1The Honorable Nanette K. Laughrey, United States District Judge for the

Western District of Missouri.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 98-2574

___________

Jason Aaron Ivy, *

*

Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* Western District of Missouri.

Paul Caspari, *

*

Appellant. *

___________

Submitted: September 21, 1998

Filed: April 19, 1999

___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, WOLLMAN, and BEAM, Circuit Judges.

___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

The State of Missouri appeals the district court’s1 order granting Jason Aaron

Ivy’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We affirm.
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I.

We summarize the facts as found by the district court. On April 14, 1988, Ivy,

then age fifteen, shot and killed his stepsister, Susan Magruder, with a .22 caliber

handgun. Earlier that night, Susan had played a practical joke on Ivy while he was

sleeping. She woke him and told him that someone was breaking into his father’s

truck. Ivy leaped from his bed and peered through the window to observe the

nonexistent burglar. He returned to the room only to find Susan laughing at his

gullibility. 

Ivy decided to play a return practical joke of his own on Susan, who was

studying in her room. Ivy retrieved a .22 caliber revolver from his father’s bedroom,

believing that the gun was safe because his father had told him that the gun was

unloaded and that he could not afford to buy bullets for it. Ivy entered Susan’s room,

cocked the gun, and pointed it at her. Susan uttered an obscenity and returned to her

homework. Ivy pulled the trigger and the gun discharged, the bullet striking Susan

in the head.

Ivy called 911 immediately after the shooting. Distraught and panicky, he

informed the operator that he had just shot his sister and requested immediate

assistance. Susan was rushed to the hospital, where she died shortly thereafter.

Ivy was arrested and taken into custody by the Columbia, Missouri, police

department, where he was questioned throughout the night, unrepresented by counsel.

He eventually signed a written statement explaining that he had accidentally shot and

killed Susan as part of a practical joke. Ivy was transferred to the Boone County

Juvenile Center, where he stayed through September 1988.

While at the juvenile facility, Ivy was examined by Dr. Syed Arshad Husain

pursuant to a court order. Diagnosing Ivy as suffering from a dysthymic disorder
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(depression) and concluding that he was a serious suicide risk, Dr. Husain

recommended that Ivy be hospitalized in a psychiatric facility and that he should not

be tried as an adult. In June of 1988, Ivy was transferred from the juvenile facility to

the Fulton State Hospital and held in a psychiatric ward. While there, Ivy was

depressed and engaged in acts of self-mutilation.

On September 23, 1988, the juvenile court held an adult certification hearing

after denying Ivy’s appointed counsel’s request for a continuance for additional time

to prepare (counsel, a member of the public defender’s staff, had 43 felony cases

pending at the time). The juvenile court certified Ivy to be tried as an adult and

issued an order dismissing juvenile court jurisdiction. Thereafter, the State filed a

felony information charging Ivy with first degree murder and armed criminal action.

See Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 565.020 and 571.015 (1986).

Ivy was interviewed by Dr. A.E. Daniel, a psychiatrist, over a six-hour period

in January and early February 1989 at the request of Ivy’s counsel pursuant to Mo.

Rev. Stat. § 552. Dr. Daniel concluded that although Ivy was competent to stand

trial, he did have a qualifying mental disease, as defined by Mo. Rev. Stat. § 552. 

Specifically, Dr. Daniel found that “[Ivy] was unable to appreciate the nature, quality,

and wrongfulness of the alleged conduct and was incapable of conforming his

conduct to the requirements of the law.” Appellant’s App. at 359. As will be seen,

Ivy was unaware of Dr. Daniel’s report at the time of his plea hearing.

Ivy’s attorney negotiated a plea agreement in April 1989. Under the

agreement, the State agreed to reduce the charges to second degree felony murder and

armed criminal action. On April 10, 1989, Ivy pleaded guilty to the amended

information. That same day, the court imposed a life sentence on the second degree

murder conviction and fifteen years’ imprisonment on the armed criminal action

charge. Ivy was delivered to the Department of Corrections and taken to the Missouri

Eastern Correctional Center, where he has remained to this day.
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On July 13, 1989, the Boone County Circuit Court received from Ivy a motion

for postconviction relief dated July 10, 1989. Because the last day for filing such a

motion was July 10, 1989, the State moved to dismiss the motion as untimely filed.

The circuit court granted the motion and dismissed the action. Ivy appealed the

dismissal and attempted to raise his substantive postconviction claims in the Missouri

Court of Appeals. That court affirmed the circuit court’s ruling on April 24, 1990.

Ivy then appealed to the Missouri Supreme Court, requesting rehearing and/or a

transfer. That appeal was summarily denied on July 31, 1990.

Having exhausted Missouri’s appellate procedure, Ivy filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254

petition with the district court on October 26, 1990. For reasons that are not relevant

to the merits of this action, an evidentiary hearing was not held on the petition until

March 15, 1996. Before a ruling could be made, the district judge to whom the case

was originally assigned retired, and the case was ultimately transferred to Judge

Laughrey. Following a second evidentiary hearing, the district court found that Ivy

had sufficiently established the cause and prejudice required to overcome his

procedural default. Finding that Ivy’s plea was not knowingly and voluntarily

entered and that Ivy’s trial counsel had rendered constitutionally ineffective

assistance, the district court issued an order granting a writ of habeas corpus,

conditioned upon the State’s allowing Ivy to withdraw his guilty plea and affording

Ivy a trial within sixty days of the order. The district court stayed the order pending

disposition of the appeal.

II.

The principal question before the district court was whether, in addition to his

July 10, 1989, motion, Ivy had prepared and mailed a similar motion for

postconviction relief on July 5, 1989.
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Ivy testified at the December 1, 1997, hearing that on July 5, 1989, he typed a

motion for postconviction relief, signed it before a notary public, placed the motion

and two copies in an envelope addressed to the Boone County Circuit Court, affixed

three stamps on the envelope, and deposited the envelope in the prison mail system

that same day. Janet Vogel, who was then working as a corrections case worker at

the time, testified that she notarized a legal document for Ivy on July 5, 1989, as

evidenced by her notary log and by her signature that appears on a copy of the motion

that was introduced as an exhibit at the hearing. It is undisputed that the July 5

motion was never received by the Boone County Circuit Court.

Ivy also testified that he had mailed the July 10, 1989, postconviction motion

because another inmate had informed him (erroneously, it turned out) that he needed

to file three original motions with the court rather than one original and two copies.

The district court credited Ivy’s testimony and found that Ivy had indeed

attempted to mail his properly executed July 5, 1989, motion on that day, a finding

that we conclude is not only not clearly erroneous, but which is almost compelled by

the record.

III.

The parties agree that the untimely filing of Ivy’s July 10, 1989, motion for

postconviction relief constitutes a procedural bar under Missouri law. This bar is

based on the filing requirements of Mo. R. Crim. Proc. 24.035(b), and is not linked

to or dependent on federal law. See Easter v. Endell, 37 F.3d 1343, 1345 (8th Cir.

1994).

Federal review of a habeas corpus petition is barred when a state court

dismisses or rejects a prisoner’s claims on independent and adequate state grounds

unless the petitioner establishes cause for the default and actual prejudice resulting
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from the alleged violations of federal law. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722,

750 (1991); Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 81-83 (1977). The cause and

prejudice standard applies to procedural defaults on appeal as well as at trial. Murray

v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 491 (1986). Under this standard, cause is established when

“some objective factor external to the defense impede[s] counsel’s efforts to comply

with the State’s procedural rule.” Murray, 477 U.S. at 488. The Court has not

assayed “an exhaustive catalog of such objective impediments,” see id., and the

precise contours of the cause requirement have not been clearly defined. See Amadeo

v. Zant, 486 U.S. 214, 221 (1988). See also Jamison v. Lockhart, 975 F.2d 1377,

1379-80 (8th Cir. 1992). At a minimum, however, Ivy must show that “something

external to [him], something that cannot fairly be attributed to him,” caused the

procedural default. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 753 (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S.

at 488). 

The State would have us hold that a petitioner is required to impute cause to

the State, as in the Sixth Amendment context, as a prerequisite to relief from a

procedural default. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 753. We decline to do so, for we do

not read the Supreme Court’s cases as requiring such a showing. True, the Court has

said that “[f]or cause to exist, the external impediment, whether it be government

interference or the reasonable unavailability of the factual basis for the claim, must

have prevented petitioner from raising the claim.” See McClesky v. Zant, 499 U.S.

467, 497 (1991) (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. at 488). We do not interpret

“government interference,” however, to foreclose a finding that governmental

nonaction can be the functional equivalent of government interference.

The district court found that timely receipt of the July 5 motion would have

occurred absent external interference, a finding that is bolstered by the fact that Ivy’s

second motion arrived three days after mailing. The nondelivery of Ivy’s first motion

may not have been the State’s “fault,” in the sense that there is no evidence that a

prison employee deliberately or maliciously purloined the envelope containing the
2Although the State argues to the contrary, we agree with the district court that

Ivy’s July 5 motion fairly presented to the state court the issues he raised in his

section 2254 petition.

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motion, but we do not believe that a prisoner need make such a showing to establish

cause. It is the fact of nondelivery of a prisoner’s timely and properly mailed motion,

not the reason for that nondelivery, that constitutes cause for the procedural default.

Thus, it is enough for Ivy to establish, as he has, that the nondelivery of the first

petition was not the result of any want of attention on his part to the requirements of

the State’s filing deadlines.

Alternatively, if it is required that cause be attributable to the State, we

conclude that Ivy has made such a showing, for it was incumbent upon the State to

ensure that Ivy’s motion was promptly put into the regular stream of outgoing mail.

Had the State done so in this case, the possibility that the motion would not have been

delivered seems so highly unlikely as not to be worthy of serious consideration.2

IV.

We turn then to the question whether Ivy suffered actual prejudice. See

Murray, 477 U.S. at 494. To establish actual prejudice, Ivy must show that the errors

of which he complains “worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting

his entire trial with error of constitutional dimensions.” United States v. Frady, 456

U.S. 152, 170 (1982) (italics added). See also Jennings v. Purkett, 7 F.3d 779, 782

(8th Cir. 1993). Ivy must prove that “but for the constitutional violations--that he was

denied effective counsel and did not understand the elements of the crime he pleaded

guilty to--he might not have been convicted of the same crimes.” Easter, 37 F.3d at

1347 (citing Dawan v. Lockhart, 980 F.2d 470, 474 (8th Cir. 1992)).
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Because it waives numerous constitutional rights, a guilty plea must be

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. See Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242

(1969); United States v. Brown, 148 F.3d 1003, 1012 (8th Cir. 1998). A guilty plea

must represent a voluntary and intelligent choice among the various options available

to the defendant. See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970); Easter v.

Norris, 100 F.3d 523, 525 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 1322 (1997). 

A plea may be involuntary either because the accused does not understand the

nature of the constitutional protections that he is waiving or because he has such an

incomplete understanding of the charge that his plea cannot stand as an intelligent

admission of guilt. See Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 645 n.13 (1976). A plea

is involuntary if the defendant did not receive “real notice of the true nature of the

charge against him.” Smith v. O’Grady, 312 U.S. 329, 334 (1941).

The information to which Ivy pleaded guilty charged felony murder in the

second degree as a result of the perpetration of the felony of unlawful use of a

weapon. Under Missouri law, the State was not required to prove that Ivy intended

to kill his stepsister, but it was required to prove that he intended to commit the

underlying felony. See State v. Clark, 652 S.W.2d 123, 127 (Mo. banc 1983); see

also State v. Rumble, 680 S.W.2d 939, 943 (Mo. 1984) (defendant must have had the

“requisite intent to commit or participate in the underlying felony”).

The following colloquy occurred during the plea hearing:

Court: Do you understand that what you are pleading guilty to is a

charge which alleges that on the fourteenth day of April of last

year, here in Boone County, that Susan Magruder was killed

by shooting her and that as a result of the perpetration of the

Class D felony of unlawful use of a weapon that you

committed this crime under what we call second degree

murder?
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Ivy: Yes sir.

Court: Do you understand the fact that she was shot while you were

using a weapon, a particular weapon,

is what makes this what we call felony murder, second

degree? It doesn’t matter what your intent was?

Ivy: Yes sir.

Court: Mr. Murray. Do you agree with that? That is your 

understanding of felony murder in this situation.

Murray: Yes sir. That is a correct statement.

Court: And do you understand that it doesn’t make any difference

whether you deliberated or whether there was premeditation

involved. When you plead guilty

under this particular fact situation the intent is derived

from the fact that another felony was being committed. Do

you understand that?

Ivy: Yes sir.

Court: Now do you understand under this particular factual situation,

it doesn’t make any difference whether you intended to shoot

her or not, that the fact that you are charged with felony

murder and I want to be sure you understand this because I

don’t want you, Mr. Ivy, to come back some day and say

“wait a minute judge, I didn’t intend to kill

anybody, it was an accident” do you understand that doesn’t

have anything to do with the way this is charged, do you

understand that?

Ivy: Yes sir.

Court: And do you understand that you can’t come back in and say “I

want to set up self defense or I want to set up that it was an
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accident or we were struggling for the pistol or I didn’t know

it was loaded.” Do you understand that all of those matters go

out the window under this particular

charge?

Ivy: Yes sir.

Court: Mr. Murray do you believe from your conversation with your

client that he understands the concept of felony murder in the

second degree?

Murray: Yes sir, I do. We discussed this a number of times both in

person and on the phone. I have no problems with his

understanding at all.

Court: And do you believe that he understands that the question of

his intent is in no way involved in this case as a result of the

way the state charged it?

Murray: That is correct, your honor. We have discussed that specific

point.

Appellant’s Add. at 7-8.

The underlying felony in this case, unlawful use of a weapon, makes it

unlawful to “knowingly . . . exhibit . . . any weapon readily capable of lethal use in

an angry or threatening manner.” Mo. Rev. Stat. § 571.030.1(4). Although the trial

court correctly stated that the law did not require the State to prove that Ivy intended

to kill his stepsister, it did not advise Ivy that the State was required to prove that Ivy

intended to commit the underlying felony. This is more than a quibble, for although

it might be argued that such an intent is manifested by the fact of pointing a handgun

at another, intent is not to be presumed, and had the case gone to trial the State would

have been put to its proof on this element of the offense. We conclude, therefore, that
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because Ivy was not advised that intent was an element of the underlying offense, his

plea perforce could not have been voluntarily entered.

In addition to the failure of the trial court and counsel to explain fully the

elements of the offense to which Ivy pleaded guilty, other circumstances cast doubt

on the voluntariness of Ivy’s plea. At the time he entered his plea, Ivy was a sixteenyear-old youth who had had no experience with the criminal justice system. Although

there was in existence a medical report indicating that Ivy was suffering from a

mental illness that might well have constituted a valid defense to the charges against

him, the following exchange occurred during the plea hearing:

Court: And you are aware of the fact that the doctors have indicated

by their reports that you are not

suffering from a mental illness such as to prevent or preclude

you from being responsible for your conduct, do you

understand that?

Ivy: Yes sir.

Court: You understand that the doctors are basically saying that

whatever problems you might have they are not problems that

in any way as far as the Missouri statute of mental

responsibility indicate that you are not guilty by reason of

mental disease? Do you understand that?

Ivy: Yes sir.

Court: And Mr. Murray. You are likewise aware of that, are you not

Mr. Murray?

Murray: Yes sir.

This exchange occurred notwithstanding counsel’s knowledge that Dr. Daniel

had concluded that Ivy “does have a mental disease or defect according to the
3

It is of more than passing significance that the State did not call trial counsel

to testify at the evidentiary hearing conducted by Judge Laughrey.

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provisions of Chapter 522 . . . and that [a]s a result of the mental disease, he was

unable to appreciate the nature, quality, and wrongfulness of the conduct and was

incapable of conforming his conduct to the requirements of the law.” Counsel neither

discussed Dr. Daniel’s report with Ivy nor brought it to the attention of the trial court.

Counsel’s failure to advise Ivy of the possible defense of mental illness and his failure

to bring the report to the trial court’s attention are additional indicia of his ineffective

assistance and provide additional grounds for the district court’s finding that Ivy’s

plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered.

In addition to the foregoing deficiencies in trial counsel’s performance and

Ivy’s consequent lack of knowledge concerning the charges against him and the

defenses available to him, the district court found that counsel erroneously believed

that Ivy might face the death penalty and that he had so advised Ivy.3 Ivy, however,

was not eligible for the death penalty under Missouri law. See Mo. Rev. Stat. §

565.020.2. Laboring under the misinformation about the possibility of receiving the

death penalty, Ivy could not have made a voluntary and intelligent choice between

alternative courses of action. See Hale v. Lockhart, 903 F.2d 545, 550-51 (8th Cir.

1990) (“[t]he threat of the death penalty is a powerful incentive to plead regardless

of whether the risk of receiving it is perceived to be great or small.”).

V.

We conclude that the district court did not err in finding that the ineffective

assistance of trial counsel, coupled with the inadequate advice by the trial court,

resulted in a guilty plea that was not knowingly and voluntarily entered and that Ivy

was thus entitled to habeas relief.
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We express our appreciation to appointed counsel for their zealous efforts on

Ivy’s behalf, both in the district court and on appeal.

The order is affirmed.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.