PROVISIONAL EDITION

NOVEMBER 2010

RESOLUTIONS

ADOPTED BY THE ASSEMBLY

   

ASSEMBLY – 37th SESSION

Montréal, 28 September—8 October 2010

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

(i) 

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE 37TH SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY 

PROVISIONAL EDITION 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Resolution Page

A37-1 Principles for a code of conduct on the sharing and use of safety information ............... 1 

A37-2 Non-disclosure of certain accident and incident records ................................................. 2 

A37-3 Protecting information from safety data collection and processing systems 

in order to improve aviation safety .................................................................................. 3 

A37-4 ICAO global planning for safety ...................................................................................... 4 

A37-5 The Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) continuous 

monitoring approach ........................................................................................................ 7 

A37-6 Runway safety .................................................................................................................. 9 

A37-7 Comprehensive Regional Implementation Plan for Aviation Safety in Africa ............. 10 

A37-8 Regional cooperation and assistance to resolve safety-related deficiencies .................. 12 

A37-9 Halon replacement ......................................................................................................... 14 

A37-10 Proficiency in the English language used for radiotelephony communications ............ 15 

A37-11 Performance-based navigation global goals .................................................................. 17 

A37-12 ICAO global planning for sustainability ........................................................................ 19 

A37-13 Prevention of spread of communicable disease through air travel ................................ 20 

A37-14 Non-chemical disinsection of the aircraft cabin and flight deck for 

international flights ........................................................................................................ 21 

A37-15 Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and associated 

practices related specifically to air navigation ............................................................... 22 

A37-16 The Safety Fund (SAFE) ............................................................................................... 27 

A37-17 Consolidated statement on the continuing ICAO policies related to 

the safeguarding of international civil aviation against acts of 

unlawful interference ..................................................................................................... 28 

A37-18 Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices 

related to environmental protection – General provisions, 

noise and local air quality .............................................................................................. 41 
Page 

(ii) 

A37-19 Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices 

related to environmental protection – Climate change .................................................. 55 

A37-20 Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies in the 

air transport field ............................................................................................................ 64 

A37-21 Cooperation with regional organizations and regional civil aviation bodies ................. 80 

A37-22 Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO policies in the legal field ....................... 81 

A37-23 Promotion of the Beijing Convention and the Beijing Protocol of 2010 ....................... 86 

A37-24 Promotion of the Montreal Convention of 1999 ............................................................ 87 

A37-25 ICAO Policy on the language services .......................................................................... 87 

A37-26 Budgets for 2011, 2012 and 2013 .................................................................................. 88 

A37-27 Assessments to the General Fund for 2011, 2012 and 2013 .......................................... 90 

A37-28 Working Capital Fund ................................................................................................... 95 

A37-29 Amendment of the Financial Regulations ...................................................................... 97 

A37-30 Approval of the accounts of the Organization for the financial years 

2007, 2008 and 2009 and examination of the Audit Reports thereon ............................ 97 

A37-31 Appointment of the External Auditor ............................................................................ 98 

A37-32 Discharge by Contracting States of financial obligations to the 

Organization and action to be taken in case of their failure to do so ............................. 98 
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE 37TH SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY 

PROVISIONAL EDITION 

A37-1: Principles for a code of conduct on the sharing and use of safety 

information 

Whereas ensuring the safety of international civil aviation is the responsibility of Member States 

both collectively and individually; 

Whereas the Convention and its Annexes provide the legal and operational framework upon 

which Member States can build a civil aviation safety system based on mutual trust and recognition, 

requiring that all Member States fulfil their obligations in implementing the Standards and Recommended 

Practices (SARPs) and in adequately performing safety oversight; 

Recalling that mutual trust between States, as well as public confidence in the safety of air 

transportation is contingent upon access to adequate information regarding the implementation of 

international SARPs; 

Recalling that transparency and the sharing of such information are fundamental tenets of a safe 

air transportation system and that one of the objectives of sharing information is to ensure a consistent, 

fact-based and transparent response to safety concerns at the State and at the global levels; 

Recognizing that the safety information in the possession of individual States, aviation industry 

and aviation organizations regarding the existence of operational hazards has the potential to provide a 

clearer perspective on existing and emerging areas of risk and the opportunity for timely interventions to 

improve safety when shared and acted upon collectively; 

Recognizing that there is a need to develop principles of confidentiality and transparency to 

ensure that safety information is used in an appropriate, fair and consistent manner, solely to improve 

aviation safety and not for inappropriate purposes, including for the purpose of gaining economic 

advantage; and 

Mindful that the use of such information for other than safety-related purposes may inhibit the 

provision of such information, with an adverse effect on aviation safety: 

The Assembly: 

1. Instructs the Council to develop a Code of Conduct for the Sharing and Use of Safety 

Information based on the following principles, among others 

a) Member States will collect and share relevant and appropriate safety information to 

ensure that they can effectively discharge their individual and collective 

responsibilities for the safety of international civil aviation; 

b) Member States will utilize safety information to assist in ensuring that operations 

under their oversight are conducted in full compliance with applicable SARPs and 

other regulations; 

c) Member States, aviation industry and aviation organizations will ensure that shared 

safety information is used in an appropriate, fair and consistent manner, solely to 

improve aviation safety; 
- 2 - 

d) Member States, aviation industry and aviation organizations will use caution in 

disclosing information, keeping in mind equally the need for transparency and the 

possibility that such disclosure may inhibit the future provision of such information; 

and 

e) Member States receiving safety information from another State, will agree to provide 

levels of confidentiality and uphold principles for disclosure equivalent to those 

provided by the State generating the information. 

A37-2: Non-disclosure of certain accident and incident records 

Whereas the primary objective of the Organization continues to be that of ensuring the safety of 

international civil aviation worldwide; 

Whereas it is essential that cognizance be taken that it is not the purpose of the investigation of 

accidents and incidents to apportion blame or liability; 

Recognizing that it is essential that all relevant information be made available to the accident 

investigators to facilitate the establishment of the causes and/or contributing factors of accidents and 

incidents in order to enable preventative action to be taken; 

Recognizing that the prevention of accidents is essential to safeguard the continued confidence in 

air transport; 

Recognizing that public attention will continue to focus on States’ investigative actions, including 

calls for access to accident and incident records; 

Recognizing that the protection of certain accident and incident records from inappropriate use is 

essential to ensure the continued availability of all relevant information to accident investigators in future 

investigations; 

Recognizing that the use of information, derived from accident investigations, for disciplinary, 

civil, administrative and criminal proceedings is generally not a means to improve aviation safety; 

Recognizing that the measures taken so far to ensure the protection of certain accident and 

incident records may not be sufficient, and noting the issuance by ICAO of legal guidance to assist States 

in this regard; 

Recognizing that the legal guidance in Attachment E to Annex 13 has assisted many States in the 

development and implementation of means to protect certain accident and incident records from 

inappropriate use; 

Considering that a balance needs to be struck between the need for the protection of safety 

information and the need for the proper administration of justice, and that protection should be to a level 

commensurate with the nature of the information each source generates, as well as with the purpose of 

disclosure of such information; 

Mindful that the accident investigation authorities and the civil aviation authorities acknowledged 

the need for further study by ICAO on the protection of safety information; and 
- 3 - 

Recognizing the recommendations of the High-level Safety Conference 2010 to establish a 

multidisciplinary group to address the protection of certain safety information: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges Contracting States to continue to examine and if necessary adjust their laws, 

regulations and policies to protect certain accident and incident records in compliance with paragraph 

5.12 of Annex 13, in order to mitigate impediments to accident and incident investigations, in 

consideration of the legal guidance for the protection of information from safety data collection and 

processing systems issued by ICAO; 

2. Instructs the Council to consider to enhance, in view of the results of the work of the 

multidisciplinary group, the provisions on the protection of certain accident and incident records with the 

aim of facilitating the implementation of Annex 13 provisions addressing the protection of safety 

information, taking into account the necessary interaction between safety and judicial authorities in the 

context of open reporting culture; and 

3. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-8. 

A37-3: Protecting information from safety data collection and

processing systems in order to improve aviation safety 

Whereas the primary objective of the Organization continues to be that of ensuring the safety of 

international civil aviation worldwide; 

Recognizing the importance of the free communication of safety information amongst the 

stakeholders of the aviation system; 

Recognizing that the protection of safety information from inappropriate use is essential to ensure 

the continued availability of all relevant safety information, to enable proper and timely preventive 

actions to be taken; 

Concerned by a trend for safety information to be used for disciplinary and enforcement actions 

and to be admitted as evidence in judicial proceedings; 

Noting the importance of a balanced environment in which disciplinary action is not taken as 

consequence of actions by operational personnel that are commensurate with their experience and 

training, but where gross negligence or wilful violations are not tolerated; 

Mindful that the use of safety information for other than safety-related purposes may inhibit the 

provision of such information, with an adverse effect on aviation safety; 

Considering that a balance needs to be struck between the need for the protection of safety 

information and the need for the proper administration of justice, and that protection should be to a level 

commensurate with the nature of the information each source generates, as well as with the purpose of 

disclosure of such information; 

Recognizing that technological advances have made possible new safety data collection, 

processing and exchange systems, resulting in multiple sources of safety information that are essential in 

order to improve aviation safety; 
- 4 - 

Noting that existing international laws, as well as national laws and regulations in many States, 

may not adequately address the manner in which safety information is protected from inappropriate use; 

Noting the issuance by ICAO of legal guidance aimed at assisting States enact national laws and 

regulations to protect information gathered from safety data collection and processing systems, while 

allowing for the proper administration of justice; 

Recognizing that the legal guidance in Attachment E to Annex 13 has assisted many States in the 

development and implementation of means to protect information gathered from safety data collection 

and processing systems; 

Mindful that the civil aviation authorities acknowledged the need for a further study by ICAO on 

the protection of safety information; and 

Recognizing the recommendations of the High-level Safety Conference 2010 to establish a 

multidisciplinary group to address the protection of certain safety information: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges all Contracting States to continue to examine their existing legislation and adjust 

as necessary, or enact laws and regulations to protect information gathered from all relevant safety data 

collection and processing systems based, to the extent possible, on the legal guidance developed by 

ICAO; 

2. Urges the Council to cooperate with Contracting States and appropriate international 

organizations regarding the development and implementation of guidance to support the establishment of 

effective safety-reporting systems, and the achievement of a balanced environment where valuable 

information derived from all relevant safety data collection and processing systems is readily accessible, 

while respecting principles of administration of justice and freedom of information; 

3. Instructs the Council to consider to enhance, in view of the results of the work of the 

multidisciplinary group, the provisions on the protection of information gathered from safety data 

collection and processing systems (SDCPS) with a view to ensure and sustain the availability of safety 

information required for the management of safety, taking into account the necessary interaction between 

safety and judicial authorities in the context of open reporting culture; and 

4. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-9. 

A37-4: ICAO global planning for safety 

Whereas ICAO strives to achieve the goal of a safe and orderly development of civil aviation 

through cooperation among Contracting States and other stakeholders; 

Whereas to realize this goal, the Organization has established Strategic Objectives in the fields of, 

inter alia, safety and efficiency; 

Recognizing the importance of a global framework to support the Strategic Objectives of ICAO; 

Recognizing the importance of regional and national plans and initiatives based on the global 

framework for effective implementation; and 
- 5 - 

Recognizing that further progress in improving global safety and efficiency of civil aviation is 

best achieved through a cooperative, collaborative and coordinated approach in partnership with all 

stakeholders under the leadership of ICAO; 

The Assembly: 

1. Resolves that ICAO shall implement and keep current the Global Aviation Safety Plan 

(GASP) and the Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP) to support the relevant Strategic Objectives of the 

Organization; 

2. Resolves that these global plans shall be implemented and kept current in close 

cooperation and coordination with all concerned stakeholders; 

3. Resolves that these global plans shall provide the framework in which regional, 

subregional and national implementation plans will be developed and implemented thus ensuring 

harmonization and coordination of efforts aimed at improving international civil aviation safety and 

efficiency; 

4. Calls upon States and invites other stakeholders to cooperate in the development and 

implementation of regional, subregional and national plans based on the framework of the global plans; 

5. Instructs the Council to provide a report on the implementation and evolution of the 

global plans to future regular sessions of the Assembly; 

6. Instructs the Secretary General to promote, make available and effectively communicate 

the GANP, GASP and its associated Global Aviation Safety Roadmap (GASR) global plans; and 

7. Declares that this Assembly resolution supersedes Assembly Resolution A36-7 on the 

ICAO Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP). 

APPENDIX 

Global Aviation Safety Plan 

Reaffirming that the primary objective of the Organization continues to be the improvement of 

safety and an associated reduction in the number of accidents and related fatalities within the international 

civil aviation system; 

Recognizing that safety is a shared responsibility involving ICAO, Contracting States and all 

other stakeholders; 

Recognizing the safety benefits that can be drawn from partnerships between States and industry 

such as the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST), the European Strategic Safety Initiative (ESSI), 

the Regional Aviation Safety Group-Pan-American (RASG-PA) and the African and Indian Ocean 

Islands Safety Enhancement Team (ASET); 

Recognizing that the High-level Safety Conference (2010) reaffirmed the need for the ICAO 

safety framework to continuously evolve to ensure its sustained effectiveness and efficiency in the 

changing regulatory, economic and technical environment; 
- 6 - 

Noting that the expected increase in international civil aviation traffic will result in an increasing 

number of aircraft accidents unless the accident rate is reduced; 

Realizing the need to maintain the public’s confidence in air transport through the dissemination 

of safety information; 

Recognizing that a proactive approach in which safety risks are identified and managed is of 

paramount importance to the achievement of further improvements in aviation safety; 

Recognizing that regional aviation safety groups should be implemented by ICAO, taking into 

account the needs of the various regions and building on the already existing structures and forms of 

cooperation; 

Noting with satisfaction the Global Aviation Safety Roadmap as developed by key industry 

partners acting as the Industry Safety Strategy Group (ISSG) with ICAO and which forms the basis for 

the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP); 

Noting the intent to continuously apply the GASP as a tool to enhance safety by focusing action 

where it is most needed; and 

Noting the unified strategy established by ICAO to resolve safety-related deficiencies: 

The Assembly: 

1. Stresses the need for continuous improvement of aviation safety through a reduction in 

the number of accidents and related fatalities in air transport operations in all parts of the world, 

particularly in States where safety records are significantly worse than the worldwide average; 

2. Stresses that limited resources of the international aviation community should be used in 

the first place to support States or regions whose safety performance is not at an acceptable level and 

where political willingness exists to improve safety oversight functions; 

3. Urges Contracting States to support the GASP objectives by: 

 a) implementing the State Safety Programme (SSP); 

 b) expeditiously implementing safety management systems across the aviation industry 

to complement the existing regulatory framework; 

 c) sharing operational safety intelligence among States and relevant aviation 

stakeholders; 

 d) ensuring that the travelling public has access to easily understandable safety-related 

information to enable informed decisions; 

 e) creating an environment in which the reporting and sharing of information is 

encouraged and facilitated and in which remedial action is undertaken in a timely 

fashion when deficiencies are reported; and 

 f) reporting accident and incident data as required to ICAO; 
- 7 - 

4. Urges Contracting States, regional safety oversight organizations and international 

organizations concerned to work with all stakeholders to implement the GASP objectives and GASR 

methodology objectives and to implement these methodologies to reduce the number and rate of aircraft 

accidents; 

5. Urges Contracting States to demonstrate the political will necessary for taking remedial 

actions to address deficiencies including those identified by Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme 

(USOAP) audits and through the application of GASP objectives and the ICAO regional planning 

process; 

6. Urges States to fully exercise safety oversight of their operators in full compliance with 

applicable Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), and assure themselves that foreign operators 

flying in their territory receive adequate oversight from their own State and take appropriate action when 

necessary to preserve safety; 

7. Urges States to develop sustainable safety solutions to fully exercise their safety 

oversight responsibilities. This can be achieved by sharing resources, utilizing internal and/or external 

resources, such as regional and subregional safety oversight organizations and the expertise of other 

States; and 

8. Urges Contracting States, the industry and financing institutions to provide the needed 

support for the coordinated implementation of the ICAO Global Aviation Safety Plan, avoiding 

duplication of efforts. 

A37-5: The Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)

continuous monitoring approach 

Whereas the primary objective of the Organization continues to be that of ensuring the safety of 

international civil aviation worldwide; 

Whereas Article 37 of the Convention requires each Contracting State to collaborate in securing 

the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures and organization in 

relation to all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation; 

Whereas safety oversight, and the safety of international civil aviation in general, is the 

responsibility of Contracting States, both collectively and individually, it also depends on the active 

collaboration of ICAO, Contracting States, industry and all other stakeholders in the implementation of 

the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP); 

Whereas the DGCA/06 Conference made recommendations to allow public access to appropriate 

information on safety oversight audits and to develop an additional mechanism to rapidly resolve 

significant safety concerns (SSCs) identified under USOAP; 

Whereas the High Level Safety Conference (HLSC) 2010 made recommendations for ICAO to 

develop criteria for the sharing of SSCs with interested stakeholders and to assess how the information on 

SSCs could be shared with the public in a form which would allow them to make an informed decision 

about the safety of air transportation; 

Whereas the HLSC 2010 made recommendations for ICAO to enter into new agreements and 

amend existing agreements for the sharing of confidential safety information with international entities 

and organizations in order to reduce the burden on States caused by repetitive audits or inspections and to 

decrease the duplication of monitoring activities; 
- 8 - 

Recalling that the 32nd Session of the Assembly resolved that a Universal Safety Oversight Audit 

Programme (USOAP) be established, comprising regular, mandatory, systematic and harmonized safety 

oversight audits to be carried out by ICAO; 

Whereas the implementation of the USOAP has been a major achievement for aviation safety, 

successfully meeting the mandate given by Resolutions A32-11 and A35-6 and providing the ability to 

evaluate contracting States’ oversight capabilities and identify areas of improvement; 

Recalling that Assembly Resolution A33-8 requested the Council to ensure the long-term 

financial sustainability of the USOAP, phasing in all of its activities into the Regular Programme budget; 

Recalling the objectives of the USOAP, which seeks to ensure that Contracting States are 

adequately discharging their responsibilities for safety oversight;

Recognizing that it is essential that the USOAP continue to cover all safety-related Annex 

provisions in order to promote the adequate implementation of safety-related Standards and 

Recommended Practices; 

Recognizing that the Secretary General has taken appropriate steps to ensure the establishment of 

an independent quality assurance mechanism to monitor and assess Programme quality; 

Recognizing that the effective implementation of State action plans is essential to enhance the 

overall safety of global air navigation; 

Recognizing the safety enhancement contributions resulting from audits conducted by 

international and regional organizations, including those organizations that have agreements with ICAO 

such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), International Air Transport Association (IATA) 

and European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL); 

Recognizing that transparency and the sharing of safety information is one of the fundamental 

tenets of a safe air transportation system; and 

Recognizing that regional safety oversight organizations (RSOOs) have an important role in the 

USOAP CMA and that, wherever applicable, the word “States” below should be read to include RSOOs:

The Assembly: 

1. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary General on the successful implementation of 

the USOAP Comprehensive System Approach; 

2. Directs the Secretary General, from 1 January 2011, to evolve the USOAP to a 

continuous monitoring approach (CMA), which will incorporate the analysis of safety risk factors and be 

applied on a universal basis in order to assess States’ oversight capabilities; 

3. Directs the Secretary General to ensure that the CMA continues to maintain as core 

elements the key safety provisions contained in Annex 1 — Personnel Licensing, Annex 6 — Operation 

of Aircraft, Annex 8 — Airworthiness of Aircraft, Annex 11 — Air Traffic Services, Annex 13 — Aircraft 

Accident and Incident Investigation, and Annex 14 — Aerodromes; 

4. Directs the Secretary General to continue to ensure the maintenance of the quality 

assurance mechanism established to monitor and assess Programme quality, and the transparency of all 

aspects of the continuous monitoring process; 

5. Directs the Council to develop criteria for the sharing of SSCs with interested 

stakeholders and assess how the information on SSCs could be shared with the public in a form which 

would allow them to make an informed decision about the safety of air transportation; 
- 9 - 

6. Directs the Secretary General to make all safety oversight-related information generated 

by the CMA available to all Contracting States through the ICAO restricted website; 

7. Directs the Secretary General to continue to foster coordination and cooperation between 

USOAP and audit programmes of other organizations related to aviation safety; for the sharing of 

confidential safety information in order to reduce the burden on States caused by repetitive audits or 

inspections and to decrease the duplication of monitoring activities; 

8. Directs the Secretary General to continue to enhance the Flight Safety Information 

Exchange (FSIX), for the purpose of facilitating the sharing of safety-critical information among 

Contracting States, industry and other stakeholders, as appropriate; 

9. Calls on all Contracting States able to do so to second qualified and experienced 

technical staff to ICAO on a long- or short-term basis, with a view to enabling the Organization to 

continue to successfully implement the Programme; 

10. Urges all Contracting States to submit to ICAO, in a timely manner, and keep up to date 

all the information and documentation requested by ICAO for the purpose of ensuring the effective 

implementation of the USOAP-CMA; 

11. Urges all Contracting States to cooperate with ICAO and as much as practicable to accept 

Continuous Monitoring activities scheduled by the Organization, including audits and validation 

missions, in order to facilitate the smooth functioning of the USOAP-CMA; 

12. Urges all Contracting States to share with other Contracting States critical safety 

information which may have an impact on the safety of international air navigation and to facilitate access 

to all relevant safety information; 

13. Encourages Contracting States to make full use of available safety information when 

performing their safety oversight functions, including during inspections as provided for in Article 16 of 

the Convention; 

14. Reminds Contracting States of the need for surveillance of all aircraft operations, 

including foreign aircraft within their territory and to take appropriate action when necessary to preserve 

safety; 

15. Directs that the Council report to the next ordinary session of the Assembly on the 

overall implementation of the USOAP-CMA; and 

16. Declares that Resolutions A35-6: Transition to a comprehensive systems approach for 

audits in the ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) and A36-4: Application of a 

continuous monitoring approach for the ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) 

beyond 2010, as well as articles one to six of A36-2: Unified strategy to resolve safety-related 

deficiencies have been superseded by this resolution. 

A37-6: Runway safety 

Whereas runway accidents constitute a large portion of all accidents and have resulted in a great 

number of fatalities; 

Whereas runway excursions are the highest single occurrence category of all accidents over the 

last ten years for all commercial and general aviation operations of fixed-wing aircraft above 5 700 kg 

certified maximum take-off mass; 
- 10 - 

Whereas there are several areas of technological development underway in the aviation industry 

that show great promise in the prevention and mitigation of runway accidents and serious incidents: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges States to take measures to enhance runway safety, including the establishment of 

runway safety programmes using a multidisciplinary approach, that include at least regulators, aircraft 

operators, air navigation services providers, aerodrome operators and aircraft manufacturers to prevent 

and mitigate the effects of runway excursions, runway incursions and other occurrences related to runway 

safety; 

2. Resolves that ICAO shall actively pursue runway safety using a multidisciplinary 

approach; and 

3. Invites States to monitor runway safety events and related precursors as part of the safety 

data collection and processing system established under their State Safety Programmes. 

Associated Practices 

1. The runway safety programmes should be based on inter-organizational safety 

management including the creation of local runway safety teams that address prevention and mitigation of 

runway excursions, runway incursions and other occurrences related to runway safety. 

2. The Council should further develop provisions to assist States in establishing runway 

safety programmes. 

3. States should be encouraged to participate in global and regional seminars and workshops 

to exchange safety information and best practices on runway safety. 

A37-7: Comprehensive Regional Implementation Plan for Aviation 

Safety in Africa 

Whereas ICAO continues to play its leadership role to reduce serious deficiencies in the AfricaIndian Ocean (AFI) Region which are detrimental to the functioning and further development of 

international civil aviation; 

Noting that actions taken by ICAO under the Comprehensive Regional Implementation Plan for 

Aviation Safety in Africa (the AFI Plan) have begun to demonstrate positive progress in enhancing 

aviation safety in the continent; 

Recognizing that success in fully achieving the objectives of the AFI Plan mainly depends on the 

efforts made by the African States themselves; 

Recognizing that many Contracting States in the AFI Region, despite the efforts they make, 

would, in the immediate future, require continued technical and/or financial support from ICAO and other 

stakeholders to comply with the requirements of the Chicago Convention and its Annexes; 

Recognizing that many African States cannot, on their own, support an effective and sustainable 

national safety oversight system and therefore have to be urged and supported to establish regional safety 

oversight organizations; 
- 11 - 

Recalling Recommendation 4/5 of the Special Africa-Indian Ocean Regional Air Navigation 

Meeting (SP AFI/08 RAN) on the establishment of regional accident investigation agencies 

alongside the development and establishment of regional safety oversight organizations, thus 

enabling States to meet their international obligations in the area of accident investigation by 

collaborating and sharing resources;

Noting that ICAO, under its AFI Comprehensive Implementation Programme (ACIP), has begun 

to support many African States to establish a Regional Safety Oversight Organizations and Regional 

Accident Investigation Agencies; 

Noting the recommendations of the ICAO and AFCAC joint meeting on enhancement of aviation 

safety in Africa held in N’djamena, Chad on 13 May 2010; 

Noting that regional organizations initiated or established in the AFI Region will continue to 

require ICAO support for the near future and until they are solidly established and self-supporting; 

Recognizing the benefit of continuing to coordinate, under the ICAO umbrella, activities of all 

stakeholders providing assistance to States in the AFI Region; 

Recognizing that ICAO will require additional resources to successfully carry out the support it 

provides to States in the AFI Region; and 

Noting that strong Regional Offices would be a positive catalyst for the enhancement of aviation 

safety in the AFI Region: 

The Assembly: 

1. Welcomes the considerable effort made by African States and regional organizations to 

enhance aviation safety; 

2. Declares that the implementation of ACIP programme activities will continue within the 

work programme of the African Regional Offices;

3. Urges the Secretary General to ensure that the African Regional Offices are provided 

with the required personnel and financial resources to ensure the effective continuation of the work 

programme initiated by ACIP; 

4. Urges Contracting States of the AFI Region to commit to and accelerate the 

establishment of regional safety oversight organizations and regional accident investigation agencies, 

where required, and strengthen cooperation across the region in order to make the optimum use of 

available resources; 

5. Instructs the Council to notify States, industry and donors of the priority projects arising 

from the gap analysis; 

6. Urges States, industry and donors to implement priority projects identified by the gap 

analysis, performed in accordance with the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP); 

7. Urges States, industry and donors to make contributions in cash and kind towards the 

implementation of the AFI Plan and instructs the Council to recognize all such contributions; 
- 12 - 

8. Urges African States, ICAO and AFCAC to jointly address deficiencies identified 

through the safety oversight audits and implement the recommendations made by the ICAO/AFCAC joint 

meeting on aviation safety in Africa; 

9. Instructs the Council to monitor the implementation of the recommendations of the joint 

ICAO/AFCAC meeting on aviation safety in Africa; 

10. Instructs the Council to ensure a stronger ICAO leadership role in coordinating activities, 

initiatives and implementation strategies aimed specifically at implementing priority projects to achieve 

sustainable improvement of flight safety in the AFI Region and to allocate resources to the relevant 

Regional Offices accordingly; 

11. Instructs the Council to monitor and measure the status of implementation in the AFI 

Region throughout the triennium and to report to the next ordinary session of the Assembly on the 

progress made; and 

12. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-1. 

A37-8: Regional cooperation and assistance to resolve safety-related 

deficiencies 

Whereas a primary objective of the Organization continues to be that of ensuring the safety of 

international civil aviation worldwide; 

Whereas ensuring the safety of international civil aviation is also the responsibility of Contracting 

States both collectively and individually; 

Whereas in accordance with Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation each 

Contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of uniformity in 

regulation, standards, procedures and organization in relation to aircraft, personnel, airports, airways and 

auxiliary services in all matters in which uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation; 

Whereas the improvement of the safety of international civil aviation on a worldwide basis 

requires the active collaboration of all stakeholders; 

Whereas the Convention and its Annexes provide the legal and operational framework for 

Contracting States to build a civil aviation safety system based on mutual trust and recognition, requiring 

that all Contracting States implement the SARPs as far as practicable and adequately perform safety 

oversight; 

Whereas the results of the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) indicate that 

several Contracting States have not yet been able to establish a satisfactory national safety oversight 

system; 

Whereas ICAO plays a leadership role in facilitating the implementation of SARPs and the 

rectification of safety-related deficiencies; 

Whereas the High-level Safety Conference (2010) recommended that States should support ICAO 

in efforts to foster the development and sustainability of regional safety oversight organizations and 

should participate and actively support regional safety oversight organizations whenever possible; 
- 13 - 

Whereas ICAO has a Policy on Regional Cooperation which is committed to render assistance, 

advice and any other form of support, to the extent possible, in the technical and policy aspects of 

international civil aviation to Contracting States in carrying out their responsibilities pertaining to the 

Convention on International Civil Aviation and ICAO Strategic Objectives, inter alia by promoting 

regional cooperation through close partnerships with regional organizations and regional civil aviation 

bodies; 

Recognizing that not all Contracting States have the requisite human, technical and financial 

resources to adequately perform safety oversight; 

Recognizing that the establishment of subregional and regional aviation safety and safety 

oversight bodies, including regional safety oversight organizations, has great potential to assist States in 

complying with their obligations under the Chicago Convention through economies of scale and 

harmonization on a larger scale; and

Recognizing that the assistance available to Contracting States experiencing difficulties in 

correcting deficiencies identified through the safety oversight audits would be greatly enhanced by 

coordination amongst all Contracting States, ICAO and other concerned parties in civil aviation 

operations: 

The Assembly: 

1. Directs the Council to promote the concept of regional cooperation for the purpose of 

enhancing safety and safety oversight, including the establishment of regional safety oversight 

organizations; 

2. Directs the Council to continue to partner with Contracting States, industry and other 

stakeholders for coordinating and facilitating the provision of financial and technical assistance to States 

and subregional and regional safety and safety oversight bodies, including regional safety oversight 

organizations, in order to enhance safety and strengthen safety oversight capabilities; 

3. Directs the Council to continue the analysis of relevant safety-critical information for 

determining effective means of providing assistance to States and subregional and regional safety and 

safety oversight bodies, including regional safety oversight organizations; 

4. Directs the Council to continue implementing an Implementation Support and 

Development – Safety (ISD-Safety) Programme to provide assistance to States and subregional and 

regional safety and safety oversight bodies, including regional safety oversight organizations; 

5. Urges Contracting States to develop and further strengthen regional and sub-regional 

cooperation in order to promote the highest degree of aviation safety; 

6. Encourages Contracting States to foster the creation of regional or sub-regional 

partnerships to collaborate in the development of solutions to common problems to build State safety 

oversight capability, and to participate in, or provide tangible support for, the strengthening and 

furtherance of subregional and regional aviation safety and safety oversight bodies, including regional 

safety oversight organizations; 

7. Encourages Contracting States to establish partnerships with other States, industry, air 

navigation service providers, financial institutions and other stakeholders to strengthen safety oversight 

capabilities, in order to better discharge State responsibilities and foster a safer international civil aviation 

system; 
- 14 - 

8. Requests the Council to report to the next ordinary session of the Assembly on the overall 

implementation of the Programme; and 

9. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolutions A36-2 and A36-3. 

A37-9: Halon replacement 

Whereas halons contribute to climate change and are no longer being produced by international 

agreement because they are ozone-depleting chemicals, and have been used as fire-extinguishing agents 

in commercial transport aircraft for 45 years; 

Recognizing that more needs to be done because the available halon supplies are dwindling and 

that the environmental community continues to be concerned that halon alternatives have not been 

developed for all fire extinguishing systems in civil aircraft; 

Recognizing that the Minimum Performance Standard for each application of halon has been 

developed already by the International Aircraft Systems Fire Protection Working Group with participation 

by industry and regulatory authorities; 

Recognizing that there are stringent aircraft-specific requirements for each application of halon 

that must be met before a replacement can be implemented; 

Recognizing that the production and import/export of halon is prohibited by international 

agreement, thus halon is mainly available by recycling existing supplies. Thus recycling of halon gas 

needs to be rigorously controlled to prevent the possibility of contaminated halon being supplied to the 

aviation industry; 

Recognizing that any strategy must depend on alternatives that do not pose an unacceptable 

environmental or health risk as compared to the halons they are replacing; and 

Recognizing that while halon alternatives for lavatories are available, and that progress has been 

made in the development of halon alternatives in hand-held fire extinguishers, more work is needed in the 

development of halon alternatives for cargo compartment and engine/auxiliary power unit fire 

extinguishing systems, and that regular reviews are necessary to evaluate and understand the implication 

of potential halon alternatives on the industry and the environment: 

The Assembly:

1. Agrees with the urgency of the need to continue developing and implementing halon 

alternatives for civil aviation; 

2. Urges States to intensify development of acceptable halon alternatives for fire 

extinguishing systems in cargo compartments and engine/auxiliary power units, and to continue work 

towards improving halon alternatives for hand-held fire extinguishers; 

3. Directs the Council to establish a mandate for the replacement of halon: 

— in lavatory fire extinguishing systems used in aircraft produced after a specified date 

in the 2011 timeframe; 

— in hand-held fire extinguishers used in aircraft produced after a specified date in the 

2016 timeframe; and 
- 15 - 

— in engine and auxiliary power unit fire extinguishing systems used in aircraft for 

which application for type certification will be submitted after a specified date in the 

2014 timeframe; 

4. Directs the Council to conduct regular reviews of the status of potential halon alternatives 

to support the agreed upon implementation dates given the evolving situation regarding the suitability of

potential halon alternative agents as they continue to be identified, tested, certified and implemented; 

5. Urges States to advise their aircraft manufacturers, approved maintenance organizations, 

air operators, chemical suppliers, and fire-extinguishing companies to verify the quality of halon in their 

possession or provided by suppliers through effective testing or certification to an international or State 

recognized quality standard. States are also urged to require that the quality systems of air operators, 

approved maintenance organizations, and manufacturers provide a means for requesting from halon 

suppliers certification documentation attesting to the quality of halon to an established and recognized 

international standard; 

6. Encourages ICAO to continue collaboration with the International Aircraft Systems Fire 

Protection Working Group and the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat 

through its Technology and Economic Assessment Panel’s Halons Technical Options Committee on the 

topic of halon alternatives for civil aviation; 

7. Urges States to inform ICAO regularly of their halon reserves and directs the Secretary 

General to report the results to the Council. Further, the Council is directed to report on the status of 

halon reserves at the next ordinary session of the Assembly; 

8. Resolves that the Council shall report to the next ordinary session of the Assembly on 

progress made developing halon alternatives for cargo compartments and engine/auxiliary power unit fire 

extinguishing systems as well as the status of halon alternatives for hand-held fire extinguishers; and 

9. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-12. 

A37-10: Proficiency in the English language used for radiotelephony 

communications 

Whereas to prevent accidents, ICAO introduced language provisions to ensure that air traffic 

personnel and pilots are proficient in conducting and comprehending radiotelephony communications in 

the English language, including requirements that the English language shall be available on request at all 

stations on the ground serving designated airports and routes used by international air services; 

Recognizing that the language provisions reinforce the requirement to use ICAO standardized 

phraseology in all situations for which it has been specified; 

Recognizing that Contracting States have made substantial efforts to comply with the language 

proficiency requirements; 

Recognizing that some Contracting States encounter considerable difficulties in implementing the 

language proficiency requirements including the establishment of language training and testing 

capabilities; 

Recognizing that some Contracting States required additional time to implement the language 

proficiency provisions beyond the applicability date; 
- 16 - 

Whereas in accordance with Article 38 of the Convention any Contracting State which finds it 

impracticable to comply in all respects with any international standard or procedure is obliged to give 

immediate notification to ICAO; 

Whereas in accordance with Article 39 b) of the Convention any person holding a licence not 

satisfying in full the conditions laid down in the international standard relating to the class of licence or 

certificate held, shall have endorsed on or attached to the licence all the particulars in which this person 

does not satisfy such conditions; and 

Whereas pursuant to Article 40 of the Convention no personnel having certificates or licences so 

endorsed shall participate in international navigation, except with the permission of the State or States 

whose territory is entered: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges the Contracting States to use ICAO standardized phraseology in all situations for 

which it has been specified; 

2. Directs the Council to continue to support Contracting States in their implementation of 

the language proficiency requirements; 

3. Urges Contracting States to assist each other in their implementation of the language 

proficiency requirements; 

4. Urges Contracting States that have not complied with the language proficiency 

requirement by the applicability date to post their language proficiency implementation plans including 

their interim measures to mitigate risk, as required, for pilots, air traffic controllers and aeronautical 

station operators involved in international operations on the ICAO website as outlined in accordance with 

the associated practices below and ICAO guidance material; 

5. Urges Contracting States to waive the permission requirement under Article 40 of the 

Convention, in the airspace under their jurisdiction for pilots who do not yet meet the ICAO Language 

Proficiency Requirements, for a period not exceeding three years after the applicability date of 

5 March 2008, provided that the States which issued or rendered valid the licences have made their 

implementation plans available to all other Contracting States and have notified ICAO of the differences 

pertaining to language provisions; 

6. Urges Contracting States not to restrict their operators, conducting commercial or general 

aviation operations, from entering the airspace under the jurisdiction or responsibility of other States 

where air traffic controllers or radio station operators do not yet meet the language proficiency 

requirements for a period not exceeding three years after the applicability date of 5 March 2008, provided 

that those States have made their implementation plans available to all other Contracting States and have 

notified ICAO of the differences pertaining to language provisions; 

7. Urges Contracting States not yet fully compliant on 5 March 2011 to continue to provide 

ICAO with regularly updated implementation plans including progress achieved in meeting their 

timelines for full compliance; 

8. Urges Contracting States after 5 March 2011 to take a flexible approach towards States 

that do not yet meet the Language Proficiency Requirements, yet are making progress as evidenced in 

their implementation plans. Decisions concerning operations should be made on a non-discriminatory 

basis and not be made for the purpose of gaining economic advantage; 
- 17 - 

9. Directs the Council to monitor the status of implementation of the Language Proficiency 

Requirements and take necessary actions to advance safety and maintain the regularity of international 

civil aviation; 

10. Requests the Council to submit to the next ordinary session of the Assembly a report 

regarding the implementation of the ICAO language proficiency requirements; and 

11. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-11. 

Associated practices 

Contracting States that did not meet the Language Proficiency Requirements by 5 March 2008 

should: 

1. Develop implementation plans for the Language Proficiency Requirements that include 

the following: 

a) a timeline for adoption of the Language Proficiency Requirements in their national 

regulations; 

b) a timeline for establishment of language training and assessment capabilities; 

c) a description of a risk-based prioritization system for the interim measures to be put 

in place until full compliance with the Language Proficiency Requirements is 

achieved; 

d) timelines, with identifiable milestones, for full implementation of the Language 

Proficiency Requirements; 

e) a procedure for endorsing licences to indicate the holders’ language proficiency level; 

and 

f) designation of a national focal point in relation to the English language proficiency 

implementation plan; 

2. Make their language proficiency implementation plans available to all other Contracting 

States by posting their plans on the ICAO website and update them on a regular basis until full 

implementation has been achieved; 

3. Notify ICAO of differences to the language proficiency Standards and Recommended 

Practices; and 

4. Publish differences to the Language Proficiency Requirements in relation to the provision 

of air navigation services in their Aeronautical Information Publications. 

A37-11: Performance-based navigation global goals 

Whereas a primary objective of ICAO is that of ensuring the safe and efficient performance of the 

global Air Navigation System; 

Whereas the improvement of the performance of the air navigation system on a harmonized, 

worldwide basis requires the active collaboration of all stakeholders; 
- 18 - 

Whereas the Eleventh Air Navigation Conference recommended that ICAO, as a matter of 

urgency, address and progress the issues associated with the introduction of area navigation (RNAV) and 

required navigation performance (RNP); 

Whereas the Eleventh Air Navigation Conference recommended that ICAO develop RNAV 

procedures supported by global navigation satellite system (GNSS) for fixed wing aircraft, providing high 

track and velocity-keeping accuracy to maintain separation through curves and enable flexible approach 

line-ups; 

Whereas the Eleventh Air Navigation Conference recommended that ICAO develop RNAV 

procedures supported by GNSS for both fixed and rotary wing aircraft, enabling lower operating minima 

in obstacle-rich or otherwise constrained environments; 

Whereas Resolution A33-16 requested the Council to develop a programme to encourage States 

to implement approach procedures with vertical guidance (APV) utilizing such inputs as GNSS or 

distance measuring equipment (DME)/DME, in accordance with ICAO provisions; 

Recognizing that not all airports have the infrastructure to support APV operations and not all 

aircraft are currently capable of APV; 

Recognizing that many States already have the requisite infrastructure and aircraft capable of 

performing straight-in approaches with lateral guidance (LNAV approaches) based on the RNP 

specifications and that straight in approaches provide demonstrated and significant safety enhancements 

over circling approaches; 

Recognizing that the Global Aviation Safety Plan has identified Global Safety Initiatives (GSIs) 

to concentrate on developing a safety strategy for the future that includes the effective use of technology 

to enhance safety, consistent adoption of industry best practices, alignment of global industry safety 

strategies and consistent regulatory oversight; 

Recognizing that the Global Air Navigation Plan has identified Global Plan Initiatives (GPIs) to 

concentrate on the incorporation of advanced aircraft navigation capabilities into the air navigation 

system infrastructure, the optimization of the terminal control area through improved design and 

management techniques, the optimization of the terminal control area through implementation of RNP 

and RNAV SIDs and STARs and the optimization of terminal control area to provide for more fuel 

efficient aircraft operations through FMS-based arrival procedures; and 

Recognizing that the continuing development of diverging navigation specifications would result 

in safety and efficiency impacts and penalties to States and industry; 

Noting with satisfaction that planning and implementation regional groups (PIRGs) have 

completed regional PBN implementation plans; and 

Recognizing that not all States have developed a PBN implementation plan by the target date of 

2009: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges all States to implement RNAV and RNP air traffic services (ATS) routes and 

approach procedures in accordance with the ICAO PBN concept laid down in the Performance-based 

Navigation (PBN) Manual (Doc 9613); 
- 19 - 

2. Resolves that: 

a) States complete a PBN implementation plan as a matter of urgency to achieve: 

1) implementation of RNAV and RNP operations (where required) for en route and 

terminal areas according to established timelines and intermediate milestones; 

2) implementation of approach procedures with vertical guidance (APV) 

(Baro-VNAV and/or augmented GNSS), including LNAV only minima, for all 

instrument runway ends, either as the primary approach or as a back-up for 

precision approaches by 2016 with intermediate milestones as follows: 30 per 

cent by 2010, 70 per cent by 2014; and 

3) implementation of straight-in LNAV only procedures, as an exception to 2) 

above, for instrument runways at aerodromes where there is no local altimeter 

setting available and where there are no aircraft suitably equipped for APV 

operations with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 5 700 kg or more; 

b) ICAO develop a coordinated action plan to assist States in the implementation of 

PBN and to ensure development and/or maintenance of globally harmonized SARPs, 

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) and guidance material including a 

global harmonized safety assessment methodology to keep pace with operational 

demands; 

3. Urges that States include in their PBN implementation plan provisions for 

implementation of approach procedures with vertical guidance (APV) to all runway end serving aircraft 

with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 5 700 kg or more, according to established timelines and 

intermediate milestones; 

4. Instructs the Council to provide a progress report on PBN implementation to the next 

ordinary session of the Assembly, as necessary; 

 

5. Requests the Planning and Implementation Regional Groups (PIRGs) to include in their 

work programme the review of status of implementation of PBN by States according to the defined 

implementation plans and report annually to ICAO any deficiencies that may occur; and 

6. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-23. 

A37-12: ICAO global planning for sustainability 

Whereas the enhancement of the efficiency of aviation operations is a key element of the ICAO 

Strategic Objectives; 

Having adopted Resolution A35-15, a consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and 

practices related to a global air traffic management (ATM) system and communications, navigation and 

surveillance/air traffic management (CNS/ATM) systems; 

Noting the acceptance of 30 November 2006 by the Council of the new version of the Global Air 

Navigation Plan (GANP); and 

Recognizing that many States are developing new generation plans for their own air navigation 

modernization: 
- 20 - 

The Assembly: 

1. Instructs the Council to amend the GANP to include a framework that will allow ICAO 

to easily analyze the impact of States’ air navigation modernization plans on the global system and then 

take appropriate action as needed to ensure global harmonization; 

2. Calls upon States, planning and implementation regional groups (PIRGs) and the aviation 

industry to utilize the guidance provided in the GANP for planning and implementation activities; 

3. Urges Contracting States, industry and financing institutions to provide the necessary 

support for coordinated implementation of the GANP, avoiding duplication of effort; 

4. Urges States that are developing new generation plans for their own air navigation 

modernization to share their plans in a timely manner with ICAO to ensure global compatibility and 

harmonization; 

5. Instructs the Council to ensure that the GANP is continuously maintained up to date in 

light of further operational and technical developments, in close collaboration with States and other 

stakeholders; and 

6. Instructs the Council to organize a Twelfth Air Navigation Conference in 2012, to 

develop longer-term planning for ICAO based on an update of the GANP. 

A37-13: Prevention of spread of communicable disease through air travel 

Whereas Article 14 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation states that ‘Each 

contracting State agrees to take effective measures to prevent the spread by means of air navigation of 

cholera, typhus (epidemic), smallpox, yellow fever, plague, and such other communicable diseases as the 

contracting States shall from time to time decide to designate, and to that end contracting States will keep 

in close consultation with the agencies concerned with international regulations relating to sanitary 

measures applicable to aircraft’; 

Whereas Article 14(1) of the World Health Organization International Health Regulations (2005) 

states that ‘WHO shall cooperate and coordinate its activities, as appropriate, with other competent 

intergovernmental organizations or international bodies in the implementation of these Regulations, 

including through the conclusion of agreements and other similar arrangements’; 

Whereas ICAO Resolution A35-12 states that ‘the protection of the health of passengers and 

crews on international flights is an integral element of safe air travel and that conditions should be in 

place to ensure its preservation in a timely and cost-effective manner’; 

Whereas Article 44 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation states that ‘The aims and 

objectives of the Organization are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation 

and to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to ...[m]eet the needs of the 

peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport’; 

Whereas Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft, Annex 9 – Facilitation, Annex 11 – Air Traffic 

Services, Annex 14 – Aerodromes, Volume I — Aerodrome Design and Operations to the Convention on 

International Civil Aviation and the Procedures for Air Navigation Service – Air Traffic Management 

(Doc 4444) contain several Standards and Recommended Practices and Procedures relating to health 

measures that should be taken by Contracting States to manage public health emergencies of international 

concern and to prevent the spread of communicable disease by air travel; and 
- 21 - 

Whereas the ICAO Cooperative Arrangement for the Prevention of Spread of Communicable 

Disease through Air Travel (CAPSCA) project is an appropriate measure to improve and harmonize 

preparedness plans: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges Contracting States and regional safety oversight organizations to ensure that the 

public health sector and the aviation sector collaborate to develop a national preparedness plan for 

aviation which addresses public health emergencies of international concern and which is integrated with 

the general national preparedness plan; 

2. Urges Contracting States to develop a national preparedness plan for aviation that is in 

compliance with the World Health Organization International Health Regulations (2005) and which are 

based on scientific principles and on the guidelines from ICAO and the World Health Organization; 

3. Urges Contracting States, and regional safety oversight organizations as appropriate, to 

establish requirements for the involvement of stakeholders such as airport operators, aircraft operators and 

air navigation service providers in the development of a national preparedness plan for aviation; and 

4. Urges Contracting States to join and participate in the Cooperative Arrangement for the 

Prevention of Spread of Communicable Disease through Air Travel (CAPSCA) project, where available, 

to ensure that its goals are achieved, unless equivalent measures are already in place. 

A37-14: Non-chemical disinsection of the aircraft cabin and flight deck for

international flights 

 Whereas ICAO Assemblies have demonstrated a concern for the quality of life and the 

environment in which human beings work and live, including matters related to engine emissions, the 

ozone layer, aircraft noise, smoking and invasive alien species; 

Whereas the 35th session of the Assembly declared that ‘the protection of the health of 

passengers and crews on international flights is an integral element of safe air travel and that conditions 

should be in place to ensure its preservation in a timely and cost-effective manner’; 

Whereas the 2005 revisions to the International Health Regulations, which strengthen public 

health security in travel and transportation and minimize public health risk, expanded the definition of 

disinsection to include the control as well as the killing of insect vectors; 

Whereas concern has been expressed that the current practice by some States of requiring the use 

of insecticides to disinsect aircraft can result in discomfort and adverse health effects to aircraft crews and 

passengers, which may potentially result in a medical emergency; 

Whereas there are conflicting reports concerning the efficacy of insecticides used for disinsection 

and the effectiveness of existing insecticide-based disinsection protocols; 

Whereas recent outbreaks of vector borne diseases highlight the need to control the transportation 

of insect vectors by air; and 

Whereas some recently conducted research has shown non-chemical methods of disinsection to 

be efficacious in preventing mosquitoes and other flying insects from entering an aircraft: 
- 22 - 

The Assembly:

1. Requests that the Council urge the World Health Organization to continue to explore 

methods of disinsection of the cabin and flight deck in which: 

a) information on advances of both chemical and non-chemical disinsection is reviewed; 

b) the efficacy and safety of non-chemical disinsection are compared with the efficacy and 

safety of pesticide based disinsection; and 

c) recommendations are made on acceptable disinsection practices; 

2. Requests the Council to encourage the exploration of non-chemical approaches to aircraft 

disinsection of the cabin and flight deck; 

3. Encourages Contracting States to allow the evaluation of non-chemical aircraft 

disinsection technology on flights over their territories, without prejudice to existing disinsection 

requirements; 

4. Encourages Contracting States, in collaboration with the World Health Organization, to 

develop and adopt performance based criteria for disinsection requirements; 

5. Urges Contracting States to ensure that aircraft operators are made aware of requirements 

for aircraft disinsection. Information provided should include whether or not the State requires 

disinsection, for which routes, and which methods of disinsection are acceptable; 

6. Requests the Council to report on the implementation of this Resolution at the next 

ordinary session of the Assembly; and 

7. Declares that this Resolution supersedes Resolution A36-24. 

A37-15: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and

associated practices related specifically to air navigation 

Whereas in Resolution A15-9 the Assembly resolved to adopt in each session for which a 

Technical Commission is established a consolidated statement of continuing policies related specifically 

to air navigation up to date as at the end of that session; 

Whereas a statement of continuing policies and associated practices related specifically to air 

navigation as they existed at the end of the 36th Session of the Assembly was adopted by the Assembly in 

Resolution A36-131

, Appendices A to W inclusive; 

Whereas the Assembly has reviewed proposals by the Council for the amendment of the 

statement of continuing policies and associated practices in Resolution A36-13, Appendices A to W 

inclusive, and has amended the statement to reflect the decisions taken during the 37th Session; and 

Whereas the statement of continuing policies in Resolution A36-13 is hereby superseded: 

 

1 The full text of Resolution A36-13 and its appendices appears on pages II-2 to II-24 of Assembly Resolutions in Force (as of 

28 September 2007) (Doc 9902). 
- 23 - 

The Assembly: 

1. Resolves that: 

a) the Appendices attached to this resolution constitute the consolidated statement of 

continuing air navigation policies and associated practices of the Organization as they 

exist at the close of the 37th Session of the Assembly; and 

b) the practices associated with the individual policies in the appendices constitute 

guidance intended to facilitate and ensure implementation of the respective policies; 

and 

2. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-13 with its Appendices A to W 

inclusive. 

APPENDIX A 

Formulation of Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and 

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) 

. . . 

7. The applicability dates of amendments to SARPs and PANS shall be so established as to 

allow the Contracting States sufficient time for their implementation; 

8. No Annex or PANS document shall be amended more frequently than once per calendar 

year. 

Associated practices 

1. The Council should ensure that provisions of SARPs and PANS are completely 

consistent with each other. Furthermore, the Council should endeavour to improve the processing, 

presentation and usefulness of ICAO documents containing SARPs, PANS and other related provisions, 

especially for complex systems and their associated applications. To that end the Council should promote 

the development and upkeep of broad system-level, functional and performance requirements. The 

Council should continue seeking the most appropriate means of development, translation, processing and 

dissemination of technical specifications. 

2. Contracting States should comment fully and in detail on the proposals for amendment of 

SARPs and PANS or at least should express their agreement or disagreement on their substance. They 

should be allowed at least three months for this purpose. Furthermore, Contracting States should receive 

at least 30 days of notification of the intended approval or adoption of detailed material on which they are 

not consulted. 

3. Contracting States should be allowed a full three months for notifying disapproval of 

adopted SARPs amendments; in establishing a date for notifying disapproval the Council should take into 

account the time needed for transmission of the adopted amendments and for receipt of notifications from 

States. 

. . . 
- 24 - 

APPENDIX O 

Coordination and cooperation of civil and military air traffic 

Whereas the airspace is a resource common to both civil and military aviation, and given that 

many air navigation facilities and services are provided and used by both civil and military aviation; 

Whereas the Preamble of the Convention on International Civil Aviation stipulates that 

signatories thereto had “agreed on certain principles and arrangements in order that international civil 

aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and that international air transport services may 

be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and operated soundly and economically”; 

Whereas Article 3 a) of the Convention states that “the Convention shall be applicable only to 

civil aircraft, and shall not be applicable to state aircraft” and Article 3 d) requires that “contracting 

States undertake, when issuing regulations for their state aircraft, that they will have due regard for the 

safety of navigation of civil aircraft”; 

Recognizing that growing civil air traffic and mission-oriented military air traffic would benefit 

greatly from a more flexible use of airspace used for military purposes and that satisfactory solutions to 

the problem of cooperative access to airspace have not evolved in all areas; 

Whereas the flexible use of airspace by both civil and military air traffic may be regarded as the 

ultimate goal, improvement in civil/military coordination and cooperation, offers an immediate approach 

towards more effective airspace management; and 

Recalling that the ICAO Global ATM Operational Concept states that all airspace should be a 

usable resource, any restriction on the use of any particular volume of airspace should be considered 

transitory, and all airspace should be managed flexibly: 

The Assembly resolves that: 

1. the common use by civil and military aviation of airspace and of certain facilities and 

services shall be arranged so as to ensure the safety, regularity and efficiency of civil aviation as well as 

to ensure the requirements of military air traffic are met; 

2. the regulations and procedures established by Contracting States to govern the operation 

of their state aircraft over the high seas shall ensure that these operations do not compromise the safety, 

regularity and efficiency of international civil air traffic and that, to the extent practicable, these 

operations comply with the rules of the air in Annex 2; 

3. the Secretary General shall provide guidance on best practices for civil/military 

coordination and cooperation; 

4. Contracting States may include, when appropriate, representatives of military authorities 

in their delegations to ICAO meetings; and 

5. ICAO serves as an international forum that plays a role in facilitating improved 

civil/military cooperation, collaboration and the sharing of best practices, and to provide the necessary 

follow-up activities that build on the success of the Global Air Traffic Management Forum on 

Civil/Military Cooperation (2009) with the support of civil/military partners. 
- 25 - 

Associated practices 

1. Contracting States should as necessary initiate or improve the coordination and 

cooperation between their civil and military air traffic services to implement the policy in Resolving 

Clause 1 above. 

2. When establishing the regulations and procedures mentioned in Resolving Clause 2, the 

State concerned should coordinate the matter with all States responsible for the provision of air traffic 

services over the high seas in the area in question. 

3. The Council should ensure that the matter of civil and military coordination and 

cooperation in the use of airspace is included, when appropriate, in the agenda of divisional and regional 

meetings, in accordance with Resolving Clauses 3, 4 and 5 above. 

APPENDIX P 

The provision of adequate aerodromes 

Whereas major improvements to the physical characteristics of aerodromes are required at many 

locations; 

Whereas in certain cases these improvements will involve considerable outlay and it would be 

inadvisable to plan such work without taking into account future developments; 

Whereas States and aerodrome authorities will continue to need to know the general trends in 

aerodrome requirements which succeeding generations of aircraft will most likely produce; 

Whereas many serious problems can be avoided if the operating requirements of new aircraft are 

such as to permit them to operate economically without further demands on the physical characteristics of 

aerodromes; 

Whereas the operation of aerodromes has many advantages, environmental considerations have 

imposed limitations upon the operation of aircraft at some locations. In view of the capacity problems 

currently experienced globally, account should be taken of the introduction into service of newer quieter 

aircraft; and 

Whereas there is a growing trend for aerodromes to be operated by autonomous entities, the 

obligation of States to ensure safe aerodrome facilities and services remains unaffected: 

The Assembly resolves that: 

1. the technical requirements for aerodromes shall be kept under review by the Organization; 

2. there is a need for future generations of aircraft to be designed so that they are capable of 

being operated efficiently, and with the least possible environmental disturbance, from aerodromes used 

for the operation of present-day aircraft; 

3. States shall undertake certification of aerodromes; 

4. States should ensure that safety management systems are introduced at their aerodromes; 

and 

5. States should place greater emphasis on the management of aerodrome operations, with 

runway safety given a high priority.
- 26 - 

Associated practices 

1. In the light of the results of the continuing review mentioned in Resolving Clause 1 

above, the Council, taking into account the requirement to improve still further existing safety levels, 

should: 

a) develop additional guidance material on future developments; 

b) develop procedures for the management of aerodrome operations; and 

c) keep Contracting States informed of developments. 

2. The Council should continue to draw the attention of aircraft manufacturers and operators 

to the policy expressed in Resolving Clause 2. 

. . . 

APPENDIX U 

Cooperation among Contracting States in investigations of certain aircraft accidents 

Whereas it is incumbent on the State in which an accident occurs to institute an inquiry into the 

circumstances of the accident in conformity with Article 26 of the Convention; 

Whereas, owing to the growing sophistication and complexity of modern aircraft, the conduct of 

an accident investigation requires participation by experts from many specialized technical and 

operational fields and access to specially equipped facilities for investigation; 

Whereas many Contracting States do not have such specialized technical and operational 

expertise and appropriate facilities; 

Whereas it is essential for flight safety and accident prevention that accidents be thoroughly 

investigated and reported and that the effectiveness of the investigations should not be unduly hampered 

by considerations of cost; and 

Whereas the costs of salvage and investigation of major aircraft accidents may place a heavy 

financial burden on the resources of the State where the accident occurred: 

The Assembly resolves to recommend that Contracting States cooperate in the investigation of 

major aircraft accidents or accidents in which the investigation requires highly specialized experts and 

facilities and that to this end Contracting States and regional safety oversight organizations, to the extent 

possible, inter alia: 

a) provide, on request by other Contracting States, expert assistance and facilities for 

the investigation of major aircraft accidents; and 

b) afford opportunity to Contracting States seeking investigation experience to attend 

investigations of major aircraft accidents, in the interest of developing and furthering 

investigation expertise. 
- 27 - 

Associated practices 

1. Contracting States should be encouraged to support the convening of regional accident 

investigation workshops with a view to exchanging information on each State’s investigation legislation 

and procedures, on the sharing of knowledge and expertise in investigation management and techniques, 

on the availability of experts and facilities and on practices in dealing with encountered accident 

investigation difficulties. 

2. Contracting States should be encouraged to facilitate the participation of investigators of 

accident investigation authorities as observers in investigations in other States for training purposes and 

orientation visits. 

3. Contracting States and regional safety oversight organization should be encouraged to 

assess their needs and capabilities in the field of aircraft accident investigation and prevention with a view 

to developing training curricula for basic accident investigation and prevention courses. The use of 

regional training centres for such courses should be fully explored as well as the incorporation of the 

TRAINAIR methodology which provides for internationally standardized training. 

4. Contracting States should be encouraged to refer to the model Memorandum of 

Understanding (MOU) developed by ICAO in 2007 for use by States to encourage mutual cooperation 

during the investigation of aircraft accidents and serious incidents. The model MOU is available on the 

ICAO FSIX website.

. . . 

A37-16: The Safety Fund (SAFE)

 Whereas under Article 44 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation the aims and 

objectives of ICAO inter alia are to foster planning and development of international air transport so as to 

ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation, meet the needs of the people of the 

world for safe, regular and economical air transport, and promote safety of flight in international air 

navigation; 

 Whereas Articles 69 to 76 of the Convention provide that the Council may make arrangements as 

appropriate with a view to finding means for the improvement of air navigation facilities of Contracting 

States as required so as to ensure safe, regular, efficient and economical operation of international air 

services; 

 Whereas, under Article 70 of the Convention, the Council may, in the circumstances arising 

under the provision of Article 69, make arrangements with Contracting States relating to the financing of 

air navigation facilities; 

 Considering that, in some cases, Contracting States may not have access to the necessary 

resources for improvements to their air navigation facilities, in particular for the remedy of safety-related 

deficiencies identified through the ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP); 

 Whereas most developing States experience difficulties in gaining access to many financial 

market sources, particularly foreign capital markets, for funding their airport and air navigation services 

infrastructure, including safety-related components of that infrastructure; 

 Whereas the High-level Safety Conference (HLSC) 2010 identified several States and regions of 

the world that are in need of assistance in the development of sustainable levels of aviation safety, and 

particularly in the development of funding models that would guarantee sustainability in the provision of 

infrastructure and services for adequate air transport activity; 
- 28 - 

Whereas the HLSC 2010 made a recommendation that ICAO should work with States and 

Regional Organizations requiring assistance to develop appropriate funding models to ensure the 

sustainable provision of infrastructure and services based on the level of activity for adequate air transport 

activity; and 

 Whereas the Council decided to establish the Safety Fund (SAFE) with the objective of 

improving the safety of civil aviation through the use of a performance-based approach which will limit 

administrative costs and will not impose any costs on the Regular Programme Budget of the 

Organization, while ensuring that voluntary contributions to the fund are used in a responsible, useful and 

timely manner: 

 The Assembly: 

1. Expresses appreciation to Contracting States and international organizations for their 

contributions to ICAO Funds associated with improving the safety of civil aviation; 

2. Urges Contracting States, international organizations and public and private parties 

associated with international civil aviation to make voluntary contributions to SAFE; 

3. Requests that the Council support the smooth functioning of the SAFE through consistent 

monitoring of progress made by the SAFE in funding safety-related projects; and 

4. Requests that the Council make every effort to attract contributions to the SAFE from 

States and other contributors. 

A37-17: Consolidated statement on the continuing ICAO policies related 

to the safeguarding of international civil aviation against acts of 

unlawful interference

Whereas it is considered desirable to consolidate Assembly resolutions on the policies related to 

the safeguarding of international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference in order to facilitate 

their implementation and practical application by making their texts more readily available, 

understandable and logically organized; 

Whereas in Resolution A36-20 the Assembly resolved to adopt at each session a consolidated 

statement of continuing ICAO policies related to the safeguarding of international civil aviation against 

acts of unlawful interference; and 

Whereas the Assembly has reviewed proposals by the Council for the amendment of the 

consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies in Resolution A36-20, Appendices A to H inclusive, 

and has amended the statement to reflect the decisions taken during the 37th Session: 

The Assembly: 

1. Resolves that the Appendices attached to this resolution constitute the consolidated 

statement of continuing ICAO policies related to the safeguarding of international civil aviation against 

acts of unlawful interference, as these policies exist at the close of the 37th Session of the Assembly; 

2. Resolves to request that the Council submit for review at each ordinary session a 

consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies related to the safeguarding of international civil 

aviation against acts of unlawful interference; and 

3. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-20. 
- 29 - 

APPENDIX A 

General policy 

Whereas the development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve 

friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world, yet its abuse can become a 

threat to general security; 

Whereas acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation have become the main threat to its 

safe and orderly development; 

Whereas the threat of terrorist acts, including those posed by the use of aircraft as a weapon of 

destruction, by the targeting of aircraft by man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS), other 

surface-to-air missiles systems, light weapons and rocket-propelled grenades, by carrying on board 

liquids, gels and aerosols as component parts of an improvised explosive device, by sabotage or attempted 

sabotage using an improvised explosive device, by the unlawful seizure of aircraft, or by attack on 

aviation facilities and other acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation, has a serious adverse 

effect on the safety, efficiency and regularity of international civil aviation, endangering the lives of 

persons on board and on the ground and undermining the confidence of the peoples of the world in the 

safety of international civil aviation; 

Whereas all acts of unlawful interference against international civil aviation constitute a grave 

offence in violation of international law; 

Recalling Assembly Resolutions A33-1 and A36-19 and the recommendations of the High-level, 

Ministerial Conference on Aviation Security held in February 2002; 

Noting actions taken so far by the Council, in particular the adoption of the ICAO Aviation 

Security Plan of Action in June 2002, as well as the new preventive measures, strengthening the means 

available to the Organization in order to counter new and existing threats to civil aviation; and 

Endorsing the ICAO Comprehensive Aviation Security Strategy and its seven strategic focus 

areas, as adopted by the Council on 17 February 2010, which provides the framework for ICAO’s 

aviation security activities for the next two triennia (2011-2016), to succeed the current Aviation Security 

Plan of Action: 

The Assembly: 

1. Strongly condemns all acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation wherever and 

by whomsoever and for whatever reason they are perpetrated; 

2. Notes with abhorrence acts and attempted acts of unlawful interference aimed at the 

destruction in flight of civil aircraft in commercial service including any misuse of civil aircraft as a 

weapon of destruction and the death of persons on board and on the ground; 

3. Reaffirms that aviation security must continue to be treated as a matter of highest priority 

and appropriate resources should be made available by ICAO and its Member States; 

4. Calls upon all Contracting States to confirm their resolute support for the established 

policy of ICAO by applying the most effective security measures, individually and in cooperation with 

one another, to prevent acts of unlawful interference and to punish the perpetrators, planners, sponsors, 

and financiers of conspirators in any such acts; 
- 30 - 

5. Reaffirms ICAO’s responsibility to facilitate the consistent and uniform resolution of 

questions which may arise between Contracting States in matters affecting the safe and orderly operation 

of international civil aviation throughout the world; 

6. Directs the Council to continue, as an urgent priority, its work relating to measures for 

prevention of acts of unlawful interference, on the basis of the strategic direction provided under the 

ICAO Comprehensive Aviation Security Strategy, and ensure that this work is carried out with the 

highest efficiency and responsiveness; 

7. Expresses appreciation to Contracting States for the voluntary contributions in the form 

of human and financial resources to the Aviation Security Plan of Action during the 2008-2010 triennium 

and encourages the continuation of such voluntary contributions in order to fund additional aviation 

security activities beyond those budgeted for under the regular programme; and 

8. Urges all Contracting States to continue to financially support the Organization’s aviation 

security activities through the ICAO Comprehensive Aviation Security Strategy. 

APPENDIX B 

International legal instruments, enactment of national legislation and conclusion of appropriate 

agreements for the suppression of acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation 

a) International legal instruments

Whereas the protection of civil aviation from acts of unlawful interference has been enhanced by 

the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (Tokyo, 1963), by the 

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (The Hague, 1970), by the Convention for 

the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montréal, 1971), by the Protocol 

for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, 

Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil 

Aviation (Montréal, 1988), by the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of 

Detection (Montréal, 1991), by the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to 

International Civil Aviation (Beijing, 2010), by the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the 

Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (Beijing, 2010), and by bilateral agreements for the 

suppression of such acts; 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges Contracting States which have not yet done so to become parties to the Convention 

on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (Tokyo, 1963), to the Convention for 

the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (The Hague, 1970), to the Convention for the Suppression 

of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montréal, 1971) and the 1988 Supplementary 

Protocol to the Montréal Convention, to the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the 

Purpose of Detection (Montréal, 1991), to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating 

to International Civil Aviation (Beijing, 2010), and to the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for 

the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (Beijing, 2010). Lists of States Parties to aviation security 

legal instruments can be found on www.icao.int under the ICAO Treaty Collection; 

2. Calls upon States not yet parties to the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives 

for the Purpose of Detection to give effect, even before ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, to 

the principles of that instrument and calls upon States which manufacture plastic explosives to implement 

the marking of such explosives as soon as possible; and 
- 31 - 

3. Requests the Council to direct the Secretary General to continue to remind States of the 

importance of becoming parties to the Tokyo, The Hague, Montréal and Beijing Conventions, to the 1988 

Supplementary Protocol to the Montréal Convention, to the 2010 Protocol Supplementary to the 

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and to the Convention on the Marking of 

Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection and to provide assistance requested by States 

encountering any difficulties in becoming parties to these instruments. 

b) Enactment of national legislation and conclusion of appropriate agreements 

Whereas deterrence of acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation can be greatly facilitated 

through the enactment by Contracting States of national criminal laws providing severe penalties for such 

acts: 

The Assembly: 

1. Calls upon Contracting States to give special attention to the adoption of adequate 

measures against persons committing, planning, sponsoring, financing or facilitating acts of unlawful 

seizure of aircraft, acts of sabotage or attempted sabotage or other acts or attempted acts of unlawful 

interference against civil aviation, and in particular to include in their legislation rules for the severe 

punishment of such persons; and 

2. Calls upon Contracting States to take adequate measures relating to the extradition or 

prosecution of persons committing acts of unlawful seizure of aircraft, acts of sabotage or attempted 

sabotage or other acts or attempted acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation by adopting 

appropriate provisions in law or treaty for that purpose or by strengthening existing arrangements and by 

concluding appropriate agreements for the suppression of such acts which would provide for the 

extradition of persons committing criminal attacks on international civil aviation. 

APPENDIX C 

Implementation of technical security measures 

Whereas protection of civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference requires continued 

vigilance and development and implementation of positive safeguarding action by the Organization and 

its Member States; 

Whereas a clear need exists for the strengthening of security to be applied to all phases and 

processes associated with the carriage of persons, their cabin and hold baggage, cargo, mail, courier and 

express parcels; 

Whereas Machine Readable Travel Documents strengthen security by improving the integrity of 

documents which verify the identity of travellers and air crew; 

Whereas such Machine Readable Travel Documents also enable high-level cooperation among 

States to strengthen resistance to passport fraud, including the forgery or counterfeiting of passports, the 

use of valid passports by impostors, the use of expired or revoked passports, and the use of fraudulently 

obtained passports; 

Whereas the use of Machine Readable Travel Documents and other passenger information tools 

can also be employed for security purposes, adding an important layer to the international civil aviation 

system, in order to detect terrorists and prevent acts of unlawful interference well before the aircraft 

boarding process; 
- 32 - 

Whereas the responsibility for ensuring that security measures are applied by government 

agencies, airport authorities and aircraft operators rests with the Contracting States; 

Whereas the implementation of the security measures advocated by ICAO is an effective means 

of preventing acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation; and 

Whereas countermeasures for protection of civil aviation can only be effective through 

employment of highly trained security personnel, in addition to background checks, certification and 

quality control: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges the Council to continue to attach the highest priority to the adoption of effective 

measures for the prevention of acts of unlawful interference commensurate with the current threat to the 

security of international civil aviation, to take into account the innovative and evolving nature of that 

threat, and to keep up to date the provisions of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention from a threat and 

risk perspective; 

2. Requests that the Council complete, in addition to the International Explosives Technical 

Commission (IETC) mandate as prescribed by the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for 

the Purpose of Detection, studies into methods of detecting explosives or explosive materials, especially 

into the marking of those explosives of concern, other than plastic explosives, with a view to the 

evolution, if needed, of an appropriate comprehensive legal regime; 

3. Urges all States on an individual basis and in cooperation with other States to take all 

possible measures for the prevention of acts of unlawful interference, in particular, those required or 

recommended in Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation as well as those 

recommended by the Council; 

4. Urges Contracting States to intensify their efforts for the implementation of existing 

Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), and procedures relating to aviation security, to monitor 

such implementation, to take all necessary steps to prevent acts of unlawful interference against 

international civil aviation and to give appropriate attention to the guidance material contained in the 

ICAO Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference (Doc 8973) 

and available on the ICAO restricted website; 

5. Encourages Contracting States to promote aviation security as a fundamental component 

of national, social and economic priorities, planning and operations; 

6. Encourages Contracting States, pursuant to their domestic laws, regulations and aviation 

security programmes, and in accordance with applicable SARPs and the capacity of each State, to 

promote the implementation of aviation security measures in a practical manner to: 

a) broaden existing cooperation mechanisms amongst States and industry, as 

appropriate, for information exchange and the early detection of security threats to 

civil aviation operations; 

b) share expertise, best practices and information relating to preventive security 

measures, including screening and inspection techniques, the detection of explosives, 

airport security behavioural detection, screening and credentialing of airport staff, 

human resource development and the research and development of relevant 

technologies; 
- 33 - 

c) utilize modern technologies to detect prohibited materials and to prevent the carriage 

of such materials on board aircraft while respecting the privacy and safety of 

individuals; and 

d) replace restrictions on the carriage of liquids, aerosols and gels (LAGs) by the 

screening of LAGs when appropriate explosive detection technology becomes more 

widely available; 

7. Calls upon Contracting States to examine information exchange mechanisms including 

the use of liaison officers and further use of Advance Passenger Information (API) provided by air 

carriers, to reduce the risk to passengers, while ensuring the protection of privacy and civil liberties; 

8. Calls upon Contracting States, while respecting their sovereignty, to minimize disruption 

to air travel resulting from confusion or inconsistent interpretation of standards by cooperating and 

coordinating actions in order to implement SARPs and guidance consistently, efficiently and effectively 

and by providing clear, well-timed and readily available information to the travelling public; 

9. Calls upon Contracting States, when requesting another State to apply security measures 

to protect aircraft flying into its territory, to take fully into account the security measures already in place 

in the requested State and, where appropriate, to recognize those measures as equivalent; 

10. Urges those Contracting States that have not already done so, to begin issuing only 

machine readable passports in accordance with the specifications of Doc 9303, Part 1; 

11. Requests the Council to direct the Secretary General to: 

a) ensure that the provisions of Annex 17 and Annex 9 — Facilitation are compatible 

with and complementary to each other, provided that the effectiveness of security 

measures is not compromised; 

b) where relevant, include items dealing with aviation security on the agenda of ICAO 

meetings; 

c) continue to promote the adoption of effective security processes and concepts, 

through awareness raising regional and sub-regional aviation security events at the 

request of States concerned; 

d) develop and update the ICAO Training Programme for Aviation Security and 

Aviation Security Training Packages (ASTPs); 

e) oversee, develop and promote the aviation security training centres (ASTCs) network 

within the existing framework to ensure training standards are maintained and sound 

levels of cooperation are achieved; 

f) continue to work with the Aviation Security Panel to address new and existing threats 

to civil aviation, and to develop appropriate preventive measures, including the 

screening of airport staff with access to secured airport facilities, enhanced screening 

of passengers and baggage, appropriate security controls for cargo, the supply chain 

and service providers, as well as the selection and training of persons executing and 

implementing security measures; and 
- 34 - 

g) promote the development of mutual recognition processes with the goal of assisting 

States in achieving mutually beneficial arrangements, including one-stop security 

arrangements; 

12. Directs the Council to require the Secretary General to update and amend at appropriate 

intervals the Security Manual and develop new guidance material, including detailed guidance material on 

liquids, aerosols and gels, and human factors, as required, designed to assist Contracting States in 

responding to new and existing threats to aviation and implementing the specifications and procedures 

related to civil aviation security; 

13. Directs the Council to instruct the Aviation Security Panel to identify and develop a risk 

assessment methodology for aviation security and to include risk-based assessment with any 

recommendations for the adoption of new or amended aviation security measures in Annex 17 or in any 

other ICAO document; and 

14. Directs the Council to instruct the Aviation Security Panel to continually assess its terms 

of reference and governing procedures to ensure there are no constraints on the Panel’s ability to consider 

the full scope of aviation security issues. 

APPENDIX D 

Action of States concerned with an act of unlawful interference 

a) Acts of unlawful interference

Whereas acts of unlawful interference continue seriously to compromise the safety, regularity and 

efficiency of international civil aviation; 

Whereas the safety of flights of aircraft subjected to acts of unlawful seizure may be further 

jeopardized by the denial of navigation aids and air traffic services, the blocking of runways and taxiways 

and the closure of airports; and 

Whereas the safety of passengers and crew of an aircraft subjected to an act of unlawful seizure 

may also be further jeopardized if the aircraft is permitted to take off while still under seizure: 

The Assembly: 

1. Expresses concern about the challenges posed to security of civil aviation by new and 

existing threats and the changing modus operandi used in perpetrating acts of unlawful interference; 

2. Recalls in this regard the relevant provisions of the Chicago, Tokyo, The Hague, and 

Montréal Conventions, and the 1988 Supplementary Protocol to the Montréal Convention; 

3. Recommends that States take into account the above considerations in the development of 

their policies and contingency plans for dealing with acts of unlawful interference; 

4. Urges Contracting States to provide assistance to an aircraft subjected to an act of 

unlawful seizure, including the provision of navigation aids, air traffic services and permission to land; 

5. Urges Contracting States to ensure that an aircraft subjected to an act of unlawful seizure 

which has landed in its territory is detained on the ground unless its departure is necessitated by the 

overriding duty to protect human life; 
- 35 - 

6. Recognizes the importance of consultations between the State where an aircraft subjected 

to an act of unlawful seizure has landed and the State of the operator of that aircraft as well as notification 

by the State where the aircraft has landed to the States of assumed or stated destination; 

7. Urges Contracting States to cooperate for the purpose of providing a joint response in 

connection with an act of unlawful interference, as well as utilizing, if necessary, the experience and 

capabilities of the State of the operator, the State of manufacture and the State of registration of an aircraft 

which has been subjected to an act of unlawful interference, while taking measures in their territory to 

free the passengers and crew members of that aircraft; 

8. Condemns any failure by a Contracting State to fulfil its obligations to return without 

delay an aircraft which is being illegally detained and to submit to competent authorities or extradite 

without delay the case of any person accused of an act of unlawful interference with civil aviation; 

9. Condemns the reporting of false threats to civil aviation and calls upon Contracting States 

to prosecute the perpetrators of such acts in order to prevent the disruption of civil aviation operations; 

and 

10. Calls upon Contracting States to continue to assist in the investigation of such acts and in 

the apprehension and prosecution of those responsible. 

b) Reporting on acts of unlawful interference

Whereas official reports filed by States concerned with acts of unlawful interference should 

provide credible information and constitute the basis for evaluation and analysis of acts; and 

Whereas the ICAO online database of acts of unlawful interference is an effective tool for the 

prompt dissemination of information related to aviation security incidents, and is readily accessible by 

Contracting States: 

The Assembly: 

1. Notes with concern that many States experiencing acts of unlawful interference often do 

not provide the Council with the official reports on such acts; 

2. Urges States to fulfil their obligations under Article 11 of The Hague Convention and 

Article 13 of the Montréal Convention as well as under Annex 17, following occurrences of unlawful 

interference, to forward to the Council, as soon as possible, all relevant information required by those 

Articles and SARPs in order to enable the Secretariat to retain accurate and complete information and to 

analyse trends and new threats to civil aviation; 

3. Directs the Council to direct the Secretary General, within a reasonable time from the 

date of a specific occurrence of unlawful interference, to request that concerned States forward to the 

Council in accordance with their national law all relevant information concerning such an occurrence, 

including, particularly, information relating to extradition or other legal proceedings; and 

4. Requests that the Council direct the Secretary General, in conjunction with the Aviation 

Security Panel, to monitor, collate, verify and analyse reported acts of unlawful interference, inform 

States of trends and potential and new threats, and develop appropriate guidance to deter new and existing 

threats. 
- 36 - 

APPENDIX E 

The ICAO Universal Security Audit Programme

Whereas the ICAO Universal Security Audit Programme (USAP) has been successful in meeting 

the mandate of Resolution A36-20, Appendix E; 

Whereas the primary objective of the Organization continues to be that of ensuring the safety and 

security of international civil aviation worldwide; 

Whereas the establishment of an effective security oversight system by States supports the 

implementation of international aviation security Standards and contributes to this objective; 

Recalling that the ultimate responsibility to ensure both the safety and security of civil aviation 

rests with Member States; 

Recalling that the 36th Session of the Assembly directed the Council to ensure the continuation of 

the USAP following the initial cycle of audits at the end of 2007 focusing, wherever possible, on a State’s 

capability to provide appropriate national oversight of its aviation security activities through the effective 

implementation of the critical elements of a security oversight system; and expanding future audits to 

include relevant security-related provisions of Annex 9 — Facilitation; 

Considering that the USAP has proven to be instrumental in the identification of aviation security 

concerns and in providing recommendations for their resolution, and that the programme has validated an 

increased level of implementation of ICAO security Standards; 

Recognizing that the effective implementation of State corrective action plans to address the 

deficiencies identified through the audit is an integral and crucial part of the audit process in order to 

achieve the overall objective of enhancing global aviation security; 

Considering the introduction of a limited level of transparency with respect to ICAO aviation 

security audit results, balancing the need for States to be aware of unresolved security concerns with the 

need to keep sensitive security information out of the public realm; 

Considering the approval by the Council of a mechanism to address significant security concerns 

(SSeCs) in a timely manner; 

Recognizing the importance of a coordinated strategy for facilitating assistance to States through 

the high-level Secretariat Audit Results Review Board; 

Recognizing that the continuation of the USAP is essential to create mutual confidence in the 

level of aviation security between Member States and to encourage the adequate implementation of 

security-related Standards; and 

Recognizing the need to consider the future nature and direction of the USAP following the 

completion of the current audit cycle in 2013 and the direction given by the Council to conduct a study to 

assess the feasibility of extending the continuous monitoring approach (CMA) to the USAP after the 

conclusion of the current audit cycle: 

The Assembly: 

1. Notes with satisfaction that the ICAO Universal Security Audit Programme (USAP) has 

proven to be instrumental in the identification of aviation security concerns and in providing 

recommendations for their resolution; 
- 37 - 

2. Expresses its appreciation to Member States for their cooperation in the audit process 

and for making available security experts to be certified as USAP auditors to serve as short-term experts 

in the conduct of audits, as well as long-term experts to act as USAP audit team leaders; 

3. Requests the Council to establish a mechanism to validate the implementation of State 

corrective action plans through the conduct of ICAO coordinated validation missions or other means 

when sufficient evidence is presented by a State to warrant such a mission; 

4. Endorses the policy of transparency of security audit results for the second cycle of the 

USAP, particularly relating to the prompt notification of the existence of significant security concerns; 

5. Urges all Member States to give full support to ICAO by: 

a) accepting the audit missions as scheduled by the Organization, in coordination with 

relevant States; 

b) facilitating the work of the audit teams; 

c) preparing and submitting to ICAO the required pre-audit documentation; and 

d) preparing and submitting an appropriate corrective action plan to address deficiencies 

identified during the audit, as well as other post-audit documentation; 

6. Urges all Member States, if requested by another State, to share the results of the audit 

carried out by ICAO and the corrective actions taken by the audited State, as appropriate and consistent 

with their sovereignty; and 

7. Requests that the Council report to the next ordinary session of the Assembly on the 

overall implementation of the USAP, including its decision with regard to the study to assess the 

feasibility of extending the CMA to the USAP after the conclusion of the current audit cycle in 2013. 

APPENDIX F 

Assistance to States in establishing aviation security oversight capacity for the protection of 

international civil aviation 

Whereas the implementation of technical measures for prevention of acts of unlawful interference 

with international civil aviation requires financial resources and training of personnel; and 

Whereas notwithstanding assistance given, some countries, in particular developing countries, 

lack aviation security oversight capacity and still face difficulties in fully implementing preventive 

measures due to insufficient financial, technical and material resources: 

The Assembly: 

1. Directs the Council to request the Secretary General to facilitate and coordinate technical 

assistance and support for States that need to improve their security oversight and airport security as 

identified in the Universal Security Audit Programme (USAP) reports; 

2. Invites developed countries to give assistance to the countries which are not able to 

implement programmes of recommended technical measures for the protection of aircraft on the ground 

and, in particular, in the processing of passengers, their cabin and hold baggage, and cargo, mail, courier 

and express parcels; 
- 38 - 

3. Invites Contracting States to consider requesting assistance from ICAO and other 

international organizations to meet their technical assistance requirements arising from the need to protect 

international civil aviation; 

4. Invites Contracting States to take advantage of ICAO short-term remedial assistance and 

longer-term State assistance projects to remedy deficiencies identified during audits; 

5. Directs the Council to request the Secretary General to assess the quality and 

effectiveness of ICAO assistance projects; 

6. Urges all States that have the means to do so to increase technical, financial and material 

assistance to countries in need of such assistance to improve aviation security through bilateral and 

multilateral efforts, that are fully coordinated, through ICAO; 

7. Urges Contracting States to utilize ICAO ASTCs for security training; 

8. Urges Contracting States and organizations to share with ICAO information on their 

assistance programmes and activities in order to promote the efficient and effective use of resources; 

9. Directs the Council to request the Secretary General to facilitate the coordination of 

assistance programmes and activities by collecting information on such initiatives; and 

10. Urges the international community to consider increasing assistance to States and 

enhancing cooperation amongst them, in order to be able to benefit from the achievement of the aims and 

objectives of the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, in 

particular through the International Explosives Technical Commission (IETC). 

APPENDIX G 

Action by the Council with respect to multilateral and bilateral cooperation 

in different regions of the world 

Whereas the rights and obligations of States under the international legal instruments on aviation 

security and under the SARPs adopted by the Council on aviation security could be complemented and 

reinforced in multilateral and bilateral cooperation between States; 

Whereas the multilateral and bilateral agreements on air services represent the main legal basis 

for international commercial carriage by air of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail; and 

Whereas provisions on aviation security should form an integral part of the multilateral and 

bilateral agreements on air services: 

The Assembly: 

1. Recognizes that success in eliminating threats to civil aviation can only be achieved 

through the concerted effort of everyone concerned and a close working relationship between national 

agencies and aviation security regulators of all Contracting States; 

2. Urges all Contracting States to insert into their multilateral and bilateral agreements on 

air services a clause on aviation security, taking into account the model clause adopted by the Council on 

25 June 1986 and the model agreement adopted by the Council on 30 June 1989; 
- 39 - 

3. Urges all Contracting States, who have not yet done so, to participate in the ICAO 

Aviation Security Point of Contact (PoC) Network, established for the communication of imminent 

threats to civil air transport operations, with the objective of providing a network of international aviation 

security contacts within each State; 

4. Urges the Council to request the Secretary General to promote initiatives which enable 

the establishment of technological platforms for the exchange of aviation security information among 

Contracting States; 

5. Requests that the Council continue to: 

a) gather the results of States’ experience in cooperating with each other to prevent acts 

of unlawful interference with international civil aviation; 

b) analyse differing circumstances and trends in preventing threats to international civil 

aviation in different regions of the world; and 

c) prepare recommendations for strengthening measures to deter and prevent such acts 

of unlawful interference; and 

6. Directs the Council to act with the requisite urgency and expedition to address new and 

existing threats to civil aviation, seeking to mitigate unnecessary disruption to air travel as a result of 

confusion or inconsistent implementation or interpretation of necessary measures, facilitating a common 

and consistent response by States, and encouraging clear communication by States to the travelling 

public. 

APPENDIX H 

International and regional cooperation in the field of aviation security 

Recognizing that the threat posed to civil aviation requires development of an effective global 

response by States and concerned international and regional organizations: 

The Assembly: 

1. Invites the Civil Air Navigation Services Organization (CANSO), the International 

Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO/INTERPOL), the 

Organization for Security and Cooperation for Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office on Drugs and 

Crime (UNODC), the Universal Postal Union (UPU), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), 

Airports Council International (ACI), the International Federation of Airline Pilots’ Associations 

(IFALPA) and other stakeholders to continue their cooperation with ICAO, to the maximum extent 

possible, to safeguard international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference; 

2. Directs the Council to take into account the G8 Secure and Facilitated International 

Travel Initiative (SAFTI) and to continue its collaboration with this group and other relevant groups of 

States such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secure Trade in the Asia and Pacific Region 

(STAR) initiative in its work relating to development of countermeasures against the threat posed by 

man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS) and encourage their implementation by all Contracting 

States; and 

3. Directs the Council to continue its cooperation with the United Nations 

Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC), in the global effort to combat terrorism. 
- 40 - 

Declaration On Aviation Security 

The Assembly, recognizing the need to strengthen aviation security worldwide, in light of the 

continuing threat to civil aviation, including the attempted sabotage of Northwest Airlines flight 253 on 

25 December 2009; and acknowledging the value of the joint declarations on civil aviation security 

emanating from regional conferences held with a view to enhancing international cooperation, hereby 

urges Member States to take the following actions to enhance international cooperation to counter threats 

to civil aviation: 

1) strengthen and promote the effective application of ICAO Standards and Recommended 

Practices, with particular focus on Annex 17 — Security, and develop strategies to 

address current and emerging threats; 

2) strengthen security screening procedures, enhance human factors and utilize modern 

technologies to detect prohibited articles and support research and development of 

technology for the detection of explosives, weapons and prohibited articles in order to 

prevent acts of unlawful interference; 

3) develop enhanced security measures to protect airport facilities and improve in-flight 

security, with appropriate enhancements in technology and training; 

4) develop and implement strengthened and harmonized measures and best practices for air 

cargo security, taking into account the need to protect the entire air cargo supply chain; 

5) promote enhanced travel document security and the validation thereof using the ICAO 

Public Key Directory (PKD) in conjunction with biometric information, and the 

commitment to report on a regular basis, lost and stolen passports to the INTERPOL Lost 

and Stolen Travel Documents Database to prevent the use of such travel documents for 

acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation; 

6) improve Member States’ ability to correct deficiencies identified under the Universal 

Security Audit Programme (USAP) by ensuring the appropriate availability of audit 

results among Member States, which would enable better targeting of capacity-building 

and technical assistance efforts; 

7) provide technical assistance to States in need, including funding, capacity building and 

technology transfer to effectively address security threats to civil aviation, in cooperation 

with other States, international organizations and industry partners; 

8) promote the increased use of cooperation mechanisms among Member States and with 

the civil aviation industry, for information exchange on security measures in order to 

avoid redundancy, where appropriate, and for early detection and dissemination of 

information on security threats to civil aviation, including through the collection and 

transmission of advance passenger information (API) and passenger name record (PNR) 

data, as an aid to security, whilst ensuring the protection of passengers’ privacy and civil 

liberties; and 

9) share best practices and information in a range of key areas, such as: screening and 

inspection techniques, including assessments of advanced screening technology for the 

detection of weapons and explosives; document security and fraud detection; behaviour 

detection and threat-based risk analysis; screening of airport employees; the privacy and 

dignity of persons; and aircraft security. 
- 41 - 

A37-18: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices

related to environmental protection – General provisions, noise

and local air quality

Whereas in Resolution A36-22 the Assembly resolved to continue to adopt at each ordinary 

Session a consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental 

protection; 

Whereas Resolution A36-22 consists of an introductory text and a number of Appendices 

concerning specific but interrelated subjects; 

Considering the need to reflect developments that have taken place since the 36th Session of the 

Assembly in the field of aircraft noise and engine emissions; and 

Considering the need to define a specific ICAO policy to address aviation’s impact on global 

climate (A37-19: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to 

environmental protection - Climate change ), the increasing concern on aviation and climate change and 

as part of ICAO’s policies and practices related to environmental protection: 

The Assembly:

1. Resolves that the Appendices attached to this Resolution and listed below, together with 

A37-19: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental 

protection - Climate change, constitute the consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and 

practices related to environmental protection, as these policies exist at the close of the 37th Session of the 

Assembly: 

Appendix A — General 

Appendix B — Development of Standards, Recommended Practices and Procedures and/or 

guidance material relating to the quality of the environment 

Appendix C — Policies and programmes based on a “balanced approach” to aircraft noise 

management 

Appendix D — Phase-out of subsonic jet aircraft which exceed the noise levels in Volume I of 

Annex 16 

Appendix E — Local noise-related operating restrictions at airports 

Appendix F — Land-use planning and management 

Appendix G — Supersonic aircraft — The problem of sonic boom 

Appendix H — Aviation impact on local air quality 

2. Requests the Council to submit the ICAO policies and practices related to environmental 

protection for review at each ordinary session of the Assembly; and 

3. Declares that this resolution, together with A37-19 Consolidated statement of continuing 

ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection - Climate change, supersede Resolution 

A36-22. 
- 42 - 

APPENDIX A 

General 

Whereas the preamble to the Convention on International Civil Aviation states that ‘the future 

development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and 

understanding among the nations and peoples of the world . . .’ and Article 44 of that Convention states 

that ICAO should ‘develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and . . . foster the 

planning and development of international air transport so as to . . . meet the needs of the peoples of the 

world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport’; 

Whereas many of the adverse environmental effects of civil aviation activity can be reduced by 

the application of comprehensive measures embracing technological improvements, more efficient air 

traffic management and operational procedures and the appropriate use of airport planning, land-use 

planning and management and market-based measures; 

Whereas all ICAO Contracting States agreed to continue to pursue all aviation matters related to 

the environment and also maintain the initiative in developing policy guidance on these matters, and not 

leave such initiatives to other organizations; 

Whereas other international organizations are emphasising the importance of environmental 

policies affecting air transport; 

Whereas the sustainable growth of aviation is important for future economic growth and 

development, trade and commerce, cultural exchange and understanding among peoples and nations; 

therefore prompt action must be taken to ensure that it is compatible with the quality of the environment 

and develops in ways that alleviate adverse impacts; 

Whereas reliable and best available information on the environmental effects of aviation is 

essential for the development of policy by ICAO and its Contracting States; 

Whereas as far as there are recognized interdependencies of the environmental effects from 

aviation, such as noise and engine emissions, they need to be considered when defining source control 

and operational mitigation policies; 

Whereas airspace management and design can play a role in addressing the impacts of aviation 

greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate, and the related economic and institutional issues need to 

be addressed by States, either individually or collectively on a regional basis; 

Whereas cooperation with other international organizations is important to progress the 

understanding of aviation’s impacts on the environment and in order to develop the appropriate policies to 

address these impacts; and 

Recognizing the importance of research and development in fuel efficiency and alternative fuels 

for aviation that will enable international air transport operations with a lower environmental impact: 

The Assembly:

1. Declares that ICAO, as the lead United Nations (UN) Agency in matters involving 

international civil aviation, is conscious of and will continue to address the adverse environmental 

impacts that may be related to civil aviation activity and acknowledges its responsibility and that of its 

Contracting States to achieve maximum compatibility between the safe and orderly development of civil 
- 43 - 

aviation and the quality of the environment. In carrying out its responsibilities, ICAO and its Contracting 

States will strive to: 

a) limit or reduce the number of people affected by significant aircraft noise; 

b) limit or reduce the impact of aviation emissions on local air quality; and 

c) limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate; 

2. Emphasizes the importance of ICAO continuing to demonstrate its leadership role on all 

international civil aviation matters related to the environment and requests the Council to maintain the 

initiative in developing policy guidance on these matters, which recognises the seriousness of the 

challenges which the sector faces; 

3. Requests the Council to assess regularly the present and future impact of aircraft noise 

and aircraft engine emissions and to continue to develop tools for this purpose; 

4. Requests the Council to maintain and update knowledge of the interdependencies and 

trade-offs related to measures to mitigate the impact of aviation on the environment so as to optimise 

decision making; 

5. Requests the Council to establish a set of aviation environmental indicators which States 

could use to evaluate the performance of aviation operations and the effectiveness of standards, policies 

and measures to mitigate aviation’s impacts on the environment; 

6. Requests the Council to disseminate information on the present and future impact and 

trends of aircraft noise and aircraft engine emissions and on ICAO policy and guidance material in the 

environmental field, in an appropriate manner, such as through regular reporting and workshops; 

7. Invites States to continue their active support for ICAO’s environment-related activities, 

and urges Contracting States to support activities not foreseen in the budget by providing a reasonable 

level of voluntary contributions; 

8. Invites States and international organizations to provide the necessary scientific 

information and data to enable ICAO to substantiate its work in this field; 

9. Encourages the Council to continue to cooperate closely with international organizations 

and other UN bodies on the understanding of aviation impacts on the environment and on the 

establishment of policies to address such impacts; and 

10. Urges States to refrain from environmental measures that would adversely affect the 

orderly and sustainable development of international civil aviation. 

APPENDIX B 

Development of Standards, Recommended Practices and Procedures and/or guidance 

material relating to the quality of the environment 

Whereas the problem of aircraft noise in the vicinity of many of the world’s airports, which 

continues to arouse public concern and limit airport infrastructure development, requires appropriate 

action; 
- 44 - 

Whereas the scientific community is improving the understanding of uncertainties associated with 

the environmental impact of aircraft emissions at both the local and global levels, this impact remains a 

cause of concern and requires appropriate action;

Recognizing that there are interdependencies related to design and operations of aircraft when 

addressing concerns related to noise, local air quality, and climate change; 

Whereas the Council has established a Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) 

for the purpose of assisting in the further development of Standards, Recommended Practices and 

Procedures and/or guidance material on aircraft noise and engine emissions; 

Whereas the Council has adopted Annex 16, Volume I — Aircraft Noise, which comprises noise 

certification standards for subsonic aircraft (except Short Take Off and Landing /Vertical Take Off and 

Landing aeroplanes) and has notified Contracting States of this action; 

Whereas the Council has adopted Annex 16, Volume II — Aircraft Engine Emissions, which 

comprises emissions certification Standards for new aircraft engines and has notified Contracting States 

of this action; 

Whereas the Council has initiated work on the development and adoption of an aircraft 

CO2 Standard and has notified Contracting States of this action; 

Whereas ICAO policy guidance on measures to address environmental concerns related to aircraft 

noise and engine emissions has been published; and 

 

Whereas the Council has adopted medium and long term technology goals for reduction of noise 

and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) while making significant progress on technology and operational goals for 

aircraft fuel burn reduction: 

The Assembly: 

1. Welcomes the continuing benefits of the more stringent aircraft noise Standard in 

Annex 16, Volume I, Chapter 4 that took effect on 1 January 2006 and the work initiated in 2010 on 

assessing scenarios for more stringent noise Standards; 

2. Welcomes the consideration by the Council in May 2010 of the new, more stringent 

Standards for emissions of NOx proposed to be implemented on 31 December 2013 as well as 

consideration of a production cut-off for aircraft engines not meeting the current standards for emissions 

of NOx proposed to be implemented on 31 December 2012; 

3. Welcomes the plan approved by the Council in May 2010 for development of an aircraft 

CO2 Standard; 

4. Requests the Council, with the assistance and cooperation of other bodies of the 

Organization and of other international organizations, to continue with vigour the work related to the 

development of Standards, Recommended Practices and Procedures and/or guidance material dealing 

with the impact of aviation on the environment; 

5. Welcomes the adoption by the Council in May 2010 of the medium- and long-term 

technology goals for reducing aircraft noise and engine emissions of NOx; 

6. Requests the Council, with the assistance and cooperation of other bodies of the 

Organization and of other international organizations, to establish medium and long term technology and 
- 45 - 

operational goals related to aircraft fuel burn, in addition to the recent development of NOx and noise 

reduction goals; 

7. Requests the Council to ensure that its Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection 

(CAEP) pursues its work programme in the noise and emissions fields expeditiously in order that 

appropriate solutions can be developed as quickly as possible, and that the necessary resources are made 

available to do so; 

8. Urges Contracting States from regions of the world that are currently under-represented 

in CAEP to participate in the Committee’s work; 

9. Requests the Council to provide States and International Organizations information on 

available measures to reduce the impact of aviation operations on the environment so that action can be 

taken using the appropriate measures; 

10. Urges Contracting States to follow, where appropriate, the ICAO provisions developed 

pursuant to Clause 4 of this Appendix; and 

11. Requests the Council to continue the work on developing and employing scenarios for 

assessing the future environmental impact of aviation emissions and to cooperate with other international 

organizations in this area. 

APPENDIX C 

Policies and programmes based on a ‘balanced approach’ to aircraft noise management 

Whereas a goal of ICAO is to promote the highest practicable degree of consistency in 

international civil aviation, including environmental regulations; 

Whereas the uncoordinated development of national and regional policies and programmes for 

the alleviation of aircraft noise could hinder the role of civil aviation in economic development; 

Whereas the severity of the aircraft noise problem at many airports has given rise to measures 

which limit aircraft operations and has provoked vigorous opposition to the expansion of existing airports 

or construction of new airports; 

Whereas ICAO has accepted full responsibility for pursuing a course aimed at achieving 

maximum compatibility between the safe, economically effective and orderly development of civil 

aviation and the quality of the environment, and is actively pursuing the concept of a ‘balanced approach’ 

for the reduction of aircraft noise and guidance on how States might apply such an approach; 

Whereas the balanced approach to noise management developed by ICAO consists of identifying 

the noise problem at an airport and then analysing the various measures available to reduce noise through 

the exploration of four principal elements, namely reduction at source, land-use planning and 

management, noise abatement operational procedures and operating restrictions, with the goal of 

addressing the noise problem in the most cost-effective manner; 

Whereas the assessment of present and future impact of aviation noise is an essential tool for the 

development of policy by ICAO and its Contracting States; 

Whereas the process for implementation and decisions between elements of the balanced 

approach is for Contracting States and it is ultimately the responsibility of individual States to develop 

appropriate solutions to the noise problems at their airports, with due regard to ICAO rules and policies; 
- 46 - 

Whereas the ICAO guidance developed to assist States in implementing the balanced approach 

(Guidance on the Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management (Doc 9829)) has been subsequently 

updated; 

Recognizing that solutions to noise problems need to be tailored to the specific characteristics of 

the airport concerned, which calls for an airport-by-airport approach, and that similar solutions could be 

applied if similar noise problems are identified at airports; 

Recognizing that measures to address noise may have significant cost implications for operators 

and other stakeholders, particularly those from developing countries; 

Recognizing that States have relevant legal obligations, existing agreements, current laws and 

established policies which may influence their implementation of the ICAO ‘balanced approach’; 

Recognizing that some States may also have wider policies on noise management; and 

Considering that the improvements in the noise climate achieved at many airports through the 

replacement of Chapter 2 compliant aircraft (aircraft which comply with the noise certification standards 

in Volume I, Chapter 2 of Annex 16 but which exceed the noise levels in Volume I, Chapter 3 of 

Annex 16) by quieter aircraft should be safeguarded by taking account of the sustainability of future 

growth and should not be eroded by incompatible urban encroachment around airports: 

The Assembly: 

1. Calls upon all ICAO Contracting States and international organizations to recognize the 

leading role of ICAO in dealing with the problems of aircraft noise; 

2. Urges States to: 

a) adopt a balanced approach to noise management, taking full account of ICAO 

guidance (Doc 9829), relevant legal obligations, existing agreements, current laws 

and established policies, when addressing noise problems at their international 

airports; 

b) institute or oversee a transparent process when considering measures to alleviate 

noise, including: 

1) assessment of the noise problem at the airport concerned based on objective, 

measurable criteria and other relevant factors; 

2) evaluation of the likely costs and benefits of the various measures available and, 

based on that evaluation, selection of measures with the goal to achieve 

maximum environmental benefit most cost-effectively; and 

3) provision for dissemination of the evaluation results, for consultation with 

stakeholders and for dispute resolution; 

3. Encourages States to: 

a) promote and support studies, research and technology programmes aimed at reducing 

noise at source or by other means taking into account interdependencies with other 

environmental concerns; 
- 47 - 

b) apply land-use planning and management policies to limit the encroachment of 

incompatible development into noise-sensitive areas and mitigation measures for 

areas affected by noise, consistent with Appendix F to this Resolution; 

c) apply noise abatement operational procedures, to the extent possible without 

affecting safety and considering interdependencies with other environmental 

concerns; and 

d) not apply operating restrictions as a first resort but only after consideration of the 

benefits to be gained from other elements of the balanced approach and in a manner 

which is consistent with Appendix E to this Resolution and taking into account the 

possible impact of such restrictions at other airports; 

4. Requests States to: 

a) work closely together to ensure the harmonization of programmes, plans and policies 

to the extent possible; 

b) ensure that the application of any measures to alleviate noise are consistent with the 

non-discrimination principle in Article 15 of the Chicago Convention; and 

c) take into consideration the particular economic conditions of developing countries; 

5. Invites States to keep the Council informed of their policies and programmes to alleviate 

the problem of aircraft noise in international civil aviation;

6. Requests the Council to:

a) assess continuously the evolution of the impact of aircraft noise; 

b) ensure that the guidance on the balanced approach in Doc 9829 is current and 

responsive to the requirements of States; and 

c) promote the use of the balanced approach, for example through workshops; and 

7. Calls upon States to provide appropriate support for this work on ICAO guidance and any 

additional work on methodologies, and for the assessment of the impact or effectiveness of measures 

under the balanced approach as necessary. 

APPENDIX D 

Phase-out of subsonic jet aircraft which exceed the noise levels in Volume I of Annex 16 

Whereas certification standards for subsonic jet aircraft noise levels are specified in Volume I of 

Annex 16; 

Whereas for the purpose of this Appendix, a phase-out is defined as withdrawal of a noise-based 

category of aircraft from international operations at all airports in one or more States; 

Whereas the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection has concluded that a general 

phase-out of Chapter 3 aircraft operations by all the countries which imposed a phase-out on operations of 

Chapter 2 aircraft is not supported on cost-benefit grounds; 
- 48 - 

Whereas some States have implemented or initiated phase-outs of aircraft which exceed the noise 

levels in Volume I, Chapter 3 of Annex 16, or are considering so doing; 

Recognizing that the noise standards in Annex 16 are not intended to introduce operating 

restrictions on aircraft; 

Recognizing that operating restrictions on existing aircraft may increase the costs of airlines and 

could impose a heavy economic burden, particularly on aircraft operators which may not have the 

financial resources to re-equip their fleets, such as those from developing countries; and 

Considering that resolution of problems due to aircraft noise must be based on the mutual 

recognition of the difficulties encountered by States and a balance among their different concerns: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges States not to introduce any phase-outs of aircraft which exceed the noise levels in 

Volume I, Chapter 3 of Annex 16 before considering: 

a) whether the normal attrition of existing fleets of such aircraft will provide the 

necessary protection of noise climates around their airports; 

b) whether the necessary protection can be achieved by regulations preventing their 

operators from adding such aircraft to their fleets through either purchase, or 

lease/charter/interchange, or alternatively by incentives to accelerate fleet 

modernization; 

c) whether the necessary protection can be achieved through restrictions limited to 

airports and runways the use of which has been identified and declared by them as 

generating noise problems and limited to time periods when greater noise disturbance 

is caused; and 

d) the implications of any restrictions for other States concerned, consulting these States 

and giving them reasonable notice of intention; 

2. Urges States which, despite the considerations in Resolving Clause 1 above, decide to 

phase out aircraft which comply with the noise certification standards in Volume I, Chapter 2 of Annex 

16 but which exceed the noise levels in Volume I, Chapter 3 of Annex 16: 

a) to frame any restrictions so that Chapter 2 compliant aircraft of an individual operator 

which are presently operating to their territories may be withdrawn from these 

operations gradually over a period of not less than 7 years; 

b) not to restrict before the end of the above period the operations of any aircraft less 

than 25 years after the date of issue of its first individual certificate of airworthiness; 

c) not to restrict before the end of the period the operations of any presently existing 

wide-body aircraft or of any fitted with engines that have a by-pass ratio higher than 

2 to 1; and 

d) to inform ICAO, as well as the other States concerned, of all restrictions imposed; 
- 49 - 

3. Strongly encourages States to continue to cooperate bilaterally, regionally and interregionally with a view to: 

a) alleviating the noise burden on communities around airports without imposing severe 

economic hardship on aircraft operators; and 

b) taking into account the problems of operators of developing countries with regard to 

Chapter 2 aircraft presently on their register, where they cannot be replaced before 

the end of the phase-out period, provided that there is proof of a purchase order or 

leasing contract placed for a replacement Chapter 3 compliant aircraft and the first 

date of delivery of the aircraft has been accepted; 

4. Urges States not to introduce measures to phase out aircraft which comply, through 

original certification or recertification, with the noise certification standards in Volume I, Chapters 3 or 4 

of Annex 16; 

5. Urges States not to impose any operating restrictions on Chapter 3 compliant aircraft, 

except as part of the balanced approach to noise management developed by ICAO and in accordance with 

Appendices C and E to this Resolution; and 

6. Urges States to assist aircraft operators in their efforts to accelerate fleet modernization 

and thereby prevent obstacles and permit all States to have access to lease or purchase aircraft compliant 

with Chapter 3, including the provision of multilateral technical assistance where appropriate. 

APPENDIX E 

Local noise-related operating restrictions at airports 

Whereas certification standards for subsonic jet aircraft noise are specified in Volume I of 

Annex 16; 

Whereas for the purposes of this Appendix an operating restriction is defined as any noise-related 

action that limits or reduces an aircraft’s access to an airport; 

Whereas Appendix C to this Resolution calls for States to adopt a balanced approach to noise 

management when addressing noise problems at their international airports; 

Whereas the scope for further reductions in noise at source is limited in that past improvements in 

noise reduction technology are being gradually assimilated into the fleet but no significant breakthroughs 

in technology are anticipated in the foreseeable future; 

Whereas at many airports, land-use planning and management and noise abatement operational 

procedures are already being used and other noise mitigation measures are in place, although urban 

encroachment continues in certain cases; 

Whereas implementation of the phase-out of aircraft which comply with the noise certification 

standards in Volume I, Chapter 2 of Annex 16 but which exceed the noise levels in Volume I, Chapter 3 

of Annex 16 (as provided for in Appendix D to this Resolution) has been completed in some States and, 

assuming continued growth in aviation activity, without further action the number of people exposed to 

aircraft noise at some airports in those States may increase; 

Whereas there are significant regional differences in the extent to which aircraft noise is expected 

to be a problem over the next two decades and some States have consequently been considering placing 
- 50 - 

operating restrictions on certain aircraft which comply with the noise certification standards in Volume I, 

Chapter 3 of Annex 16; 

Whereas if operating restrictions on Chapter 3 aircraft are introduced at certain airports, this 

should be based on the balanced approach and relevant ICAO guidance (Doc 9829) and should be tailored 

to the specific requirements of the airport concerned; 

Whereas these restrictions could have a significant economic impact on fleet investments of 

aircraft operators from States other than those in which the restrictions are imposed; 

Recognizing that these restrictions go beyond the policy established in Appendix D to this 

Resolution and other relevant policy guidance developed by ICAO; 

Recognizing that ICAO places no obligation on States to impose operating restrictions on 

Chapter 3 aircraft; 

Recognizing that the noise standards in Annex 16 were not intended to introduce operating 

restrictions on aircraft and, specifically, that the new standard contained in Annex 16, Volume I, 

Chapter 4 is based on the understanding that it is for certification purposes only; and 

Recognizing in particular that States have legal obligations, laws, existing arrangements and 

established policies which may govern the management of noise problems at their airports and could 

affect the implementation of this Appendix: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges States to ensure, wherever possible, that any operating restrictions be adopted only 

where such action is supported by a prior assessment of anticipated benefits and of possible adverse 

impacts; 

2. Urges States not to introduce any operating restrictions at any airport on aircraft which 

comply with Volume I, Chapter 3 of Annex 16 before: 

a) completing the phase-out of aircraft which exceed the noise levels in Volume I, 

Chapter 3 of Annex 16, at the airport concerned; and 

b) fully assessing available measures to address the noise problem at the airport 

concerned in accordance with the balanced approach described in Appendix C; 

3. Urges States which, despite the considerations in Resolving Clause 2 above, permit the 

introduction of restrictions at an airport on the operations of aircraft which comply, either through original 

certification or recertification, with Volume I, Chapter 3 of Annex 16: 

a) to base such restrictions on the noise performance of the aircraft, as determined by 

the certification procedure conducted consistent with Annex 16, Volume I; 

b) to tailor such restrictions to the noise problem of the airport concerned in accordance 

with the balanced approach; 

c) to limit such restrictions to those of a partial nature wherever possible, rather than the 

complete withdrawal of operations at an airport; 
- 51 - 

d) to take into account possible consequences for air transport services for which there 

are no suitable alternatives (for example, long-haul services); 

e) to consider the special circumstances of operators from developing countries, in order 

to avoid undue hardship for such operators, by granting exemptions; 

f) to introduce such restrictions gradually over time, where possible, in order to take 

into account the economic impact on operators of the affected aircraft; 

g) to give operators a reasonable period of advance notice; 

h) to take account of the economic and environmental impact on civil aviation; and 

i) to inform ICAO, as well as the other States concerned, of all such restrictions 

imposed; and 

4. Further urges States not to permit the introduction of any operating restrictions aimed at 

the withdrawal of aircraft that comply, through either original certification or recertification, with the 

noise standards in Volume I, Chapter 4 of Annex 16.

APPENDIX F 

Land-use planning and management 

Whereas land-use planning and management is one of the four principal elements of the balanced 

approach to noise management; 

Whereas the number of people affected by aircraft noise is dependent on the way in which the use 

of land surrounding an airport is planned and managed, and in particular the extent to which residential 

development and other noise sensitive activities are controlled; 

Whereas activity may increase significantly at most airports and there is a risk that future growth 

may be constrained by inappropriate land use near airports; 

Whereas the phase-out of subsonic jet aircraft which comply with the noise certification standards 

in Volume I, Chapter 2 of Annex 16 but which exceed the noise levels in Volume I, Chapter 3 of 

Annex 16 has succeeded at many airports in reducing the size of the noise contours depicting the areas 

where people are exposed to unacceptable noise levels as well as in reducing the total number of people 

exposed to noise; 

Considering it essential that these improvements should be preserved to the greatest extent 

practicable for the benefit of local communities; 

Recognizing that the new standard contained in Annex 16, Volume I, Chapter 4 has increased the 

opportunities for operators to replace aircraft in their fleets by quieter aircraft; 

Recognizing that while land-use management includes planning activities that may primarily be 

the responsibility of local authorities, it nevertheless affects airport capacity, which in turn has 

implications for civil aviation; and 

Whereas guidance material on appropriate land-use planning and noise mitigation measures is 

included in the Airport Planning Manual (Doc 9184), Part 2 — Land Use and Environmental Control, 

which has recently been updated: 
- 52 - 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges States that have phased out operations of Chapter 2 aircraft at their airports as 

provided for in Appendix D to this Resolution, whilst preserving the benefits for local communities to the 

greatest extent practicable, to avoid inappropriate land use or encroachment whenever possible in areas 

where reductions in noise levels have been achieved; 

2. Urges States to ensure that the potential reductions in noise levels to be gained from the 

introduction of quieter aircraft, particularly those complying with the new Chapter 4 standard, are also not 

avoidably compromised by inappropriate land use or encroachment; 

3. Urges States, where the opportunity still exists to minimize aircraft noise problems 

through preventive measures, to: 

a) locate new airports at an appropriate place, such as away from noise-sensitive areas; 

b) take the appropriate measures so that land-use planning is taken fully into account at 

the initial stage of any new airport or of development at an existing airport; 

c) define zones around airports associated with different noise levels taking into account 

population levels and growth as well as forecasts of traffic growth and establish 

criteria for the appropriate use of such land, taking account of ICAO guidance; 

d) enact legislation, establish guidance or other appropriate means to achieve 

compliance with those criteria for land use; and 

e) ensure that reader-friendly information on aircraft operations and their environmental 

effects is available to communities near airports; and 

4. Requests the Council to: 

a) ensure that the guidance on land use in Doc 9184 is current and responsive to the 

requirements of States; and 

b) consider what steps might be taken to promote land-use management, particularly in 

those parts of the world where the opportunity may exist to avoid aircraft noise 

problems in the future. 

APPENDIX G 

Supersonic aircraft — The problem of sonic boom 

Whereas since the introduction of supersonic aircraft in commercial service action has been taken 

to avoid creating unacceptable situations for the public due to sonic boom, such as interference with sleep 

and injurious effects to persons and property on land and at sea caused by the magnification of the sonic 

boom; and 

Whereas the States involved in the manufacture of such supersonic aircraft, as well as other 

States, continue to carry out research into the physical, physiological and sociological effects of sonic 

boom: 
- 53 - 

The Assembly: 

1. Reaffirms the importance it attaches to ensuring that no unacceptable situation for the 

public is created by sonic boom from supersonic aircraft in commercial service; 

2. Instructs the Council, in the light of the available information and availing itself of the 

appropriate machinery, to review the Annexes and other relevant documents, so as to ensure that they take 

due account of the problems which the operation of supersonic aircraft may create for the public and, in 

particular, as regards sonic boom, to take action to achieve international agreement on measurement of 

the sonic boom, the definition in quantitative or qualitative terms of the expression “unacceptable 

situations for the public” and the establishment of the corresponding limits; and 

3. Invites the States involved in the manufacture of supersonic aircraft to furnish ICAO in 

due course with proposals on the manner in which any specifications established by ICAO could be met. 

APPENDIX H 

Aviation impact on local air quality 

Whereas there are growing concerns about the impact of aviation on the atmosphere with respect 

to local air quality and the associated human health and welfare impacts; 

Whereas the evidence of this impact from emissions of NOx and particulate matter (PM) from 

aircraft engines on local surface and regional air quality is now more compelling; 

Recognizing that the scientific community is improving the understanding of uncertainties 

associated with the impact from emissions of NOx and PM from aircraft engines on the global climate; 

Recognizing that there are interdependencies related to design and operations of aircraft when 

addressing concerns related to noise, local air quality, and climate change; 

Recognizing that ICAO has established technical Standards and fostered the development of 

operational procedures that have reduced significantly local air quality pollution from aircraft;

Whereas many pollutants such as soot and unburned hydrocarbons from aircraft engines affecting 

local and regional air quality, have declined dramatically over the last few decades; 

Whereas recent progress in operational procedures such as continuous descent operations has 

resulted in further reduction of emissions from aircraft; 

Whereas an assessment of trends in aviation emissions of NOx, PM, and other gaseous emissions 

shows increasing global emissions values; 

Whereas the impacts of aviation emissions of NOx, PM, and other gaseous emissions need to be 

further assessed and understood; 

Recognizing the robust progress made in understanding impacts of non-volatile component of PM 

emissions while the scientific and technical work continues on better assessment of volatile component of 

PM emissions; 
- 54 - 

Whereas the impacts of aviation emissions on local and regional air quality is part of the total 

emissions in the affected area and should be considered in the broader context of all sources that 

contribute to the air quality concerns; 

Whereas the actual local air quality and health impacts of aviation emissions depend on a series 

of factors among which are the contribution to the total concentrations and the number of people exposed 

in the area being considered; 

Whereas Article 15 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation contains provisions 

regarding airport and similar charges, including the principle of non-discrimination, and ICAO has 

developed policy guidance for Contracting States regarding charges (ICAO’s Policies on Charges for 

Airports and Air Navigation Services, Doc 9082) including specific guidance on noise-related charges and 

emissions-related charges for local air quality; 

Whereas the ICAO Council had adopted on 9 December 1996 a policy statement of an interim 

nature on emission-related charges and taxes in the form of a resolution wherein the Council strongly 

recommends that any such levies be in the form of charges rather than taxes, and that the funds collected 

should be applied in the first instance to mitigating the environmental impact of aircraft engine emissions; 

Whereas such charges should be based on the costs of mitigating the environmental impact of 

aircraft engine emissions to the extent that such costs can be properly identified and directly attributed to 

air transport; 

Whereas the ICAO Council has adopted policy and guidance material related to the use of 

emission-related charges to address the impact of aircraft engine emissions at or around airports; 

Noting that the ICAO Council has published information on environmental management systems 

(EMS) that are in use by aviation stakeholders; and 

Noting that the ICAO Council has developed an Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual which has 

been subsequently updated: 

The Assembly: 

1. Requests the Council to monitor and develop its knowledge of, in cooperation with other 

relevant international organizations such as WHO, the effects of aviation emissions of PM, NOx and other 

gases on human welfare and health, and to disseminate information in this regard;

2. Requests the Council to continue its work to develop technologically feasible, 

environmentally beneficial and economically reasonable standards to further reduce the impact of local 

air pollution from aircraft; 

3. Requests the Council to develop certification requirements for non-volatile PM emissions 

while continuing to monitor progress in scientific and technical understanding of volatile and non-volatile 

components of PM emissions; 

4. Requests the Council to ensure that the interdependencies between measures to reduce 

aircraft noise and engine emissions that affect local air quality as well as global climate are given due 

consideration; 

5. Requests the Council continue its work to develop long-term technology and operational 

goals with respect to aviation environmental issues, including NOx emissions from aircraft;
- 55 - 

6. Requests the Council continue to foster operational and air traffic improvements that 

reduce the impact of local air pollution from aircraft;

7. Encourages action by Contracting States, and other parties involved, to limit or reduce 

international aviation emissions affecting local air quality through voluntary measures and to keep ICAO 

informed; 

8. Welcomes the development and promotion of guidance material on issues related to the 

assessment of airport-related air quality and requests the Council to actively pursue this activity, aiming 

for the completion of the Airport Air Quality guidance in 2011; 

9. Requests the Council to work with States and stakeholders in promoting and sharing best 

practices applied at airports in reducing the adverse effects of aviation emissions on local air quality; 

10. Welcomes the development of the guidance on emission charges related to local air 

quality and requests the Council to keep up-to-date such guidance and urges Contracting States to share 

information on the implementation of such charges; and 

11. Urges Contracting States to ensure the highest practical level of consistency and take due 

account of ICAO policies and guidance on emissions charges related to local air quality. 

A37-19: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices 

related to environmental protection – Climate change 

Whereas ICAO and its member States recognize the critical importance of providing continuous 

leadership to international civil aviation in limiting or reducing its emissions that contribute to global 

climate change;

Reemphasizing the vital role which international aviation plays in global economic and social 

development and the need to ensure that international aviation continues to develop in a sustainable 

manner;

Whereas the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 

(UNFCCC) is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a 

level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system; 

Whereas the Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the 

UNFCCC in December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005, calls for developed countries 

(Annex I Parties) to pursue limitation or reduction of greenhouse gases from “aviation bunker fuels” 

(international aviation) working through ICAO (Article 2.2); 

Acknowledging that international aviation emissions, currently accounting for less than 2 per cent 

of total global CO2 emissions, are projected to grow as a result of the continued development of the 

sector;

Whereas a comprehensive assessment of aviation’s impact on the atmosphere is contained in the 

special report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, published in 1999, which was prepared at ICAO’s 

request by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in collaboration with the Scientific 

Assessment Panel to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer;
- 56 - 

Whereas the IPCC special report recognized that the effects of some types of aircraft emissions 

are well understood, it revealed that the effects of others are not, and identified a number of key areas of 

scientific uncertainty that limit the ability to project aviation’s full impacts on climate and ozone;

Whereas ICAO requested that the IPCC include an update of the main findings of the special 

report in its Fourth Assessment Report, published in 2007 and its Fifth Assessment Report to be published 

in 2014; 

Noting the scientific view that the increase in global average temperature above pre-industrial 

levels ought not to exceed 2°C;

Acknowledging the principles and provisions on common but differentiated responsibilities and 

respective capabilities, and with developed countries taking the lead under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto 

Protocol; 

Also acknowledging the principles of non-discrimination and equal and fair opportunities to 

develop international aviation set forth in the Chicago Convention; 

Recognizing that this Resolution does not set a precedent for or prejudge the outcome of 

negotiations under the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol nor represent the position of the Parties to the 

UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol;

Noting that, consistent with Assembly Resolution A36-22, the High-level Meeting on 

International Aviation and Climate Change in October 2009 (HLM-ENV/09) endorsed the Programme of 

Action on International Aviation and Climate Change which included global aspirational goals in the 

form of fuel efficiency, a basket of measures and the means to measure progress; 

Recognizing that the aspirational goal of 2 per cent annual fuel efficiency improvement is 

unlikely to deliver the level of reduction necessary to stabilize and then reduce aviation’s absolute 

emissions contribution to climate change, and that goals of more ambition will need to be considered to 

deliver a sustainable path for aviation;

Noting that, to promote sustainable growth of aviation, a comprehensive approach, consisting of 

work on technology and standards, and on operational and market-based measures to reduce emissions is 

necessary; 

Noting that the HLM-ENV/09 declared that ICAO would establish a process to develop a 

framework for market based measures in international aviation, taking into account the conclusions of the 

HLM-ENV/9 and outcome of the UNFCCC COP 15 and bearing in mind relevant ICAO Assembly 

resolutions and the appendices with a view to complete this process expeditiously; 

Noting that the Conference on Aviation and Alternative Fuels in November 2009 (CAAF/09) 

endorsed the use of sustainable alternative fuels for aviation, particularly the use of drop-in fuels in the 

short to mid-term, as an important means of reducing aviation emissions; 

Also noting that the CAAF/09 established an ICAO Global Framework for Aviation Alternative 

Fuels (GFAAF);

Recognizing the different circumstances among States in their capacity to respond to the 

challenges associated with climate change and the need to provide necessary support, in particular to 

developing countries and States having particular needs; 
- 57 - 

Affirming that specific measures to assist developing States as well as to facilitate access to 

financial support, technology transfer and capacity building should be initiated; 

Whereas the Kyoto Protocol provides for different flexible instruments (such as the Clean 

Development Mechanism — CDM) which would benefit projects involving developing States; 

Affirming that addressing GHG emissions from international aviation requires the active 

engagement and cooperation of States and the industry, and noting the collective commitments announced 

by Airports Council International (ACI), Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO), 

International Air Transport Association (IATA), and International Coordinating Council of Aerospace 

Industries Associations (ICCAIA) on behalf of the international air transport industry to continuously 

improve CO2 efficiency by an average of 1.5 per cent per annum from 2009 until 2020, to achieve carbon 

neutral growth from 2020 and reducing its carbon emissions by 50 per cent by 2050 compared to 2005 

levels; 

Recognizing the need to monitor and report the potential impacts of climate change on 

international aviation operations and related infrastructure; and

Recognizing the progress made by ICAO in its implementation of the Climate Neutral UN 

initiative and the significant support provided by ICAO to the initiative, in particular through the 

development of a common methodology for calculating GHG emissions from air travel: 

The Assembly: 

1. Resolves that this Resolution, together with Resolution A37-18: Consolidated statement 

of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection - General provisions, noise 

and local air quality, supersede Resolution A36-22 and constitute the consolidated statement of 

continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection;

2. Requests the Council to:

a) ensure that ICAO exercise continuous leadership on environmental issues relating to 

international civil aviation, including GHG emissions; 

b) continue to study policy options to limit or reduce the environmental impact of 

aircraft engine emissions and to develop concrete proposals and provide advice as 

soon as possible to the Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC, encompassing 

technical solutions and market-based measures, and taking into account potential 

implications of such measures for developing as well as developed countries; and 

c) continue to cooperate with organizations involved in policy-making in this field, 

notably with the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC; 

3. Reiterates that: 

a) ICAO should continue to take initiatives to promote information on scientific 

understanding of aviation’s impact and action undertaken to address aviation 

emissions and continue to provide the forum to facilitate discussions on solutions to 

address aviation emissions; and 

b) emphasis should be on those policy options that will reduce aircraft engine emissions 

without negatively impacting the growth of air transport especially in developing 

economies; 
- 58 - 

4. Resolves that States and relevant organizations will work through ICAO to achieve a 

global annual average fuel efficiency improvement of 2 per cent until 2020 and an aspirational global fuel 

efficiency improvement rate of 2 per cent per annum from 2021 to 2050, calculated on the basis of 

volume of fuel used per revenue tonne kilometre performed; 

5. Agrees that the goals mentioned in paragraph 4 above would not attribute specific 

obligations to individual States, and the different circumstances, respective capabilities and contribution 

of developing and developed States to the concentration of aviation GHG emissions in the atmosphere 

will determine how each State may voluntarily contribute to achieving the global aspirational goals; 

6. Also resolves that, without any attribution of specific obligations to individual States, 

ICAO and its member States with relevant organizations will work together to strive to achieve a 

collective medium term global aspirational goal of keeping the global net carbon emissions from 

international aviation from 2020 at the same level, taking into account: 

a) the special circumstances and respective capabilities of developing countries; 

b) that the different circumstances, respective capabilities and contribution of States to 

the concentration of aviation GHG emissions in the atmosphere will determine how 

each State may contribute to achieving the global aspirational goals; 

c) that some States may take more ambitious actions prior to 2020, which may offset an 

increase in emissions from the growth of air transport in developing States; 

d) the maturity of aviation markets; 

e) the sustainable growth of the international aviation industry; and 

f) that emissions may increase due to the expected growth in international air traffic 

until lower emitting technologies and fuels and other mitigating measures are 

developed and deployed; 

7. Agrees to review, at its 38th Session, the goal mentioned in paragraph 6 above in light of 

progress towards the goal, new studies regarding the feasibility of achieving the goal, and relevant 

information from States; 

8. Requests the Council to explore the feasibility of a long term global aspirational goal for 

international aviation, through conducting detailed studies assessing the attainability and impacts of any 

goals proposed, including the impact on growth as well as costs in all countries, especially developing 

countries, for the progress of the work to be presented to the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly. 

Assessment of long term goals should include information from member States on their experiences 

working towards the medium term goal; 

9. Encourages States to submit their action plans outlining their respective policies and 

actions, and annual reporting on international aviation CO2 emissions to ICAO; 

10. Invites those States that choose to prepare their action plans to submit them to ICAO as 

soon as possible preferably by the end of June 2012 in order that ICAO can compile the information in 

relation to achieving the global aspirational goals, and the action plans should include information on the 

basket of measures considered by States, reflecting their respective national capacities and circumstances, 

and information on any specific assistance needs; 
- 59 - 

11. Requests the Council to facilitate the dissemination of economic and technical studies and 

best practices related to aspirational goals and to provide guidance and other technical assistance for the 

preparation of States’ action plans prior to the end of June 2012, in order for States to conduct their 

necessary studies and to voluntarily submit their action plans to ICAO; 

12. Resolves that a de minimis threshold of international aviation activity of 1 per cent of 

total revenue ton kilometres should apply to the submission of States’ action plans as follows: 

a) States below the threshold are not expected to submit action plans towards achieving 

the global goals; and 

b) States below the threshold but that otherwise have agreed to voluntarily contribute to 

achieving the global goals are expected to submit action plans; 

13. Requests the Council, with the support of member States, to undertake work to develop a 

framework for market-based measures (MBMs) in international aviation, including further elaboration of 

the guiding principles listed in the Annex, for consideration by the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly; 

14. Urges States to respect the guiding principles listed in the Annex, when designing new 

and implementing existing MBMs for international aviation, and to engage in constructive bilateral and/or 

multilateral consultations and negotiations with other States to reach an agreement; 

15. Resolves on a de minimis threshold of international aviation activity, consistent with the 

guiding principles in the Annex, of 1 per cent of total revenue ton kilometres to MBMs as follows: 

a) commercial aircraft operators of States below the threshold should qualify for 

exemption for application of MBMs that are established on national, regional and 

global levels; and 

b) States and regions implementing MBMs may wish to also consider an exemption for 

other small aircraft operators; 

16. Requests the Council to review the de minimis threshold to MBMs in paragraph 15, 

taking into account specific circumstances of States and potential impacts on the aviation industry and 

markets, and with regard to the guiding principles listed in the Annex, by the end of 2011; 

17. Urges States to review existing and planned MBMs for international aviation to ensure 

their consistency with the guiding principles listed in the Annex and the provisions in paragraphs 15 and 

16 above; 

18. Requests the Council, with the support of member States and international organizations, 

to continue to explore the feasibility of a global MBM scheme by undertaking further studies on the 

technical aspects, environmental benefits, economic impacts and the modalities of such a scheme, taking 

into account the outcome of the negotiations under the UNFCCC and other international developments, as 

appropriate, and report the progress for consideration by the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly; 

19. Recognizes that in the short term voluntary carbon offsetting schemes constitute a 

practical way to offset CO2 emissions, and invites States to encourage their operators wishing to take 

early actions to use carbon offsetting, particularly through the use of credits generated from 

internationally recognized schemes such as the CDM; 

20. Requests the Council to collect information on the volume of carbon offsets purchased in 

relation to air transport, and to continue to develop and disseminate best practices and tools, such as the 
- 60 - 

ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator, that will help harmonize the implementation of carbon offset 

programmes; 

21. Requests the Council to regularly report CO2 emissions from international aviation to the 

UNFCCC, as part of its contribution to assessing progress made in the implementation actions in the 

sector based on information approved by its member States; 

22. Requests the Council to: 

a) study, identify and develop processes and mechanisms to facilitate the provision of 

technical and financial assistance, as well as facilitate access to existing and new 

financial resources, technology transfer and capacity building, to developing 

countries and report on its progress, including processes and mechanisms developed, 

results achieved as well as further recommendations, preliminarily by the end of 2012 

and at the 38th Session of the Assembly; and 

b) initiate specific measures to assist developing States as well as to facilitate access to 

financial resources, technology transfer and capacity building; 

 

23. Requests States to: 

a) promote scientific research aimed at continuing to address the uncertainties identified 

in the IPCC special report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere and in the Fourth 

Assessment report; 

b) ensure that future international assessments of climate change undertaken by IPCC 

and other relevant United Nations bodies include updated information, if any, on 

aircraft-induced effects on the atmosphere; 

c) accelerate investments on research and development to bring to market even more 

efficient technology by 2020; 

d) accelerate the development and implementation of fuel efficient routings and 

procedures to reduce aviation emissions; 

e) accelerate efforts to achieve environmental benefits through the application of 

satellite-based technologies that improve the efficiency of air navigation and work 

with ICAO to bring these benefits to all regions and States; 

f) reduce legal, security, economic and other institutional barriers to enable 

implementation of the new ATM operating concepts for the environmentally efficient 

use of airspace; 

g) develop policy actions to accelerate the appropriate development, deployment and 

use of sustainable alternative fuels for aviation; 

h) work together through ICAO and other relevant international bodies, to exchange 

information and best practices; and 

i) consider measures to support sustainable aviation alternative fuels research and 

development, investments in new feedstock cultivations and production facilities, as 

well as incentives to stimulate commercialisation and use of sustainable alternative 

fuels for aviation to accelerate the reduction of aviation CO2 emissions; 
- 61 - 

24. Requests the Council to: 

a) continue to develop and keep up-to-date the guidance for member States on the 

application of policies and measures aimed at reducing or limiting the environmental 

impact of emissions from aviation, and conduct further studies with respect to 

mitigating the impact of aviation on climate change; 

b) encourage States to cooperate in the development of predictive analytical models for 

the assessment of aviation impacts; 

c) continue evaluating the costs and benefits of the various measures, including existing 

measures, with the goal of addressing aircraft engine emissions in the most costeffective manner, taking into account the interests of all parties concerned, including 

potential impacts on developing world; 

d) provide the necessary guidance and direction to ICAO’s Regional Offices to assist 

member States with studies, evaluations and development of procedures, in 

collaboration with other States in the region, to limit or reduce GHG emissions on a 

global basis and work together collaboratively to optimize the environmental benefits 

that can be achieved through their various programmes; 

e) develop a global CO2 Standard for aircraft aiming for 2013; 

f) further elaborate on relevant fuel efficiency metrics, including for international 

business aviation, and develop medium and long term technological and operational 

goals for aircraft fuel burn; 

g) encourage member States and invite industry to actively participate in further work 

on sustainable alternative fuels for aviation; 

h) work with financial institutions to facilitate access to financing infrastructure 

development projects dedicated to sustainable aviation alternative fuels and 

incentives to overcome initial market hurdles; 

i) continue to develop the necessary tools to assess the benefits associated with ATM 

improvements, and intensify its efforts on the development of new guidance on 

operational measures to reduce international aviation emissions; 

j) implement an emphasis on increasing fuel efficiency in all aspects of the ICAO’s 

Global Air Navigation Plan, and encourage States and stakeholders to develop air 

traffic management that optimize environmental benefits and to promote and share 

best practices applied at airports in reducing the adverse effects of GHG emissions of 

civil aviation; 

k) identify appropriate standard methodologies and a mechanism to measure/estimate, 

monitor and verify global GHG emissions from international aviation, and States 

support the work of ICAO on measuring progress through the reporting of annual 

data on traffic and fuel consumption; 

l) request States to continue to support the efforts of ICAO on enhancing the reliability 

of measuring/estimating global GHG emissions from international aviation; 
- 62 - 

m) undertake a study on the possible application of CDM of the Kyoto Protocol to 

international aviation; 

n) monitor and disseminate relevant information on the potential impacts of climate 

change on international aviation operations and related infrastructure, in cooperation 

with other relevant international organizations and the industry; and 

o) continue to cooperate with the Climate Neutral UN initiative, remain at the forefront 

of developing methods and tools for quantifying aviation’s GHG emissions with 

respect to the initiative, and further develop and implement the strategy for reducing 

GHG emissions and enhancing in-house sustainability management practices of the 

Organization. 

Annex 

The guiding principles for the design and implementation of market-based measures (MBMs) for 

international aviation: 

a) MBMs should support sustainable development of the international aviation sector; 

b) MBMs should support the mitigation of GHG emissions from international aviation; 

c) MBMs should contribute towards achieving global aspirational goals; 

d) MBMs should be transparent and administratively simple; 

e) MBMs should be cost-effective; 

f) MBMs should not be duplicative and international aviation CO2 emissions should be 

accounted for only once; 

g) MBMs should minimize carbon leakage and market distortions; 

h) MBMs should ensure the fair treatment of the international aviation sector in relation 

to other sectors; 

i) MBMs should recognize past and future achievements and investments in aviation 

fuel efficiency and in other measures to reduce aviation emissions; 

j) MBMs should not impose inappropriate economic burden on international aviation; 

k) MBMs should facilitate appropriate access to all carbon markets; 

l) MBMs should be assessed in relation to various measures on the basis of 

performance measured in terms of CO2 emissions reductions or avoidance, where 

appropriate; 

m) MBMs should include de minimis provisions; 

n) where revenues are generated from MBMs, it is strongly recommended that they 

should be applied in the first instance to mitigating the environmental impact of 
- 63 - 

aircraft engine emissions, including mitigation and adaptation, as well as assistance 

to and support for developing States; and 

o) where emissions reductions are achieved through MBMs, they should be identified in 

States’ emissions reporting. 

Reservations to Resolution A37-19

The following reservations were recorded by the delegations indicated below in respect of 

specific articles of Resolution A37-19 and are available at http://www.icao.int/Assembly37/docs/

Paras 6, 12, 14, 15, 16 Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, India, Iran, Iraq, 

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, 

Venezuela 

Paras. 6c), 15 Australia 

Paras. 6, 14, 15, 17 Belgium on behalf of EU and its member States and 

the other ECAC members 

Paras. 6 c), 15, Canada 

Paras. 6, 14, 15 China 

Para. 6c) Japan 

Paras. 12, 15 Russian Federation 

Para. 15 Singapore, United Arab Emirates 

Paras. 6, 15 United States 

 
- 64 - 

A37-20: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies in the air 

transport field 

Introduction

Whereas the Convention on International Civil Aviation establishes the basic principles to be 

followed by governments to ensure that international air transport services may be developed in an 

orderly, regular, efficient, economical, harmonious and sustainable manner and it is therefore one of the 

purposes of ICAO to support principles and arrangements in order that international air transport services 

may be established on the basis of equality of opportunity, sound and economic operation, mutual respect 

of the rights of States and taking into account the general interest; 

Whereas air transport is a major factor in promoting and fostering sustained economic 

development at national as well as international levels; 

Whereas it is becoming increasingly difficult, particularly for developing countries, to secure the 

necessary resources required to optimize the opportunities and meet the challenges inherent in the 

development of air transport, and to keep pace with the challenges posed by demands on air transport; 

Whereas the Organization prepares guidance, studies and statistics on the development of air 

transport for Contracting States on a continuing basis and these should be kept current, focused and 

relevant and should be disseminated to Contracting States through the most effective means; 

Whereas Contracting States are required to provide accurate and factual statistical data and other 

information in order that the Organization may prepare this guidance; 

Whereas the Organization is moving toward management by objective with more focus on 

implementation over standard setting; 

Whereas guidance developed by the Organization, and action taken by the Organization in 

implementing its Strategic Objectives, should assist Contracting States in developing policies and 

practices that facilitate the globalization, commercialization and liberalization of international air 

transport; and 

Whereas it is important for Contracting States to participate in the work of the Organization in the 

air transport field: 

The Assembly: 

1. Resolves that the Appendices attached to this resolution and listed below constitute the 

consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies in the air transport field, as these policies exist at the 

close of the 37th Session of the Assembly: 

Appendix A — Economic regulation of international air transport 

Appendix B — Statistics 

Appendix C — Forecasting, planning and economic analyses 

Appendix D — Facilitation 

Appendix E — Taxation 

Appendix F — Airports and air navigation services 
- 65 - 

Appendix G — Air carrier economics 

Appendix H — Air mail 

2. Urges Contracting States to have regard to these policies and their continuing elaboration 

by the Council in documents identified in this consolidated statement and by the Secretary General in 

manuals and circulars; 

3. Urges Contracting States to make every effort to fulfil their obligations, arising out of the 

Convention and Assembly resolutions, to support the work of the Organization in the air transport field, 

and, in particular, to provide as completely and promptly as possible the statistical and other information 

asked for by the Organization for its air transport studies; 

4. Requests the Council to attach particular importance to the problem of financing the 

development of the human and technical resources necessary to ensure the best possible contribution of 

air transport to the economic and social well-being of developing countries; 

5. Requests the Council, when it considers that it would be of benefit in assisting its work 

on any air transport issues, to consult expert representatives from Contracting States by the most 

appropriate means, including the establishment of panels of such qualified experts, reporting to the Air 

Transport Committee or of Secretariat study groups, and working by correspondence or by meetings; 

6. Requests the Council to convene Conferences or Divisional meetings, in which all 

Contracting States may participate, as the principal means of progressing the resolution of issues of 

worldwide importance in the air transport field, when such meetings are justified by the number and 

importance of the issues to be dealt with and where there is the likelihood of constructive action upon 

them; 

7. Requests the Council to provide for workshops, seminars and other such meetings as may 

be required to disseminate ICAO’s air transport policies and associated guidance to and amongst 

Contracting States; 

8. Requests the Council to keep the consolidated statement of ICAO’s air transport policies 

under review and advise the Assembly as appropriate when changes are needed to the statement; and 

9. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-15. 

APPENDIX A

Economic regulation of international air transport 

Section I. Agreements and arrangements 

Whereas the basic principles of sovereignty, fair and equal opportunity, non-discrimination, 

interdependence, harmonization and cooperation set out in the Convention have served international air 

transport well and continue to provide the basis for its future development; 

Whereas multilateralism in commercial rights to the greatest possible extent continues to be an 

objective of the Organization; 
- 66 - 

Whereas within the framework of the Convention, Contracting States have many differing 

regulatory goals and policies but share a fundamental objective of participation through reliable and 

sustained involvement in the international air transport system; 

Whereas one of the objectives of the Convention is that international air transport services may be 

operated soundly and economically and in that regard the International Air Services Transit Agreement 

(IASTA) facilitates the achievement of that objective for the Contracting States who are already parties to 

it; 

Whereas the Assembly has repeatedly stressed the obligation of each Contracting State to comply 

with Article 83 of the Convention by registering with the Council as soon as possible all arrangements 

relating to international civil aviation, in accordance with the Rules for Registration with ICAO of 

Aeronautical Agreements and Arrangements; 

Whereas undue delays and non-compliance relating to the registration of aeronautical agreements 

and arrangements are not desirable for the accuracy and completeness of regulatory information and for 

enhancing transparency; 

Whereas the establishment of international air transport fares and rates should be fair, transparent 

and designed to promote the satisfactory development of air services; 

Whereas consumer interest should be given due regard in the development of policy and 

regulation of international air transport; 

Whereas there is a need to adapt to the changing regulatory and operating environment in the air 

transport field and the Organization has accordingly developed policy guidance for the regulation of 

international air transport, including model clauses and template air services agreements, for optional use 

by States in bilateral or regional agreements; and 

Noting that the Organization has developed and provided to States an innovative meeting facility, 

the ICAO Air Services Negotiation Conference (ICAN), which facilitates and improves the efficiency of 

their air services negotiations and consultations: 

The Assembly:

1. Reaffirms the primary role of ICAO in developing policy guidance on the regulation of 

international air transport and in assisting and facilitating liberalization as necessary; 

2. Urges Contracting States that have not yet become parties to the International Air 

Services Transit Agreement (IASTA) to give urgent consideration to so doing; 

3. Urges all Contracting States to register cooperative agreements and arrangements relating 

to international civil aviation with ICAO in accordance with Article 83 of the Convention and the Rules 

for Registration with ICAO of Aeronautical Agreements and Arrangements; 

4. Urges Contracting States to keep the Council fully informed of serious problems arising 

from the application of air services agreements or arrangements and of any developments which tend 

toward the objective of multilateralism in the exchange of commercial rights; 

5. Encourages Contracting States to make use of and benefit from the ICAO Air Services 

Negotiation Conference facility; 

6. Requests the Council to continue to cooperate with regional and subregional bodies in 

their examination and development of measures of cooperation, including liberalized arrangements, and 
- 67 - 

the results of these measures, in order to see whether similar or other measures should at the appropriate 

time be recommended to Contracting States for application on a wider basis; 

7. Requests the Council to continue the comparative and analytical study of the policies and 

practices of Contracting States and airlines concerning commercial rights and the provisions of air 

services agreements and to inform all Contracting States of any new developments in international 

cooperation, including liberalized arrangements, with respect to commercial rights; 

8. Requests the Council to keep under review the machinery for establishing the 

Organization’s policy guidance on the regulation of international air transport, and to revise or update it 

as required; 

9. Requests the Council to review periodically the rules for registration of aeronautical 

agreements and arrangements with a view to simplifying the process of registration; 

10. Requests the Secretary General to remind Contracting States of the importance of 

registration without undue delay, of aeronautical agreements and arrangements and to provide such 

assistance to Contracting States as they may require in registering their aeronautical agreements and 

arrangements with the Council; and 

11. Requests the President of the Council and the Secretary General to promote universal 

adherence to and implementation of the International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA) and to 

urge Contracting States to inform the Secretariat of their intentions with respect to adherence to the 

agreement. 

Section II. Cooperation in regulatory arrangements 

Whereas certain economic, financial and operational constraints unilaterally introduced at the 

national level affect the stability of, and tend to create unfair discriminatory trading practices in, 

international air transport and might be incompatible with the basic principles of the Convention and the 

orderly and harmonious development of international air transport; 

Whereas the provision of regular and reliable air transport services is of fundamental importance 

to the development of the economies of States, especially the developing States, including those 

dependent on tourism; 

Whereas the strict application of the criterion of substantial ownership and effective control for 

the authorization of an airline to exercise route and other air transport rights could deny many States a fair 

and equal opportunity to operate international air services and to optimize the benefits to be derived 

therefrom; 

Whereas air carrier designation and authorization for market access should be liberalized at each 

State’s pace and discretion progressively, flexibly and with effective regulatory control in particular 

regarding safety and security; 

Whereas the broadening or the flexible application of the criteria for airline designation and 

authorization could help create an operating environment in which international air transport may develop 

and flourish in a stable, efficient and economical manner, and contribute to the participation objectives of 

States in the liberalization process, without prejudice to States’ obligations for aviation safety and 

security; 

Whereas the realization of developmental objectives among such States is increasingly being 

promoted by cooperative arrangements in the form of regional economic groupings and functional 
- 68 - 

cooperation symbolic of the affinity and community of interest which are particularly shared among 

developing States belonging to such regional economic integration movements; and 

Whereas the exercise of route and other air transport rights of a developing State having such 

community of interest by an airline substantially owned and effectively controlled by another developing 

State or States or its or their nationals sharing the same community of interests will serve to promote the 

foregoing interests of developing States: 

The Assembly:

1. Urges Contracting States to avoid adopting unilateral measures that may affect the orderly 

and harmonious development of international air transport and to ensure that domestic policies and 

legislation are not applied to international air transport without taking due account of its special 

characteristics; 

2. Urges Contracting States to accept such designations and allow such airlines to exercise the 

route rights and other air transport rights of a State or States, in particular developing States, within the 

same grouping, under mutually acceptable terms and conditions including air transport agreements 

negotiated or to be negotiated by the parties concerned; 

3. Urges Contracting States to recognize the concept of community of interest within regional or 

subregional economic groupings as a valid basis for the designation by one developing State or States of 

an airline of another developing State or States within the same regional economic grouping where such 

airline is substantially owned and effectively controlled by such other developing State or States or its or 

their nationals; 

4. Urges Contracting States to give consideration to the use of alternative criteria for airline 

designation and authorization, including those developed by ICAO, and to adopt a flexible and positive 

approach to accommodate other States in their efforts to liberalize air carrier ownership and control 

without compromising safety and security; 

5. Invites Contracting States with experience in various forms of joint operation of international 

air services to submit to the Council, on a continuing basis, full information concerning their experience, 

so that the Organization may have in this particular field all information that might be of assistance to 

Contracting States; 

6. Requests the Council, when approached, to render all feasible assistance to Contracting 

States wishing to enter regional or subregional economic groupings with respect to the operation of 

international air services; and 

7. Requests the Council to give assistance, when approached, to Contracting States that take 

the initiative in developing cooperative arrangements for the joint ownership and operation of 

international air services, directly among themselves or whose airlines develop such arrangements, and to 

promptly circulate to States information concerning such cooperative arrangements. 

Section III. Airline product distribution 

Whereas the advancement of information and electronic technologies have had a significant 

impact on the way the airline industry is doing business, particularly on its product distribution; and 

Whereas ICAO has developed a Code of Conduct for the Regulation and Operation of Computer 

Reservation Systems (CRSs) for States to follow, and two related Model Clauses for optional use by 

States in their air services agreements: 
- 69 - 

The Assembly:

1. Requests the Council to monitor developments in airline product distribution and related 

regulatory practices, and disseminate information to Contracting States on significant developments; and 

2. Requests the Council to review whether there is a continued need for the ICAO CRS 

Code and Model Clauses in light of the industry and regulatory changes. 

Section IV. Trade in services 

Whereas on the issue of including aspects of international air transport under the General 

Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), ICAO has actively promoted an understanding by all parties 

concerned of the provisions of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and of the particular 

mandate and role of ICAO in international air transport: 

The Assembly:

1. Reaffirms the need for ICAO to continue to explore future regulatory arrangements and 

develop recommendations and proposals to meet the challenges facing international air transport, 

responding to the internal and external changes affecting it; 

2. Recognizes that such arrangements should create an environment in which international 

air transport may develop and continue to flourish in an orderly, efficient and economical manner without 

compromising safety and security, while ensuring the interests of all Contracting States and their effective 

and sustained participation in international air transport; 

3. Reaffirms the primary role of ICAO in developing policy guidance on the regulation of 

international air transport; 

4. Urges Contracting States that participate in trade negotiations, agreements and 

arrangements relating to international air transport to: 

a) ensure internal coordination in their national administrations and in particular the 

direct involvement of aeronautical authorities and the aviation industry in the 

negotiations; 

b) ensure that their representatives are fully aware of the provisions of the Convention 

on International Civil Aviation, the particular characteristics of international air 

transport and its regulatory structures, agreements and arrangements; 

c) take into account their rights and obligations vis-à-vis those of ICAO Member States 

which are not members of the World Trade Organization; 

d) examine carefully the implications of any proposed inclusion of an additional air 

transport service or activity in the GATS bearing in mind, in particular, the close 

linkage between economic, environmental, safety and security aspects of 

international air transport; 

e) promote a full understanding of the role and mandate of ICAO in developing policy 

guidance on economic regulation, including liberalization of international air 

transport, and consider using this guidance; and 
- 70 - 

f) file with ICAO under Article 83 of the Convention copies of any exemptions and 

specific commitments pertaining to international air transport made under the GATS; 

5. Requests the World Trade Organization, its Member States and Observers to accord due 

consideration to: 

a) the particular regulatory structures and arrangements of international air transport and 

the liberalization taking place at the bilateral, subregional and regional levels; 

b) ICAO’s constitutional responsibility for international air transport and, in particular, 

for its safety and security; and 

c) ICAO’s existing policy and guidance material on the economic regulation of 

international air transport and its continued work in the field; and 

6. Requests the Council to: 

a) continue to exert a global leadership role in facilitating and coordinating the process 

of economic liberalization while ensuring safety, security and environmental 

protection in international air transport; 

b) pursue in a proactive manner developments in trade in services that might impinge on 

international air transport and inform Contracting States accordingly; and 

c) promote continued effective communication, cooperation and coordination between 

ICAO, the World Trade Organization, and other intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations dealing with trade in services. 

Section V. Elaboration of policy guidance 

Whereas governments have international obligations and responsibilities in the economic 

regulation of international air transport; 

Whereas economic liberalization and the evolution of air transport industry will continue to bring 

about opportunities, challenges and issues with respect to the regulation of international air transport; and 

Whereas the Organization has addressed many of the regulatory issues and compiled related 

policies and guidance material: 

The Assembly:

1. Urges Contracting States in their regulatory functions to have regard to the policies and 

guidance material developed by ICAO on economic regulation of international air transport, such as those 

contained in Doc 9587, Policy and Guidance Material on the Economic Regulation of International Air 

Transport; and 

2. Requests the Council to ensure that these policies and guidance material are current and 

responsive to the requirements of Contracting States, and to develop guidance on emerging issues of 

general interest where required. 
- 71 - 

APPENDIX B

Statistics 

Whereas ICAO’s Statistics Programme provides an independent and global foundation for the 

purpose of fostering the planning and sustainable development of international air transport; 

Whereas each Contracting State has undertaken that its international airlines shall file the 

statistics requested by the Council in accordance with Article 67 of the Convention; 

Whereas the Council has also laid down requirements for statistics on domestic airline operations, 

international airports, and international route facilities, pursuant to Articles 54 and 55 of the Convention; 

Whereas the Council has laid down requirements for data collection on civil aircraft on register 

pursuant to Article 21 of the Convention; 

Whereas there is a need for the Organization to collect data from States on annual aviation fuel 

consumption to be used to address emerging challenges of sustainable development of air transport; 

Whereas the nomination by States of focal points for aviation statistics will facilitate the timely 

filing of statistics and data requested by ICAO; 

Whereas the Council has adopted a policy of management by objective which requires collection 

of pertinent data and analysis to measure the performance of the Organization as a whole and of its 

constituent parts in meeting the Strategic Objectives of the Organization; 

Whereas the development of ICAO’s integrated statistical database for validation and storage of 

data provides Contracting States and other users with an efficient online system for the retrieval of 

statistical data; 

Whereas a number of Contracting States are still not filing, or have not been filing completely, 

the statistics requested by the Council; and 

Whereas cooperation amongst international organizations active in the area of collection and 

distribution of aviation statistics may enable reduction in the burden of filing statistics: 

The Assembly:

1. Urges Contracting States to nominate focal points for aviation statistics, and to make 

every effort to provide the statistics required by ICAO on time and to submit them electronically 

whenever possible; 

2. Requests the Council, calling on national experts in the relevant disciplines as required, to 

examine on a regular basis the statistical data collected by ICAO in order to meet more effectively the 

needs of the Organization and its Member States, and to establish the necessary metrics to monitor the 

performance of the Organization in meeting its Strategic Objectives, to improve the uniformity of the 

statistics, the completeness and timeliness of reporting by Contracting States, and the form and content of 

analyses; and 

3. Requests the Council to: 

a) continue to explore ways of closer cooperation with other international organizations 

active in the collection and distribution of aviation statistics; and 
- 72 - 

b) make arrangements, on an appropriate basis, for assistance to be given upon request 

to Contracting States by personnel of the Secretariat for the improvement of their 

civil aviation statistics and their statistical reporting to the Organization. 

APPENDIX C

Forecasting, planning and economic analyses 

Whereas ICAO’s independence in carrying out investigations into trends and in applying 

economic analyses provides a necessary foundation for fostering the planning and sustainable 

development of international air transport; 

Whereas Contracting States require global and regional forecasts of future civil aviation 

developments for various purposes; 

Whereas the Council, in carrying out its continuing functions in the economic field, must foresee 

future developments likely to require action by the Organization and must initiate such action in good 

time; 

Whereas the Organization has to regularly assess its performance against its Strategic Objectives 

with particular focus on safety, security, environmental protection and sustainable development of air 

transport; and 

Whereas the Organization requires specific forecasts and economic support for airports and air 

navigation systems planning and environmental monitoring and planning purposes: 

The Assembly:

1. Requests the Council to prepare and maintain, as necessary, forecasts of future trends and 

developments in civil aviation of both a general and a specific kind, including, where possible, local and 

regional as well as global data, and to make these available to Contracting States and support data needs 

of safety, security, environment and efficiency; 

2. Requests the Council to develop methodologies and procedures for the preparation of 

forecasts, the analyses of cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness, and the development of business cases to 

meet the needs of the Organization, the regional air navigation planning groups and, as required, other 

systems or environmental planning bodies of the Organization; and 

3. Requests the Council to make arrangements to collect and develop material on current 

forecasting methods both for the purposes described in clauses 1 and 2 and for dissemination to 

Contracting States from time to time as guidance in their own forecasting, planning and economic 

analyses. 

APPENDIX D

Facilitation 

Section I. Development and implementation of facilitation provisions 

Whereas Annex 9 — Facilitation, was developed as a means of articulating the obligations of 

Contracting States under Articles 22, 23 and 24 of the Convention and standardizing procedures for 

meeting the legal requirements referred to in Articles 10, 13, 14, 29 and 35; 
- 73 - 

Whereas implementation of the Standards and Recommended Practices in Annex 9 is essential to 

facilitate the clearance of aircraft, passengers and their baggage, cargo and mail and manage challenges in 

border controls and airport processes so as to maintain the efficiency of air transport operations; 

Whereas it is essential that Contracting States continue to pursue the objective of maximizing 

efficiency and security in such clearance operations; 

Whereas the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol, that 

had been adopted in December 2006 by the United Nations General Assembly, entered into force on 

3 May 2008; 

Whereas the development of specifications for machine readable travel documents by the 

Organization has proved effective in the development of systems that expedite the movement of 

international passengers and crew members through clearance control at airports while enhancing 

immigration compliance programmes; and 

Whereas the development of a set of standard signs to facilitate the efficient use of airport 

terminals by travellers and other users has proved effective and beneficial: 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges Contracting States to give special attention to increasing their efforts to implement 

Annex 9 Standards and Recommended Practices; 

2. Requests the Council to ensure that Annex 9 — Facilitation, is current and addresses the 

contemporary requirements of Contracting States with respect to administration of border controls, cargo 

and passengers, the protection of passenger and crew health and the accessibility to air transport by 

persons with disabilities; 

3. Requests the Council to ensure that the provisions of Annex 9 — Facilitation, and 

Annex 17 — Security, are compatible with and complementary to each other; 

4. Requests the Council to ensure that its specifications and guidance material in Doc 9303, 

Machine Readable Travel Documents, remain up to date in the light of technological advances and to 

continue to explore technological solutions aimed at improving clearance procedures; and 

5. Requests the Council to ensure that Doc 9636, International Signs to Provide Guidance 

to Persons at Airports and Marine Terminals, is current and responsive to the requirements of 

Contracting States. 

Section II. International cooperation in protecting the security and integrity of passports 

Whereas the passport is the basic official document that denotes a person’s identity and 

citizenship and is intended to inform the State of transit or destination that the bearer can return to the 

State which issued the passport; 

Whereas international confidence in the integrity of the passport is essential to the functioning of 

the international travel system; 

Whereas the veracity and validity of machine readable travel documents (MRTDs) depends on 

the documentation used to establish identity, confirm citizenship or nationality and assess entitlement of 

the passport applicant (i.e. ‘breeder’ documentation); 
- 74 - 

Whereas Member States of the United Nations have resolved, under the Global 

Counter-Terrorism Strategy adopted on 8 September 2006, to step up efforts and cooperation at every 

level, as appropriate, to improve the security of manufacturing and issuing identity and travel documents 

and to prevent and detect their alteration or fraudulent use; 

Whereas Resolution 1373 adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 

28 September 2001, decided that all States shall prevent the movement of terrorists or terrorist groups by 

effective border controls and controls on issuance of identity papers and travel documents, and through 

measures for preventing counterfeiting, forgery or fraudulent use of identity papers and travel documents; 

Whereas high-level cooperation among States is required in order to strengthen resistance to 

passport fraud, including the forgery or counterfeiting of passports, the use of forged or counterfeit 

passports, the use of valid passports by impostors, the use of expired or revoked passports, and the use of 

fraudulently obtained passports; 

Whereas the use of stolen blank passports, by those attempting to enter a country under a false 

identity, is increasing worldwide; and 

Whereas ICAO provides assistance to States in all matters related to MRTDs including project 

planning, implementation, education, training and system evaluation services, and has set up the Public 

Key Directory (PKD) to strengthen the security of biometrically-enhanced MRPs (ePassports): 

The Assembly:

1. Urges Contracting States to intensify their efforts to safeguard the security and integrity 

of the breeder documentation; 

2. Urges Contracting States to intensify their efforts to safeguard the security and integrity 

of their passports, to protect their passports against passport fraud, and to assist one another in these 

matters; 

3. Urges those Contracting States that have not already done so, to issue machine readable 

passports in accordance with the specifications of Doc 9303, Part 1; 

4. Urges Contracting States to ensure that the expiration date of non-machine readable 

passports falls before 24 November 2015; 

5. Urges those Contracting States requiring assistance in implementing MRTD standards 

and specifications to contact ICAO without delay; 

6. Requests the Council to take appropriate measures to establish guidance on breeder 

documentation; 

7. Requests the Council to continue the work on enhancing the effectiveness of controls on 

passport fraud by implementing the related SARPs of Annex 9 and developing guidance material to assist 

Contracting States in maintaining the integrity and security of their passports and other travel documents; 

8. Urges those States issuing ePassports to join the ICAO PKD; and all receiving States to 

verify the digital signatures associated with the passports; and 

9. Urges those Contracting States that are not already doing so, to provide routine and 

timely submissions of lost and stolen passport data to Interpol’s Automated Search Facility/Stolen and 

Lost Travel Document Database. 
- 75 - 

Section III. National and international action and cooperation on facilitation matters 

Whereas there is a need for continuing action by Contracting States to improve the effectiveness 

and efficiency of clearance control formalities; 

Whereas the establishment and active operation of national facilitation committees is a proven 

means of effecting needed improvements; 

Whereas cooperation on facilitation matters amongst Contracting States and with the various 

national and international parties interested in facilitation matters has brought benefits to all concerned; 

and 

Whereas such cooperation has become vital in the light of the proliferation of non-uniform 

passenger data exchange systems that adversely affect the viability of the air transport industry: 

The Assembly:

1. Urges Contracting States to establish and utilize national facilitation committees and 

adopt policies of cooperation on a regional basis among neighbouring States; 

2. Urges Contracting States to participate in regional and subregional facilitation 

programmes of other intergovernmental aviation organizations; 

3. Urges Contracting States to take all necessary steps, through national facilitation 

committees or other appropriate means, for: 

a) regularly calling the attention of all interested departments of their governments to 

the need for: 

1) making the national regulations and practices conform to the provisions and 

intent of Annex 9; and 

2) working out satisfactory solutions for day-to-day problems in the facilitation 

field; and 

b) taking the initiative in any follow-up action required; 

4. Urges Contracting States to encourage the study of facilitation problems by their national 

and other facilitation committees and to coordinate the findings of their committees on facilitation 

problems with those of other Contracting States with which they have air links; 

5. Urges neighbouring and bordering States to consult one another about common problems 

that they may have in the facilitation field whenever it appears that these consultations may lead to a 

uniform solution of such problems; 

6. Urges Contracting States to encourage their aircraft operators to continue to cooperate 

intensively with their governments as regards: 

a) identification and solution of facilitation problems; and 

b) developing cooperative arrangements for the prevention of illicit narcotics 

trafficking, illegal immigration and other threats to national interests; 
- 76 - 

7. Urges Contracting States to call upon international operators and their associations to 

participate to the extent possible in electronic data interchange systems in order to achieve maximum 

efficiency levels in the processing of passenger and cargo traffic at international terminals; 

8. Urges Contracting States, in their use of electronic data interchange systems, to ensure 

that their passenger data requirements conform to international standards adopted by relevant United 

Nations agencies for this purpose; and 

9. Urges States and operators, in cooperation with interested international organizations, to 

make all possible efforts to speed up the handling and clearance of air cargo, while ensuring the security 

of the international supply chain. 

APPENDIX E

Taxation 

Whereas international air transport plays a major role in the development and expansion of 

international trade and travel and the imposition of taxes on aircraft, fuel, and consumable technical 

supplies used for international air transport, taxes on the income of international air transport enterprises 

and on aircraft and other movable property associated with the operation of aircraft in international air 

transport, and taxes on its sale or use, may have an adverse economic and competitive impact on 

international air transport operations; 

Whereas ICAO policies in Doc 8632, ICAO’s Policies on Taxation in the Field of International 

Air Transport, make a conceptual distinction between a charge and a tax in that ‘a charge is a levy that is 

designed and applied specifically to recover the costs of providing facilities and services for civil aviation, 

and a tax is a levy that is designed to raise national or local government revenues which are generally not 

applied to civil aviation in their entirety or on a cost-specific basis’; 

Whereas it is a matter of great concern that taxes are increasingly being imposed by some 

Contracting States in respect of certain aspects of international air transport and that charges on air traffic, 

several of which can be categorized as taxes on the sale or use of international air transport, are 

proliferating; 

Whereas the matter of aircraft engine emission-related levies is addressed in Assembly 

Resolution A37-18, Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to 

environmental protection – General provisions, noise and local air quality (Appendix H, Aviation impact 

on local air quality); and 

Whereas the resolution in Doc 8632 supplements Article 24 of the Convention and is designed to 

recognize the uniqueness of international civil aviation and the need to accord tax exempt status to certain 

aspects of the operations of international air transport: 

The Assembly:

1. Urges Contracting States to follow the resolution of the Council as contained in Doc 

8632, ICAO’s Policies on Taxation in the Field of International Air Transport; and 

2. Requests the Council to ensure that the guidance and advice contained in Doc 8632 are 

current and responsive to the requirements of Contracting States. 
- 77 - 

APPENDIX F

Airports and air navigation services 

Section I. Charging policy 

Whereas ICAO policies in Doc 9082, ICAO's Policies on Charges for Airports and Air 

Navigation Services make a conceptual distinction between a charge and a tax in that ‘a charge is a levy 

that is designed and applied specifically to recover the costs of providing facilities and services for civil 

aviation, and a tax is a levy that is designed to raise national or local government revenues which are 

generally not applied to civil aviation in their entirety or on a cost-specific basis’; 

Whereas the matter of aircraft engine emission-related levies and market-based measures is 

addressed separately in Assembly Resolution A37-18, Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO 

policies and practices related to environmental protection – General provisions, noise and local air 

quality (Appendix H, Aviation impact on local air quality), and in Assembly Resolution A37-19,

Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection – 

Climate change; 

Whereas Article 15 of the Convention establishes the basis for the application and disclosure of 

charges for airports and air navigation services; 

Whereas the Council has been directed to formulate recommendations for the guidance of 

Contracting States with regard to the principles on which providers of airports and air navigation services 

for international civil aviation may charge to recover the costs of their provision and derive other revenue 

therefrom, and with regard to the methods that may be employed to that effect; and 

Whereas the Council has adopted and revised, as necessary, and published in Doc 9082, ICAO’s 

Policies on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation Services: 

The Assembly:

1. Urges Contracting States to ensure that Article 15 of the Convention is fully respected; 

2. Urges Contracting States to base the recovery of the costs of the airports and air 

navigation services they provide or share in providing for international civil aviation on the principles set 

forth in Article 15 of the Convention and additionally in Doc 9082, ICAO’s Policies on Charges for 

Airports and Air Navigation Services, regardless of the organizational structure under which the airports 

and air navigation services are operated; 

3. Urges Contracting States to ensure that airport and air navigation services charges are 

applied towards defraying the costs of providing facilities and services for civil aviation; 

4. Urges Contracting States to make every effort pursuant to Article 15 of the Convention to 

publish and communicate to the Organization any charges that may be imposed or permitted to be 

imposed by a Contracting State for the use of air navigation facilities and airports by the aircraft of any 

other Contracting State; 

5. Encourages Contracting States to adopt the principles of non-discrimination, costrelatedness, transparency and consultation with users, as espoused in Doc 9082, in their national 

legislation, regulation or policies, as well as in air services agreements, to ensure compliance by airports 

and air navigation services providers; and 
- 78 - 

6. Requests the Council to ensure that the guidance and advice contained in Doc 9082 are 

current and responsive to the requirements of Contracting States. 

Section II. Economics and management 

Whereas in handling growing volumes of traffic the global costs of providing airports and air 

navigation services continue to rise; 

Whereas Contracting States are placing increased emphasis on improving efficiency and costeffectiveness in the provision of airports and air navigation services; 

Whereas a balance should be maintained between the respective financial interests of providers of 

airports and air navigation services on the one hand and air carriers and other users on the other and 

which should be based on promoting cooperation between providers and users; 

Whereas Contracting States have called on the Organization to provide advice and guidance 

aimed at promoting equitable recovery of airport and air navigation services costs; 

Whereas Contracting States are increasingly assigning the operation of airports and air navigation 

services to commercialized and privatized entities, which may have less awareness and knowledge of 

States’ obligations specified in the Convention and its Annexes and of ICAO’s policies and guidance 

material in the economic field, and are using multinational facilities and services to meet the 

commitments they have assumed under Article 28 of the Convention; and 

Whereas the Council has adopted provisional policy guidance on the allocation of Global 

Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) costs to ensure an equitable treatment of all users: 

The Assembly:

1. Reminds Contracting States that with regard to airports and air navigation services they 

alone remain responsible for the commitments they have assumed under Article 28 of the Convention 

regardless of what entity or entities operate the airports or air navigation services concerned; 

2. Urges Contracting States to cooperate in the recovery of costs of multinational air 

navigation facilities and services and to consider the use of the provisional Council policy guidance on the 

allocation of GNSS costs; 

3. Requests the Council to continue to develop ICAO’s policy and guidance material with a 

view to contributing to increased efficiency and improved cost-effectiveness in the provision and 

operation of airports and air navigation services, including the foundation for a sound cooperation 

between providers and users; 

4. Requests the Council to continue its refinement of its policy guidance on the allocation of 

GNSS costs and the coordination of technical, legal and economic aspects, including cost-efficient 

interoperability; 

5. Requests the Council to promote ICAO’s policies on user charges and related guidance 

material, including organizational and managerial advice, in order to increase the awareness and 

knowledge of these among States and commercialized and privatized airports and air navigation services 

entities; 

6. Requests the Council to keep the economic situation of airports and air navigation 

services under review and make reports thereon to Contracting States at appropriate intervals; and 
- 79 - 

7. Urges Contracting States to make every effort to provide with the least possible delay the 

financial data relating to their airports and air navigation services to enable Council to provide such 

advice and prepare such reports. 

APPENDIX G

Air carrier economics 

Whereas there is a continuing interest among users, including international organizations with 

interests in tourism, aviation and trade, in the level of international air carrier costs of operation and 

appropriate revenue yields; 

Whereas the objective studies by ICAO on international air transport costs and revenues are 

widely used by Contracting States and other international organizations, have promoted neutrality and 

have resulted in a more equitable system of revenue sharing; and 

Whereas ICAO requires air carrier revenue, cost and operational data to assist the Council in 

assessment of the effectiveness of measures proposed for the implementation of the Strategic Objectives 

of the Organization, and for environmental planning, investment studies and other purposes: 

The Assembly:

1. Requests the Council to instruct the Secretary General to issue periodically a study on 

regional differences in the level of international air transport operating costs, analysing how differences in 

operations and input prices may affect their levels and the impact that changes in costs may have on air 

transport tariffs; and 

2. Urges Contracting States to make every effort to obtain from their international air 

carriers with the least possible delay the cost, revenue and other data requested by ICAO. 

APPENDIX H 

Air mail 

Whereas the Assembly has given ongoing directions with regard to ICAO’s work in the field of 

international air mail: 

The Assembly:

1. Urges Contracting States to take into account the effects on international civil aviation 

whenever policy is being formulated in the field of international air mail, and particularly at meetings of 

the Universal Postal Union (UPU); and 

2. Directs the Secretary General to furnish to the UPU, on request and, as stipulated in 

relevant cooperation arrangements between UPU and ICAO, information of a factual character which 

may be readily available. 
- 80 - 

A37-21: Cooperation with regional organizations and regional civil 

aviation bodies 

Whereas Resolution A1-10, which was adopted at the first Assembly in 1947 and is still 

applicable, authorizes the Council to make appropriate arrangements with public international 

organizations whose activities affect international civil aviation, through informal working arrangements, 

wherever practicable; 

Whereas Resolution A27-17, pertaining to the relationship between ICAO and the regional civil 

aviation bodies states, inter alia, that ICAO supports the work and activities of any existing or future 

regional civil aviation bodies and directs the Council to conclude with each civil aviation body 

appropriate working arrangements; 

Whereas in pursuance of these Resolutions, ICAO has developed various arrangements of 

cooperation with the regional civil aviation bodies; 

Whereas ICAO’s Policy on Regional Cooperation provides that ICAO is committed to render 

assistance, advice and other forms of support, to the extent possible, to Contracting States in carrying out 

their responsibilities pertaining to the Convention on International Civil Aviation and ICAO Strategic 

Objectives; and 

Whereas ICAO will implement its Policy on Regional Cooperation through close partnerships 

with regional organizations and regional civil aviation bodies: 

The Assembly: 

 1. Endorses ICAO’s Policy and Framework on Regional Cooperation; 

 2. Encourages regional organizations and regional civil aviation bodies to enter into suitable 

arrangements with ICAO, in accordance with ICAO’s Policy and Framework on Regional Cooperation; 

 3. Urges States to support their regional organizations and regional civil aviation bodies in 

entering into suitable arrangements with ICAO; 

 4. Encourages States to implement Standards and Recommended Practices of the Annexes 

to the Convention on International Civil Aviation both individually and through regional cooperation; 

 5. Encourages States which do not have a regional body to endeavour to form one; 

 6. Directs the Council to ensure, through cooperative arrangements, that both ICAO and the 

regional civil aviation bodies encourage States to harmonize operational regulations, requirements and 

procedures based on Standards and Recommended Practices; 

 7. Requests the Secretary General to implement the Action Plan approved by the Council to 

improve cooperation with regional organizations and regional civil aviation bodies; 

 8. Requests the Secretary General to establish a synergy between ICAO and each regional 

civil aviation body in accordance with arrangements as reflected by Memoranda of Cooperation 

concluded by them, thereby obviating duplication of work; 

 9. Requests the Secretary General to organize periodic meetings between ICAO and the 

regional civil aviation bodies and periodic examination of progress; and 
- 81 - 

 10. Requests that the Council deliver to the next ordinary session of the Assembly a report on 

the overall implementation of ICAO’s Policy on Regional Cooperation and progress made. 

A37-22: Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies in the Legal 

Field 

 Whereas it is considered desirable to consolidate Assembly resolutions on the Organization’s 

policies in the legal field in order to facilitate their implementation and practical application by making 

their texts more readily available, understandable and logically organized: 

 The Assembly: 

1. Resolves that the Appendices attached to this resolution constitute the consolidated 

statement of continuing ICAO policies in the legal field, up to date as these policies exist at the close of 

the 37th Session of the Assembly; 

2. Resolves to continue to adopt at each ordinary session a consolidated statement of 

continuing ICAO policies in the legal field; and 

3. Declares that this resolution supersedes Resolution A36-26. 

APPENDIX A 

General Policy 

Whereas international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and 

understanding among the nations and peoples of the world, yet its abuse can become a threat to the 

general security; and 

Whereas it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that cooperation between nations and 

peoples upon which the peace of the world depends: 

The Assembly: 

Reaffirms the important role of law in the avoidance and resolution of conflicts and disputes 

among the nations and peoples of the world and, in particular, in the achievement by the Organization of 

its aims and objectives. 

APPENDIX B 

Procedure for approval of draft conventions 

on international air law 

The Assembly resolves: 

That the following constitutes the procedure for the approval of draft conventions: 

1. Any draft convention which the Legal Committee considers as ready for presentation to 

the States as a final draft shall be transmitted to the Council, together with a report thereon. 

2. The Council may take such action as it deems fit, including the circulation of the draft to 

the Contracting States and to such other States and International Organizations as it may determine. 
- 82 - 

3. In circulating the draft convention, the Council may add comments and afford States and 

organizations an opportunity to submit comments to the Organization within a period of not less than four 

months. 

4. Such draft convention shall be considered, with a view to its approval, by a conference 

which may be convened in conjunction with a session of the Assembly. The opening date of the 

conference shall be not less than six months after the date of transmission of the draft as provided in 

paragraphs 2 and 3 above. The Council may invite to such a conference any non-Contracting State whose 

participation it considers desirable, and shall decide whether such participation carries the right to vote. 

The Council may also invite international organizations to be represented at the conference by observers. 

APPENDIX C 

Ratification of ICAO 

international instruments 

The Assembly: 

Recalling its Resolution A36-26, Appendix C relating to the ratification of the Protocols of 

Amendment to the Chicago Convention and of the private air law and other instruments which have been 

developed and adopted under the auspices of the Organization; 

Noting with concern the continuing slow progress of ratification of the aforementioned Protocols 

of Amendment, including in particular those introducing Articles 3 bis and 83 bis to the Chicago 

Convention, and the final paragraphs (relating to the Arabic and Chinese texts); 

Recognizing the importance of these amendments to international civil aviation, in particular to 

the viability of the Chicago Convention, and the consequent urgent need to accelerate the entry into force 

of these amendments not yet in force; 

Recognizing the need to accelerate the ratification and entry into force of air law instruments 

developed and adopted under the auspices of the Organization; 

Conscious of the fact that only a universal participation in these Protocols of Amendment and 

other instruments would secure and enhance the benefits of unification of the international rules which 

they embody: 

Urges all Contracting States which so far have not done so to ratify those Amendments to the 

Chicago Convention which are not yet in force [i.e. those amending the final paragraph to add Arabic and 

Chinese to the authentic texts of the Convention] as soon as possible; 

Urges all Contracting States which have not yet done so to ratify the Protocols introducing 

Articles 3 bis and 83 bis and amending Articles 50(a) (1990) and 56 (1989) of the Chicago Convention; 

Urges all Contracting States which so far have not done so to ratify the other international air law 

instruments, in particular the Montreal Convention of 1999, the Cape Town instruments of 2001, the 

two Montreal Conventions of 2 May 2009, the Beijing Convention and the Beijing Protocol of 2010, as 

soon as possible; 

Urges States which have ratified the instruments in question to provide to the Secretary General 

copies of the text and documents they have used in the process of ratification and implementation of such 

instruments and which may serve as an example assisting other States in the same process; and 
- 83 - 

Directs the Secretary General to take all practical measures within the Organization’s means in 

cooperation with States to provide assistance, if requested, to States encountering difficulties in the 

process of ratification and implementation of the air law instruments, including the organization of and 

the participation in workshops or seminars to further the process of ratification of the international air law 

instruments. 

APPENDIX D 

The teaching of air law 

The Assembly, considering the undoubted importance for the Organization and the States of the 

specialized teaching of air law and the desirability of fostering knowledge of this important subject: 

Invites the Council to take all possible action to promote the teaching of air law in those States 

where it is not yet available; 

Urges the States to adopt appropriate measures which would further the achievement of the above 

objective; and 

Calls upon Contracting States and interested parties to contribute to the Assad Kotaite Graduate 

and Postdoctoral Fellowship Fund. 

APPENDIX E 

Adoption of national legislation on certain offences committed on board civil aircraft 

(unruly/disruptive passengers) 

The Assembly: 

Recognizing that, under the Preamble and Article 44 of the Convention on International Civil 

Aviation, one of the aims and objectives of the Organization is to foster the planning and development of 

international air transport so as to meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient 

and economical air transport; 

Noting the increase of the number and gravity of reported incidents involving unruly or disruptive 

passengers on board civil aircraft; 

Considering the implications of these incidents for the safety of the aircraft and the passengers 

and crew on board these aircraft; 

Mindful of the fact that the existing international law as well as national law and regulations in 

many States are not fully adequate to deal effectively with this problem; 

Recognizing the special environment of aircraft in flight and inherent risks connected therewith, 

as well as the need to adopt adequate measures of national law for the purpose of enabling States to 

prosecute criminal acts and offences constituting unruly or disruptive behaviour on board aircraft; 

Encouraging the adoption of national legal rules enabling States to exercise jurisdiction in 

appropriate cases to prosecute criminal acts and offences constituting unruly or disruptive behaviour on 

board aircraft registered in other States; 
- 84 - 

Therefore: 

Urges all Contracting States to enact as soon as possible national law and regulations to deal 

effectively with the problem of unruly or disruptive passengers, incorporating so far as practical the 

provisions set out below; and 

Calls on all Contracting States to submit to their competent authorities for consideration of 

prosecution all persons whom they have a reasonable ground to consider as having committed any of the 

offences set out in the national laws and regulations so enacted, and for which they have jurisdiction in 

accordance with these laws and regulations. 

Model Legislation on Certain Offences Committed on Board Civil Aircraft 

Section 1: Assault and Other Acts of Interference against a Crew Member on Board a Civil 

Aircraft 

Any person who commits on board a civil aircraft any of the following acts thereby commits an 

offence: 

1) assault, intimidation or threat, whether physical or verbal, against a crew member if such act 

interferes with the performance of the duties of the crew member or lessens the ability of the 

crew member to perform those duties; 

2) refusal to follow a lawful instruction given by the aircraft commander, or on behalf of the 

aircraft commander by a crew member, for the purpose of ensuring the safety of the aircraft 

or of any person or property on board or for the purpose of maintaining good order and 

discipline on board. 

Section 2: Assault and Other Acts Endangering Safety or Jeopardizing Good Order and Discipline 

on Board a Civil Aircraft 

1) Any person who commits on board a civil aircraft an act of physical violence against a person 

or of sexual assault or child molestation thereby commits an offence. 

 2) Any person who commits on board a civil aircraft any of the following acts thereby commits 

an offence if such act is likely to endanger the safety of the aircraft or of any person on board 

or if such act jeopardizes the good order and discipline on board the aircraft: 

a) assault, intimidation or threat, whether physical or verbal, against another person; 

b) intentionally causing damage to, or destruction of, property; 

c) consuming alcoholic beverages or drugs resulting in intoxication. 

Section 3: Other Offences Committed on Board a Civil Aircraft 

Any person who commits on board a civil aircraft any of the following acts thereby commits an 

offence: 

1) smoking in a lavatory, or smoking elsewhere in a manner likely to endanger the safety of the 

aircraft; 

2) tampering with a smoke detector or any other safety-related device on board the aircraft; 
- 85 - 

3) operating a portable electronic device when such act is prohibited. 

Section 4: Jurisdiction 

1. The jurisdiction of (Name of State) shall extend to any offence under Sections 1, 2, or 3 of this 

Act if the act constituting the offence took place on board: 

1) any civil aircraft registered in (Name of State); or 

2) any civil aircraft leased with or without crew to an operator whose principal place of business 

is in (Name of State) or, if the operator does not have a principal place of business, whose 

permanent residence is in (Name of State); or 

3) any civil aircraft on or over the territory of (Name of State); or 

4) any other civil aircraft in flight outside (Name of State), if 

a) the next landing of the aircraft is in (Name of State); and 

b) the aircraft commander has delivered the suspected offender to the competent authorities 

of (Name of State), with the request that the authorities prosecute the suspected offender 

and with the affirmation that no similar request has been or will be made by the 

commander or the operator to any other State. 

2. The term “in flight” as used in this section means the period from the moment when power is 

applied for the purpose of takeoff until the moment when the landing run ends. 

APPENDIX F 

A Practical Way Forward on Legal and Institutional Aspects of Communications, 

Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) Systems 

 Whereas the global implementation of Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic 

Management (CNS/ATM) systems, which, inter alia, is intended to provide safety-critical services for 

aircraft navigation, has made substantial progress since its inception at the 10th Air Navigation 

Conference in 1991 and received enthusiastic endorsement at the 11th Air Navigation Conference in 

2003; 

 Whereas the existing legal framework for CNS/ATM systems, namely the Chicago Convention, 

its Annexes, Assembly Resolutions (especially including the Charter of GNSS Rights and Obligations), 

associated ICAO guidance (especially including the Statement of ICAO Policy on CNS/ATM Systems 

Implementation and Operation), regional navigation plans, and exchanges of letters between ICAO and 

the States operating satellite navigation constellations has enabled the technical implementation achieved 

thus far; 

 Whereas ICAO has devoted substantial resources to the study of the legal and institutional aspects 

of CNS/ATM systems in the ICAO Assembly, the Council, the Legal Committee, and a Panel of Legal 

and Technical Experts and a Study Group, building a detailed record and developing an understanding of 

the issues, challenges, and concerns facing the global community; and 

 Whereas there is a need to also consider regional initiatives to develop measures addressing any 

legal or institutional issues that could inhibit the implementation of CNS/ATM in the region, while 

ensuring that such mechanisms will be consistent with the Chicago Convention: 
- 86 - 

 The Assembly: 

1. Recognizes the importance of Item No. 3 of the General Work Programme of the 

Legal Committee “Consideration, with regard to CNS/ATM systems including global navigation satellite 

systems (GNSS) and the regional multinational organisms, of the establishment of a legal framework”, 

and resolutions or decisions by the Assembly and the Council relating to it; 

2. Reaffirms that there is no need to amend the Chicago Convention for the implementation of 

CNS/ATM systems; 

3. Invites Contracting States to also consider using regional organizations to develop 

mechanisms necessary to address any legal or institutional issues that could inhibit the implementation of 

CNS/ATM in the region, while ensuring that such mechanisms will be consistent with the Chicago 

Convention, and public international law; 

4. Encourages the facilitation of technical assistance in implementation of CNS/ATM systems 

by ICAO, regional organizations and industry; 

5. Invites Contracting States, other multilateral agencies and private financiers to consider 

development of additional sources of funding for assistance to States and regional groups in 

implementation of CNS/ATM; 

6. Directs the Secretary General to monitor and, where appropriate, assist in the development of 

contractual frameworks to which parties may accede, inter alia, on the basis of the structure and model 

proposed by the Members of the European Civil Aviation Conference and the other regional civil aviation 

commissions, and on international law; 

7. Invites the Contracting States to transmit regional initiatives to the Council; and 

8. Directs the Council to register such regional initiatives, to consider their value and to make 

them public as soon as possible (in accordance with Articles 54, 55 and 83 of the Chicago Convention). 

A37-23: Promotion of the Beijing Convention and the Beijing Protocol of 2010 

Referring to its Resolution A37-22, Appendix C, relating to the ratification of instruments which 

have been developed and adopted under the auspices of the Organization; and 

Recognizing the importance of broadening and strengthening the global aviation security regime 

to meet new and emerging threats; 

The Assembly: 

1. Urges all States to support and encourage the universal adoption of the Convention on the 

Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation (Beijing Convention of 2010) and 

the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft

(Beijing Protocol of 2010); 

2. Urges all States to sign and ratify the Beijing Convention and Beijing Protocol of 2010 as 

soon as possible; and 
- 87 - 

3. Directs the Secretary General to provide assistance, as appropriate, with the ratification 

process if so requested by a Member State. 

A37-24: Promotion of the Montreal Convention of 1999 

Referring to its Resolution A37-22, Appendix C, relating to the ratification of instruments which 

have been developed and adopted under the auspices of the Organization; 

Recognizing the importance of achieving a universal regime to govern airline liability to 

passengers and shippers on international flights; and 

Recognizing the desirability of an equitable, fair and convenient system that allows full 

compensation for losses: 

The Assembly:

1. Urges all States to support and encourage the universal adoption of the Convention for 

the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, done at Montreal on 28 May 1999 

(Montreal Convention of 1999); 

2. Urges all States that have not done so to become Parties to the Montreal Convention of 

1999 as soon as possible; and 

3. Directs the Secretary General to provide assistance, as appropriate, with the ratification 

process if so requested by a State. 

A37-25: ICAO Policy on the Language services 

Whereas the provision of adequate levels of service in the working languages of ICAO pursuant 

to the relevant Assembly resolutions and decisions, is highly important to the world-wide dissemination 

of ICAO documentation, in particular the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), and to the 

proper functioning of the Organization and its standing bodies; 

Whereas it is essential to maintain parity and quality of service in all working languages of the 

Organization; and 

Whereas it is vitally important to ensure a unified and harmonized understanding of ICAO 

Publications by all Contracting States in all ICAO working languages, in order to maintain the safety and 

security of international civil aviation and to minimize the impact of aviation on the environment: 

The Assembly: 

1. Reaffirms that multilingualism is one of the fundamental principles to achieve goals of 

ICAO as the specialized UN agency; 

2. Reaffirms its previous resolutions regarding the strengthening of the working languages 

of ICAO; 

3. Recognizes that language services are an integral part of any ICAO programme; 

4. Resolves that parity and quality of service in all of the working languages of ICAO be the 

continuous objective of the Organization; 
- 88 - 

5. Resolves that the introduction of a new language should not affect the quality of service 

in the other working languages of the Organization; 

6. Resolves that the Council continue to monitor language services, which will be a subject 

of review; 

7. Requests the Secretary General to develop and implement a quality management system 

in the field of language services; 

8. Requests the Secretary General of ICAO to adhere to UN best practices related to the 

language Services, including temporary recruitment of staff at peak periods and the level of outsourcing 

translations and interpretation; 

9. Requests the Council to consider the need for amendment of Doc 7231/11 “ICAO 

Publication Regulations” to provide dissemination of ICAO publications in all working languages of 

ICAO; 

10. Invites those Member States who represent ICAO’s working languages, if they so desire, 

to support ICAO through the establishment of officially recognized centres for translation of ICAO 

publications and by the secondment of competent staff to the ICAO Secretariat, including the Regional 

Offices, in order to reduce backlogs and support special events; and

11. Declares that this Resolution supersedes Assembly Resolution A31-17. 

A37-26: Budgets for 2011, 2012 and 2013 

A. The Assembly, with respect to the Budget 2011-2012-2013, notes that: 

1. in accordance with Article 61 of the Convention, the Council has submitted and the 

Assembly has considered annual budget estimates [indicative estimates for the Administrative and 

Operational Services Costs of the Technical Co-operation Programme (AOSC)] for each of the financial 

years 2011, 2012 and 2013; 

2. in accordance with Articles 49 (e) and 61 of the Convention, the Assembly approves the 

budgets of the Organization. 

B. The Assembly, with respect to the Technical Co-operation Programme: 

Recognizing that the AOSC are mainly financed by fees from implementation of projects 

assigned to ICAO for execution by external funding sources such as Governments, the United Nations 

Development Programme and other sources; 

Recognizing that the Technical Co-operation Programme cannot be determined with a high 

degree of precision until such time as the Governments of donor and recipient countries have decided on 

the relevant projects; 

Recognizing that due to the situation cited above, the annual AOSC net budget figures shown 

below in Canadian dollars (CAD) for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 represent indicative budget estimates 

only: 

2011 2012 2013 

10,700,000 11,000,000 11,600,000 
- 89 - 

Recognizing that technical co-operation is an important means of fostering the development and 

safety of civil aviation; 

Recognizing the circumstances facing the Technical Co-operation Programme of the Organization 

and the necessity to take continuing measures; and 

Recognizing that in the event that the AOSC operation for any given financial year ends in a 

financial deficit, such deficit should first be met from the accumulated surplus of the AOSC Fund and a 

call for support from the Regular Programme Budget would be the last resort; 

Resolves that the Indicative Budget Estimates of the Administrative and Operational Services 

Costs of the Technical Co-operation Programme are hereby approved on the understanding that 

subsequent adjustments to the Indicative Budget Estimates shall be made within the framework of the 

annual AOSC Budget Estimates in accordance with the provisions of Article IX of the Financial 

Regulations. 

C. The Assembly, with respect to the Regular Programme: 

Resolves that:

1. separately for the financial years 2011, 2012 and 2013, the following amounts in Canadian 

dollars, requiring an outlay of funds, are hereby authorized for expenditure for the Regular Programme in 

accordance with the Financial Regulations, and subject to the provisions of this Resolution:

Programme 2011 2012 2013 Total 

SAFETY 22,815,000 23,437,000 24,913,000 71,165,000 

SECURITY 13,403,000 13,771,000 13,866,000 41,040,000 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AND SUSTAINABLE 

DEVELOPMENT OF AIR 

TRANSPORT 11,431,000 11,843,000 12,311,000 35,585,000 

Programme Support 19,748,000 20,714,000 22,143,000 62,605,000 

Management & Administration 13,265,000 13,475,000 14,080,000 40,820,000 

Management & Administration - 

Governing Bodies 6,932,000 7,004,000 7,951,000 21,887,000 

TOTAL AUTHORIZED 

APPROPRIATION 87,594,000 90,244,000 

 

95,264,000 273,102,000 

Operational 86,555,000 89,554,000 94,681,000 270,790,000

Capital 1,039,000 690,000 583,000 2,312,000

2. the separate annual Total Authorized Appropriation be financed as follows in Canadian 

dollars, in accordance with the Financial Regulations: 

 
- 90 - 

2011 2012 2013 Total 

a) Assessments on States 82,024,000 84,256,000 88,727,000 255,007,000

b) Transfer from ARGF Surplus 4,370,000 4,688,000 5,082,000 14,140,000

c) Miscellaneous Income 1,200,000 1,300,000 1,455,000 3,955,000

TOTAL: 87,594,000 90,244,000 

 

95,264,000 273,102,000 

3. separately for the financial years 2011, 2012 and 2013, the following additional amounts 

in Canadian dollars, requiring an outlay of funds, are hereby authorized for expenditure for the Regular 

Programme in accordance with the Financial Regulations, and subject to the provisions of this Resolution 

to be financed without increasing Assessment of States through Reimbursement from AOSC fund of 

$5,311,500 and by the Transfer from Incentive Scheme for Long-Outstanding Arrears Account of 

$2,202,200: 

Programme 2011 2012 2013 Total

SAFETY 119,000 977,000 888,000 1,984,000

SECURITY 71,000 73,000 76,000 220,000

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AND SUSTAINABLE 

DEVELOPMENT OF AIR 

TRANSPORT 48,000 49,000 51,000 148,000

Programme Support 387,000 399,000 425,000 1,211,000

Management & Administration 1,262,000 1,295,000 1,349,000 3,906,000

Management & Administration - 

Governing Bodies 14,000 15,000 16,000 45,000

TOTAL AUTHORIZED 

APPROPRIATION 1,901,000 2,808,000 

 

2,805,000 7,514,000 

A37-27: Assessments to the General Fund for 2011, 2012 and 2013 

The Assembly: 

1. Resolves that the amounts to be assessed on Contracting States for 2011, 2012 and 2013 

pursuant to Article 61, Chapter XII, of the Convention shall be determined in accordance with the scales 

set out below. 

 
- 91 - 

 2011 2012 2013

 

 % % % 

Afghanistan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Albania 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Algeria 0.11 0.11 0.11 

Andorra 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Angola 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Antigua and Barbuda 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Argentina 0.25 0.25 0.25 

Armenia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Australia 1.72 1.72 1.72 

Austria 0.65 0.65 0.65 

 

Azerbaijan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Bahamas 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Bahrain 0.13 0.13 0.13 

Bangladesh 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Barbados 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Belarus 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Belgium 0.82 0.82 0.82 

Belize 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Benin 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Bhutan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Botswana 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Brazil 1.33 1.33 1.33 

Brunei Darussalam 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Bulgaria 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Burkina Faso 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Burundi 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Cambodia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Cameroon 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Canada 2.55 2.55 2.55 

Cape Verde 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Central African Republic 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Chad 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Chile 0.28 0.28 0.28 

 

China 4.06 4.06 4.06 

Colombia 0.22 0.22 0.22 

Comoros 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Congo 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Cook Islands 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 
- 92 - 

 2011 2012 2013

 

 % % % 

Costa Rica 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Côte d'Ivoire 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Croatia 0.07 0.07 0.07 

Cuba 0.07 0.07 0.07 

Cyprus 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Czech Republic 0.27 0.27 0.27 

Democratic People's Republic of Korea 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Denmark 0.56 0.56 0.56 

Djibouti 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Dominican Republic 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Ecuador 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Egypt 0.17 0.17 0.17 

El Salvador 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Equatorial Guinea 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Eritrea 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Estonia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Ethiopia 0.08 0.08 0.08 

Fiji 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Finland 0.50 0.50 0.50 

 

France 4.92 4.92 4.92 

Gabon 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Gambia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Georgia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Germany 6.56 6.56 6.56 

 

Ghana 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Greece 0.50 0.50 0.50 

Grenada 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Guatemala 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Guinea 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Guinea-Bissau 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Guyana 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Haiti 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Honduras 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Hungary 0.22 0.22 0.22 

 

Iceland 0.06 0.06 0.06 

India 0.73 0.73 0.73 

Indonesia 0.26 0.26 0.26 

Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.20 0.20 0.20 

Iraq 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

 
- 93 - 

2011 2012 2013

 

 % % % 

Ireland 0.65 0.65 0.65 

Israel 0.39 0.39 0.39 

Italy 3.52 3.52 3.52 

Jamaica 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Japan 9.08 9.08 9.08 

 

Jordan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Kazakhstan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Kenya 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Kiribati 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Kuwait 0.23 0.23 0.23 

 

Kyrgyzstan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Latvia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Lebanon 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Lesotho 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Liberia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.09 0.09 0.09 

Lithuania 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Luxembourg 0.31 0.31 0.31 

Madagascar 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Malawi 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Malaysia 0.47 0.47 0.47 

Maldives 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Mali 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Malta 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Marshall Islands 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Mauritania 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Mauritius 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Mexico 1.72 1.72 1.72 

Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Monaco 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Mongolia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Montenegro 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Morocco 0.10 0.10 0.10 

Mozambique 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Myanmar 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Namibia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Nauru 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Nepal 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Netherlands 1.85 1.85 1.85 

 
- 94 - 

2011 2012 2013

 

 % % % 

New Zealand 0.30 0.30 0.30 

Nicaragua 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Niger 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Nigeria 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Norway 0.61 0.61 0.61 

 

Oman 0.07 0.07 0.07 

Pakistan 0.15 0.15 0.15 

Palau 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Panama 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Papua New Guinea 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Paraguay 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Peru 0.10 0.10 0.10 

Philippines 0.16 0.16 0.16 

Poland 0.59 0.59 0.59 

Portugal 0.48 0.48 0.48 

 

Qatar 0.41 0.41 0.41 

Republic of Korea 2.41 2.41 2.41 

Republic of Moldova 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Romania 0.15 0.15 0.15 

Russian Federation 1.46 1.46 1.46 

 

Rwanda 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Saint Lucia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Samoa 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

San Marino 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Sao Tome and Principe 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Saudi Arabia 0.77 0.77 0.77 

Senegal 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Serbia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Seychelles 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Sierra Leone 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Singapore 1.07 1.07 1.07 

Slovakia 0.11 0.11 0.11 

Slovenia 0.07 0.07 0.07 

Solomon Islands 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Somalia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

South Africa 0.42 0.42 0.42 

Spain 2.47 2.47 2.47 

Sri Lanka 0.07 0.07 0.07 

 
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2011 2012 2013

 

 % % % 

Sudan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Suriname 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Swaziland 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Sweden 0.74 0.74 0.74 

Switzerland 0.95 0.95 0.95 

 

Syrian Arab Republic 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Tajikistan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Thailand 0.50 0.50 0.50 

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Timor-Leste 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Togo 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Tonga 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Trinidad and Tobago 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Tunisia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Turkey 0.63 0.63 0.63 

 

Turkmenistan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Uganda 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Ukraine 0.10 0.10 0.10 

United Arab Emirates 1.07 1.07 1.07 

United Kingdom 5.68 5.68 5.68 

 

United Republic of Tanzania 0.06 0.06 0.06 

United States 25.00 25.00 25.00 

Uruguay 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Uzbekistan 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Vanuatu 0.06 0.06 0.06 

 

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.22 0.22 0.22 

Viet Nam 0.10 0.10 0.10 

Yemen 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Zambia 0.06 0.06 0.06 

Zimbabwe 0.06 0.06 0.06

 

 100.00 100.00 100.00

A37-28: Working Capital Fund 

The Assembly: 

1. Notes that: 

a) in accordance with Resolution A36-34, the Council has reported upon, and the 

Assembly has considered, the adequacy of the level of the Working Capital Fund and 

the related borrowing authority; 
- 96 - 

b) in recent years, the accumulation of contributions in arrears has constituted, together 

with the delays in payment of current year contributions, a growing obstacle to the 

implementation of the work programme while creating financial uncertainty; 

c) the relatively long budgetary cycle of ICAO, namely three years, has a bearing on the 

determination of the prudent level of the Working Capital Fund and borrowing 

authority, as only the Assembly can levy assessments on Contracting States; 

d) given the number of permanent staff in ICAO, there is an irreducible minimum which 

the Organization has to pay out each month to meet the staff costs. This amount is 

not amenable to short term reduction through adjusting the work programme, since 

permanent staff remain in post and have to be paid in any event; 

e) on average, by September of each year, the cumulative receipt of assessments was 

short of estimated disbursement by an average of 10.0 per cent compared to 5.0 per 

cent for the last triennium; 

f) based on past trends, there is only a limited risk that the level of the Working Capital 

Fund may not be sufficient to cover the needs in the foreseeable future; 

g) experience has shown that payments are not made at the beginning of the year when 

contributions are due and that ICAO cannot rely on contributions being paid even 

by the end of the year to which they relate and that such unacceptable avoidance of 

their financial obligations under the Convention by some Contracting States is 

leading to a financial crisis within the Organization that could impact all 

Contracting States; 

h) as long as the cash flow remains uncertain, ICAO would need the Working Capital 

Fund as a buffer on which it could draw to meet its unavoidable cash commitments; 

and 

i) the Council reviewed the level of the Working Capital Fund in November 2009 and 

determined that the need for the increase in the level of $ 6.0 million was not needed 

for the present time. 

2. Resolves that: 

a) the level of the Working Capital Fund remain at $ 6.0 million; 

b) the Council shall review the level of the Working Capital Fund no later than 

November 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, to determine if an increase is urgently needed 

during that year or for the following year; 

c) if the Council determines that it is warranted, the level of the Working Capital Fund 

shall be established at a level no higher than $ 8.0 million, subject to increases 

resulting from advances paid by new States becoming members of the Organization 

after approval of the scales. Such adjustment to the Working Capital Fund will be 

based on the scales of assessment in effect for the year for which the increase in the 

level of the Working Capital Fund is approved; 

d) the Secretary General be authorized, with the prior approval of the Finance 

Committee of the Council, to finance regular and supplementary appropriations that 
- 97 - 

cannot be financed from the General Fund and the Working Capital Fund, by 

borrowing externally amounts needed to meet immediate obligations of the 

Organization, and that the Secretary General be required to repay such amounts as 

rapidly as possible; the outstanding total of such indebtedness of the Organization at 

no time to exceed $3.0 million during the triennium; 

e) the Council shall report to the next ordinary session of the Assembly: 

i) on the adequacy of the level of the Working Capital Fund in the light of 

experience during 2010, 2011 and 2012; 

ii) whether the financial position of the General Fund and the Working Capital Fund 

would indicate the need for assessing Contracting States for cash deficits caused 

by arrears of contributions; and 

iii) on the appropriateness of the level of the borrowing authority; and 

f) Resolution A36-34 is no longer effective and is hereby superseded; and 

3. Urges: 

a) all Contracting States to pay their assessments as early as possible in the year in 

which they fall due in order to lessen the likelihood of the Organization having to 

draw on the Working Capital Fund and resort to external borrowing; and 

b) the Contracting States in arrears to meet their obligations to the Organization as 

promptly as possible, as called for by Resolution A37-32. 

A37-29: Amendment of the Financial Regulations 

Whereas the Council is respectful of the position of the Assembly in approving the Budgets and 

Appropriations of the Organization; 

Whereas the Council is able to meet on a regular basis to deal with exigencies and developments 

affecting the amounts appropriated; and 

Whereas the Council requires the flexibility between Assembly sessions to accommodate changes 

in the financing needs: 

The Assembly resolves that: 

1. The amendments as set out in the Appendix of A37-WP/57, AD/14 to Financial 

Regulation 5.2 are approved effective 1 January 2011 and to other Financial Regulations are confirmed 

pursuant to Financial Regulation 14.1. 

A37-30: Approval of the accounts of the Organization for the financial

years 2007, 2008 and 2009 and examination of the Audit Reports

thereon 

Whereas the accounts of the Organization for the financial years 2007, 2008 and 2009 and the 

Audit Reports thereon, submitted by the Auditor General of Canada (2007) and the Cour des comptes of 
- 98 - 

France (2008 and 2009) - a member of the Joint Panel of External Auditors of the United Nations and 

Specialized Agencies - as the External Auditor of ICAO, have been submitted to the Assembly after being 

circulated to Contracting States; 

Whereas the Council has examined the Audit Reports and submitted them to the Assembly for its 

review; and 

Whereas in accordance with Chapter VIII Article 49 (f) of the Convention, expenditures have 

been reviewed: 

The Assembly: 

1. Notes the Report of the External Auditor on the audited accounts for the financial year 

2007 and the comments by the Secretary General in response to the recommendations in the Audit 

Report; 

2. Notes the Report of the External Auditor on the audited accounts for the financial year 

2008 and the comments by the Secretary General in response to the recommendations in the Audit 

Report; 

3. Notes the Report of the External Auditor on the audited accounts for the financial 

year 2009 with related comments by the Secretary General in response to the recommendations in the 

Audit Report, and the report on the status of the implementation of the External Auditor’s prior years’ 

recommendations; 

4. Approves the audited accounts for the financial year 2007; 

5. Approves the audited accounts for the financial year 2008; and 

 

6. Approves the audited accounts for the financial year 2009. 

A37-31: Appointment of the External Auditor 

The Assembly: 

1. Notes that: 

a) the Financial Regulations provide that, subject to confirmation by the Assembly, the 

Council shall appoint an External Auditor to the Organization; and 

b) the Council approved the extension of appointment to the First President of the Cour 

des Comptes as External Auditor of ICAO for 2011, 2012 and 2013 for the same fee 

as charged for the current triennium. 

2. Confirms the action taken by the Council in appointing Mr. Didier Migaud, First 

President of the Cour des Comptes, as the External Auditor of ICAO for the financial years 2011, 2012 

and 2013. 

A37-32: Discharge by Contracting States of financial obligations to the

Organization and action to be taken in case of their failure to do so 

Whereas Article 62 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation provides that the Assembly 

may suspend the voting power in the Assembly and in the Council of any Contracting State that fails to 

discharge, within a reasonable period, its financial obligations to the Organization; 
- 99 - 

The Assembly:

Considering that Article 6.5 of the ICAO Financial Regulations provides that contributions from 

Contracting States shall be considered due and payable in full as of the first day of the financial year to 

which they relate; 

Noting that in recent years the accumulation of contributions in arrears has increased considerably 

and has constituted, together with the delays in payment of current year contributions, an obstacle to the 

implementation of the work programme and created serious cash flow difficulties: 

Urges that all Contracting States in arrears make suitable arrangements for liquidating their 

arrears; and 

Urges all Contracting States and, in particular, the States elected to the Council, to take all 

necessary measures to pay their contributions on time; 

Resolves that, with effect from 1 January 2011: 

1. all Contracting States should recognize the necessity to pay their contributions at the 

beginning of the year in which they fall due, in order to avoid the need for the Organization to draw on 

the Working Capital Fund to make good the shortfall; 

2. the Secretary General be directed to dispatch to all Contracting States, at least three times 

in the year, schedules showing the current amounts due for the current year and up to 31 December of the 

previous year; 

3. the Council be authorized to discuss and conclude arrangements with Contracting States, 

whose contributions are in arrears for three or more years, for the settlement of accumulated arrears to the 

Organization, any such settlements or arrangements to be reported to the next session of the Assembly; 

4. all Contracting States that are three years or more in arrears in the payment of their 

contributions should: 

a) effect without delay payment of the amounts outstanding with respect to advances to 

the Working Capital Fund, the current year contribution, and partial settlement of 

their arrears in the amount of 5 per cent of the arrears; and 

b) conclude within six months of the date of the payment referred to in sub-paragraph a) 

above, if they have not already done so, an agreement with the Organization for the 

settlement of the balance of their arrears, such agreement to provide for the payment 

annually, in full, of their current contributions and the balance of the arrears in 

instalments over a period of no more than ten years, which period may, at the 

discretion of the Council, be extended, to a maximum of twenty years in respect of 

special cases, i.e. those Contracting States which are classified by the United Nations 

as Least Developed Countries; 

5. the Council should further intensify the current policy of inviting Contracting States in 

arrears to make settlement proposals for the liquidation of long-outstanding arrears of contributions in 

accordance with the provisions of Resolving Clause 4 above, taking full account of the economic position 

of the States concerned including the possibility of accepting other currencies in accordance with the 

provisions of Article 6.6 of the Financial Regulations, to the extent that the Secretary General can use 

these currencies; 
- 100 - 

6. the voting power in the Assembly and the Council be suspended for those 

Contracting States in arrears for an amount equal to or in excess of the total assessments for the three 

preceding financial years and of those Contracting States not in compliance with agreements entered into 

in accordance with Resolving Clause 4 b) above, such suspension to be revoked immediately upon the 

settlement of outstanding amounts due under agreements; and 

7. the voting power of a Contracting State suspended under Resolving Clause 6 may also be 

restored by action of the Assembly or the Council provided: 

a) it has already concluded with the Council an agreement that provides for the 

settlement of its outstanding obligations and for the payment of current contributions 

and has complied with the terms of that agreement; or 

b) the Assembly is satisfied that the State’s willingness to reach an equitable settlement 

of its financial obligations to the Organization has been demonstrated; 

8. any State whose voting power has been suspended by the Assembly under Article 62 of 

the Convention may have it restored by the Council under the conditions stipulated in Resolving 

Clause 7 a) above, provided that a willingness on its part to reach an equitable settlement of its financial 

obligations to the Organization has been demonstrated; 

9. the following additional measures be applied to those Contracting States whose voting 

rights have been suspended under Article 62 of the Convention: 

a) lose eligibility to host meetings, conferences, workshops and seminars which are 

funded, in whole or in part, by the Regular Programme; 

b) receive only the same free documentation as that provided to non-Contracting States, 

including those available in electronic media, and any other documents that are 

essential for safety, regularity or efficiency of international air navigation; 

c) Nationals or Representatives lose eligibility for nomination to elected offices; 

d) for purposes of recruitment to posts in the Secretariat, if all other circumstances are 

equal, candidates from States in arrears would be considered as having the status of 

candidates from a State that has already achieved the desired level of representation 

(under equal geographical representation principles), even if it has not achieved that 

level; and 

e) lose the right to participate in the ICAO Familiarization Course; 

10. only those States which have no outstanding annual assessed contributions except for the 

current year’s assessment will be eligible for election to the Council, Committees, and bodies; 

11. the Secretary General be directed to report to Council any voting rights deemed to be 

suspended and suspension revoked under Clause 6, and to apply measures stipulated in Clause 9 

accordingly; and 

12. this Resolution supersedes Assembly Resolution A36-33. 

— END — 

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