If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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### S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

MONIQUE JEWELL

,

Plaintiff

- Appell ee , UNPUBLISHED March 21, 2024

v No. 36 3 788 Wayne Circuit Court MGM GRAND DETROIT, LLC

, LC No. 2 1

- 0128 7 2

- AV

Defendant

- Appell ant

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Before: G ADOLA , C .J., and K. F. K ELLY and M URRAY , JJ.

P ER C URIAM

. Defendant, MGM Grand Detroit, LLC, appeals by leave granted the circuit court’s order denying defendant’s application for leave to appeal the order of the district court that d en ied defendant summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)( 4), of plaintiff Monique Jewell’s complaint alleging unjust enrichment and fraudulent misrepresentation. We vacate the circuit court’s order and remand

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I. FACTS

The facts of this case are largely undisputed. On October 20, 2017 and Oc tober 21, 2017, plaintiff gambled at defendant’s casino in Detroit after entering the casino with proper identification . During that time, she placed bets at various tables and machines and lost money to the casino. Eventually, plaintiff won a jackpot of approximately $17,000 while playing “Texas Hold’em

. ” When she attempted to claim her winnings, however, defendant informed plaintiff that she had been banned from the casi no since 2011 , that she therefore was t respassing in the casino, and that as a result she was prohibited from claiming her winnings

. On October 24, 2017, plaintiff submitted a Patron Dispute Form to the Michigan Gaming Control Board (the Board). Plaintiff asserted that defendant did not inform her that she was banned from the casino before October 2 1 , 2017, that defendant allowed her to enter the casino and gamble on October 2 0

- 2 1 , 2017, as long as she was losing money to the casino, and that defe ndant claimed she was trespassing only after she won the jackpot. In response to her dispute form, Board Regulation Officer Robert Gambrell, by letter dated December 11, 2017, informed plaintiff:- 2

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A “Patron complaint” means a complaint a patron has regardi ng winnings and los s es or the conduct of gambling at a casino, R 432.1106(b). The matters you describe are not subject to regulation under the Michigan Gaming Control & Revenue Act or the Administrative Rules promulgated pursuant thereto. This means that irrespective of the validity of your complaint, the matters you raise are beyond the powers of the B oard to address. . . . The Board has no authority to award any money or other relief directly to a patron.

Plaintiff thereafter initiated this action ag ainst defendant by filing a complaint in the district court alleging unjust enrichment and fraudulent misrepresentation. Defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(4), asserting that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction ov er the dispute, which defendant argued fell within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Michigan Gaming Control Board. The district court denied defendant’s motion, holding that it had exclusive jurisdiction of the dispute alleged in the complaint under MCL 600.8301(1) , in light of the Board’s determination that it did not have jurisdiction.

Defendant sought leave to appeal in the circuit court, challenging the district court’s order

. Defendant again argu ed that the district court lacked jurisdictio n over whether plaintiff was entitled to collect winnings from the casino, which defendant argued fell within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Board. The circuit court denied defendant’s application, reasoning that the dispute presented by plaintiff’s complaint was not whether she won the $17,000 but whether the casino was justified in determining that she was a trespasser. This Court granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal the order of the circuit cour t. Jewell v MGM Grand Detroit, LLC , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, issued April 25, 2023 (Docket No. 363788).

II. DISCUSSION

Defendant contends that the district court err ed by den ying defendant’s motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116 (C)(4) . Defendant argues that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate plaintiff’s claim

, which defendant argues fall s under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Michigan Gaming Control Board. We agree

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W h ether a court has subj ect matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo

. Davis v BetMGM, LLC , ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 363116); slip op at 3. We also review de novo a trial court’s decision to grant or deny summary disposition

, Meemic Ins Co v Fortson , 506 Mich 287, 296; 954 NW2d 115 (2020) , and the interpretation of statutes and legal doctrines

, Estes v Titus , 481 Mich 573, 578

- 579; 751 NW2d 493 (2008). This Court also reviews de novo the circuit court’s review of a district co urt’s order. Noll v Ritzer , 317 Mich App 506, 510; 895 NW2d 192 (2016).

Subject matter jurisdiction describes a court’s “ abstract power to determine a case of a particular kind or character.” Zelasko v Charter Twp of Bloomfield , ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 359002); slip op at 7

. When a trial court lack s subject matter jurisdiction, summary disposition is warranted under MCR 2.116(C)(4). Winkler v Marist Fathers of Detroit, Inc , 500 Mich 327, 333; 901 NW2d 566 (2017). Summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(4) also is proper when a plaintiff fail s to exhaust administrative remedies. See Citizens for Common Sense in Gov’t v Attorney General , 243 Mich App 43, 50; 620 NW2d 546 (2000).- 3

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In Michigan, “[t ]he district court has exclusive jurisdiction in civil actions when the amount in controversy does not exceed $25,000.00.” MCL 600.8301(1). However, i n Michigan, legalized gambling is controlled by statute. See Taxpayers of Mich Against Casinos v Michig an , 478 Mich 99, 121; 732 NW2d 487 (2007) ( M ARKMAN , J., dissenting). Relevant to this case, the Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act (MGCRA), MCL 432.201 et seq ., regulate s casino gambling in Detroit. Parise v Detroit Entertainment, LLC , 295 Mich App 25, 28; 811 NW2d 98 (2011). The MGCRA established the Michigan Gaming Control Board, MCL 432.204 a , and provides for the Board’s jurisdiction as follows:

(1) The b o ard has jurisdiction over and shall supervise all gambling operations governed by this act. The board has all powers necessary and proper to fully and effectively execute this act, including, but not limited to, the authority to do all of the following:

* * *

(b) Have jurisdiction over and supervise casino gambling operations authorized by this act and all persons in casinos where gambling operations are conducted under this act.

* * *

(d) Investigate alleged violations of this act or rules promulgated by the board and to take appropriate disciplinary action against a licensee or any other person

, or institute appropriate legal action for enforcement, or both. [MCL 432.204a.]

T he MGCRA and the rules issued by the Board “apply to all persons who are lic ensed or otherwise participate in gaming under this act.” MCL 432.203(4). The Michigan Administrative Code provides rules applicable to the Board and includ e s dispute procedures. A patron dispute is defined by Mich Admin Code

, R 432.1106(b) as “a disput e a patron has regarding winnings or losses or the conduct of gambling at a casino.” Mich Admin Code, R 432.11502 provides for a patron to file a patron dispute form with the Board, which then determines whether the dispute requires investigation. Mich Admin Code, R 432.11503 provides:

(1) Following receipt of a completed patron dispute form, the board will determine if a patron dispute requires investigation.

(2) The board may decline to investigate the patron dispute for the following

reasons:
(a) The patron dispute form was not received within 28 days from the incident date.

(b) The incident does not involve winnings or losses.

(c) The incident does not involve the conduct of gambling.

(d) Any other reason deemed appropriate by the board.- 4

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(3 ) If the board determines that an investigation is necessary, then the board will conduct an investigation for the purpose of deciding whether to take disciplinary action.

I f the board decides to take disciplinary action against a licensee, Mich Admin C ode, R 432.11108(2) provides that the board may suspend or remove the licensee’s license, impose a civil penalty, and take “any other action deemed necessary by the board to ensure compliance with the act or these rules.”

The Administrative Procedures A ct, MCL 24.201 et seq ., provides that a party “aggrieved by a final decision or order in a contested case ” of a state agency may appeal that decision in the circuit court. MCL 24.301. Similarly, the Revised Judicature Act, MCL 600.101 et seq ., provides f or judicial review of “any order, decision, or opinion of any state board,” through appeal to the circuit court. MCL 600.631.

When the Legislature expresses an intent to make the jurisdiction of an administrative agency exclusive, the courts are not permi tted to exercise jurisdiction over that same area. Citizens for Common Sense , 243 Mich App at 50. This Court has held that by enacting the MGCRA, the Legislature intended to vest the Board with exclusive jurisdiction “over all matters relating in any
way to the licensing, regulating, monitoring, and control of the non

- Indian casino industry,” despite the term “exclusive jurisdiction” not appearing in the Act. Papas v Gaming Control Bd

, 257 Mich App 647, 65 7

- 659; 669 NW2d 326 (200 3 ). This Court also has determined that, a s a result of the Board’s exclusive jurisdiction , a litigant may not pursue common

- law claims inconsistent with the MGCRA

. Kraft v Detroit Entertainment, LLC , 261 Mich App 534, 543

- 551; 683 NW2d 200 (2004) ; MCL 432.203(3) (A ny other law inconsistent with th e act does not apply to casino gaming as provided in the act).

I n Kraft

, this Court described the “expansive and exclusive authority” of the Board to “regulate all aspects of casino gambling

, ” observing that the Board’s rules set forth the procedure for a patron to file a complaint against a casino licensee. Kraft , 261 Mich App at 5 49

- 551, citing Mich Admin Code

, R 432.11501 to 432.11503. Under the rules, the Board decides whether a patron dispute requires investigation, Mich Admin Code

, R 432.11503(1), and whether to take disciplinary action after completing an investigation, Mich Admin Code R 432.11503(3). In the event that disciplinary action is required, the Board m ay revoke casino licenses and impose fines for fraudulent conduct. Kraft , 261 Mich App at 551, citing MCL 432.204a(1).

In this case, defendant contends that the Board had exclusive jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claim , and further, that plaintiff was required to e xhaust her administrative remedies before seekin g relief from the courts . The doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies requires that, when an administrative remedy exists, a party must exhaust the administrative relief process before bringing the claim to court. Connell v Lima Twp , 336 Mich A pp 263, 282; 970 NW2d 354 (2021). The requirement of exhaustion of administrative remedies is intended to avoid premature court adjudication or review of administrative action. See Paragon Props Co v City of Novi

, 4 52 M ich 568

, 579 n 12 ; 550 NW2d 772 ( 19 96 ). Here, plaintiff submitted a patron dispute form to the Board, which responded by letter stating that plaintiff’s claim was “beyond the powers of the Board to address” because the matters were not “subject to regulation” under the MGCRA or attendant rules, and the Board lacked authority to “award any money or other relief directly to a patron

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Defendant contends that plai ntiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies by appealing the decision of the Board to the circuit court.

The response of the Board in this case mirrors that of the Board in Davis v BetMGM, LLC

, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 3 63116)

. In Davis , the plaintiff alleged that an online gaming website operated by the defendant informed her she had won, but the defendant thereafter would not pay her the winnings. The plaintiff filed suit against the defendant alleging fraud, conversi on, and breach of contract. In Davis

, the Board had determined that it lacked the authority to resolve her dispute. Id . at ___; slip op at 2 . This Court determined that the Lawful Internet Gaming Act (LIGA), MCL 432.301 et seq ., provided the exclusive remedy for plaintiff’s common

- law claims that were inconsistent with LIGA. Davis , ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 6. This Court reasoned that the LIGA contains a provision similar to that of the MGCRA discussed in Kraft , that “[a] law that is inconsisten t with this act does not apply to internet gaming as provided for by this act,” MCL 432.304(3)

. Id

. This Court observed that the plaintiff’s claims were like those in Kraft , because they alleged, in part, fraud and deceit, and they therefore “conflict with the MGCB’s authority under LIGA to regulate all aspects of internet gaming.” Id

. at 7. This Court in Davis stated that “it is clear that the MGCB had the power under LIGA to investigate disputes such as plaintiff’s, to determine whether a violation of LIGA or the rules promulgated under it had occurred, and to require corrective actions from an internet gaming provider.” Id

. In this case, defendant contends that plaintiff’s claim for unpaid winnings similarly was preempted because the Bo ard had exclusive jurisdiction and plaintiff failed to exhaust the administrative remedy by direct appeal of the Board’s decision to the circuit court. P ublished opinions of this Court issued on or after November 1, 1990, are precedentially binding, MCR 7 .215(J)(1) . I n light of this Court’s holdings in Kraft and Papas , as well as this Court’s analogous decision in Davis , we agree that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction

, despite the Board’s letter advising plaintiff that it did not have authority to resolve her claim. P laintiff’s complaint alleged unjust enrichment and fraudulent misrepresentation, claims preempted by the MGCRA’s grant of exclusive jurisdiction to the Board regarding patron disputes. See Kraft , 261 Mich App at 551; see also Davis , ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 7. When the Legislature has provided exclusive jurisdiction to a state agency, as in this case, “courts must decline to exercise jurisdiction until all administrative proceedings are complete.” Papas , 257 Mich App at 657.

W e note with interest the observation in Davis , ___ Mich App at ___ ( F EENEY , J. dissenting), that under the Lawful Internet Gaming Act (LIGA) , MCL 432.30 1 et seq

. , the Board apparently ha s n either authority n or an obligation to r esolve a patron ’s claim that he or she is owed winnings that are being wrongfully withheld by a licensee . Discussing § 9 of the L IGA , MCL 432.309, the dissenting opinion in Davis observed:

The statute provides an exhaustive list [of the Board’s authority] . But a review of that list reflects extensive authority over the licensing of on

- line casinos, an establishment of rules by which those li censes are obtained (and perhaps revoked), casino operations, and procedures for sanctioning on

- line casinos that vi olate the statute and rules. What is not found in the list is the authority, much less the obligation, to resolve individual patron disputes such as that presented here.- 6

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. . . [T]he Gaming Board has the authority and responsibility to investigate defen dant over this incident and determine what, if any, licensing sanctions are appropriate. But plaintiff’s suit does not seek licensing sanctions against defendant; plaintiff seeks payment of the money that defendant’s gaming platform told her that she had won. [ Davis , ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4

- 5 ( F EENEY , J, dissenting) (footnotes omitted). ]

As in Davis , plaintiff in this case seeks payment from defendant of amounts allegedly won from a defendant licensee . The Board determined that it has no authority to resolve plaintiff’s claim for payment; a reading of the MGCRA supports the conclusion that although the Board has exclusive jurisdiction of a patron dispute, the Legislature has given the Board no authority to resolve a dispute by ordering a c asino to pay a patron. As in Davis , plaintiff appears to be left without a forum in which to pursue her claimed winnings from defendant. When the Legislature has declined to address a concern by including a provision within a statute, however, courts are not empowered to insert a provision in to the statute to address the concern. LeFever v Matthews

, 336 Mich App 651, 679; 971 NW2d 672 (2021). As a result, whether and how a patron might pursue a claim for winnings from a casino is a question left to the authority of the Legislature.

The district court erred by denying defendant’s motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(4) because plaintiff’s claim falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Board , and the circuit court thus erred by deny ing defendant leave to appeal. We vacate the circuit court’s order a nd remand to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, directing the circuit court to reverse the district court’s order. We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Michael F. Gadola /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly /s/ Christopher M. Murray