    Response: DHS appreciates the support from these commenters and 
agrees that eliminating the eligible countries lists reduces 
administrative burdens and avoids consequences for potentially 
blameless workers as a result of the actions of the countries they come 
from. DHS also appreciates the commenter's referral to a blog post 
discussing the increase in the Haitian overstay rate when at the time 
Haitian H-2A workers likely suspected that Haiti would be removed from 
the lists.\110\ The author of the blog post infers that one reason H-2A 
overstays rates are typically so low is that noncitizen workers can 
usually count on returning to H-2 work each year if they abide by the 
program's requirements, therefore limiting the incentive to overstay 
their visa. The author believes that the perceived threat of a 
country's nationals becoming ineligible for employment under the H-2 
programs may lead to some individuals choosing to overstay rather than 
risk being unable to return to H-2 employment the following year, as he 
claims likely happened in the case of Haitian workers in 2016. While 
the assumptions in that blog post are speculative, it is, if true, an 
argument supporting the removal of the eligible countries lists.\111\ 
DHS is retaining the removal of the eligible countries lists in this 
final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ Alex Nowrasteh, CATO Institute, ``Haitian Guest Workers 
Overstayed their Visas Because the Government Cancelled the Program 
for Them'' (Jan. 18, 2018), https://www.cato.org/blog/haitian-guest-workers-overstayed-their-visas-because-government-cancelled-program-them.
    \111\ DHS removed Haiti from the eligible countries list on 
January 18, 2018. See 83 FR 2646. It added Haiti back to the list on 
November 10, 2021, while noting that some factors, including 
nonimmigrant visa overstay and removal rates that precipitated 
Haiti's removal from the H-2 programs in 2018 remain a concern. See 
``Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible 
To Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Nonimmigrant Worker Programs,'' 
86 FR 62559, 62562 (Nov. 10, 2021). Thus, as this example shows, the 
eligible countries list has not proven to be an especially effective 
tool in preventing nonimmigrant overstays and punishing recalcitrant 
countries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: While expressing support for the proposed rule and 
specifically its provisions related to reducing paperwork burden by 
allowing employers to request workers from multiple countries within 
the same petition, a professional association suggested that DHS 
explore additional streamlining measures for returning applicants who 
have favorable reviews from previous employers.
    Response: DHS appreciates the general support. However, as the 
commenter did not provide specific suggestions for additional 
streamlining measures for certain returning applicants, DHS is not 
making any changes as a result of this comment.
b. Opposition to Elimination of Eligible Countries Lists
    Comment: A couple of commenters, including a joint submission from 
former DHS senior officials and a research organization, expressed

[[Page 103282]]

opposition to the proposed provision. The joint submission from former 
DHS senior officials stated that the eligible countries lists are 
important tools in preventing nonimmigrant overstays. The commenter 
remarked that the concerns regarding time spent on adjudication of 
waiver requests and the compilation of data prior to the lists being 
generated do not form a basis to ``jettison'' the entire lists. The 
commenter stated that the data in the entry-exit report pinpoint which 
countries' citizens are more routine abusers of nonimmigrant visas, 
information that should be used when evaluating which nationalities 
should be eligible recipients of the visas. While expressing the 
perceived importance of the lists to national security, public safety, 
and immigration enforcement, the commenter further remarked that 
removing one of the greatest punitive measures against a recalcitrant 
country would breed further non-cooperation. Additionally, the joint 
submission notes that it would not support the possible alternative to 
allow less frequent publication of the lists by providing that they 
remain in effect for up to 3 years instead of automatically expiring 
after 1 year, as it would be insufficient to combat the overstay rates 
and would still ``allow free passes for recalcitrant countries'' in 
years when no list is published. The commenter concluded that there was 
no attempt to find alternatives that would keep the lists in place, 
such as exempting returning workers from the lists in subsequent years.
    A research organization strongly recommended that DHS maintain and 
strengthen the regulatory requirement that the Secretary designate 
countries whose nationals are eligible to participate in the H-2 
programs. The commenter stated that it serves the interests of foreign 
workers and the U.S. government to bar participation from countries who 
fail to cooperate with U.S. laws and policies or abuse the visa 
programs. The commenter reasoned that limiting H-2 eligibility to 
nationals of countries who meet specific standards enables DHS to 
reduce risks of fraud and abuse in the H-2 programs and illegal 
immigration to the United States, all of which harm the integrity of 
the immigration system and labor conditions in the United States 
generally. The commenter cited the removal of the Philippines and the 
Dominican Republic from the list of eligible countries in 2019 as an 
example of the potential harms that continued inclusion could pose to 
the H-2 programs. The research organization disagreed with DHS that 
program reforms made under this proposed rulemaking will be sufficient 
to guard against harms such as illegal immigration and human 
trafficking. The commenter requested that DHS publicize the information 
it considered regarding agency resource allocation for making program 
eligibility determinations.
    The research organization recommended the following additional 
requirements for country eligibility:
     DHS should determine that a country's inclusion in the 
visa programs would not negatively affect U.S. law enforcement and 
security interests;
     Participating countries should make similar forms of 
temporary work visas available to U.S. citizens; and
     Participating countries should enter into agreements with 
the United Staes to share information regarding whether citizens or 
nationals of the country represent a threat to the security or welfare 
of the United States or its citizens.
    Response: DHS shares the commenters' concerns about recalcitrant 
countries but does not anticipate that retaining the eligible countries 
lists would significantly reduce overstays or encourage countries to 
cooperate with the United States on immigration matters. DHS reviewed 
the Congressional Research Service report \112\ shared by one 
commenter. That report addresses INA sec. 243(d) visa sanctions in 
general,\113\ rather than focusing on the eligible countries list 
within the context of the H-2 programs.\114\ Most significantly, the 
report concludes that there are several alternatives to visa sanctions, 
and that both DHS and DOS ``reported success in achieving cooperation 
without resorting to visa sanctions, resulting in countries being 
removed from the recalcitrant or [at risk of non-compliance (ARON)] 
lists.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ Jill H. Wilson, Congressional Research Service, 
``Immigration: `Recalcitrant' Countries and Use of Visa Sanctions to 
Encourage Cooperation with Alien Removals,'' (July 10, 2020), 
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11025.
    \113\ Section 243(d) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1253(d), provides for 
the Department of State's discontinuation of the granting of 
immigrant visas and/or nonimmigrant visas to citizens, subjects, 
nationals, and residents of a specified country upon DHS 
notification that such country denies or unreasonably delays in 
accepting repatriation requests.
    \114\ For example, the report discusses sanctions applied to 
tourist and business visas for certain government officials while 
vaguely referencing sanctions on a ``broader set of visa categories 
and applicants.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes that other provisions in the rule address labor 
trafficking, including worker portability, whistleblower protections, 
and mandatory and discretionary denials for employers with certain 
violations. In addition, DOL recently finalized a rule that increases 
oversight of the program, including protections for advocacy and labor 
organizing, worker protections, and enhancing transparency from 
employers. 89 FR 33898 (Apr. 29, 2024).
    DHS appreciates the suggested alternative to exempt returning 
employees from the lists in subsequent year to address the DHS's 
concerns with the lists; however, DHS disagrees that this suggestion 
would address all of those concerns. As noted in the proposed rule, 
eliminating the lists frees up DHS resources which currently are 
devoted to developing and publishing the lists in the Federal Register, 
and collaborating between several DHS components and agencies as well 
as DOS. DHS would also still incur the burden of adjudicating waiver 
requests, as are currently allowed, for nationals of countries not on 
the lists who are not returning workers. Similarly, employers would 
still incur the extra burdens of preparing a petition that requests a 
national from a country not on the lists who is not a returning 
worker.\115\ While exempting returning workers could reduce some of the 
burdens, those that remain are not outweighed by the benefits of 
retaining the lists when, as discussed above, alternative visa 
sanctions and diplomatic efforts have been shown to be effective in 
encouraging cooperation with U.S. immigration laws by other countries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \115\ See 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(ii) (petitions for workers from 
designated countries and undesignated countries ``should be filed 
separately''); see also USCIS, ``Form I-129 Instructions for 
Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker'' (recommending that H-2A and H-
2B petitions for workers from countries not listed on the respective 
eligible countries lists be filed separately), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-129instr.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As DHS declines to retain the eligible countries lists for the 
reasons discussed above, it also declines to add the new factors the 
commenter suggested for when DHS is deciding on which countries to 
include on the lists.
    Regarding the request that DHS publicize the information it 
considered regarding agency's resource allocation for making program 
eligibility determinations, the NPRM already described the burdens 
associated with adjudicating waiver requests as well as the significant 
collaboration needed between several DHS components and agencies and 
DOS to come to these yearly eligibility determinations. 88 FR 65040, 
65069-70, 65089-90 (Sept. 20, 2023). For example, the NPRM stated that 
it takes ``months of work to gather recommendations and information 
from

[[Page 103283]]

offices across ICE, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and 
USCIS, compile statistics and cooperate closely with DOS.'' 88 FR 
65040, 65089. DHS is unable to provide more specific data beyond the 
information already provided in the NPRM, as it is not possible to 
quantify all the time and resources involved in these types of robust 
agency collaborations and the unique foreign policy considerations 
required for each analysis.
c. Mixed Feedback on Elimination of Eligible Countries Lists
    Comment: A foreign government expressed mixed views on the removal 
of the eligible countries lists. The commenter expressed that the 
rationale for removing the list has merit, considering that the limited 
data available indicated that during FY 2022, the majority of countries 
currently on the lists did not participate in the H-2 programs. 
However, the commenter remarked that the elimination of the list may 
lead to workers from countries with high populations and rates of 
unemployment flooding the H-2 programs, which would serve as a 
disadvantage to smaller states that are already in the program. The 
commenter recommended the implementation of a mechanism to protect the 
participation of smaller countries, such as a quota system that 
provides for a minimum level of participation by countries meeting 
specific criteria.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenter's support for removing the 
eligible countries lists and concerns with the impact of doing so on 
smaller countries. DHS does not anticipate that elimination of the 
lists will result in the adverse impacts mentioned, however, as 
elimination of the country lists is country-neutral, and it is 
speculative that smaller countries would be adversely affected by the 
elimination of the lists.
2. Eliminating the ``Interrupted Stay'' Calculation, Reducing the 
Period of Absence for Resetting the 3-Year Stay Clock
a. General Support for the Provisions
    Comment: Commenters expressed support for the proposed changes for 
a variety of reasons. Several commenters, including a business 
association, a professional association, and a joint submission 
expressed support for DHS simplifying the interrupted stay calculation 
and shortening the period of absence that will reset H-2 workers' 3-
year limit of stay. A professional association said that shortening the 
period of absence to 60 days is a welcome change because H-2 workers 
satisfy a significant economic need for the United States, and 
therefore it is important to remove unnecessary hurdles to their 
contributions. A few commenters, including professional, business, and 
trade associations, expressed support for simplifying the interrupted 
stay calculation due to the current calculations being confusing for 
employers and workers. While expressing their support, a few trade 
organizations noted that this change would simplify the process of 
determining an H-2 worker's remaining length of stay. Additionally, a 
business association said that simplifying the interrupted stay 
calculation and shortening the period of absence that would reset the 
3-year limit of stay should work well when H-2 workers leave the United 
States via an airport. A joint submission wrote that the proposed 
changes would improve certainty and predictability for H-2 workers and 
are a ``step towards improving H-2B workers' ability to seek legal 
support if needed.''
    While describing DHS's proposed changes to the interrupted stay 
provisions and the 3-year clock, a joint submission concurred with 
DHS's justification for this change, writing that the existing 
standards are confusing, burdensome, and difficult to implement. The 
commenters provided an example of how named petitions to extend a 
beneficiary's stay require significant documentation, which the 
commenters said creates administrative work and lengthens the 
adjudication timeline. This joint submission also noted that reducing 
the time to reset the 3-year limit of stay to 60 days would not only 
accomplish the Department's policy objectives and reduce the burden on 
workers and employers but also foster interagency harmony, as this 
would bring DHS's standards in line with the DOL's ``10-month rule'' 
for evaluating temporary need. The commenters further stated that many 
H-2A employers utilize the full 10-month period of need, which can 
result in cases where workers reach their 3-year limit and are 
ineligible for an extension of stay in H-2A status. The commenters 
wrote that the proposed change would make it easier for employers with 
longer periods of need to extend their H-2A workers' stay as necessary. 
Similarly, a trade association wrote that for workers who return to 
their home countries every year, this change would align DHS's 
requirements with the maximum possible season of 10 months and clarify 
the dates for when workers can return to the United States. A 
professional association also expressed support for the proposed change 
to the interrupted stay calculation, as it would create uniformity 
between the two H-2 programs and increase efficiency and opportunity 
for workers.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' support for these 
changes. DHS agrees that these changes will simplify the process for 
determining an individual's remaining available time in H-2 status and 
will reduce confusion for employers. DHS also anticipates that the 
change will simplify USCIS adjudications, resulting in fewer requests 
for evidence and greater efficiency in adjudicating H-2 petitions.
b. Opposition to the Provisions
    Comment: An advocacy group expressed opposition to the proposed 
changes. The commenters reasoned that if a worker left the United 
States, reducing the time to reset the 3-year limit of stay to 60 days 
would neither pause the period of stay clock nor extend the time a 
worker could work in H-2 status upon returning. The advocacy group 
wrote that this could harm workers and prevent them from seeing their 
families and taking care of them, when necessary, thereby potentially 
harming the workers' health.
    While a professional association noted that current regulations 
regarding the 3-year limit and interrupted stay calculation are 
complicated for employers and workers to understand, the commenter 
stated that eliminating the interrupted stay calculation was not the 
correct solution. Instead, the commenter suggested allowing employees 
to maintain the ability to return to the United States if they had 
``spent less time in H-2 status given potential `interrupted status.' 
''
    Response: DHS does not agree that this provision will harm workers. 
Under current regulations, a period of absence from the United States 
will interrupt the stay of H-2 workers only in the following 
circumstances:
     If the accumulated stay is 18 months or less, an absence 
is interruptive if it lasts for at least 45 days.
     If the accumulated stay is greater than 18 months, an 
absence is interruptive if it lasts for at least 2 months.
    Under the final rule, USCIS no longer recognizes certain absences 
as an ``interrupted stay'' for purposes of pausing the calculation of 
the 3-year limit of stay. Specifically, H-2 workers who have an 
accumulated stay of less than 18 months and have an absence from the 
United States of 45 to 59 days will no longer have their period of stay

[[Page 103284]]

``interrupted.'' DHS recognizes that this subset of H-2 workers may not 
benefit from these changes, but as it relates to the H-2 program as a 
whole, the change to simplify the calculations and shorten the time to 
``reset'' the clock will benefit H-2 workers and employers and help 
improve program efficiency overall. Further, this subset population of 
H-2 workers may still benefit from the reduced period for resetting 
their H-2 clock if they extend their stay outside of the United States 
for at least 60 days. Rather than ``interrupting'' the stay, an absence 
for the designated period of at least 60 days would in all cases 
``reset'' the H-2 clock (instead of, per current regulations, just 
``pausing'' the H-2 clock), and thus, allowing for an additional 3 
years in the United States in H-2 status upon the worker's readmission. 
Moreover, this change does not in any way prevent an H-2 worker from 
making short trips outside the United States and returning to the 
United States in H-2 status. Therefore, the basis of the commenters' 
concerns about ``harm to the family and health of the worker'' and 
``leaving in the ability for employees to return to the United States'' 
is unclear.
    To the extent that these commenters are suggesting that any period 
of absence should interrupt the H-2 period of stay, similar to the 
current ``recapture'' provision for H-1B beneficiaries codified at 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(13)(iii)(C), DHS explained in the NPRM that it considered 
and rejected this alternative. As explained in the NPRM, DHS determined 
that implementing a provision similar to the H-1B ``recapture'' 
provision'' would be only a minimally less confusing calculation for 
petitioners and H-2 workers, as well as for USCIS adjudicators. DHS 
believes a single, consistent standard under which an uninterrupted 
absence of at least 60 days would reset the 3-year limitation 
represents the best way to reduce confusion, resulting in fewer RFEs 
and greater efficiency in adjudicating H-2 petitions. Therefore, DHS 
declines to adopt the commenters' suggestions and is finalizing the 
provision without change.
c. Other Feedback and Recommendations Regarding the Interrupted Stay 
Provisions
    Comment: While expressing support for simplifying the interrupted 
stay calculation, a union suggested the period of absence to reset H-2 
workers' 3-year limit of stay remain at 90 days. The commenter reasoned 
that H-2 programs are temporary, and therefore a 90-day period of 
absence aligns better with the purpose of the program. The commenter 
added that program reform must advance both U.S. and migrant workers' 
interests, and that creating rules employers could misuse as year-round 
labor solutions would not be an acceptable outcome.
    Response: DHS maintains that a 60-day period of absence is 
sufficient to ensure that an H-2 worker's stay is temporary in nature, 
while at the same time affording employers and workers the flexibility 
to fill an employer's temporary needs. Further, the commenter did not 
specifically explain why a 90-day period of absence would better align 
with the purpose of the program as opposed to 60 days.\116\ DHS 
therefore declines to make any changes based on this comment. DHS 
maintains that a 60-day period of absence is sufficient to ensure that 
an H-2 worker's stay is temporary in nature, while at the same time 
affording employers and workers the flexibility to fill employers' 
temporary needs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \116\ As noted in the NPRM, DHS did not provide specific policy 
reasons for setting the period of absence at ``3 months'' in prior 
regulations, noting only that it was reducing that period from 6 
months ``in order to reduce the amount of time employers would be 
required to be without the services of needed workers, while not 
offending the fundamental temporary nature of employment under the 
H-2A program.'' Modernizing H-2 Program Requirements, Oversight, and 
Worker Protections, 88 FR 65040, 65072 (Sept. 20, 2023); Changes to 
Requirements Affecting H-2A Nonimmigrants,73 FR 8230, 8235 (Feb. 13, 
2008) (proposing the reduction to 3 months); Changes to Requirements 
Affecting H-2A Nonimmigrants,73 FR 76891, 76904 (Dec. 18, 2008) 
(adopting the proposed reduction in waiting time without change and 
agreeing with comments stating that 3 months would ``enhance the 
workability of the H-2A program for employers while not offending 
the fundamental temporary nature of employment under the H-2A 
program''); Changes to Requirements Affecting H-2B Nonimmigrants and 
Their Employers,73 FR 49109, 49111 (Aug. 20, 2008) (proposing to 
reduce the required absence period to 3 months to ``reduce the 
amount of time employers would be required to be without the 
services of needed workers while not offending the fundamental 
temporary nature of employment under the H-2B program''); Changes to 
Requirements Affecting H-2B Nonimmigrants and Their Employers,73 FR 
78104 (Dec. 19, 2008) (adopting the proposed reduction in waiting 
time without change).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: In the context of expressing support for the interrupted 
stay provisions, several business associations suggested that the 
Department implement a method for tracking land border crossings, which 
are not currently tracked, reasoning that this could prevent issues 
when H-2 workers who cross the border with Mexico return to the United 
States. A few business associations recommended incorporating this 
tracking method into the CBP One application so that workers could log 
their exit when leaving the United States for Mexico. Another business 
association expressed concern with the Department's ability to enforce 
the current and proposed requirements, reasoning that the Department 
does not currently have a way to track land border crossings and thus, 
a way of tracking the H-2A workers that cross the land border with 
Mexico. Like other commenters, the business association suggested 
including a function in the CBP One application to allow H-2A workers 
to log their location when returning to Mexico.
    A business association provided a recommendation regarding the use 
of the CBP One application to track land border crossings. The 
commenter suggested that the Department build out the application's 
capabilities so that H-2 workers are responsible for recording their 
exit from the United States. Alternatively, the commenter suggested a 
two-step process where an employer first records the end of an H-2 
worker's employment, and the employee then logs their official exit on 
the CBP One application when they leave the country.
    Response: DHS notes that the burden of proof to establish 
eligibility for an immigration benefit is on the petitioner or 
applicant.\117\ In the NPRM and final rule, DHS has provided a non-
exhaustive list of evidence that may be provided to document relevant 
absences from the United States, including arrival and departure 
records, copies of tax returns, and records of employment abroad. While 
DHS appreciates the commenters' suggestions, DHS did not propose a 
method for tracking land border crossings or any changes or additions 
to the CBP One application in the NPRM. Because DHS did not propose any 
changes with respect to tracking land border crossings or the CBP One 
application, these comments are outside the scope of this rulemaking. 
Therefore, DHS declines to adopt these suggestions as part of this 
final rule. The Department continues to make improvements to the 
accuracy and reliability of the entry/exit system, and may consider 
these suggestions as it does so.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \117\ See, e.g., INA sec. 291, 8 U.S.C. 1361; 8 CFR 103.2(b)(1), 
214.1(a)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Severability

    Comment: A professional association and a business association 
expressed support for the Department's proposal for the regulations to 
be severable. Another professional association remarked that it has no 
objection to including severability in the rule proposal.

[[Page 103285]]

    Response: DHS appreciates these comments and is finalizing the 
severability provision with minor clarifying edits. DHS intends for the 
provisions of this rule to be severable from each other such that if a 
court were to hold that any provision is invalid or unenforceable as to 
a particular person or circumstance, the rule will remain in effect as 
to any other person or circumstance. While, as discussed in the NPRM 
and in this preamble, the various provisions of this rule, taken 
together, will provide maximum benefit with respect to strengthening 
program integrity, increasing worker flexibility, and improving program 
efficiency, none of the provisions are interdependent and unable to 
operate separately. In the severability clause contained in this final 
rule, DHS has identified the second level paragraphs (for example, 
(h)(6)) in which the severable amended provisions contained in this 
final rule can be found. These references along with the date of the 
final rule are intended to better identify the severable provisions and 
differentiate them from the existing provisions in 8 CFR 214.2 that are 
not being impacted by this final rule.

H. Input on Future Actions/Proposals for Beneficiary Notification

    Comment: Multiple commenters suggested that the Department 
implement an electronic notification system of beneficiary and employer 
statuses, while also recommending that the Department implement an 
electronic filing process. A business association suggested using a 
system like DOL's Foreign Labor Application Gateway (FLAG) system, 
which would reduce cost and time burdens for employers and DHS. A trade 
association remarked that electronic filing is a necessary efficiency, 
and it would be a ``disservice'' to employers and beneficiaries to not 
implement electronic filing for H-2A petitions. A couple of trade 
associations, an advocacy group, and a business association recommended 
that the Department implement an electronic notification system through 
the technology the Department currently possesses, while also proposing 
to make the entire filing process electronic to reduce cost and time 
burdens to employers and the Department. The commenters added that it 
is inconceivable that employers must still file their petitions on 
paper, given they will be transcribed and entered into the Department's 
electronic system. A trade association stated that the paper petitions 
currently used are costly, time consuming, and inefficient, especially 
given that the Department already stores a large amount of information 
electronically.
    A couple of commenters, including a professional association and a 
business association remarked that moving USCIS systems into the 
digital age as quickly as possible would be welcomed by H-2A workers, 
employers, and the Department itself.
    A professional association stated that using email with digitized 
notices and enhancing website capabilities with real-time information 
would be the most effective, efficient, and affordable method of 
communication between beneficiaries, petitioners, and DHS. Another 
professional association recommended that the Department add an email 
section to Attachment-1 of Form I-129, which would allow USCIS to email 
the beneficiary that someone applied to amend their status. The 
commenter stated that at times, this may result in more work for 
employers, agents, and associations, but it would be an efficiency that 
would benefit the worker.
    A joint submission concurred with DHS's reasoning on providing 
notifications directly to beneficiaries, but cautioned the Department 
not to implement a process that requires significant information 
collection or disclosure on the part of the employer. The commenter 
added that it would advocate against any process that makes the contact 
information of beneficiaries, such as email address, a mandatory field 
on petition forms. The commenter concluded that failure to provide 
beneficiary contact information should not serve as a basis for 
petition rejection or denial.
    Another joint submission concurred with DHS that more notice and 
transparency is beneficial, and limiting notifications to the 
petitioning employer may restrict the beneficiary's options to transfer 
to subsequent employment or extend or change their status. The 
commenter expressed opposition to any changes to the Form I-129 that 
would dramatically increase the transaction cost associated with a 
named petition, such as the inclusion of multiple new fields or 
additional pages. The commenter recommended adding an optional email 
address field to Attachment-1 and using this information to copy the 
beneficiary on any notifications. The commenter concluded that a copy 
of notifications could be mailed to beneficiaries if an email address 
is not available since the Attachment-1 already requires U.S. and 
foreign addresses.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments. In the NPRM, DHS stated 
that it was seeking preliminary public input on ways to provide H-2 and 
other Form I-129 beneficiaries with notice of USCIS actions taken on 
petitions filed on their behalf as well as other suggestions regarding 
ways to ensure adequate notification to beneficiaries of actions taken 
with respect to petitions filed on their behalf. As indicated in the 
NPRM, the feedback was being sought to inform a potential future 
action, and DHS did not propose a particular approach in the NPRM. 
Therefore, DHS is not making any regulatory changes as a result of the 
request for preliminary input in this final rule but will take into 
serious consideration the input provided by these commenters as it 
continues to research and consider the feasibility, benefits, and costs 
of various options separate and apart from this final rule.

I. Other Comments Related to the Rule or H-2 Programs/Requirements

1. Alternatives and Other General Comments on the Proposed Rule
    Comment: Some commenters provided broad recommendations to improve 
H-2 worker conditions while supporting USCIS for its efforts to protect 
H-2 workers' rights. For example, an advocacy group stated that in the 
longer term, additional changes would be needed to shift the balance of 
power in the employer-worker relationship in favor of workers' rights. 
A couple of individual commenters provided additional suggestions, 
requesting that the proposed rule establish safe and clean housing for 
workers and their families, a minimum wage for workers, access to 
healthy food, medical care, English language learning opportunities, 
and education for both adult workers and their children. An individual 
commenter stated, without elaboration, that H-2 workers should be well 
compensated for their labor, must have adequate rest periods and 
opportunities to organize for fair wages, and should have their living 
conditions and safety monitored.
    Response: DHS appreciates the broad support for efforts to protect 
H-2 workers' rights. However, while DHS appreciates these holistic 
analyses of the H-2 programs, DHS declines to make any changes in 
response to these comments as they do not address specific elements 
outlined in this rulemaking or suggest specific changes. Further, 
issues involving housing standards, access to housing, H-2 wages, 
access to healthy foods, and rest periods, generally are better 
addressed by local, State, and Federal labor agencies such as DOL and 
are outside

[[Page 103286]]

the scope of this rule. Similarly, other concerns with the need for 
medical care, English language learning opportunities, and education 
for both adult workers and their children, are outside the scope of 
this rule.
    Comment: An individual commenter requested that any employers who 
abuse H-2 workers face swift prosecution.
    Response: DHS is committed to protecting all workers from 
exploitation and abuse. However, though it is not entirely clear what 
the commenter was referring to, DHS notes that the term ``prosecution'' 
generally relates to criminal proceedings.\118\ As this rulemaking does 
not directly involve criminal proceedings, the comment is beyond the 
scope of this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \118\ Prosecution definition, Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed., 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A research organization requested that USCIS prioritize 
the selection of H-2B petitions in industries with the greatest need 
for workers in order to curtail fraud and abuse in the program.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment but is not making any changes 
in response to this comment because the comment is beyond the scope of 
this rulemaking. In any event, it is also unclear how an industry-based 
H-2B prioritization scheme would curtail fraud and abuse in the 
program.
2. Implementation
    Comment: An advocacy group recommended developing a ``multi-pronged 
communications strategy to ensure that workers are aware of the changes 
related to worker flexibility and program integrity once implemented'' 
including clearly communicating all implemented changes related to 
aligning admissions periods and grace periods to H-2 workers, ensuring 
workers are aware they may stay in the United States for 60 days 
following unexpected termination of H-2 employment and for 30 days 
following the validity period of their H-2 contract. The commenter also 
requested that DHS partner with worker leaders, organizers, and trusted 
community organizations to communicate the changes in the proposed rule 
as well as workers' rights in the United States more broadly.
    Response: DHS has worked diligently to develop a communications 
strategy in preparation for this final rule. After the publication of 
this final rule, DHS will announce various stakeholder events it 
intends to hold, which will be open to the public, to raise awareness 
of the final rule.
    Comment: An individual commenter encouraged USCIS to improve the 
clarity and readability of the regulatory text through the use of plain 
language, active voice, bullet points, lists, examples, and 
illustrations. The commenter suggested, for example, that USCIS replace 
terms such as ``petitioner,'' ``beneficiary,'' ``certifying officer,'' 
or ``administrative law judge'' with simpler terms, such as 
``employer,'' ``worker,'' ``DHS official,'' or ``judge.'' The commenter 
concluded that these adjustments would enhance the ability of employers 
and workers to understand and comply with program regulations.
    Response: DHS/USCIS is dedicated to improving its communications 
with the public. We support the Plain Writing Act of 2010 and have an 
internal plain language program.\119\ We strive to use plain language 
where it is possible to do so; however, often times it is necessary to 
use precise terms such as ``petitioner'' and ``beneficiary'' because 
these are the words that appear in related and corresponding regulatory 
text and have established meaning, and using alternate words would 
introduce ambiguity or confusion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ USCIS, ``About Us: USCIS Plain Language,'' https://www.uscis.gov/about-us/uscis-plain-language (last viewed May 6, 
2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Employer/Petitioner Requirements, Processes, and Fees
    Comment: A professional association expressed support for the 
provision in the proposed rule that would allow for the substitution of 
H-2A beneficiaries after admission and urged the Department to extend 
it to H-2B beneficiaries. The commenter said that not extending the 
provision to H-2B employers would place them on a different footing 
than H-2A employers and hinders H-2B employers who were looking for 
foreign labor assistance because they could not find domestic labor.
    Response: The provision at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(ix) that allows 
substitution of H-2A beneficiaries after admission is an existing 
provision to which DHS did not propose substantive changes. Rather, DHS 
proposed minor revisions to the provision to remove and replace the 
negatively charged terms ``abscond'' and ``absconded'' with more 
neutral terms. 88 FR 65040, 65068 (Sept. 20, 2023). Therefore, the 
commenter's suggestion is out of scope of this rulemaking.
4. Validity Period and 3-Year Maximum Period of Stay
    Comment: A research organization suggested that the Department 
extend the 3-year maximum stay provision to 6 years, stating that 
easing the maximum stay provision would increase the availability of H-
2 workers, reduce agency and employer burdens, and improve the 
bargaining power of workers. The commenter elaborated that the current 
limit imposes ``unnecessary burdens'' on agencies by requiring them to 
vet a new group of workers to replace those subject to the 3-year 
limit, which would expose the country to ``avoidable security risks.'' 
The commenter further elaborated that the current 3-year limit imposes 
burdens on employers, as employers are harmed by turnover caused by 
workers leaving the country during their jobs and are potentially 
blocked from rehiring returning workers whom they have already trained 
on their operations. The commenter also noted that workers nearing the 
end of their stay would not be able to change employers, thus giving 
their employers ``excessive leverage in setting wages and working 
conditions.'' The commenter added that the current maximum limit on 
stay exacerbates the shortage of H-2B workers because H-2B hires who 
are already in the United States are exempt from the H-2B cap, and that 
extending the maximum stay provision to 6 years would lead to a lower 
portion of the H-2 workforce receiving extensions. The commenter also 
added that the NPRM's grace periods proposal may radically increase the 
percentage of workers who reach their 3-year limit. Finally, the 
commenter stated that the NPRM's proposal to limit H-2 workers to a 
maximum of 3 years with H-2 status unless they have departed the United 
States for an uninterrupted period of 60 days has no basis in law. 
Referencing the regulatory history associated with the 3-year limit, 
and the statutory history of the 6-year limit applicable to the H-1B 
classification maximum period of admission, the commenter concluded 
that there is ``statutory ground'' for extending the provision to 6 
years. Specifically, the commenter indicated that Congress had defined 
``coming temporarily'' in the H-1B context as up to 6 years.
    Response: DHS declines to extend the 3-year maximum period of stay 
provision to 6 years. First, the NPRM did not propose to substantively 
change the 3-year maximum period of stay, but rather, proposed to 
eliminate the ``interrupted stay'' calculation and reduce the period of 
absence to restart the 3-year maximum period of stay clock. Second, it 
is not necessary to change this longstanding regulatory standard which, 
as the commenter stated has existed since 1964,\120\ was

[[Page 103287]]

again referenced in the 1987 final rule, and is intended to ensure that 
a person's stay in H-2 status is in fact temporary, as required under 
section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) of the INA.\121\ DHS further disagrees 
with the commenter that because Congress defined what ``coming 
temporarily'' means for purposes of the H-1B program, this provision 
should be applied in the H-2 context or provide support for similar 
treatment of H-2s. There is no requirement that the maximum period of 
stay for the H-2 classification be the same as that for the H-1B 
classification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \120\ 29 FR 11956, 11958 (Aug. 21, 1964). As promulgated in that 
rulemaking, 8 CFR 214.2(h)(3), the header for which read, 
``Admission and extension,'' stated ``An alien defined in section 
101(a) (15)(H)(ii) of the Act shall not be granted an extension 
which would result in an unbroken stay in the United States of more 
than 3 years.'' It is notable that while this regulation generally 
applied to all H classifications, the 3-year limit was specifically 
applied only to H-2s.
    \121\ ``Nonimmigrant Classes,'' 52 FR 20554, 20555 (June 1, 
1987) (interim final rule codifying the 3-year limit noting that 
``[t]here has traditionally been a three year limit on an H-2 
alien's uninterrupted stay'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The new provisions being finalized in this rule, including the 
provisions to reduce the period of absence required to reset the 
worker's maximum period of stay and provide portability flexibility 
permanently, will alleviate many of the commenter's concerns about 
rehiring returning workers, pressures on employers due to the H-2B cap, 
and improving the bargaining power of workers. DHS does not agree with 
the commenter's concerns about agency burdens. The maximum validity 
period on an H-2 petition remains unchanged; each H-2 petition may only 
be approved for a validity period not to exceed 1 year (except for an 
H-2B petition approved for a one-time occurrence under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(ii)(B)(1)). An employer seeking to employ an H-2 worker 
beyond the end of the petition validity period would still have to file 
another H-2 petition requesting an extension of stay for that worker. 
USCIS would still need to adjudicate each extension petition, at which 
time USCIS would screen the beneficiary for continued eligibility, and 
thus keeping the 3-year limit would not lead to ``avoidable security 
risks'' as suggested by the commenter.

J. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements

1. Administrative Procedure Act (APA)
    Comment: Numerous commenters, including multiple trade 
associations, a joint submission from numerous industry associations, 
State Government agencies, and Federal elected officials, expressed 
general disappointment with the lack of extension or requested a 30- or 
60-day extension to the comment period for the proposed rule. Many 
commenters reasoned that they and their members or constituents are 
limited in their ability to review and provide meaningful feedback on 
the proposed changes, as the comment period aligns with peak harvesting 
season or peak seasonal business needs. Additionally, multiple 
commenters reasoned that the comment period overlaps with multiple 
recent administrative actions--including public comment opportunities 
with the DOL and the USDA, and other agencies--that impact the same 
stakeholders and that require input during or around the same period. 
The commenters concluded that an extension would be necessary for the 
regulated community to analyze the full impact of the proposed changes, 
submit comments based on a comprehensive review of the rule, and 
meaningfully participate in the rulemaking process. A trade association 
expressed concern that because the proposed regulation does not 
acknowledge the existing legal investigative and enforcement structure 
for H-2 employment conditions, that the public cannot properly evaluate 
or comment on the proposal.
    Response: As DHS noted in a November 3, 2023, letter that it posted 
to the rule's electronic docket (USCIS-2023-0012) for public viewing, 
DHS takes seriously the requirements under the Administrative Procedure 
Act to provide an opportunity for members of the public to participate 
in the rulemaking process by submitting data, views, or arguments on 
the proposed agency action. In that letter, DHS stated that it decided 
not to extend the comment period beyond 60 days, that is, past November 
20, 2023, the last day of the comment period, noting that a 60-day 
comment period is generally considered sufficient for the public to 
provide input in response to proposed rulemaking actions. DHS has 
provided 60 days for public comment for other comprehensive rulemakings 
like this one in the past, and that duration has routinely been 
sufficient as evidenced by the volume and substance of public comments 
received. The letter emphasized that DHS believes the 60-day comment 
period for the 2023 H-2 NPRM provides sufficient time and a reasonable 
opportunity for the public to comment. DHS noted too that USCIS had 
engaged stakeholder groups over the past several years and incorporated 
comments and suggestions from these engagements into the 2023 H-2 NPRM.
    As stated above, some commenters raised specific concerns with the 
comment period because it aligned with peak harvesting season or 
certain peak seasonal business needs, and because it overlapped with 
public comment opportunities for administrative actions by other 
agencies that could impact the same stakeholders. While the noted 
circumstances may have rendered the 60-day comment period a busier time 
for certain stakeholders, DHS believes it was sufficient to afford the 
public a meaningful opportunity to participate in the rulemaking 
process. Indeed, neither of these circumstances appears to have limited 
the public's ability to meaningfully engage in the notice and comment 
period. DHS notes that nearly two thousand commenters--including many 
stakeholders impacted by the harvest season and other agencies' 
administrative actions--submitted substantive comments during the 60-
day comment period.
    Comment: Several commenters, including an advocacy group, a 
professional association, and a business association, expressed 
appreciation for the opportunity to meaningfully comment on the 
proposed rulemaking. A joint submission from a union and numerous 
advocacy organizations urged USCIS to expedite finalization of the rule 
immediately following the standard 60-day comment period.
    Response: DHS appreciates these commenters' support and the 
significant response and feedback it received on the published H-2 
NPRM. Given the importance of the issues addressed herein, DHS has 
worked diligently to timely finalize the rule after carefully reviewing 
public comments and making appropriate changes based on public 
feedback.
    Comment: A few commenters, including an advocacy group, a trade 
association, and a business association, urged USCIS to engage 
stakeholders more generously, such as through providing more details 
for comment, publishing another notice to the Federal Register with 
more detail, or other direct communication with stakeholders. One of 
these commenters indicated that the NPRM lacked sufficient explanation 
of the prohibited fees and denial provisions needed to properly apprise 
stakeholders of what is to be expected of them under this proposed 
rule. A State Government agency recommended USCIS offer forums for 
recruiters or hirers of foreign workers to express concerns earlier in 
the rulemaking process.
    Response: DHS appreciates the suggestions from these commenters but 
disagrees that the NPRM lacked specificity necessary to apprise 
stakeholders of how the various proposal would operate or what would

[[Page 103288]]

be required of the public to comply. Nonetheless, as discussed in the 
section addressing, for example, prohibited fees, DHS has further 
refined these provisions to address requests for further clarification 
received from commenters, and has made other responsive edits to the 
regulation in response to public comments. The number and quality of 
public comments received on the NPRM further demonstrate that most 
commenters both understood the proposals and were able to provide 
salient feedback on those proposals. Therefore, DHS believes that the 
opportunity for notice and comment has been sufficient. In addition, 
following publication of the final rule, DHS will consider ways to 
effectively engage the regulated community on its new H-2 provisions 
and provide further guidance, if needed, to assist program participants 
with compliance.
    Comment: A joint submission from former DHS senior officials stated 
that the proposed rulemaking violates the APA as it is ``both arbitrary 
and capricious'' and because USCIS must consider alternative options.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the proposed changes in the NPRM, 
which are finalized in this rule, are arbitrary, capricious, and fail 
to consider alternatives. The NPRM and this final rule provide a 
reasonable basis for each of the changes proposed and made. To the 
extent possible and available, DHS has cited studies and data in 
support of the proposed changes and has used available data to assess 
the impact of the proposals, and where applicable, regulatory 
alternatives. In addition, where possible, DHS generated and considered 
specific alternative approaches to the changes made and explained why 
it was not proposing such alternatives. For example, DHS explained that 
rather than eliminating the eligible country list as proposed, it 
considered keeping the list in place until it is replaced by a new list 
and extending the timeframe for review from every 1 year to every 2 
years. It then explained the shortcomings of this alternative as 
reasons for not proposing it. 88 FR 65040, 65070 (Sept. 20, 2023). In 
addition, as an alternative to the complicated calculations needed to 
determine an interrupted stay under the current H-2 framework, DHS 
considered adopting an interrupted stay provision similar to the 
current ``recapture'' provision for H-1B beneficiaries. Ultimately, DHS 
chose not to match the H-1B provision because it believes the H-1B 
provision to ``recapture time'' would be only a minimally less 
confusing calculation for petitioners and H-2 workers, as well as for 
USCIS adjudicators. 88 FR 65040, 65072. In addition, in the Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis in the NPRM, DHS discussed alternatives 
to the proposed regulation.\122\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \122\ 88 FR 65040, 65098, subsection f, (Sept. 20, 2023). 
(``Description of Any Significant Alternatives to the Proposed Rule 
That Accomplish the Stated Objectives of Applicable Statutes and 
That Minimize Any Significant Economic Impact of the Proposed Rule 
on Small Entities.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, in this final rule, DHS has considered and addressed 
alternatives proposed by commenters. For example, in this final rule 
DHS explains why it is not adopting the alternatives commenters 
proposed to the elimination of the exception to the prohibition on 
charging workers fees. As explained more fully in the responses to 
comments relating to prohibited fees, the prohibited fee provisions in 
this final rule are intended to complement DOL rules. DHS also 
explained how inconsistency between DHS's and DOL's H-2 rules may cause 
confusion and could discourage law-abiding employers from using the H-2 
program to address labor shortages. As discussed elsewhere in this 
preamble, this final rule further clarifies the employer obligations 
related to prohibited fees to ensure that employers understand what is 
expected of them and are not discouraged from using the H-2 program to 
fill their legitimate temporary need for workers.
2. Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) (E.O. 12866 and E.O. 13563)
a. Impacts on Nonimmigrants/Workers or Their Representatives
    Comment: An advocacy group responded to the request for comment on 
``the prevalence, population, and cost of prohibited fees and their 
impacts on H-2 workers.'' The advocacy group stated that despite 
regulations prohibiting the requesting or receiving of payments or 
recruitment fees from workers in exchange for activity related to H-2A 
employment, workers are still vulnerable to fraud. The commenter 
provided an example of H-2A workers being asked to pay recruitment fees 
of between $3,000 and $4,000 per person as a condition for their 
employment. The commenter also referenced other federal court cases and 
reports of recruiters or employers charging prohibited fees, and 
referred to statistics suggesting the average payment issued by workers 
is $590 per person.\123\ The advocacy group added that predatory 
actions such as charging workers prohibited fees can contribute to 
human trafficking, because H-2A workers often arrive to the United 
States in debt from unreimbursed costs and fees, putting them at 
greater risk of trafficking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \123\ As examples of the reports of prohibited fees, the 
commenter citedUlloa v. Fancy Farms, Inc., 762 Fed. Appx. 859 (2019 
U.S. App.), Palma Ulloa v. Fancy Farms, Inc., 274 F. Supp. 3d 1287 
(2017 U.S. Dist.), and ICE, ``3 Indicted In Immigration Fraud Scheme 
That Exploited Immigrant Farm Workers By Charging Prohibited Fees 
For Visas, Living Expenses'' (May 17, 2018), https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/3-indicted-immigration-fraud-scheme-exploited-immigrant-farm-workers-charging. As support for the statistics 
suggesting an average prohibited fee payment of $590, the commenter 
cited to Centro de los Derechos del Migrante, ``Recruitment 
Revealed'' (2018), https://cdmigrante.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Recruitment_Revealed.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' input regarding the 
average amount of prohibited fees H-2 workers are being asked to pay. 
While DHS cannot independently verify the provided statistics, the 
input is nevertheless valuable as generally demonstrating the 
prevalence of the practice of charging prohibited fees despite current 
regulations that prohibit them. This final rule attempts to mitigate, 
to the extent possible, the harm to H-2 workers resulting from the 
imposition or threat of prohibited fees by those engaged in the 
practices described by the commenters.
b. Impacts on Employers/Petitioners or Their Representatives
    Comment: An attorney remarked that while 88 FR 65040, 65045, n. 1 
(Sept. 20, 2023) states that ``USCIS does not expect any additional 
costs to H-2B employers as, generally, they do not have to provide 
housing for workers,'' amusement industry employers have had to bear 
additional costs related to housing provision since 2016. The commenter 
then stated that USCIS has not conducted a cost-benefit analysis on 
this matter.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that, while there is no statutory 
requirement for H-2B employers to provide housing, there are regulatory 
prohibitions against deductions from wages for the cost of housing by 
an H-2B employer when it is provided primarily for the benefit or 
convenience of the employer, such as in the context of an employer with 
a need for a mobile workforce. See 20 CFR 655.20(b), (c); 29 CFR 
531.3(d)(1); 80 FR 24042, 24063 (Apr. 29, 2015). This rule's regulatory 
impact analysis of costs and benefits is being revised to acknowledge 
that certain H-2B employers in this limited scenario may face 
additional costs such as for housing, but because DHS does not have 
data on the population of H-2B employers that this provision would 
affect at this granular of a level, monetized impacts cannot be 
estimated.

[[Page 103289]]

    Comment: An association of State Governments expressed concern that 
the proposed rule could cause administrative delays to the H-2B program 
and higher costs for agricultural employers. In particular, the 
association suggested that a shortage of labor exacerbated by the 
proposed rule could cause producers to turn to producing less labor-
intensive agricultural products or turn the costs of restructuring 
their businesses onto consumers.
    Response: It is speculative that this rule will exacerbate labor 
shortages and cause higher costs for agricultural employers and 
consumers. It is also speculative that this rule will cause 
administrative delays to the H-2B program. Insofar as the rule codifies 
new requirements for petitioners and new protections for workers, it 
does so in furtherance of program integrity.
c. Impacts on Small Entities (Regulatory Flexibility Act, Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA))
    Comment: An association of State Governments expressed concern that 
the proposed rule would adversely impact small agricultural employers 
who may lack resources needed to understand the regulatory requirements 
of the H-2 program. The commenter urged USCIS to specifically contact 
small entities to describe the proposed changes. A trade association 
remarked that small employers who rely on agents for recruiting workers 
and unintentionally violate the proposed stricter standards for 
prohibited fees could be disproportionately harmed, and some small 
growers could be put out of business.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment but declines to contact all 
possibly affected small businesses. DHS emphasizes that all regulatory 
requirements and procedures will be explained and analyzed through 
multiple channels (the promulgation of this rule as evidenced by 
publication after consideration of comments received during the notice 
and comment period, relevant form instructions, and established 
communication materials such as the ``Small Entity Compliance Guide''). 
Additionally, DHS believes that marginal burdens being placed on small 
entities in order to ensure that they comply with program requirements 
and worker protections is justified by the benefits of increased 
program integrity (as discussed above in the preamble).
d. Impacts on the Economy, U.S. Citizens/Taxpayers/Consumers
    Comment: A research organization expressed concern that USCIS does 
not provide an impact assessment of the proposed permanent and expanded 
portability in the NPRM, stating that this prevents the public from 
comprehending the impact of the proposed rule on the U.S. labor market.
    Response: The comment that the NPRM did not provide an impact 
assessment of the proposed permanent and expanded portability is 
inaccurate. In the NPRM, DHS provided a detailed explanation of the 
expected impact of the portability provision. 88 FR 65040, 65044, 
65084-65089 (Sept. 20, 2023). Additionally, in this final rule DHS is 
has provided additional data showing the number of approved H-2B 
petitions and beneficiaries extending stay with and without a change in 
employer pursuant to the commenter's request (see Table 2 and Table 3, 
respectively).
    Comment: A joint submission of former DHS senior officials stated 
that the economic analysis in the NPRM does not consider administrative 
costs of the proposed rule on U.S. workers, namely that the average 
wage for H-2B workers is lower than the national mean wage in several 
job categories. The joint submission remarked that this could make H-2B 
employees more favorable to employers than U.S. citizens.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment but disagrees with the 
commenters' conclusions regarding H-2B wages and making H-2B workers 
more favorable to employers than U.S. citizens. A certified TLC issued 
by the DOL is a necessary condition for the approval of a Form I-129 
petition for H-2B workers. The TLC certifies that the employer has 
already attested and demonstrated that a qualified U.S. worker was not 
available to fill the petitioning H-2B employer's job opportunity and 
that the H-2B worker's employment in said job will not adversely affect 
the wages and working conditions of similarly employed workers in the 
United States. See INA sec. 214(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(1); 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(ii), (h)(6)(iii)(A), and (h)(6)(v).

K. Out of Scope

    DHS received numerous comments that were unrelated to the proposed 
revisions in the NPRM. Many of these comments would require 
Congressional action or additional regulatory action by DHS that was 
not proposed in the NPRM. Other comments suggested revisions within the 
purview of DOL or other Federal, State, or local agencies.
    Although DHS has summarized the comments it received below (and in 
some cases, noted them above), DHS is not providing substantive 
responses to those comments as they are beyond the scope of this 
rulemaking. Comments from the public outside the scope of this 
rulemaking concerned the following issues:
     Comments specifically regarding DOL's rulemaking for H-2A 
workers, or comments specifically directed to DOL asking them to 
undertake certain actions;
     Suggestions related to H-2 wages, such as increasing H-2 
wages or that farm workers should receive 8 hours of pay for a 4-hour 
workday;
     Comments to improve or expand the functionality of DOL's 
website, SeasonalJobs.dol.gov, or another similar resource to 
facilitate H-2 workers seeking new jobs;
     Comments asking DHS to engage in interagency efforts with 
DOJ, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the Department of 
Housing and Urban Development, in addressing discriminatory 
recruitment, labor trafficking, retaliation, and substandard housing;
     Comments to improve DOS's visa process;
     A suggestion that DOL allow certifications of H-2A and H-
2B recurring jobs for up to 3 years, which would allow DHS to approve 
these workers' status for up to 3 years;
     A suggestion that DHS reduce the number of petitions an 
employer needs to make for a given season, including increasing the 
number of beneficiaries allowed per petition from 25 workers to at 
least 35 workers;
     Comments advocating for domestic solutions to the aging 
services staffing crisis, including a guest worker program for 
eldercare healthcare providers;
     Comments about increasing filing fees for H-2 petitions;
     Suggesting that ``employers without violations in the 
previous 5 years should be able to receive a 3-year labor certification 
rather than a single-year certification;''
     A request that DHS consider permitting for-profit, non-
attorney agents who are not eligible to file a Form G-28, Notice of 
Entry of Appearance, to communicate with USCIS on behalf of employers 
if authorized to do so, and allow partial accreditation for this 
purpose;
     Comments about the annual statutory cap for H-2B visas;
     Comments about the exclusion of certain occupations from 
the H-2B program;

[[Page 103290]]

     General concerns with unauthorized immigration and its 
negative impacts on the United States;
     A request to close the U.S. southern border and force 
individuals who entered without authorization to work;
     A request to adjust fees based on the size or type of the 
employer, allocate visas based on employer and worker needs, and expand 
the list of eligible occupations based on market demand or worker 
availability;
     Requests to create a pathway to citizenship;
     Requests to create a clear path to ``legal permanent 
residency'' in the United States for H-2 workers;
     Suggestion to create a renewable seasonal visa;
     Comments about deferred action or parole;
     Comments about an ICE policy memorandum relating to 
enforcement actions in or near protected areas;
     Requests to authorize work employment for spouses of H-2 
workers;
     Suggestions to make year-round work easier, including 
allocating a certain number of year-round temporary visas and 
increasing the 2-week maximum period for emergent circumstances for H-
2A workers;
     Suggestions to create a way for H-2 workers to self-
petition for their visas and connect directly with certified employers 
through a multilingual, government-hosted database of available jobs.

V. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements

A. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review) and Executive 
Order 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review)

    Executive Orders 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), as amended 
by Executive Order 14094 (Modernizing Regulatory Review), and 13563 
(Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review) direct agencies to assess 
the costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize 
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public 
health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive 
Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and 
benefits, of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of promoting 
flexibility. Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 (Regulatory Planning and 
Review), E.O. 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review) and 
E.O. 14094 (Modernizing Regulatory Review) direct agencies to assess 
the costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives. If a 
regulation is necessary, these Executive Orders direct that, to the 
extent permitted by law, agencies ensure that the benefits of a 
regulation justify its costs and select the regulatory approach that 
maximizes net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, 
public health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). 
Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both 
costs and benefits, of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of 
promoting flexibility. It explicitly draws attention to ``equity, human 
dignity, fairness, and distributive impacts,'' values that are 
difficult or impossible to quantify. All of these considerations are 
relevant in this rulemaking.
    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has designated this rule 
a ``significant regulatory action'' under section 3(f) of Executive 
Order 12866, as amended by Executive Order 14094, however it is not 
significant under section 3(f)(1) because its annual effects on the 
economy do not exceed $200 million in any year of the analysis. 
Accordingly, OMB has reviewed this regulation.
1. Summary of Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action
    As discussed in the preamble, DHS is amending its regulations 
affecting temporary agricultural and temporary nonagricultural workers 
within the H-2 programs, and their employers. The final rule seeks to 
better ensure the integrity of the H-2 programs, enhance protection for 
workers, and clarify requirements and consequences of actions 
incongruent with the intent of H-2 employment. The provisions of this 
final rule subject to this regulatory analysis are grouped into four 
categories: (1) integrity and worker protections; (2) worker 
flexibilities; (3) improving H-2 program efficiencies and reducing 
barriers to legal migration; and (4) forms and technical updates.
2. Summary of Costs and Benefits of the Final Rule
    This final rule will impose new direct costs on petitioners in the 
form of opportunity costs of time to complete and file H-2 petitions 
and time spent to familiarize themselves with the rule. The 
quantifiable costs of this rule that will impact petitioners 
consistently and directly are the increased opportunity cost of time to 
complete Form I-129 H Classification Supplement and opportunity costs 
of time related to the rule's portability provision. Over the 10-year 
period of analysis, DHS estimates the total costs of the final rule 
will be approximately $16,905,113 to $22,607,100 (undiscounted). DHS 
estimates the annualized costs of this final rule will range from 
$1,825,104 to $2,438,679 at a 3-percent discount rate and $2,014,389 to 
$2,686,606 at a 7-percent discount rate. In addition, DHS expects the 
rule will result in transfers from consumers to a limited number of H-
2A and H-2B workers who may choose to supply additional labor 
(consumers pay for the goods made available by the marginal labor 
provided). The total annualized transfer amounts are estimated to be 
$2,918,958 in additional earnings at the 3-percent and 7-percent 
discount rate and related tax transfers of $337,122 ($168,561 from 
these workers + $168,561 from employers). Fees paid for Form I-129 and 
premium processing as a result of the final rule's portability 
provision constitute a transfer of $884,180 from petitioners of porting 
workers to USCIS (3- and 7-percent annualized equivalent).
    Certain petitioners may also incur other costs that are difficult 
to quantify. For example, certain petitioners may incur additional 
opportunity costs of time should they be selected for a compliance 
review or a site visit. Other petitioners may face stricter 
consequences for charging prohibited fees, and/or may opt to transport 
and house H-2A beneficiaries earlier than they would have otherwise 
based on the proposed extension of the pre-employment grace period from 
7 to 10 days. In general, petitioners that are found to be noncompliant 
with the provisions of the rule or other existing authorities (for 
example, H-2 program violators subject to mandatory and discretionary 
grounds for denial) may incur costs related to lost sales, 
productivity, or profits as well as additional opportunity costs of 
time spent attempting to comply with the rule. Moreover, USCIS may 
incur increased opportunity costs of time for adjudicators to review 
information regarding debarment and other past violation determinations 
more closely, issue RFEs or NOIDs, and for related computer system 
updates.
    The benefits of this final rule will be diverse, though most are 
difficult to quantify. The final rule extends portability to H-2 
workers lawfully present in the United States who are seeking to extend 
their stay regardless of a porting petitioner's E-Verify standing, 
allowing for greater consistency across portability regulations and 
other nonimmigrant worker categories. Beneficiaries will also benefit 
from the

[[Page 103291]]

extended grace periods, the permanent ability to port, the 
clarification that employers who employ porting workers must continue 
to abide by all H-2 requirements regarding worker benefits and 
protections, and the elimination of the interrupted stay provisions and 
instead reducing the period of absence out of the country to reset the 
3-year maximum period of stay. The Federal Government will also enjoy 
benefits, mainly through bolstering existing program integrity 
activities and providing a greater ability for USCIS to deny or revoke 
petitions for issues related to program compliance. Table 4 provides a 
more detailed summary of the final provisions and their impacts.
BILLING CODE 91111-97-P

[[Page 103292]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.007


[[Page 103293]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.008


[[Page 103294]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.009


[[Page 103295]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.010


[[Page 103296]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.012


[[Page 103297]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.011


[[Page 103298]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.013


[[Page 103299]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.014

BILLING CODE 91111-97-C
    Furthermore, a limited number of changes have been made to the 
final rule relative to the NPRM. First, the final rule has been updated 
to reflect the publication of the USCIS Fee Rule.\124\ Second, the 
final rule has been updated to reflect the publication of the most 
recent H-2B Supplemental Cap Temporary Final Rule.\125\ Both updates 
affected the final rule's costs and transfers due to changes to the 
analytical baseline depicting the world absent the impacts of this rule 
rather than policy changes from the NPRM. Additionally, some small 
methodological changes were made to the calculation for the number of 
marginal Form I-129 filings due to the rule's portability provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \124\ See ``U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Fee 
Schedule and Changes to Certain Other Immigration Benefit Request 
Requirements; Final Rule,'' 89 FR 6194 (31 Jan. 2024).
    \125\ See ``Exercise of Time-Limited Authority to Increase the 
Numerical Limitation for FY 2024 for the H-2B Temporary 
Nonagricultural Worker Program and Portability Flexibility for H-2B 
Workers Seeking To Change Employers; Temporary Final Rule,'' 88 FR 
80394 (17 Nov. 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Summary of Comments Related to the Regulatory Impact Analysis and 
Associated Responses
    DHS requested comments from the public on several topics discussed 
in the NPRM. Several of those comments discussed issues related to the 
regulatory impact analysis and the economic impacts of the rule. These 
comments, and their responses, are discussed at length in the preamble 
but, in the interest of transparency, are also discussed here.
a. Impacts on the Economy, U.S. Citizens/Taxpayers/Consumers
    Comment: A research organization expressed concern that USCIS does 
not provide an impact assessment of the proposed permanent and expanded 
portability in the NPRM and that, in failing to do so, USCIS prevents 
the public from comprehending the impact of the proposed rule on the 
U.S. labor market.
    Response: The comment that the NPRM did not provide an impact 
assessment of the proposed permanent and expanded portability is 
inaccurate. In the NPRM, DHS provided a detailed explanation of the 
expected impact of the portability provision. 88 FR 65044, 65084-65089 
(Sept. 20, 2023). Additionally, in this final rule DHS has provided 
additional historical data showing the number of approved H-2B 
petitions and beneficiaries extending stay with and without a change in 
employer (see Table 2 and Table 3, respectively) pursuant to the 
commenter's request.
    Comment: A joint submission of former DHS senior officials stated 
that the economic analysis in the NPRM does not consider administrative 
costs of the proposed rule on U.S. workers, namely that the average 
wage for H-2B workers is lower than the national mean wage in several 
job categories. The joint submission remarked that this could make H-2B 
employees more favorable to employers than U.S. citizens and therefore 
could have negative impacts on the domestic labor force.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment but disagrees with the 
commenter's conclusions regarding H-2B wages and making H-2B workers 
more attractive relative to the domestic labor force. A certified TLC 
is a necessary condition for the approval for a Form I-129 for H-2B 
workers and, as such, any prospective H-2B employer has legally 
attested that they have already attempted to hire domestic labor and 
that any H-2B beneficiaries will not adversely impact wages and working 
conditions of similar workers already in the United States.\126\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \126\ See 20 CFR 655.1(a); see also INA sec. 214(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(c)(1); 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(i)(A) and (ii), (h)(6)(iii)(A), and 
(h)(6)(v).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A research organization expressed concern that the NPRM 
does not discuss important aspects of the H-2B program, including 
extensions of stay, and therefore does not properly address the 
``true'' size of the program. The commenter discussed concerns 
regarding publicly available data and that the program has grown beyond 
its statutorily mandated parameters.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment but notes that much of the 
comment's substance focuses on aspects of the H-2 program that would 
not be affected by the rule and therefore should not be considered as 
an impact of the rule. DHS provided an in-depth analysis regarding the 
annual impacts of the final rule's portability provision. Furthermore, 
DHS also provided additional data in this final rule to address the 
commenter's concerns regarding extensions of stay (see Table 2 and 
Table 3). In summary, the Department did not receive comments related 
to the RIA or the rule's economic impacts that necessitated changing 
the population calculation methodology or analytical content of the RIA 
present in the NPRM.
4. Background and Purpose of the Rule
    The purpose of this rulemaking is to modernize and improve the 
regulations relating to the H-2A temporary agricultural worker program 
and the H-2B temporary nonagricultural worker program (collectively 
``H-2 programs''). Through this final rule, DHS seeks to strengthen 
worker protections and the integrity of the H-2 programs, provide 
greater flexibility for H-2A and H-2B workers, and improve program 
efficiency and reduce barriers to legal migration.
    The H-2A temporary agricultural nonimmigrant classification allows 
U.S. employers unable to find sufficient able, willing, qualified, and 
available U.S. workers to bring foreign nationals to the United States 
to fill seasonal and temporary agricultural jobs. To qualify as 
seasonal, employment must be tied to a certain time of year by an event 
or pattern, such as a short annual growing cycle or specific aspect of 
a longer cycle and requires labor levels far above those necessary for 
ongoing operations. To qualify as temporary, the employer's need to 
fill the position will, except in extraordinary circumstances, last no 
longer than 1 year.
    The H-2B visa classification program was designed to serve U.S. 
businesses that are unable to find a sufficient number of qualified 
U.S. workers to perform nonagricultural work of a temporary nature, 
which may be a one-time occurrence, a seasonal need, a peakload need, 
or an intermittent need.\127\ For an H-2A or H-2B nonimmigrant worker 
to be admitted into the United States under one of these nonimmigrant 
classifications, the hiring employer is required to: (1) obtain a TLC 
from DOL (or, in the case of H-2B employment on Guam, from the Governor 
of Guam); and (2) file Form I-129, Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker, 
with DHS. The temporary nature of the services or labor described on 
the approved TLC is subject to DHS

[[Page 103300]]

review during adjudication of Form I-129.\128\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \127\ See 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(ii).
    \128\ Revised effective January 18, 2009 (73 FR 78104).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the H-2B program there is a statutory cap of 66,000 visas 
allocated per fiscal year, with up to 33,000 allocated in each half of 
a fiscal year, for the number of nonimmigrants who may be granted H-2B 
nonimmigrant status.129 130 Any unused numbers from the 
first half of the fiscal year will be available for employers seeking 
to hire H-2B workers during the second half of the fiscal year. 
However, any unused H-2B numbers from one fiscal year do not carry over 
into the next and will therefore not be made available.\131\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \129\ See INA sec. 214(g)(1)(B), (g)(10), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(g)(1)(B), (g)(10).
    \130\ In addition to the statutorily available 66,000 H-2B visas 
per fiscal year, DHS and DOL have also generally provided 
supplemental visas when granted that authority by Congress. See, 
e.g., 88 FR 80394.
    \131\ A TLC approved by DOL must accompany an H-2B petition. The 
employment start date stated on the petition generally must match 
the start date listed on the TLC. See 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iv)(A) and 
(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Population
    The final rule will impact petitioners (employers) that file Form 
I-129 seeking to bring foreign nationals (beneficiaries or workers) to 
the United States to fill temporary agricultural and nonagricultural 
jobs through the H-2A and H-2B visa programs, respectively. This rule 
also will have additional impacts on employers and workers presently in 
the United States under the H-2A and H-2B programs by permanently 
providing ``portability'' to all H-2A and H-2B workers. Portability, 
for purposes of this proposed rule, is the ability to begin new 
qualifying employment upon the filing of a nonfrivolous petition rather 
than upon petition approval. Workers may transfer, or ``port,'' to a 
qualifying new job offer that is in the same nonimmigrant 
classification that the worker currently holds. Porting, as described 
in this final rule, does not include transferring from one H-visa 
classification to another such as, for example, transferring from a H-
2A nonimmigrant status to an H-2B nonimmigrant status, or vice versa. 
The new job offer may be through the same employer that filed the 
petition or a different employer after an H-2B petition is filed. This 
provision will apply to all H-2A and H-2B workers on a permanent basis, 
whereas currently portability applies to only certain H-2A workers and 
on a time-limited basis to all H-2B workers.\132\ Portability allows H-
2A and H-2B workers to continue to earn wages and gaining employers to 
continue obtaining necessary workers. Table 5 and Table 6 present the 
total populations this final rule would impact. For provisions 
impacting a subset of these populations, the analysis provides separate 
population totals, when possible, for more specific analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \132\ See ``Exercise of Time-Limited Authority To Increase the 
Numerical Limitation for FY 2023 for the H-2B Temporary 
Nonagricultural Worker Program and Portability Flexibility for H-2B 
Workers Seeking To Change Employers,'' 87 FR 76816 (Dec. 15, 2022) 
(providing temporary H-2B portability to petitioners and H-2B 
nonimmigrant workers initiating employment through the end of 
January 24, 2024).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.015

    As shown in Table 5, the number of Form I-129 H-2A petitions 
increased from 7,332 in FY 2013 to 24,370 in FY 2022 while approved 
petitions increased from 7,280 in FY 2013 to 23,704 in FY 2022.\133\ 
The number of beneficiaries also increased over this period from 
105,095 to 415,229 with approved beneficiaries increasing from 104,487 
to 396,255. Note that petitioners can petition for multiple 
beneficiaries on one petition, hence the much larger number of 
beneficiaries compared to petitions received and approved. On average, 
13,722 H-2A petitions were received for an average 240,853 
beneficiaries and 13,504 H-2A petitions

[[Page 103301]]

were approved for an annual average of 234,865 beneficiaries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \133\ DHS notes that the number of filed H-2A petitions has 
grown by a compound average growth rate of approximately 12.76 
percent between FY2013 and FY2022. DHS acknowledges that potential 
costs may be underestimated in this analysis if historical growth 
rates continue.
    \134\ This number includes workers who are exempt from the H-2B 
cap and those who were approved under any applicable temporary 
supplemental cap. This number reflects the number of H-2B workers 
who are in petitions that have been approved by DHS (including ones 
that have not yet been issued an H-2B visa or otherwise acquired H-
2B status).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.016

    Table 6 shows that the number of Form I-129 H-2B petitions and 
number of beneficiaries increased from FY 2013 through FY 2019, 
declined in FY 2020 due to labor market conditions during COVID-19, and 
then increased again in FY 2021 and FY 2022.\135\ As previously 
discussed, the total number of H-2B visas is constrained in recent 
fiscal years by statutory numerical limits, or ``caps,'' with some 
exceptions, on the total number of noncitizens who may be issued an 
initial H-2B visa or otherwise granted H-2B status during each fiscal 
year.\136\ Whereas the exact statutory limits (including any 
supplemental limits) on H-2B visas are unknown for FY 2025 and beyond, 
the receipts and approvals seen in FY 2022 are assumed to be a 
reasonable estimate of future H-2B petitions and beneficiaries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \135\ Although Congress provided the Secretary of Homeland 
Security with the discretionary authority to increase the H-2B cap 
in FY 2020, the Secretary did not exercise that authority. See 86 FR 
28202 (May 25, 2021).
    \136\ On November 17, 2023, DHS made available to employers an 
additional 64,716 H-2B temporary nonagricultural worker visas for 
fiscal year 2024. See 88 FR 80394.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As these tables show, U.S. employers and foreign temporary workers 
have been increasingly interested in the H-2A and H-2B programs from FY 
2013 to FY 2022 as evidenced by an increasing number of petitions filed 
for an increasing number of beneficiaries. However, the H-2B program 
remains constrained by the statutory cap of 66,000 visas allocated per 
fiscal year, provided for under INA sec. 214(g)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(g)(1)(B), though Congress, through time-limited legislation, has 
allowed, to date, supplemental allocations beyond that 66,000 visa 
cap.\137\ The supplements allocate additional visas for nonimmigrants 
who may be granted H-2B nonimmigrant status in each half of a fiscal 
year.\138\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \137\ See section 543 of Division F of the Consolidated 
Appropriations Act, 2017, Public Law 115-31; section 205 of Division 
M of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, Public Law 115-141; 
section 105 of Division H of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 
2019, Public Law 116-6; section 105 of Division I of the Further 
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, Public Law 116-94; section 
105 of Division O of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, 
Public Law 116-260 (FY 2021 Omnibus); section 105 of Division O of 
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, FY 2021 Omnibus, sections 
101 and 106(3) of Division A of Public Law 117-43, Continuing 
Appropriations Act, 2022, and section 101 of Division A of Public 
Law 117-70, Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2022; section 204 
of Division O of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, Public 
Law 117-103, and section 101(6) of Division A of Public Law 117-180, 
Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations 
Act, 2023, and section 303 of Division O, Consolidated 
Appropriations Act, 2023, Public Law 117-328; Public Law 118-15, 
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2024 and Other Extensions Act, 
Division A, sections 101(6) and 106 (extending into 2024 DHS funding 
and other authorities, including the authority to issue supplemental 
H-2B visas that was provided under title III of Division O of Pub. 
L. 117-328, through November 17, 2023).
    \138\ See INA sec. 214(g)(1)(B), (g)(10), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(g)(1)(B), (g)(10).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Cost-Benefit Analysis
    The provisions of this final rule subject to this regulatory 
analysis are grouped into the following four categories: (1) integrity 
and worker protections; (2) worker flexibilities; (3) improving H-2 
program efficiencies and reducing barriers to legal migration; and (4) 
forms and technical updates. Each subsection that follows explains the 
proposed provision, its population if available, and its potential 
impacts.
a. Integrity and Worker Protections
    To improve the integrity of the H-2 programs, the final rule will: 
(1) provide clearer requirements for USCIS compliance reviews and 
inspections; (2)

[[Page 103302]]

provide H-2A and H-2B workers with ``whistleblower protections;'' (3) 
include provisions relating to prohibited fees; and (4) institute 
certain mandatory and discretionary grounds for denial of an H-2A or H-
2B petition. We address each of these provisions in turn below.
(1) USCIS Compliance Reviews and Inspections
    The final rule includes provisions that codify USCIS' authority to 
conduct compliance reviews and inspections within the H-2A and H-2B 
programs, clarify the scope of such reviews and inspections, and 
specify the consequences of a refusal or failure to fully cooperate 
with such compliance reviews and inspections. While no inspection that 
the USCIS FDNS conducts is mandatory, if an inspection is conducted, 
this provision will make the successful completion of an inspection 
required for a petition's approval.\139\ Inspections can include site 
visits, telephone interviews, or correspondence (both electronic and 
mail).\140\ This regulatory change will apply to both pre- and post-
adjudication petitions, which will codify USCIS' ability to either deny 
or revoke petitions accordingly. This final rule will provide USCIS 
with a greater ability to obtain compliance from petitioners and 
employers. Outside of this final rulemaking, USCIS is planning to 
conduct future site visits for both H-2A and H-2B work sites, some of 
which are expected to occur in later fiscal years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \139\ For more information on site visits, see USCIS, 
``Administrative Site Visit and Verification Program'' (Sept. 9, 
2019), https://www.uscis.gov/about-us/directorates-and-program-offices/fraud-detection-and-national-security/administrative-site-visit-and-verification-program.
    \140\ The expected time burden to comply with audits conducted 
by DHS and OFLC is 12 hours. The number in hours for audits was 
provided by USCIS, Service Center Operations. See 87 FR 76816 (Dec. 
15, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Data on H-2 program inspections are limited and generally consist 
of site visits. USCIS has conducted only 189 H-2A program site visits 
associated with fraud investigations since calendar year 2004. With 
respect to H-2B program inspections, USCIS conducted a limited pilot 
program in FY 2018 and FY 2019 in which USCIS conducted site visits and 
inspections at 364 (randomly selected) H-2B employment sites.\141\ Of 
the site visits USCIS conducted, USCIS officers were unable to make 
contact with employers or workers over 12 percent of the time (45 
instances).\142\ On average, each site visit took 1.7 hours.\143\ Of 
the limited number of site visits USCIS has conducted thus far, non-
cooperation exists in at least some cases. Cooperation is crucial to 
USCIS' ability to verify information about employers and workers, and 
the overall conditions of employment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \141\ The H-2B petitions were randomly selected so they do not 
represent a population that data led USCIS to believe were more 
vulnerable to fraud or abuse.
    \142\ Site visits can be categorized as ``inconclusive'' for a 
variety of reasons including, but not limited to, noncooperation or 
a lack of personnel (petitioner, beneficiary, or other relevant 
personnel) present at the respective site.
    \143\ Data from USCIS FDNS, Reports and Analysis Branch.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This final rule will provide a clear disincentive for petitioners 
who do not cooperate with compliance reviews and inspections while 
giving USCIS a greater ability to access and confirm information about 
employers and workers as well as identify fraud. Employers who may be 
selected to participate in such inspections may incur costs related to 
the opportunity cost of time to provide information to USCIS instead of 
performing other work. As discussed above, FDNS data on previous H-2B 
site visits show that the average site visit takes 1.7 hours. DHS 
believes that, due to the rule's provisions clarifying the consequences 
of a refusal or failure to fully cooperate with compliance reviews and 
inspections, the rate of ``inconclusive'' site visits will be 
negligible. As such, each site visit that warrants a conclusive finding 
under the rule that would have warranted an ``inconclusive'' finding 
under the baseline scenario would therefore cause a 1.7-hour time 
burden to accrue to the respective petitioner due to the petitioner 
having to expend time cooperating that they would not have under the 
baseline.
    DHS cannot quantify these costs, however, because the relevant 
hourly opportunity cost of time is highly specific to the affected 
petitioner and, as such, any average would likely not be informative. 
However, DHS expects the benefit of participation in the H-2 program 
would outweigh these costs. Additionally, employers who do not 
cooperate would face denial or revocation of their petition(s), which 
could result in costs to those businesses.
    DHS does not expect this provision to result in additional costs to 
the Federal Government because it will not require additional resources 
or time to perform compliance reviews and inspections and, at the same 
time, USCIS is not seeking to establish a particular number of 
compliance reviews and inspections to complete annually or increase the 
number of compliance reviews and inspections or the number of H-2 
program site visits. A benefit is that USCIS will have regulations to 
clearly refer to its existing authority to deny or revoke a petition if 
unable to verify information related to the petition. Additionally, 
existing USCIS program integrity activities will be made more effective 
by additional cooperation from employers. More effective program 
integrity activities may benefit domestic workers, compliant 
petitioners, and H-2 workers.
(2) Whistleblower Protections
    This final rule provides H-2A and H-2B workers with ``whistleblower 
protections'' comparable to the protections currently offered to H-1B 
workers.\144\ For example, if an H-1B worker: (1) is a beneficiary of a 
petition seeking to extend their H-1B status or change their 
nonimmigrant status; (2) indicates that they faced retaliatory action 
from their employer because they reported a labor condition application 
violation; and (3) lost or failed to maintain their H-1B status related 
to such violation, USCIS may consider this situation to be an instance 
of ``extraordinary circumstances'' as defined by sections 8 CFR 
214.1(c)(4) and 248.1(b). In addition, H-1B workers normally are not 
eligible to extend or change their status if they have lost or failed 
to maintain their H-1B status. However, if they can demonstrate 
``extraordinary circumstances,'' USCIS may use its discretion to excuse 
this loss or failure to maintain H-1B status on a case-by-case basis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \144\ See USCIS, ``Combating Fraud and Abuse in the H-1B Visa 
Program'' (Feb. 9, 2021), https://www.uscis.gov/scams-fraud-and-misconduct/report-fraud/combating-fraud-and-abuse-in-the-h-1b-visa-program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS does not currently have specific data related to whistleblower 
protections for the H-1B program nor does it have data on other similar 
types of reports on worker issues from the H-2 populations.\145\ 
Therefore, it is possible that whistleblower protections may afford H-2 
workers the ability to expose issues that harm beneficiaries or are not 
congruent with the intent of H-2 employment. This impact could, 
potentially, improve working conditions but the extent to which H-2 
workers would cooperate in program integrity activities as a direct 
result of prohibitions on specified employer

[[Page 103303]]

retaliations is unknown. It is also possible that employers may face 
increased RFEs, denials, or other actions on their H-2 petitions, or 
other program integrity mechanisms available under this rule or 
existing authorities, as a result of H-2 workers' cooperation in 
program integrity activity due to whistleblower protections. Such 
actions may result in potential costs such as lost productivity and 
profits to employers whose noncompliance with the program is revealed 
by whistleblowers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \145\ WHD prohibits retaliation and publishes fact sheets and 
other resources online. See, e.g., WHD, ``Retaliation,'' https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/retaliation (last visited Jun. 17, 2024); 
WHD, ``Fact Sheet #77D: Retaliation Prohibited under the H-2A 
Temporary Visa Program'' (Apr. 2012), https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/77d-h2a-prohibiting-retaliation; WHD, ``Fact Sheet 
#78H: Retaliation Prohibited under the H-2B Temporary Visa 
Program,'' https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/78h-h2b-retaliation-prohibited (last visited Jun. 17, 2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) Prohibited Fees
    The final rule includes provisions relating to prohibited fees that 
strengthen the existing prohibitions on, and consequences for, charging 
certain fees to H-2A and H-2B workers, including new grounds for denial 
for some H-2 petitions. The economic impacts of these changes are 
difficult to assess because USCIS currently does not have the means to 
track or identify petitions associated with the payment of prohibited 
fees. Prohibited fees are paid by a worker and include, but are not 
limited to, withholding or deducting workers' wages; directly or 
indirectly paying a recruiter, employer, agent, or anyone else in the 
recruitment chain agent; or paying for other work-related expenses the 
employer is required by statute or regulation to cover.
    USCIS generally has no direct interaction with beneficiaries, so it 
currently depends in significant part on findings by DOS consulates to 
determine if prohibited fees have been paid, usually in relation to 
applicant interviews or investigations. For example, the DOS Office of 
Fraud Prevention, in collaboration with several consulates in Mexico, 
confirmed they do not have data on the average number of prohibited 
fees charged nor the amount paid.\146\ A consulate in Mexico shared 
that during visa interviews beneficiaries may disclose the payment of 
prohibited fees, but typically these admissions are for fees paid to 
previous facilitators or employers from returning applicants who are 
going to work for a new employer.\147\ This is likely due to 
disincentives to admitting to the payment of fees for current petitions 
for fear of losing the proffered job opportunity in the United 
States.\148\ DOS assumes it only receives reports from a small fraction 
of the workers who pay prohibited fees because they still are able to 
obtain work and make more money in the United States than they would in 
Mexico regardless of whether they pay fees or not leading some workers 
to choose not to report the prohibited fees.\149\ Further, DOS also 
noted that workers usually only report paying prohibited fees when fees 
are increased, when they do not have the money to pay the fee in a 
current year, or they are excluded from being listed on a petition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \146\ Information from email discussions. See DOS Emails 
Re_Prohibited fees (H-2) (Sept. 19, 2022).
    \147\ Id.
    \148\ Workers have a disincentive to report prohibited fees 
since regulations stipulate that a visa should be denied to those 
admitting to paying these fees.
    \149\ Information from email discussions. See DOS Emails 
Re_Prohibited fees (H-2) (Sept. 19, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, DOS noted that prohibited fees are commonplace and 
pervasive in the H-2 program, but that this issue largely goes 
unreported.\150\ Consular employees noted, in their experience, that 
fees ordinarily range from $800 to $1,000 for a beneficiary to be 
included on a petition but that non-monetary transfers may also 
occur.\151\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \150\ Id.
    \151\ In additional to the non-exhaustive list of prohibited 
fees, there are also other types of non-fee payments, including 
favors, meals, or even the transfer of livestock.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Data on the prevalence of prohibited fees are very limited. 
However, according to one non-profit organization that conducted a 
survey, about 58 percent of H-2 workers reported paying a prohibited 
fee.\152\ Since data on the prevalence of prohibited fees are very 
limited, we use the 58 percent estimate as a primary estimate of 
beneficiaries that may be subject to some form of prohibited fee. Using 
this estimated percentage, we can multiply by the total number of FY 
2022 beneficiaries to consider the potential population impacted by 
prohibited fees.\153\ If we assume 58 percent of beneficiaries pay an 
average fee of $900,\154\ we estimate that prohibited fees (including 
those incurred both within and outside of the United States) may have 
cost H-2A workers around $216.7 million and H-2B workers around $96.9 
million in FY 2022.\155\ If prohibited fees are a prevalent problem on 
such an economically significant scale, it may not be reasonable to 
assume that this rule would stop all fees paid by H-2 workers. However, 
for beneficiaries who currently pay prohibited fees or could pay them 
in the future, this final rule provision seeks to minimize the 
occurrence and burden of prohibited fees on H-2 beneficiaries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \152\ See Centro de los Derechos del Migrante, ``Recruitment 
Revealed: Fundamental Flaws in the H-2 Temporary Worker Program and 
Recommendations for Change,'' https://cdmigrante.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Recruitment_Revealed.pdf (last accessed Mar. 31, 
2023).
    \153\ FY 2022 Total H-2A beneficiaries 415,229x0.58=240,833 
(rounded); FY 2022 Total H-2B beneficiaries 185,700x0.58=107,706 
(rounded).
    \154\ We take an average of the range provided by the consular 
office in Mexico: ($800+$1000)/2=$900.
    \155\ Calculations: Half of FY 2022 H-2A beneficiaries 
240,833x$900 fee = $216.7 million (rounded); Half of FY 2022 H-2B 
beneficiaries 107,706x$900 fee=$96.9 million (rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    It is difficult to estimate the specific impacts that this 
regulatory change will have, but DHS expects that enhanced consequences 
for petitioners would act as a deterrent to charge or collect 
prohibited fees from H-2 workers. In addition, the harsher consequences 
for employers charging prohibited fees could, in conjunction with 
whistleblower protections that are to be implemented with this rule, 
reduce disincentives for workers to report that prohibited fees had 
been charged. However, DHS is not able to estimate whether and to what 
extent those disincentives are expected to be reduced. Consequently, 
under this final rule, there will be additional unquantifiable and non-
monetizable reductions in indenture and harms from other more serious 
abuses such as those discussed in section III, Background. Furthermore, 
the more effective and consistent application of provisions regarding 
prohibited fees will benefit domestic workers, compliant petitioners, 
and H-2 beneficiaries by reducing the ability of noncompliant firms to 
abuse the H-2 programs.
(4) Mandatory and Discretionary Grounds for Denial
    As another integrity measure and deterrent for petitioners that 
have been found to have committed labor law violations or abused the H-
2 programs, DHS will institute certain mandatory and discretionary 
grounds for denial of an H-2A or H-2B petition. The impacts of these 
provisions are targeted at H-2 petitioners that have committed serious 
violations or have otherwise not complied with H-2 program 
requirements.
    To understand the baseline, DHS has data on current DOL 
debarments.\156\ DHS relies on debarment data shared by DOL to 
determine the eligibility of certain H-2 petitions. As of December 19, 
2022, there were 76 active debarments for both the H-2A and H-2B 
programs. Historically, from FY 2013 through FY 2022, USCIS has tracked 
a total of 326 recorded debarments for a company, individual, or agent 
as provided by DOL. USCIS regularly performs additional research to 
confirm

[[Page 103304]]

debarment and petitioner information to assist in adjudications. For 
the period of debarment, a petition covered by the debarment cannot be 
approved where the debarred organization--or its successor-in-interest 
in some limited circumstances, whether or not having the same name as 
that listed--is the petitioner or employer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \156\ Please note that impacts from this provision are based on 
debarment data from DOL. DHS cannot accurately estimate the impact 
of other mandatory and discretionary denials due to a lack of data, 
as explained in this section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Costs under this provision of the final rule will be borne by such 
petitioners or their successor in interest through denials that 
preclude participation in the H-2 program during the debarment period 
which can range between 1 to 5 years. More petitioners may face 
financial losses as a result of these new grounds for denial because 
they may lose access to labor for extended periods. While DHS expects 
program participants to comply with program requirements, however, 
those who do not could experience significant impacts due to this final 
rule such as experiencing too few workers, loss of revenue, and 
possibly going out of business.
    DHS also notes that the final rule encompasses more than debarments 
as grounds for mandatory or discretionary denials, including but not 
limited to USCIS findings of fraud or willful misrepresentation, 
violation(s) under section 274(a) of the Act, the revocation of an 
approved TLC, and final revocations by USCIS on the basis of a variety 
of prohibited behaviors. However, DHS does not have data on the total 
population of employers that these mandatory and discretionary denial 
provisions would affect at this granular of a level, or what the impact 
of potential economic losses could be given the heterogeneity of H-2 
employers and the specific fact-patterns in each instance where new 
mandatory or discretionary grounds for denial could apply.\157\ 
Monetized impacts therefore cannot be estimated. Although monetized 
impacts cannot be estimated, DHS expects these provisions to provide 
various benefits. For instance, DHS expects that the final rule will 
hold certain petitioners more accountable for violations, including 
certain findings of labor law and other violations, and will result in 
fewer instances of worker exploitation and safer working environments 
for beneficiaries. As is the case with other program integrity 
provisions of the final rule, DHS believes that these provisions 
benefit H-2 workers directly and benefit domestic workers and compliant 
petitioners indirectly by reducing the ability of noncompliant firms to 
abuse the H-2 programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \157\ For example, DHS possesses limited data from DOL on H-2B 
violators with violation findings in FY 2020 through FY 2023 as a 
result of the H-2B TFRs from FY 2022 through FY 2024. DOL Wage and 
Hour Division publishes enforcement data on several worker programs 
at https://enforcedata.dol.gov/homePage.php. This data alone cannot 
reliably predict how many of these employers might be subject to a 
discretionary denial under this rule, because DHS will apply 
multiple factors to consider whether to approve or deny a petition, 
as noted above. Furthermore, these data cannot be relied upon here 
to determine the possible population of violators because the 
parameters of the violations are more limited than the violations 
that could be covered under the new discretionary provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Federal Government may experience costs associated with 
implementing these provisions. Specifically, USCIS adjudicators may 
require additional time associated with reviewing petitioner 
information relating to debarment by DOL (in the case of H-2A and H-2B 
debarments) and GDOL (in the case of H-2B debarments), and other 
determinations of past violations more closely (as they will now be 
able to consider past noncompliance in the current adjudications), 
issuing an RFE or NOID, and, if the violation determination is covered 
under the discretionary bar provision, including when debarment has 
concluded, conducting the discretionary analysis for relevant 
petitions. Additionally, the expansion of grounds for denial based on 
debarment as well as the need to improve the way debarments are tracked 
in current USCIS systems would require additional inter-agency 
coordination and information sharing.
b. Worker Flexibilities
    This final rule provides greater flexibility to H-2A and H-2B 
workers by implementing grace periods, clarifying the responsibility of 
H-2A employers for reasonable costs of return transportation for 
beneficiaries following a petition revocation, clarifying expressly 
that H-2 workers may take steps toward becoming a permanent resident of 
the United States while still maintaining lawful nonimmigrant status, 
and expanding job portability. We address each of the provisions 
regarding these worker flexibilities in turn below.
(1) Grace Periods
    DHS will provide increased flexibility for H-2 workers by extending 
grace periods. Workers will not experience an increase in work time due 
to these extended grace periods because these grace periods do not 
authorize employment. More specifically, this rule will provide the 
same 10-day grace period prior to a petition's validity period that H-
2B nonimmigrants currently receive to H-2A nonimmigrants, resulting in 
the extension of the initial grace period of an approved H-2A petition 
from 1 week to 10 days. The updated initial grace period will also 
apply to their dependents in the H-4 visa classification. DHS does not 
have data on how early H-2 workers arrive in the United States prior to 
a petition's validity period. As a result, we do not know how many H-2B 
workers currently or historically arrive up to 10 days prior to their 
employment start date, nor do we know how many H-2A workers currently 
or historically arrive a full week (7 days) early. Further, the portion 
of the H-2A populations that may benefit from this provision is 
unknown. Extending the grace period prior to a petition's validity 
period for H-2A workers by 3 days may result in additional costs to 
employers, such as for housing.\158\ However, since H-2A employers pay 
for and normally arrange transportation to the worksite, DHS assumes 
employers will weigh the costs of providing additional days of housing 
to H-2A workers against the benefit of providing their employees with 
additional time to prepare for the start of work. For example, it may 
be beneficial for an employer to provide workers additional time to 
adjust to a new time zone or climate. DHS will also extend the grace 
period following the expiration of their petition from 10 days to 30 
days for H-2B nonimmigrants, subject to the 3-year maximum limitation 
of stay. DHS does not have data on the length of time H-2A or H-2B 
workers typically spend in the United States following the validity 
period of a petition because departures from the United States are not 
always tracked. Unlike the general practice regarding entries, 
departures are not always tracked and do not typically require an 
encounter with U.S. Customs and Border Protection, so it is difficult 
to determine when nonimmigrants leave the United States. Furthermore, 
DHS notes that while there is no statutory requirement for H-2B 
employers to provide housing, there are regulatory prohibitions against 
deductions from wages for the cost of housing by an H-2B employer when 
it is provided primarily for the benefit or convenience of the 
employer. See 20 CFR 655.20(b), (c); 29 CFR 531.3(d)(1); 80 FR 24042, 
24063 (Apr. 29, 2015). DHS acknowledges that H-2B employers who are 
subject to this provision may face additional costs if they opt to keep

[[Page 103305]]

workers in the United States for a longer period due to the extended 
post-validity grace period. DHS does not have data on the population of 
employers that this provision would affect at this granular of a level, 
however, so monetized impacts cannot be estimated. Therefore, the 
population that may be affected by this provision is unknown due to a 
lack of available data. Lack of data notwithstanding, DHS does not 
expect any significant additional costs to accrue to employers as this 
final rule will extend only the H-2B grace period and, except for the 
limited scenario described above, H-2B employers are not required to 
provide housing for their workers during the time of employment or 
during the grace period. The extended grace period for H-2B workers 
will benefit the workers by providing additional time to prepare for 
departure or seek alternative work arrangements such as applying for an 
extension of stay based on a subsequent offer of employment or porting 
to a new employer. Additionally, this provision will align the grace 
periods for H-2A and H-2B workers so that they both are afforded 10 
days prior to the approved validity period and 30 days following the 
expiration of an H-2 petition, thereby reducing confusion for potential 
employers and better ensuring consistency in granting workers the grace 
periods.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \158\ H-2A workers must be provided housing. See WHD, ``H-2A: 
Temporary Agricultural Employment of Foreign Workers,'' https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/agriculture/h2a (last visited Jun. 17, 
2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS will also provide a new 60-day grace period following a 
cessation of H-2 employment or until the end of the authorized period 
of admission, whichever is shorter. DHS does not have data on H-2 
employment cessations and, therefore, the impact of this provision on 
the portion of the H-2A and H-2B populations is unknown. However, this 
provision will likely offer H-2 workers time to respond to sudden or 
unexpected changes related to their employment, regardless of the 
reason for employment cessation. The time could be used to seek new 
employment, prepare for departure from the United States, or seek a 
change of status to a different nonimmigrant classification.
(2) Transportation Costs for Revoked H-2 Petitions
    This final rule adds language clarifying that upon revocation of an 
H-2A or H-2B petition, the petitioning employer will be liable for the 
H-2 beneficiary's reasonable costs of return transportation to their 
last place of foreign residence abroad. Under 20 CFR 655.20(j)(1)(ii) 
and 20 CFR 655.122(h)(2), as well as prior 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(C) and 
existing 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(vi)(E), petitioning employers are already 
generally liable for the return transportation costs of H-2 workers, so 
this final change will not result in any additional costs to employers.
(3) Effect on an H-2 Petition of Approval of a Permanent Labor 
Certification, Immigrant Visa Petition, or the Filing of an Application 
for Adjustment of Status or Immigrant Visa
    This final rule clarifies that H-2 workers may take certain steps 
toward becoming lawful permanent residents of the United States while 
still maintaining lawful nonimmigrant status. The population impacted 
by this provision can be seen in Table 7. Historical receipts data for 
Form I-485 (Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust 
Status) show a 5-year total of 9,748 receipts from applicants with H-2A 
and H-2B status. The annual average is 1,950 receipts.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.017

    DHS does not have information on how many H-2 workers have been 
deemed to have violated their H-2 status or abandoned their foreign 
residence. However, DHS expects this could enable some H-2 workers who 
have otherwise been dissuaded to pursue certain steps toward lawful 
permanent residence with the ability to do so without concern over 
becoming ineligible for H-2 status. This final rule will not expand the 
underlying eligibility of H-2 workers for lawful permanent resident 
status.

(4) Portability

    This final rule permanently provides portability for eligible H-2A 
and H-2B nonimmigrants. The population affected by this provision are 
nonimmigrants in H-2A and H-2B status who are present in the United 
States on whose behalf a nonfrivolous H-2 petition for new employment 
has been filed, with a request to amend or extend the H-2A or H-2B 
nonimmigrant's stay in the same classification they currently hold, 
before their period of stay expires and who have not been employed 
without authorization in the United States from the time of last 
admission through the filing of the petition for new employment. 
Codifying this provision in regulation for H-2 nonimmigrants will 
provide stability and job flexibility to the beneficiaries of approved 
H-2 visa petitions. This portability provision facilitates the ability 
of individuals to move to more favorable employment situations and/or 
extend employment in the United States without being tied to one 
position with one employer. Additionally, the final rule clarifies that 
H-2 employers must comply with all H-2 program requirements and 
responsibilities (such as worker protections) in the event that a 
petition for a porting worker is withdrawn or denied.

[[Page 103306]]

    Previously, portability was available on a permanent basis to H-2A 
workers, but it was limited to E-Verify employers.\159\ E-Verify is a 
DHS web-based system that allows enrolled employers to confirm the 
identity and eligibility of their employees to work in the United 
States by electronically matching information provided by employees on 
the Employment Eligibility Verification (Form I-9) against records 
available to DHS and the Social Security Administration.\160\ DHS does 
not charge a fee for employers to participate in E-Verify and create 
cases to confirm the identity and employment eligibility of newly hired 
employees. Under this final rule, employers petitioning for a porting 
H-2A worker will no longer need to be enrolled in E-Verify, but will 
remain subject to all program requirements based on the approved TLC 
and the filing of the H-2 petition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \159\ While unrelated to this final rule, we note that on April 
20, 2020, a TFR was published to temporarily amend its regulations 
to allow H-2A workers to immediately work for any new H-2A employer 
to mitigate the impact on the agricultural industry due to COVID-19. 
This TFR was effective from April 20, 2020, through August 18, 2020. 
See 85 FR 21739. Another TFR published August 20, 2020, again 
allowing H-2A workers to immediately work for any new H-2A employer. 
That TFR was effective from August 19, 2020, through August 19, 2023 
and allowed employers to request the flexibilities under this TFR by 
filing an H-2A petition on or after August 19, 2020, and through 
December 17, 2020. See 85 FR 51304.
    \160\ See DHS, ``About E-Verify,'' https://www.e-verify.gov/about-e-verify (last updated Apr. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although there is no fee to use E-Verify, this requirement could 
result in savings to newly enrolling employers. Employers that newly 
enroll in E-Verify to hire H-2 workers incur startup enrollment or 
program initiation costs as well as additional opportunity costs of 
time for users to participate in webinars and learn about and 
incorporate any new features and system updates that E-Verify may have 
every year. DHS assumes that most employers that are currently 
participating in E-Verify will not realize cost savings of these 
expenses since they previously incurred enrollment costs and will 
continue to participate in webinars and incorporate any new E-Verify 
features and system changes regardless of this final rule.\161\ 
Additionally, DHS expects that only those employers who enroll for the 
explicit purpose of petitioning on behalf of a porting employee will 
realize a cost savings for verifying the identity and work 
authorization of all their newly hired employees, including any new H-
2A workers as a result of this final rule. For employers currently 
enrolled in E-Verify that choose to hire an H-2A worker, the final rule 
will not result in a cost savings to such employers since they already 
must use E-Verify for all newly hired employees as of the date they 
signed the E-Verify Memorandum of Understanding (MOU).\162\ Therefore, 
with or without the final rule, an employer already enrolled in E-
Verify that chooses to hire a porting H-2A worker will continue to 
incur the opportunity cost of time to confirm the employment 
authorization of any newly hired employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \161\ Employers already participating in E-Verify likely already 
attend webinars and learn about and incorporate new features and 
system changes annually because they voluntarily chose to enroll or 
because of rules or regulations beyond the scope of this proposed 
rule. DHS anticipates that such employers would continue to use E-
Verify regardless of their decision to hire H-2A workers or not.
    \162\ See DHS, ``About E-Verify, Questions and Answers,'' 
https://www.e-verify.gov/about-e-verify/questions-and-answers?tid=All&page=0 (last updated Sept. 15, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Participating in E-Verify and remaining in good standing requires 
employers to enroll in the program online,\163\ electronically sign the 
associated MOU with DHS that sets the terms and conditions for 
participation and create E-Verify cases for all newly hired employees. 
The MOU requires employers to abide by lawful hiring procedures and to 
ensure that no employee will be unfairly discriminated against as a 
result of E-Verify.\164\ If an employer violates the terms of this 
agreement, it can be grounds for immediate termination from E-
Verify.\165\ Additionally, employers are required to designate and 
register at least one person that serves as an E-Verify administrator 
on their behalf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \163\ See DHS, ``Enrolling in E-Verify, The Enrollment 
Process,'' https://www.e-verify.gov/employers/enrolling-in-e-verify/the-enrollment-process (last updated Aug. 9, 2022).
    \164\ An employer that discriminates in its use of E-Verify 
based on an individual's citizenship status or national origin may 
also violate the INA's anti-discrimination provision, at 8 U.S.C. 
1324b.
    \165\ See USCIS, ``The E-Verify Memorandum of Understanding for 
Employers'' (June 1, 2013), http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Verification/E-Verify/E-Verify_Native_Documents/MOU_for_E-Verify_Employer.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For this analysis, DHS assumes that each employer participating in 
E-Verify designates one HR specialist to manage the program on its 
behalf. Based on the most recent Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) 
Information Collection Package for E-Verify, DHS estimates the time 
burden for an HR specialist to undertake the tasks associated with E-
Verify. DHS estimates the time burden for an HR specialist to complete 
the enrollment process is 2 hours 16 minutes (2.26 hours), on average, 
to provide basic company information, review and sign the MOU, take a 
new user training, and review the user guides.\166\ Once enrolled in E-
Verify, DHS estimates the time burden is 1 hour to users who may 
participate in voluntary webinars and learn about and incorporate new 
features and system updates to E-Verify annually.\167\ This may be an 
overestimate in some cases as webinars are not mandatory, but we 
recognize that some recurring burden to users exists to remain in good 
standing with E-Verify.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \166\ The USCIS Office of Policy and Strategy, PRA Compliance 
Branch estimates the average time burdens. See PRA E-Verify Program 
(OMB Control Number 1615-0092) (Mar. 30, 2021). The PRA Supporting 
Statement can be found at https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewDocument?ref_nbr=202103-1615-015, under Question 12 (last 
accessed Apr. 4, 2023).
    \167\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Cost savings due to this provision relate only to the opportunity 
costs of time to petitioners associated with the time an employer will 
save by not newly enrolling or participating in E-Verify. In this 
analysis, DHS uses an hourly compensation rate for estimating the 
opportunity cost of time for an HR specialist. DHS uses this occupation 
as a proxy for those who might prepare and complete the Form I-9, 
Employment Eligibility Verification, and create the E-Verify case for 
an employer. DHS notes that not all employers may have an HR 
specialist, but rather some equivalent occupation may prepare and 
complete the Form I-9 and create the E-Verify case.
    According to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data, the average 
hourly wage rate for HR specialists is $35.13.\168\ DHS accounts for 
worker benefits by calculating a benefits-to-wage multiplier using the 
most recent BLS report detailing the average employer costs for 
employee compensation for all civilian workers in major occupational 
groups and industries. DHS estimates the benefits-to-wage multiplier is 
1.45 and is able to estimate the full opportunity cost per E-Verify 
user, including employee wages and salaries and the full cost of 
benefits such as paid leave, insurance, and retirement, etc.\169\

[[Page 103307]]

Therefore, DHS calculates an average hourly compensation rate of $50.94 
for HR specialists.\170\ Applying this average hourly compensation rate 
to the estimated time burden of 2.26 hours for the enrollment process, 
DHS estimates an average opportunity cost of time savings for a new 
employer to enroll in E-Verify is $115.12.\171\ DHS assumes the 
estimated opportunity cost of time to enroll in E-Verify is a one-time 
cost to employers. In addition, DHS estimates an opportunity cost of 
time savings associated with 1 hour of each E-Verify user to attend 
voluntary webinars and learn about and incorporate new features and 
system changes for newly enrolled entities would be $50.94 annually in 
the years following enrollment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \168\ See BLS, Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2022, 
Human Resources Specialists (13-1071), https://www.bls.gov/oes/2022/may/oes131071.htm.
    \169\ The benefits-to-wage multiplier is calculated as follows: 
(Total Employee Compensation per hour) / (Wages and Salaries per 
hour) = $42.48 / $29.32 = 1.45 (rounded). See BLS, Economic News 
Release, Employer Cost for Employee Compensation--December 2022, 
Table 1. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation 
and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian workers, by 
major occupational and industry group (Mar. 17, 2023), https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_03172023.pdf.
    \170\ Calculation: $35.13 average hourly wage rate for HR 
specialists x 1.45 benefits-to-wage multiplier = $50.94 (rounded).
    \171\ Calculation: 2.26 hours for the enrollment process x 
$50.94 total compensation wage rate for an HR specialist = $115.12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Newly enrolled employers will also incur opportunity costs of time 
savings from not having to enter employee information into E-Verify to 
confirm their identity and employment authorization. DHS estimates the 
time burden for an HR specialist to create a case in E-Verify is 7.28 
minutes (or 0.121 hours).\172\ Therefore, DHS estimates the opportunity 
cost of time savings would be approximately $6.57 per case.\173\ These 
employers will not be able to verify the employment eligibility 
information of newly hired employees against government data systems if 
they fail to register and use E-Verify.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \172\ The USCIS Office of Policy and Strategy, PRA Compliance 
Branch estimates the average time burdens. See PRA E-Verify Program 
(OMB Control Number 1615-0092), Mar. 30, 2021. The PRA Supporting 
Statement can be found at https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewDocument?ref_nbr=202103-1615-015 under Question 12 (last 
accessed Apr. 4, 2023).
    \173\ Calculation: 0.121 hours to submit a query x $50.94 total 
compensation wage rate for an HR specialist = $6.57 (rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 8 shows the number of Form I-129 H-2A petitions filed for 
extensions of stay due to change of employer and Form I-129 H-2A 
petitions filed for new employment for FY 2018 through FY 2022. The 
average rate of extension of stay due to change of employer compared to 
new employment was approximately 6.7 percent over this time period. 
USCIS also considered the number of beneficiaries that correspond to 
the Form I-129 H-2A petitions that filed extensions of stay due to a 
change of employer to estimate the average number of beneficiaries per 
petition of six. Table 8 also shows that although petitions have been 
increasing for extension of stay due to change of employer, the number 
of beneficiaries on each petition has declined from FY 2018 to FY 2022. 
This indicates that it may be harder for petitioners to find porting 
workers. One reason may be because petitioners face certain constraints 
such as the ability for petitioners to access workers seeking to port 
or a limited number of workers seeking to port.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.018


[[Page 103308]]


    DHS expects that existing H-2A petitioners will continue to 
participate in E-Verify and thus will not realize a cost savings due to 
this final rule. Employers that do not yet port H-2A workers, but do 
obtain TLCs from DOL, will experience a cost-savings relevant to 
avoiding enrollment and participation in E-Verify. However, they will 
not be able to verify the employment eligibility information of newly 
hired employees against government data systems. However, for employers 
that do not yet port H-2A workers and do not yet obtain TLCs, the cost-
savings will be offset by their need to submit DOL's Employment and 
Training Administration (ETA) Form 9142A. The public reporting burden 
for Form ETA-9142A is estimated to average 3.63 hours per response for 
H-2A.\174\ Depending on the filer, the cost to submit Form ETA-9142A is 
estimated at $184.91 for an HR specialist, $414.44 for an in-house 
lawyer, and $714.57 for an out-sourced lawyer.\175\ Compared to the 
absolute minimum opportunity cost of time to enroll in, participate in 
an hour of training, and submit one query in E-Verify of $172.63,\176\ 
regardless of the filer, a new H-2A porting employer needing to obtain 
TLCs will not experience a cost-savings in the first year following 
this rule.\177\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \174\ See DOL, Form ETA-9142A, ``H-2A Application for Temporary 
Employment Certification,'' OMB Control Number 1205-0466, (Expires 
Oct. 31, 2025). The PRA Supporting Statement can be found at https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewDocument?ref_nbr=202303-1205-002 
under Question 12 (Last accessed Apr. 4, 2023); See also DOL, 
Supplementary Documents, Appendix--Breakdown of Hourly Burden 
Estimates, H-2A Application for Temporary Employment Certification 
Form ETA-9142A (OMB Control Number 1205-0537), Id. at Section C. 
(Last accessed Apr. 4, 2023). DOL estimates the time burden for 
completing Form ETA-9142A is 3.63 hours, including 0.33 hours to 
complete Form ETA-9142A, 1.33 hours to H-2ALC Filing Requirements, 
0.50 hours to complete Waiver for Emergency Situations, 0.25 hours 
to complete Modify Application/Job Order, 0.50 hours to complete 
Amend Application/Job Order, and 0.50 hours to complete Herder 
Variance Request.
    \175\ Calculations: HR specialist: $50.94 hourly wage x 3.63 
hours = $184.91 (rounded), In-house lawyer: $114.17 hourly wage x 
3.63 hours = $414.44 (rounded); Out-sourced lawyer = $196.85 hourly 
wage x 3.63 hours = $714.57 (rounded).
    \176\ Calculation: $115.12 enrollment + $50.94 annual training + 
$6.57 query submission = $172.63.
    \177\ DHS recognizes that the opportunity cost of time would be 
higher than this absolute minimum because employers would have more 
than one employee and E-Verify participants are required to query 
every new employee.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By removing the requirement for a petitioner to participate in E-
Verify to benefit from portability, this provision may result in 
increased demand for H-2A petitioners to petition to port eligible H-2A 
workers. DHS expects H-2A petitioners that already hire porting H-2A 
beneficiaries to continue to use E-Verify in the future. However, DHS 
is unable to estimate the number of future employers that will opt not 
to enroll in E-Verify in the future as a result of this rule or how 
many would need to obtain TLCs. DHS does not expect any reduction in 
protection to the legal workforce as a result of this rule as some H-2A 
petitioners will continue to use E-Verify. Any new petitioners for 
porting H-2A workers will still be required to obtain TLCs through DOL, 
these H-2A employers will be subject to the site visit requirements and 
comply with the terms and conditions of H-2 employment set forth in 
this final rule and under other related regulations, and the porting 
worker will have already been approved to legally work in the United 
States as an H-2A worker.
    Temporary portability for H-2B workers has been provided as 
recently as the FY 2025 H-2B Supplemental Cap TFR and was available 
under previous supplemental caps dating back to FY 2021. 89 FR 95626 
(Dec. 2, 2024). However, data show that there is a longer history of 
extensions of stay due to changes of employer for H-2B petitions filed 
even in years when portability was not authorized.\178\ Since it is 
difficult to isolate the impacts of inclusion of temporary portability 
provisions in the FY 2021 through FY 2025 H-2B Supplemental Cap TFRs 
from the extensions of stay due to changes of employer that are 
expected in the absence of this provision, we reproduce the FY 2025 H-
2B Supplemental Cap TFR's analysis here.\179\ Additionally, DHS is 
unclear how many additional H-2B visas Congress will allocate in future 
fiscal years beyond the 66,000 statutory cap for H-2B nonimmigrants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \178\ Id.
    \179\ On May 14, 2020, a final rule published to temporarily 
amend its regulations to allow H-2B workers to immediately work for 
any new H-2B employer to mitigate the impact on nonagricultural 
services or labor essential to the U.S. food supply chain due to 
COVID-19. Since the analysis is based on annual fiscal years, data 
from the months between May and September 2020 are not able to be 
separated out to determine those early impacts on portability. See 
85 FR 28843 (May 14, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The population affected by this provision are nonimmigrants in H-2B 
status who are present in the United States and the employers with 
valid TLCs seeking to hire H-2B workers. In the FY 2025 H-2B 
Supplemental Cap TFR, USCIS uses the population of 66,000 H-2B workers 
authorized by statute and the 64,716 additional H-2B workers authorized 
by the rule as a proxy for the H-2B population that could be currently 
present in the United States.\180\ DHS uses the number of Form I-129 
petitions filed for extension of stay due to change of employer 
relative to the number of petitions filed for new employment from FY 
2011 though FY 2020. This includes the 10 years prior to the 
implementation of the first portability provision in an H-2B 
Supplemental Cap TFR. Using these data, we estimate the baseline rate 
and compare it to the average rate from FY 2011 through FY 2020 (Table 
9). We find that the average rate of extension of stay due to change of 
employer compared to new employment from FY 2011 through FY 2020 is 
approximately 10.5 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \180\ This number may overestimate H-2B workers who have already 
completed employment and departed and may underestimate H-2B workers 
not reflected in the current cap and long-term H-2B workers. In FY 
2022, USCIS approved 522 requests for change of status to H-2B, and 
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) processed 1,217 crossings of 
visa-exempt H-2B workers. See USCIS, ``Characteristics of H-2B 
Nonagricultural Temporary Workers FY2022 Report to Congress'' (Apr. 
17, 2022), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/data/USCIS_H2B_FY22_Characteristics_Report.pdf. DHS assumes some of these 
workers, along with current workers with a valid H-2B visa under the 
cap, could be eligible to port under this provision. DHS does not 
know the exact number of H-2B workers who would be eligible to port 
at this time but uses the cap and supplemental cap allocations as a 
possible proxy for this population.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 103309]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.019

    In FY 2021, the first year an H-2B Supplemental Cap TFR included a 
portability provision, there were 1,113 petitions filed using Form I-
129 for extension of stay due to change of employer compared to 7,206 
petitions filed for new employment.\181\ In FY 2022, there were 1,795 
petitions filed using Form I-129 for extension of stay due to change of 
employer compared to 9,231 petitions filed for new employment.\182\ In 
FY 2023, there were 2,113 petitions filed using Form I-129 for 
extension of stay due to change of employer compared to 9,579 petitions 
filed for new employment.\183\ Over the period when a portability 
provision was in place for H-2B workers, the rate of petitions filed 
using Form I-129 for extension of stay due to change of employer 
relative to new employment was 19.3 percent.\184\ This is above the 
10.5 percent rate of filings expected when there was no portability 
provision in place. We estimate that a rate of about 19.3 percent 
should be expected in periods with portability.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \181\ USCIS, Office of Performance and Quality--SAS PME C3 
Consolidated, as of Sep. 09, 2023, TRK 12921.
    \182\ Id.
    \183\ Id.
    \184\ Calculation, Step 1: 1,113 Form I-129 petitions for 
extension of stay due to change of employer FY 2021 + 1,795 Form I-
129 petitions for extension of stay due to change of employer in FY 
2022 + 2,113 Form I-129 petitions for extension of stay due to 
change of employer in FY 2023 = 5,021 Form I-129 petitions filed 
extension of stay due to change of employer in portability provision 
years.
    Calculation, Step 2: 7,206 Form I-129 petitions filed for new 
employment in FY 2021 + 9,231 Form I-129 petitions filed for new 
employment in FY 2022 + 9,579 Form I-129 petitions filed for new 
employment in FY 2022 = 26,016 Form I-129 petitions filed for new 
employment in portability provision years.
    Calculation, Step 3: 5,021 extensions of stay due to change of 
employment petitions / 26,016 new employment petitions = 19.3 
percent rate of extension of stay due to change of employment to new 
employment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In order to estimate the number of marginal Forms I-129 filed as a 
result of the final rule's portability provision, DHS must first 
estimate the number of beneficiaries per petition. As discussed above, 
DHS has provided supplemental H-2B visa allocations each year since FY 
2021. These supplemental allocations are based on time-limited 
authority granted by Congress, however, and should not be included in 
any prospective analysis as their existence is not certain. As such, 
the proper reference population for calculating the marginal impact of 
the portability provision is the annual statutory cap of 66,000 H-2B 
visas. Table 10 contains the total petitions, total beneficiaries, and 
beneficiaries per petition for H-2B Forms I-129 filed under the 
statutory cap for fiscal year 2019 through fiscal year 2023.

[[Page 103310]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.020

    Using 3,627 as our estimate for the number of petitions filed using 
Form I-129 for H-2B new employment in FY 2024, we estimate that 381 
petitions for extension of stay due to change of employer will be filed 
in absence of this rulemaking's portability provision.\186\ With the 
rule's portability provision in effect, we estimate that 700 petitions 
will be filed using Form I-129 for extension of stay due to change of 
employer.\187\ As a result of this provision, we estimate 319 
additional petitions using Forms I-129 will be filed.\188\ DHS 
acknowledges that any future legislation that provides a supplemental 
allocation of H-2B visas will necessarily increase the number of Forms 
I-129 filed as a result of the final rule's portability provision. As 
such, the estimates presented here should be interpreted as a 
reasonable lower bound for the impact of the final rule's portability 
provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \185\ This number includes beneficiaries who are exempt from the 
H-2B cap and reflects the number of H-2B workers who are in 
petitions that have been approved by DHS (including ones that have 
not yet been issued an H-2B visa or otherwise acquired H-2B status).
    \186\ Calculation: 3,627 Form I-129 H-2B petitions filed for new 
employment x 10.5 percent = 381 estimated number of Form I-129 H-2B 
petitions filed for extension of stay due to change of employer, no 
portability provision.
    \187\ Calculation: 3,627 Form I-129 H-2B petitions filed for new 
employment x 19.3 percent = 700 estimated number of Form I-129 H-2B 
petitions filed for extension of stay due to change of employer, 
with a portability provision.
    \188\ Calculation: 700 estimated number of Form I-129 H-2B 
petitions filed for extension of stay due to change of employer, 
with a portability provision--381 estimated number of Form I-129 H-
2B petitions filed for extension of stay due to change of employer, 
no portability provision = 319 Form I-129 H-2B petition increase as 
a result of portability provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As shown in Table 17, an average 45.84 percent of Form I-129 
petitions will be filed by an in-house or outsourced lawyer. Therefore, 
we expect that a lawyer will file 146 of these petitions and an HR 
specialist will file the remaining 173.\189\ Similarly, we estimated 
that about 93.57 percent of petitions using Form I-129 for H-2B 
beneficiaries are filed with Form I-907 to request premium processing. 
As a result of this portability provision, we expect that an additional 
298 requests using Form I-907 will be filed.\190\ We expect lawyers to 
file 137 requests using Forms I-907 and HR specialists to file the 
remaining 161 requests.\191\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \189\ Calculation, Lawyers: 319 additional Form I-129 due to 
portability provision x 45.84 percent of Form I-129 for H-2B 
positions filed by an attorney or accredited representative = 146 
(rounded) estimated Form I-129 filed by a lawyer.
    Calculation, HR specialist: 319 additional Form I-129 due to 
portability provision--146 estimated Form I-129 filed by a lawyer = 
173 estimated Form I-129 filed by an HR specialist.
    \190\ Calculation: 316 Form I-129 H-2B petitions x 93.57 percent 
premium processing filing rate = 298 (rounded) Forms I-907.
    \191\ Calculation, Lawyers: 298 Forms I-907 x 45.84 percent 
filed by an attorney or accredited representative = 137 Forms I-907 
filed by a lawyer.
    Calculation, HR specialists: 298 Forms I-907--137 Forms I-907 
filed by lawyer = 161 Forms I-907 filed by an HR specialist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Petitioners seeking to hire H-2B nonimmigrants who are currently 
present in the United States in lawful H-2B status will need to file 
Form I-129 and pay the associated fees. Additionally, if a petitioner 
is represented by a lawyer, the lawyer must file Form G-28; if premium 
processing is desired, a petitioner must file Form I-907 and pay the 
associated fee. We expect these actions to be performed by an HR 
specialist, in-house lawyer, or an outsourced lawyer. Moreover, as 
previously stated, we expect that about 45.84 percent of petitions 
using Form I-129 would be filed by an in-house or outsourced lawyer. 
Therefore, we expect that 146 petitions will be filed by a lawyer and 
the remaining 173 petitions will be filed by an HR specialist. The 
opportunity cost of time to file a Form I-129 H-2B petition will be 
approximately $243.85 for an HR specialist; and the opportunity cost of 
time to file a Form I-129 H-2B petition with accompanying Form G-28 
will be approximately $641.29 for an in-house lawyer and $1,105.71 for 
an outsourced lawyer.\192\ Therefore, we estimate the cost of the 
additional petitions filed using Form I-129 from the portability 
provision for HR specialists will be approximately $42,186.\193\ The 
estimated cost of the additional petitions filed using Form I-129 
accompanied by Forms G-28 from the portability provision for lawyers 
will be about $93,628 if filed by in-house lawyers and $161,434 if 
filed by outsourced lawyers.\194\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \192\ Calculation, HR Specialist: $50.94 hourly opportunity cost 
of time x 4.787-hour time burden for form I-129 = $243.85 estimated 
cost to file a Form I-129 H-2B petition.
    Calculation, In-house lawyer: $114.17 hourly opportunity cost of 
time x 5.617-hour time burden for form I-129 and Form G-28 = $641.29 
estimated cost to file a Form I-129 H-2B petition.
    Calculation, outsourced lawyer: $196.85 hourly opportunity cost 
of time x 5.617-hour time burden for form I-129 and Form G-28 = 
$1,105.71 (rounded) estimated cost to file a Form I-129 H-2B 
petition.
    \193\ Calculation, HR specialist: $243.85 estimated cost to file 
a Form I-129 H-2B petition x 173 petitions = $42186 (rounded).
    \194\ Calculation, In-house Lawyer: $641.29 estimated cost to 
file a Form I-129 H-2B petition and accompanying Form G-28 x 146 
petitions = $93,628 (rounded).
    Calculation, Outsourced Lawyer: $1,105.71 estimated cost to file 
a Form I-129 H-2B petition and accompanying Form G-28 x 146 
petitions = $161,434 (rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We previously stated that about 93.57 percent of Form I-129 H-2B 
petitions are filed with Form I-907 for premium processing. As a result 
of this provision, we expect that an additional 298

[[Page 103311]]

requests for premium processing using Form I-907 will be filed.\195\ We 
expect 136 of those requests will be filed by a lawyer and the 
remaining 160 will be filed by an HR specialist.\196\ The estimated 
opportunity cost of time to file Form I-907 will be about $18.85 for an 
HR specialist; and the estimated opportunity cost of time for an in-
house lawyer to file Form I-907 will be approximately $42.24 and for an 
outsourced lawyer it will be about $72.83.\197\ The estimated annual 
cost of filing additional requests for premium processing using Form I-
907 if HR specialists file will be approximately $3,035.\198\ The 
estimated annual cost of filing additional requests for premium 
processing using Form I-907 will be about $5,787 if filed by in-house 
lawyers, and approximately $9,978 if filed by outsourced lawyers.\199\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \195\ Calculation: 319 estimated additional Form I-129 H-2B 
petitions x 93.57 percent accompanied by Form I-907 = 298 (rounded) 
additional Form I-907.
    \196\ Calculation, Lawyers: 298 additional Form I-907 x 45.84 
percent = 136 (rounded) Form I-907 filed by a lawyer. Calculation, 
HR specialists: 298 Form I-907--136 Form I-907 filed by a lawyer = 
160 Form I-907 filed by an HR specialist.
    \197\ Calculation, HR Specialist: $50.94 hourly opportunity cost 
of time x 0.37-hour time burden to file Form I-907 = $18.85 cost to 
file Form I-907.
    Calculation, In-house lawyer: $114.17 hourly opportunity cost of 
time x 0.37-hour time burden to file Form I-907 = $42.24 cost to 
file Form I-907.
    Calculation, outsourced lawyer: $196.85 hourly opportunity cost 
of time x 0.37-hour time burden to file Form I-907 = $114.17 cost to 
file Form I-907.
    \198\ Calculation, HR specialist: $18.85 to file a Form I-907 x 
161 forms = $3,035 (rounded).
    \199\ Calculation, In-house lawyer: $42.24 to file a Form I-907 
x 137 forms=$5,787 (rounded).
    Calculation for an outsourced lawyer: $72.72 to file a Form I-
907 x 137 forms = $9,978 (rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The estimated annual cost of this provision ranges from $144,636 to 
$216,633 depending on what share of the forms are filed by in-house or 
outsourced lawyers.\200\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \200\ Calculation for HR specialists and in-house lawyers: 
$42,186 for HR specialists to file Form I-129 H-2B petitions + 
$90,554 for in-house lawyers to file Form I-129 and the accompanying 
Form G-28 + $4,728 for HR specialists to file Form I-907 + $9,006 
for in-house lawyers to file Form I-907 = $144.636.
    Calculation for HR specialists and outsourced lawyers: $42,186 
for HR specialists to file Form I-129 H-2B petitions + $156,132 for 
outsourced lawyers to file Form I-129 and the accompanying Form G-28 
+ $4,728 for HR specialists to file Form I-907 + $15,527 for 
outsourced lawyers to file Form I-907 = $216,633.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The transfer payments from filing petitions using Form I-129 for an 
H-2B beneficiary include the filing costs to submit the form. USCIS' 
current fee rule was published on January 31, 2024, and became 
effective on April 1, 2024. 89 FR 6194, 6246-6248; 89 FR 20101 (Apr. 1, 
2024). Table 11 shows the current fee schedule for Form I-129 
requesting H-2A workers.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.021

    Furthermore, certain petitioners must pay the $600 Asylum Program 
Fee. Small employers with 25 or fewer employees pay a reduced Asylum 
Program Fee of $300 while nonprofits are exempt from the Asylum Program 
Fee. Therefore, total filing fees for H-2A petitioners range from 
$1,690 to $460 depending on the characteristics of the petitioner.\201\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \201\ See USCIS, Form G-1055, ``USCIS Fee Schedule,'' https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/g-1055.pdf (last 
accessed Apr. 18, 2024).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, Table 12 shows the base filing fees for petitioners 
requesting H-2B workers.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.022

    As was the case to H-2A petitioners, certain H-2B petitioners also 
must pay the $600 Asylum Program Fee. Small employers with 25 or fewer 
employees pay a reduced Asylum Program Fee of $300 while nonprofits are 
exempt from the Asylum Program Fee. Additionally, petitioners 
requesting H-2B workers must submit a $150 Fraud Prevention and 
Detection Fee. Therefore, total filing fees for H-2B petitioners range 
from $1,830 to $610 depending on the characteristics of the 
petitioner.\202\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \202\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the purposes of this analysis, USCIS assumes that all marginal 
Forms I-129 filed due to the final rule's portability provision request 
named

[[Page 103312]]

beneficiaries and that the petitioners are representative of the 
greater Form I-129 filing population.\203\ More specifically, we assume 
that of the 319 marginal Form I-129 petitions that were filed as a 
result of the final rule's portability provision, 30 percent have 26 or 
more employees, 55 percent have 25 or fewer employees, and that 15 
percent have non-profit status.\204\ This equates to 96 ``large'' 
petitioners, 175 ``small'' petitioners, and 48 non-profit 
petitioners.\205\ These petitioners will pay total fees of $1,830, 
$990, and $690, respectively.\206\ These filing fees are not a cost to 
society or an expenditure of new resources but a transfer from the 
petitioner to USCIS in exchange for agency services. The annual value 
of transfers from petitioners to the Government for filing Form I-129 
due to the final rule's portability provision will be approximately 
$382,050.\207\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \203\ Per Form I-129 instructions, beneficiaries must be named 
if they are currently in the United States. Therefore, a Form I-129 
petition filed as a result of the final rule's portability provision 
would necessarily be for named beneficiaries. See USCIS, Form I-129, 
``Instructions for Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker Department of 
Homeland Security,'' OMB Control Number 1615-0009, (expires Feb. 28, 
2027), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-129instr.pdf.
    \204\ See 89 FR 6194, 6246-6248, Table 25 (Jan. 31, 2024); 89 FR 
20101 (Apr. 1, 2024).
    \205\ Calculation, ``Large'' Petitioners: 319 marginal Form I-
129 filings x 0.3 rate of ``large'' petitioners = 96 ``large'' 
petitioners (rounded).
    ``Small'' Petitioners: 319 marginal Form I-129 filings x 0.55 
rate of ``small'' petitioners = 175 ``small'' petitioners (rounded).
    Non-profit petitioners: 319 marginal Form I-129 filings x 0.15 
rate of non-profit petitioners = 48 non-profit petitioners 
(rounded).
    \206\ Fees for ``large'' petitioner: $1,080 base filing fee + 
$600 Asylum Program Fee + $150 Fraud Prevention and Detection Fee = 
$1,830.
    Fees for ``Small'' Petitioner: $540 base filing fee + $300 
Asylum Program Fee + $150 Fraud Prevention and Detection Fee = $990.
    Fees for Non-profit Petitioner: $540 base filing fee + $150 
Fraud Prevention and Detection Fee = $690.
    For more information regarding the fee schedule for Forms I-129, 
please see https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/g-1055.pdf (accessed Apr. 29, 2024)
    \207\ Calculation: (96 ``large'' petitioners x $1,830 total 
fees) + (175 ``small'' petitioners x $990 total fees) + (48 
nonprofit petitioners x $690 total fees) = $382,050.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, employers may use Form I-907 to request premium 
processing of Form I-129 petitions for H-2B visas. The filing fee for 
Form I-907 to request premium processing for H-2B petitions is 
$1,685.\208\ Based on historical trends, DHS expects that 93.57 percent 
of petitioners will file a Form I-907 with Form I-129. Applying that 
rate to the expected number of filings of Form I-129 petitions will 
result in 298 requests for premium processing using Form I-907 filed 
due to the rule.\209\ We estimate that the annual transfers from 
petitioners to the Federal Government related to filing Form I-907 due 
to the rule will be approximately $502,130.\210\ The undiscounted 
annual transfers from petitioners to the Federal Government due to the 
rule are $884,180.211 212
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \208\ See USCIS, Form I-907, ``Instructions for Request for 
Premium Processing Service,'' OMB Control Number 1615-0048, https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-907instr.pdf 
(last accessed Apr. 15, 2024).
    \209\ Calculation: 319 petitions x 93.57 Form I-907 rate = 298 
Forms I-907 (rounded).
    \210\ Calculation: $1,685 per petition x 298 Forms I-907 = 
$502,130.
    \211\ Calculation: $382,050 + $502,130 = $884,180.
    \212\ It is possible that the combination of porting workers and 
workers availing themselves of increased grace periods may increase 
tax transfers from workers to the Federal Government. DHS cannot 
estimate the magnitude of these transfers, however, because of a 
lack of detailed data regarding the workers utilizing these 
provisions separately or jointly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Portability is a benefit to employers that cannot find U.S. 
workers, and as an additional flexibility for H-2 employees seeking to 
begin work with a new H-2 employer. This rule allows petitioners to 
immediately employ certain H-2 workers who are present in the United 
States in H-2 status without waiting for approval of the H-2 petition.
c. Improving H-2 Program Efficiencies and Reducing Barriers to Legal 
Migration
    This section is divided into two subheadings where each provision 
and its expected impacts are discussed. The final rule includes the 
following: (1) removing the eligible countries lists; and (2) 
eliminating the calculation of interrupted stays and reducing the 
period of absence that will reset an individual's 3-year maximum period 
of stay.
(1) Eligible Countries Lists
    DHS will remove the lists that designate certain countries as 
eligible to participate in the H-2 programs. Currently, nationals of 
countries that are not eligible to participate in the H-2 programs may 
still be named as beneficiaries on an H-2A or H-2B petition. However, 
petitioners must: (1) name each beneficiary who is not from an eligible 
country; and (2) provide evidence to show that it is in the U.S. 
interest for the individual to be the beneficiary of such a petition. 
USCIS also recommends that H-2A and H-2B petitions for workers from 
countries not listed on the respective eligible countries lists be 
filed separately.\213\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \213\ See USCIS, Form I-129, ``Instructions for Petition for 
Nonimmigrant Worker Department of Homeland Security,'' OMB Control 
Number 1615-0009 (expires Feb. 28, 2027), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-129instr.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To understand the population of beneficiaries who come from 
countries not on the eligible countries lists and the petitioners who 
apply for these workers, we considered historical data from FY 2013 
through FY 2022 on the beneficiary country of birth for both H-2A and 
H-2B receipts by fiscal year.\214\ The data are extremely limited, with 
an average of 77 percent and 75 percent of H-2A and H-2B receipts, 
respectively, missing the beneficiary's country of birth. Data are 
primarily limited because of the high percentage of H-2 petitions filed 
requesting unnamed beneficiaries. Additionally, these data are input 
manually, with only certain fields entered. Country of birth is not a 
mandatory field and tends to be blank.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \214\ Country of citizenship data are available for about 20 
percent of the H-2A category but not for the H-2B category. For 
consistency and because there are slightly more data available, we 
use country of birth data in this analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On the eligible countries lists published November 10, 2021, FY 
2022 data did not identify any H-2A beneficiaries with a country of 
birth from 55 of 85 eligible countries.\215\ Additionally, 30 petitions 
with 141 beneficiaries from 12 countries were not on the eligible 
countries list. Of the 86 eligible countries for H-2B beneficiaries, 
the FY 2022 data did not identify any beneficiaries with a country of 
birth from 43 of these countries. It also showed that there was only a 
total of 12 petitions with 79 beneficiaries from five countries not on 
the eligible countries list.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \215\ The publication of the eligible countries lists for H-2A 
and H-2B visa programs referred to here was published on November 
10, 2022. 87 FR 67930. For the purpose of this analysis, we rely on 
the eligible countries lists from 2021 because we have data from FY 
2022 that would include any impacts of that prior lists on the 
behavior of petitioners and their beneficiaries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    From these limited data, we can see that USCIS does receive 
petitions for beneficiaries outside of those on the eligible countries 
lists. However, it is unclear if the lists may act as a deterrent with 
the additional burden on petitioners. The data provide some insight 
into the potential concentration of H-2 visas in FY 2022, where the 
greatest number of petitions had beneficiaries listed with Mexico as 
their country of birth (1,628 petitions and 30,075 H-2A beneficiaries, 
and 1,523 petitions and 21,136 H-2B beneficiaries, respectively). 
However, because only about 12 percent of H-2A beneficiaries and 29 
percent of H-2B beneficiaries in FY 2022 had a country of birth listed, 
it is difficult to draw any strong conclusions.
    As stated earlier, USCIS recommends that H-2A and H-2B petitions 
for

[[Page 103313]]

workers from countries not listed on the respective eligible countries 
lists be filed separately. DHS does not have data on the number of H-2 
employers that file petitions separately for workers from countries not 
listed on the respective eligible countries lists from those on the 
eligible countries lists. For those that file separately, though, this 
provision will result in saved fees.\216\ As discussed above, total 
filing fees for H-2A petitioners range from $460 to $1,690 depending on 
the characteristics of the petitioner while total filing fees for H-2B 
petitioners range from $610 to $1,830 depending on the characteristics 
of the petitioner.\217\ Therefore, employers currently filing separate 
petitions could save $460 to $1,640 per H-2A petition and $610 to 
$1,830 per H-2B petition.\218\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \216\ See USCIS, ``Calculating Interrupted Stays for the H-2 
Classifications, What do I need to know if I choose to file separate 
petitions for H-2 workers?'' (May 6, 2020), https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-2a-agricultural-workers/calculating-interrupted-stays-for-the-h-2-classifications.
    \217\ See USCIS, Form G-1055, ``Fee Schedule,'' https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/g-1055.pdf, (last 
accessed Apr. 18, 2024).
    \218\ See USCIS, Form I-129, ``Instructions for Petition for 
Nonimmigrant Worker Department of Homeland Security,'' OMB Control 
Number 1615-0009 (expires Feb. 28, 2027), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-129instr.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To produce the eligible countries lists each year, several DHS 
components and agencies provide data, collaboration, and research. For 
DHS, this includes months of work to gather recommendations and 
information from offices across ICE, CBP, and USCIS, compile 
statistics, and cooperate closely with DOS. Research in these efforts 
focuses on topics including overstays, fraud, human trafficking 
concerns, and more. However, some of the work involved in creating the 
eligible countries lists is duplicative, time-consuming, and limited in 
its response to ever-changing global dynamics. For example, DOS already 
performs regular national interest assessments and would not approve H-
2 work visas that it deems problematic regardless of the country's 
standing on the eligible countries lists.
    Benefits of this provision include freeing up resources currently 
dedicated to publishing the eligible countries lists every year, which 
could be used more effectively on other pressing projects across DHS 
and DOS. This change also will reduce the burden on petitioners that 
seek to hire H-2 workers from countries not designated as eligible 
since they will no longer need to meet additional criteria showing that 
it is in the U.S. interest to employ such workers. This provision also 
will increase access to workers potentially available to businesses 
that use the H-2 programs.
(2) Eliminating the ``Interrupted Stay'' Calculation and Reducing the 
Period of Absence To Reset an Individual's 3-Year Period of Stay
    DHS is eliminating the ``interrupted stay'' calculation and reduce 
the period of absence from the United States from 3 months to 60 days 
to reset an individual's 3-year period of stay.\219\ Under current 
regulations, an individual's total period of stay in H-2A or H-2B 
nonimmigrant status may not exceed 3 years. Currently, an individual 
who has spent 3 years in H-2A or H-2B status may not seek extension, 
change status, or be readmitted to the United States in H-2 status 
unless the individual has been outside of the United States for an 
uninterrupted period of 3 months. In the final rule, the total period 
of stay of 3 years remains unchanged, but the period of absence that 
resets an individual's 3-year period of stay will be reduced. For ease 
of understanding, the term ``clock'' is used in this section to 
describe the 3-year maximum period of stay for an H-2 worker and the 
term ``absence'' generally is used in place of ``interruption.'' As 
critical context, the estimated population impacted by this change is 
constrained because the DOL-certified seasonal or temporary nature of 
H-2A and H-2B labor needs means that, currently, most beneficiaries' 
clocks are effectively reset each year upon completion of the first and 
only petitioner's labor need and subsequent departure from the country. 
Instructions on DOL's Foreign Labor Application Gateway (FLAG) state 
that petitioners' certified seasonal or temporary labor needs must not 
exceed 9 months for H-2B labor certifications and should not normally 
exceed 10 months for H-2A certifications, so there will be no direct 
impacts nor costs to an employer from the simplifications to the 
existing definition of absence for the purpose of resetting the 3-year 
clock.\220\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \219\ USCIS officers use the term ``interrupted stay'' when 
adjudicating extension of stay requests in the H-2A and H-2B 
nonimmigrant classifications. It refers to certain periods of time 
an H-2 worker spends outside the United States during an authorized 
period of stay that do not count toward the noncitizen's maximum 3-
year limit in the classification. See USCIS, ``Calculating 
Interrupted Stays for the H-2 Classifications'' (May 6, 2020), 
https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-2a-agricultural-workers/calculating-interrupted-stays-for-the-h-2-classifications.
    \220\ See DOL, ``H-2A Temporary Labor Certification for 
Agriculture Workers,'' https://flag.dol.gov/programs/H-2A (last 
visited May 31, 2023) (``The need for the work must be seasonal or 
temporary in nature [. . .] normally lasting 10 months or less'' for 
H-2A Temporary Certification For Agriculture Workers); DOL, ``H-2B, 
Temporary Labor Certification for Non-Agriculture Workers,'' https://flag.dol.gov/programs/H-2B (last visited May 31, 2023) (``The 
employer's job opportunities must be . . . [t]emporary (9 months or 
less, except one-time occurrences)''). DOL regulations at 20 CFR 
655.6(b) limit an H-2B period of need to 9 months, except where the 
employer's need is based on a one-time occurrence, but due to an 
appropriations rider that is currently in place, DOL uses the 
definition of temporary need as provided in 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(ii)(B), which does not list a 9-month limit. 
Consolidated Appropriations Act 2023, Pub. L. 117-328, Division H, 
Title I, Sec. 111.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, under this simplification, DHS will no longer 
recognize certain absences as an ``interrupted stay'' for purposes of 
pausing the calculation of the 3-year limit of stay. Thus, if a worker 
leaves the United States for less than 60 days, the absence will not 
pause the 3-year maximum period of stay clock nor extend the timeframe 
in which a worker could work in H-2 status upon their return from 
abroad. This change to the calculation of interrupted stay is not 
expected to impact the two current subset populations of H-2A and H-2B 
workers whose accumulated stay is 18 months or less and whose clock 
currently pauses when leaving the United States for at least 45 days 
but less than 3 months, and those whose accumulated stay is greater 
than 18 months but less than 3 years. Under this rule, the 3-year clock 
will no longer pause when an individual leaves the United States for 
the period of time specified in rows 2 and 3 of Table 13; rather, the 
3-year clock will reset following an uninterrupted absence of 60 days, 
irrespective of the individual's period of accumulated stay in the 
United States.

[[Page 103314]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.023

    DHS next considers a potential subpopulation of workers who, under 
the baseline, might port from one petitioning employer with a labor 
certification to a subsequent petitioner with a TLC three or more times 
to maximize earnings over the 3-year (1,095 days) limit. DHS does not 
have data on the size of the H-2A or H-2B worker populations that 
currently leave the United States while in H-2 status or for how long. 
Without information on the number of workers who experience absences 
from the United States, it is not possible to predict additional 
impacts to the behavior of H-2 visa holders and the petitioners with 
DOL-certified seasonal or temporary labor needs, however, the present 
observed rates of porting shown in Tables 6 and 7 suggest beneficiaries 
porting more than 3 times without leaving the country is small to non-
existent. DOL requires H-2A and H-2B employers to pay workers at least 
the highest of the prevailing wage rate obtained from the ETA or the 
applicable Federal, State, or local minimum wage.\221\ Additionally, 
the Fair Labor Standards Act covers requirements for all workers in the 
United States with respect to overtime and a job offer must always be 
consistent with Federal, State, and local laws.\222\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \221\ See WHD, ``Fact Sheet #26: Section H-2A of the Immigration 
and Nationality Act (INA)'' (Feb. 2010), https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/whdfs26.pdf, and ``Fact Sheet #78C: 
Wage Requirements under the H-2B Program'' (Apr. 2015), https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/whdfs78c.pdf.
    \222\ See WHD, ``Wages and the Fair Labor Standards Act,'' 
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/flsa (last visited Dec. 15, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To estimate the potential impacts from a small number of H-2 
workers choosing to provide 30 additional days of labor every 3 years, 
we first consider wages. The Federal minimum wage is currently 
$7.25.\223\ While using the Federal minimum wage may be appropriate in 
some instances, DHS recognizes that many States have higher minimum 
wage rates than the Federal minimum wage. Therefore, DHS believes that 
a more accurate and timely estimate of wages is available via data from 
the DOL, BLS National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. DHS 
believes that the unweighted, 10th percentile wage estimate for all 
occupations of $13.14 per hour is a reasonable lower bound for the 
population in question.\224\ DHS accounts for worker benefits by 
calculating a benefits-to-wage multiplier using the most recent BLS 
report detailing the average employer costs for employee compensation 
for all civilian workers in major occupational groups and industries. 
DHS estimates the benefits-to-wage multiplier is 1.45 and, therefore, 
is able to estimate the full opportunity cost per applicant, including 
employee wages and salaries and the full cost of benefits such as paid 
leave, insurance, and retirement, etc.\225\ Although the Federal 
minimum wage could be considered a lower bound income for the 
population of interest, DHS calculates the total rate of compensation 
for the 10th percentile hourly wage is $19.05, which is 81.3 percent 
higher than the Federal minimum wage.\226\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \223\ See 29 U.S.C. 206; See also WHD, ``Minimum Wage,'' https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage (the minimum wage in 
effect as of Dec. 15, 2022).
    \224\ See Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United 
States, May 2022. BLS, ``Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics 
program, All Occupations,'' https://www.bls.gov/oes/2022/may/oes_nat.htm#00-0000 (last visited July 28, 2023).
    \225\ The benefits-to-wage multiplier is calculated as follows: 
(Total Employee Compensation per hour) / (Wages and Salaries per 
hour) = $42.48 / $29.32 = 1.450 = 1.45 (rounded). See BLS, Economic 
News Release, ``Employer Cost for Employee Compensation--December 
2022,'' Table 1. Employer costs per hour worked for employee 
compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian 
workers, by major occupational and industry group (Mar. 17, 2023), 
https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_03172023.pdf.
    \226\ Calculations (1) for lower bound compensation: $13.14 
lower bound wage x 1.45 total compensation factor = $19.05 (rounded 
to 2 decimal places); (2) (($19.05 wage--$10.51 wage) / $10.51)) 
wage = 0.813, which rounded and multiplied by 100 = 81.3 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS does not rule out the possibility that some portion of H-2A and 
H-2B employees might earn more than the 10th percentile wage, but 
without empirical information, DHS believes that including a range with 
the lower bound relying on the 10th percentile

[[Page 103315]]

wage with benefits of $19.05 is justifiable for both H-2A and H-2B 
workers. For H-2A workers, DHS uses an upper bound wage specific to 
agricultural workers of $17.04.\227\ DHS calculates the average total 
rate of compensation for agricultural workers as $24.71 per hour, where 
the mean hourly wage is $17.04 per hour worked and average benefits are 
$7.67 per hour.\228\ For H-2B workers, DHS relies on the average wage 
rate for all occupations of $29.76 as an upper bound in consideration 
of the variance in average wages across professions and States.\229\ 
Therefore, DHS calculates the average total rate of compensation for 
all occupations as $43.15 per hour, where the mean hourly wage is 
$29.76 per hour worked and average benefits are $13.39 per hour.\230\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \227\ The average wage for agricultural workers is found at BLS, 
Occupational Employment and Wages--May 2022 (Apr. 25, 2023), Table 
1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational 
Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2022, 
https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ocwage_04252023.pdf. DHS 
notes that the agricultural wages contained in the OEWS survey 
represent a subset all agricultural workers.
    \228\ Calculation of the weighted mean hourly wage for 
agricultural workers: $17.04 per hour x 1.45 benefits-to-wage 
multiplier = $24.71 (rounded).
    \229\ The average wage for all occupations is found at BLS, 
Occupational Employment and Wages--May 2022 (Apr. 25, 2023), Table 
1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational 
Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2022, 
https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ocwage_04252023.pdf.
    \230\ The calculation of the weighted mean hourly wage for 
applicants: $29.76 per hour x 1.45 benefits-to-wage multiplier = 
$43.15 (rounded) per hour.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since DHS calculates absences from the United States based on 
calendar days, and wage estimates are specifically linked to hours, we 
apply the scalar developed as follows. Calendar days are transformed 
into workdays to account for the actuality that typically, 5 out of 7 
days of the calendar week, or 71.4 percent, is allotted to work-time, 
and that a workday is typically 8 hours.\231\ Thus, in limited 
instances, individuals resetting their clock at or immediately after 
the 1,095th day of the 3-year limitation may be afforded an opportunity 
to work 30 additional calendar days, or approximately 21 days of H-2. 
DHS notes that some H-2 workers may work more days or hours per week in 
some instances. Additionally, if overtime hours are worked, DHS has no 
basis for which to measure the extent to which this may occur among 
these populations. Based on the 10th percentile wage (lower bound), 
each calendar day generates about $108.81 in relevant earnings for 
potential H-2 workers. It follows that for the upper wage bounds that 
each calendar day generates about $141.14 per H-2A worker and about 
$246.47 per H-2B worker in relevant earnings.\232\ Over 30 potential 
workdays, this equates to a lower bound of $3,264 in additional 
earnings with upper bounds of $4,234 for H-2A workers and $7,394 for H-
2B workers (see Table 14).\233\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \231\ USCIS did review DOL disclosure data on basic number of 
hours and found the average number of hours per week to be around 40 
hours. For this reason, we assume a typical 40-hour workweek for 
both H-2A and H-2B workers for this analysis.
    \232\ Calculations: 10thpercentile wage (lower bound): 0.714 x 8 
hours per day x $19.05 wage = $108.81 (rounded). H-2A average wage 
for agricultural workers (upper bound): 0.714 x 8 hours per day x 
$24.71 wage = $141.14 (rounded). H-2B average wage for all 
occupations (upper bound): 0.714 x 8 hours per day x $43.15 wage = 
$246.47 rounded.
    \233\ Calculations: 10th percentile wage (lower bound): $108.81 
x 30 days = $3,264 (rounded).
    H-2A average wage for agricultural workers (upper bound): 
$141.14 x 30 days = $4,234 (rounded).
    H-2B average wage for all occupations (upper bound): $246.47 x 
30 days = $7,394 (rounded).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.024

    In instances where an employer with a DOL-certified temporary labor 
need cannot transfer the 21 days of work onto other H-2 workers, DHS 
acknowledges that this additional work may result in additional tax 
revenue to the government. It is difficult to quantify income tax 
transfers because individual tax situations vary widely,\234\ but DHS 
estimates the potential payments to other employment tax programs, 
namely Medicare and Social Security, which have a combined tax rate of 
7.65 percent (6.2 percent and 1.45 percent, respectively).\235\ While 
H-2A wages are exempt from these taxes, H-2B wages are not.\236\ With 
both the employee and employer paying their respective portion of 
Medicare and Social Security taxes, the total estimated tax transfer 
for Medicare and Social Security is 15.3 percent.\237\ DHS recognizes 
this quantified estimate is not representative of all potential tax 
losses by Federal, State, and local governments and we make no claims 
this quantified estimate includes all tax losses. We continue to 
acknowledge the potential for additional Federal, State, and local 
government tax losses in the scenario where a company

[[Page 103316]]

cannot transfer additional work onto current employees and cannot hire 
replacement labor for the position the H-2 worker is absent. As seen in 
Table 14, tax transfers could range from $0 for H-2A workers to as much 
as $1,131 for H-2B workers over a 30-day period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \234\ See Quentin Fottrell, MarketWatch, ``More than 44 percent 
of Americans pay no federal income tax,'' (Aug. 28, 2019), https://www.marketwatch.com/story/81-million-americans-wont-pay-any-federal-income-taxes-this-year-heres-why-2018-04-16.
    \235\ The various employment taxes are discussed in more detail 
at https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/understanding-employment-taxes. See Internal Revenue Service 
Publication 15, Circular E, ``Employer's Tax Guide'' (Dec. 16, 
2021), https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p15.pdf, for specific 
information on employment tax rates.
    \236\ See IRS, ``Federal Income Tax and FICA Withholding for 
Foreign Agricultural Workers with an H-2A Visa,'' https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p5144.pdf (last accessed July 31, 2023).
    \237\ Calculation: (6.2 percent Social Security + 1.45 percent 
Medicare) x 2 employee and employer losses = 15.3 percent total 
estimated tax transfer payment to government.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One benefit of this provision is that it will make it easier for 
DHS, petitioners, and beneficiaries to calculate when a beneficiary 
reaches their 3-year limit on stay, irrespective of how long the 
individual has been in the United States in H-2 status. As described 
earlier, to accurately demonstrate when an individual's limit on H-2 
status will be reached, employers and workers currently need to monitor 
and document the accumulated time in H-2 status and calculate the total 
time in H-2 status across multiple time periods following interruptive 
absences. USCIS adjudicators must also make these same determinations 
in adjudicating H-2 petitions with named workers to assess whether a 
beneficiary is eligible for the requested period of stay. No longer 
needing to monitor absences from the United States of less than 60 days 
simplifies calculations for employers, workers, and adjudicators. 
Additionally, DHS expects that USCIS adjudicators may issue fewer RFEs 
related to the 3-year maximum period of stay to workers with absences, 
which would reduce the burden on employers, workers, and adjudicators 
and save time in processing petitions. As shown in Table 15, RFEs 
related to the 3-year maximum period of stay have increased since FY 
2020 for H-2A workers and have generally remained stable at between 200 
to 300 each year since FY 2020 for H-2B workers.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.025

    While it is not clear how many RFEs are directly related to the 
calculation of interruptions while in H-2 status, as opposed to RFEs 
for those who may be reaching the maximum 3-year period of stay 
generally, DHS anticipates that eliminating the calculation for 
interrupted stays will at least render some RFEs unnecessary.\238\ This 
will in turn reduce the burden on employers, workers, and adjudicators 
associated with calculating interruptions and through subsequent RFEs 
and petitions could be processed more expeditiously.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \238\ On July 25, 2022, USCIS extended its COVID-19-related 
flexibilities for responding to RFEs through October 23, 2022. This 
provided recipients an additional 60 calendar days after the due 
date on an RFE to provide a response. Ultimately, while this 
flexibility may have been helpful to petitioners it also added up to 
an additional 2 months of time to the adjudication process. See 
USCIS, ``USCIS Extends COVID-19-related Flexibilities'' (July 25, 
2022), https://www.uscis.gov/newsroom/alerts/uscis-extends-covid-19-related-flexibilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Collectively, Tables 6, 7, and 10 indicate very few H-2 workers 
approach the 3-year limitation despite existing potential to port from 
certified temporary labor need for 3 years before exiting the country 
for 90 days. Nevertheless, DHS has considered as an upper bound, 
possible additional earnings and related labor market impacts should 
workers already approaching the 3-year limit respond to this proposed 
change by working 30 additional days at the end of their 1,095 days or 
at the start of their subsequent 3-year period. Recall that if the 
worker intended to return to their home country before 3-years, as most 
do upon completing their temporary labor for the initial petitioner, 
this change has no impact to the employer nor to wages earned by the 
worker. Multiplying the H-2A population of 169 in Table 15 by $4,234 in 
additional wages for 30 days in Table 14 bounds potential additional 
annual earnings at $715,546. Additionally, the H-2B population of 298 
in Table 15 multiplied by $7,394 in Table 14 bounds additional annual 
H-2B earnings at $2,203,412 with estimated tax transfers of $337,122. 
For H-2A and H-2B workers, the total impact from this change is 
approximately $2,918,958 in additional earnings and about $337,122 in 
tax transfers ($168,561 from workers + $168,561 from employers).
d. Other Impacts of the Final Rule
(1) Form I-129 Updates
    The costs for filing Form I-129 include the opportunity costs of 
time to complete and file the form. The estimated time needed to 
complete and file Form I-129 is 2.487 hours.\239\ There is also an 
estimated time burden of 2.07 hours for petitioners to complete the H 
classification supplement for Form I-129. The total time burden of 
4.557 hours for Form I-129 also includes the time for reviewing 
instructions, to file and retain documents, and submit the request. In 
this final rule, only the estimated burden to complete the H 
classification supplement will change. This rule will increase the 
public reporting burden for the H Classification Supplement by 0.23 
hours, for a total of 2.3 hours. The increased time burden will result 
in a total time burden of 4.787 hours for Form I-129 H-2

[[Page 103317]]

petitioners. The petition must be filed by a U.S. employer, a U.S. 
agent, or a foreign employer filing through the U.S. agent. 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(2). DHS was unable to obtain data on the number of Form I-129 
H-2A and H-2B petitions filed directly by a petitioner and those that 
are filed by a lawyer on behalf of the petitioner. Therefore, DHS 
presents a range of estimated costs, including if only HR specialists 
file Form I-129 or if only lawyers file Form I-129.\240\ Further, DHS 
presents cost estimates for lawyers filing on behalf of petitioners 
based on whether all Form I-129 petitions are filed by in-house lawyers 
or by outsourced lawyers.\241\ DHS presents an estimated range of costs 
assuming that only HR specialists, in-house lawyers, or outsourced 
lawyers file these forms, though DHS recognizes that it is likely that 
filing will be conducted by a combination of these different types of 
filers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \239\ The public reporting burden for this form is 2.487 hours 
for Form I-129 and an additional 2.07 hours for H Classification 
Supplement. See USCIS, Form I-129, ``Instructions for Petition for 
Nonimmigrant Worker Department of Homeland Security,'' OMB Control 
Number 1615-0009 (expires Feb. 28, 2027), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-129instr.pdf.
    \240\ For the purposes of this analysis, DHS assumes an HR 
specialist, or some similar occupation, completes and files these 
forms as the employer or petitioner who is requesting the H-2 
worker. However, DHS understands that not all entities have HR 
departments or occupations and, therefore, recognizes equivalent 
occupations may prepare these petitions.
    \241\ For the purposes of this analysis, DHS adopts the terms 
``in-house'' and ``outsourced'' lawyers as they were used in ICE, 
Final Small Entity Impact Analysis: Safe-Harbor Procedures for 
Employers Who Receive a No-Match Letter, at G-4 (posted Nov. 5, 
2008), http://www.regulations.gov/document/ICEB-2006-0004-0922. The 
ICE analysis highlighted the variability of attorney wages and was 
based on information received in public comment to that rule. We 
believe the distinction between the varied wages among lawyers is 
appropriate for our analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To estimate the total opportunity cost of time to petitioners who 
complete and file Form I-129, DHS uses the mean hourly wage rate of HR 
specialists of $35.13 as the base wage rate.\242\ If applicants hire an 
in-house or outsourced lawyer to file Form I-129 on their behalf, DHS 
uses the mean hourly wage rate of $78.74 as the base wage rate.\243\ 
DHS multiplied the average hourly U.S. wage rate for HR specialists and 
for in-house lawyers by the benefits-to-wage multiplier of 1.45 to 
estimate the full cost of employee wages. The total per hour wage is 
$50.94 for an HR specialist and $114.17 for an in-house lawyer.\244\ In 
addition, DHS recognizes that an entity may not have in-house lawyers 
and therefore, seek outside counsel to complete and file Form I-129 on 
behalf of the petitioner. Therefore, DHS presents a second wage rate 
for lawyers labeled as outsourced lawyers. DHS estimates the total per 
hour wage is $196.85 for an outsourced lawyer.245 246 If a 
lawyer submits Form I-129 on behalf of the petitioner, Form G-28, 
Notice of Entry of Appearance as Attorney or Accredited Representative, 
must accompany the Form I-129 submission.\247\ DHS estimates the time 
burden to complete and submit Form G-28 for a lawyer is 50 minutes 
(0.83 hours, rounded).\248\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \242\ See BLS, Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2022, 
Human Resources Specialists (13-1071), https://www.bls.gov/oes/2022/may/oes131071.htm.
    \243\ See BLS, Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2022, 
Lawyers (23-1011), https://www.bls.gov/oes/2022/may/oes231011.htm.
    \244\ Calculation for the total wage of an in-house lawyer: 
$78.74 x 1.45 = $114.17 (rounded).
    \245\ Calculation: Average hourly wage rate of lawyers x 
Benefits-to-wage multiplier for outsourced lawyer = $78.74 x 2.5 = 
$196.85 (rounded).
    \246\ The ICE ``Safe-Harbor Procedures for Employers Who Receive 
a No-Match Letter'' used a multiplier of 2.5 to convert in-house 
attorney wages to the cost of outsourced attorney based on 
information received in public comment to that rule. We believe the 
explanation and methodology used in the Final Small Entity Impact 
Analysis for that rule remains sound for using 2.5 as a multiplier 
for outsourced labor wages in this rule, see ICE, ``Small Entity 
Impact Analysis (Final): Supplemental Proposed Rule `Safe-Harbor 
Procedures for Employers Who Receive a No-Match Letter,' '' p. G-4 
(Sept. 1, 2015), https://www.regulations.gov/document/ICEB-2006-0004-0922.
    \247\ USCIS, ``Filing Your Form G-28'' (Aug. 10, 2020), https://www.uscis.gov/forms/filing-your-form-g-28.
    \248\ See USCIS, Form G-28, ``Instructions for Notice of Entry 
of Appearance as Attorney or Accredited Representative,'' OMB 
Control Number 1615-0105 (expires May 31, 2021), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/g-28instr.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since only the time burden for the H Classification Supplement will 
change, this analysis only considers the additional opportunity cost of 
time for 0.23 hours as a direct cost of this rule. Therefore, the 
estimated additional opportunity cost of time for an HR specialist to 
complete and file Form I-129 for an H-2 petition is $11.72, for an in-
house lawyer to complete and file is $26.26, and for an outsourced 
lawyer to complete and file is $45.28.\249\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \249\ HR specialist calculation: $50.94 x (0.23 hours) = $11.72.
    In-house lawyer calculation: $114.17 x (0.23 hours) = $26.26.
    Outsourced lawyer calculation: $196.85 x (0.23 hours) = 45.28 
(rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS expects this rule to impose costs on the population of 
employers that currently petition for H-2 workers, an estimated 36,762 
petitioners.\250\ We expect filing the relevant forms will be performed 
by an HR specialist, in-house lawyer, or outsourced lawyer, with the 
assumption that this will be done at the same rate as petitioners who 
file a Form G-28.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \250\ Calculation: 24,370 H-2A + 12,392 H-2B = 36,762 H-2 
petitioners in FY 2022 as estimated as the population who would be 
most likely be affected by this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To properly account for the costs associated with filing across the 
entire H-2 population, DHS must calculate a weighted average rate for 
G-28 filing across the separate H-2A and H-2B populations. Table 16 and 
Table 17 show the recent G-28 filing trends for each separate H-2 
population.

[[Page 103318]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.026

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.027

    Using the data from Table 16 and Table 17, DHS calculates that the 
weighted average rate of G-28 filing across the entire H-2 population 
is 26.35 percent.\251\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \251\ Calculation: Step 1. 12,607 H-2A petitions with G-28 + 
18,605 H-2B petitions with G-28 = 31,212 H-2 petitions with G-28; 
Step 2. 77,890 total H-2A petitions + 40,583 total H-2B petitions = 
118,473 total H-2 petitions; Step 3. 31,212 H-2 petitions with G-28 
/ 118,473 total H-2 petitions = 0.2635 (rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Therefore, we estimate that 9,687 lawyers will incur additional 
filing costs, and 27,075 HR specialists will incur additional filing 
costs.\252\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \252\ Calculation for lawyers: 36,762 H-2 petitioners x 26.35 
percent represents by a lawyer = 9,687 (rounded) represented by a 
lawyer. Calculation for HR specialists: 36,762 H-2 petitioners-9,687 
represented by a lawyer = 27,075 represented by a HR specialist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The estimated total opportunity cost of time for 27,075 HR 
specialists to file petitions under this final rule is approximately 
$317,319.\253\ The estimated annual opportunity cost of time for 9,687 
lawyers to file petitions under this rule is approximately $254,381 if 
all are in-house lawyers and $438,627 if all are outsourced 
lawyers.\254\ Therefore, the estimated annual opportunity costs of time 
for petitioners or their representatives to file H-2 petitions under 
this rule will range from $571,700 to $755,946.\255\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \253\ Calculation: $11.72 additional burden x 27,075 HR 
specialists = $317,319.
    \254\ Calculations: $26.26 additional burden x 9,687 in-house 
lawyers = $254,381; $45.28 additional burden x 9,687 outsourced 
lawyers = $438,627 (rounded).
    \255\ Calculation: HR specialists $317,319 + in-house lawyers 
$254,381 = $571,700; HR specialists $317,319 + outsourced lawyers 
$438,627 = $755,946.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) Technical Definitional Updates
    As a technical update in this rule, DHS is removing the phrase 
``abscond'' and the definition ``abscondment'' for clarification 
purposes. DHS expects these changes will have only marginal impacts.
(3) Familiarization Costs
    DHS expects this rule will impose one-time familiarization costs 
associated with reading and understanding this rule on the population 
of employers that currently petition for H-2 workers, an estimated 
36,762 petitioners.\256\ We expect familiarization with the rule will 
be performed by a HR specialist, in-house lawyer, or outsourced lawyer,

[[Page 103319]]

with the assumption that this will be done at the same rate as 
petitioners who file a Form G-28. An estimated 26.34 percent will be 
performed by lawyers and the remaining 73.66 percent by an HR 
specialist. Therefore, we estimate that 27,075 HR specialists and 9,687 
lawyers will incur familiarization costs.\257\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \256\ Calculation: 24,370 H-2A + 12,392 H-2B = 36,762 H-2 
petitioners in FY 2022 as estimated as the population who would be 
most likely to read this rule.
    \257\ Calculation for lawyers: 36,762 H-2 petitioners x 44.43 
percent represents by a lawyer = 9,687 (rounded) represented by a 
lawyer. Calculation for HR specialists: 36,762 H-2 petitioners-9,687 
represented by a lawyer = 27,075 represented by a HR specialist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To estimate the cost of rule familiarization, we estimate the time 
it would take to read and understand the rule by assuming a reading 
speed of 238 words per minute.\258\ This rule has approximately 56,000 
words.\259\ Using a reading speed of 238 words per minute, DHS 
estimates it will take approximately 3.92 hours to read and become 
familiar with this rule.\260\ The estimated hourly total compensation 
for a HR specialist, in-house lawyer, and outsourced lawyer are $50.94, 
$114.17, and $196.85, respectively. The estimated opportunity cost of 
time for each of these filers to familiarize themselves with the rule 
are $199.68, $447.55, and $771.65, respectively.\261\ The estimated 
total opportunity cost of time for 27,075 HR specialists to familiarize 
themselves with this rule is approximately $5,406,336. Additionally, 
the estimated total opportunity cost of time for 9,687 lawyers to 
familiarize themselves with this rule is approximately $4,335,417 if 
all are in-house lawyers or $7,474,974 if all are outsourced lawyers. 
Thus, the estimated total opportunity costs of time for petitioners or 
their representatives to familiarize themselves with this rule ranges 
from $9,741,753 to $12,881,310, which we assume will be incurred in the 
first year of the period of analysis.\262\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \258\ Marc Brysbaert, ``How many words do we read per minute? A 
review and meta-analysis of reading rate,'' (Apr. 12, 2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104047 (accessed Dec. 15, 2022). We use 
the average speed for silent reading of English nonfiction by 
adults.
    \259\ Please note that the actual word count of the final rule 
may differ from the estimated length presented here.
    \260\ Calculation: 56,000 words / 238 words per minute = 235 
(rounded) minutes. 235 minutes / 60 minutes per hour = 3.92 
(rounded) hours.
    \261\ Calculation: Total respective hourly compensation HR 
$50.94 x 3.92 hours = $199.68, In-house Lawyer $114.17 x 3.92 = 
$447.55, or Outsourced Lawyer $196.85 x 3.92 hours = $771.65.
    \262\ Calculation, lower bound: $5,406,336 familiarization 
costs, HR Representative + $4,335,417 familiarization costs, in-
house lawyer = $9,741,753.
    Calculation, upper bound: $5,406,336 familiarization costs, HR 
Representative + $7,474,974 familiarization costs, outsourced lawyer 
= $12,881,310.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Total Costs of the Rule
    In the previous sections, we presented the estimates of the impacts 
of the final rule. The quantifiable costs of this rule that will impact 
petitioners consistently and directly are the costs associated with an 
increased opportunity cost of time to complete Form I-129 H 
Classification Supplement and opportunity costs of time related to the 
rule's portability provision. Annual costs due to the rule range from 
$716,336 to $972,579 depending on the filer.\263\ Over the 10-year 
period of analysis, DHS estimates the total costs of the final rule 
will be approximately $16,905,113 to $22,607,100 (undiscounted).\264\ 
DHS estimates the annualized costs of this final rule will range from 
$1,825,104 to $2,438,679 at a 3-percent discount rate, with a midpoint 
of $2,131,891, and $2,012,604 to $2,686,606 at a 7-percent discount 
rate, with a midpoint of $2,349,605. The midpoints of these ranges are 
presented as the primary estimates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \263\ Calculation, lower bound: $571,700 annual costs from 
marginal OCT to file Forms I-129 + $144,636 in costs due to the 
portability provision = $716,336 annual costs in years 1 through 10.
    Calculation, upper bound: $755,946 annual costs from marginal 
OCT to file Forms I-129 + $216,633 in costs due to the portability 
provision = $972,579 annual costs in years 1 through 10.
    \264\ Calculation, lower bound: familiarization costs of 
$9,741,753 (year 1) + $716,336 annual costs due to the rule (year 1-
10) = $16,905,113 over 10-year period of analysis.
    Calculation, upper bound: familiarization costs of $12,881,310 
(year 1) + $972,579 annual costs due to the rule (year 1-10) = 
$22,607,100 over 10-year period of analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the rule results in transfers from consumers of goods 
and services to a limited number of H-2A and H-2B workers that may 
choose to supply additional labor. The total annualized transfer is 
approximately $2,918,958 in additional earnings at the 3-percent and 7-
percent discount rate and related tax transfers are approximately 
$337,122 ($168,561 from these workers + $168,561 from employers).

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA), as amended by the 
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, requires 
Federal agencies to consider the potential impact of regulations on 
small businesses, small governmental jurisdictions, and small 
organizations during the development of their rules. The term ``small 
entities'' comprises small businesses, not-for-profit organizations 
that are independently owned and operated and are not dominant in their 
fields, and governmental jurisdictions with populations of less than 
50,000. An ``individual'' is not defined by the RFA as a small entity 
and costs to an individual from a rule are not considered for RFA 
purposes. In addition, the courts have held that the RFA requires an 
agency to perform an initial regulatory flexibility analysis of small 
entity impacts only when a rule directly regulates small entities. 
Consequently, any indirect impacts from a rule to a small entity are 
not considered to be costs for RFA purposes.
    This final rule may have direct impacts to those entities that 
petition on behalf of H-2 workers. Generally, petitions are filed by a 
sponsoring employer who would incur some additional costs from the Form 
I-129 H Classification Supplement burden change and familiarization of 
the rule. Petitioning employers may also incur costs they would not 
have otherwise incurred if they opt to transport and house H-2A workers 
earlier as well as opportunity costs of time if they are selected to 
participate in compliance reviews or inspections that are necessary for 
the approval of a petition. Therefore, DHS examines the direct impact 
of this rule on small entities in the analysis that follows.
    Small entities primarily impacted by this final rule are those that 
will incur additional direct costs to complete an H-2 petition. DHS 
conducted an analysis using a statistically valid sample of H-2 
petitions to determine the number of small entities directly impacted 
by this final rule. These costs are related to the additional 
opportunity cost of time for a selected small entity to complete the 
updated Form I-129 H Classification Supplement in this rule.

[[Page 103320]]

Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (FRFA)
1. A Statement of the Need for, and Objectives of, the Rule
    The purpose of this rulemaking is to modernize and improve the 
regulations relating to the H-2A temporary agricultural worker program 
and the H-2B temporary nonagricultural worker program. Through this 
rule, DHS seeks to strengthen worker protections and the integrity of 
the H-2 programs, provide greater flexibility for H-2A and H-2B 
workers, and improve program efficiency.
2. A Statement of the Significant Issues Raised by the Public Comments 
in Response to the IRFA, a Statement of the Assessment of the Agency of 
Such Issues, and a Statement of Any Changes Made in the Proposed Rule 
as a Result of Such Comments
    DHS requested comments on the IRFA as part of the NPRM and received 
several specific to the IRFA. A brief summary of those comments and 
USCIS' response are below.\265\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \265\ More thorough comment summaries and responses are 
contained in the rule's preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Various stakeholders expressed concern that affected small 
entities may lack resources needed to understand the rule's changes and 
may unintentionally violate certain provisions, harming such entities 
in a disproportionate manner.
    Response: DHS acknowledged the comments but declines to implement 
any changes to the rule as a result of this comment. DHS emphasizes 
that all regulatory requirements and procedures will be explained and 
analyzed through multiple channels (the promulgation of this rule as 
evidenced by publication after consideration of comments received 
during the notice and comment period, relevant form instructions, and 
established communication materials such as the ``Small Entity 
Compliance Guide''). Additionally, DHS believes that marginal burdens 
being placed on small entities in order to ensure that they comply with 
program requirements and worker protections is justified by the 
benefits of increased program integrity discussed in the preamble.
3. The Response of the Agency to Any Comments Filed by the Chief 
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in Response 
to the Proposed Rule
    The Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration 
did not provide any comments on the IRFA.
4. A Description and an Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to 
Which the Rule Will Apply or an Explanation of Why No Such Estimate Is 
Available
    DHS conducted the analysis using a statistically valid sample of H-
2 petitions to determine the maximum potential number of small entities 
directly impacted by this final rule. DHS used a subscription-based 
online database of U.S. entities--Hoovers Online--as well as two other 
open-access, free databases of public and private entities--Manta and 
Cortera--to determine the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS) code, revenue, and employee count for each entity.\266\ In 
order to determine the size of a small entity, DHS first classified 
each entity by its NAICS code, and then used Small Business 
Administration (SBA) guidelines to note the requisite revenue or 
employee count threshold for each entity.\267\ Some entities were 
classified as ``small'' based on their annual revenue and some by 
number of employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \266\ The Hoovers website can be found at http://www.hoovers.com/; the Manta website can be found at http://www.manta.com/; and the Cortera website can be found at https://www.cortera.com/. NAICS 2017 classifications were used for the 
purpose of this analysis as provided by these databases.
    \267\ The SBA has developed size standards to carry out the 
purposes of the Small Business Act and those size standards can be 
found in 13 CFR, section 121.201. At the time this analysis was 
conducted, NAICS 2017 classifications were in effect. SBA size 
standards effective August 19, 2019, https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2019-08/SBA%20Table%20of%20Size%20Standards_Effective%20Aug%2019%2C%202019.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Using FY 2018 to FY 2022 data on H-2A petitions, DHS collected 
internal data for each filing organization.\268\ Each entity may make 
multiple filings. For instance, there were 90,658 H-2A petitions filed 
over the 5-fiscal-year period of analysis, but only 13,244 unique 
entities that filed H-2A petitions. DHS developed a methodology to 
conduct the small entity analysis based on a representative, random 
sample of the potentially impacted population. To achieve a 95 percent 
confidence level and a 5 percent confidence interval on a population of 
13,244 entities, DHS determined that a minimum sample size of 374 
entities was necessary. However, DHS drew a sample size 10 percent 
greater than the minimum statistically valid sample for a sample size 
of 411 to increase the likelihood that our matches would meet or exceed 
the minimum required sample.\269\ Of the 411 entities sampled, 387 
instances resulted in entities defined as small (see Table 18). Of the 
387 small entities, 344 entities were classified as small by revenue or 
number of employees. The remaining 63 entities were classified as small 
because information was not found (either no petitioner name was found, 
or not enough information was found in the databases). A total of 24 
entities were classified as not small. Therefore, of the 13,244 
entities that filed at least one Form I-129 in FY 2018 through FY 2022, 
DHS estimates that 96 percent or 12,714 entities are considered small 
based on SBA size standards.\270\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \268\ USCIS Office of Policy and Strategy, C3, ELIS (Oct. 19, 
2022).
    \269\ Calculation: 368 + (368 x 10 percent) = 405.
    \270\ Calculation: 13,244 entities x 96 percent = 12,714 small 
entities (rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

BILLING CODE 9111-97-P

[[Page 103321]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.028

    As previously stated, DHS classified each entity by its NAICS code 
to determine the size of each entity. Table 19 shows a list of the top 
10 NAICS industries that submit H-2A petitions.

[[Page 103322]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.029

    DHS used the same methodology developed for H-2A petitions for 
analyzing H-2B petitions. Using FY 2018 to FY 2022 data on H-2B 
petitions, DHS collected internal data for each filing 
organization.\271\ Each entity may make multiple filings. For instance, 
there were 40,579 H-2B petitions filed over these 5 fiscal years by 
8,506 unique entities. DHS devised a methodology to conduct the small 
entity analysis based on a representative, random sample of the 
potentially impacted population. To achieve a 95 percent confidence 
level and a 5 percent confidence interval on a population of 8,506 
entities, DHS determined that a minimum sample size of 368 entities was 
necessary. DHS created a sample size 10 percent greater than the 
minimum statistically valid sample for a sample size of 368 in order to 
increase the likelihood that our matches would meet or exceed the 
minimum required sample.\272\ Of the 405 entities sampled, 384 
instances resulted in entities defined as small (see Table 20). Of the 
384 small entities, 307 entities were classified as small by revenue or 
number of employees. The remaining 46 entities were classified as small 
because information was not found (either no petitioner name was found, 
or not enough information was found in the databases). A total of 21 
entities were classified as not small. Therefore, of the 8,506 entities 
that filed at least one Form I-129 in FY 2018 through FY 2022, DHS 
estimates that 95 percent or 8,081 entities are considered small based 
on SBA size standards.\273\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \271\ USCIS Office of Policy and Strategy, C3, ELIS (Oct. 19, 
2022).
    \272\ Calculation: 368 + (368 x 10 percent) = 405.
    \273\ Calculation: 8,506 entities x 95 percent = 8,081 small 
entities (rounded).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 103323]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.030

    As previously stated, DHS classified each entity by its NAICS code 
to determine the size of each business. Table 21 shows a list of the 
top 10 NAICS industries that submit H-2B petitions.

[[Page 103324]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18DE24.031

BILLING CODE 9111-97-C
    As stated above, petitioning employers may incur costs they would 
not have otherwise incurred if they are selected to participate in 
compliance reviews or inspections that are necessary for the approval 
of a petition, but fail or refuse to comply with such reviews or 
inspections. Because the random sample is drawn from the H-2 petitioner 
population at-large, it is not practical to estimate small entities' 
representation within this noncooperative subpopulation. Thus, the FRFA 
assumes 12 percent of small entities, like larger entities, may have 
underestimated the reasonable, existing compliance burden of site 
visits and thus incur some additional compliance costs.
    Petitioner-employers are not expected to be impacted by changes to 
the interrupted stay calculation. DHS cannot determine how 
beneficiaries' behavior would change as a result of this simplification 
to the calculation. Similarly, DHS does not expect flexibilities that 
allow beneficiaries to arrive in-country earlier would impose any 
compliance costs upon industries that choose to petition for or employ 
H-2 workers.
    Table 5 shows that an average 13,722 H-2A petitions are received 
annually. Table 18 shows that 96 percent of entities that petition for 
H-2A workers are considered small based on SBA size standards. 
Therefore, DHS reasonably assumes that of the 13,722 H-2A petitions 
received, 13,500 \274\ petitions are submitted by small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \274\ Calculation: 13,722 petitions received annually x 96 
percent = 13,173 submitted by small entities (rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 6 shows that USCIS receives an average of 6,867 H-2B 
petitions annually. Table 20 shows that 95 percent of entities that 
petition for H-2B workers are considered small based on SBA size 
standards. Therefore, DHS reasonably assumes that of the 6,867 H-2B 
petitions received, 6,524 petitions are submitted by small 
entities.\275\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \275\ Calculation: 6,867 annually selected petitions x 95 
percent = 6,524 submitted by small entities (rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. A Description of the Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other 
Compliance Requirements of the Rule, Including an Estimate of the 
Classes of Small Entities That Will Be Subject to the Requirement and 
the Types of Professional Skills Necessary for Preparation of the 
Report or Record
    This final rule does not impose any new or additional direct 
``reporting'' or ``recordkeeping'' requirements on filers of H-2 
petitions. The final rule does not require any new professional skills 
for reporting. As discussed, to the extent that existing statutorily 
and regulatorily authorized site visits described in the current Form 
I-129 instructions result in neither a finding of compliance nor 
noncompliance (described throughout this rule as noncooperation), the 
provision to revoke or deny petitions may result in unquantified 
additional compliance burdens to those petitioners that underestimate 
the reasonable burden of compliance with unannounced site visits. Under 
the final rule, a petitioner that was selected for a site visit and 
would not have cooperated under the baseline would face (up to) a 1.7-
hour marginal time burden (on average) in order to comply with the 
provisions of the rule. Also, the provisions of this final rule 
regarding prohibited fees and labor law violations (see 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(xi)(A) through (C), 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) through (D) 
regarding prohibited fees, and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(10)(iv) regarding labor 
law violations and other violations) will subject petitioners, 
including small entities, to petition denials should they engage in 
activities that are prohibited by the final rule.
    Denial or revocation of petitions for noncooperation with existing 
site visit and verification requirements is

[[Page 103325]]

expected to impact 12 percent of petitioners who, despite agreeing to 
permit the statutorily and regulatorily authorized site visits on their 
Form I-129 petition, yielded inconclusive (``not defined'') site visit 
results. Petitioners that do not cooperate with all site visit 
requirements may have underestimated the reasonable compliance burden 
they assented to, and, due to this final rule, would experience or 
expect to experience additional compliance burden associated with 
unchanged site visits and verification activities. DHS notes that 
employers who do not cooperate would face denial or revocation of their 
petition(s), which could result in costs to those businesses such as 
potential lost revenue or potential lost profits due to not having 
access to workers.
    Furthermore, the final rule causes direct costs to accrue to 
affected petitioners due to opportunity costs of time from both 
marginal time burden increases (for H Classification Supplement to Form 
I-129) and increased filing volumes (additional Forms I-129 filed due 
to the rule's portability provision).
    The increase in cost per petition to file the H classification 
supplement for Form I-129 on behalf of an H-2 worker is the additional 
opportunity cost of time of 0.23 hours. As previously stated in Section 
d(1) of the regulatory impact analysis, this final rule will add $11.72 
in costs if an HR specialist files, $26.26 in costs if an in-house 
lawyer files, and $45.28 in costs if an outsourced lawyer files.\276\ 
USCIS acknowledges that the rule could impose other indirect costs on 
small entities including, but not limited to, the time required to 
comply with site visits and any actions required to remain compliant 
with the rule's strengthened worker provisions. These indirect impacts 
are not explicitly included within the RFA because of uncertainty 
related to how many small entities would be affected and the degree to 
which affected entities would be impacted. The Regulatory Impact 
Analysis included above contains more in-depth analysis of those 
possible impacts and how they may impact small entities. Those entities 
not in compliance with the program would experience direct impacts as a 
result of this rule; DHS does not know how many entities are 
noncompliant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \276\ Calculations: HR specialist calculation: $50.94 x (0.23 
hours) = $11.72 (rounded).
    In-house lawyer calculation: $114.17 x (0.23 hours) = $26.26 
(rounded).
    Outsourced lawyer calculation: $196.85 x (0.23) = $45.28 
(rounded).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In all instances, DHS acknowledges that several aspects of the rule 
impose costs on affected entities. DHS has determined, however, that 
these costs are outweighed by the benefits of increased program 
integrity and compliance. DHS has considered opportunities to achieve 
the rule's stated objectives while minimizing costs to small entities.
6. A Description of the Steps the Agency Has Taken To Minimize the 
Significant Economic Impact on Small Entities Consistent With the 
Stated Objectives of Applicable Statutes, Including a Statement of the 
Factual, Policy, and Legal Reasons for Selecting the Alternative 
Adopted in the Final Rule and Why Each of the Other Significant 
Alternatives to the Rule Considered by the Agency Was Rejected
    DHS considered alternatives to elements of the final rule that 
would minimize the impact on small entities while still accomplishing 
the rule's objectives, such as improving the integrity and efficiency 
of the H-2 program. First, DHS acknowledges that, as discussed above, 
the vast majority (approximately 96 percent of H-2A petitioners and 95 
percent of H-2B petitioners) of affected petitioners are small 
businesses. Therefore, costs due to the rule would necessarily be borne 
by those small businesses. Minimizing any costs due to the rule would 
therefore compromise the ability of this regulation to effectively 
address the goals stated in the preamble.
    DHS considered not proposing regulations that would revoke or deny 
petitioners refusing to cooperate with current statutorily and 
regulatorily authorized USCIS site visit and verification activities. 
Roughly 12 percent of current H-2 site visits are inconclusive due to 
noncooperation on the part of petitioners. USCIS' inability to reach a 
conclusion concerning compliance or noncompliance concerning 
petitioners that triggered a site visit is critical to oversight of the 
program and integrity measures. The compliance burden for a small 
entity is not the duration of the site visit and verification 
activities, but rather the discrepancy between what USCIS and the 
assenting petitioner estimated such reasonable compliance burdens to 
be. DHS will not consider permitting any small entity to willfully 
violate the statutory and regulatory requirements explained in the 
existing Form I-129 instructions, thus the IRFA alternative considered 
was rejected for failing to meet the rule's objective of improving H-2 
program integrity. Furthermore, 12 percent of USCIS resources dedicated 
toward investigating noncompliance with H-2 program requirements are 
sunk, resulting in no findings. USCIS investigative officers are an 
important tool and a scarce resource. These investigatory resources 
could be made more effective if, at some additional compliance costs to 
would-be noncooperative small entities, USCIS was able to reach a 
finding. For this reason, DHS rejected the IRFA alternative for failing 
to meet the rule's objective of improving H-2 efficiency with respect 
to USCIS investigative resources.
    Finally, an additional objective of the rule is enhancement of 
worker protections. The IRFA alternative of minimizing additional 
compliance burdens to 12 percent of entities from site visits and 
verification activities was rejected because it risks undermining the 
impacts of other proposed provisions of this rule that are expected to 
achieve greater protections for workers who report violations. 
Furthermore, DHS considered not expanding porting to minimize those 
impacts to small entities, but concluded that the availability of 
porting is integral to accomplishing the objectives of enhancing 
program integrity and increasing worker protections.

C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) is intended, among 
other things, to curb the practice of imposing unfunded Federal 
mandates on State, local, and Tribal governments. Title II of UMRA 
requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement assessing 
the effects of any Federal mandate in a final rule, or final rule that 
may result in a $100 million or more expenditure (adjusted annually for 
inflation) in any one year by State, local, and Tribal governments, in 
the aggregate, or by the private sector. 2 U.S.C. 1532(a).
    In addition, the inflation-adjusted value of $100 million in 1995 
is approximately $192 million in 2022 based on the Consumer Price Index 
for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).\277\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \277\ See BLS, ``Historical Consumer Price Index for All Urban 
Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. city average, all items, by month,'' https://www.bls.gov/cpi/tables/supplemental-files/historical-cpi-u-202403.pdf (last visited Apr. 29, 2024). Calculation of inflation: 
(1) Calculate the average monthly CPI-U for the reference year 
(1995) and the current year (2022); (2) Subtract reference year CPI-
U from current year CPI-U; (3) Divide the difference of the 
reference year CPI-U and current year CPI-U by the reference year 
CPI-U; (4) Multiply by 100 = [(Average monthly CPI-U for 2022-
Average monthly CPI-U for 1995) / (Average monthly CPI-U for 1995)] 
x 100 = [(292.655-152.383) / 152.383] x 100 = (140.272 / 152.383) x 
100 = 0.92052263 x 100 = 92.05 percent = 92 percent (rounded). 
Calculation of inflation-adjusted value: $100 million in 1995 
dollars x 1.92 = $192 million in 2022 dollars.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 103326]]

    The term ``Federal mandate'' means a Federal intergovernmental 
mandate or a Federal private sector mandate. See 2 U.S.C. 1502(1), 
658(6). The term ``Federal intergovernmental mandate'' means, in 
relevant part, a provision that would impose an enforceable duty upon 
State, local, or Tribal governments (except as a condition of Federal 
assistance or a duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal 
program). 2 U.S.C. 658(5). The term ``Federal private sector mandate'' 
means, in relevant part, a provision that would impose an enforceable 
duty upon the private sector (except as a condition of Federal 
assistance or a duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal 
program). 2 U.S.C. 658(7).
    This final rule does not contain such a mandate, because it does 
not impose any enforceable duty upon any other level of government or 
private sector entity. Any downstream effects on such entities would 
arise solely due to their voluntary choices, and the voluntary choices 
of others, and would not be a consequence of an enforceable duty 
imposed by this rule. Similarly, any costs or transfer effects on State 
and local governments would not result from a Federal mandate as that 
term is defined under UMRA. 2 U.S.C. 1502(1), 658(6). The requirements 
of title II of UMRA, therefore, do not apply, and DHS has not prepared 
a statement under UMRA. DHS has, however, analyzed many of the 
potential effects of this action in the regulatory impact analysis 
above.

D. Congressional Review Act

    The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs has determined 
that this final does not meet the definitional criteria outlined in 5 
U.S.C. 804(2), for purposes of Congressional review of agency 
rulemaking pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, Pub. L. 104-121, 
title II, sec. 251 (Mar. 29, 1996), 110 Stat. 868 (codified at 5 U.S.C. 
801-808). This rule will not result in an annual effect on the economy 
of $100 million or more.
    DHS will send this final rule to Congress and to the Comptroller 
General as required by 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1).

E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)

    This final rule would not have substantial direct effects on the 
States, on the relationship between the National Government and the 
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the 
various levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with section 6 
of Executive Order 13132, it is determined that this final rule does 
not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation 
of a federalism summary impact statement.

F. Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform)

    This final rule was drafted and reviewed in accordance with E.O. 
12988, Civil Justice Reform. This final rule was written to provide a 
clear legal standard for affected conduct and was carefully reviewed to 
eliminate drafting errors and ambiguities, so as to minimize litigation 
and undue burden on the Federal court system. DHS has determined that 
this final rule meets the applicable standards provided in section 3 of 
E.O. 12988.

G. Executive Order 13175

    This final rule does not have Tribal implications under Executive 
Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal 
Governments, because it does not have a substantial direct effect on 
one or more Indian Tribes, on the relationship between the Federal 
Government and Indian Tribes, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities between the Federal Government and Indian Tribes.

H. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    DHS and its components analyze proposed actions to determine 
whether the National Environmental Policy Act \278\ (NEPA) applies to 
them and, if so, what degree of analysis is required. DHS Directive 
023-01, Rev. 01 (Directive) and Instruction Manual 023-01-001-01, Rev. 
01 (Instruction Manual) \279\ establish the procedures DHS and its 
components use to comply with NEPA and the Council on Environmental 
Quality (CEQ) regulations for implementing NEPA. See 40 CFR parts 1500 
through 1508. The CEQ regulations allow Federal agencies to establish 
in their NEPA implementing procedures categories of actions 
(``categorical exclusions'') that experience has shown normally do not 
individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human 
environment and, therefore, do not require preparation of an 
Environmental Assessment or Environmental Impact Statement. See 40 CFR 
1501.4(a). Instruction Manual, Appendix A, Table 1 lists the DHS 
categorical exclusions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \278\ See Pub. L. 91-190, 42 U.S.C. 4321 through 4347.
    \279\ See DHS, Directive 023-01, Rev 01, ``Implementation of the 
National Environmental Policy Act,'' (Oct. 31, 2014), and DHS 
Instruction Manual 023-01-001-01, Revision 01, ``Implementation of 
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)'' (Nov. 6, 2014), 
https://www.dhs.gov/publication/directive-023-01-rev-01-and-instruction-manual-023-01-001-01-rev-01-and-catex.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under DHS NEPA implementing procedures, for an action to be 
categorically excluded, it must satisfy each of the following three 
conditions: (1) The entire action clearly fits within one or more of 
the categorical exclusions; (2) the action is not a piece of a larger 
action; and (3) no extraordinary circumstances exist that create the 
potential for a significant environmental effect.\280\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \280\ See Instruction Manual, section V.B.2 (a-c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This final rule amends administrative and procedural requirements 
to modernize and improve H-2 programs. The final rule will improve 
program integrity while increasing flexibility, efficiency, and 
improving access to the H-2 programs. Specifically, DHS is clarifying 
which fees are prohibited to be collected under H-2 regulations, 
strengthening the prohibition on collecting or agreeing to collect such 
fees from H-2 workers, extending grace periods for H-2 workers to give 
them the same amount of flexibility to come to the United States early 
and prepare for employment, and to remain in the United States after 
their employment ends to prepare for departure or seek new employment. 
The final rule also includes a new, longer grace period for H-2 workers 
whose employment terminated early. DHS is also making portability 
permanent in the H-2 programs, and allowing H-2 workers to take certain 
steps toward becoming permanent residents of the United States while 
still maintaining lawful nonimmigrant status. DHS is also codifying 
additional efficiencies in the H-2 programs by eliminating the H-2 
eligible countries lists and the H-2 ``interrupted stay'' provisions, 
and by reducing the period of absence needed to reset a worker's 3-year 
maximum period of stay.
    DHS is not aware of any significant impact on the environment, or 
any change in environmental effect from current H-2 program rules, that 
will result from the final rule changes. DHS therefore finds that this 
final rule clearly fits within categorical exclusion A3 established in 
the Department's implementing procedures in Instruction Manual, 
Appendix A.
    The amendments contained in this final rule are stand-alone rule 
changes for USCIS H-2 programs and are not a part of any larger action. 
In accordance with its implementing procedures, DHS finds no 
extraordinary circumstances

[[Page 103327]]

associated with this final rule that may give rise to significant 
environmental effects requiring further environmental analysis and 
documentation. Therefore, this action is categorically excluded and no 
further NEPA analysis is required.

I. Paperwork Reduction Act

    Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104-13, all 
agencies must submit to OMB, for review and approval, any reporting 
requirements inherent in a rule, unless they are exempt.
    In compliance with the PRA, DHS requested comments to the 
information collection associated with this rulemaking in the NPRM 
published in the Federal Register on September 20, 2023. DHS would have 
addressed any comments received on information collection activities in 
Section IV. of this final rule. After the publication of the NPRM, DHS 
published the Fee Schedule Final Rule (``Fee Rule'') on January 31, 
2024, and that rule went into effect on April 1, 2024. 89 FR 6194. 
Subsequently, DHS updated the information collection and the baseline 
estimated total number of respondents and the amount of time estimated 
for an average respondent to respond, to reflect the changes to the 
information collection approved in connection with the Fee Rule. As a 
result, the estimated total public burden in hours and cost associated 
with the information collection has changed since the publication of 
the NPRM.\281\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \281\ In the NPRM, DHS estimated that the total estimated number 
of respondents for the information collection I-129 was 294,751 and 
the estimated hour burden per response was 2.34 hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Overview of information collection:
    (1) Type of Information Collection: Revision of a Currently 
Approved Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Petition for a Nonimmigrant 
Worker.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: I-129; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Business or other for-profit. USCIS 
uses the data collected on this form to determine eligibility for the 
requested nonimmigrant petition and/or requests to extend or change 
nonimmigrant status. An employer (or agent, where applicable) uses this 
form to petition USCIS for a noncitizen to temporarily enter as a 
nonimmigrant worker. An employer (or agent, where applicable) also uses 
this form to request an extension of stay or change of status on behalf 
of the nonimmigrant worker. The form serves the purpose of 
standardizing requests for nonimmigrant workers and ensuring that basic 
information required for assessing eligibility is provided by the 
petitioner while requesting that beneficiaries be classified under 
certain nonimmigrant employment categories. It also assists USCIS in 
compiling information required by Congress annually to assess 
effectiveness and utilization of certain nonimmigrant classifications.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-129 is 
572,606 and the estimated hour burden per response is 2.487 hours; the 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection E-
1/E-2 Classification Supplement to Form I-129 is 12,050 and the 
estimated hour burden per response is 0.67 hours; the estimated total 
number of respondents for the information collection Trade Agreement 
Supplement to Form I-129 is 12,945 and the estimated hour burden per 
response is 0.67 hours; the estimated total number of respondents for 
the information collection H Classification Supplement to Form I-129 is 
471,983 and the estimated hour burden per response is 2.3 hours; the 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection H-
1B and H-1B1 Data Collection and Filing Fee Exemption Supplement is 
398,936 and the estimated hour burden per response is 1 hour; the 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection L 
Classification Supplement to Form I-129 is 40,358 and the estimated 
hour burden per response is 1.34 hours; the estimated total number of 
respondents for the information collection O and P Classifications 
Supplement to Form I-129 is 28,434 and the estimated hour burden per 
response is 1 hour; the estimated total number of respondents for the 
information collection Q-1 Classification Supplement to Form I- 129 is 
54 and the estimated hour burden per response is 0.34 hour; and the 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection R-
1 Classification Supplement to Form I-129 is 6,782 and the estimated 
hour burden per response is 2.34 hours.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 3,023,717 hours. This is a 108,556 increase 
from the current estimate of 2,915,161 burden hours annually. The 
overall change in burden estimates reflects the changes in the rule 
related to the removal of the list of countries of citizenship section 
on the form and eligible countries list from the instructions, addition 
of question on exception to the 3-year limit and requests for evidence, 
rewriting of questions and instructional content on prohibited fees and 
evidence and other H-2A and H-2B violations, addition of clarifying 
language to H-2A and H-2B petitioner and employer obligations 
questions, addition of questions and reformatting for the joint 
employer section, removal of E-Verify and corresponding H-2A petitions 
instructions, addition of instructional content in the recruitment of 
H-2A and H-2B workers section, removal of instructional content on 
interrupted stays, and addition of clarifying language to the 
notification requirements instructional content.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $294,892,090.

List of Subjects

8 CFR Part 214

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Cultural exchange 
program, Employment, Foreign officials, Health professions, Reporting 
and recordkeeping requirements, Students.

8 CFR Part 274a

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Cultural exchange 
program, Employment, Penalties, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Students.

    Accordingly, DHS is amending chapter I of title 8 of the Code of 
Federal Regulations as follows:

PART 214--NONIMMIGRANT CLASSES

0
1. The authority citation for part 214 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  6 U.S.C. 202, 236; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1102, 1103, 1182, 
1184, 1186a, 1187, 1188, 1221, 1281, 1282, 1301-1305, 1357, and 
1372; sec. 643, Pub. L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009-708; Pub. L. 106-
386, 114 Stat. 1477-1480; section 141 of the Compacts of Free 
Association with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic 
of the Marshall Islands, and with the Government of Palau, 48 U.S.C. 
1901 note and 1931 note, respectively; 48 U.S.C. 1806; 8 CFR part 2; 
Pub. L. 115-218, 132 Stat. 1547 (48 U.S.C. 1806).


0
2. Section 214.2 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (h)(2)(i)(D);

[[Page 103328]]

0
b. Redesignating paragraph (h)(2)(i)(I) as paragraph (h)(2)(i)(J) and 
adding a new paragraph (h)(2)(i)(I);
0
c. Revising paragraphs (h)(2)(ii) and (iii);
0
d. Removing paragraph (h)(5)(i)(F);
0
e. Removing and reserving paragraph (h)(5)(iii)(B);
0
f. Revising and republishing paragraph (h)(5)(vi);
0
g. Revising paragraphs (h)(5)(viii)(B) and (C) and adding (D);
0
h. Revising paragraphs (h)(5)(ix) and (xi);
0
i. Removing paragraph (h)(5)(xii);
0
j. Revising and republishing paragraph (h)(6)(i);
0
m. Revising paragraph (h)(6)(vii);
0
n. Adding paragraph (h)(10)(iv);
0
o. Adding paragraph (h)(11)(iv);
0
p. Revising paragraphs (h)(13)(i), (iv), and (v);
0
q. Revising paragraph (h)(16)(ii) and adding (h)(16)(iii);
0
r. Revising paragraph (h)(20); and
0
s. Adding paragraph (h)(30).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  214.2  Special requirements for admission, extension, and 
maintenance of status.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (D) Change of employers. If the alien is in the United States and 
seeks to change employers, the prospective new employer must file a 
petition for a nonimmigrant worker requesting classification and an 
extension of the alien's stay in the United States. If the new petition 
is approved, the extension of stay may be granted for the validity of 
the approved petition. The validity of the petition and the alien's 
extension of stay must conform to the limits on the alien's temporary 
stay that are prescribed in paragraph (h)(13) of this section. Except 
as provided in paragraph (h)(2)(i)(I) of this section, 8 CFR 
274a.12(b)(21), or section 214(n) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1184(n), the 
alien is not authorized to begin the employment with the new petitioner 
until the petition is approved. An H-1C nonimmigrant alien may not 
change employers.
* * * * *
    (I) H-2A and H-2B portability. An eligible H-2A or H-2B 
nonimmigrant is authorized to start new employment upon the proper 
filing, in accordance with 8 CFR 103.2(a), of a nonfrivolous H-2A or H-
2B petition on behalf of such alien requesting the same classification 
that the nonimmigrant alien currently holds, or as of the requested 
start date, whichever is later.
    (1) Eligible H-2A or H-2B nonimmigrant. For H-2A and H-2B 
portability purposes, an eligible H-2A or H-2B nonimmigrant is defined 
as an alien:
    (i) Who has been lawfully admitted into the United States in, or 
otherwise provided, H-2A or H-2B nonimmigrant status;
    (ii) On whose behalf a nonfrivolous H-2A or H-2B petition for new 
employment has been properly filed, including a petition for new 
employment with the same employer, with a request to amend or extend 
the H-2A or H-2B nonimmigrant's stay in the same classification that 
the nonimmigrant currently holds, before the H-2A or H-2B 
nonimmigrant's period of stay authorized by the Secretary of Homeland 
Security expires; and
    (iii) Who has not been employed without authorization in the United 
States from the time of last admission through the filing of the 
petition for new employment.
    (2) Length of employment. Employment authorized under this 
paragraph (h)(2)(i)(I) automatically ceases upon the adjudication or 
withdrawal of the H-2A or H-2B petition described in paragraph 
(h)(2)(i)(I)(1)(ii) of this section.
    (3) Application of H-2A or H-2B program requirements during the 
pendency of the petition. The petitioner and any employer is required 
to comply with all H-2A or H-2B program requirements, as applicable 
under the relevant program, with respect to an alien who has commenced 
new employment with that petitioner or employer based on a properly 
filed nonfrivolous petition and while that petition is pending, even if 
the petition is subsequently denied or withdrawn. During the pendency 
of the petition, the alien will not be considered to have been in a 
period of unauthorized stay or employed in the United States without 
authorization solely on the basis of employment pursuant to the new 
petition, even if the petition is subsequently denied or withdrawn.
    (4) Successive H-2A or H-2B portability petitions. (i) An alien 
maintaining authorization for employment under this paragraph 
(h)(2)(i)(I), whose status, as indicated on the Arrival-Departure 
Record (Form I-94), has expired, will be considered to be in a period 
of stay authorized by the Secretary of Homeland Security for purposes 
of paragraph (h)(2)(i)(I)(1)(ii) of this section. If otherwise eligible 
under this paragraph (h)(2)(i)(I), such alien may begin working in a 
subsequent position upon the filing of another H-2A or H-2B petition in 
the same classification that the nonimmigrant alien currently holds or 
from the requested start date, whichever is later, notwithstanding that 
the previous H-2A or H-2B petition upon which employment is authorized 
under this paragraph (h)(2)(i)(I) remains pending and regardless of 
whether the validity period of an approved H-2A or H-2B petition filed 
on the alien's behalf expired during such pendency.
    (ii) A request to amend the petition or for an extension of stay in 
any successive H-2A or H-2B portability petition requesting the same 
classification that the nonimmigrant alien currently holds cannot be 
approved if a request to amend the petition or for an extension of stay 
in any preceding H-2A or H-2B portability petition in the succession is 
denied, unless the beneficiary's previously approved period of H-2A or 
H-2B status remains valid.
    (iii) Denial of a successive portability petition does not affect 
the ability of the H-2A or H-2B beneficiary to continue or resume 
working in accordance with the terms of an H-2A or H-2B petition 
previously approved on behalf of the beneficiary if that petition 
approval remains valid, and the beneficiary has either maintained H-2A 
or H-2B status, as appropriate, or been in a period of authorized stay 
and has not been employed in the United States without authorization.
* * * * *
    (ii) Multiple beneficiaries. Up to 25 named beneficiaries may be 
included in an H-1C, H-2A, H-2B, or H-3 petition if the beneficiaries 
will be performing the same service, or receiving the same training, 
for the same period, and in the same location. If more than 25 named 
beneficiaries are being petitioned for, an additional petition is 
required.
    (iii) Naming beneficiaries. H-1B, H-1C, and H-3 petitions must 
include the name of each beneficiary. Except as provided in this 
paragraph (h), all H-2A and H-2B petitions must include the name of 
each beneficiary who is currently in the United States, but need not 
name any beneficiary who is not currently in the United States. Unnamed 
beneficiaries must be shown on the petition by total number. USCIS may 
require the petitioner to name H-2B beneficiaries where the name is 
needed to establish eligibility for H-2B nonimmigrant status. If all of 
the beneficiaries covered by an H-2A or H-2B temporary labor 
certification have not been identified at the time a petition is filed, 
multiple petitions for subsequent beneficiaries may be filed at

[[Page 103329]]

different times but must include a copy of the same temporary labor 
certification. Each petition must reference all previously filed 
petitions associated with that temporary labor certification.
* * * * *
    (5) * * *
    (vi) Petitioner consent and notification requirements--(A) Consent. 
In filing an H-2A petition, a petitioner and each employer consents to 
allow Government access to all sites where the labor is being or will 
be performed and where workers are or will be housed and agrees to 
fully cooperate with any compliance review, evaluation, verification, 
or inspection conducted by USCIS, including an on-site inspection of 
the employer's facilities, review of the employer's records related to 
the compliance with immigration laws and regulations, and interview of 
the employer's employees and any other individuals possessing pertinent 
information, which may be conducted in the absence of the employer or 
the employer's representatives, as a condition for the approval of the 
petition. The interviews may be conducted on the employer's property, 
or as feasible, at a neutral location agreed to by the employee and 
USCIS away from the employer's property. If USCIS is unable to verify 
facts, including due to the failure or refusal of the petitioner or 
employer to cooperate in an inspection or other compliance review, then 
such inability to verify facts, including due to failure or refusal to 
cooperate, may result in denial or revocation of any H-2A petition for 
H-2A workers performing services at the location or locations that are 
a subject of inspection or compliance review.
    (B) Agreements. The petitioner agrees to the following 
requirements:
    (1) To notify DHS, within 2 workdays, and beginning on a date and 
in a manner specified in a notice published in the Federal Register if:
    (i) An H-2A worker does not report for work within 5 workdays of 
the employment start date on the H-2A petition or within 5 workdays of 
the start date established by their employer, whichever is later;
    (ii) The agricultural labor or services for which H-2A workers were 
hired is completed more than 30 days earlier than the employment end 
date stated on the H-2A petition; or
    (iii) The H-2A worker does not report for work for a period of 5 
consecutive workdays without the consent of the employer or is 
terminated prior to the completion of agricultural labor or services 
for which they were hired.
    (2) To retain evidence of such notification and make it available 
for inspection by DHS officers for a 1-year period beginning on the 
date of the notification. To retain evidence of a different employment 
start date if it is changed from that on the petition by the employer 
and make it available for inspection by DHS officers for the 1-year 
period beginning on the newly-established employment start date.
    (3) To pay $10 in liquidated damages for each instance where the 
employer cannot demonstrate that it has complied with the notification 
requirements, unless, in the case of an untimely notification, the 
employer demonstrates with such notification that good cause existed 
for the untimely notification, and DHS, in its discretion, waives the 
liquidated damages amount.
    (C) Process. If DHS has determined that the petitioner has violated 
the notification requirements in paragraph (h)(5)(vi)(B)(1) of this 
section and has not received the required notification, the petitioner 
will be given written notice and 30 days to reply before being given 
written notice of the assessment of liquidated damages.
    (D) Failure to pay liquidated damages. If liquidated damages are 
not paid within 10 days of assessment, an H-2A petition may not be 
processed for that petitioner or any joint employer shown on the 
petition until such damages are paid.
    (vii) Validity. An approved H-2A petition is valid through the 
expiration of the relating certification for the purpose of allowing a 
beneficiary to seek issuance of an H-2A nonimmigrant visa, admission or 
an extension of stay for the purpose of engaging in the specific 
certified employment.
    (viii) * * *
    (B) Period of admission. An alien admissible as an H-2A 
nonimmigrant will be admitted for the period of the approved petition. 
Such alien will be admitted for an additional period of up to 10 days 
before the beginning of the approved period for the purpose of travel 
to the worksite, and up to 30 days subject to the 3-year limitation in 
paragraph (h)(5)(viii)(C) of this section following the expiration of 
the H-2A petition for the purpose of departure or to seek an extension 
based on a subsequent offer of employment. Unless authorized under 8 
CFR 274a.12, the alien may not work except during the validity period 
of the petition.
    (C) Limits on an individual's stay. Except as provided in paragraph 
(h)(5)(viii)(B) of this section, an alien's stay as an H-2A 
nonimmigrant is limited by the period of time stated in an approved 
petition. An alien may remain longer to engage in other qualifying 
temporary agricultural employment by obtaining an extension of stay. 
However, an individual who has held H-2A or H-2B status for a total of 
3 years may not again be granted H-2A status until such time as they 
remain outside the United States for an uninterrupted period of at 
least 60 days. Eligibility under this paragraph (h)(5)(viii)(C) will be 
determined during adjudication of a request for admission, change of 
status or extension. An alien found eligible for a shorter period of H-
2A status than that indicated by the petition due to the application of 
this paragraph (h)(5)(viii)(C) will only be admitted for that shorter 
period.
    (D) Period of absence. An absence from the United States for an 
uninterrupted period of at least 60 days at any time will result in the 
alien becoming eligible for a new 3-year maximum period of H-2 stay. To 
qualify, the petitioner must provide evidence documenting the alien's 
relevant absence(s) from the United States, such as, but not limited 
to, arrival and departure records, copies of tax returns, and records 
of employment abroad.
    (ix) Substitution of beneficiaries after admission. An H-2A 
petition may be filed to replace H-2A workers whose employment was 
terminated earlier than the end date stated on the H-2A petition and 
before the completion of work; who do not report for work within 5 
workdays of the employment start date on the H-2A petition or within 5 
workdays of the start date established by their employer, whichever is 
later; or who do not report for work for a period of 5 consecutive 
workdays without the consent of the employer. The petition must be 
filed with a copy of the temporary labor certification, a copy of the 
approval notice covering the workers for which replacements are sought, 
and other evidence required by paragraph (h)(5)(i)(D) of this section. 
It must also be filed with a statement giving the name, date and 
country of birth, termination date, and the reason for termination, if 
applicable, for such worker and the date that USCIS was notified that 
the worker was terminated or did not report for work for a period of 5 
consecutive workdays without the consent of the employer. A petition 
for a replacement will not be approved where the requirements of 
paragraph (h)(5)(vi) of this section have not been met. A petition for 
replacements does not constitute the notification required by paragraph 
(h)(5)(vi)(B)(1) of this section.
* * * * *

[[Page 103330]]

    (xi) Treatment of petitions and alien beneficiaries upon a 
determination that fees were collected from alien beneficiaries--(A) 
Denial or revocation of petition for prohibited fees. As a condition of 
approval of an H-2A petition, no job placement fee, fee or penalty for 
breach of contract, or other fee, penalty, or compensation (either 
direct or indirect), related to the H-2A employment (collectively, 
``prohibited fees'') may be collected at any time from a beneficiary of 
an H-2A petition or any person acting on the beneficiary's behalf by a 
petitioner, a petitioner's employee, agent, attorney, facilitator, 
recruiter, or similar employment service, or by any employer (if 
different from the petitioner) or any joint employer, including a 
member employer if the petitioner is an association of U.S. 
agricultural producers. The term ``similar employment service'' refers 
to any person or entity that recruits or solicits prospective 
beneficiaries of the H-2A petition. The passing of a cost to the 
beneficiary that, by statute or applicable regulations, is the 
responsibility of the petitioner, constitutes the collection of a 
prohibited fee. This provision does not prohibit petitioners (including 
their employees), employers or any joint employers, agents, attorneys, 
facilitators, recruiters, or similar employment services from receiving 
reimbursement from the beneficiary for costs that are the 
responsibility and primarily for the benefit of the worker, such as 
government-required passport fees. This provision does not prohibit 
employers from allowing workers to initially incur fees or expenses 
that the employers are required to subsequently reimburse, where such 
arrangement is specifically permitted by, and performed in compliance 
with statute or regulations governing the H-2A program.
    (1) If USCIS determines that the petitioner or any of its 
employees, whether before or after the filing of the H-2A petition, has 
collected, or entered into an agreement to collect, a prohibited fee 
related to the H-2A employment, USCIS will deny or revoke the H-2A 
petition filed on or after January 17, 2025 on notice unless the 
petitioner demonstrates through clear and convincing evidence that: the 
petitioner made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and 
learn of the prohibited fee collection or agreement by its employees 
throughout the recruitment, hiring, and employment process; 
extraordinary circumstances beyond the petitioner's control resulted in 
its failure to prevent collection or entry into agreement for 
collection of prohibited fees; the petitioner took immediate remedial 
action as soon as it became aware of the payment of or agreement to pay 
the prohibited fee; and the petitioner fully reimbursed all affected 
beneficiaries or, only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are 
deceased, it fully reimbursed the beneficiaries' designees.
    (2) If USCIS determines that the beneficiary has paid or agreed to 
pay a prohibited fee related to the H-2A employment, whether before or 
after the filing of the H-2A petition, to any agent, attorney, 
employer, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment service, or any 
joint employer, including a member employer if the petitioner is an 
association of U.S. agricultural producers, USCIS will deny or revoke 
the H-2A petition filed on or after January 17, 2025 on notice unless 
the petitioner demonstrates to USCIS through clear and convincing 
evidence that: the petitioner made ongoing, good faith, reasonable 
efforts to prevent and learn of the prohibited fee collection or 
agreement by such parties throughout the recruitment, hiring, and 
employment process; the petitioner took immediate remedial action as 
soon as it became aware of the payment of or agreement to pay the 
prohibited fee; and that all affected beneficiaries, or their designees 
only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, have been 
fully reimbursed. A written contract between the petitioner and the 
agent, attorney, facilitator, recruiter, similar employment service, or 
member employer stating that such fees were prohibited will not, by 
itself, be sufficient to meet this standard of proof.
    (3) For purposes of paragraph (h)(5)(xi) of this section, a 
designee must be an individual or entity for whom the beneficiary has 
provided the petitioner or its successor in interest prior written 
authorization to receive such reimbursement, as long as the petitioner 
or its successor in interest, or its agent, employer, or any joint 
employer, attorney, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment 
service would not act as such designee or derive any financial benefit, 
either directly or indirectly, from the reimbursement.
    (B) One-year denial period of subsequent H-2A petitions. USCIS will 
deny any H-2A petition filed by the same petitioner or a successor in 
interest within 1 year after the decision denying or revoking on notice 
an H-2B or H-2A petition on the basis of paragraph (h)(6)(i)(B) or 
(h)(5)(xi)(A), respectively, of this section, provided that the denied 
or revoked petition was filed on or after January 17, 2025. In 
addition, USCIS will deny any H-2A petition filed by the same 
petitioner or successor in interest within 1 year after withdrawal of 
an H-2A or H-2B petition filed on or after January 17, 2025, that was 
withdrawn following USCIS issuance of a request for evidence or notice 
of intent to deny or revoke the petition on the basis of paragraph 
(h)(5)(xi)(A) or (h)(6)(i)(B), respectively, of this section.
    (C) Reimbursement as condition of approval of future H-2A 
petitions--(1) Additional 3-year denial period of subsequent H-2A 
petitions. For an additional 3 years after the 1-year period described 
in paragraph (h)(5)(xi)(B) of this section, USCIS will deny any H-2A 
petition filed by the same petitioner or successor in interest, unless 
the petitioner or successor in interest demonstrates to USCIS that the 
petitioner, successor in interest, or the petitioner's or successor in 
interest's agent, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment 
service, or any joint employer, including a member employer if the 
petitioner is an association of U.S. agricultural producers, reimbursed 
in full each beneficiary, or the beneficiary's designee only if such 
beneficiary cannot be located or is deceased, of the denied or revoked 
petition from whom a prohibited fee was collected. USCIS will deny H-2A 
petitions under this provision based on the denial or revocation 
decision(s) issued pursuant to paragraph (h)(5)(xi)(A) or (h)(6)(i)(B) 
of this section on a prior petition filed on or after January 17, 2025.
    (2) Successor in interest. For the purposes of paragraphs 
(h)(5)(xi)(B) and (C) of this section, successor in interest means an 
employer that is controlling and carrying on the business of a previous 
employer regardless of whether such successor in interest has succeeded 
to all of the rights and liabilities of the predecessor entity. The 
following factors may be considered by USCIS in determining whether an 
employer is a successor in interest; no one factor is dispositive, but 
all of the circumstances will be considered as a whole:
    (i) Substantial continuity of the same business operations;
    (ii) Use of the same facilities;
    (iii) Substantial continuity of the work force;
    (iv) Similarity of jobs and working conditions;
    (v) Similarity of supervisory personnel;
    (vi) Whether the former management or owner retains a direct or 
indirect interest in the new enterprise;

[[Page 103331]]

    (vii) Similarity in machinery, equipment, production methods, or 
assets required to conduct business;
    (viii) Similarity of products and services;
    (ix) Familial or close personal relationships between predecessor 
and successor owners of the entity; and
    (x) Use of the same or related remittance sources for business 
payments.
    (6) * * *
    (i) Petition--(A) H-2B nonagricultural temporary worker. An H-2B 
nonagricultural temporary worker is an alien who is coming temporarily 
to the United States to perform temporary services or labor without 
displacing qualified United States workers available to perform such 
services or labor and whose employment is not adversely affecting the 
wages and working conditions of United States workers.
    (B) Denial or revocation of petition for prohibited fees. As a 
condition of approval of an H-2B petition, no job placement fee, fee or 
penalty for breach of contract, or other fee, penalty, or compensation 
(either direct or indirect), related to the H-2B employment 
(collectively, ``prohibited fees'') may be collected at any time from a 
beneficiary of an H-2B petition or any person acting on the 
beneficiary's behalf by a petitioner, a petitioner's employee, agent, 
attorney, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment service, or any 
employer (if different from the petitioner). The term ``similar 
employment service'' refers to any person or entity that recruits or 
solicits prospective beneficiaries of the H-2B petition. The passing of 
a cost to the beneficiary that, by statute or applicable regulations is 
the responsibility of the petitioner, constitutes the collection of a 
prohibited fee. This provision does not prohibit petitioners (including 
their employees), employers, agents, attorneys, facilitators, 
recruiters, or similar employment services from receiving reimbursement 
from the beneficiary for costs that are the responsibility and 
primarily for the benefit of the worker, such as government-required 
passport fees. This provision does not prohibit employers from allowing 
workers to initially incur fees or expenses that the employers are 
required to subsequently reimburse, where such arrangement is 
specifically permitted by, and performed in compliance with, statute or 
regulations governing the H-2B program.
    (1) If USCIS determines that the petitioner or any of its 
employees, whether before or after the filing of the H-2B petition, has 
collected or entered into an agreement to collect a prohibited fee 
related to the H-2B employment, USCIS will deny or revoke the H-2B 
petition filed on or after January 17, 2025 on notice unless the 
petitioner demonstrates through clear and convincing evidence that: the 
petitioner made ongoing, good faith, reasonable efforts to prevent and 
learn of the prohibited fee collection or agreement throughout the 
recruitment, hiring, and employment process; extraordinary 
circumstances beyond the petitioner's control resulted in its failure 
to prevent collection or entry into agreement for collection of 
prohibited fees; the petitioner took immediate remedial action as soon 
as it became aware of the payment of or agreement to pay the prohibited 
fee; and the petitioner fully reimbursed all affected beneficiaries or, 
only if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, it fully 
reimbursed their designees.
    (2) If USCIS determines that the beneficiary has paid or agreed to 
pay any employer, agent, attorney, facilitator, recruiter, or similar 
employment service a prohibited fee related to the H-2B employment, 
whether before or after the filing of the H-2B petition, USCIS will 
deny or revoke the H-2B petition filed on or after January 17, 2025 on 
notice unless the petitioner demonstrates to USCIS through clear and 
convincing evidence that: the petitioner made ongoing, good faith, 
reasonable efforts to prevent and learn of the prohibited fee(s) 
collection or agreement by such parties throughout the recruitment, 
hiring, and employment process; the petitioner took immediate remedial 
action as soon as it became aware of the payment of the prohibited fee 
or agreement; and all affected beneficiaries, or their designees only 
if such beneficiaries cannot be located or are deceased, have been 
fully reimbursed. A written contract between the petitioner and the 
facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment service stating that such 
fees were prohibited will not, by itself, be sufficient to meet this 
standard of proof.
    (3) For purposes of paragraph (h)(6)(i) of this section, a designee 
must be an individual or entity for whom the beneficiary has provided 
the petitioner or its successor in interest prior written authorization 
to receive such reimbursement, as long as the petitioner or its 
successor in interest, or its agent, employer, attorney, facilitator, 
recruiter, or similar employment service would not act as such designee 
or derive any financial benefit, either directly or indirectly, from 
the reimbursement.
    (C) One-year denial period of subsequent H-2B petitions. USCIS will 
deny any H-2B petition filed by the same petitioner or a successor in 
interest within 1 year after the decision denying or revoking on notice 
an H-2B or H-2A petition on the basis of paragraph (h)(6)(i)(B) or 
(h)(5)(xi)(A), respectively, of this section, provided that the denied 
or revoked petition was filed on or after January 17, 2025. In 
addition, USCIS will deny any H-2B petition filed by the same 
petitioner or successor in interest within 1 year after withdrawal of 
an H-2B or H-2A petition filed on or after January 17, 2025, that was 
withdrawn following USCIS issuance of a request for evidence or notice 
of intent to deny or revoke the petition on the basis of paragraph 
(h)(6)(i)(B) or (h)(5)(xi)(A), respectively, of this section.
    (D) Reimbursement as condition of approval of future H-2B 
petitions--(1) Additional 3-year denial period of subsequent H-2B 
petitions. For an additional 3 years after the 1-year period described 
in paragraph (h)(6)(i)(C) of this section, USCIS will deny any H-2B 
petition filed by the same petitioner or successor in interest, unless 
the petitioner or successor in interest demonstrates to USCIS that the 
petitioner or successor in interest, or the petitioner's or successor 
in interest's agent, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment 
service, reimbursed in full each beneficiary, or the beneficiary's 
designee only if such beneficiary cannot be located or is deceased, of 
the denied or revoked petition from whom a prohibited fee was 
collected. USCIS will deny H-2B petitions under this provision based on 
the denial or revocation decision(s) issued pursuant to paragraph 
(h)(6)(i)(B) or (h)(5)(xi)(A) of this section on a prior petition filed 
on or after January 17, 2025.
    (2) Successor in interest. For the purposes of paragraphs 
(h)(6)(i)(C) and (D) of this section, successor in interest means an 
employer that is controlling and carrying on the business of a previous 
employer regardless of whether such successor in interest has succeeded 
to all of the rights and liabilities of the predecessor entity. The 
following factors may be considered by USCIS in determining whether an 
employer is a successor in interest; no one factor is dispositive, but 
all of the circumstances will be considered as a whole:
    (i) Substantial continuity of the same business operations;
    (ii) Use of the same facilities;
    (iii) Substantial continuity of the work force;
    (iv) Similarity of jobs and working conditions;

[[Page 103332]]

    (v) Similarity of supervisory personnel;
    (vi) Whether the former management or owner retains a direct or 
indirect interest in the new enterprise;
    (vii) Similarity in machinery, equipment, production methods, or 
assets required to conduct business;
    (viii) Similarity of products and services;
    (ix) Familial or close personal relationships between predecessor 
and successor owners of the entity; and
    (x) Use of the same or related remittance sources for business 
payments.
    (E) [Reserved]
    (F) Petitioner agreements and notification requirements--(1) 
Agreements. The petitioner must notify DHS, within 2 workdays, and 
beginning on a date and in a manner specified in a notice published in 
the Federal Register if: An H-2B worker does not report for work within 
5 workdays after the employment start date stated on the petition; the 
nonagricultural labor or services for which H-2B workers were hired 
were completed more than 30 days early; or an H-2B worker does not 
report for work for a period of 5 consecutive workdays without the 
consent of the employer or is terminated prior to the completion of the 
nonagricultural labor or services for which they were hired. The 
petitioner must also retain evidence of such notification and make it 
available for inspection by DHS officers for a 1-year period beginning 
on the date of the notification.
    (2) Consent. In filing an H-2B petition, the petitioner and each 
employer (if different from the petitioner) consent to allow Government 
access to all sites where the labor is being or will be performed and 
agrees to fully cooperate with any compliance review, evaluation, 
verification, or inspection conducted by USCIS, including an on-site 
inspection of the employer's facilities, review of the employer's 
records related to the compliance with immigration laws and 
regulations, and interview of the employer's employees and any other 
individuals possessing pertinent information, which may be conducted in 
the absence of the employer or the employer's representatives, as a 
condition for the approval of the petition. The interviews may be 
conducted on the employer's property, or as feasible, at a neutral 
location agreed to by the employee and USCIS away from the employer's 
property. If USCIS is unable to verify facts, including due to the 
failure or refusal of the petitioner or employer to cooperate in an 
inspection or other compliance review, then such inability to verify 
facts, including due to failure or refusal to cooperate, may result in 
denial or revocation of any H-2B petition for H-2B workers performing 
services at the location or locations that are a subject of inspection 
or compliance review.
* * * * *
    (vii) Admission--(A) Period of admission. An alien admissible as an 
H-2B nonimmigrant will be admitted for the period of the approved 
petition. Such alien will be admitted for an additional period of up to 
10 days before the beginning of the approved period for the purpose of 
travel to the worksite, and up to 30 days subject to the 3-year 
limitation in paragraph (h)(6)(vii)(B) of this section following the 
expiration of the H-2B petition for the purpose of departure or to seek 
an extension based on a subsequent offer of employment. Unless 
authorized under 8 CFR 274a.12, the alien may not work except during 
the validity period of the petition.
    (B) Limits on an individual's stay. Except as provided in paragraph 
(h)(6)(vii)(A) of this section, an alien's stay as an H-2B nonimmigrant 
is limited by the period of time stated in an approved petition. An 
alien may remain longer to engage in other qualifying temporary 
nonagricultural employment by obtaining an extension of stay. However, 
an individual who has held H-2A or H-2B status for a total of 3 years 
may not again be granted H-2B status until such time as they remain 
outside the United States for an uninterrupted period of at least 60 
days. Eligibility under this paragraph (h)(6)(vii)(B) will be 
determined during adjudication of a request for admission, change of 
status or extension of stay. An alien found eligible for a shorter 
period of H-2B status than that indicated by the petition due to the 
application of this paragraph (h)(6)(vii)(B) will only be admitted for 
that shorter period.
    (C) Period of absence. An absence from the United States for an 
uninterrupted period of at least 60 days at any time will result in the 
alien becoming eligible for a new 3-year maximum period of H-2 stay. 
The limitation in paragraph (h)(6)(vii)(B) of this section will not 
apply to H-2B aliens who did not reside continually in the United 
States and whose employment in the United States was seasonal or 
intermittent or was for an aggregate of 6 months or less per year. In 
addition, the limitation in paragraph (h)(6)(vii)(B) of this section 
will not apply to aliens who reside abroad and regularly commute to the 
United States to engage in part-time employment. To qualify, the 
petitioner must provide evidence documenting the alien's relevant 
absence(s) from the United States, such as, but not limited to, arrival 
and departure records, copies of tax returns, and records of employment 
abroad.
    (D) Traded professional H-2B athletes. In the case of a 
professional H-2B athlete who is traded from one organization to 
another organization, employment authorization for the player will 
automatically continue for a period of 30 days after the player's 
acquisition by the new organization, within which time the new 
organization is expected to file a new application or petition for H-2B 
nonimmigrant classification. If a new application or petition is not 
filed within 30 days, employment authorization will cease. If a new 
application or petition is filed within 30 days, the professional 
athlete will be deemed to be in valid H-2B status, and employment will 
continue to be authorized, until the petition is adjudicated. If the 
new petition is denied, employment authorization will cease.
* * * * *
    (10) * * *
    (iv) H-2A and H-2B violators. (A) USCIS will deny any H-2A or H-2B 
petition filed by a petitioner, or the successor in interest of a 
petitioner as defined in paragraphs (h)(5)(xi)(C)(2) and 
(h)(6)(i)(D)(2) of this section, that has been the subject of one or 
more of the following actions:
    (1) A final administrative determination by the Secretary of Labor 
under 20 CFR part 655, subpart A or B, or 29 CFR part 501 or 503 
debarring the petitioner from filing or receiving a future labor 
certification, or a final administrative determination by the Governor 
of Guam debarring the petitioner from issuance of future labor 
certifications under applicable Guam regulations and rules, if the 
petition is filed on or after January 17, 2025 and during the debarment 
period, or if the debarment occurs during the pendency of the petition 
filed on or after January 17, 2025, and the final administrative 
determination debarring the petitioner is made on or after January 17, 
2025; or
    (2) A final USCIS denial or revocation decision issued during the 
pendency of the petition or within 3 years prior to filing the petition 
that includes a finding of fraud or willful misrepresentation of a 
material fact with respect to a previously filed H-2A or H-2B petition. 
This provision will only apply if the final denial or revocation 
decision was issued on a petition filed on or after January 17, 2025; 
or

[[Page 103333]]

    (3) A final determination of violation(s) under section 274(a) of 
the Act during the pendency of the petition or within 3 years prior to 
filing the petition if the final determination of violation(s) under 
section 274(a) of the Act is made on or after January 17, 2025 and the 
petition is filed on or after January 17, 2025.
    (B) Except as provided in paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(A) of this section, 
USCIS may deny any H-2A or H-2B petition filed by a petitioner, or the 
successor in interest of a petitioner as defined in paragraphs 
(h)(5)(xi)(C)(2) and (h)(6)(i)(D)(2) of this section on or after 
January 17, 2025, that has been the subject of one or more of the 
following actions during the pendency of the petition or within 3 years 
prior to filing the petition, regardless of whether the action(s) or 
underlying violation(s) occurred before, on, or after January 17, 2025. 
USCIS may deny such a petition if it determines that the petitioner or 
successor has not established its intention and/or ability to comply 
with H-2A or H-2B program requirements. The violation(s) underlying the 
following actions that may call into question a petitioner's or 
successor's intention and/or ability to comply include:
    (1) A final administrative determination by the Secretary of Labor 
or the Governor of Guam with respect to a prior H-2A or H-2B temporary 
labor certification that includes:
    (i) Revocation of an approved temporary labor certification under 
20 CFR part 655, subpart A or B, or applicable Guam regulations and 
rules;
    (ii) Debarment under 20 CFR part 655, subpart A or B, or 29 CFR 
part 501 or 503, or applicable Guam regulations and rules, if the 
debarment period has concluded prior to filing the petition; or
    (iii) Any other administrative sanction or remedy under 29 CFR part 
501 or 503, or applicable Guam regulations and rules, including 
assessment of civil money penalties as described in those parts.
    (2) A final USCIS decision revoking the approval of a prior 
petition that includes one or more of the following findings: the 
beneficiary was not employed by the petitioner in the capacity 
specified in the petition; the statement of facts contained in the 
petition or on the application for a temporary labor certification was 
not true and correct, or was inaccurate; the petitioner violated terms 
and conditions of the approved petition; or the petitioner violated 
requirements of section 101(a)(15)(H) of the Act or this paragraph (h); 
or
    (3) Any final administrative or judicial determination (other than 
one described in paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(A) of this section) that the 
petitioner violated any applicable employment-related laws or 
regulations, including health and safety laws or regulations.
    (C) In determining whether the underlying violation(s) in paragraph 
(h)(10)(iv)(B) of this section calls into question the intention and/or 
ability of the petitioner or its successor in interest to comply with 
H-2A or H-2B program requirements, USCIS will consider all relevant 
factors, including, but not limited to:
    (1) The recency and number of violations;
    (2) The egregiousness of the violation(s), including how many 
workers were affected, and whether it involved a risk to the health or 
safety of workers;
    (3) Overall history or pattern of prior violations;
    (4) The severity or monetary amount of any penalties imposed;
    (5) Whether the final determination, decision, or conviction 
included a finding of willfulness;
    (6) The extent to which the violator achieved a financial gain due 
to the violation(s), or the potential financial loss or potential 
financial injury to the workers;
    (7) Timely compliance with all penalties and remedies ordered under 
the final determination(s), decision(s), or conviction(s); and
    (8) Other corrective actions taken by the petitioner or its 
successor in interest to cure its violation(s) or prevent future 
violations.
    (D) For purposes of paragraph (h)(10)(iv) of this section, a 
criminal conviction or final administrative or judicial determination 
against any one of the following individuals will be treated as a 
conviction or final administrative or judicial determination against 
the petitioner or successor in interest:
    (1) An individual acting on behalf of the petitioning entity, which 
could include, among others, the petitioner's owner, employee, or 
contractor; or
    (2) With respect to paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(B) of this section, an 
employee of the petitioning entity who a reasonable person in the H-2A 
or H-2B worker's position would believe is acting on behalf of the 
petitioning entity.
    (E)(1) With respect to denials under paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(A) of 
this section, USCIS will inform the petitioner of the right to appeal 
the denial under 8 CFR 103.3, and indicate in the denial notice that 
the mandatory ground of denial will also apply in the adjudication of 
any other pending or future H-2 petition filed by the petitioner or a 
successor in interest during the applicable time period.
    (2) With respect to denials under paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(B) of this 
section, USCIS will inform the petitioner of the right to appeal the 
denial under 8 CFR 103.3, and indicate in the denial notice that the 
discretionary ground of denial may also apply in the adjudication of 
any other pending or future H-2 petition filed by the petitioner or a 
successor in interest during the applicable time period.
    (F) If USCIS has determined in the course of a prior adjudication 
that a petitioner (or the preceding entity, if the petitioner is a 
successor in interest) has established its intention and ability to 
comply with H-2A or H-2B program requirements notwithstanding relevant 
violation determination(s) under paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(B) of this 
section, USCIS will not seek to deny a subsequent petition under 
paragraph (h)(10)(iv)(B) based on the same previous violation 
determination(s) unless USCIS becomes aware of a new material fact or 
finds that its previous determination was based on a material error of 
law.
    (11) * * *
    (iv) Effect of H-2A or H-2B petition revocation. Upon revocation of 
the approval of an employer's H-2A or H-2B petition, the beneficiary 
and their dependents will not be considered to have failed to maintain 
nonimmigrant status, and will not accrue any period of unlawful 
presence under section 212(a)(9) of the Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)), 
solely on the basis of the petition revocation for a 60-day period 
following the date of the revocation, or until the end of the 
authorized period of admission, whichever is shorter. During such a 
period, the alien may only work as otherwise authorized under 8 CFR 
274a.12. The employer will be liable for the alien beneficiary's 
reasonable costs of return transportation to their last place of 
foreign residence abroad, unless such alien obtains an extension of 
stay based on an approved petition in the same classification filed by 
a different employer.
* * * * *
    (13) * * *
    (i) General. (A) An H-3 beneficiary will be admitted to the United 
States for the validity period of the petition, plus a period of up to 
10 days before the validity period begins and 10 days after the 
validity period ends. The beneficiary may not work except during the 
validity period of the petition.

[[Page 103334]]

    (B) When an alien in an H classification has spent the maximum 
allowable period of stay in the United States, a new petition under 
section 101(a)(15)(H) or (L) of the Act may not be approved unless that 
alien has resided and been physically present outside the United 
States, except for brief trips for business or pleasure, for the time 
limit imposed on the particular H classification. Brief trips to the 
United States for business or pleasure during the required time abroad 
are not interruptive, but do not count toward fulfillment of the 
required time abroad. A certain period of absence from the United 
States of H-2A and H-2B aliens, as set forth in 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(5)(viii)(D) and 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(vii)(C), respectively, will 
provide a new total of 3 years that H-2A or H-2B status may be granted. 
The petitioner must provide information about the alien's employment, 
place of residence, and the dates and purposes of any trips to the 
United States during the period that the alien was required to reside 
abroad.
    (C) An alien admitted or otherwise provided status in H-2A or H-2B 
classification and their dependents will not be considered to have 
failed to maintain nonimmigrant status, and will not accrue any period 
of unlawful presence under section 212(a)(9) of the Act (8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(9)), solely on the basis of a cessation of the employment on 
which the alien's classification was based, for 60 consecutive days or 
until the end of the authorized period of admission, whichever is 
shorter, once during each authorized period of admission. During such a 
period, the alien may only work as otherwise authorized under 8 CFR 
274a.12.
    (D) An alien in any authorized period described in paragraph (C) of 
this section may apply for and be granted an extension of stay under 8 
CFR 214.1(c)(4) or change of status under 8 CFR 248.1, if otherwise 
eligible.
* * * * *
    (iv) H-3 limitation on admission. An H-3 alien participant in a 
special education program who has spent 18 months in the United States 
under sections 101(a)(15)(H) and/or (L) of the Act; and an H-3 alien 
trainee who has spent 24 months in the United States under sections 
101(a)(15)(H) and/or (L) of the Act may not seek extension, change 
status, or be readmitted to the United States under sections 
101(a)(15)(H) and/or (L) of the Act unless the alien has resided and 
been physically present outside the United States for the immediate 
prior 6 months.
    (v) Exceptions. The limitations in paragraphs (h)(13)(iii) and (iv) 
of this section will not apply to H-1B and H-3 aliens who did not 
reside continually in the United States and whose employment in the 
United States was seasonal or intermittent or was for an aggregate of 6 
months or less per year. In addition, the limitations will not apply to 
aliens who reside abroad and regularly commute to the United States to 
engage in part-time employment. To qualify for this exception, the 
petitioner and the alien must provide clear and convincing proof that 
the alien qualifies for such an exception. Such proof shall consist of 
evidence such as arrival and departure records, copies of tax returns, 
and records of employment abroad.
* * * * *
    (16) * * *
    (ii) H-2A or H-2B classification. The approval of a permanent labor 
certification, the filing of an immediate relative or preference 
petition for or by an alien or a diversity visa petition with the 
Department of State, or an application by an alien to seek lawful 
permanent residence or an immigrant visa, will not, standing alone, be 
the basis for denying an H-2 petition, a request to extend such a 
petition, or an application for admission in, change of status to, or 
extension of stay in H-2 status. The approval of a permanent labor 
certification, filing of an immediate relative petition, preference 
petition, or diversity visa petition, or filing of an application for 
adjustment of status or an immigrant visa will be considered, together 
with all other facts presented, in determining whether the H-2 
nonimmigrant is maintaining his or her H-2 status and whether the alien 
has a residence in a foreign country which he or she has no intention 
of abandoning.
    (iii) H-3 classification. The approval of a permanent labor 
certification, or the filing of a preference petition for an alien 
currently employed by or in a training position with the same 
petitioner, will be a reason, by itself, to deny the alien's extension 
of stay.
* * * * *
    (20) Retaliatory action claims. (i) If credible documentary 
evidence is provided in support of a petition seeking an extension of 
H-1B stay in or change of status to another classification indicating 
that the beneficiary faced retaliatory action from their employer based 
on a report regarding a violation of that employer's labor condition 
application obligations under section 212(n)(2)(C)(iv) of the Act, 
USCIS may consider a loss or failure to maintain H-1B status by the 
beneficiary related to such violation as due to, and commensurate with, 
``extraordinary circumstances'' as defined by 8 CFR 214.1(c)(4) and 8 
CFR 248.1(b).
    (ii) If credible documentary evidence is provided in support of a 
petition seeking an extension of H-2A or H-2B stay in or change of 
status to another classification indicating that the beneficiary faced 
retaliatory action from their employer based on a reasonable claim of a 
violation or potential violation of any applicable program requirements 
or based on engagement in another protected activity, USCIS may 
consider a loss or failure to maintain H-2A or H-2B status by the 
beneficiary related to such violation as due to, and commensurate with, 
``extraordinary circumstances'' as defined by 8 CFR 214.1(c)(4) and 8 
CFR 248.1(b). USCIS will determine the reasonableness of any claim from 
the perspective of a reasonable person in the H-2A or H-2B worker's 
position.
* * * * *
    (30) Severability. The Department intends that should any of the 
revisions effective on January 17, 2025, to provisions in paragraphs 
(h)(2), (5), (6), (10), (11), (13), (16) and (20) of this section or to 
the provision in 8 CFR 274a.12(b)(21) be held to be invalid or 
unenforceable by their terms or as applied to any person or 
circumstance they should nevertheless be construed so as to continue to 
give the maximum effect to the provision(s) permitted by law, unless 
any such provision is held to be wholly invalid and unenforceable, in 
which event the provision(s) should be severed from the remainder of 
the provisions and the holding should not affect the other provisions 
or the application of those other provisions to persons not similarly 
situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
* * * * *

PART 274a--CONTROL OF EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS

0
3. The authority citation for part 274a is revised to read as follows:

    Authority:  8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1105a, 1324a; 48 U.S.C. 1806; 
Pub. L. 101-410, 104 Stat. 890, as amended by Pub. L. 114-74, 129 
Stat. 599; Title VII of Pub. L. 110-229, 122 Stat. 754; Pub. L. 115-
218, 132 Stat. 1547; 8 CFR part 2.


0
4. Section 274a.12 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(21) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  274a.12  Classes of aliens authorized to accept employment.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (21) A nonimmigrant alien within the class of aliens described in 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(1)(ii)(C) or 8 CFR

[[Page 103335]]

214.2(h)(1)(ii)(D) for whom a nonfrivolous petition requesting an 
extension of stay is properly filed pursuant to 8 CFR 214.2 and 8 CFR 
103.2(a) requesting the same classification that the nonimmigrant alien 
currently holds. Pursuant to 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(i)(I), such alien is 
authorized to start new employment upon the proper filing of the 
nonfrivolous petition requesting an extension of stay in the same 
classification, or as of the requested start date, whichever is later. 
The employment authorization under this paragraph (b)(21) automatically 
ceases upon the adjudication or withdrawal of the H-2A or H-2B 
petition;
* * * * *

Alejandro N. Mayorkas,
Secretary, U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
[FR Doc. 2024-29353 Filed 12-17-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 9111-97-P`