IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON ) STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) Petitioner , ) No. 99581 -8 ) v. ) ) En Banc CH AR MARKE ABDI

- ISSA , ) ) Responde nt . ) Filed ________________ _______________________________) G ONZÁLEZ , C.J. — Under Washington law, s ome crimes may be designated crimes of domestic violence

. A domestic violence designation makes additional protections available for victims

. Ch . 10.99 RCW. We are asked whether the trial court correctly concluded that anima l cruelty may be such a crime. We are also asked whether the trial court properly instructed the jury that it could find this crime had a destructive and foreseeable impact on persons other than the victim. We affirm the trial court on both issues. : February 17, 2022State v. Abdi

- Issa , No

. 9 9581 -8

2 B ACKGROUND Julie Fairbanks began dating Charmarke Abdi

- Issa shortly after she moved to Seattle with her dog , Mona

. 1 Mona was a small Chihuahua and Dachshund mix. Fairbanks testified she was close to Mona

. Abdi

- Issa , however, had a history of disliking M ona . Abdi

- Issa was abusive toward Fairbanks and Mona , even threaten ing to kill them both. One evening, while they were out in Seattle’s International District , Abdi

Issa insisted Fairbanks let him take Mona on a walk. Fairbanks objected, but Abdi

- Issa ignored her and left with Mona. Fairbanks felt powerless , claiming , “ [I] t didn’t matter [; if] he wanted to [take her on a walk , ] he was going to do it either way.” 12 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (May 13, 2019) (VRP) at 1054

- 55. Not long after he left , Abdi

- Issa called Fairbanks claiming that Mona had gotten out of her harness and that he couldno t find her. Fairbanks did not believe him, as Mona had never gotten out of her harness before. Abdi

- Issa refused to tell he r more . Fairbanks began to panic after she heard Mona yelping over the phone

. Around that same time , Melissa Ludin and William Moe heard a sound of great distress. T hey follow ed the sound and saw Abdi

- Issa beating and making “brutal stabbing” motions toward Mona. Id

. at 1123. They saw Abdi

- Issa kick

1 Mona is short for Monica. Both were used interchangeably throughout the trial proceedings. For consistency, we use the name Mona.State v. Abdi

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3 Mona so hard that she went up into the air and “flew into the bushes.” Id

. at 1088. Each time Mona was struck she made a “screeching [,] screaming [,] pained [,] awful sound ” that was at last f ollowed by silence. Id. at 112 4

- 25. While Ludin called the police, Moe yelled at Abdi

- Issa to stop hitting Mona. Abdi

- Issa turned toward Moe and yelled , “ [ D ] o you want to get some?” Id

. at 1091. When Moe once again told Abdi

- Issa to stop , Abdi

- Issa walk ed away. Seattle Police Officers Young Lim and Kyle Corco r an responded to Ludin’s call

. While Lim talked to Abdi

- Issa, Corcoran went to find Mona. With Ludin’s help , Corcoran found M ona , still alive, underneath a bush. Officers trans ported Mona to an emergency veterinary clinic. Ludin testified she was very upset by the incident. When the police arrived Ludin was in distress, “ [ h ] yperventilating and having a panic attack.” Id

. at 1132. Ludin cried as she explained to the officers what she saw and where she had last seen Mona. Ludin suffered a severe panic attack that night and continued to experience flashbacks in the following week

. Meanwhile , Fairba nk s was frantically searching for Mona

. During her search , she ran into Lim and Corcoran , who r ealiz ed that Fairbanks was Mona’s

owner . T he officers directed Fairbanks to the veterinary clinic. Mona arrived at the clinic nearly comatose, with severe swelling in her brain, bruising on her chest , and a wound to the top of her head. By the timeState v. Abdi

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4 Fairbanks arrived at the veterinary clinic Mona had died. A necropsy found that Mona had died from multiple instances of blunt force trauma. The State charged Abdi

- Issa with first degree animal cruelty under RCW 16.52.205 and sought a domestic violence designation under RCW 10.99.020 and RCW 9A.36.041(4). The State also charged two sentencing aggravators: (1) that the crime had a destructive and foreseeable impact on persons other than the victim under RCW 9.94A.535 (3) (r) and (2) that Abdi

- Iss a ’s conduct during the crime of domestic violence manifested deliberate cruelty or intimidation of the victim, RCW 9.94A.635(3)(h)(iii). Abdi

- Issa unsuccessfully moved to dismiss the domestic violence designation and aggravators multiple times. The jury found Abdi

- Issa guilty of animal cruelty. The jury also found that Abdi

- Issa and Fairbanks were in a domestic relationship prior to the crime, which allowed for a domestic violence designation. The jury returned mixed verdicts on the sentencing ag gravators, finding that the crime involved a destructive and foreseeable impact on persons other than the victim, but they did not find that it manifested deliberate cruelty or intimidation of the victim. The court imposed the maximum 12

- month sentence f or the crime of animal cruelty, and an additional 6 months for the aggravator, sentenc ing Abdi

- Issa to an 18

- month exceptional sentence. Based on the domestic violence designation, theState v. Abdi

- Issa , No

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5 court also imposed a no

- contact order prohibiting Abdi

- Issa from having contact with Fairbanks

. The Court of Appeals vacated the domestic violence designation, the no

contact order, and the impact on others sentencing aggravator. State v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 80024

- 8

- I ( Wash. Ct. App. Feb

. 16, 2021) (unpublished), http://www. cour ts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/800248.pdf

. We granted review

. 197 Wn.2d 1016. A NALYSIS T he questions before us are questions of statut ory interpretation that we review de novo. See State v. Bunker , 169 Wn.2d 571, 577

- 78, 238 P.3d 487 (2010) (citing City of Spokane v. Spokane County , 158 Wn.2d 661, 672

- 73, 146 P.3d 893 (2006) ). When interpreting statutes, our goal is to determine and carry out the intent of the legislature. State v. Alvarado , 164 Wn.2d 556, 561

- 6 2 , 192 P.3d 34 5 (2008) (citing City of Spokan e , 158 Wn.2d at 673). Statutory interpretation begins with an examination of the statute’s plain language. See State v. James

- Buhl , 190 W n.2d 470, 474, 415 P.3d 234 (2018) (citing Lake v. Woodcreek Homeowners Ass’n , 169 W n .2d 516, 526

- 27, 243 P.3d 1283 ( 2010) )

. “In discerning the plain meaning of a provision, we consider the entire statute in which the provision is found, as well as related statutes or other provisions in the same act that disclose legislative intent.” Alvarado , 164 Wn.2d at 562 (citing City of Spokane , 158 Wn.2dState v. Abdi

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6 at 673). If the words of a statute are clear, we end our inquiry. State v. Gonzalez , 168 Wn.2d 256, 263, 226 P.3d 131 (2010) (citing State v. Armendariz , 160 Wn.2d 106, 110 , 156 P.3d 201 (2007)

. If not, we may consult other to ols of statutory construction, such as legislative history. State v. Evans , 1 7 7 Wn.2d 186, 193, 298 P.3d 724 (2013) (citing State v. Ervin , 169 Wn.2d 815, 820, 239 P.3d 354 (2010 ) ). 1. Animal Cruelty as a Crime of Domestic Violence First, we must decide w hether animal cruelty may be designated a crime of domestic violence. We conclude that it may. The Washington legislature passed the d omestic v iolence a ct “ to recognize the importance of domestic violence as a serious crime against society and to assure the victim of domestic violence the maximum protection from abuse which the law and those who enforce the law can provide.” RCW 10.99.010. The d omestic violence act allows certain crimes committed against an intimate partner to receive a domestic violence designation. RCW 10.99.020 (4) (b)

. Cases with domestic violence designations are given priority scheduling and courts may issue pretrial no

- contact orders. State v. Hagler , 150 Wn. App. 196, 201, 208 P.3d 32 (2009). 2 At sen tencing, courts may also “impose specialized no

- contact orders, violation of which constitutes a

2 Initially, a domestic violence designation did not have to be prove d to a jury. Hagler , 150 Wn. App. at 201 . The legislature has since amended the law to allow juries to make that decision at trial

. L AWS OF 2010, ch. 274, § 40 2(3)

.State v. Abdi

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7 separate crime.” State v. O’Conn o r , 119 Wn. App. 530, 547, 81 P.3d 161 (2003) , aff’d in part and set aside in part , 155 Wn.2d 335, 119 P.3d 806 (2005)

. The d o mestic v iolence a ct does not create new crimes, it simply emphasizes the need to enforce existing criminal statutes in such a way that victims of domestic violence are protected. State v. Goodman , 108 Wn. App. 355, 359 , 30 P.3d 516 (2001) ( where arson was deemed a crime of domestic violence when the purpose of the arson was to harm the property of Goodman’s partner)

. D esignating a crime as one of domestic violence “ ʽ does not itself alter the elements of the underlying offense [ , ] rather, it signals [ to ] th e court that the law is to be equitably and vigorously enforced. ʼ ” Id . (quoting State v. O.P. , 103 Wn. App. 889, 892, 13 P.3d 1111 (2000)). Further, a domestic violence designation itself does not increase a defendant’s punishment. State v. Spencer , 128 Wn. App. 132, 144, 114 P.3d 1222 (2005) (citing State v. Felix , 125 Wn. App. 575, 57 6

- 77 , 105 P.3d 427 (2005) )

. To determine what crimes are eligible for a domestic violence designation, we first look to the domestic violence statute. The relevant portio n reads: “Domestic violence” includes but is not limited to any of the following crimes when committed either by (a) one family or household member against another family or household member , [ 3 ] or ( b ) one intimate partner against another intimate partner:

3 The definition of domestic violence was amended in 2019 to add “one intimate partner against another intimate partner.” L AWS OF 2019 , ch. 263, § 203(5)

. However, an adult datingState v. Abdi

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8 (i) Assault in the first degree (RCW 9A.36.011); (ii) Assault in the second degree (RCW 9A.36.021); (iii) Assault in the third degree (RCW 9A.36.031); (iv) Assault in the fourth degree (RCW 9A.36.04 1); (v) Drive

- by shooting (RCW 9A.36.045); (vi) Reckless endangerment (RCW 9A.36.050); (vii) Coercion (RCW 9A.36.070); (viii) Burglary in the first degree (RCW 9A.52.020); (ix) Burglary in the second degree (RCW 9A.52.030); (x) Criminal trespass in the fir st degree (RCW 9A.52.070); (xi) Criminal trespass in the second degree (RCW 9A.52.080); (xii) Malicious mischief in the first degree (RCW 9A.48.070); (xiii) Malicious mischief in the second degree (RCW 9A.48.080); (xiv) Malicious mischief in the third degr ee (RCW 9A.48.090); (xv) Kidnapping in the first degree (RCW 9A.40.020); (xvi) Kidnapping in the second degree (RCW 9A.40.030); (xvii) Unlawful imprisonment (RCW 9A.40.040)

. RCW 10.99.020(4) (emphasis added). Abdi

- Issa is correct that animal cruelty is not listed in RCW 10.99.020. But th e list of crimes is explicitly nonexclusive. Animal cruelty is sufficiently similar to the enumerated crimes that the trial court did not err in asking the jury whether, under these facts, it was a crime of domestic viol ence. Abdi

- Issa argues that animal cruelty is not sufficiently similar to the types of crimes listed in RCW 10.99.020 to be designated a crime of domestic violence because it does not involve a human victim. But many of the enumerated crimes, including b urglary and malicious mischief , are against a victim’s property
. RCW
relationship like the one between Fairbanks and Abdi

- Issa w as included in the definition of family or household member prior to the amendment

. L AWS OF 2019 , ch. 46 , § 5014(5)

.State v. Abdi

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9 10.99.020(4)(ix), (xii)

- (xiv). Pets, as a matter of law , are considered personal property. Sherman v. Kissinger , 146 Wn. App. 855, 870, 195 P.3d 539 (2008) (citing Mansour v. King County , 131 Wn. App. 255, 267, 128 P.3d 1241 (2006))

. Here, Fairbank s was directly harmed as a result of Abdi

- Issa’s violent killing of her beloved pet and companion. She is plainly a victim of Abdi

- Issa’s crime. Abdi

- Issa contends that the prosecutors erred in charging animal cruelty instead of malicious mischief, where ownership is a clear element of the crime. Suppl. Br. of Resp’t at 12; see also RCW 9A.48.070. But nothing required the prosecution to charge the lesser crime of malicious mischief. Abdi

- Issa also asserts that as a matter of law, animal cruelty is not a domestic violence offense because the victim of that offense is an animal, not a person. Suppl. Br. of Resp’t at 14. Abdi

- Issa starts with the de finition of family or household members , which includes “ ʻ persons sixteen years of age or older with whom a person sixteen years of age or older has or has had a dating relationship. ʼ ” Id . ( quoting former RCW 10.99.020(3) ( 2004)). He notes that chapter 10.99 RCW states that a victim of domestic violence is “a family or household member who has been subjected to domestic violence.” Id

. at 15 (citing f ormer RCW 10.99.020(8) )

. Abdi

- Issa then concludes that the victim of domestic violence , for the purposes of RCW 10.99.020(4) , is the victim of a crime of domestic violenceState v. Abdi

- Issa , No

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10 and as a result, the offense of animal cruelty is not a crime of domestic violence. Id

. This highly technical reading of the statutes ignores the plain language of the S en tencing R eform A ct of 1981 (SRA) , ch. 9.94A RCW, and RCW 10.99.020(4). The general definition of “ victim ” under the SRA is “any person who has sustained emotional, psychological, physical, or financial injury to person or property as a direct result of th e crime charged. ” RCW 9.94A.030(54). The definition of “victim” under the SRA includes Fairbank s because she sustained an injury as a direct result of the crime charged. This conclusion is consistent with the SRA’s definition of a victim of domestic violence : [A]n intimate partner or household member who has been subjected to the infliction of physical harm or sexual and psychological abuse by an intimat e pa rtner or household member as part of a pattern of assaultive, coercive, and c ontrolling behaviors directed at achieving compliance from or control ove r t hat intimate partner or household member. Domestic violence includes, but is not limited to, the offenses listed in RCW 10.99.020 and *** 26.50.01 0 c ommitted by an intimate partner or household mem ber against a victim who is an intimate partner or household member. R CW 9.94A.030(5 5 ). Fairbanks’ testimony suggests psychological abuse , which was a part of a larger pattern of assaultive, coercive, and controlling behavior , occurred

. The SRA’s broad definition of victim applies to any crime sentenced under the SRA, including animal cruelty. Fairbanks is a victim under theState v. Abdi

- Issa , No

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11 definitions set forth by the legislature. Under the plain language of RCW 10.99.020(4) and related statutes, animal cruelty may be designated a crime of domestic violence. This conclusion is consistent with the legislat ure’s categorization of domestic violence as a serious crime against society and it s intent to ensure that victims ha ve the maximum protection from abuse that the law c an provide. See RCW 10.99.010. In 2009, the legislature recognized that “considerable research shows a strong correlation between animal abuse, child abuse, and domestic violence. ” L AWS OF 2009 , ch. 439 , § 1. “ The legislature intends that perpetrators of domestic violence not be allowed to further terrorize and manipulate their victims, or the children of their victims, by using the threat of violence toward pets.” Id

. This shows that our legislature recognized the relationship between animal abuse and domestic violence. This recognition is amply supported by research into domestic violence. A nimal abuse is an indicator of domestic abuse in a relationship. Benita J. Walton

Moss et al., Risk Factors for Interp ersonal Violence and Associated Injury among Urban Women , 30 J

. OF C MTY
. H EALTH 377 (2005). Further, 50 percent of children living in homes with domestic violence report that the abuser threatened to harm or kill a pet, a mechanism domestic violence perpetrators use to maintain control over their victims. Shelby Elaine McDonald et al., Children’s ExperiencesState v. Abdi

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12 of Companion Animal Maltreatment in Households Characterized by Intimate Partner Violence, 50 C HILD A BUSE & N EGLECT 1 (2015). Accordingly , we hold that the jury was properly instructed that it could find animal abuse was a crime of domestic violence. Thus, the trial court had the authority to enter a postconviction no

- contact order under RCW 10.99.050. 2. S entencing Aggravator

— Impact on Others Under the S RA , a trial court must impose a sentence within the standard range for the offense unless the court finds substantial and compelling reasons justifying an exceptional sentence. RCW 9.94A.535

. Trial courts may impose an exceptional sentence if the offense involves a “ ʻ destructive and foreseeable impact on persons other than the victim. ʼ ” State v. Chanthabouly , 164 W n . App 104 , 1 43 , 2 62 P.3d 144 (2011) (quoting RCW 9.94A.535(3)(r)). This is an aggravating circumstance that the State must prove to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Id

. (citing f ormer RCW 9.94A.535(3) (2005) ) ; s ee also L AWS OF 2005 , ch. 68, § 4

. This aggravat or was added to the SRA in 2005 to comply with the ruling in Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004)

. See L AWS OF 2005 , ch. 68, § § 1 , 3

. 4 The legislature intended “to create a new criminal procedure for imposing greater punishment than the standard range

. . .

4 In Blakely , the United States Supreme Court held that criminal defendants have a right to have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt any aggravating fact that is used to impose greater punishment than the standard range sets out. 542 U.S. at 313

.State v. Abdi

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13 and to codify existing common law a ggravating factors

. ” Id

. § 1

. This was an attempt by the legislature to restore judicial discretion in sentencing

. Here, the jury found that “[t]he offense involved a destructive and foreseeable impact on persons other than the victim ” and that , therefore, the impact on others sentencing aggravator applied. RCW 9.94A.535 (3)(r) (emphasis added). Abdi

- Issa argues that because the victim of animal cruelty was Mona, an animal, not a person , the aggravator did not apply

. But, as explained above, Fair banks is also a victim of the animal cruelty charge. This makes the aggravator applicable because Ludin, who witnessed Abdi

- Issa beating Mona, was a person other than the victim who was impacted by this crime. Ludin made the 911 call and was very distress ed when the police arrived. Ludin testified that she had a severe panic attack that night, sitting in her car for a long time before she was calm enough to drive herself home. She continued to have flashbacks, had trouble sleeping, and would go into a sta te of panic whenever she heard a “high pitch [ed,] squeaky sound.” 12 V RP at 1134. Abdi

- Issa’s act had a destructive and foreseeable impact on Ludin. Abdi

- Issa’s actions impacted someone other than Fairbanks. This emotional and psychological trauma will be something that Ludin and Fairbanks continue to carry. The sentencing aggravator was properly applied in this case.State v. Abdi

- Issa , No

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14 C ONCLUSION We hold that under these facts, animal cruelty can be designated a crime of domestic violence and that the jury was properly instructed that it could find the impact on others sentencing aggravator. Accordingly, w e r everse the Court of Appeals and remand for any further proceedings necessary consistent with this opinion

.

____________________________

WE CONCUR:

_____________________________ ____________________________

_____________________________ ____________________________

_____________________________ ____________________________

_____________________________ ____________________________State v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581

- 8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

1 No. 99581

- 8

STEPHENS , J. (concurring in part, dissenting in part )

— The majority concludes that animal cruelty in the first degree , RCW 16.52.205 , may be designated a crime of domestic violence , RCW 10.99.020 (4) , and that Julie Fairbanks may be properly considered a victim of domestic violence in this case under the definitions of “victim” set forth in RCW 9.94A.030(54) , ( 55)

. I agree and concur in that portion of the majority’s opinion. I write separately to express my disagreement with the majority’ s all to o brief analysis of whether an exceptional sentence was warranted in this case because Charmarke Abdi

- Issa ’s crime had a “ dest ructive and foreseeable impact on persons other than the victim .” RCW 9.94A.535(3)(r)

. The majority concludes that because witness, Melissa L udin , was n egatively impacted by Abdi

- Issa ’s abuse of Fairbanks’s dog, Mona, the jury properly found this aggravating factor beyond a reasonable doubt.State v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581

- 8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

2 The majority’s ready endorsement of the application of this aggravator , however, disregards the limiting principle s articulated by precedent

. Violent crimes committed in public places always carry the possibility of trauma to those who witness disturbing events . For this reason, the cases interpreting such impact aggravator s have explicitly rejected a broad interpretation that would permit exceptional sentences merely because a crime is committed in public. But here, as argued by the State at trial and on appe al , th e finding of a “destructive and foreseeable impact” was based on the mere fact that the crime was committed in public and Ms. Ludin became significantly distressed

. Mr. Abdi

- Issa’s sentence increased by 50 percent as a result. T he majority’s conclusion that this was sufficient risks transform ing what was designed to be a narrow basis for an exceptional sentence into a new and powerful charging tool that will weigh heavily in plea negotiations and lead to sentencing disparities. Because I beli eve this dramatic expansion of the impact aggravator is unjustified, I respectfully dissent in part. ANALYSIS E ven before the statutory aggravating factor for “ des tructive and foreseeable impact on others ” was added to the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, ch. 9.94A RCW, in 2005, courts utiliz ed the impact of a crime on non victims as a basis for an exceptional sentence

. State v. Chanthabouly , 164 Wn. App. 104, 143, 262 P.3d 144State v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581

- 8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

3 (2011 ) (collecting cases). C ourts in those pre

- Blakely 1 cases required “ ‘that defendant’ s actions impact others in a distinctive manner not usually associated with the commission of the offense in question, and that this impact be foreseeable to the defendant. ’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Way , 88 Wn. App. 83 0, 8 34 , 946 P .2d 1209 (1997)) ; see also State v. C uevas - Diaz , 61 Wn. App. 902, 906, 812 P.2d 883 (1991 ). In other words, the destructive and foreseeable impact warranting an exceptional
sentence must not be inh erent in the crime itself and therefore must not have been

“ necessarily considered by the Legislature in establishing the standard sentence range .” State v. Grewe , 117 Wn .2d 211, 215

- 16, 813 P.2d 1238 (1991) ; State v. Mulligan , 87 Wn. App. 261, 265, 941 P.2d 694 (1997)

. The majority’s application of the aggravator in this case contains little of this analysis. I nstead, focusing solely on whether Ludin experienced trauma by witnessing Abdi

- Issa’s crime, the majority opens the door to applying this aggravating factor any time a crime in public has a negati ve impact on a non victim

. In fact , this is precisely how the State argued the application of this aggravating factor at trial. The jury received no instruction on who the “person [] other than the vict im” impacted by Abdi

- Issa’s crime was . Clerk’s Papers at 147 ( quoting RCW 9.94A.535(3)(r)). And rather than focusing on how any specific non victim was

1 Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004)

.State v. Abdi

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- 8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

4 foreseeably impacted by this crime, t he State in closing specifically argue d that the aggravator applied because Abdi

- Issa committed his crime in a public pl ace . See , e.g. , 13 Verbatim Repo rt of Proceedings (May 14, 2019) at 1262 (“He didn’t kill M ona in an alleyway or inside a home. [H] e killed her in a publ ic parking lot. He punched and kicked and beat her to death i n a place where anyone walking by could see.”) , 1263 (“ This is a publ ic area, and it was absolutely foreseeable to him that someone might see him. ”) . The State repeated this argument in its Court of Appeals brief , arguing that “application of the destructive and foreseeable impact aggravator was entirely appropriate for an adult who was impacted by a crime co mmitted in a public setting. Abdi

- Issa chos e to commit animal cruelty in a public parking lot at a time when people were in the area. ” Br. of Resp’t at 34 (Wash. Ct. A pp. No. 80024

- 8

- I (2020))

. But this a rgument , which t he majority accepts , has been explicitly rejected by

cases defining when this aggravator should apply

. For example, i n Way , the defendant shot and killed his wife on a community college campus in front of adult students , and the Court of Appeals reversed an exceptional sentence despite acknowledging negative impacts on those student witnesse s. 88 Wn

. App. at 832. Way reasoned that the mere fact that the students witnessed the crime was not a sufficient basis f or an exceptional sentence because that interpretation wouldState v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581 -8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

5 conceivably cr eate a categorical exce ptional sentence for any crime committed in public: [T]he circumstances of this crime do not set it apart from many othe r m urders committed in the presence of others. Violent crimes undoubtedly may cause psychological trauma to those unfortunat e e nough to witness the events. But that would be true if the c rime were committed on a public street, in a theater or shopping mall, or in ma ny p laces of employment. The fact that this crime was committed in a public place in the presence of adult onlookers is not a basi s for i mposing an exceptional sentence.

Id . at 834; see also Cuevas

- Diaz , 61 Wn. App. at 905 (“ We recognize that the crime victim as well as the com munity suffer from criminal act s; however, such impact is foreseeable and it exists in any case.”).
Rather than broadly considering the c ommunity impact of a crime committed in public , this aggravator requires proof of a more specific impact on an individual or discrete class of individuals that is foreseeable to the defendant at the time of their crime

. A case may arise in which I would agree tha t the evidence showed a specific individual or class of individuals was foreseeably impacted by the crime of animal cruelty. But w ithout an explanation of how the impact here met that standar d , the majority tacitly accepts the Stat e’ s argument that foreseeability is shown by the mere fact that the crime was committed in public and , separately, that one of the witnesses, L udin, experienced trauma

.State v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581

- 8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

6 Disassociating the two foundations of the aggravator in this way loses the thread of reasoning that supp orts it. Not only does the majority ’s analysis minimize the concept of foreseeability in this aggravating factor , it also fails to consider any vulnerability on the part of the impacted nonvictim

— a common feature in the precedent

. Many cases involve children witnessing violent crimes at a school or in a domestic violence setting. For example, i n the only case cited by the majority, the Court of Appeals upheld an exceptional sentence based on the impact of a school shooting witnes sed by several children

. Ch anthabouly , 164 Wn. App at 145 . In Ch anthabouly , the court quoted the language from Way that r eject ed the application of this aggravator because the crime was committed in the presence of adults in public. Id. at 145 n. 16

. The court explicitly dist inguished Way c oncluding , “T his case can be distinguished from Way because Chanthabouly killed the victim in front of other children, not adult onlookers .” Id.
In another case involving a shooting near an elementary school , this court did consider the impact of the shooting on adult parents in addition to children for the purposes of this aggravator. State v. Johnson , 1 24 Wn.2d 57, 73

- 75, 873 P.2d 514 (1994) . But importantly, the court specifically related the impact on the parents back to t heir children because the shooting caused the “ parents fear for theState v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581

- 8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

7 safety of their children while at school.” Id. at 75. The distinction between the applicability of this aggravator to children as a vulnerable class an d not t o members of the general public who may witness a violent crime is consistent with previous cases applying this aggravator

. State v. Webb , 162 Wn. App. 195, 206, 252 P.3d 424 (2011) (noting that the cases in which the ag gravator has been applied ha ve mainly i ncluded crimes witnessed by children). Ludin was simply not part of an identified vulnerable group that Abdi

- Issa could foresee would suffer a destructive impact as a result of his crime

. A dditionally, it remains unclear exactly how Abdi

- Issa committed his crime

“ in a distinctive manner not usually associated with the commis sion of the offense in question

. ” Way , 88 Wn. App. at 834 . In its analysis of whether first degree animal cruelty may be designated a crime of domestic violence, the major ity likens animal cruelty to other crimes against property, such as malicious mischief. M ajority at 8. The majority draws this analogy by concluding, “ Pets, as a matter o f law, are considered personal property. ” Id

. (citing Sherman v. Kissinger , 146 Wn. App. 855, 870, 195 P.3d 539 (2008 )). 2 But presumably, this aggravating factor would not

2 I do not believe this characterization of “pets” as “personal property” is necessary to the majority’s analysis of the crime of animal cruelty as a crime of domestic violence. I do not read the majority to reject other arguments about the legal status of animal companions more generally

.State v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581

- 8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

8 apply to someone who , for example, commits malicious mischief by damag ing personal property simply because they do so in public

. See RCW 9A.48.090 (1)(a)

. T he majority does not provide a ny reason why animal cruelty should b e treated differently from other property crimes given its statement that animals are considered property under the law

. Nor does it preclude the possibility that a simple malicious mischief charge could carry this significant sentencing enhancement.
T he unstated premise of the majority’s conclu sion that the impact of Abdi

Issa’s crime on Ludin was sufficient for this aggravating factor seems to be that members of the community feel compassion or concern for animals in a way that distinguishes animals from other types of property
. This would be a valid distinction, but t o the extent it provides the majority’s justification for allowing the aggravator, the fact remains that the crime of animal cruelty is different from malicious mischief

. Therefore, the public impact of animal cruelty is already reflected in the higher standard range sentence for the crime

. Mulligan , 87 Wn. App. at 267 ( stating that the impact on a victim’s family was already reflected in the standard range punishment for first degree murder because the “devastating i mpact of all such crimes was equally foreseeable by the Legislature when it set the standard range for first degree murder ”). Relying on a broad and u ndefined “community impact” as a basis for an exceptional sentence lends itself to arbitrary application,State v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581

- 8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

9 and, in turn, raises the likelihood that this aggravator will be based on harmful or negative stereotypes. And the legislature’s recognition of anima l cruelty as a distinct crime already gives effect to society’s special concern for animals even if they are regarded as a type of property
. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the majority’s broad application of this aggravator has the potential to alter the dynamics in a criminal prosecution because it significantly increase s a defendant’s sentence, as it did for Abdi

- Issa

. I nstead of the maximum 12

- month sentence for animal cruelty, Abdi

- Issa was sentenced to 18 months because of this aggravator. Because the jury instructions did not identify the “other” who was impacted by this crime, the State was effectively able to increase Abdi

- Issa’s sentence by 50 percent merely because he

com mitted his crime in public and Ludin experienced a destructive impact

. Without any apparent limit on the applicability of this aggravator, prosecutors may decide to allege this aggravator as a bargaining chip for potential plea negotiations with respect to any crime committed in public.
CONCLUSION I cannot join a holding that dramatically expands the application of this sentencing enhancement factor that was intended to be narrow in scope withoutState v. Abdi

- Issa , No. 99581 -8 (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part)

10 significant analysis of how t he circumstances of Abdi

- Issa’s conduct specifically warrant it. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from that portion of the majority opinion

.

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