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## Document

Number: 

# 75 ) ll-A- 7 Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 4/18/200810:52:08AM Sheet 75of 94 P. 1

### P. 2 

# 4-*¥*}*- U-A-7
EPA-650/4-75-00 9 Januar y 197 5 Environmenta l Monitorin g Series



# EVALUATIO N AN D COLLABORATIV E

STUD Y O F METHO D FO R VISUA L DETERMINATIO N O F OPACIT Y O F EMISSION S FRO M STATIONAR Y SOURCE S

Environm e i t
W a D

C 2046 0P. 3



# EPA-650/4-75^00 9

b y Henr y F
. Hamil , Richar dE
. Thomas , an dNolli e F
. Swynnerto n Southwes t

Researc h Institute , 850 0 Culebr aRoa d Sa n Antonio , Texa s 7828 4 Contrac t

No
. 68-02-062 6 ROA P No
. 26AA G Progra mElemen t

No
. 1HA32 7
EP A Projec t

Officer : M
. Rodne y Midget t Qualit y Assuranc e an dEnvironmenta l Monitorin g Laborator y

Nationa l Environmenta l Researc h Cente r Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a2771 1

Prepare dfo r U.S
. ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y OFFIC E O FRESEARC H AND DEVELOPMEN T

WASHINGTON , D.C
. 2046 0 Januar y 197 5P. 4



### EPA REVIE

W NOTIC E Thi s repor t

ha s bee n reviewe db y th e Nationa l Environmenta l Researc h Cente r - Researc h Triangl e Park , Offic e o f Researc h an dDevelopment , EPA , an dapprove dfo r publication
. Approva l doe s no t signif y tha t th e content s necessaril y reflec t th e view s an dpolicie s o f th e Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , no r doe s mentio n o

f trad e name s o r

commercia l product s constitut e endorsemen t o r recommendatio n fo r

use .

RESEARC H REPORTIN G SERIE S Researc h report s of

th e Offic e of

Researc h an dDevelopment , U.S
. Environ

menta l Protectio n Agency , hav e bee n groupe dint o series
. Thes e broa d categorie s wer e established't o facilitat e furthe r developmen t

an dapplica

tio n o f environmenta l technology
. Eliminatio n o f traditiona l groupin g wa s consciousl y planne dt o foste r technolog y transfe r

an dmaximu minterfac e i n relate dfields
. Thes e serie s are :

1
. ENVIRONMENTA L HEALT H EFFECT S RESEARC H 2
. ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N TECHNOLOG Y 3
. ECOLOGICA L RESEARC H 4
. ENVIRONMENTA L MONITORIN G 5
. SOCIOECONOMI C ENVIRONMENTA L STUDIE S 

### 6
. SCIENTIFI C AN

D TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT S 9
. MISCELLANEOU S Thi s repor t

ha s bee n assigne dt o th e ENVIRONMENTA L MONITORING series
. Thi s serie s describe s researc h conducte dt o develo p ne w o r improve dmethod s an dinstrumentatio n fo r th e identificatio n an dquanti

ficatio n o

f environmenta l pollutant s at th e lowes t

conceivabl y significan t concentrations
. I t

als o include s studie s t o determin e th e ambien t con centration s of

pollutant s i n th e environmen t and/o r th e varianc e of pollutant s a s afunctio n of tim e o r meteorologica l factors
. Thi s documen t

i s availabl e t o th e publi c fo r sal e throug h th e Nationa l Technica l Informatio n Service
. Springfield , Virgini a22161
.

i iP. 5



### SUMMAR Y AN D CONCLUSION S Thi s report

present s th e result s of

statistica l analyse s o n dat aobtaine di n th e collaborativ e testin g o f EP A Metho d9 (Visua

l Determinatio n o f

Opacity)
. There wer

e 5 separat e test s o f

Metho d9 at

thre e dif

ferent sites : atrainin g smoke generator , asulfuri c aci dplan t an dafossi

l fuel-firedsteamgenerator . I For thes e tests , th e opacity measure use di s th e averag e opacity , define da s th e averag e o f 2 5 read

ing s mad e a t 15-secondintervals
. Thes e determination s ar e analyze dfo

r thei r accurac y an dthei r

precision
. Fo r thi s report , accurac y i s measure db y th e deviatio n of th e observer' s determinatio n fro mth e tru e opacit y as measure db

y th e in-stac k

transmissometer
. Th e precisio n o f th e metho di s measure di n term s o f

within

observer , observe

r bia s an dbetween-observe r terms . Trainin g Generator—

Thirty-six run s wer

e mad e ove

r atwo-day perio dusin g tw o trainin g smoke jrs ' no k arately
. generator s with 9 qualifie dobserver s participating
. Ther e wer e 2 0 run s usin g whit e smoke an d16'usin g blac k smok e wit h plum e opacit y ranging.fro mjus t abov e zer o t o 4 0 percent . Th e tw o case s are ' treate dsep -

• White Smoke-There wer e atota l of

17 0 determination s made usin g awhit e plume
. Thes e value s showe dalo w bia s wit h respec t t o th e transmissometer , an dth e deviatio n fro mth e mete r i s • estimate db

y deviatio n = 3.4 6 —0.3 3 (meter average)
. The within-observer

standar ddeviatio n i s estimate da s 2.3 8 percen t opacit y with 13 3 degree s o f freedom
. The observer

bia s standar ddeviatio n i s 0.9 5 percen t opacit y with 7 df

. Thi s give s abetween-observe r ] standar ddeviatio n o f

2.5 6 percen t

opacity
. o Black

Smoke— There were 13 3 determination s o f the averag e opacity o f

blac k smoke
. Th e result s fromthes e value s wer e simila r t o thos e of

th e whit e smoke
. Th e predicte ddeviatio n fro mth e trans
missometer

to r tin s cas e t

s ' deviatio n = 3.7 4 —0.3 4 (mete r average)
. The within-observer

standar ddeviation i s 1.8 4 percen topacit y with 10 5 degree s o f freedom . The observe

r bia s standar ddeviatio n i s 1.00 percen t opacit y wit h 7 df

. Thi s give s abetween-observerstandar d deviatio n o f 2.0 9 percen

topacity .

• Sulfuric Aci d Plant— Thirt y observatio n run s wer

e mad e ove

r tw o day s at

asulfuri c aci dplant
. There were 1 1 observer s o n th e firs t day for 1 4 run s an d9 o n th e secon dda y fo r th e remainin g 1 6 runs . Th e plum e opacit y was varie daroun dth e complianc e limi tfo r sulfuric aci

d plants , rangin

g fro m 2 t o 1 5 percen t averag e opacity
. Th e observer s wer e chose n frombot h alocal enforcemen t agenc y an dfro mprivat e con cern s t o allo w acompariso n o f th e tw o groups . Th e predicte ddeviatio n fo r thes e dat ai s -2. 0 percen t opacit y forthe entire rang e studied ! Th

e within-observer

standar ddeviatio n i s 2.1 2 percen t opacit y with 23 2 degree s o f freedom
. Th e observe r

bia s standar ddeviatio n i s 0.9 6 percen t opacit y with 8 degree s o f freedom
. Thi s give s abetween-observe r stan
dar ddeviatio n o f

2.3 3 percen t

opacity
. I t

i s show n fo

r thi s tes t tha t th e enforcemen t

observer s reada higher , an dmore accurate , averag e opacit y than di dth e privat e secto r observers
.

• Stea

m Station—

Three separat e test s wer

e conducte da

t apower plan t wit h plum e opacit y [rang

in g u p t o 3 5 percen t

averag e opacity
. O

n th e first tw o day s o f

testing , th e weathe r

condition s prevente d the accurat e determinatio n of plume opacity
. I

n th e thir dtes t

period , viewing condition s were idea l an d th e accurac y o f

th e metho di s evaluated
. !

IH 'P. 6

• Test

1 -Ther e were 1 0 run s usin g 1 0 observer s a t th e firs t test . Th e determination s were wel l belo w th e concurren t

mete r average s du e t o th e sk

y an dwindconditions
. Th e deviatio n fro mth e mete r averag e i s represente db y deviatio n = —3.0 1 —0.4 0 (meter average)
. A tota l o f 6 0 determination s were use dt o obtai n th e precisio n estimates
. Th e within-observe r standar d deviatio n i s estimate da s 1.8 2 percen t opacity with 4 5 df

. Th e observer

bia s standar ddeviatio n i s estimate d as 1.3 9 percen t

opacit y wit

h 8 df , whic h give s abetween-observer standar ddeviatio n estimat e o f 2.2 9 per cent opacity
.

• Test

2—Eighteen run s wer

e mad e a t th e secon dtes t

usin g 1 0 observers
. Th e determination s mad e were mor

e accurat e tha n th e previou s test , bu t stil l were well belo w th e mete r average . Th e deviatio n fro mth e tru e opacit y i s represented.b y deviatio n = —1.0

2 —0.1 9 (mete r

average)
. A tota l o f 11 8 determination s ar e use dt o obtai n th e precisio n estimates
. Th e within-observe r standar d deviatio n i s 1.84 percen t

opacit y with 8 8 degree s o f freedom
. Th e observer

bia s standar ddeviato n i s esti

mate das 1.5 0 percen t

opacit y with 8 degree s o f freedom
. Th e estimate dbetween-observe r standar ddevia

tion , then , i s 2.3 7 percen t opacity
.

• Test

J-Twenty-fou r

run s wer e made usin g eight

observer s ove

r atwo-day period
. Th e resultin g 19 2 determination s hav e anegativ e bia s wit h respec t t o th e metere dopacit y tha t ca n b e repre sente db y deviatio n = 2.2 7 —0.2 4 (mete r average)
. Th e within-observe r

standar ddeviatio n i s estimate da s 1.8 9 percen t opacit y wit

h 9 0 degree s o f

freedom
. Tlie observer

bia s standar ddeviatio n i s 1.7 7 percen t opacity wit

h 6 degree s o f

freedom , whic h give s a between-observe r

standar ddeviatio n o f

2.5 9 percen t

opacity
. Als o include dfor

thi s tes t ar e evaluation s o f

tw o variation s t o th e method : readin g t o th e neares t percent , an daveragin g tw o observers ' results
.

• Composit e Estimation—Usin g th e result s fromth e thre e tes t sites , it i s possibl e t o mak e com posite estimate s o f

th e accurac y an dprecisio n tha t ca n be expecte dwit

h fieldus e o f

Metho d9
. Th e ex pecte ddeviatio n fro mth e averag e metere dopacity i s give n by deviatio n = 3.1 3 —0.3 1 (meter average ) fo r th e rang e fro m5 t o 3 5 percen t averag e opacity
. Thi s equatio n i s obtaine dfro mth e trainin g generato r an dsteamstatio n tes t

data
. The composit e precisio n estimate s ar e obtaine dusin g th e estimate s fromall tests . Th e estimate d within-observe r

standar ddeviatio n i s 2.0 5 percen t opacit y with 69 3 df

. Th e estimate dobserve r bia s standar d deviatio n i s 1.29 percen t

opacit y wit h 4 4 df

. Thi s give s acomposit e between-observer standar ddeviatio n estimat e o f

2.4 2 percen t

opacity
. Fo r eac h case , estimate s are mad e o f th e rang e o f

determination s that

woul db e expecte dfro masingl e observer , an dofth e maximu mdifferenc e that woul dbe expecte dbetwee n tw o observer s whe n determinin g th e averag e opacit y o f

aplume
.

iv•••v r



### TABL E O F CONTENT S P. 7



### Pag e LIS T O F TABLE S [vi i I
. INTRODUCTIO N ; 1 II
. COLLABORATIV E TESTIN G 2 A
. Purpos e 2 B
. Smok e Generato rTes t 2 C
. Stauffe rChemica l Compan yTes t 2 D
. Riverben d Stea m Statio n 3 E
. Collaborator s an d Tes t Personne l 4 III . DEFINITION S AN D STATISTICA L TERMINOLOG Y 7 A
. Definition s 7 B
. Statistica l Terminolog y7 IV
. SMOK E GENERATO R TES T 9 A
. Whit e Smok e 9 B
. Blac k

Smok e 1 2 V
. STAUFFE R CHEMICA L COMPAN Y TES T 1 6 A
. Accurac y1 6 B
. Precisio n 1 6 C
. Predicte d Result s 1 8 D
. Comparisio n o f Enforcemen t an d Privat e Observer s 1 9 VI . RIVERBEN D STEA M STATIO N TES T 2 0 A
. Tes t 1 2 0 B
. Tes t 2 2 3 C
. Tes t 3 '2 6 VII . COMPOSIT E ESTIMATIO N 3 4 A
. Accurac y3 4 B
. Precisio n 3 4 C
. Predicte d Result s 3 5 APPENDI X A-EP A METHO D 9 FO R VISUA L DETERMINATIO N O F OPACIT Y 3 7 A. 1 Federa l Register , Vo l 36 , No
. 247-Thursday , Decembe r23 , 197 1 ,3 9 A. 2 Federa l Register , Vo l 39 , No
. 177-Wednesday , Septembe r11 , 197 4
. 4 0 APPENDI X B-STATISTICA L METHOD S 4 5 B. 1 Linea rRegressio n an d Tes t fo rSignificanc e '4 6 B. 2 Precisio n Estimatio n fo rTrainin g Generato rTes t 4 7 B. 3 Precisio n Estimatio n fo rSulfuri c Aci d Plan t an d Test s o f Hypothese s 4 9 B. 4 Analysi s o f Varianc e an d Test s o f Hypothese s fro m Riverben d Stea m Statio n Tes t 1
. 5 2P. 8



### TABL E O F CONTENT S (Cont'd ) Pag e B. 5 Precisio n Estimatio n an d Test s o f Hypothese s fo rRiverben d Stea m Statio n Tes t 2 5 4 B. 6 Precisio n Estimatio n an d Test s o f Hypothese s fo rRiverben d Stea m Statio n Tes t 3 5 6 B. 7 Precisio n Estimatio n fo rRiverben d Stea m Statio n Tes t 3 , 1-Percen t Incremen t Run s 5 9 B. 8 Significanc e o f Reductio n o f Frequenc yo f Larg e Deviation s 6 1 B. 9 Multipl e Compariso n Test s an d Composit e Estimatio n 6 2 LIS T O F REFERENCE S 6 3

viP. 9



### LIS T O F TABLE S Tabl e Pag e 1 Certificatio n Datao n Collaborators , Riverben dStea mStatio n Test s | 4 2 Tes t Log , Riverben dStea

mStation , Tes t

1 j 4 3 Tes t Log , Riverben dSteamStation , Tes t 2 I 4 4 Tes t

Log , Riverben dSteamStation , Tes t 3 5 5 Determination s o f

Averag e Opacity o f

Trainin g Generator , White Smoke 1 0 6 Deviatio n Fro mTrainin g Generator , Whit e Smok e 1 0 7 Predicte dDeviations , Trainin g Generator , Whit e Smok e j l 1 8 Predicte dDeterminations , Trainin g Generator—Whit e Smoke 11 2 9 Determination s o f

Averag e Opacity of

Trainin g Generator , Blac k Smoke '1 3 1 0 Deviatio n Fro mTrainin g Generator , Blac k Smok e J1 3 1 1 Predicte dDeviatio n Fro mMetere dOpacity , Trainin g Generator—Blac k 1 4 1 2 Predicte dDetermination s o f Averag e Opacity , Trainin g Generator—Black 1 5 1 3 Determination s o f

Averag e Opacity , Stauffer Chemica l 1 7 1 4 Deviation s Fro mMeter Average , Stauffer

Chemica l |1 8 1 5 Predicte dDeterminations , Sulfuri c Aci dPlan t 1 9 1 6 Observe

r Means , Sulfuri c Aci dPlan t [19 1 7 Averag e Opacity Determinations , Stea mStatio n Tes t

1 2 0 1 8 Deviation s Fro mMetere dOpacity , SteamStatio n Tes t 1 2 1 j 1 9 Predicte dDeviatio n Fro mMetere dOpacity , SteamStatio n Tes t 1 2 1 2 0 Predicte dDeterminations , SteamStatio n Tes t 1 2 3 2 1 Observe

r Mean s Fo r

SteamStatio n Tes t

1 2 3 2 2 Averag e Opacity Determinations , Stea mStatio n Tes t

2 24 2 3 Deviation s Fro mMetere dOpacity , Stea mStatio n Tes t

2
. 2 5 2 4 Predicte dDeviatio n Fro mMetere dOpacity , Stea mStatio n Tes t

2 J2 5 2 5 Predicte dDeterminations , SteamStatio n Tes t 2 2 6 2 6 Observe

r Mean s Fo r

SteamStatio n Tes t

2 2 6 viiP.1 0



### LIS T O F TABLE S (Cont'd ) Tabl e Pag e 2 7 Average Opacity Determinations , SteamStatio n Tes t 3 2 7 2 8 Deviation s Fro mMetere dOpacity , SteamStatio n Tes t 3 2 7 2 9 Predicte dDeviatio n Fro mMetere dOpacity , Stea mStatio n Tes t

3 2 8 3 0 Predicte dDeterminations , Stea mStatio n Tes t 3 2 9 3 1 Observe

r Mean s Fo r

Stea mStatio n Tes t

3 3 0 3 2 Predicte dDeviations , 1-Percen t Increment

Dat a3 0 3 3 1-Percen

t Dat aSummary 3 1 3 4 Predicte dDeterminations , 1-Percen t Dat a3 2 3 5 Opacit

y Determination s Using Paire dObserver s 3 2 3 6 Deviation s Fro mOpacity , Paire dObserver s 3 3 3 7 Predicte dDeviatio n Fro mMetere dOpacity , Composit e Estimat e 3 4 3 8 Predicte dDetermination s o f Averag e Opacity , Composit e Estimat e 3 5
B l Analysi s of

Varianc e Fro mTrainin g Generato r Test , White Smoke 4 7 B 2 Analysi s o f

Varianc e Fro mTrainin g Generato r Test , Blac k

Smok e 4 8 B 3 Analysi s o f

Varianc e Fro mSulfuri c Aci dPlan t Tes t 5 0 B 4 Analysi s o f

Varianc e Fro mStea mStatio n Tes t 1 5 3 B 5 Analysi s o f

Varianc e Fro mStea mStatio n Tes t 2 5 5 B 6 Analysi s o f

Varianc e Fro mStea mStatio n Tes t 3 5 7 B 7 Analysi s o f

Varianc e Fro mStea mStatio n Tes t 3,1 % Variatio n 6 0 B 8 Analysi s of

Varianc e Fro mStea mStatio n Tes t 3 , 1 % Run s 6 1

vmP.1 1 ' P I "•] )



### I
. INTRODUCTIO N

Thi s report

describe s th e wor

k performe dan dresult s obtaine don Southwes t Researc h Institut e 'Projec t 01-3462-006 , EP

A Contrac t

No
. 68-02-0626 , whic h include s collaborativ e testin g of Metho d9 for

visua l determi

natio n of th e opacit y o f

emission s fro

mstationar y source s a s give n in "Standard s o f

Performanc e fo r

New Stationar y Sources ' an d"Stationar y Sources , Propose dEmissio n Monitorin g an dPerformanc e Testin g Requirements."(2 ) Thi s repor t

describe s th e statistica l analysi s o f th e dat afro mcollaborativ e test s conducte do n tw o EPA-typ e trainin g smok

e generators , an dat

asulfuri c aci dplan t

an dacoal-fire dpowe r

plant
. Th e result s o f

th e dat aanalyse s an dth e conclusion s base do n thes e analyse s ar e given i n thi s report .

'Superscrip t

number s i

n parenthese s refe

r t o th e Lis t

o f Reference s a

t th e en do f thi s report .P.1 2

II
. COLLABORATIV E TESTIN G
A
. Purpos e Collaborativ e testin g o f

th e metho dfo

r visua l determinatio n of

opacity o f

emission s fro

mstationar y sources ' ' > wa s conducte di

n order t o obtai n dat ausin g certifie dobserver s whic h woul dallo w statistica l evaluatio n o f th e method
. Result s fro

mthes e test s ar

e presente di

n thi s report . Thre e collaborativ e tes t

site s wer e used : atrainin g smok

e generator , asulfuri c acidplant , an dafossi l fuel

fire dstea mgeneratoi
. Test s at

th e firs t tw o site s mentione dabov e wer e designe dt o evaluate th e determinatio n o f average opacity o f

emissions^) , whil e th e tes t a t th e thir dsite was designedt o allo w evaluatio n o f bot h th e deter

minatio n o f

minute s o f

noncomplianc e with astandar dan ddeterminatio n o f averag e opacity
.(2 ) Th e result s i n thi s repor t ar e al l base dupo n averag e opacit y determinations
. The initial tes t

o n th e trainin g smoke generato r wa s conducte dt o provide backgroun dinformatio n o n th e us e of the method
. The test s a

t th e sulfuri c aci dplant

an dth e fossi

l fuel-firedstea

mgenerato r

wer e conducte dt o obtai n informatio n o n th e us e ofth e metho do n applicabl e source s under fiel dconditions
. A

t n o time durin g any of the tes t wer e warm-up or

practic e run s allowe dprio r t o th e tes t

itself
. B
. Smok e Generato rTes t The smok e generato r

tes t was conducte do

n 19-2 0 Novembe

r 197 3 a t th e National Environmenta l Researc h Center
. Researc h Triangl e Park
. Nort h Carolina
. Tw o trainin g smok e generator s wer

e used , on e belongin g t o th e EP A an don e belongin g t o th e Stat e o f Nort h Carolina
. A tota l o f

nin e collaborator s fro

menforcemen t

agencie s i

n th e Stat e of Nort h Carolin awer

e availabl e fo

r th e tests . Al

l nin e collaborator s participate di n th e first fifteen runs—onl y eigh t participate di

n th e remainin g twenty-on e runs , sinc e on e collaborato r operate dth e Stat e o f

North Carolina' s smok e generator . Time sinc e las t certificatio n fo

r th e collaborator s varie dfromon e t o thirtee n weeks
. During th e two-day test , atota l o f thirty-si x run s were made , wit h aru n consistin g o f

twenty-fiv e reading s taken a t th e fifteen-secondinterval s b y eac h collaborator
. Th e collaborator s readth e plume o n atim e signa l fro m the tes t superviso r

i n order t o assur e tha t th e reading s wer e a s nearl y simultaneou s a s possible
. Th e opacit y o f th e plum e a s indicate db y th e in-stac k transmissomete r

of th e smok e generato r

was recorde da

t th e tim e signa

l t o pro vid e "true " opacity data
. Twent y run s wer e made wit h whit e plumes , an dsixtee n run s wer e mad e with blac k

plumes
. Th e range o f opacity studie dwa s fromjus t abov e 0 t o 4 0 percent . Durin g som e o f th e runs , plume opacit y was hel d essentiall y constan t

whil e o n othe r

run s th e opacity ofth e plum e wa s varie drandoml y t o determin e ho w wel l th e observer s coul dfollo w changin g opacit y durin g th e cours e of ase t o f observations
. Du e t o th e relativel y short

stac k heigh t on th e smoke generators , i n som e run s th e observer s hadobject s i n th e backgroun d(buildings , trees , powe r lines , etc.) , whil e o n othe r run s onl y ask

y backgroun dwa s available
. Sinc e us e o f

backgroun dobject s i

n evaluatin g plum

e opacit y i s permitte din mos t trainin g courses , n o differentiatio n was mad e i n thi s tes t

betwee n run s with o r

withou t backgroun dobjects
. Durin g bot h day s o f th e test , viewin g con dition s wer

e ideal , wit

h blu e sk y an dbrigh t

sunshine
. On all runs , th e observer s were allowe dt o selec t th e opti

mu mviewing positio n wit

h respec t t o su n an dwindangles
. C
. Stauffe rChemica l Compan yTes t The sulfuri c aci dplan t

tes t was conducte do

n 29-3 0 January 197 4 a

t Stauffer Chemica l Company' s facilitie s i n Houston , Texas
. Th e uni t was equippe dwit

h a300-foot-hig h stack
. In-stac k monitorin g o f

opacit y wa s accom plishedb y us e of aLea

r Siegle r Model 610 A transmissometer*
. A tota l o f eleve n collaborator s wer

e availabl e fo

r th e firs t da y o f th e test . Nine collaborator s wer e availabl e fo

r th e secondda

y of th e test . Fou r

o f th e collaborator s were fro mth e Cit y o f Housto n Departmen t

o f Publi c Health , •Mentio n o l trad e name s o r specific product s doc s no t constitut e endorsemen t b y th e Lnvironmenta l Protectio n Agency
.P.1 3

si x wer e fro mareaindustries , an

don e was fro

malocal health association
. Al l collaborators ' mos t

recen' t certifica

tio n wa s on 2 4 August 197 3 a t th e Stat e o f

Texa s Trainin g Sessio n conducte da t Houston , Texas
.

• I During th e two-da

y lest , atota l of

thirt y run s wer

e made , fourtee n run s on th e first day andsixtee n run s on th e secondday
. Eac

h ru n consiste dof

twenty-fiv e reading s take n a t 15-secondtime interval s b y each observer
. Th e collaborator s bega

n eac h run o n atim e signa l fro mth e tes t

supervisor
. Th e averag e opacit y a s indicate db y th e in-stack

transmissomete r

was obtaine dfromth e instrumen t stri p char

t recorder fo r th e time perio dcorrespond

in g t o each run . Arrangement s wer

e made wit

h plant personne l t o chang e uni t operatin g condition s durin g th e tes t t o provid e plume s o f varying opacity
. Th e rang e o f opacit y studie dwa s fro

mslightl y abov e 0 t o 1 5 percent . Opacity o f th e plume was essentiall y constan t durin g any singl e run . Durin g bot h day s o f th e test , goo dviewing condition s pre vailed , wit h blu e sk y andasligh

t haze
. Win

dwa s light

andvariabl e throughou t

th e test . Color

of th e plum e was white
. ! The observer s wer

e allowe dt o selec t

th e optimu mviewing positio n wit h respec t t o win ddirectionian dsu n angle
. D
. Riverben d Stea m Statio n Thre e test s wer

e conducte dat

th e Duke Powe

r Company' s Riverben dStea mStatio n nea

r Charlotte
. N.C
. Test s wer e conducte do n 2 7 August , 5 September , an d3 0 September- 1 October , 1974
. Th e test s involve dus e o f tw o unit s a

t th e power

plant , numbe r

9 andnumbe r

1 0 boilers
. Eac h boiler

wa s equippe dwit

h tw o stack s (A&B)
. Reading s fo

r th e first tw o test s andth e first

day of th e thir dtes t

wer e made on Stack

B of boiler numbe r 9
. On 1 Octobe r 1974 , th e numbe r

9 boile r wa s shu t down , an dth e thir dtes t

wa s complete dusin g Stac k A ! o f .number 1 0 boiler
. Bot

h stack s wer

e fittedwit

h Lea r Siegle r Model RM

4 transmissometers*
. Th e plan fo

r th e test s a

t th e Riverben dSteamStatio n varie dfro mth e plan s fo r th e previousl y describe dtest s Thi s se t of test s was designe dt o provid e infonnatio n o n som e variation s t o th e metho das written. 0 .- ) Th e col

laborator s wer

e divide dint o tw o equal group s with regar dt o size an dexperience
. On e grou p wa s use da s acontro l andmad e thei r reading s o f

opacity withi n th e constraint s of th e publishe dmethod , wit h th e su n i n th e quadran t t o thei r rear , assigning opacit y t o th e plume s in 5-percent increments
. Th e othe r

was usedas th e experimenta l group . One variatio n unde r stud y b y thi s grou p wa s readin g at 45

- an d90-de g angle s wit h respec t t o 'the sun . Opacit y was assignedin 5-percent increment s durin g thi s portio n ofth e experiment
. Th e othe r variatio n wa s read

in g th e plume in 1-percen

t increment s fromth e sam e positio n a s th e contro l group . • Fro mthi s test , th e effec t

o n ametho dtes t

resul t induce db y readin g outsid e som e o f th e constraint s o

f th e metho dma

y be estimated
. By altering , th e angl e of vie w wit h respec t t o th e sun , i

t ma y b e determine dwhethe r

thi s i s a n importan t

consideratio n fo

r th e observer
. B y requirin g tha

t th e plum e b e readi

n 1-percen

t increments , i

t ma y b e determine di

f thi s i variatio n i s more accurat e or mor e precise
. I

n additio n t o these , th e relativ e performanc e of ; a n inexperience dt o a

n experience dobserver

ma y b e assessed , an dth e possibl e improvement o f th e metho dby averagin g tw o observers ' result s ma y b e evaluated
. I n th e first tw o tests , aru n consiste do f forty observation s b y eac h observe r take n a t 15-secondintervals
. Thi s wa s don e fo

r th e purpos e o f

evaluatin g th e metho dwhe n use dt o determin e minute s o f noncomplianc e with a standard
. Th e averag e opacit y presente di n th e dat atable s represent s th e averag e o f th e first twenty-fiv e reading s b y a n observe r i n eac h run . In th e thirdtest , aru n consiste dof twenty-fiv e observation s b y eac h observer take n a t 15-secondintervals
. I

n all thre e tests , th e observer s rea dth e plume on atime signa l fro mtest.personnel
. Transmis

someter reading s wer

e recorde dt o th e neares t

percen t o n th e time signa

l t o provide "true " opacity readings
.
"Trad e name .P.1 4

TABL E 1
. CERTIFICATIO N DATA O N COLLABORATORS , RIVERBEN D STEAM STATIO N TEST S Collaborato r Cod e Numbe r 1 2 3 * 4 5 6 7 8 9 t 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 Dat e o f

Most Recen t Certificatio n 7-16-7 4 7-16-7 4 4-5-7 4 4-5-7 4 4-5-7 4 4-5-7 4 4-5-7 4 4-5-7 4 3-19-7 4 8-27-7 4 9-11-7 4 9-U-7 4 9-11-7 4 Averag e Deviatio n

fro mTru e Opacit y Durin g Certification , %

4. 7 5. 7 4. 6 5. 4 5. 9 6. 2 5. 9 4. 4 4. 3 3. 8 3. 1 2. 9 3. 9 *No t qualified
. On e readin g durin g qualificatio n deviat

e dfro mth e opacit y b y mor e tha n 1 5 percent . No t determine dunti l afte r

tes t du e t o clerica l error . ^Certificatio n expire d9-19 , recertifie d10-22
. TABL E 2
. TES T LOG , RIVERBEN D STEA M STATION , TES T 1 2 7 Augus t

197 4 Run No
. 1

- > 3 4 5 ' 6 7 8 9 1 0 Tim e Ru n Bega n 101 5 105 5 113 0 133 0 135 0 141 0 143 0 145 0 151 0 153 0 Positio n

Angle , de g 4 5 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 4 5 4 5 9 0 9 0 Sk y Condition s

Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Mostl y cloudy , lo w haz e Win d NE , 0- 5 mp h Light , variabl e Light , variabl e SW , 5-1 0 mp h SW , 5-1 0 mp h Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e W , 3- 5 mp h W, 3- 5 mp h TABL E 3
. TES T LOG , RIVERBEN D STEA M STATION , TES T 2 5 Septembe r

197 4 Ru n No
.

. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 H '

- 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 '

- I S Tim e Ru n Bega n 091 0 093 0 095 0 101 0 I ti3 0 105 0 113 0 115 0 121 0 123 0 135 0 1411 ) 143 0 145 0 153 0 155 0 161 0 1'>.*( > Positio n Angle , de g 0 0 4 5 4 5 9 0 9 0 4 5 4 5 9 0 9 U 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 n 4 5 4 5 Sky

Condition s Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Overcas t Win d

NE , 5-1 0 mp h NE , 5-1 0 mp h NE , 5-1 0 mp h NE , 5-1 0 mp h NE , 5-1 0 mp h NE , 5-1 0 mp h NE , 5

- 1 0 mp h NE.5-1 0 mp h NE
. 5-1 0 mp h NE , 5-1 0 mp h NE
. 5 1 0 mp h NE , 5

- 1 0 mp h NI
. 5

- 1 0 mp h NE. 5 1 0 mp h NE
. 5 It ) mp h NE. 5 1 0 mp h M . 5 1 0 mp h NE. 5 1 0 mp h The rang e o f opacit y studie di

n al l thre e test s was fro

mjus t abov e 0 t o "4

0 percent . Opacit

y of th e plum e was variedb y cuttin g of f one o r mor e stage s o f

th e elec

trostati c precipitato r

prio r t o th e run . Wit h th e exceptio n o f

occasional short

duratio n transient

hig h values , plum e opac it y was essentially constan t durin g agive

n run fo r th e low opacities
. Variatio n i n th e "true " opacity withi n arun increase da s th e averag e plum e opacity increased
. The collaborator s fo

r eac h tes t cam e fro mStat e o f

Nort h Carolin aenforcemen t agencies , EP

A offices , an

dprivat e contrac
tors . Th e first

tw o test s utilize dfou r

state , fou r EPA , andtw o contracto r personnel
. The thirdtes t

utilize dfou

r state , tw o EPA , an dtw o contracto r

personnel
. Th e dat e o f the mos t recent certificatio n o f

th e collab

orator s i s give

n i n Tabl e 1
. Als o include d fo r eac h o f th e collaborator s i s th e averag e deviatio n fro

mth e tru e plum e opacit y fo r th e twenty-fiv e white an

dtwenty-fiv e blac k plume s rea

ddurin g certification
. Th e thre e test s consiste do f ten , eighteen , andtwenty-fou r runs , respectively
. Viewing condition s durin g th e firs t tes t wer e poor , mostl y cloudy andlow haze
. There was als o interferenc e fro

manothe r

plum e durin g portion s o f

th e test . Condition s fo r th e secon dtes t

wer e marginal , wit

h a soli dovercast , while fo

r th e thir dtes t

con dition s wer

e ideal , wit

h acloudles s sk

y and bright sunshine
. The plume colo r was white
. Tes t log s fo r th e thre e test s are pre sente di n Table s 2,3 , an d4
. I n Table s 2 and3 , th e positio n o f

th e experimenta l grou p i s give

n relativ e t o th e contro l group . I n Tabl e 4 , th e position s of bot h th e con tro l an dexperimental group s ar e give n relativ e t o th e sun , wit

h th e angle s calcu

late da s show n i

n Figur e 1
. E
. Collaborator s an d Tes t Personne l Th e collaborator s fo

r th e smoke generato r tes t wer e Mr
. Samm

y L
. Amerson , Mr
. Georg e Lawson
. Mr
. Dewe y D
. Johnson , Mr
. Roy T
. Gorman
. Mr
. J.R
. Kirk , Mr
. D.Y
. Daniel , Jr. , Mr
. B.J
. Fous t an dMr
. Bil l Procto r fro mth e Stat e o 1 .'

Nort h Carolin aP.1 5

TABL E 4
. TES T LOG
. RIVERBEN D STEA M STATION , TES T 3

3 0 Septembe r

- 1 Octobe r

197 4
Ru n No
. j 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 Tim e Ru n Began
131 5 133 0 134 5 140 0 141 5 143 0 144 5 150 0 151 5 153 0 093 0 094 5 100 0 101 5 113 0 114 5 120 0 L21 5 123 0 124 5 130 0 131 5 133 0 134 5 Viewin g Angle , i) (Fig
. 1 )

Contro l Group
. de g 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 1 5 4 5 4 5 0 0 3 0 3 0 2 5 2 5 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 Experimenta l

Group , de g 0 0 4 5 4 5 6 0 6 0 4 5 4 5 0 0 3 0 3 0 7 5 7 5 9 0 9 0 4 5 4 5 0 0 4 5 4 5 9 0 9 0 Sk y

Condition s
Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clear Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clea r Clear Clea r Clea r Oea r Clea r Win

d
Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e N
. 8-1 2 mp h N.8-1 2 mp h N , 5 1 0 mp h N
. 5-1 0 mp h Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e Light variabl e Light , variabl e Light , variabl e 

### \ /
\ SU N 9 = Angl e forme d b

y lin e betwee n su n and plum e bein g observe

d an d lin e betwee n observin g grou p an d plume . {

CONTRO L GROU P

EXPERIMENTA L GROU P



### o o o o o o o o

POWE R PLAN T

FIGUR E I
. SCHEMATI C O FOBSERVE RPOSITIONS
. RIVERBEN D STEA M STATION,TES T 3P.1 6

Depa i inient o\ Natura

l an dEconomi c Resources ; andMr
. Willia mM
. Edse

l fro mth e County o f

Forsyth Ai

r Quality Contro l Division
. Forsyt

h County , Nort

h Carolina
. Th e collaborator s fo

r th e sulfuri c acidplan

t test , al l fro mthe Houston , Texas , area , wer e Mr
. Charle s L
. Owe

n fro mArmc o Steel ; Mr

. Jame s S
. Corbin , Mr
. Rober t J
. Stahl , Mr
. Ronal dF
. Stockuna s an dMr
. Wendell L

aFo e fro mth e Cit y ol Housto n Departmen t of Publi c Health ; Mr
. B
. L
. Bolto n fro mRollin s Environmental Services ; Mi
. T
. M
. Walke r an dMr
. Klau s R
. Gerlach of

Stauffe r Chemica l Co. ; Mr
. Me

l Remley fro

mJefferso n Chemical Co. ; Mr
. Willia mMooie fro

mth e Sa n Jacint o Lung Association ; an dMr
. Larr

y P
. Stolt z fro

mGAFCorporation
. Th e collaborator s fo

r th e power

plan t test s wer e Mr
. Dewe

y D
. Johnson , Mr
. Ro n Jernigan , Mr
. Joh n Leather

ma n an dMi
. Do n Shepherdfro

mth e Stat e of

Nort h Carolin aDepartmen t

of Natural andEconomi c Resources ; Mr
. Willia mM
. Edse

l fro mth e County of

Forsyt h Ai r Quality Contro l Division ; Mr
. Davi dD aCremaand Mr
. John Yates , fro

mEngineerin g Scienc e Inc. ; Mr
. Ala n Luther an dMr
. Peter

F
. Burnett e fro

mEnviron

menta l Scienc e an

dEngineering , Inc. ; an

dMr
. Alfre

dVervaert , Mr
. J.W
. Brown
. Mr
. Josep h Peoples , Mr
. Jame s E
. Casey
. Mr
. Jack

Siege l an dMr
. Joh n Hundfro

mth e Environmental Protectio n Agency. * Th e test s wer

e conducte dunder

th e genera

l supervisio n of

Mr
. Nolli e F
. Swynnerton
. Th e collaborator s fro m th e Stnt c o( Nort h Carolin awer

e provide dthroug h th e assistanc e of Mr
. Jame s A
. McColman , Chief , Ai r Quality Division , Stat e of

Nort h Carolin aDepartmen t

o f Natura ! andEconomi c Resources
. Th e collaborator s fo r th e sulfuri c aci dplant tes t wer e selecte db y Mr
. Swynnerto n fro malis t o f peopl e wh o ha

dcertifie da

t th e mos t recen t Stat e o f Texa s certificatio n schoo l i n th e Housto n area . The lis t was provide db y Mr
. Thoma s Ja y McMickle , Environmenta l Healt h Specialist
. Texa s Stat e Departmen t o f Health
. Th e collaborator s fro mEPA , Engineerin g Science , and Environmenta

l Scienc e an

dEngineerin g wer

e provide db y Mr
. Roy Neulicht , Environmental Engineer , Emission s Standard s an

dEngineerin g Division
. Office o f Ai r Qualit y Plannin g andStandards , EPA
. Mr
. Denni s Holzschuh
. Pysica

l Scienc e Technician
. Engineerin g andEnforcement Section
. Ai

r Pollutio n Trainin g Institute
. Contro l Program s Development Division
. Office of

Ai r Quality Standard s an

dPlanning
. EPA , assiste di n th e conduc t of th e smok e generato r

tes t a t the Nationa

l Environmental Researc h Center
. Mr
. Willia mD
. Conner , Research Physicist
. Stationar y Sourc e Measurement s Researc h Section
. Emission Measurement s Researc h Branch
. Chemistr

y an dPhysic s Laboratory , Nationa l Environmental Research Center
. EPA
. made th e neces sar y arrangement s wit

h Duk e Powe r Compan y personne l fo

r th e Riverben dStea

mStatio n Tests
.

I n.-.iughnii t th e icmaindc ro f thi s reporl
. ih c observer - .ir e referic d l o b > assigne d cod e numbers
. T h e cod e number s use d d o no l •.•.-respon d M ih c .ihov c ordere d listin
. o l obscivcrs
.P.1 7



### III
. DEFINITION S AN D STATISTICA L TERMINOLOG Y
. T o facilitate th e understandin g o f thi s repor t

an dth e utilizatio n o f

it s findings, thi s sectio n explain s th e statistical term s use di

n thi s repor t

an ddefine s certai n term s use di n presentin g th e dat aan dresults
. , 

### A
. Definition s 1
. Run- A 6-minute perio ddurin g whic h th e observer s determine dth e opacity o f th e plume
. 2
. Determination—Th e arithmeti c mean o f 2 5 consecutiv e opacity reading s take n at 15-secon d interval s durin g arun . 3
. Mete

r Average—Th

e averag e opacit y o f

th e plum e a s determine db y th e in-stac k transmissometer
. 4
. Deviation—The differenc e betwee n adeterminatio n an dth e correspondin g mete r average ; deviatio n = determinatio n —

mete r average . 

### B
. Statistica l Terminolog y

n 1 *•*" » 1
. x = — 2^i X,- —th

e sampl e mean . Thi s statistic estimate s th e mean , o r center , o f

agiven population
. "i= l 1 " 2
. x

2 = V ^ (_"_"

, —x)*"~^ i e sampl 6 variance
. Thi s statisti c estimate s th e dispersio n in adis

tributio n aroun dth e mean value
. 3
. s = y/P—th

e sampl e standar ddeviation
. Th e standar ddeviatio n i s a n alternativ e estimat e o f dispersion
. 4
. Analysi s o f

Varianc e (ANOVA)—

A statistica l techniqu e fo r testin g whethe r

differen t group s or factor s performin a

n equivalen t

manner , an dfor

obtainin g estimate s o f

differen t varianc e terms . 5
. SS-sum s o f

squares . Th e sumo f

square ddeviation s fro mth e mea n fo r acomponent . Th e SS

j are use dt o estimat e variability
. 6
. df—degree s o f

freedom
. Th e df

are an indicatio n o f

th e amoun t

o f confidenc e i n th e estimate
. A large r numbe r o f df implie s agreate r

degre e o f

confidence
. 7
. MS-th e mea

n square . Th e MS i s th e basi s for hypothesi s testin g i n th e ANOV A an destimatin g a varianc e component . M S = SS/d f 8
. EMS—th

e expecte dmea

n square . Th e EM S determine s whic h mean square s are use dt o tes t whic h hypotheses , an dt o estimat e th e particula r varianc e components . 9
. F-Ratio-th e rati o o f tw o mean squares . Th e F-rati o i s th e tes t statisti c fo

r determinin g th e relativ e performanc e o f

tw o groups .P.1 8

Al l precisio n component s in thi s report are estimate dusin g a

n ANOVA procedure
. Th e statistica l mode l i s give

n separatel y fo r

eac h dat aset , but , i n general , consist s o f a n observe r

term , aru n ter man da

n erro r term . Th e M

S an dEM S fro mthes e ANOVA table s are use dt o determin e th e significanc e o f th e vari

ou s factors , an

dt o estimat e th e followin g precisio n components .

• Within-observer
. Th e within-observer , o r error , componen t

measure s th e dispersio n tha t woul db e expecte di n replicat e determination s b y th e same observer a t th e same tru e opacity
. Th e within

observer varianc e i s denote db y a 2

.

• Observe

r bias
. Th e observer

bia s componen t

measure s th e dispersio n tha t woul db e expecte di

n replicate determination s du e t o th e us e o f th e metho db y independen t observers
. Thes e dif

ference s can resul t

fro msuc h factor s a s th e trainin g generato r o n whic h th e observer s qualifie d andth e relativ e frequenc y wit h whic h the y us e th e method
. Th e observer bia s varianc e i s denote d 

# A- by a ? Between-observer
. Th e between-observe r componen t

i s estimate dfro mth e within-observe r an d observe r bia s terms . Th e between-observe r ter mmeasure s th e variability associate dwit h th e dif

ferenc e betwee n result s b y independen t observers
. Th e between-observe r termi s compose do f within-observer

an dobserver

bia s terms , an dth e between-observe r variance , o\ i s define da sP.1 9

- •r |'-|i i



### IV . SMOK E GENERATO R TES T
The initial tes t

of Metho d9 was conducte dusin g tw o EPA-approve dsmoke generator s t o produc e plumes , bot h white an dblack , coverin g tli e rang e o f opacitie s tha t

coul db e expecte db y observer s seekin g t o detennin e complianc e wit

h th e ne w sourc e performanc e standards
. Thes e include dplume s fro mjus t abov e zer o up , t o | 4 0 percent . O n eac h run , th e collaborator s recorde dthei r observation s t o th e neares t 5 percen t

fo r 2 5 reading s take n a t 15-secon dintervals
. Th e observer s rea do n asigna l give n b y tes t personnel , s o tha t

al l determination s wer e comparable
. Th e 2 5 reading s wer e average db y SwRI personne l afte r th e tes t t o insur e tha t

th e deter

- ! minatio n was correctl y computed
. T o determin e t o wha t

exten t th e observer s wer

e abl e t o follo w change s i n th e plum e opacity , th e generate d opacity was subjec t

t o chang e durin g arun . Durin g th e runs , th e opacit y wa s eithe r hel dconstant , increase do r decrease daccordin g t o ates t plan
. I n addition , th e numbe r o f time s th e plum e opacity wa s changed , th e poin t a t whic h i t wa s change dan dth e amoun t i t change dall were varie dfro mru n t o ru n s o tha t th e observer s woul d no t b e abl e t o anticipat e thes e changes
. Th e observer s were allowe dt o choos e thei r positio n for

observin g th e generate dplume , consisten t wit h th e constraint s of

th e method
. O n som

e runs , the y ha dabackgroun d(e.g. , trees , buildings ) t o rea dagainst , whil e on others , ther e wa s onl y blu e sky
. N o recor dofth e backgroun dwa s kept , s o any difference s i n thi s regardcanno t

b e determined
. There wer e atota l o f

3 6 samplin g runs , 2 0 wit h whit e smoke an d1 6 with black , mad e durin g th e tw o da y period
. One observer

participate din onl y th e first 1 5 run s the n operate dth e secon dtrainin g generato r fo r th e remainde r

o f th e test . Thi s resulte di

n atota l o

f 30 3 determinations , 17 0 wit h whit e smoke an d13 3 with I black
. Th e analyse s o f

th e dat awill concer n itsel f with tw o aspects : th e accuracy, a s measure db y th e deviatio n fro mth e metere dopacity , an dth e precision, expresse di n term s o f standar ddeviations
. Th e result s ar e pre sente dbelo w separatel y fo r th e whit e an dblac k

plumes
. 

### A . Whit

e Smok e Th e 17 0 determination s are show n i n Tabl e 5 , alon g with th e concurren t mete r averages . T o evaluat e th e performanc e o f

th e observers , th e determination s will b e looke da t i n tw o ways . First , the y will b e compare d t o th e mete r

average s t o determin e ho w accuratel y th e observer s were abl e t o rea dth e opacity ; an dsecond , the y wil l b e compare dt o eac h othe r t o determin e ho w muc h variatio n can b e expecte dbot h fro masingl e observer , an dbetwee n tw o independen t observer s whe n readin g th e sam e opacit y plume
. 1 . Accurac

y Th e deviation s fro mth e plum e opacit y ar e show n i n Tabl e 6
. A s can b e seen fro mth e data , ther e i s atendenc y for

th e deviatio n t o b e greate r an dnegativ e a s th e plum e opacit y increases
. Becaus e o f this ! a linea r regressio n i s used , wit h opacit y a s th e independen t variabl e an ddeviatio n a s th e dependen t variable
. Th e techniqu e i s presente di n Appendi x Bl
.

Fo r thes e deviations , th e slop e o f th e least-square s fit

t o thes e point s i s significantl y differen t fro mzero . Thi s indicate s tha t ther e i s alinear

relationshi p betwee n th e tw o variables
. Th e equatio n o f th e lin e derive di s Yj= 3.4 6 - 033* / wher e Yji s th e predicte ddeviatio n Xji s percen t

opacit yP.2 0
•"""""""" * *wr »

TABL E 5
. DETERMINATION S O FAVERAG E OPACIT

Y O FTRAINING GENERATOR , WHIT

E SMOK E (Percent Opacity ) Ru n No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 1 12. 8 10. 6 8. 8 27. 0 11. 2 5. 6 8. 8 31. 2 22. 6 9. 4 17. 4 8. 6 10. 0 13. 0 18. 2 32. 2 19. 0 9. 0 14. 8 12. 4 2 12. 0 9. 0 5. 8 28. 2 9. 6 4. 6 8. 4 22. 6 15. 4 7. 6 17. 4 6. 4 8. 8 14; 8 20. 8 29. 4 18. 8 8. 8 17. 0 10. 2 3 10. 8 11. 2 8. 6 23. 8 12. 0 5. 0 7. 0 2.4. 6 13. 6 8. 4 19. 2 8. 6 12. 4 15. 8 17. 4 30. 8 20. 8 13. 6 20. 4 9. 8 Observe r 4 13. 2 11. 0 9. 6 22. 6 12. 0 6. 6 7. 2 24. 4 16. 6 7. 8 19. 6 7. 4 10. 6 19. 4 18. 4 28. 6 19. 6 9. 6 16. 4 10. 0 5 10. 6 8. 2 6. 0 13. 6 11. 4 5. 8 7. 6 20. 2 19. 6 10. 0 18. 8 8. 0 11. 4 15. 4 19. 6 27. 6 16. 6 7. 2 17. 0 9. 4 6 17. 4 10. 6 8. 6 22. 2 12. 8 5. 8 8. 2 21. 0 17. 4 7. 8 17. 4 6. 2 11. 4 12. 0 12. 8 18. 2 15. 0 7. 2 13. 0 7. 4 7 11. 0 8. 4 6. 6 14. 6 11. 8 6. 0 7. 2 21. 4 20. 6 9. 0 16. 4 5. 2 8. 7 13. 6 13. 8 23. 6 18. 8 7. 8 15. 8 9. 2 8 10. 6 12. 8 8. 6 25. 0 11. 4 5. 0 7. 6 27. 4 17. 0 7. 2 16. 4 5. 2 8. 2 12. 6 10. 8 23. 2 13. 0 7. 0 11. 0 8. 0 9 13. 0 14. 8 10. 0 24. 0 11. 2 6. 6 7. 4 27. 4 16. 0 8. 6 Mete r 10. 0 13. 6 9. 2 23. 8 12. 3 4. 7 7. 6 34. 0 25. 4 12. 4 13. 1 8. 6 9. 0 11. 2 14. 3 31. 3 13. 2 16. 8 18. 7 14. 6

TABL E 6
. DEVIATIO

N FROM TRAINING GENERATOR , WHIT E SMOK E (Percen t Opacity ) Ru n No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 1 2. 8 -3. 0 -0. 4 3. 2 -1. 1 0. 9 1. 2 -2. 8 -2. 8 -3. 0 4. 3 0. 0 1. 0 1. 8 3. 9 0. 9 5. 8 -7. 8 -3. 9 -2. 2 2

2. 0 -4. 6 -3. 4 4. 4 -2. 7 -0. 1 0. 8 -11. 4 -10. 0 -4. 8 4. 3 -2. 2 -0. 2 3. 6 6. 5 -1. 9 5. 6 -8. 0 -1. 7 -4. 4 3

0. 8 -2. 4 -0. 6 0. 0 -0. 3 0. 3 -0. 6 -9. 4 -11. 8 -4. 0 6. 1 0. 0 3. 4 4. 6 3. 1 -0. 5 7. 6 -3. 2 1. 7 -4. 8 4

3. 2 -2. 6 -0. 4 -1. 2 -0. 3 1. 9 -0. 4 -9. 6 -8. 8 -4. 6 6. 5 -1. 2 1. 6 8. 2 4. 1 -2. 7 6. 4 -7. 2 -2. 3 -4. 6 Observe r

5 0. 6 -5. 4 -3. 2 -10. 2 -0. 9 1. 1 0. 0 -13. 8 -5. 8 -2. 4 5. 7 -0. 6 2. 4 4. 2 5. 3 -3. 7 3. 4 -9. 6 -1. 7 -5. 2 6

7. 4 -3. 0 -0. 6 -1. 6 0. 5 1. 1 0. 6 -13. 0 -8. 0 -4. 6 4. 3 -2. 4 2. 4 0. 8 -1. 5 -13. 1 1. 8 -9. 6 -5. 7 -7. 2 7 1. 0

-5. 2 -2. 6 -9. 2 -0. 5 1. 3 -0. 4 -12. 6 -4. 8 -3. 4 3. 3 -3. 4 -0. 3 2. 4 -0. 5 -7. 7 5. 6 -9. 0 -2. 9 -5. 4 8

0. 6 -0. 8 -0. 6 1. 2 -0. 9 0. 3 0. 0 -6. 6 -8. 4 -5. 2 3. 3 -3. 4 -0. 8 1. 4 -3. 5 -8. 1 -0. 2 -9. 8 -7. 7 -6. 6 9

3. 0 1. 2 0. 8 0. 2 -1. 1 1. 9 -0. 2 -6. 6 -9.4 " -3. 8 Mete r 10. 0 13. 6 9. 2 23. 8 12. 3 4. 7 7. 6 34. 0 25. 4 12. 4 13. 1 8. 6 9. 0 11. 2 14. 3 31. 3 13. 2 16. 8 18. 7 14. 6



### 1 0P.2 1

and 3.3 4 and-0.3 3 ar e th e least-square s estimate s o f th e intercep t

an dslope ; respectively
. Th e /-statisti c fo

r thes e dat ai s tc = —8.5 9 with 16 8 degree s of freedom , whic h i s significant at th e 5^percen

t level
. Thi s equatio n hold s ove r th e rang e of

averag e opacitie s studied , fro m5 t o 3 0 percent . B y substitutin g value s int o thi s equation , i t i s possibl e t o predic t

what th e deviatio n woul db e a t aparticular

tru e averag e I opacity
. Thi s i s don e fo

r selecte dopacitie s in Tabl e 7
. TABL E 7
. PREDICTE

D DEVIATIONS , TRAINING GENERATOR , WHIT E SMOK E 2
. Precisio n Th e precisio n of

th e determinatio n of

th e averag e opacit y of

awhit e plum e fro matrainin g generato r i s determine' d throug h us e o f

a n Analysi s o f

Varianc e (ANOVA ) technique
. Fro mthis , it

i s possibl e t o estimat e bot h th e within-observe r an d th e observer

bia s components , an dusin g these , t o estimat e th e between-observe r

component . Th e precisio n estimate s are obtaine dusihg onlyithe ; determination s fro mth e eigh t observer s wh o complete dall 2 0 j runs , whic h enable s a

n estimat e o f

th e within-observe r

varianc e t o b e mad e withou t

blockin g th e data
. Th e detail s o f th e ANOVA are given an dth e estimat e obtaine din j Appendi x B.2
. I

Th e within-observe r

variance , a 2 , i s estimate das

r> 2 =5.6 7 with 13 3 df

. Thi s give s a

n estimate dwithin-observe r standar ddeviatio n o f 0= y/S£7 Percen t Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 Estimate d

Deviatio n 1.8 1 0.1 6 -1.4 9 -3.1 4 -4.7 9 -6.4 4

= 2.3 8 percen t opacity
. Th e F-rati o fo r

observer s i s F

c = 4.16
. Thi s exceed s th e table dvalu e o f 2.75 , approximatel y j fro mth e F

distributio n with 7 an d13 3 df , at th e 5-percen t

significanc e level
. Thus , ther e i s asignifican t observer bia s variance , o\ , an di t

i s estimate db y a\

= 0.9 0 wit h 7 df
. Th e estimate dobserve r bia s standar ddeviation , then , i s
a L =y/0S0

= 0.9 5 percen t

opacity
. Th e between-observe r

variance , o\, i s estimate dfro mth e component s abov e a s

d | = d 2 + d i \

= 5.6 7 + 0.9 0 !

= 6.57
.

1 1P.2 2 n i n i«i|iip^pf i

Thi s give s abetween-observe r standar ddeviatio n o f 

### a 6 

### =V63 7

= 2.5 6 percen t

opacity
. Predicte d Result s B y combinin g th e abov e results , it i s possibl e t o predic t

confidenc e limit s for

th e averag e opacit y determine db y a

n observer
. Le t

/tb e an y tru e opacit y level
. The n th e averag e opacit y reporte db y th e observer coul db e expecte dt o b e withi n

expecte drange : k

+ (a + bk) ±

(1.96 ) a percen t

opacit y
: k + (3,4 6 - 0.33/fc

) + (1.96 ) (2.38 ) percen t

opacit y
: (0.67 * + 3.46 ) ± 4.6 6 percen t opacit y
a t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Th e range s fo r selecte dvalue s of * are give n i n Tabl e 8
. TABL E 8 . PREDICTE D DETER MINATIONS , TRAININ G GENERATOR-WHIT E SMOK E Percen t Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 Expecte dRang e

2.15-11.4 7 5.50-14.8 2 8.85-18.1 7 12.20-21.5 2 15.55-24.8 7 18.90-28.2 2 22.25-31.5 7 Similarly , a n estimat e ca

n b e made o f

th e differenc e expecte dbetwee n tw o determination s o f th e same averag e plum e opacit y mad e b y independen t observers
. Th e differenc e betwee n determination s ha s avarianc e o f 2 o\. Thus , th e maximu mexpecte d differenc e woul db e n o more tha n

maximu mdifference : ± (1.96 ) Jl b b : ±(2.77 ) a b
: ±(2.77 ) (2.56 )
± 7.0 9 percen t

opacit y a t th e 9 5 percen t

confidenc e level
. B . Blac k

Smok e Th e 13 3 determination s mad e usin g ablac k plum e are show n in Tabl e 9 alon g with th e averag e o f th e transmissomete r

reading s taken
. Thes e detexmination s are examine dfo r accurac y an dprecisio n i n th e same manne r a s were th e whit e plum e determinatSoias
. 1 . Accuracy Th e deviation s fro mth e transmissomete r averag e ar e show n in Tabl e 10
. A s before , ther e i s a tendenc y fo

r th e deviatio n t o b e greate r as tb e tru e valu e increases
. T o obtai n th e bes t estimat e o f

th e devi

ation , alinea

r regressio n o f

th e deviation s o n th e tru e opacit y i s done
. Fo r thes e data , th e lin e tha t

bes t fits thes e point s i s
y i = 3.74-0.34A r , '

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TABL E ll
. PREDICTE

D DEVIATIO

N Using thi s equation , deviation s ma y b e estimate dfor FRO M METERE

D OPACITY

, plume s withi n th e applicabl e range . Thi s i s don e i n Tabl e 11
. TRAININ G GENERATOR

BLAC K Averag e Opacit y 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 Predicte d

Deviatio n 0.4 4 -1.2 1 -2.8 6 -4.5 1 -6.1 6 -7.8 1 2
. Precisio n Th e precisio n estimatio n fo r th e blac k smoke determina

tion s i s simila

r t o tha t don e for th e whit e smok

e data
. Th e result s fro mth e collaborato r

wh o di dno t

complet e all 1 6 run s are no t in

cluded
. Th e remainin g 12 8 determination s o f averag e opacit y ar

e use di n a n ANOVA t o estimat e th e precisio n components . Th e de

tail s ar e presente di n Appendi x B.2
. Th e within-observe r

variance , a 2 , i s estimate das
a 2 = 3.3 8 wit h 10 5 df
. Thi s give s a

n estimate dwithin-observe r standar ddeviatio n of o = \/33 8

= 1.84
. Th e F-rati o for

observer s i s F

c = 5.7 3 whic h exceed s th e critica l value , F 0- 0 5 (7,105 ) * « 2.1 0 at ' th e 5-percent

level
. Thu s th e observer bia s variance , a\, i s significantl y different fromzero , an di s estimate d b y a 2 = 1.0 0 wit h 7df
. Thus , th e observer

bia s standar ddeviatio n i s estimate db y

6 L = 1.00
. Th e between-observe r

varianc e i s estimate dfro mth e abov e a s

al = a 2 + a\

= 3.3 8 + 1.00

= 4.38
. Th e estimate dbetween-observer standar ddeviation , then , i s



### a 6 

### =V43 8

= 2.09
. 3 . Predicte d Result

s Using th e result s above , i t i s possibl e t o predict , a

t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level , th e rang e o f opacitie s tha t

woul doccu r

i n th e us e o f

th e metho da

t particular

opacit y levels
. Th e predicte ddeterminatio n a t fc-percent

opacity woul db e fc + ( a+ bit) = * + (3.7 4 - 0.34* )

= 0.66f c + 3.74
. 1 4P.2 5

The variabilit

y i n areadin g woul dbe measure db y th e within-observer

standar ddeviation
. Fo r th e 95-percen t confidenc e leve

l an d105 df

, th e facto r

1.9 6 i s used
. Thi s give s [ i expecte drange : (0.66 * + 3.74 ) ± 1.9 6 6
.

: (0.66*+3.74 ) ±1.9 6 (1.84 ) I
: (0.66* + 3.74 ) ±3.61
. ! Th e expecte drang e i s given fo r selecte dvalue s of

* i n Tabl e 12
. TABL E 12
. PREDICTE

D DETERMIN

ATION S O FAVERAG

E OPACITY , TRAINING GENERATOR

BLAC K Percent Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 Expecte dRange

3.43-10.6 5 6.73-13.9 5 10.03-17.2 5 13.33-20.5 5 16.63-23.8 5 19.93-27.1 5 23.23-30.4 5 Th e maximu mdifferenc e betwee n tw o determination s i

mad e b y independen t

collaborator s i s determine dfro mthes e dat aa t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Th e facto r 1.9 6 i s agai n used , an d thi s give s maximu mdifference : ± 1.9 6 Jl a\ ±(2.77 ) a„ + (2.77 ) (2.09 )
± 5.7 9 percen t

opacity , a t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
.

1 5P.2 6



### V
. STAUFFE R CHEMICA L COMPAN Y TES T
The secon dtes t

of th e metho dwa s conducte dat th e Stauffer

Chemica l Compan y sulfuri c aci dplant
. Thi s tes t wa s specifically designe dt o tes t th e ability o f

aqualifie dobserver

t o accuratel y rea dth e plum e opacit y nea r th e complianc e limi t

fo r tha t source . Th e standar dfo r sulfuri c aci dplant s i s 1 0 percent , mean in g that a n opacity o f

1 0 percen t

o r greate r i s in violation
. ' The observer s wer

e chose n bot h fro mgovernmen t enforcemen t

agencie s an dfro

mth e privat e sector . Thi s was don e t o investigate whethe r th e affiliatio n of

th e individual influence dhi s determinatio n o f opacity
. There wer e 1 4 run s mad e o n th e first da y of th e tes t b y 1 1 collaborators , an d1 6 run s o n th e secon dwith 9 collaborator s fo

r atota l o f 29 8 determinations
. Th e averag e opacity durin g eac h ru n was determine dfro m astri p chart

readou t of opacity a s determine db y a n in-stac k transmissometer
. Becaus e of this , th e "true " opacit y couj donl y b e determine dt o th e neares t percent , an dth e observers ' determination s were rounde dt o th e neares t

percen t opacity for

comparison
. The observer s made one deviatio n fro mth e publishe dmetho do n th e secon dday
. Sinc e th e plum e wa s light , the y suggeste dtha t

the y readt o th e neares t

1 percen t

rathe r tha n th e neares t

5 percent , an dthi s wa s permitted
. However , sinc e th e metho dspecifie dtha t 5-percen t

increment s be used , th e individual reading s subsequentl y wer

e rounde dt o th e neares t

5 percen t

prio r t o bein g average dt o obtai n th e determination s used
. Whil e ther e ma

y b e adifferenc e betwee n thes e andaMetho d9 determination , i t i s felt tha t i t woul db e slight
. The determination s ar

e show n i n Tabl e 1 3 alon g with th e averag e meter opacit y fo

r tha t range . Thes e value s ar e investigate dfor

bot h thei r

accurac y an dprecision , as fo r th e smok e generato r

test . 

### A
. Accurac

y The deviation s fromth e transmissomete r averag e are show n in Tabl e 1 4 fo r th e sulfuri c aci dplan t

data
. The deviation s sho w anegativ e bias , fallin g generall y 1 t o 3 percen t belo w th e metere dopacity
. T o determin e i f ther e i s alinea

r relationshi p betwee n th e deviation s an dth e mete r average , aregressio n lin e i s fi t t o thes e points
. The equatio n of

th e bes t fit t o thes e point s i s deviatio n = —2.3 6 + (0.05Xmete r average)
. Fro mth e slop e of

th e line , i t

can b e seen tha t

ther e i s aslightl y positiv e tren dt o thes e deviation s compare d t o th e negativ e tren dof

th e smoke generato r

test . T o determin e if

th e slop e i s significant , af-statisti c i s calculate da s describe di n Appendi x B.l
. Th e value of th e statisti c i s tc = 0.6 8 with 29 6 df
. Thi s i s no t

significant , whic h implie s tha t th e slope , 0.05 , i s no t significantl y different

fro mzero . Thus , n o linea r relationshi p can b e saidt o exis t betwee n deviatio n andopacity fo

r thes e data
. Th e bes t

estimat e o f

th e deviation , then , i s th e mea n deviatio n o f

—2. 0 percen t opacity
. Thi s i s vali di n th e rang e studied , fro m2 t o 1 5 percen t opacity
. However , sinc e th e majority o f th e run s wer e made betwee n 5 an d1 0 percen t averag e opacity , i t

i s possibl e tha t

ther e i s arelationshi p betwee n th e tw o variable s tha t

woul db e noticeabl e if

awider rang e o f opacitie s was studied. 

### B
. Precisio n Th e determination s are submitte dt o a n ANOV A procedur e t o estimat e th e precisio n o f th e metho da t asulfuri c aci dplant
. Th e ANOVA wa s performe dusin g onl y th e nin e observer s wh o complete dall 3 0 runs . Th e remainin g dat ase t

i s larg e enoug h t o obtai n th e desire destimates , an dth e necessit y fo r blockin g i s eliminate db y thei r

exclusion
.
1 6,.,,-J
. P.2 7

TABL E 13
. DETERMINATION S O FAVERAG E OPACITY ,

STAUFFE RCHEMICA L (Percen t Opacity ) Ru n No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 1 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 1 8 7 1 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 9 6 5 5 3 3 4 5 8 6 6 7 2 3 1 0 0 2 3 3 3 1 0 5 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 8 9 9 7 4 5 6 9 9 9 1 0 1 0 3 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 1 5 8 3 5 4 5 1 1 1 0 8 7 5 5 4 3 5 7 7 6 8 5 4 6 5 4 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 7 1 5 5 3 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 2 6 5 5 3 6 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 5 16 . Observe

r 5 5 5 3 1 4 2 5 5 1 2 1 0 1 4 3 5 0 3 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 0 5 6 5 7 1 3 1 3 1 7 1 3 1 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 4 8 4 5 5 5 0 4 3 1 1 4 1 4 1 0 6 7 5 7 • 1 3 1 6 1 7 1 6 1 5 7 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 1 1 9 2 6 5 7 3 4 1 1 7 6 5 5 2 2 2 4 5 4 5 5 8 5 4 4 3 5 3 3 4 9 5 0 3 4 4 0 1 0 0 9 1 0 6 5 5 5 9 1 1 8 9 1 4 1 4 9 5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 1 4 8 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 4 9 8 6 5 5 5 5 6 7 5 7 6 1 0 7 7 3 3 6 6 6 5 1 2 9 4 5 5 5 1 1 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 2 1 3 8 1 2 1 3 Mete r 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 4 7 5 6 6 6 2 2 5 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 Th e precisio n estimate s are take n fro mth e ANOVA tabl e i n Appendi x B.3
. Th e within-observe r com- | ponen t i s estimate dby : 5 2 =4.5 1 whic h ha s 23 2 d

f associate dwit h it
. Thi s give s a n estimate dwithin-observe r standar ddeviatio n o f 

## a=V43 T

= 2.1 2 percen t

opacit y Th e observer

termfor thes e dat ai s show n i n Appendi x B. 3 t o b e significantl y differen t fro mzero . Th e observer bia s variance , a\ , i s estimate dfromth e ANOVA tabl e a s al = 0.9 3 wit h 8 df
. Thi s give s a

n estimate dobserve

r bia s standar ddeviatio n o f 

### b L 

### =J033

= 0.9 6 percen t

opacity
1 7P.2 8 3 U P | I l | IR |

TABL E 14
. DEVIATIONS FRO M METE RAVERAGE , STAUFFE RCHEMICA

L (Percent Opacity ) Ru n No
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 1

- 2

- 3

- 3

- 3

- 1

- 3

- 3

- 3 4 0

- 4

- 1

- 1

- 1

_ 2

- 2

- 5

- 4

- 1

- 4

- 5

- 5

- 4

- 4

- 3

- 4

- 1

- 3

- 3

- 2 2

- 6

- 7

- 8

- 8

- 6

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 4

- 2

- 5

- 4

- 4

- 3

- 2

- 2

- 5

- 4

- 2

- 1

- 1

- 3

- 3

- 2

- 1 0 0 0 1 1 3

- 2

- 1

- 1

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 2 1 1

- 2

- 1

- 2

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 4

- 4

- 2

- 3

- 5

- 5

- 3

- 4

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 3

- 1

- 4 4

- 3

- 3

- 4

- 5

- 3

- 3

- 3

- 3 1 0

- 4

- 1

- 1

- 3

- 2

- 1

- 3

- 4 0 2

- 4

- 5

- 2

- 4

- 1 1 4 7 6 7 Observe r 5

- 4

- 3

- 5

- 7

- 4

- 6

- 3

- 3

- 2 3

- 1

- 2

- 3

- 1

- 2 1

- 4

- 4 2 3 0

- 5

- 1

- 2 0 4 4 8 4 6 6

- 4

- 3

- 3

- 3

- 3

- 3

- 3

- 3 0 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 2 2

- 2

- 3 4 4 0

- 4 0

- 2 0 4 7 8 7 6 7

- 5

- 4

- 4

- 4

- 3

- 3

- 3

- 3

- 3 2

- 3 0

- 1 1

- 1 2

- 4

- 3

- 3

- 4

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 4

- 5

- 4 -A 8

- 4

- 4

- 4

- 5

- 3

- 5

- 5

- 4

- 5

- 2

- 5

- 3 -2 -2

- 2

- 1

- 5

- 4

- 1 0

- 4

- 5

- 2

- 2 2 2

- 1 0 5 5 9

- 4

- 4

- 4

- 4

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 2 0 1 0

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 2 0

- 2

- 2

- 4

- 5

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 3

- 2

- 4

- 2

- 3 1 0

- 2

- 1

- 5

- 5

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 3

- 2 2

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1 1 1

- 6

- 6

- 5

- 6

- 4

- 4

- 6

- 6

- 1 1

- 4

- 4

- 5

- 3 Mete r 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 4 7 5 6 6 6 2 2 5 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 Th e between-observe r

variance , al, i s th e sumo f th e within-observe r

an dobserver

bia s components . The estimate dvalu e i s 

### af c = ni+ b 2

= 0.93+4.5 1

= 5.44
. Thi s result s i n abetween-observe r standar ddeviatio n o f



### a b 

### =j5M

= 2.3 3 percen t

opacity
. C
. Predicte d Result s Th e abov e result s ca

n b e use dt o make statement s concernin g th e result s tha t woul db e obtaine db y a

n independen t

observer
. Th e rang e o f

opacitie s tha t

coul db e expecte di s calculate db y usin g th e bes t estimat e o f th e deviation , alon g with th e variatio n tha t coul db e expected
.P.29

A t * percen t opacity , th e expecte dresul t woul db e ' i (*-2)%±(1.96) d i a t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. The facto r 1.9 6 i s use dsinc e wit

h 23 2 df , th e distributio n of

th e t statisti c i s essentiall y astandar dnorma l curve . Substitutin g in th e valu e o f ogives : expectedrang e : ( * - 2)% ± (1.96)(2.12 )

(fc-2)±4.1 6
*

- 6.1 6 to * + 2.1 6 fo r plume s of

from2 t o 1 5 percen t

averag e opacity
. Fo r

selecte dvalues , th e expecte drang e i s calculate dan d show n i n Tabl e 15
. TABL E 15
. PREDICTE

D DETERMINATIONS , Th e maximu mexpecte ddifferenc e betwee n deter

SULFURI C ACI D PLAN T rnination s by tw o independen t observer s i s calculate dusin g th e between-observer

varianc e term . As before , th e differenc e i s '

maximu mdifferenc e = (2.306 ) Jib 2 , •

= (3.26)S 6 a t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Th e facto r 2.30 6 come s fromStudent' s t

distributio n with 8 df

, du e t o th e observer bia s term . Substitutin g give s maximu mdifferenc e = (3.26)(2.33 )

= 7.6 0 percen t

opacit y D
. Compariso n o f Enforcemen t an d Privat e Observer s The tes t personne l wer

e chose n frombot h a

n enforcemen t agency andfromprivate concern s t o allo w th e determination s b y eac h grou p t o b e compared
. Th e nin e collaborator s wh o complete dall 3 0 run s ar

e used , an dth e mean over th e 3 0 run s i s computed
. Th e observer mean s ar e show n in Tabl e 16
. Av g Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 "Truncate dt o z e Expecte dRang e 0*-7.1 6 3.84-12.1 6 8.84-17.1 6
o .
TABL E 16
. OBSERVE

RMEANS , SULFURI C ACI D PLAN T Observe r 1 2 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 7 * 8 9 Mean

5.0 0 4.4 0 5.4 7 6.4 7 6.6 0 7.6 3 4.5 7 5.4 0 5.7 3 'Observe r

fro menforcemen t agency . larges t overal l mean s an dth e sixt h largest , opacity than th e privat e secto r people
. Th e observer s fromth e enforcemen t agenc y wer

e num ber s 4 , 5 , 6 an d8
. A s ca

n b e seen , thi s grou p give s th e thre e Th e indication , then , i s that thes e peopl e ten dt o rea dahigher
Th e hypothesi s tha t

th e tw o group s readth e sam e averag e opacity i s teste di n Appendi x B.3
. Th e tes t i s acontras t

amon g th e means , an dth e tes t statisti c follow s Student' s t distribution
. Th e statisti c i s tc = 5.6 9 wit

h 23 2 df
. Thi s i s asignificant

valu e an dth e conclusio n i s that th e enforcemen t

observer s di dj indee ddetermin e highe r

averag e opacitie s overall tha n th e othe r group . The averag e opacit y for

al l 3 0 runs , however , wa s 7.6 , s o tha t th e enforcemen t

observer s were closer t o th e tru e opacity tha n thos e fro mothe r agencies
.

1 9P.3 0



### VI
. RIVERBEN D STEA M STATIO N TES T
Th e thre e test s a t

th e Riverben dStea

mStatio n are treate dseparatel y in th e analysi s sinc e ther e were different group s o f

collaborator s an dvaryin g sk y condition s for

th e thre e tests . Th e origina

l tes t plan was designe dt o allo w th e evaluatio n o f th e metho das use dfo

r th e determinatio n o f minute s o f

noncomplianc e wit

h aparticula

r standard/ 2 ^ A tes t

ru n wa s se

t as 1 0 minute s of

observation , an dth e reporte dvariabl e wa s t o b e ho w many observation s exceede dacertai n standard
. Th e experimenta l factor s t o b e studie dinclude dth e angl e o f observatio n an dth e relativ e experienc e of th e observer
. Variation s t o th e metho dt o b e evaluate dinclude dreadin g i n 1 percen t

rathe r tha n 5 percen t increment s an daveragin g th e response s of tw o observer s a s oppose dt o asingle observer' s result
. I n th e thir dtestin g period , th e tes t personne l were advise dtha t th e averag e opacity , base do n 2 5 read

ings , was th e tes t

variabl e o f

interest
. Th e othe r

factor s fo

r th e tes t remaine dunchanged
. Fo r purpose s o f comparison , averag e opacitie s were calculate dfro mth e first tw o dat aset s usin g th e first 2 5 observation s o f each run . Du e t o th e advers e sk

y an dwin dcondition s durin g test s 1 and2 , no t all o f th e planne devaluation s ar e useful
. Ther e was a

n inability t o rea dth e lo w opacit y plume s agains t th e typ e of

backgroun dtha t

existed , anda s aresult , th e determination s were generall y well belo w th e concurren t mete r average . Th e precisio n estimated , however , i s independen t o f th e accurac y o f

th e determination
. Th e observer s at

eac h tes t were divide dint o tw o group s fo r th e test , acontro l an da

n experimental
. The contro l grou p observe dth e plum e at all time s fro mapositio n consisten t wit h th e metho da s writte n an d rea di n increment s o f

5 percent . Th e experimenta l grou p eithe r readth e plum e fromamore extrem e angle , i n increment s o f

5 percen t

o r fro mth e sam

e angl e a s th e contro l bu t

i n increment s o f

1 percent . Eac h grou p wa s compose dbot h o f

observer s wh o ha dconsiderabl e fieldexperienc e with th e metho dan do f observer s wh o ha drelativel y littl e suc h experience
. 

### A
. Tes t 1 Ther e wer

e 1 0 run s mad e a t

th e firs t tes t b y 1 0 observers
. Th e determination s o f averag e opacit y calculate dfro mth e observe r recor dsheet s are show n i n Tabl e 17
. Thes e determination s wil l b e evaluate d wit h respec t t o thei r accurac y an dprecision
. Ther e are six missin g determination s i n th e dat aset . Thes e

TABL E 17 . AVERAG E OPACIT Y DETERMINATIONS , STEAM STATIO N TES T 1
Ru n 1 2 3 4 5CTV 7 8 9 1 0 Contro l Grou p 1 6. 4 13. 4 11. 6 5. 4 8. 4 14. 8 17. 6 9. 4 1. 2 * 2 4. 4 8. 2 11. 0 4. 4 6. 4 7. 6 9. 6 3. 2 0. 2 * 3 6. 2 11. 2 10. 6 6. 0 7. 8 12. 4 12. 4 4. 0 2. 4 * •Incomplete.dat a sheet . 4 5. 2 9. 6 13. 8 6. 8 6. 6 14. 6 14. 2 9. 6 5. 6 * 5 5. 8 12. 8 12. 6 4. 8 11. 4 9. 0 11. 4 1. 8 0. 6 * Mete r 16. 0 23. 5 26. 0 11. 6 15. 7 26. 1 24. 4 14. 2 13. 0 13. 4 1

1 5. 4 6. 6 10. 8 5_ 2 7. 6 12. 2 7. 5 4. 4 1. 6 2. 0 _xperimenta l Grou p 2 5. 4 6. 2 9. 4 5. 5 5. 8 8. 5 9. 4 6. 0 3. 0 3. 0 3 1. 8 3. 8 7. 8 4. 1 5. 9 7. 5 4. 6 1. 0 0. 2 0. 0 4 5. 8 6. 4 13. 0 5. 8 5. 9 15. 0 8. 6 5. 0 1. 0 0. 0 5 2. 2 4. 4 •8. 8 6. 5 9. 5 8. 9 7. 0 2. 2 0. 4 *



### 20P.3 1

occu r whe n du e t o sk

y an dwindcondition s andinterferenc e fro manothe r

plume , th e observer

felt that a t time s he wa

s unabl e t o make adeterminatio n o f th e opacity , an di

n thes e instances , adirec t compariso n wouldnot b e valid
. ' 1
. Accurac y I t i s apparen t

tha t thes e determination s ar

e generall y considerabl y lowe r tha n th e mete r

average . The deviation s fromth e mete r averag e ar

e show n i n Tabl e 18
. TABL E 18
. DEVIATION S FRO M METERE D OPACITY , STEA M STATIO N TES T 1 Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 -9. 6 -10. 1 -14. 4 -6. 2 -7. 3 -11. 3 -6. 8 -4. 8 -11. 8 * "incomplet e D a Contro l Grou p

2 -11. 6 -15. 3 -15. 0 -7. 6 -9. 3 -18. 5 -14. 8 -11. 0 -12. 8 * 3 -9. 8 -12. 3 -15. 4 -5. 6 -7. 9 -13. 7 -12. 0 -10. 2 -10. 6 * 4 -10. 8 -13. 9 -12. 2 -4. 8 -9. 1 -U. 5 -10. 2 -4. 6 -7. 4 * t aSheet
. 5 -10. 2 -10. 7 -13. 4 -6. 8 -4. 3 -17. 1 -13. 0 -12. 4 -12. 4 * Mete r 16. 0 23. 5 26. 0 11. 6 15. 7 26. 1 24. 4 14. 2 13. 0 13. 4 1 -10. 6 -16. 9 -15. 2 -6. 4 -8. 1 -13. 9 -16. 9 -9. 8 -11. 4 -11. 4 Experimenta l Grou p

2 -10. 6 -7. 3 -16. 6 -6. 1 -9. 9 -17. 6 -15. 0 -8. 2 -10. 0 -10. 4 3

-14. 2 -19. 7 -18. 2 -7. 5 -9. 8 -18. 6 -19. 8 -13. 2 -12. 8 -13. 4 4

-10. 2 -17. 1 -13. 0 -5. 8 -9. 8 -11. 1 -15. 8 -9. 2 -12. 0 -13. 4 5

-13. 8 -19. 1 -17. 2 -5. 1 -6. 2 -17. 2 -17. 4 -12. 0 -12. 6 *

T o asses s th e accurac y of th e metho dunde r

thes e condition s th e contro l grou p dat ai s used
. Thes e observer s hadtake n th e optimu mviewin g positio n consisten t wit h th e method , an dthu s are consid

ere dt o bes t

represen t th e accurac y tha t

coul db e expecte do f

th e method
. Th e deviation s are fit

t o aregressio n mode l a s wit h th e dat afromthe previou s tests . Th e least

square s fit t o thes e point s i s give

n by deviatio n = —3.0 1 —0.4 0 (meter average)
. Th e t statisti c fo

r thi s fit i s tc = 5.8 9 wit

h 4 3 df
. Thi s fa r exceed s th e critical valu e o f / Q5(43 ) « 2.02 , andthi s equatio n ma y b e sai dt o b e vali din th e rang e u p t o abou t 2 5 percen t

opacity
. TABL E 19
. PREDICTE D DEVIATIO N FRO M METERE D OPACITY , STEA M

STATIO N TES T 1 Substitutin g int o thi s equation , i t i s possibl e t o predic t wha t th e deviatio n woul db e a t selecte dopacitie s i n th e applicabl e range . Thi s i s don e for

th e 5 percen t

increment s an dth e result s show n i n Tabl e 19
. A s ca n b e seen , aplum e opacit y u p t o 1 0 percen t i s barel y distinguishabl e fro mzer o unde r

thes e conditions
. I 2
. Precisio n Th e precisio n estimate s ar e obtaine dusin g bot h groups ' determination s fromrun s where th e experimenta l grou p wa s read

ing in 5-percen t

increments
. Th e 1-percen t incremen t

dat awere intende donl y t o evaluat e tha t variatio n a s apossibl e improvemen t t o th e publishe dmetho dwhe n workin g on low opacity plumes , an ddu e t o th e viewin g conditions , n o evaluatio n usin g thes e dat ai s performed
. Th e precisio n estimatio n i s show n in Appendi x B.4 , usin g run s 1,2,3,7, 8 an d9 , omittin g ru n 1 0 where ther e wer e 6 incomplet e determinations
. ] Percen t Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 Predicte dDeviatio n

-5.0 1 -7.0 1 -9.0 1 -11.0 1 -13.0 1

2 1P.32
_

Th e estimate dwithin-observe r varianc e i s
a 2 =3.3 1 wit h 4 5 df
. Thi s give s a

n estimate dstandar ddeviatio n of

d = 1.8 2 percen t

opacity Th e observer s ar

e determine dt o b e asignificant sourc e of

differenc e betwee n observe dvalues
. Th e F-rati o i s 4.5 0 whic h exceed s th e critica l valu e of 4.0 8 wit h 8 and5 4 df

. Thus , a\ i s estimate da s 8- 3 = 1.9 3 wit h 8 df
. The estimate dobserver bia s standar ddeviatio n i s



## b L 

## =JTm

= 1.3 9 percen t

opacity
. Combinin g th e abov e estimates , th e between-observe r componen t

ca n b e estimated
. Th e between-observe r variance , a\ , i s estimate dby bl = b 2 + b 2 L

= 3.3 1 + 1.9 3

= 5.24
. Thus , th e estimate dbetween-observe r standar ddeviatio n i s 

### a b 

### =j5l4

= 2.2 9 percen t

opacity 3
. Predicte dResult s Using th e result s o f

th e previou s tw o sections , i t i s possibl e t o estimat e th e rang e o f opacitie s tha t coul db e expecte dfro

maqualifie dobserver

determinin g averag e opacity unde r thes e conditions
. Th e expecte drang e a t

an y level , k, o f

tru e opacity woul db e give n b y expecte drange : k

+ [ a+ b* ] ± (1.96 ) 0
at th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Substitutin g give s

expecte drange : k

+ [-3.0 1 + OAOk]± 1.9 6 (1.82 )
: [0.60*-3.01 ] ±3.57
. Th e rang e i s calculate dfor selecte dopacitie s an dshow n in Tabl e 20
. A s expected , ther e are n o instance s where a

n accurat e determinatio n ca n b e expecte dunde r

thes e conditions
. Th e maximu mdifferenc e tha t coul db e expecte dbetwee n tw o observer s i s estimate dusin g th e between-observer

standar ddeviation
. Th e differenc e woul dno t b e expecte dt o excee d

22P.3 3 •T'l "

TABL E 20
. PREDICTE D DETER

MINATIONS , STEA M STATIO N

TES T 1 Percen t Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 Expecte dRang e

0*-3.5 6 0*-6.5 6 2.42-9.5 6 5.42-12.5 6 8.42-15.5 6 *Truncate dt o zero . TABL E 21
. OBSERVE

RMEAN S FORSTEA

M STATIO

N TES T 1
Grou p Contro l

Experimenta l Observe r

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mea n Determinatio n 9.9 3 6.1 0 7.8 0 9.6 7 7.5 0 6.0 5 6.5 7 3.2 0 6.6 3 4.1 7
maximu mdifferenc e = -rj.0 5 (8) \Z2b b

= (2.306)(1.414X2.29 )

= 7.4 9 percen t

opacit y
a t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. 4
. Experienc e Effec t Th e mean s o f

th e observer s ar

e show n in Tabl e 2 1 an dthes e are use dt o determin e i f ther e i s any significant differenc e betwee n th e averag e opacity a s determine db y a n experience da s oppose dt o a n inex

perience dobserver
. Th e tes t statisti c i s ar-statisti c base dupo n acontras t amon g th e means . Th e detail s ar e shown i n Appendi x B.4
. Th e calculate df-statisti c i s
r c = 1.3 9 wit h 4 5 df
. Ther e ca

n b e sai dt o b e adifferenc e betwee n th e tw o group s at th e 5-percen t

leve l onl y i

f tc exceed s th e table dvalue
. Sinc e frj.0 5 (45 ) ** • 2.016 , th e differenc e i s no t significant

at th e 5-percen t

level
. Thus , fo r thes e conditions , th e relativ e experienc e of th e observer

ha dn o noticeabl e effect
. 

### B
. Tes t 2 There wer e 1 8 run s mad e at

th e secon dtes t

perio dwit

h 1 0 collaborator s participating
. Th e personne l breakdow n wa s identica l t o th e first test , with 4 experience dan d6 relativel y inexperience dobservers
. On e run , ru n 10 , coul dno t

b e completed
. Durin g th e cours e o f th e run , th e opacit y mete r began it s automati c calibratio n check
. Durin g thi s time , th e mete r display s onl y th e calibratio n opacities , 0 an d9 5 percent , an d n o tru e valu e i s availabl e for comparison
. Only te n reading s were mad e before th e ru n wa s halted , an dthu s n o determination s coul db e calculated
. Th e determination s mad e b y th e observer s ar e show n i n Tabl e 22
. A s in th e previou s test , missin g j determination s occu r

whe n a n observer

i s unabl e t o make adeterminatio n o f th e plum e opacit y du e t o win d an dsk y conditions
.

2 3P.3 4

TABL E 22
. AVERAG

E OPACIT

Y DETERMINATIONS , STEA M STATIO

N TES T 2
Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 *Inc o fRu n 1 11. 2 13. 8 10. 0 5. 8 20. 0 5. 0 13. 8 5. 0 14. 4 5. 2 5. 6 5. 2 9. 4 17. 0 7. 8 12. 4 7. 6 nplet e c 1 0 cou l Contro l Grou p

2 5. 8 14. 4 9. 2 5. 4 15. 0 0. 4 11. 4 5. 4 10. 6 4. 0 2. 2 0. 6 7. 0 12. 8 7. 0 8. 0 6. 0 lat ashe t dno t b e 3 U. 6 13. 2 9. 2 5. 6 12. 6 4. 4 9. 4 6. 6 10. 8 5. 0 7. 8 5. 0 7. 6 16. 8 10. 8 10. 0 6. 4 :t . compl e 4

10. 6 .14. 8 12. 0 6. 2 16. 2 1. 0 14. 2 5. 2 15. 2 7. 6 6. 4 0. 0 11. 8 21. 8 9. 8 12. 4 7. 6
ted
. 5

4. 2 5. 6 5. 2 3. 4 13. 6 0. 0 10. 4 0. 8 10. 6 4. 4 2. 6 0. 0 7. 4 15. 2 3. 2 8. 2 5. 0 Mete r 14. 4 13. 2 11. 2 5. 6 16. 4 6. 2 11. 6 9. 5 15. 0 7. 5 10. 8 4. 7 10. 1 23. 6 13. 5 13. 4 13. 6 1

8. 0 13. 7 13. 0 4. 6 20. 0 0. 4 # 1. 8 8. 6 4. 4 2. 7 0. 0 6. 6 13. 6 7. 0 8. 4 5. 0 Experimenta l Grou p 2 6. 1 7. 2 5. 2 1. 4 13. 8 1. 6 8. 0 5. 6 6. 0 5. 0 3. 4 0. 0 4. 8 13. 0 6. 0 7. 6 6. 0 3 4. 3 9. 4 3. 4 0. 2 11. 4 0. 0 6. 6 0. 6 5. 4 0.1
. 0. 0 0. 0 0. 6 9. 8 2. 3 1. 8 2. 2 4 11. 7 11. 3 4. 2 3. 4 17. 8 0. 0 * 4. 2 9. 4 2. 6 2. 5 0. 0 6. 4 15. 6 5. 4 10. 0 7. 8 5 8. 3 8. 6 9. 0 4. 0 19. 0 3. 0 10. 6 3. 8 8. 8 3. 6 1. 8 0. 0 2. 0 12. 3 4. 0 7. 0 6. 6

1
. Accurac

y Th e deviation s o f

th e determination s fro mth e mete r averag e are show n in Tabl e 23
. A s before , th e determination s are generall y belo w th e mete r du e i n larg e par t

t o th e viewing conditions
. A linea r regres sion of th e deviation s i s use dt o asses s th e accuracy , an da s i n th e first test , onl y th e contro l grou p dat ai s used
. Th e bes t

fit t o thes e point s i s give

n b y deviatio n = —1.0

2 —0.1 9 (meter

average ) fo r th e rang e from5 t o 2 5 percen t averag e opacity
. Th e t

statisti c fo

r thi s mode l i s tc = 2.5 6 with 8 3 df , which i s significant

a t th e 5-percen t

level
. Using th e abov e equation , i t i s possibl e t o predic t

what deviatio n woul db e expecte da t variou s opacit y levels
. Thi s i s don e in Tabl e 2 4 for selecte dvalue s i n th e appUcable range . Thes e are somewha t bette r than thos e fro mth e first

test , bu t stil l hav e astron g negativ e bia s a t th e lo w rang e o f

opacities
. 2 . Precisio

n Th e precisio n component s fo r thi s tes t will b e estimate dusin g run s 3-9 , 13 , 14 , 1 7 an d18
. Th e remainin g run s were thos e wher e th e experimenta l grou p wa s readin g in 1-percen t increments , an dadirec t compariso n betwee n th e tw o set s o f reading s i s no t

proper . Th e precisio n component s ar e estimate db y a

n ANOV A procedur e comparabl e t o tha t fo r th e firs t test . Th e detail s an dANOVA tabl e are show n i n Appendi x B.5
. Th e within-observer componen t

i s estimate dfromth e erro r

ter mo f th e ANOVA
.

2 4P.3 5 ff-i'-'i !

TABL E 23
. DEVIATION S FRO M METERE

D OPACITY , STEA

M STATION TES T 2 (Percent Opacity )
Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 *Inc o 1 -3. 2 0. 6 -1. 2 0. 2 3. 6 -1. 2 2. 2 -4. 5 -0. 6 -2. 3 -5. 2 0. 5 -0. 7 -6. 6 -5. 7 -1. 0 -6. 0 Co n

2 -8. 6 1. 2 -2. 0 -0. 2 -1. 4 -5. 8 -0. 2 -4. 1 -4. 4 -3. 5 -8. 6 -4. 1 -3. 1 -10. 8 -6. 5 -5. 4 -7. 6 mplet e Dat aSheet
. tro l Grou p

3 -2. 8 0. 0 -2. 0 0. 0 -3. 8 -1. 8 -2. 2 -2. 9 -4. 2 -2. 5 -3. 0 0. 3 -2. 5 -6. 8 -2. 7 -3. 4 -7. 2 4 -3. 8 1. 6 0. 8 0. 6 -0. 2 -5. 2 2. 6 -4. 3 0. 2 0. 1 -4. 4 -4. 7 1. 7 -1. 8 -3. 7 -1. 0 -6. 0 5 -10. 2 -7. 6 -6. 0 -2. 2 -2. 8 -6. 2 -1. 2 -8. 7 1 -4. 4 -3. 1 -8. 2 -4. 7 -2. 7 -8. 4 -10. 3 -5. 2 -8. 6 Mete r

14. 4 13. 2 11. 2 5. 6 16. 4 6. 2 11.6
. 9. 5 15. 0 7. 5 10. 8 4. 7 10. 1 23. 6 13. 5 13. 4 13. 6 1

-6. 4 0. 5 1. 8 -1. 0 3. 6 -5. 8 * -7. 7 -6. 4 -3. 1 -8. 1 -4. 7 -3. 5 -10. 0 -6. 5 -5. 0 -8. 6 Experimenta l Grou p

2 -8. 3 -6. 0 -6. 0 -4. 2 -2. 6 -4. 6 -3. 6 -3. 9 -9. 0 -2. 5 -7. 4 -4. 7 -5. 3 -10. 6 -7. 5 -5. 8 -7. 6 3 -10. 1 -3. 8 -7. 8 -5. 4 -5. 0 -6. 2 -5. 0 -8. 9 -9. 6 -7. 4 -10. 8 -4. 7 -9. 5 -13. 8 -11. 2 -11. 6 -11. 4 4

-2. 7 -1. 9 -7. 0 -2. 2 1. 4 -6. 2 * -5. 3 -5. 6 -4. 9 -8. 3 -4. 7 -3. 7 -8. 0 -8. 1 -3. 4 -5. 8 5

-6. 1 -4. 6 -2. 2 -1. 6 2. 6 -3. 2 -1. 0 -5. 7 -6. 2 -3. 9 -9. 0 -4. 7 -8. 1 -11. 3 -9. 5 -6. 4 -7. 0

TABL E 24
. PREDICTE

D DEVIATIO

N FRO M METERE

D OPACITY , STEA

M STATIO N TES T 2 Th e within-observe r variance , a 2 , i s estimate db y a 2 = 3.3 7 wit h 8 8 df
. Thi s give s a n estimate dstandar ddeviatio n o f d= V33 7

= 1.8 4 percen t

opacit y Th e observer-within-grou p ter mi s use dt o determin e if ther e i s asignifican t

observe r

bia s component . Th e F-rati o i s F c = 8.37 , wliic h i s significan t a t th e 5-percen t

level
. Thi s i s equivalen t

t o sayin g tha t

th e observe r

bia s component , a\ , i s greate r tha n zero . Th e observe r bia s varianc e i s estimate dfro mth e observe r mea n squar e a s a\ = 2.2 6 wit h 8 df
. Th e observe r bia s standar ddeviatio n i s estimate db y Percen t Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 Predicte dDeviatio n

-1.9 7 -2.9 2 -3.8 7 -4.8 2 -5.7 7

a L =VT2 6

= 1.5 0 percen t

opacit y Th e between-observe r

componen t

i s estimate dfro mth e above
. Th e between-observe r variance , Oh, i s estimate da s

= 2.2 6 + 3.3 7

= 5.63
. Thi s give s a n estimate dstandar ddeviatio n o f O b =j5l3

= 2.3 7 percen t

opacit y
25P.3 6

3
. Predicte d Result s Th e accurac y an dprecisio n statement s abov e ca n b e combine dt o predic t th e performanc e that coul db e expecte dwhe n usin g Metho d9 unde r thes e conditions
. Th e rang e o f

opacitie s that

coul db e expecte dfromaqualifie dobserver a t *-percen t

opacity , a

t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level , i s give

n b y expecte drange : * + [ a+ b* ] ± 1.9 6 &

: * + [-1.02-0.19* ] ± 1.96(1.84 )
: [0.81* - 1.02 ] ±3.6 1 TABL E 25
. PREDICTE

D DETER

MINATIONS , STEA

M STATIO

N TES T 2 Percen t Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 Expecte dRang e

0*-6.6 4 3.47-10.6 9 7.52-14.7 4 11.57-18.7 9 15.62-22.8 4 *Truncate dt o zero . Value s for thi s expecte drang e are show n i n Tabl e 2 5 fo r th e rang e of

opacitie s studied
. A

s ca n b e seen , th e observer

woul db e expecte dt o b e biase do n th e lo w side abov e 1 0 percen t opacity
. Th e between-observe r

standar ddeviatio n ca

n b e usedt o estimat e th e differenc e tha t coul db e expecte dbetwee n tw o observers
. The maximu mexpecte ddifferenc e i s calculate da s

maximu mdifferenc e = fo.05(8)\/ 2 a b at th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Th e 8 df come s fro mth e observer bia s term . Substitutin g give s expecte ddifferenc e = (2.306X1.414X2.37 )

= 7.7 3 percen t

opacit y 4
. Experience Effec t Th e relativ e experienc e o f a n observer

i s investigate dusin g th e dat afro mth e ANOVA i n Appendi x B.5
. The mean s o f

th e observer s ove

r th e 1 1 run s ar

e calculated , an dthes e ar e show n in Tabl e 26
. TABL E 26
. OBSERVE

RMEAN S FORSTEA

M STATION TES T 2 Th e 1*5
. variatio n run s are exclude dt o avoi dth e possibility o f

thi s variatio n influencin g th e results
. Ru n 7 i s als o excluded , du e t o th e tw o missin g observations
.

Th e detail s o f

th e tes t fo r significanc e are presente d i n Appendi x B.S
. Th e value o f th e tes t statisti c i s tc = 3.19
. Fro maStudent' s t

distributio n with 8 8 df

, th e critica l valu e i s approximatel y 1.99 , an dth e hypothesi s o f equality betwee n experience dan dnon-experience dobserver s i s rejecte dsinc e tc exceed s 1.99
. C . Tes t 3 Ther e wer

e 8 coUaborator s fo

r th e thir dtest . Of

these , 4 wer e fro mstat e an dcount y agencies , 2 were fromEP A office s an d2 were fro maprivat e contractor . Th e observer s wer e divide dint o tw o equa l group s a s in th e tw o previou s tests . Ther e wer e 1 0 observatio n run s o n th e first da y an d1 4 o n th e secon dfo r atota l o f

19 2 indi

vidua l determinations
. Thes e ar e show n i n Tabl e 27 , alon g wit

h th e mete r

averag e concurrentl y obtained
. Grou p
Contro l

Experimenta l Observe r

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mea n Determinatio n
9.4 8 6.7 6 7.8 2 8.7 6 5.4 2 6.8 4 5.2 0 2.5 6 6.3 2 6.3 2

2 6P.3 7

TABL E 27
. AVERAG

E OPACIT

Y DETERMINATIONS , STEA M STATIO

N TES T 3 Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 1 5. 0 13. 6 5. 0 9. 0 10. 4 6. 6 11. 0 5. 8 7. 6 6. 8 25. 0 40. 8 11. 2 17. 0 12. 8 26. 0 13. 4 29. 2 23. 8 23. 0 33. 8 i7. 4 23. 8 12. 6 Contro l 2 5. 2 13. 6 5. 0 8. 4 6. 8 6. 6 10. 2 6. 0
• 5. 0 6. 0 23. 0 39. 0 9. 8 15. 2 10. 8 25. 6 12. 4 25. 2 23. 0 19. 4 34. 6 12. 6 19. 8 15. 0 Grou p 3 3. 0 15. 4 4. 0 8. 6 8. 8 5. 4 8. 4 5. 8 5. 4 5. 4 36. 2 33. 0 5. 6 6. 4 7. 8 19. 0 11. 2 24. 0 18. 4 16. 6 30. 0 10. 0 18. 0 9. 4 4 5. 0 5. 4 5. 0 5. 2 5. 2 5. 0 5. 6 5. 2 5. 0 5. 0 16. 8 39. 6 6. 2 10. 2 10. 8 25. 2 7. 6 25. 0 21. 2 12. 4 33. 2 8. 0 19. 2 6. 8 Mete r 3. 1 7. 5 4. 2 7. 2 6. 7 5. 0 5. 4 3. 4 4. 2 4. 8 21. 2 36. 0 10. 3 14. 2 12. 2 29. 6 14. 6 28. 3 34. 6 27. 2 36. 9 15. 2 27. 8 14. 4 Experimenta l Grou p

1 4. 2 12. 2 4. 2 7. 8 9. 2 5. 6 5. 4 3. 2 3. 0 3. 8 15. 3 25. 2 10. 2 18. 0 14. 4 29. 8 16. 6 30. 0 21. 8 22. 8 34. 6 14. 0 21. 2 15. 0 2 4. 6 8. 6 3. 0 7. 0 6. 4 6. 0 5. 6 2. 0 1. 6 2. 0 13. 5 28. 7 9. 0 14. 2 16. 6 26. 6 16. 4 30. 6 25. 6 21. 6 40. 2 13. 4 25. 2 9. 2 3 2. 1 6. 1 2. 4 1. 8 3. 8 4. 0 4. 0 2. 0 3. 3 2. 3 16. 5 25. 7 8. 6 12. 2 9. 6 24. 2 10. 0 22. 0 15. 8 13. 5 31. 6 11. 8 22. 2 8. 8 4 3. 1 10. 8 5. 0 6. 8 7. 8 4. 8 6. 0 1. 6 4. 5 5. 3 10. 2 18. 1 7. 4 8. 8 12. 8 21. 6 12. 8 27. 2 21. 6 18. 8 31. 8 12. 2 24. 8 12. 8 T o evaluate th e observer

performanc e a t

thi s test , th e accurac y an dprecisio n wil l b e estimate da s fo

r th e first tw o sites
. In addition , th e relativ e performanc e of th e teste dvariation s t o th e metho dwil l b e evaluated
.

i 1 . Accurac

y Th e evaluatio n o f

th e accurac y ofth e metho di s performe dusin g th e deviation s fromth e mete r obtaine dfromth e contro l grou p dat aa s show n in Tabl e 28
. Thes e deviation s were all fro mdetermination s made withi n th e constraint s o f th e method , an dthu s offe r th e mos t applicabl e information
. TABL E 28
. DEVIATION S FRO M METERE

D OPACITY , STEA

M STATION TES T 3
Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 1

1. 9 6. 1 0. 8 1. 8 3. 7 1. 6 5. 6 2. 4 3. 4 2. 0 3. 8 4. 8 0. 9 2. 8 0. 6 -3. 6 -1. 2 0. 9 -10. 8 -4. 2 -3. 1 2. 2 -4. 0 -1. 8 Contro l

2 2. 1 6. 1 0. 8 1. 2 0. 1 1. 6 4. 8 2. 6 0. 8 1. 2 1. 8 3. 0 -0. 5 1. 0 -1. 4 -4. 0 -2. 2 -3. 1 -11. 6 -7. 8 -2. 3 -2. 6 -8. 0 0. 6 Grou p 3 -0. 1 7. 9 -0. 2 1. 4 2. 1 0. 4 3. 0 2. 4 1. 2 0. 6 15. 0 -3. 0 -4. 7 -7. 8 -4. 4 -10. 6 -3. 4 -4. 3 -16. 2 -10. 6 -6. 9 -5. 2 -9. 8 -5. 0 4 1. 9

-2. 1 0. 8 -2. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 2 1. 8 0. 8 0. 2 -4. 4 3. 6 -4. 1 -4. 0 -1. 4 -4. 4 -7. 0 -3. 3 -13. 4 -14. 8 -3. 7 -7. 2 -8. 6 -7. 6 Mete r

3. 1 7. 5 4. 2 7. 2 6. 7 5. 0 5. 4 3. 4 4. 2 4. 8 21. 2 36. 0 10. 3 14. 2 12. 2 29. 6 14. 6 28. 3 34. 6 27. 2 36. 9 15. 2 27. 8 14. 4 Experimenta l Gro u

1 1. 1 4. 7 0. 0 0. 6 2. 5 0. 6 0. 0 -0. 2 -1. 2 -1. 0 -5. 9 -10. 8 -0. 1 3. 8 2. 2 0. 2 2. 0 1. 7 -12. 8 -4. 4 -2. 3 -1. 2 -6. 6 0. 6 2 1. 5 1. 1 -1. 2 -0. 2 -0. 3 1. 0 0. 2 -1. 4 -2. 6 -2. 8 -7. 7 -7. 3 -1. 3 0. 0 4. 4 -3. 0 1. 8 2. 3 -9. 0 -5. 6 3. 3 -1. 8 -2. 6 -5. 2 3

-1. 0 -1. 4 -1. 8 -5. 4 -2. 9 -1. 0 -1. 4 -1. 4 -0. 9 -2. 5 -4. 7 -10. 3 -1. 7 -2. 0 -2. 6 -5. 4 -4. 6 -6. 3 -18. 8 -13. 7 -5. 3 -3. 4 -5. 6 -5. 6 P 4

0. 0 3. 3 0. 8 -0. 4 1. 1 -0. 2 0. 6 -1. 8 0. 3 0. 5 -11. 0 -17. 9 -2. 9 -5. 4 0. 6 -8. 0 -1. 8 -1. 1 -13. 0 -8. 4 -5. 1 -3. 0 3. 0 -1. 6
2 7P.3 8

A s was th e cas e wit

h th e smoke generato r

test , ther e appear s t o b e arelationshi p betwee n th e magnitud e an ddirectio n o f th e deviatio n an dth e mete r average . T o tes t

this , alinear

regressio n mode l i s fit i n th e manne r

o f Appendi x B.l
. Th e least-square s lin e obtaine di s

deviatio n = 2.2 7 - (0.24)(mete r average)
. The t statistic fo

r thi s tes t i s tc = 6.1 0 with 9 4 df

, whic h i s significant

a t th e 5-percen t

level
. Thi s equatio n i s vali di n th e rang e fro m5 t o 3 5 percen t averag e opacity
. B y substitutin g int o th e equation , i t i s possibl e t o predic t

wha t th e deviatio n woul db e a t differen t level s o f

tru e averag e opacity
. Thi s i s don e i n Tabl e 29
. Thes e predicte ddeviation s are comparabl e t o thos e obtaine di n th e smoke generato r test . Th e observer s are fairl y accurat e in th e lo w opacity ranges , bu t

acquir e alo w bia s a s th e opacit y increases
. Fo r comparison , th e deviation s fromth e mete r ar e calculate dfor

th e experimenta l grou p a s well
. The thre e cases , 45° , 90° , an d1 percen t ar e treate dseparatel y an dregressio n line s calculate dfo r eac h case . Thes e are :

Percen t Opacit yOft 1 0Oft 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 Predicte d Deviatio n 1.0 7 -0.1 3 1.3 3 -2.5 3 -3.7 3 -^.9 3 -6.1 3 TABL E 29
. PREDICTE

D DEVIATIO

N FRO M METERE

D OPACITY

, deviatio n = -0.6 8 - 0.0 3 (opacity ) STEA M STATIO

N TES T 3 v ' deviatio n =1.34-0.1 9 (opacity ) deviatio n = 1.7 6 - 0.3 9 (opacity ) respectively , fo

r th e thre e cases . Th e first lin e doe s no t hav e asignificant

slope , whil e th e secon dtw o do
. However , it i s eas y t o se

e tha t th e thre e slope s ar

e different , an d thus tha t th e observers ' determination s differe dwhe n th e man ne r an dpositio n o f

observatio n differed
. It i s interestin g t o not e tha t th e mos t accurat e reading s wer

e made whe n th e grou p wa s at a n approximat e 45 ° angl e t o th e sun . Th e mea n deviatio n was -1.1 8 ove r th e rang e fro m5—32 percen t averag e opacity
. 2
. Precisio n Th e mode l use dfor

estimatin g th e precisio n o f th e metho di s simila

r t o tha t use di n th e tw o previou s tests . The varianc e component s ar e estimate dfro

ma n ANOV A o f all determination s mad e by both group s on th e 45 ° an d90 ° runs . Th e ANOV A i s presente di

n detai l i n Appendi x B.6
. Precisio n estimatio n usin g th e 1 percen t variatio n run s i s containe di n aseparat e evaluation
. Th e estimate dwithin-observe r varianc e i s
a 2 = 3.5 7 wit h 9 0 df
. Th e estimate dwithin-observer standar ddeviation , then , i s 

## a=jni

= 1.8 9 percen t

opacity Th e F-rati o fo

r observers/group s isF c = 14.99
. Fro matabl e of th e Fdistribution , th e critical value a t th e 5-percent

significanc e leve

l i s F 0 0 5 (6,90 ) *

= 2.30
. Thus , th e observer/grou p termi s significant , 28P.3 9 T'l""!!'' '

whic h i s equivalen t

t o sayin g tha t

a n observer

bia s varianc e term , a^, doe s exist
. Th e observe r bia s varianc e i s estimate db y & | = 3.1 2 wit h 6 df
. Th e estimate dobserver standar ddeviation , then , i s

. b L =V3Tl2 "

= 1.7 7 percen t

opacity
. Th e between-observer

varianc e i s estimate dfro mth e abov e tw o term s as

b 2 b = a 2 L +b 2

= 3.1 2 + 3.5 7

= 6.69
. Thi s give s abetween-observer standar ddeviatio n o f



### b b 

### =j6.69

= 2.5 9 percen t

opacity
. 3 . Predicte d Result

s The abov e result s ca

n b e combine dt o giv

e estimate s of

th e typ e of

averag e opacitie s tliat

woul d b e expecte dfro mfieldus e o f th e method
. Th e expecte drang e o f opacitie s tha t

woul dbe reporte dby a

h independen t

observer ar e obtaine db y usin g th e predicte ddeviatio n an dthe within-observe r standar ddeviation
. Th e rang e o f

opacities , a t

* percen t

opacity , i s define das expecte drange : [ * +predicte ddeviation ] ± (1.96) 6
at th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Th e norma l variat e 1.9 6 i s use dsinc e ther e ar e 6 9 d f fo r th e within-observe r component . Substitutin g give s

expecte drange : * % +2.2 7 - (0.24) * ± (1.96X1-89 )

(0.76) * + 2.2 7 + (3.70 ) percen t opacit y TABL E 30
. PREDICTE D DETERMINATIONS ,

STEA M STATIO N TES T 3 Percen t Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 Expecte dRang e

2.37-9.7 7 6.17-13.5 7 9.97-17.3 7 13.77-21.1 7 17.57-24.9 7 21.37-28.7 7 25.17-32.5 7 Value s for th e expecte drang e are give n in Tabl e 3 0 fb

r 5-per

cen t increment s i n th e applicabl e range . Simila r t o th e pre viou s results , thes e range s contai n th e tru e opacitie s a t th e lo w end , bu t

acquire anegativ e bia s beginnin g a t th e 25-per

cen t level
. Th e between-observe r componen t

i s use dt o estimat e th e differenc e tha t woul dbe expecte dbetwee n tw o observer s makin g independen t observation s o f

th e plum e opacity
. Th e maximu mdifferenc e dia t woul dbeexpecte d i s '•

2 9P.4 0

maximu mdifferenc e = fo.0 5 (6 ) V^SJ T

= (2.447X1.414)(2.59 )

= 8.9 6 percen t

opacity
at th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Th e t valu e ha s 6 df

fro mth e observer

bia s varianc e term . Thi s maximu mdifferenc e i s slightl y large r tha n th e number s previousl y obtained
. 4 . Experienc e Effec t Th e observer

mean s show n i n Tabl e 31 , are use dt o tes t th e hypothesi s tha t

th e experience d observer s rea dth e same averag e opacit y a s th e inexperienced
. Th e tes t i s acontras t

amon g th e means , an d th e detail s are given in Appendi x B
. 6
. TABL E 31
. OBSERVE

RMEAN S FO RTh e tes t statistic i s base do n Student' s t distribution , STEA M STATIO N TES T 3 a n dcompare s th e differenc e betwee n th e fou r experience dob

servers , 1 , 2 , 5 , an d6 , an dthe fou r inexperienced , 3,4 , 7 , an d 8
. Th e valu e o f

th e statisti c i s tc = 8.8 9 wit h 6 9 df
. Th e table d valu e i s rn.os(69 ) ! * s 2.00 , an dthu s th e hypothesi s i s clearl y re jected
. Th e conclusion , then , i s tha t th e experienc e observer s readdifferent , an di

n thi s cas e higher , averag e opacitie s than th e inexperienced
. B y inspectio n ofth e deviations , i t appear s tha t thi s differenc e occur s mainl y in th e hig h opacit y rang e ( > 25% ) where th e inexperience dobserver s rea dmuc h lower than th e experienced
. A s i t

wa s previously , though , th e experience d observer s compar e mor e favorably t o th e mete r average . 5 . 1-Percen t Increment s O n run s 1,2,9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 1 9 an d20 , th e experi

menta l grou p rea dfro mth e sam e viewin g positio n a s th e con trol , bu t recorde dthei r

observation s t o th e neares t 1 percen t

opacit y rathe r

tha n th e neares t

5 percent . Thes e run s are considere dseparatel y fro mth e other s i n term s o f thei r accurac y andprecision.
a . Accurac y A s th e regressio n lin e i

n Sectio n VI.C. l above indicates , ther e wa s anegativ e bia s i n tli e deter

minations
. Usin g tha t

line , predicte ddeviation s are calculate dfo r th e applicabl e range , an dthes e ar e calculate d an dpresente din Tabl e 32
. Grou p Contro l

Experimenta l Observe r

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Mea n Determinatio n 15.3 1 14.0 0 11.4 0 11.4 6 14.9 5 14.4 6 11.1 9 12.7 6

TABL E 32 . PREDICTE D DEVIATIONS , 1-PERCEN T INCREMEN T DAT A Opacit yLn 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 Expecte dDeviatio n

-0.1 9 -2.1 4 -4.0 9 -6.0 4 -7.9 9 -9.9 4 -11.8 4 I n addition , th e run s ar e broke n dow n int o single readings , andth e opacity fromth e mete r i s use dt o grou p th e observations
. Al

l observation s mad e at

th e same opacit y level are treate das asingl e sample , an dth e accurac y o f eac h i s calculated
. Th e result s are summarize di n Tabl e 33
.

Th e mete r

value s range dfrom3 t o 6 2 percen t opacity
. Fo r

each , amea

n i s calculate dan dastandar ddeviation
. A 95-pefcen t

confidenc e interva

l i s calculate dusin g th e expressio n
CI0.9 5 x

±CQ.0 5 

## V^ T

3 0P.4 1

TABL E 33
. 1-PERCEN

T DAT A SUMMAR

Y where co.0 5 i s th e table dvalue ,

take n eithe r

fromth e standar d norma l or fro mStudent' s t

distribu r tion , an ds i s th e calculate dstandar d deviation
. Th e observation s are j accurat e whe n th e "tru e value " lies ! i withi n th e interval
. A s ca n b e seen | fro mth e table , th e 1-percen t dat a ar e generall y accurat e u p t o 2 0 per cen t opacity , bu t

beyon d2 0 percen t th e accurac y standar di s me t onl y once . Als o include di n th e table s ' ar e th e maximu man dminimu mobr servation s a t

eac h opacit y level
. | b
. ' Precisio n Th e precisio n o f

th e 1-percen t variatio n i s investigate d usin g a n ANOVA , a s before
. Th e detail s are containe din Appendi x B.7
. Th e estimate dwithin-observe r varianc e i s
a 2 = 8.2 9 wit h 2 1 df
. Thi s give s a

n estimate d within-observe r

standar ddeviatio n , of 

### b = J%29

= 2.8 8 percen t

opacity
. Thi s valu e i s somewhat large r tha n tha t obtaine dfro

mth e 5-percent variation
. T o tes t

whethe r or no t thes e tw o varianc e term s are ' equivalent, a n F-rati o i s calculate dcomparin g thi s estimat e t o th e varianc e estimat e fro mth e 5-percen t in

- , cremen t data
. Th e statisti c i s F c = 2.3 2 wit

h 2 1 an d9 0 df

. Fro mth e tables , th e critica l valu e for thi s tes t ' i s F 0 .o 5 (21,90 ) a

- 1.75
. Sinc e th e calculate dFexceed s th e tabledF , th e tw o variance s may b e sai dt o b e different
. Th e F-rati o fo r observer s i s F

c = 1.84 with 3 df

. Thi s i s no t

significant

a t th e 5-percen t

level , whic h indicate s tha t

ther e wa s n o observer

effec t in thes e runs . Thus , a\ i s take n t o b e zero , an d Opacit y 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 4 4 5 4 6 5 0 5 8 6 2 X

3. 3 3. 2 4. 6 9. 4 6. 0 9. 5 9. 8 10. 4 11. 0 14. 3 13. 3 13. 5 13. 9 13. 3 15. 1 14. 9 20. 0 18. 3 19. 1 17. 3 18. 6 20. 0 20. 3 20. 3 21. 4 22. 2 20. 7 20. 4 22. 8 23. 5 27. 0 21. 3 22. 8 32. 3 31. 0 30. 5 32. 0 36. 3 36. 5 s 2. 0 2. 0 3. 1 3. 7 3. 3 2. 9 5. 0 2. 7 2. 3 4. 0 2. 2 5. 0 3. 8 3. 4 4. 5 2. 7 1. 6 4. 0 6. 2 4. 2 4. 6 4. 2 4. 0 6. 6 3. 9 6. 7 6. 8 6. 1 3. 6 4. 4 8. 8 6. 1 1. 7 5. 4 4. 7 4. 9 5. 4 4. 8 6. 6 n 10 8 10 0 11 2 2 0 2 8 4 8 8 8 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 1 6 1 2 4 1 6 3 2 2 0 3 2 1 2 1 6 8 1 6 2 0 3 2 3 6 8 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 

### r
1.9 6 1.9 6 1.9 6 2.09 3 2.05 2 3.18 2 2.36 5 2.36 5 2.36 5 3.18 2 3.18 2 3.18 2 2.06 9 2.02 1 2.13 1 2.20 1 3.18 2 2.13 1 2.04 2 2.09 3 2.04 2 2.20 1 2.13 1 2.36 5 2.13 1 2.09 3 2.04 2 2.03 1 2.36 5 3.18 2 3.18 2 2.36 5 3.18 2 3.18 2 3.18 2 3.18 2 3.18 2 3.18 2 3.18 2 CI 0.9 S

U L 3.67 7 3.59 2 5.17 4 11.13 2 7.28 0 14.11 4 13.98 1 12.65 8 12.92 3 20.66 4 16.80 0 21.45 5 15.50 5 14.33 6 17.49 7 16.61 6 22.54 6 20.43 1 21.33 8 19.26 6 20.26 0 22.66 9 22.43 1 25.81 9 23.47 8 25.33 6 23.15 5 22.46 5 25.81 0 30.50 0 41.00 1 26.40 1 25.50 5 40.89 1 38.47 8 38.29 6 40.59 1 43.93 7 47.00 1 L L

2.92 3 2.80 8 4.02 6 7.66 8 4.72 0 4.88 6 5.61 9 8.14 2 9.07 7 7.93 6 9.80 0 5.54 5 12.29 5 12.26 4 12.70 3 13.18 4 17.45 4 16.16 9 16.86 2 15.33 4 16.94 0 17.33 1 18.16 9 14.78 1 19.32 2 19.06 4 18.24 5 18.33 5 19.79 0 16.50 0 12.99 9 16.19 9 20.09 5 23.70 9 23.52 2 22.70 4 23.40 9 28.66 3 25.99 9 Ma

x 1 0 9 1 6 1 7 1 4 1 3 1 8 1 5 1 5 1 9 1 5 1 9 2 3 2 6 2 4 2 0 2 2 2 8 2 8 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 8 2 5 3 0 3 4 3 6 2 8 2 8 3 9 2 8 2 5 3 8 3 6 3 7 3 8 4 0 4 4 Mi n 0 0 0 4 1 6 5 8 8 1 0 1 0 7 8 8 8 1 2 1 8 1 2 5 1 1 9 1 2 1 2 8 1 6 7 5 5 1 9 1 8 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 3 0 3 0

8.29 , wit h 2 1 d f a s above
. c . Predicte d Result s Usin g th e result s obtaine dabove , th e rang e of opacitie s that

woul db e expecte dfromth e us e of thi s variatio n can b e predicted
. A s before , th e rang e i s calculate da s
3 1P.4 2



# /\li"/c* - S<

£ e^ax^Jie^ /
expecte drange : * + predicte ddeviatio n ± t Q0S (21 ) a
: * + [ 1.7 6 - 0.39* ] t

(2.080)(2.88 )

: [0.71* + 1.76 ] ±(5.99 ) Value s of/.hi s rang e are liste di n Tabl e 3 4 fo r selecte dopacit y levels
. Th e dat aindicat e tha t ther e i s fairly goo dag**eemen

t a t th e lowe r

opacities , bu t

tha t anegativ e bia s appear s abov e 2 5 percent . Thi s i s acom parabl e resul t

t o th e 5-percen t

incremen t

data
. Th e maximu mdifferenc e tha t woul db e expecte dbetwee n observation s b y tw o independen t observer s i s estimate dusin g th e between-observer standar ddeviation
. A s before , th e equatio n i s maximu mdifferenc e = r 0 .0 5 (21 ) \F^[ 

# JJ-cJc- = (2.080 ) VHT5 8

= (2.080X4.07 )

= 8.4 7 percen t

opacit y A s expected , thi s valu e i s greate r tha n tha t fo r th e 5-percen t

incremen t

data
. Th e apparen t conclusio n i s tha t

ther e wa s mor e variability i n th e 1-percen t dat atha n th e 5 percent . A contributin g facto r t o thi s wa s undoubtedl y tha t th e observer s ha dno t

bee n traine dt o rea dt o th e neares t percent , bu t

i t i s impossibl e t o determin e ho w muc h effec t thi s actuall y had
. Fro masecon dANOVA show n in Appendi x g7j)i p tu mgroup s n f

observer s canno t

b e show n t o b e readin g differen t averag e opacitie s o n thes e runs . TABLE 34
. PREDICTE D DETER

- TABLE 35
. OPACITY DETERMINATION S MINATIONS , 1-PERCEN T DAT A USIN G PAIRE D OBSERVER S Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 Expecte dRang e

0*-ll-3 0 2.87-14.8 5 6.42-18.4 0 9.97-21.9 5 13.52-25.5 0 17.07-29.0 5 20.62-32.6 0 21.17-36.1 5 "Truncate dt o zero . 6 . Tw o Observer

s A secon dvariatio n t o b e studie dinvolve dtalcing th e averag e o f tw o observer s result s a s oppose dt o asingl e observer' s average . Th e 6 possibl e pairing s amon g th e contro l grou p are made , an dth e determination s are show n i n Tabl e 3 5 with th e devia

tion s show n in Tabl e 36
. Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 (1,2 ) 5. 1 13. 6 5. 0 8. 7 8. 6 6. 6 10. 6 5. 9 6. 3 6. 4 24. 0 39. 9 10. 5 16. 1 11. 8 25. 8 12. 9 27. 2 23. 4 21. 2 34. 2 15. 0 21. 8 13. 8 0,3 )

4. 0 14. 5 4. 5 8. 8 9. 6 6. 0 9. 7 5. 8 6. 5 6. 1 30. 6 36. 9 8. 4 11. 7 10. 3 22. 5 12. 3 26. 6 21. 1 19. 8 31. 9 13. 7 20. 9 11. 0 Observe r

Pai r (1,4 ) 5. 0 9. 5 5. 0 7. 1 7. 8 5. 8 8. 3 5. 5 6. 3 5. 9 20. 9 40. 2 8. 7 13. 6 11. 8 25. 6 10. 5 27. 1 22. 5 17. 7 33. 5 12. 7 21. 5 9. 7 (2,3 ) 4. 1 14. 5 4. 5 8. 5 7. 8 6. 0 9. 3 5. 9 5. 2 5. 7 29. 6 36. 0 7. 7 10. 8 9. 3 22. 3 11. 8 24. 6 20. 7 18. 0 32. 3 11. 3 18. 9 12. 2 (2,4 )

5. 1 9. 5 5. 0 6. 8 6. 0 5. 8 7. 9 5. 6 5. 0 5. 5 19. 9 39. 3 8. 0 12. 7 10. 8 25. 4 10. 0 25. 1 22. 1 15. 9 33. 9 10. 3 19. 5 10. 9 (3,4 )

4. 0 10. 4 4. 5 6. 9 7. 0 5. 2 7. 0 5. 5 5. 2 5. 2 26. 5 36. 3 5. 9 8. 3 9. 3 22. 1 9. 4 24. 5 19. 8 14. 5 31. 6 9. 0 18. 6 8. 1 Mete r 3. 1 7. 5 4. 2 7. 2 6. 7 5. 0 5. 4 3. 4 4. 2 4. 8 21. 2 36. 0 10. 3 14. 2 12. 2 29. 6 14. 6 28. 3 34.6
. 27. 2 36. 9 15. 2 27. 8 14. 4

3 2P.4 3 T

Ther e ar e 1 5 deviation s o f absolut e magnitud e greate r tha n 7. 5 per cen t ou t of th e 14 4 pairings , an dals o 1 5 ou t of th e original 9 6 determinations
. Thus , ther e wa s adecreas e i n th e fre

quenc y o f th e larg e deviation
. Th e per centage s are 0.1 0 a s oppose dt o 0.16
. In Appendi x B.8 , i t

i s show n tlia t

thi s i s asignificant

decreas e i n frequency
. Th e precisio n tha t

woul db e expecte dfro mthi s variatio n i s esti

mate db y takin g one-hal f o f th e between

observe r varianc e termfro mth e previou s analysis
. Th e varianc e betwee n tw o observations , then , woul db e
o £= 1/ 2 (6.69 )

= 3.3 5
andastandar ddeviatio n of 5f t = 1.8 3 percen t

opacity
. TABL E 36 . DEVIATION S FRO M OPACITY , PAIRE D OBSERVER S
Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 (1,2 )

2. 0 6. 1 0, 8 1. 5 1. 9 1. 6 5. 2 2. 5 2. 1 1. 6 2. 8 3. 9 0. 2 1. 9 -0. 4 -3. 8 -1. 7 -1. 1 -11. 2 -6. 0 -2. 7 -0. 2 -6. 0 -0. 6 (1,3 )

0. 9 7. 0 0. 3 1. 6 2. 9 1. 0 4. 3 2. 4 2. 3 1. 3 9. 4 0. 9 -1. 9 -2. 5 -1. 9 -7. 1 -2. 3 -1. 7 -13. 5 -7. 4 -5. 0 -1. 5 -6. 9 -3. 4 Observe rPair (1,4 ) 1. 9 2. 0 0. 8 -0. 1 1. 1 0. 8 2. 9 2. 1 2. 1 1. 1 -0. 3 4. 2 -1. 6 -0. 6 -0. 4 -4. 0 -4. 1 -1. 2 -12. 1 -9. 5 -3. 4 -2. 5 -6. 3 -4. 7 (2,3 )

1. 0 7. 0 0. 3 1. 3 1. 1 1. 0 3. 9 2. 5 1. 0 0. 9 8. 4 0. 0 -2. 6 -3. 4 -2. 9 -7. 3 -2. 8 -3. 7 -13. 9 -9. 2 -4. 6 -3. 9 -8. 9 -2. 2 (2,4 )

2. 0 2. 0 0. 8 -0. 4 -0. 7 0. 8 2. 5 2. 2 0. 8 0. 7 -1. 3 3. 3 -2. 3 -1. 5 -1. 4 -4. 2 -4. 6 -3. 2 -12. 5 -11. 3 -3. 0 -4. 9 -8. 3 -3. 5 (3,4 )

0. 9 2. 9 0. 3 -0. 3 0. 3 0. 2 1. 6 2. 1 1. 0 0. 4 5. 3 0. 3 -4. 4 -5. 9 -2. 9 -7. 5 -5. 2 -3. 8 -14. 8 -12. 7 -5. 3 -6. 2 -9. 2 -6. 3 

### 1 Mete r

7. 5 

## il 7. 2 6. 7 

### 5. 0 5. 4 3- 4 4. 2 4. 8 21. 2 36. 0 10. 3 14. 2 12. 2 2SJ. 6 14. 6 28. 3 34. 6 27. 2 36. 9 15. 2 27. 8 14. 4

. i
Th e 95-percen t

confidenc e limi t

o n th e differenc e betwee n tw o determination s mad e thi s wa y woul db e maximu mdifference : frj.05(6 ) V2(" j
: (2.447X1-414X1.83 )
: 6.3 3 percen t

opacity
. Thi s i s a29-percen t

reductio n fro mth e singl e observer determinatio n result
.

3 3P.4 4



### VII . COMPOSIT E ESTIMATION
A s afina l evaluation , i t

i s investigate dwhethe r

th e precisio n an daccurac y fro mall th e test s ma y b e combine dt o produc e statement s tha t ar e applicabl e t o an y site
. Th e accurac y statement s ar e derive dfro m th e trainin g generato r

an dSteamStatio n Tes t

3 data , where goo dbackgroun dwa s available
. Th e sulfuri c aci dtes t dat ai s no t

use dsinc e i t

applie s t o amuc h narrowe r rang e o f opacities
. 

### A . Accurac

y Th e slope s o f

th e regressio n line s for

th e trainin g generato r

an dstea mstatio n tes t

are teste dfo r

equal

ity
. A tes t

statisti c i s calculate dfor

comparin g th e thre e estimate dslope s usin g thei r standar ddeviation s an d a n uncertaint y factor
. Th e detail s are given i n Appendi x B.9
. Th e slope s can b e sai dt o b e estimatin g th e sam e tru e valu e i f

the y diffe

r fro meac h othe r

b y n o more tha n 0.12
. A s ca

n b e seen , th e differenc e betwee n th e larges t an dth e smalles t

slop e estimat e i s 0.10 , an d thus th e thre e value s are insignificantl y different fro mon e another
. Becaus e o f

this , acomposit e lin e i s calculate dusin g al l th e point s fro mth e thre e set s o f data
. Th e equatio n thus calculate di s deviatio n = 3.1 3 —(0.31 ) (percen t opacity ) for th e rang e fro m5 t o 3 5 percen t averag e opacity
. Th e expecte ddeviatio n calculate dusin g thi s equatio n i s show n i n Tabl e 3 7 for

value s in tha t

range . TABL E

### 37
. PREDICTE D DEVIATIO N 

### B
. Precisio n FRO M METERE

D OPACITY , COMPOSIT

E ESTIMAT

E Opacit y 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 25 3 0 3 5 Expecte dDeviatio n

1.5 8 0.0 3 -1.5 2 -3.0 7 -4.6 2 -6.1 7 -7.7 2 Th e si x estimate s o f th e within-observe r

variance , a 2 , are com pare dusin g Bartlett' s test*- 3 '
. Th e tes t statisti c i s achi-square , an di s calculate dt o b e 13.7 7 wit h 5 df , an dth e significanc e level for thi s valu e i s approximatel y 0.02
. Thi s i s sufficient t o accep t

th e hypoth

esi s tha t all ar e estimatin g th e sam e tru e variance
. Th e combine destimat e i s obtaine db y "pooling " th e variances , a s describe din Appendi x B.9
. Th e poole dvarianc e i s
a= 4.2 2 wit h 69 3 df
. Thi s give s a

n estimate dwithin-observe r standar ddeviatio n o f
a= y^2 2

= 2.0 5 percen t

opacity
. Similarly , th e 6 value s o f

o^ar e teste dfo r

equality usin g Bartlett' s test . Th e tes t statisti c i s 4.7 2 wit

h 5 df , whic h i s no t

significant
. Thus , fo

r thes e component s a s well , th e hypothesi s o f equalit y i s accepted
. Th e poole destimat e ofth e observer bia s varianc e i s

bl = 1.6 6 wit h 4 4 df
. Thi s give s a

n estimate dobserver

bia s standar ddeviatio n o f b L = 1.2 9 percen t opacity
. 3 4P.4 5

Combinin g th e abov e estimates , th e between-observe r varianc e i s estimate da s ' b 2 b = a 2 L +b 2 :

= 4.2 2 + 1.6 6
i = 5.88
. Thi s give s abetween-observe r standar ddeviatio n o f



### d b 

### = JSM

= 2.4 2 percen t

opacity
. C . Predicte d Result s Usin g th e result s o f

th e previou s tw o sections , th e expecte drang e an dmaximu mexpecte ddifferenc e ca n b e calculate dfo

r th e composit e values
. Th e expecte drang e woul db e !

expecte drange : * + [3.1 3 —0.31* ] ± 1.9 6 5

: (0.69* + 3.13 ) ±1.9 6 (2.05 )
: (0.69* + 3.13 ) ±4.0 2 [ fo r any tru e opacity * , at

th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Th e expecte drang e i s presente dfo r selefcte dI value s o f * in Tabl e 38
. A s before , th e result s sho w accurac y u p t o abou t 2 5 percen t

opacity , the n acquire alow-side bias
. I TABL E 38 . PREDICTE D DETERMIN ATION S O F AVERAG E OPACITY , COMPOSIT E ESTIMAT E Percen t Opacit yOft 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 Expecte dRang e

2.56-10.6 0 6.01-14.0 5 9.46-17.5 0 12.91-20.9 5 16.36-24.4 0 19.81-27.8 5 23.26-31.3 0 Th e maximu mdifferenc e tha t coul db e expecte dbetwee n tw o independen t

observer s i s calculate dusin g th e between-observer standar d deviation
. A t

th e 9 5 percen t

confidenc e level , th e differenc e coul dno t b e expecte dt o excee d>

maximu mdifference : r 0 .o s (44 ) \J2 b\

: (2.021 ) (1.414 ) (2.42 )
: 6.9 2 percen t

opacity
. Th e 4 4 df are du e t o th e observer

bia s term .

35

### APPENDI X A . EP A METHO D 9 FO R VISUA L DETERMINATIO N O F OPACITY

3 7

# ,:,. . ...,„ . P.4 7

A.1 . Federa l Register , Vo l 36 , No . 247-Thursday , Decembe r 23 , 197 1 RULE S AN D REGULATION S 2489 5 Rom , Jerom e J. , Maintenance . Calibration , an d Operatio n o f

Isokineti c Sourc e Sam plin g Equipment , Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Ai rPollutio n Contro l Offic e Publi catio n No . APTD-0376 . Shel l Developmen tCo . Analytica l Depart ment , Determinatio n o f Sulfu rDioxid e an d Sulfu rTrioxid e i n Stac k Gases , Emeryvill e Metho d Series , 4616/5»ft . 1IETHO D 9 VISUA L DETERMINATIO N O rTH E OPACIT Y O PEMISSION S FRO M STATTONAR r SOCBCE S 1 . Principle and

applicability. 1. 1 Principle . Th e relativ e opacit y o f a n emissio n fro m a stationar y sourc e i s de termine d visuall y b y a qualifie d observer . 1.2 Applicability . Thi s metho d i s appli cabl e fo rth e determinatio n o f th e relativ e opacit y o f

visibl e emission s fro m stationar y source s onl y whe n specifie d b y tes tproce dure s fo rdeterminin g complianc e wit h th e Ne w Sourc e Performanc e Standards . 2 . Procedure . 2. 1 Th e qualifie d observe rstand s a tap proximatel y tw o stac k heights , bu tno tmor e tha n a quarter.o f

a mil e fro m th e bas e o f th e stac k wit h th e su n t o hi s back . Pro m a vantag e poin tperpendicula rt o th e plume , th e observe rstudie s th e poin to f greates t opacit y i n th e plume . Th e dat a require d in . Figur e 9- 1 i

_recorde d ever y 1 5 t o 3 0 second s t o th e neares t5'> : opacity . A minimu m o f 2 5 reading s i s taken . 3 . Qualifications. 3. 1 T o certif

y a s a n observer , a candidat e mus tcomplet e a smokereadin g cours e con ducte d b y EPA , o requivalent ; l n orde rt o certif y th e candidat e mus tassig n opacit y reading s i n 5 % lncrement a t o 2 5 differen t blac k plume s an d 2 5 differen twhit e plumes , wit h a n erro rno tt o excee d l o percen to n an y on e readin g an d a n averag e erro rno tt o excee d 7. 5 percen tl n eac h category . Th e smok e generato ruse d t o qualif y th e ob server s mus tb e equippe d wit h a calibrate d smok e indicato ro rligh ttransmissio n mete r locate d l n th e sourc e stack , i f th e smok e generato ri s t o determin e th e actua l opacit y o f th e emissions . Al l qualifie d observer s mus t pas s thi s tes tever y 6 month s i n orde rt o remai n certified . 4 . Calculations. 4. 1 Determin e th e averag e opacity . 5 . References. Ai rPollutio n Contro l Distric tRule s an d Regulations , Lo s Angele s Count y Ai rPollu tio n Contro l District , Chapte r2 , Schedul e 6 , Regulatio n 4 , Prohibition , Rul e 50,1 7 p . Kudluk . Rudolf

, Ringelman n Smok e Chart , VJS. Departmen tof

Interior , Burea u o f

Mines , Informatio n Circula rNo . 8333 , Ma y 1987 . i

• SSi g o i a

i * > 0 1 «

_
1 i 1 1 • r ; 1 1

. K.?4

5 • i .• » I >

• ! « 1 J O | ! i » • 1 1 ! i » 1 

## » l

** 1 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 3 3 9 4 0 4 1 *> I 4 3 4 4 4 1 4 « 4 7 4 » 4 9 S O 5 1 5 1 5 3 5 4 S S 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 - j

I i ! !

. j j| t 1 f I I i I I i 1 * l ! 1 i 1 ! t-M.- f -tl-u- h ln.ll« a .

0*>**r*_> f [**•« •
T I M

DiatMc * l- > sl-tc W W.M- f fflr-Bflui. *

Sw « e f no* . r*c-*tf*4 t Tou t no . r*4d'n« & -

Figur e 9-1
. Fiel d data
. {FRDoc.7_-1362 4 File d 12-22-71 ; 8:4 5 am )

FED-SA L RcGISTES , VOL
. 36 , NO
. 247—THURSDAY , D-C-M3E R ?3 , 197 1 

### 3 9A.2
. Federa l Register , Vo l 39 , No
. 177-Wednesday , Septembe r11 , 197 4

PROPOSE D RULE S 328. r i 7 (e ) Fo rth e purpos e of report s pursu - <1

> A continuou s monitorin g syste m (1 ) Fo r facilitie s whic h operat e a t an tt o 8 60.7(c) , period s o f exces s emls - fo r th e measuremen tof th e opacit y of

level s greate rtha n 5 % oxyge n In th e flue sion s tha tshal l b e reporte d ar e define d emission s discharge d int o th e atmos - gases , th e oxyge n conten to f th e flu e a s an y tw o consecutiv e hourl y period s pher e fro m th e fluid catalyti c crackin g gase s shal l b e determine d a tleas t durin g whic h th e averag e nitroge n ox - uni tcatalys tregenerator . monthl y b y samplin g a tth e sam e poin t ide s emission s excee d th e limit s o f (2 ) A continuou s monitorin g syste m i n th e duc tspecifie d b y 5 60.106(d ) an d 8 6 0 72(a ) torth e measuremen tof carbo n monox - b y analyzin g th e sampl e fo roxyge n b y

- Id e l n gase s discharge d Int o th e atmos - orsa tanalysi s o r b y us e o f th e oxyge n SubpartH—Standard s of Performance ror pher e frQ m flu]d catalytl ccrackin g uni tcontinuou s monitorin g Instrumen tunde r Sulfuri c Acid Plants catalys tregenerators , excep twher e th e § 60.105(a ) (3) . Th e result s shal l b e use d § 60.8 3 [Amended ] requirement s o f paragrap h (a ) (3 ) o f t o adjus tth e dail y conversio n factor s 1 1 Pnram-an h (a)(2 ) o f 16 0 8 3 l a thi s sectio n ar e met . monthl y (Orsa tanalysis ) o rdail y (con amende d ^deletin g th e secon d sentence . (3 ) Continuou s monitorin g system s tinuou s monitor ) a s follows : 1 2 Sectio n 60.8 4 i s amende d b y revls - fo r toe mewuremen to f firebo x tem - /CF W ao. w \ tag paragraph s (a) , (b) , (c) , (d ) an d peratur e an d oxyge n l n exhaus tgase s (CF) ^ u .,. d = ( ^ f \ Te) tVrVa

d a s foUows : fr ^ a n y tactaerator-waste hea tboile r whe

_ e ; V •" / V *w-%° , / whic h combust s th e exhaus tgase s fro m ___,. , § 60.8 4 Emissio n monitoring . a fluid catalyti c crackin g uni tcatalys t° ^-^Tw d (m g HS/dsc m (a ) A continuou s monitorin g syste m regenerator , excep twher e th e require - ^o.=perccn toxygen by volume (expressed fo rth e measuremen to f sulfu rdioxid e ment s o f paragrap h (a)(2 ) o f

thi s sec - a s percent) , dr y basis . shal l b e Installed , calibrated , maintained , tio n ar e met . .... . an d operate d l n an y affecte d facilit y b y (4 ) A continuou s monitorin g syste m th e owne ro roperator . fo rth e measuremen to f hydroge n sulfid e Subpar tL—Standard s o f

Performanc e fo r (b ) Th e owne ro roperato rshal l estab - i n fue l gase s burne d to an y fue l ga s com - secondar y Lea d smelter s lls h a conversio n facto rfo rth e purpos e bustio n device , excep twher e th e require - § 60.12 2 [Amended ] o f convertin g monitorin g dat a int o unit s ment s o f paragrap h (a ) (5 ) o f thi s 1 8 0--H.,- . 6 n m i s amende d h v ri e o f th e applicabl e standar d (kg/metri c sectio n ar e met . Fue l ga s combustio n de - w w na_WaDh(c ) ton) . Th e conversio n facto rshal l b e vice s havin g a commo n sourc e o f fue l e w establishe d b y measurin g emission s wit h ga s ma y b e monitore d a ton e locatio n i f SubpartM—Standard s of Performanc e fo r th e continuou s monitorin g syste m l n ac - samplin g a tthi s locatio n produce s re - Secondar y Bras s an d Bronz e Ingo tPro cordanc e wit h 8 60.13(d ) a tth e sam e suit s representativ e o f th e hydroge n sul - ductio n Plant s tim e a s emission s ar e determine d fo rth e fid e concentratio n In th e fue l ga s burned . § 60.15 2 [Amended ] applicabl e referenc e metho d test s (860. - (5 ) A continuou s monitorin g syste m , _„„,,„ „ „ . ,- „ ,„ . . . . 85) . Usin g emissio n dat a fro m th e per - fo r th e measuremen to f sulfu rdioxid e . . 7 Section 6 ° " 2 . * amende d by de formanc e tes tan d onl y tha tportio n o f l n th e gase s discharge d Int o th e atmos - letm gParaen-P" 1 (c > . th e continuou s monitorin g emissio n dat a pher e fro m th e combustio n o f fue l gase s Subpar

tO—Standard s o

f Performanc e fo r tha trepresent s emissio n measurement s excep twher e th e requirement s o f para - Sewag e Treatmen tPlant s concurren twit h th e referenc e metho d grap h (a)(4 ) of thi s sectio n ar e met . s 6 0 15 2 [Amended ! tes tperiods , th e conversio n facto rshal l (b ) Th e owne ro r operato ro f a n afb e determine d b y dividin g th e perform - fecte d facilit y require d t o Instal l a 18 . Paragrap h (a)(2 ) o f 8 60.15 2 I

s anc e tes tdat a Integrate d average s b y th e continuou s monitorin g syste m unde ramende d b y deletin g th e secon d sentence . continuou s emissio n monitorin g tes tparagrap h (a ) (5 ) o f thi s sectio n shal l 19
- Appendi x A Is amende d b y revisin g dat a average s t o obtai n a rati o expresse d establis h dail y a conversio n facto r(m g Metho d 9 a s follows : l n unit s o f

th e applicabl e standar d t o H»S/dsc_n of fue l ga s pe rpp m SO , In flue METHO D 9 VISUA L DK"*"e n M l NATIO N O PTH E unit s o f

th e monitorin g data , le. , kg / gas ) fo r th e purpos e o f convertin g mon - OPACIT Y o r IUIBSIDN S FO

B STATIONAR

Y SOTTKCE

S metri c to n pe rpp m (lb/shor tto n pe r ltorin g dat a Int o unit s o f th e applicabl e , Principle and owaecWH. y ppm) . standard . Th e conversio n facto rshal l b e 1. 1 principle . Th e ouactt

y o f emission s (c ) Th e owne ro roperato rsha U recor d establishe d b y measurin g pp m SO : wit h fro m stationar

y source s i s determined vis th e dail y productio n rate s an d hour s o f th e continuou s monitorin g syste m l n ac - uaiiy b y a qualified observer. operation . cordanc e wit h paragrap h (a ) (5 ) o f thi s 1 2 Applicability . Thi s method i s applicabl e (d ) Paragrap h (m ) o f

8 60.1 3 doe s no t_„ H

_.„-,J,,.H_JT_-,T__ - ,._n „ „ , „-, „ ' o rth e determinatio n o rth e opacit

y o f appl y t o thi s subpart . section , conductin g analyse s dall y o f an y emisslona fro m stationar y source s pursuant

.... . fue l ga s combuste d usin g A.S.T_M . meth - to S 60.11(b ) an d forqualifyin g observer s fo r (e ) Fo rth e purpos e 0 / report s pursu - od . D1071-5 5 (sampling ) an d D1946-6 7 «""&£»£**£ Xrter^uaXT n s c an tt o 8 60.7(c) . period s o f exces s emls - (analysis) , an d computin g th e facto ra s ccaa, ^ wlt nparagraph 3 o r thi s method sion s tha tshal l b e reporte d ar e define d follows : shal l us e tb e followin g procedures forvisuaii r a s an y tw o consecutiv e hourl y period s , a \ determinin g -J\e opacit y o f emissions : durin g whic h th e averag e sulfu rdioxid e CF= (0 0162)1 ^~*X,Y h *"'

* Posltlon
- Tb ' qualified observe rsimi i emission s excee d th e limit s o f 8 60.82 . " \f_" i ' / stan d a t» distanc e sufficien tt o provid

e a clea rvie w o f th e emission s wit

h th e su n SubpartI—Standard s o f Performanc e fo r"cr-dall y eonr«n__ n t_cfc> rCn * Hi-/ds. m pe rppm ) °r*«nte

d t n th e quadrantt o hi s back. Con Aspha KConcrete Plant s Xi--u*__lor__tn

_ooostant , «n d si-ten twit h maintainin g th e abov

e reqmro - ,,.„ . r . • , , _"i«Tol__netri c pwoen to f foa l t « eompontiit

, dr y ment . th e observershall , as muc h a s possihi c g 60.9 2 lAmended J „ ba fe-„,«,„ m -„_ , mak e hi s observation s fro

m a positio n snch 13 . Paragrap h (b ) o f 8 60.9 2 l

a ---ttmB-roieompoc-au . thathi s lin e o f visio n te approximately peramende d b y deletin g th e secon d sentence . TAB U orVALUI S Tt» X , pendlcularto th e plum e direction , an d whe n • _Cnmnonsnt- X observing opacit

y o f emission s fro

m rectnn SubpartJ—-Standard s of Performanc

e fo r "-^J*"" 1 " - 1 ^ gula routlet s (e.g . roo

f monitors , ope

n bag Petroleu m Refinerie s jj* g Q 64 bouses , nonclrcularstaclcs) , approximatel y 86 0 10 2 [Amended ] C O "'/AA'.AAAAAAA.AAAAA.AAAAAAA. UM porpeiidlcula

rt o th e longeraxi s o

f th e outlet . 8 CH , . . 8.6 2 3.2 Field records . The observershal l recor d 14 . Paragrap h (a)(2 ) o f 8 60.10 2 l a c,H , IS . I S th e nam

e o f th e plant , emissio n location , tvp e amende d b y deletin g th e secon d sentence . C.B , 21. 8 facility , observer' s nam e an d affiliation , an

d 15 . Sectio n 60.10 5 l

a amende d b y revls - C,H, 0 28. 4 tb e date o n a field data shee t(Figure 8-1) . in g paragraph s (a ) an d (b ) t o rea d a s C .H U 36 • ' 7° ' time ' ""mate d distanc e t o th e emissio n ft*jv>TM. C^i, , 41. 7 location , approximat e win d direction , estl - ' C, H 13. 3 mate d win d speed , descriptio n o

f th e sk y §60.10 5 Emissio n monitoring . c r H 4 '. . 19 . B conditio n (presence an d colo ro f clouds) , an

d fo > rvmtlmmi n monltoriru rsvstem . c r H
. ia 0 plum e l *»e*-f"*'°"*>

d ar e recorde d o n a fiel

d v . , . I_5 I . i?_^.-S^_^f«i^_Jf__ ? C A *i«• « <I » t a ehee ta tth e Ume opacit y readings ar

e sha U b e Installed , calibrated , maintained , C S "
_M 2 miti a ed an d completed . an d operate d l n an y affecte d facilit y b y CH_H „ _se. s 2. 3 observations , opacity observation s th e owne ro roperato ra s follows : Insrt s 1. 0 shall b e mad e atth e poin to

f greates topacit

y FEDEKA l lEGIJTU , VO L 39 , NO . 177—WfON.SOAY , SlfTEM-E l 11 , 197 4 4 0I p - ,. , ,

3285 8 PROPOSE D RULE S I n tha tportio n o f

th e plum e wher e condense d wate rvapo ri s no tpresent . Th e observe rshal l no tloo k continuousl y a tth e plume , bu tIn stea d shal l observ e th e plum e momentaril y a t 15-secon d intervals . 2.3. 1 Attache d stea m plumes . Whe n con dense d wate rvapo rI s presen twit h i n th e plum e a s l temerge s fro m th e emissio n outlet , opacit y observation s shal l b e mad e beyon d th e poin ti n th e plum e a twhic h condense d wate rvapo rI s n o longe rvisible . Th e observe r shal l recor d th e approximat e distano e fro m th e emissio n outle tt o th e poin ta twhic h th e observation s ar e made . 2.3. 2 Detache d stea m plume . Whe n wate r vapo ri n th e plum e condense s a ta distinc t distanc e fro m th e emissio n outlet , th e opacit y o f emission s ma y b e evaluate d a tth e emissio n outle tprio rt o th e condensatio n o f wate r vapo ran d th e formatio n o f th e stea m plume . 2. 4 Recordin g observations . Opacit y obser vation s shal l b e recorde d t o th e neares t6 percen ta t15-secon d Interval s o n a n obser vationa l recor d shee t(Figur e 9—2) . Eac h momentar y observatio n recorde d shal l repre sen tth e opacit y o f

emission s fo rtha t15 - secon d tim e period . 2. 5 Dat a reduction . Determin e th e opacit y standar d appUcabl e t o th e affecte d facilit y bein g observe d an d comput e minute s o f non complianc e usin g th e appropriat e procedur e a s follows : 2.5. 1 Fo ral l opacit y standard s eapep taver ag e opacity , mar k o n th e observatio n recor d shee t(Figur e 9-2 ) al l observation s whic h excee d th e opacit y leve l specifie d b y th e standard . Comput e th e aggregat e numbe ro f minute s durin g whic h th e opacit y o f emis sion s wa s observe d t o excee d th e appUcabl e standard . Exclud e fro m thi s computatio n th e numbe ro f

minute s o f

operatio n exempte d b y th e applicabl e opacit y standar d o rb y 5 60.11(c ) (If

any) . Recor d th e minute s o f noncomplianc e o n Figur e 9-1 . 2.5. 2 Fo raverag e opacit y standards , su m o n th e observatio n recor d shee t(Figur e 9—3 ) al l observation s fo ran y specifi c tim e perio d (us e tim e period s specifie d b y th e standar d whe n applicable) , an d comput e tb e arith meti c mea n averag e b v dividin g b y th e tota l numbe ro f

observation s lor - jih e tim e perio d evaluated . Exclud e fro m tiii s computatio n an y minute s o f

opeFntio n exempte d b y th e applicabl e opacit y standar d o r§ 80.11(c ) (i f any) . Recor d tb e minute s o f eac h tim e perio d o f noncomp l iano e o n Figur e 9—1. 3 . Qualifications and

testing. 3. 1 Certificatio n requirements . T o receiv e certificatio n a s a qualifie d observer , a candi dat e mus tb e teste d an d demonstrat e th e abilit y t o assig n opacit y reading s l n 5-percen t increment s t o 2 5 differen tblac k plume s an d 2 5 differen twhit e plumes , wtt h a n erro rno t t o excee d 15-peroen topacit y o n an y on e read in g an d a n averag e erro rno tt o excee d 7.5 - percen topacit y t n eac h category . Candidate s sha U b e teste d accordin g t o 1__ e procedure s describe d l n paragrap h 3.2 . Smok e generator s use d pursuan tt o paragrap h 3- 1 shal l b e equippe d wtt h a smok e mete rwhic h xneet a th e requirements o f

paragrap h 3 J . Th e certificatio n shal l b e vali d fo ra perio d o f 8 months , a twhic h tim e th e qualificatio n procedur e mus tb e repeate d b y an y observe r l n orde rt o retai n certification . S 3 Certificatio n procedure . Th e smok e tes t consist s o f

showin g th e candidat e a complet e ru n o f 5 0 plumes—2 5 blac k plume s an d 3 5 whit e plumes—generate d b y a smok e gen erator . Plume s withi n eac h Bei to f 2 6 blac k an d 2 5 whit e run s shal l b e presente d l n ran do m order . Th e candidat e assign s a n opacit y valu e t o eac h plum e an d record s hi s observa tio n o n a suitabl e form . A tth e completio n o f eac h ru n o f

5 0 readings , th e scor e o f tb e traine e i s determined . I f a traine e fall s t o qualify , th e complet e ru n o f 6 0 reading s mus t b e repeate d l n an y retest . T"h e smok e tes tma y b e administere d a s par to f a smok e schoo l o rtrainin g program , an d ma y b e precede d b y trainin g o rfamiliarizatio n run s o f th e smok e generato rdurin g whic h candidate s ar e show n blac k an d whit e plume s o f know n opacity . 3. 3 Smok e generato rspecifications . An y smok e generato ruse d fo rth e purpose s o f paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit h a smok e mete rInstalle d t o measur e opacit y acros s th e diamete ro f

th e smok e generato rstack . Th e smok e mete routpu tshal l displa y ln-stac k opacit y base d upo n a pathlengt h equa l t o th e stac k exi tdiameter , o n a ful l 0 t o 10 0 percen tchar trecorde rscale . Th e smok e mete r optica l desig n an d performanc e shal l mee t th e specification s show n l n Tabl e 9-1 . Th e smok e mete rshal l b e calibrate d a s prescribe d l n paragrap h 3.3. 1 prio rt o th e conduc to f eac h smok e readin g test . A tth e completio n o f eac h test , th e zer o an d spa n drif tshal l b e ch-.cke d an d i f

th e drif

texceed s ± 1 percen t opacity , th e conditio n shal l b e correcte d prio r t o conductin g an y subsequen ttes truns . Th e smok e mete rshal l b e demonstrated , a tth e tim e o f Installation , t o mee tth e specifica tion s liste d i n Tabl e B-l . Thi s demonstratio n shal l b e repeate d followin g an y subsequen t repai ro rreplacemen to f th e photocel l o ras sociate d electroni c circuitr y includin g th e char trecorde ro routpu tmeter , o rever y 6 months , whicheve roccur s first . TA_U- E 9- 1 SMOK E METE RDESIG N AN D PEBrOBMANC S SPECOTC-nON S Parameter : a . Ligh tsource . b . Bpectra l respons e o f photocell .
c . Angl e o f

vie w d . Angl e o f

projec tion . e . Calibratio n error . f . Zer o an d spa n drift . g . Respons e time — Specification Incandescen tlam p operate d a tnomi na l rate d voltage . Photopi c (Dayligh t spectra l respons e o f th e huma n eye : referenc e 4-3) . 15 * m«-r1mT7w

n tota l 15 * iruTlmii m tota l ±3 % opacit y mul - xouao . ±1 % opacity , 8 0 minutes . -= 5 aeeorula . 3.3. 1 Callbratlo- - Th e smok e mete rI s cali brate d afte rallowin g a minimu m o f S O m__tute a warmu p b y alternatel y producin g a_R_alate d opacit y o

_ 0 percen tan d 10 0 percent . Whe n stabl e respons e a t0 percen to r10 0 percen ti s noted , th e smok e mete rI s ad juste d t o produc e a n outpu to f 0 percen to r 10 0 percent , a s appropriate . Thi s callbratta n shal l b e repeate d unti l stabl e 0 percen tan d 10 0 percen treading s ar e produce d withou t adjustment , simulate d 0 percen tan d 10 0 percen topacit y value s ma y b e produce d b y alternatel y switchin g tb e powe rt o th e ligh t sourc e o n an d of

f whil e th e smok e generato r i s no tproducin g smoke . 8.8. 3 Smok e mete revaluation . Tb e smok e metie rdesig n an d performanc e ar e t o b e evaluate d a s follows : 3.32. 1 Ligh tsource . Verif y fro m manu facturer' s date , an d fro m voltag e jmeasure ment s mad e a tth e lamp , a s Installed , tha t th e lam p i s operate d withi n ± 6 'percen to f tb e nomina l rate d voltage , i { I 8.8.2. 3 Spectra l respons e o f photocell . Verif

y fro m manufacturer' s dat a tha tth e Iphotooel l ha s a photopi c response ; i.e , th e spectra l sensitivit y o f

th e cel l shal l closely ] approxi mat e th e standar d spectral-iurnlhoslt y curv e fo rphotopi c visio n whic h I s reference d I n (b ) o f Tabl e 9-1 . I 3.3.2. 3 Angl e o f

view . Chec k constructio n geometr y t o ensur e tha tth e total ' angl e o f vie w o f th e smok e plume , as ' see n b y th e photoceU , doe s no texcee d 15* . Tlie ' tota l angl e o f vie w ma y b e calculate d from: 1 f— 2 tan- 1 d/2L , wher e 0 = tota l angle 1 o f view . d = th e su m o f th e photocel l diamete r+ th e diamete r o f th e limitin g aperture ; an d L__tn e distanc e fro m th e photocel l t o th e limiting ! aperture . Th e limitin g apertur e I s the : poin tl n th e pat h betwee n th e photocel l and , th e smok e plum e wher e tb e angl e o f vie w I s mos t restricted . I n smok e generato rsmok e meter s thi s I s normall y a n orific e plate ; ' I 3.3.2. 4 Angl e o f

projection . Chec k construc tio n geometr y t o ensur e tha tthe ! tota l angl e o f projectio n o f

th e lam p o n th e smok e plum e doe s no texcee d 16* . Th e ] tota l angl e o f projectio n ma y b e calculated ; from : »= 2 tan- " d/2L , wher e «=tota l raiig e o f projection ; 'd-_th o su m o f

th e lengt h ot

the , [lam p filamen t+ th e diamete rot th e limitin g aper ture ; an d L=th e distanc e fro m th e Lam p t o th e limitin g aperture . I | 3.8.2. 5 Calibratio n error . Usin g neutral densit y filters o f

know n opacity . Icheo k th e erro rbetwee n th e actua l respons e an d th e theoretica l linea rresponse o f 'th e smok e meter . Thi s chec k I s aocompUshe d tr y first calibratin g th e smok e meter ' accordin g t o 3.8. 1 an d the n insertin g a serie s o f thre e neutral-densit y filters o f nomina l I opacit y o f 20 , 60 , an d 7 5 percen ti n th e smok e mete r pathlength . FUter s calibrate d I withi n ± 2 percen tshal l b e used . Cer e shoul d b e take n whe n insertin g th e filters t o preven tstra y ligh ttro m affectin g th e meter . Mak e a tota l o f five noneooseevr-tv e reading s fo r(eac h filter. Th e maximu m erro ro n an y on e readin g shal l b e 3 percen topacity . ' j | 3.3J2. 6 Zer o an d spa n drift . Determin e th e zer o an d spa n drif

tb y calibrating ' an d oper atin g th e smok e generato rl n a norma l man ne rove ra 1-hou rperiod . Th e driftI s measure d b y chef-rin g th e Eero J an d spa n a tth e en d o f

thi s perio d | 3.3.2. 7 Respons e time . Determin e th e respons e tim e b y producin g a serie s o f five simulate d 0 percen tan d 10 0 percen topacit y value s an d obouvln g tbe ; tlta e required t o reac h stabl e response. Opacity . value s o f 0 percen tan d 10 0 percen tma y h e simulate d b y alternatel y switchin g th e power ! t o th e ligh t sourc e of

f an d o n whil e th e smok e generato r I s no toperating . ' I 4 . References. j 4. 1 AirPollution Control District Rules and Regulations, Lo s Angele s !count7 J Ai rPollu tio n Contro l District , Regulation s IV , Pro hibitions . Bul e 60 . I •__ » Weisburd , Melvi n I , Field \ Operations and Enforcement

Manual

forAir, VS. En vlronment- J Protectio n Agency ! Researc h Triangl e Park , N.C . AFTD-llOO.(Augus t1972 , pp . 4.1-4.36 . | ! | 4. 8 Condon , S . TJ , an d Odtshaw , H. . Hand boo k of Physics, McGraw-Hil l Co 4 Ne w York , N.Y , 1958 , Tabl e S.l . p . 6-62 . '

FEOCtA l REGISTft , VOL
. 39 , NO
. 177 —WE0N-SOAY , SSTT-MflH - 11 , 197 4.P.5 0 ,

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.... .

- - • Detache d C0**WENT S

No . 177—Pt . I I 2 •tGlSTEB , VO L 39 , NO . 177—WEDNESDA Y SEPTEMBE * 11 , 197 4! ' I s P.5 1

.1286 0 PROPOSE D RULE S

FIGUR E 9- 2 OBSERVATIO

N RECOR D (Cont. ) PAG b O F COMPAN Y LOCATIO N TEST.NUMBli T DAT E OBSERVE R' TYP E FACIIITY " " ~ POIN T O F EMISSTOR T

Hr . Min. . 3 0 3 1 • 3 2 3 3 3> t 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 6 3 9 U O u i U 2 U 3 1)1 * U 5 1* 6 "» 7 i» 8 1( 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 Second s 0 1 5 3 0 4 5 STEA M PLUMf . (chec k 1 f aocllcable ) Attache d <

-

- Detache d COMMENT S

, ,

. 20 . Appendi x B i s adde d a s follows : APPKND U B—-PKBPOBMANC E SPECIFICATION S - PESJrOaA_L___NC

E SPECIFICATIO N 1—PE-BPOBMANC E SPECIFICATION S AN D SPECIFICATIO N TKS T PRO CroTJtUE S FO B T&ANS___-ISSOU___TE_ l SYSTEM S FO B co-rrmruou s UZASUBJEBEENT O PTH E OPACITY O PSTACK . rFTLOTNT S 1 . Principle and

Applicability. i. l Principle . Transmlssometr y I s a direc t measuremen to f

attenuatio n o f

visibl e radia tio n (opacity ) b y particulat e matte ri n a stac k effluent . Ligh tfro m a lam p I s projecte d acros s th e stac k o f

a pollutio n sourc e t o a ligh tsensor . Th e ligh tl a attenuate d du e t o absorptio n an d scatte rb y the . particulat e matte rI n th e effluent . Th e percentag e o f ligh t attenuate d i s define d a s th e opacit y o f th e emission . Transparen tstac k emission s tha t d o no tattenuat e ligh twil l hav e a transmit tanc e o f 10 0 o r a n opacit y o f

0 . Opaqu e stac k emission s tha tattenuat e al l o f th e ligh twil l hav e a transmittanc e o f 0 o r a n opacit y o f 100 percent . : 2 Applicability . Thi s metho d I s applicabl e t o th e Instrumen tsystem s specifie d I n th e subpart s fo r continuousl y monitorin g th e opacit y o f

emissions . Specification s fo r con tlMuou s measuremen to f visibl e emission s ar e give n tn term s o f

design , "performance , an d "nstallatio n parameters . Performanc e spe c lfl callou s an d tes tprocedure s ar e give n fo r traiismtssomete rsystem s t o tes tthei rcapa bilit y befor e approvin g th e system s Installe d b y a n affecte d facility . 2 . Apparatus. 2. 1 Neutra l Densit y Filters . Filter s wit h neutra l spectra l characteristic s an d know n optica l densitie s t o visibl e light . On e eac h low , mid , an d hig h rang e filters. 5 - o r 6-Inc h squar e o r 6-inc h diameter , wit h nomina l op tica l densitie s o f

0.1 , 0.2 , an d 0. 3 (20 , 37 , an d 5 0 percen topacity ) ar e required . Calibrate d filters wit h accuracie s certifie d b y th e manu facture rt o withi n 3 percen tshal l b e used . I t i s recommende d tha tfiltercalibration s b e checke d wit h a well-col l lmate d photopi c transmissomete ro f

know n linearit y prio rt o use . 2. 2 Char tRecorder . Analo g char trecorde r wit h inpu tvoltag e rang e an d performanc e characteristic s compatibl e wit h th e measure men tsyste m output . 2. 3 Opacit y Measuremen tSystem . A n in stac k transmissomete r(folde d o rsingl e path ) wit h th e optica l desig n specification s desig nate d below , associated-contro l unit s an d ap paratu s t o kee p optica l surface s clean . 3 . Definitions. 3. 1 Measuremen tSystem . Th e tota l equip men trequire d fo r th e continuou s determi natio n o f

a pollutan tconcentratio n l n a sourc e effluent . Th e syste m consist s o f thre e majo rsubsystems : 3.1. 1 Samplin g Interface—Tha tportio n o f th e measuremen tsyste m tha tperform s on e o rmor e o f

th e followin g operations : delinea tion , acquisition , transportation , an d condi tionin g o f

a sampl e o f

th e sourc e effluent , o r protectio n o f

th e analyze rfro m tli e effluent . 3.1. 2 Analyzer—Tha tportio n o f th e sys te m whic h sense s th e pollutan tan d generate s a signa l outpu ttha ti s a ' functio n o f

th o pollutan tconcentration . I 3.1. 3 Dat a Recorder—Tha tportio n o f th e measuremen tsyste m tha tprocesse s th e ana lyze routpu tan d provides : apermanen trec or d o f th e outpu tsigna l i n term s o f pollutan t concentration . 3. 2 Span . Th e valu e o f opacit y a twhic h th e measuremen tsyste m I s se tt o produc e th e maximu m dat a displa y output . Fo r th e purpos e o f

thi s method , th e span*shal l b e se t a ta n opacit y o f

5 0 percen tfo r a pathlengt h equa l t o th e stac k exi tdiamete ro f th e source . 3. 3 Calibratio n Error . Th e differenc e be twee n th e opacit y readin g indicate d b y th e measuremen tsyste m an d th e know n value s o f a serie s o f

tes tstandards . Fo rthi s metho d th e tes tstandard s ar e a serie s o f calibrate d neutra l densit y filters. ' 3. 4 Zer o Drift . Th e chang e i n measuremen t syste m outpu tove ra state d perio d o f tim e o f norma l continuou s operatio n | whe n th e pollutan tconcentratio n a tth e tim e o f th e measurement s i s zero . I 3. 5 Calibratio n Drift . Th e chang e i n meas uremen tsyste m outpu tove ra state d perio d o f tim e o f

norma l continuou s | operatio n whe n th e pollutan tconcentratio n a tth e tim e o f th e measurement s I s th e sam e know n up scal e value . | 3. 6 Syste m Response . Th e tim e Interva l fro m a ste p chang e l n opacit y i n th e stac k a tth e inpu tt o th e measurement 1 syste m t o th e tim e a twhic h 9 5 percen to f th e cor respondin g final valu e i s reache d a s displaye d o n th e measuremen tsyste m dat a presen tatio n device . I i 3. 7 Operationa l Tes tPeriod . A J minimu m perio d o f

tim e ove rwhic h a measuremen t syste m i s expecte d t o operat e withi n cer tai n performanc e specification s withou tun schedule d maintenance , repair , Jo r adjust ment . | 3. 8 Transmittance . Th e fractio n o f in ciden tligh ttha tI s transmitted ' throug h a n optica l mediu m o f

Interest . | 3. 9 Opacity . Th e fractio n o f Inciden tligh t tha ti s attenuate d b y a h optica l mediu m o f Interest . Opacit y (O ) an d transmittanc e (T ) ar e relate d a s follows: , !

0=1- T | 3.1 0 Optica l Density . A logarithmi c meas ur e o i th e amoun to f ligh tthat | i s attenu ate d b y a n optica l mediu m o f interest . Op tica l densit y (D ) i s relate d t o Ith e trans mittanc e an d opacit y a s follow s : | D = -log, 0 T i D = -log, , (i-O ) I 3.1 1 Mea n Spectra l Response - |Tl_e wave lengt h whic h bisect s th e tota l are a unde r th e curv e obtaine d pursuan tto , paragrap h 9.2.1 . | 3.1 2 Angl e o f

View . Th e maximu m (total ) angl e o f radiatio n tha tI

s see n by j th e photo detecto rassembl y o f a n optica l transmis someter . 3.1 3 Angl e o f

Projection . The , maximu m (total ) angl e o f

radiatio n tha ti s projecte d b y th e lam p assembl y o f a n optica l trans missometer . | 3.1 4 Pathlength . Th e dept h of j effluen tl n th e ligh tbea m betwee n th e receive ran d th e transmitte ro f

th e single-pass ' transmis someter . o rth e dept h o f effluent ; betwee n th e transceive ran d reflecto ro f a liouble-pas s transmissometer . i t 4 . installatio n Specification . | 4. 1 Location . Th e transmissomete rmus t b e locate d acros s a sectio n o f duc to r stac k tha twil l provid e a particulat e matte rflow throug h th e optica l volum e o f I th e trans FEDEftA L REGISTER , VOL . 39 , NO . 177—WEDNESDAY , SEPTEMBE R 11 , 197 4 4 3P.5 2

,..., . ,,,.„, ,



### APPENDI X B . STATISTICA L METHOD S

4 5P.5 3



### APPENDI X B . STATISTICA L METHOD S B. 1 Linea r Regression an d Tes t fo r Significanc

e In orde r t o obtai n th e bes t

estimat e of

th e averag e deviatio n fro mth e metere dopacity , th e relationshi p betwee n th e deviatio n an dth e mete r averag e i s investigated
. T o investigate this , th e metho do f least-square s i s use dt o giv

e th e equatio n of

th e bes t straigh t lin e tha t fit s th e dat aobtained
. Th e lin e i s define db y it s slop e an dintercept , estimate dby : •LXiYiln-xy b = : Zxj/n-x2

an d
a = y - bx wher e Xi — th e i' t hvalu e of

th e independen t

variabl e Y t - th e ;' t hvalu e of

th e dependen t

variabl e
x ,y - th e sampl e mean s o f A " an dY, respectivel y
n — th e numbe r

o f paire dobservations
. T o determin e i

f th e lin e i s agoo destimat e of th e relationshi p betwee n th e tw o variables , th e slop e o f th e lin e i s tested
. A linea r relationshi p exist s i f

th e slop e i s non-zero . T o tes t this , astatisti c i s use dtha t i s base do n Student' s t

distribution
. Th e statistic i s b tc = — wher e tc —

th e calculate dvalu e
an d
s b —

th e standar ddeviatio n o f th e slope , b. Thi s statisti c ha s n — 2 df associate dwith i t

fo r n pair s of observations
. Th e standar ddeviatio n o f th e slope , s b , i s calculate db y first calculatin g th e standar ddeviatio n aroun d th e regressio n \ine,s yx . Th e equatio n fb r th e variance , _>

2

_ y x is :
n-2 1 n-2 1 n-2 4 6 52[Yi-(a + bXi)] 2
[2r, 2 -a -LYi-blXiYi)" - • r*" T •*)!• • •

Th e varianc e o f

th e slope , b, i s the n give

n b y 

### sl = y-x 

### [ZXt 2 

### -nx 2 

### ] Takin g th e rati o o f

th e slop e t o it s standar ddeviation , give s th e desire dstatistic
. T o determin e if thi s i s significant , th e valu e i s compare dt o aStudent' s t distributio n wit

h n - 2 df

. B. 2 Precisio n Estimatio n fo r Trainin g Generato r Tes t 1 . Whit e Smok

e A n analysi s o f

varianc e wa s performe do n th e averag e opacitie s determine db y th e 8 collaborator s wh o complete dal l 2 0 runs . Th e mode l i s arando meffect s mode l represente db y i Yij= ii + pi + jf

+ e, 7 where

Pi tl th e determinatio n b y observer / i n ru n i overal l mea

n th e effec t o f ru n ; th e effec t o f collaborator /
an d th e rando merro r associate dwit

h Y>.

» / • Thi s i s a n additiv e o r

no-interactio n model
. Thi s mean s tha t th e collaborato r

an dru n effect s ar

e assume dt o b e independen t

o f eac h other , o r

tha t a n observer

read s consistentl y lo w o r hig h with respec t

t o th e othe r observer s regardles s ofth e opacit y level
. TABL E Bl
. ANALYSI S O FVARIANCE FROM TRAINING GENERATO RTEST , WHIT E SMOK E Sourc e Run s Observer s Erro r Tota l d

f 1 9 7 13 3 15 9 S S 5545.0 6 165.0 4 75 4 J 1 6464.6 1 M

S

__ * 23.5 8 5.6 7 *Not of interest
. tSignificant
. F

c > FQQ 5 (1,1 33 ) <

* 2.0 9 F

_ * 4.16 |

. EM

S

_ * a 2 + 2 0 o\ Th e ANOVA result s ar e show n in

t Tabl e Bl
. Th e expecte dmea n square s indicat e th e prope r

F-ratio s an dth e mean s o f obtainin g estimate s o f

th e desire dprecisio n components . Th e EMS of

th e erro r ter mi s a 2 , th e within

- ' observer variance
. Thus , th e erro r mea n squar e i s th e estimate dwithin-observe r variance , an d thi s give s j

a 2 = 5.6 7 wit h 13 3 df
. Thi s give s an estimate dwithin

observer standar ddeviatio n o f 

### b = j5ZT

= 2.3 8 percen t

opacity
.

4 7P.5 5

Th e significanc e ofth e observer termi s determine db y comparin g th e observe r mea n squar e t o th e erro r mea n square . Th e F-rati o isF c = 4.1 6 whic h exceed s th e critica l value,F 0 .o s (7 , 133 ) ** » 2.09
. Thu s ther e ar e difference s amon g th e observers , an da n observer

bia s varianc e ca

n b e estimate d
. Th e EMS o f

th e observer

termi s a 2 + 2 0 a\ , s o tha t th e observer

bia s varianc e estimat e i s 

### MS L 

### -6 2 •>

_ — 2 0 23.5 8 - 5.6 7 2 0

_17.9 1 2 0

= 0.9 0 wit h 7 df
. Th e estimate dobserver bia s standar ddeviatio n i s
o 2 L =J03Q

= 0.9 5 percen t

opacity
. 2 . Blac k

Smok e Th e ANOV

A tabl e fo

r th e blac k smok e determination s i s i

n Tabl e B2
. Th e mode l i s identical t o tha t fo r th e whit e smoke
. TABL E B2 . ANALYSI S O F VARIANC E FROM TRAININ G

GENERATO RTEST , BLAC KSMOK E Th e expecte dvalu e o f th e erro r mean squar e i s a 2 , th e within-observe r variance
. Thus , th e estimate dvalu e i s

b 2 =3.38 , th e erro r mea n square . Ther e ar

e 10 5 df associ

ate dwith thi s estimate
. Th e within-observe r standar ddeviatio n i s

& = v/-T3 8

= 1.84 percen t

opacity
. Th e rati o o f

th e observer

mean square t o th e erro r mean squar e test s for

difference s amon g th e observers
. Th e calculate dF-statisti c i s F c = 5.73 , whic h exceed s th e critica l value o f 2.13 , approximately , wit h 7 an d10 5 df

. Thus , ther e ca

n b e sai dt o b e difference s amon g th e observers
. Th e observer

bia s varianc e i s estimate das MS L - a 2 Sourc e Run s Observer s Erro r Tota l d f

1 5 7 10 5 12 7 S S 3963.4 3 135.5 8 354.8 1 4453.8 2 M S

_ * 19.3 7 3.3 8
*No t o f interest
. tSignificant
. F Q 05 (7,105 ) « 2.12
. F

_ * 5.73 t EM S

_ * a 2 + 1 6 ol o 1



## < £ 1 6

4 8P.5 6

as indicate db y th e EM

S fo r observers
. Thi s give s



## «i 19.37-3.3 8

1 6

_15.9 9 1 6

= 1.00 wit h 7 df
. Thu s th e observer

bia s standar ddeviatio n i s

b L = 1.0 0 percen t

opacity
. B. 3 Precisio n Estimatio n fo r Sulfuri c Aci d Plan t an d Test s o f Hypothese s Th e precisio n estimate s fo r us e ofth e metho da t

asulfuri c aci dplan t

are obtaine dfro ma

n analysi s o f variance
. Th e mode l for

th e dat ai s arando meffect s model ,

Yij= M + 7,

- + P

/ + €ij where Y 

## a M li Pi th e observatio n b y observer i i n ru n / th e overal l mea

n th e effec t du e t o collaborato r

i th e effec t du e t o ru n /
an d

—th e rando meno r associate dwit h Y,

V Th e mode l assume s tha t

ther e i s n o interactio n betwee n th e ru n an dth e collaborator
. Thi s i s equivalen t t o sayin g tha t

an observer' s tendenc y t o rea dhighe r o r lowe r tha n othe r

observer s i s independen t o f th e tru e opacit y level
. Th e erro r

term , then , i s take n fro mth e interactio n betwee n th e observer s an dth e runs . I Th e ANOVA i s summarize di n Tabl e B3
. Ther e are 2 9 d f fro mth e 3 0 run s an d8 df fo r th e observe r term . Thi s leave s aremainde r o f 23 2 for error . Th e expecte dmea n squar e (EMS ) colum n give s th e basi s for formin g F-ratio s t o tes t

fo r significanc e an dfo r

estimatin g th e individual varianc e components . Th e EM S o f

th e erro r termi s a 2 , th e within-observe r varianc e term . Thus , th e estimate dwithinjobserve r varianc e i s •-,* - 4.51 , th e erro r mea n square . Thi s give s a

n estimate dstandar ddeviatio n o f



### &=V4l T

= 2.1 2 percen t

opacity
4 9P.5 7 •"IT TABL E B3
. ANALYSI S O FVARIANC E FRO M SULFURI C ACI

D PLAN T TES T Sourc e Run s Observer s Erro r Tota l d f

2 9 8 23 2 26 9 S S 2636.6 8 259.0 6 1046.5 6 3942.3 0 *No t of interest
. tSignificant
. F 0 .0 5 (8,232 ) * M S 90.9 2 32.3 8 4.5 1

2.00
. F

_ * 7.18 | EM

S

_ * CT" + 30a* ; a ' L Th e EMS o f th e observe r

ter mi s a 2 + 30a£
. Th e facto r

3 0 result s fro mth e fac t

tha t eac h observer mea n i s th e averag e over

th e 3 0 runs . Th e rati o o f

th e observer

mea n squar e t o th e erro r mea n square provide s th e prope r rati o fo r deter

minin g i f ther e i s asignifican t

observe r term Th e valu e o f

F c i s 7.18 , whic h exceed s th e table d valu e fo r th e Fdistributio n a t

th e 95-percen t confidenc e level
. Th e table dvalu e isFn.0 5 (8,232 ) « 2.0 0 and , thus , ther e i s asignificant observer effect
. Solvin g th e EM S fo r

a\ give s 

# 4 -
s o tha t a n estimat e i s give

n a s 

# 4 EMSpbserver-P 2 3 0

MSobserver

—a 2 3 0 32.38-4.5 1 3 0 27.8 7 3 0

= 0.9 3 wit h 8 df
. Th e estimate dobserver bia s standar ddeviation , then , i s 

### b L 

### =V09 3

= 0.9 6 percen t

opacity
. Combinin g thes e tw o estimate s give s 

## H-ol+b 2

= 0.93+4.5 1

= 5.4 4

a b =JSA4

= 2.3 3 percen t

opacity
. an d

Th e tes t

fo r significanc e o f

a\ i s ates t

for th e equality amon g th e observer s o f th e mea n opacit y determined
. A significan t valu e o f a\ i s equivalen t

t o sayin g tha t

no t all th e mean s are equal
. Th e nex t proble mi s t o investigate where th e difference s lie
. 5 0P.5 8

Fo r thi s test , th e onl y compariso n o f interes t concern s th e differenc e betwee n th e observer s fro mth e enforcemen t

agenc y andthos e fro mth e privat e sector . Th e enforcemen t personne l were observer s 4 , 5 , 6 an d8
. The mean s fo r

th e 9 collaborator s wh o participate di n all 3 0 run s are show n i n Tabl e 16
. i| , T o determin e if

ther e i s asignificant

differenc e betwee n th e tw o groups , acontras t amon g th e rnean s i s tested
. A contras t

i s of th e for m 

# Ew = 

# ° wher e M , th e i t htru e mea n

th e coefficien t

o f th e i t nmea

n
an d 

# 5>=o . Th e nul l hypothesi s t o b e teste di s tha t ther e i s n o differenc e betwee n th e tw o group s o f observers
. Th e contras t tha t test s thi s hypothesi s i s writte n a s

H 0 - 5(>4 +/i s +M 6 +Hs)-40i i + M i +M 3 +M7 +H<> ) = 0 where 5 an d4 ar

e chose n s o tha t

th e sumo f

th e coefficient s i s 0
. Th e tes t statistic follow s Student' s t distributio n an di s define dby

tc = ' 2CjXi 

### & where

an d 5 —th e standar ddeviatio n fo r erro r
x i —th e i' t nsampl e mean

n —th e numbe r

o f determination s use dt o obtai n x, Th e degree s o f

freedo mfo

r thi s statisti c are th e d

f associate dwith th e estimate dvariance
. Fo r thi s test , SCJ X ,- = 5(6.4 7 + . . . + 5.40 ) - 4(5.0 0 + .. . + 5.73 )

= 29.54
. 6 = 2.12 , fro mTabl e B 3

5 1P.5 9

so tha t 2c?=4(5 2 ) + 5(4 2 )=l8 0
n = 3 0
29.5 4 tr = ~ /18 0 2.1 2 / V 3 0 29.5 4
29.5 4 5.1 9 5.69
. A t value at th e 0.0 5 level wit

h 23 2 d f i s essentiall y astandar dnorma l value or 1.96
. Sinc e tc exceed s 1.96 , w e rejec t th e nul l hypothesis , an dconclud e tha t th e observer s fromth e enforcemen t agenc y read ahigher opacit y tha n di dth e observer s fromth e private sector . B. 4 Analysi s o f Varianc e an d Tests o f Hypothese s fro m Riverben d Stea m Statio n Tes t 1 Th e determination s fromth e first tes t are use dt o obtai n precisio n estimate s fo r within

- an dbetween

observer an dobserver

bia s components . Th e determination s use dare take n fromrun s 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 an d9
. Run s 4 , 5 , an d6 are eliminate dsinc e th e experimenta l grou p wa s readin g in 1-percent increments
. Ru n 1 0 wa s eliminate dsinc e ther e were n o determination s fro m6 o f th e 1 0 observers , includin g th e entir e contro l group . Thi s wa s du e t o th e fac t tha t sk y condition s an dinterferenc e fromanothe r plum e a t time s prevente d th e observer

fro mmakin g areading
. The mode l fo r

th e ANOV

A i s represente db y

' Yijk = P + ^ + 7// l + Pk

+ e i)k
acompletel y rando mmodel , where Yjjk — th e k th observatio n b y collaborator / in grou p / / j —th e overal l mea n /., • —th e effec t

du e t o grou p i fj/i - th e effec t

du e t o observer/ , neste dwithi n grou p i p k - th e effec t

du e t o ru n k
an d €jjk —th e rando merro r associate dwith Yj/k Th e observer s are treate da s aneste dfacto r sinc e th e observer s diffe

r fromon e grou p t o another
.
5 2P.6 0

TABL E B4
. ANALYSI S O F VARIANC E FRO M

STEA M STATIO N TES T 1 Th e ANOV A tabl e i s show n i n Tabl e |B 4
Sourc e Group s Run s Observers/Grou p Erro r Tota l d

f 1 5 8 4 5 5 9 S S 124.4 2 662.03 119.0 5 149.1 0 1054.6 0 •Significant
. FQ.0 5 d-8 ) = 5.32
. |No t o f interest
. {Significant
. F 0 .0 5 (8,45 ) « 4.08
. M S 124.4 2



## - t 14.8 8 3.3 1 F 8.36 *



## - t 4.50 7 EM

S



## - t

- t o*+ 6o 7

L 

### LL . Th e expecte dmea n square s (EMS ) determin e

wer e generall y biase dlow , however , thi s indicate s tha t th e mor e accuratel y tha n th e experimental
. th e prope r F-rati o for

eac h factor
. Th e grou p mea n squar e i s divide db y th e observer mea n squar e t o tes t

for adifferenc e betwee n groups . Th e F-rati o i s F

c = 8.3 6 wit h 1 an d8 degree s o f freedom
. Th e critica l valu e fro mth e ! , , F-distributio n isFrj.o s (1,8 ) =5.32 , s o tha t th e grou p ter mi s significant
. Th e mean s fo r th e tw o group s are 8.2 0 an d5.3 2 ' ! for th e contro l an dexperimental , j respectively , s o tha t

th e contro l grou p ! wa s readin g significantl y highe r opacitie s durin g th e test . Sinc e th e determination s ' 1 ! ] ' ' I contro l grou p wa s abl e t o judg e th e opacit y Th e EM S o f

th e erro r termi s a 2 , th e within-observer component . Thi s give s a n estimate dwithin

observer varianc e of
a 2 = 3.3 1 with 4 5 df

. Th e estimate dwithin-laboratory standar ddeviation , the n i s < 

## a = vTJ i

= 1.8 2 percen t

opacit y T o determin e if

ther e i s asignificant

observe r effect , th e observer

mea n squar e i s compare dt o i th e erro r mea n square . Th e ratio i s F c = 4.50
. Th e critica l valu e fo r thi s tes t i s FQ.0 5 (8,45 ) *«'4.08 , an dth e observe r

bia s term , a\ ,i s determine dt o b e greate r than zero . t Th e observe r

bia s i s estimate dfromth e observe r grou p mean square . Th e EM S i s a 2 + a\ , s o th e J estimate dvarianc e i s '

*LMSobserver

~ ° 2
14.88-3.3 1

= 1.9 3 with 8 df
. Th e df ar e calculate da s (5-1 ) d

f fo r eac h group . : Sinc e ther e are difference s amon g th e observers , th e experienc e level s o f th e observer s are importan t considerations.
. Th e tes t

i s base do n th e mean s o

f th e collaborators , an dacontras t amon g th e mean s i s tested
. Th e hypothesi s i s : 

### H o 

### --'Eciii i

### = 0vsH A 

### :jrc i

### Hi*0 where c, - i s th e coefficien t

of th e ' t hmean , chose n s o tha t



# '5>=o .
5 3P.6 1

Sinc e ther e ar

e 4 experience dobserver s an d6 inexperience dobservers , th e c/ are chose n a s Ho- 6(/i i +M

_ +M e +P7)-4(/_ 3 +/_ 4 + /_ 5 + p & + /_

„ +Mio ) i s th e hypothesi s tested
. Th e tes t statisti c i s base do n Student' s t distribution , an dgive

n b y ZCjXj 

# '\f F
where n i s th e numbe r

o f determination s comprisin g eac h mean , i n thi s cas e 6
. Substitutin g give s

6(* i + l 9.1 1 1.82 /

tc '

_ -...+x,)-4(* 3 + 

### + 

### .. . + 6 2 

### + 4 2 

### + . . .

6 6(28.65 ) - 4 (38.97 ) 144+9 6 1.8 2 6 171.90

- 155.8 8 1.8 2 v/4 0 16.0 2 = 1.3 9 

### ..+ x

+ 4 2 i o )

11.5 0 Thi s statistic ha s 4 5 d

f associate dwit

h it
. Thes e d

f come fro mth e estimate dvariance , a , use di n th e calculation
. A f-valu e wit h 4 5 df mus t excee d2.016 , approximately , t o b e considere dsignificant at th e 0.0 5 level
. Thus , n o differenc e i s determine dbetwee n th e experience dan dth e inexperience dobserver for thes e data
. B. 5 Precisio n Estimatio n an d Test s o f Hypothese s fo rRiverben d Stea m Statio n Tes t 2 The deviation s show n i

n Tabl e 2 3 ar

e submitte dt o a

n ANOV A procedur e t o estimat e th e precisio n of th e method
. Th e mode l selecte di s acompletel y rando mmode l represente db y Yijk = M + 0 / + Ijji + Pk

+ etfk where Yjjk — th e observe dvalu e in run k b y observer/

in grou p / j

_—th e overall mea n 0,

- —th e effec t

du e t o grou p i jj/i — th e effec t

du e t o collaborator/

i n grou p / Pk — th e effec t

du e t o run k
an d e,y £—th e rando merro r associate dwit

h Yj/k
5 4Th e observer ter mi s neste dwithi n groups , sinc e adifferen t se t o f observer s comprise deac h group . Th e ru n termi s crosse dwith bot h th e grou p an dth e observer terms . Th e erro r

termi s estimate dfromth e inter-' | actio n o f th e ru n an dgroup , an do f th e ru n an dobserver , with th e interaction s assume dt o b e zero . Th e resultin g ANOVA tabl e i s i n Tabl e B5
. I Th e EM S colum n tell s whic h mea n square s provid e th e prope r denominato r

for th e F-ratio , an dho w th e resultin g varianc e component s ma y b e estimated
. j Th e within-observe r

varianc e i s estimate dfro mth e erro r term . Sinc e th e EMS i s a 2 , th e estimate dvarianc e i s
a 2 = 3.37 , th e mea n squar e for

error . Ther e are 8 8 df

fo r thi s estimate
. Th e standar ddeviatio n i s estimate das 

### & = V33 7

= 1.8 4 percen t

opacity
. TABL E B5
. ANALYSI S O FVARIANC E FRO M STEA M STATIO N TES T 2 Sourc e Group s Run s Observers/Group s Erro r Tota l d f 1 1 0 8 8 8 10 7 S S 156.7 7 1866.0 6 225.7 1 296.2 1

. 2544.7 5 •Significant
. F 0 .0 5 (9,8 ) = 5.32
. t No t o f interest
. {Significant
. FQ.0 5 (8,88 ) « 2.10
. M S 156.7 7 186.6 1 28.2 1 3.3 7 F 5.56 *



## - t 8.37 t

, EM S



## - t

• - t a * + llor £ Th e observer bia s termi s estimate dfro m Ii th e observer

termin th e ANOVA
. Th e | t : denominato r

fo r th e observer

F-ratio|i s i j th e erro r term , an dth e tes t

statisti c i s F c = 8.3 7 wit

h 8 an d8 8 df

. Th e table d l l ' Fvalu e a t th e 5-percen t

level i s approxi

matel y 2.1 0 an dth e observer termi s determine dt o b e significant
. Thelexpec-te d valu e o f th e mea n square i s a 2 + 1

; 1 o\
. Thus , we estimat e th e varianc e by j

. 2 MS L - a 2 :

_ n wher e MS/ , i s th e observer/grou p mea n square . Substitutin g give s

28.2 1 -3.3 7 

### ol = 1 1 24.8 4 1 1

= 2.2 6 wit h 8 df
. Th e degree s of

freedo mar

e calculate das n —1 observer bia s standar ddeviatio n i s 5 —1= 4 fro meac h group . Th e estimate d 

### b L 

### =j226

= 1.5 0 percen t

opacity
. The F-rati o fo r

group s i s th e rati o o f

th e grou p mea n square t o th e observer/grou p mea n square . Th e statisti c i s F

c = 5.56
. T o determin e i f thi s valu e i s significant , F c i s compare dt o atable dFvalu e aUhe 1 5-per j cen t significanc e level
. Th e table dvalu e i s Fo,os(l-8 ) = 5.32 , s o tha t asignificant

differenc e ca

n b e saij d t o exis t betwee n th e tw o group s in th e determinatio n of averag e opacity
. Thi s i s a n indicatio n tha t

the i angl e of vie w i s a n importan t

consideratio n in th e visua l estimatio n o f

opacity
. '
5 5P.6 3

Sinc e i t ha s bee n determine dtha t there are difference s amon g th e observers , th e hypothesi s tha t th e experience dobserver s diffe r fromth e inexperience dca n b e tested
. Thi s i s don e b y us e o f acontras t

amon g th e means . A contras t

i s represente db y 2 c,"-,- , where th e c, - ar e coefficient s applie dt o th e means , constructe d s o tha t ZCJ = 0
. Fo r thi s test , th e nul l hypothesi s i s state da s H 0 : 6(/_ i +/_.

_+M6 +M7 ) -40.. 3 +/_ 4 + Vs +A*8 +M
. +Mio ) = 0 where Hi —th e mean fo r observer i. Observer s 1 , 2 , 6 an d7 ar e experienced , an d3,4 , 5 , 8 , 9 an d1 0 are relativel y inexperienced
. Th e tes t statisti c i s given b y ICjXi 2c,- 2
wher e

an d x { — th e sampl e mea

n fo r observe r /
a — th e estimat e o f

th e within-observer

standar ddeviatio n

n —th e numbe r

of determination s tha t

compris e Xj. Fo r thes e data , th e statisti c is : (6 ) (29.60)+(-4 ) (37.20 ) 1.8 4 177.60-148.8 0 1.8 4 \/2 4 28.8 0 9.0 2 3.1 9 There ar e 8 8 df for th e statistic take n fro

mth e estimate dvariance
. B y comparin g thi s statistic t o atable dt wit h 8 8 df , tc = 3.1 9 exceed s fo.05(88 ) * * 1.9 9 andthus asignificant

differenc e doe s exist
. Th e conclusio n i s tha t tli e experience dobserver s di ddetermin e ahigher averag e opacit y than th e inexperienced
. B. 6 Precisio n Estimatio n an d Test s o f Hypothese s fo rRiverben d Stea m Statio n Tes t 3 The determination s o f

averag e opacity made b y th e collaborator s a s show n in Tabl e 2 7 ar e submitte d t o a n ANOV A procedur e t o estimat e th e precisio n components . Th e mode l far thes e dat ai s acompletel y rando mmodel ,
5 6I'|'IT.-Ij l ••>' P.6 4

where

an d Y ijk ~ M 

## ft- -Ti/i ~ Pk - 

### Pft * ~

e ijk ~ Y ijk = M + ft + 7//i * + Pk+ Pft * + Ci/J t

th e observatio n o n ru n k

b y observer

/ i n grou p / th e overal l mea n th e effec t o f th e i t hgrou p th e effec t o f th e /t h collaborato r

i n grou p th e effec t du e t o ru n k th e interactio n betwee n ru n k an dgrou p i

th e rando merro r

associate dwith Th e tw o group s ar

e considere dtogethe r

with respec t

t o precisio n unde r

th e assumptio n tha t

amore direc t su n angl e woul dno t

affec t th e precisio n ofth e individual observer
. T o tes t thi s further , separat e esti

mate s o f th e erro r varianc e ar

e mad e usin g th e ru n b y observer interactio n withi n eac h group . Th e estimate d value s o f a 2 ar e 0 2 = 3.4 9 8 | = 4.0 9 fo r th e contro l an dexperimenta l groups , respectively
. T o tes t whethe r th e experimenta l estimat e i s signifi

cantl y larger , a

n F-rati o i s used
. Th e calcualte dstatisti c i s F „ = 4.0 9 3.4 9 1.1 7 wit h 4 5 an d4 5 df

. Th e critica l valu e i s F 0 .o s (45,45 ) « 1.69 , an dth e tw o value s ma y b e saidt o b e estimat

in g th e same tru e value
. Th e ANOV

A i s summarize din Tabl e B 6 for th e thir dtest . Th e evaluatio n i s mad e usin g th e 1 6 run s wher e th e experimenta l grou p rea di n 5-percen t increments
. Th e EM S colum n provide s th e basi s fo r testing ! for significant

effect s an destimatin g th e varianc e components . TABL E B6
. ANALYSI

S O FVARIANC

E FRO M STEA M STATIO

N TES T 3 Sourc e Group s Run s Grou p X Ru n Observer/Grou p Erro r Tota l *No t significant
. fNo t o f interes t ± Significant , F Q d f 1

1 5 I S 6 9 0 12 7 S S

2.8 8 9440.5 4 138.3 9 321.0 5 313.7 3 10216.5 9

0 5 (6,90 ) - 2.30
. M S 2.8 8 629.3 7 9.2 3 53.5 1 3.5 7 698.5 6 F

0.31 *

- +



### - t 14.99 $ EM S

a 2 + 16a £ + 32o)j c + 64CT£ ;



### - t a' + l6o'

L + 32oJj G a 2 + 16o £ o 2

5 7P.6 5

Th e erro r ter mcome s fromth e observer-ru n interaction
. Th e assumptio n mad e i s tha t thi s effec t i s equa l t o zero , whic h i s equivalen t t o sayin g tha t

i f aparticular

observer read s highe r

opacitie s tha n th e other s o n on e run , h e woul dno t readlower

o n othe r runs . The EMS of

th e erro r ter mi s a 2 , whic h give s a n estimate dwithin-observe r varianc e o f
a 2 =3.5 7 wit h 9 0 df
. Thi s result s in awithin-observer standar ddeviatio n estimat e of
o = \/375 7

= 1.89
. Th e EM S fo r

observers/grou p i s a 2 + 16ajj, , sinc e eac h observer mea n i s th e averag e over

th e 1 6 runs . Th e F-rati o i s th e rati o ofth e observer mean square t o th e erro r mea n square . Thi s give s F c = 14.9 9 wit

h 6 an d9 0 degree s o f

freedom
. Th e criMca

l value i s Fo.rj5(6,90 ) «

* 2.30
. Thus , ther e i s asignifican t observer effec t a t th e 5-percen t

level
. T o estimat e th e observer

varianc e component , th e EMS i s agai n used
.

. , MS^-a 2 of = L 1 6 where MS/ , i s th e observer mea n square , an da 2 i s th e erro r mea n square . Substitutin g give s

. 53.51-3.5 7 1 6

_49.9 4 1 6

= 3.12
. There ar e 6 d f fo r laboratorie s calculate das (4-1 ) fo r eac h group . Th e estimate dobserver bia s standar d deviatio n i s

= 1.77 percen t opacit y T o tes t whethe r ther e i s asignificant

grou p effect , a

n F-rati o i s constructe dfor th e grou p term . Th e denominato r

i s th e grou p b y ru n interaction , andth e statisti c i s F c = 0.3 1 wit

h 1 an d1 5 df

. Th e critical valu e i s F 0 .o s (1 , 15 ) = 4.54 , an dn o grou p effect i s found
. Thi s indicate s tha t th e angl e o f

observatio n ha d essentiall y n o effec t

i n thi s test . Th e mean s o f

th e observer s ove

r th e 1 6 run s ar

e use dt o determin e i

f ther e wa s asignifican t

differenc e in thi s tes t

betwee n th e experinece dan dth e inexperience dobservers
. A contras t amon g th e mean s i s use d for th e test . Th e hypothesi s i s o f th e for m H 0 : ZciPi = 0 versu s H A : ZC,VJ ¥= 0 where Xc, = Q
5 8an d IU i s th e mea

n o f collaborato r

i
. Fo r thi s test , th e c,

- ar e chose n t o b e 1 for

th e experience dan d- 1 for th e inexperience dobserver means . [ Th e tes t statisti c i s give

n b y 2c ^ 

### fXa 2 a n where

an d x t i s th e sampl e mea

n for collaborato r

i
a i s th e estimate dwithin-observer standar ddeviatio n

n i s th e numbe r

o f determination s use dt o obtai n X t . Substitutin g fro mTabl e 3 1 give s (15.3 1 + .. . + 14.46 ) -(11.4 0 + .. . + 12.76 )

1.8 9 V l 6

_(58.72)-(46.81 ) (1.89 ) (0.71 ) 11.9 1

~ 1.3 4

= 8.89
. Ther e are 9 0 d

f associate dwit

h thi s statistic , an dthi s give s acritica l valu e o f r 0 0 5 (90 ) « 2.00
. Thus , ther e wa s asignificant

differenc e betwee n th e experience dan dinexperience dobservers
. B. 7 Precisio n Estimatio n fo r Riverben d Stea m Statio n Tes t 3 , 1-Percen t Incremen t Run s Th e determination s mad e i n increment s o f 1 percen t

ar e submitte dt o a

n ANOVA procedur e accordin g t o th e completel y rando mmode l Y iS = p+pi + y

f + e i} where Yjj—th e observatio n i n ru n i b y observer ; H —th e overal l mea n Pi —th e effec t

du e t o ru n . y; — th e effec t

du e t o observer

/
5 9P.6 7 'WiWW 1 "*f*f"P »

an d tli e rando merro r associate dwit

h Y. U Th e mode l assume s tha t

ther e i s n o interactio n betwee n ru n an dobserver
. Thi s assumptio n i s equivalen t t o sayin g thai the observer s wil l b e consistentl y high or

lo w wit h respec t t o eac h other , regardles s o f th e densit

y o f th e plume
. B

y makin g thi s assumption ^ blockin g th e run s in orde r t o mak e a

n estimat e o f

th e within-observer varianc e i s no l necessary . TABL E B7
. ANALYSI S O FVARIANC E FRO M STEA M STATIO

N TES T 3 , 1 % VARIATION
Sourc e Run s Observer s Erro r Tota l d f

7 3 : i 3 1 S S 2105.6 2 45.7 5 174.0 7 2325.4 4 M S

_ * 15.2 5 8.2 9
*No t o f interest
. i-No t significant
. FQ.O S (3-21 ) = 3.07
. F

_ * 1.84 f EM S

—* Ther e wer

e 8 run s by 4 th e observer s i n th e contro l grou p for atota l o f

3 2 determinations
. Th e ANOV A i s summarize dfor

thes e dat ain Tabl e B7
. Th e EM S o f th e erro r ter mi s a 2 , th e within-observe r variance
. Thus , th e estimate dvalu e o f

a 2 i s a 2 = 8.2 9 wit h 2 1 df
. Thi s give s awithin-observe r standar d deviatio n of a=VcU 9

= 2.88
. The EM S of th e observer

ter mi s a 2 + 8o£
. Thus , th e ratio o f lh e observer

ter mt o th e erro r

ter mtest s fo r significance
. The resultan t F-rati o isF c = 1.84
. The critical valu e fo r thi s tes t i s F 0 0 5 (3,21 ) = 3.07
. andthus , th e observer

ter mi s no t significant
. Thi s implie s tha t th e between-observe r

term . a\. i s identical t o o :
. an dgive s b b = b= 2.8 8 percen t opacit y
a s before
. The within-observe r

ter mfo r thes e run s i s highe

r than tha t fo r th e previou s runs . A

n F-tes t i s con ducte dt o determin e if

asignificant

differenc e exist s betwee n th e tru e variance s of th e tw o sets . The F-rati o i s 8.2 9 3.5 7 2.3 2 wit h 2 ! an d9 0 df

. Th e critical value fo

r thi s tes t isF 0 .o s (21
. 90 ) ~ 1.75
. Thus , th e hypothesi s o f equality i s rejected , an dw

e ca n sa y tha t there i s more variabilit

y readin g i

n 1 percen t

increments
. T o determin e i

f ther e was an

y differenc e betwee n the performanc e of th e tw o groups , asecon dANOV A i s don e i n which th e contro l grou p dat ai s included
. The mode l i s

where Yijk = M + ft + 7,7/

+ Pk'+ Pft * + euh
Yijk ~ th e determinatio n b y observer

/ of grou p i i n run k p — th e overal l mea

n
6 0P.6 8 ' TI" ' ||" |

(3 / —th e effec t

du e t o grou p i yj/i — tire effec t

du e t o observer ; i n grou p i Pk —th e effec t

du e t o ru n k p$ik — th e ru n b y grou p interactio n
and eijk

— th e rando merro r

associate dwit h Yjjk A s before , th e ru n b y observe r interactio n i s assume dt o b e zer o an duse dt o estimat e th e erro r term . TABL E B8
. ANALYSI S O FVARIANC E FRO M STEA M STATION TES T 3 , 1%RUNS Sourc e Group s Run s Grou p X Ru n Observer/Grou p Erro r Tota l d f

1 7

, 7 6 4 2 6 3 S S 268.9 6 5549.5 9 408.1 6 127.6 9 476.6 1 6831.0 1 M S

268.9 6 792.8 0 58.3 1 21.2 8 11.3 5 F 4.61 *

- 1



### - t

- t EM S
a " + 8o£ + 16ofc G+ 32a 2 G



### - t o " + 8a" | + 16oJj g a 7 +Sol <7 5
•No t significant
. FQ.0 5 (1,7 ) = 5.59
. tNo t o f interest
. Th e ANOV A i s summarize di n Tabl e B8
. Th e onl y ter mo f interes t i s th e grou p term . Th e F-rati o i s forme db y dividin g th e grou p mea n squar e b y th e grou p b y ru n mea n square . Th e calculate dvalu e isF c = J4.6 1 with.- l an d7 df
. Th e critica l valu e i s Fn.osC l ,7 ) = 5.59 , an ds o n o grou p effec t ca n b e determined
. B.8
. Significanc e o f Reductio n o f Frequenc yo f Larg e Deviation s T o determin e i f

asignifican t

decreas e i s note di n th e frequenc y o f larg e deviations , aconfidenc e interva l i s se t u p aroun dth e observe dproportion
. Th e confidenc e interva l i s constructe dusin g '
P±1.96 P(a -P)
wher e

an d 1.9 6 th e sampl e proportio n

th e numbe r

o f item s i n th e sampl e

th e standar dnorma l deviat e a t th e 95-percen t

confidenc e level
. Th e proportio n o f

larg e deviation s (absolut e valu e greate r tha n 7.5 ) i n th e sampl e i s obtaine db y takin g th e numbe r

o f larg e deviations , an ddividin g b y th e siz e o f th e sample
. Thi s give s j 1 5 14 4

= 0.10
. 6 1P.6 9
.

Substitutin g tiii s int o th e abov e formul agive s 

## /(o.ioxi-o.io ) CI 0 9 5 : 0.1 0 ± 1.9 6 V : :
: 0.10±1.96(0.03 )
o r fro m0.0 5 t o 0.1 5 The frequenc y o f

larg e deviation s i n th e origina l dat aset i s 15/9 6 or

0.16
. Thus , sinc e thi s fall s outsid e th e abov e confidenc e interval , th e tw o may b e sai dt o represen t differen t tru e proportion s o f

occurrence . Thus , th e frequenc y o f

larg e deviation s wa s reduce db y averagin g tw o observers ' result
. B.9 . Multipl e Compariso n Test s an d Composit e Estimatio n Th e slope s o f

th e thre e regressio n line s obtaine das representativ e o f observer deviatio n fro mplum e opacit y ar

e compare dfo r

equalit y usin g th e leas t

significant

differenc e (LSD ) test . Th e tes t statisti c provide s anumbe r whic h mus t

b e exceede di n orde r

for tw o sampl e value s t o b e sai dt o represen t differen t tru e values
. Th e standar ddeviation s o f th e slope s i s calculate das i n Appendi x B. l for eac h regressio n line
. Fo r th e white trainin g generato r

smoke , blac k

trainin g generato r

smok e an dsteamstatio n data , thes e value s ar e 0.04 , 0.05 , an d0.04 , respectively
. Sinc e thes e ar e clos e t o eac h other , i t

i s reasonabl e t o assume tha t ther e i s a commo n variance , sl, for al l thre e slopes , an dt o estimat e i t b y poolin g th e thre e estimates
. A poole dvarianc e i s o f th e for m

; = 1 *P» k 

# Ed* i= 1 where dfi - th e numbe r o f degree s o f

freedo mi n th e /t h sampl e
s 2 — th e varianc e of

th e /'t h sampl e k — th e numbe r

of samples
. Poolin g th e varianc e give s a n estimate dvalu e o f

s 2 , = 0.001 9 with 39 3 df

. Th e d f are obtaine db y sum min g th e d

f fo r th e individual varianc e estimates. Th e LS D at

th e 5-percen t

significanc e level i s give

n by LSD 0 .0 5 = 1-96VS F

= 1.96V0.003 8

= 0.12
. Al l thre e slope s ca

n b e sai dt o b e equivalen t i f the y diffe

r fro meac h othe r

b y n o mor e tha n 0.12
. Th e dif

ferenc e betwee n tli e greates t an dleas t value s i s 0.3 4 - 0.2 4 = 0.10 , s o tha t al l thre e slope s ca

n b e saidt o be estimatin g th e same tru e value
.

6 2P.7 0



### LIS T O F REFERENCE S
1
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , "Standard s o f Performanc e for

New Stationar y Sources, " Federal Register, Vol
. 36 , No
. 247 , December 23 , 1971 , pp . 24876-24893
. 2
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , "Stationar y Sources , Propose dEmissio n Monitorin g an dPerformanc e Testin g Requirements, " Federal Register, Vol
. 39 , No
. 177 , Septembe r 11 , 1974 , pp . 32852-32874
. 3
. Dixon , W.J
. an dMassey , F.J. , Jr. , Introductio n t o Statistical Analysis , 3r dEdition , McGraw-Hill , Ne w York , 1969
.

6 3P.7 1

TECHNICA L REPOR T DAT A (Please read

Instructions on the reverse before completing) 1 REPOR T NO . EPA-650/4-75-00 9 4
. TITL E ANOSUBTITL E "Evaluatio n andCollaborativ e Stud y of Metho dfor

Visua l Determinatio n o f Opacit y o f Emission s fromStationar y Sources. " 7 . AUTHOR(S ) Henr y F
. Hamil , RichardE
. Thoma s an dNolli e F.Swynnerto n 8 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N REPOR T M SwR l #01-3462-00 6 9 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N NAM E AN D ADDRES S Southwes t

Researc h Institut e 850 0 Culebr aRoad Sa n Antonio
. Texa s 7828 4 12 . SPONSORIN G AGENC Y NAM E AN D ADDRES S U.S
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Offic e of Researc h an dDevelopmen t Washington , D.C
. 2046 0 3 . RECIPIENT' S ACCESSION-NO . 5 . REPOR T DAT E Januar y 197 5 (dat e o f

approval ) 6 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N COD E

10 . PROGRA M ELEMEN T NO . 1HA32 7 11 . CONTRACT/GRAN T NO . 68-02-062 6 13 . TYP E O F REPOR T AN D PERIO D COV_.f i Tas k Orde r 14 . SPONSORIN G AGENC Y COD E

15 . SUPPLEMENTAR Y NOTE S

16 . ABSTRAC T

Thi s stud y present s th e result s o f statistica l analyse s o f

determination s ofth e averag e opacit y o f emissions
. Th e determination s ar

e base do n 2 5 reading s made b y qualifie dobserver s a t thre e type s o f

sources . Th e test s wer

e con ducte d1 ) usin g trainin g smok e generators , 2 ) at

asulfuri c aci dplan t

an d3) a t acoal-fire dpowe r

plant
. Observer s use din th e test s came fro mbot h enforcemen t agencie s andprivate companies , an dvarie di n th e amoun t o f field experienc e in th e us e o f

th e method
. Fo r eac h test , th e accurac y an dprecisio n o f th e determination s i s investigated
. Accurac y i s measure db y th e deviatio n o f

th e determinatio n fromaconcurren t meter average , use das tru e opacit y fo r thes e tests . Th e precisio n o f th e metho di s measure da s standar ddeviation s fo r within-observer , observe

r bia s an dbetween-observe r terms . Fo r eac h test , th e expecte drang e o f determination s b y asingle observe r an dth e maximu mdifferenc e expecte dbe

twee n tw o observer s ar

e calculated
. The result s o f

all th e test s ar

e use dt o estimat e th e accurac y andprecisio n ofth e metho dindependen t ofth e natur e o f th e site o

r colo r o f th e plume
. Thes e estimate s sho w areasonabl e degre e o f accurac y an dprecisio n fo r th e metho dwhe n use di n th e probabl e rang e o f opacitie s tha t

woul doccu r

i n fielduse , 0 t o 3 5 percen t opacity
.

17 . KE Y WORD S AN O DOCUMEN T ANALYSI S DESCRIPTOR S b.lDENTIFIERS/OPE N ENDE D TERM S c . COSAT l Field/Grou

p 

# A Emissio n Fiel dtest s Statistical analysi s Plum e Opacit y EP A Metho d9 Stationar y Source s Visua l metho d Smok e generato r Collaborativ e testin g 13 B 14 B

13 . DISTRIBUTIO N STATEMEN T Unlimite d 19 . SECURIT Y CLAS S (This Report) Unclassifie d 2 1 NO . O F PAGE S 7 0 20 . SECURIT Y CLAS S {Thispage) Unclassified 22 . PRIC E
EP A For m 2220- 1 (9-73 )P.7 2 '.'_ •

/ 

### ERRAT A EPA-650/4-75-00 9 EVALUATIO N AN D COLLABORATIV E STUD Y O F METHO D FO R VISUA L DETERMINATIO N O F OPACIT Y O F EMISSION S b y Henr y F
. Hami l Richar dE
. Thoma s Nolli e F
. Swynnerton The followin

g correctio n i s applicable t o th e abov e cite drepor

t which wa s issue

dunde r Project No
. 01-3462-006 , date dJanuary , 1975
. Pag e 3 2 Paragrap h 2 i s deletedi

n it s entiret

y an dth e followin

g paragraph i s substituted : Thi s value i s comparable t o tha t fo r th e 5-percen

t incremen t data
. Fro masecon

dANOV A show n i n Appendix B.7 , the tw o group s o f observers canno t

b e show n t o b e reading differen

t averag e opacitie s o n thes e runs .0 0

ENVIItONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y T#ct»ica l Publication s Branc h Of f i cm o f Administratio n ftasaarch Triangl a Park . N. C 2771 1 POSTAG E AN O 'EE S PAi O ENVIRONMENTA L PHOTfcCTiO N AGENC t

EP A . 33 5

OMICIA L luSlNCS S A N EQUA L OPPORTUNIT Y tMPLOYE R

Retur n thi s shee t i f yo u d o NO T wis h t o receiv e thi s materia l • , or i f chang e o

f addres s i s neede d CD . (Indicat e change , includin g ZI P code. )



## PUBLICATIO N NO . EPA-650/4-75-00 9