1Table1Instrument‐AirplaneRating141v61FlightTrainingRequirementComparison14CFRPart141,AppendixCtoPart14114CFRPart61.65Differences3.Aeronauticalknowledgetraining(b)Aeronauticalknowledge.(1)30hoursoftrainingifthecourseisforaninitialinstrumentrating.Part141requiresatleast30hoursofgroundtraining;Part61hasnospecifictimerequirement.WhiletrainingunderPart61,allAUstudentscompletedatleast30hoursofgroundtraining.(b)(1)ApplicableFederalAviationRegulationsforIFRflightoperations;(1)FederalAviationRegulationsofthischapterthatapplytoflightoperationsunderIFR;None.(b)(2)Appropriateinformationinthe“AeronauticalInformationManual”;(2)AppropriateinformationthatappliestoflightoperationsunderIFRinthe“AeronauticalInformationManual;”None.(b)(3)Airtrafficcontrolsystemandproceduresforinstrumentflightoperations;(3)Airtrafficcontrolsystemandproceduresforinstrumentflightoperations;None.(b)(4)IFRnavigationandapproachesbyuseofnavigationsystems;(4)IFRnavigationandapproachesbyuseofnavigationsystems;None.(b)(5)UseofIFRenrouteandinstrumentapproachprocedurecharts;(5)UseofIFRenrouteandinstrumentapproachprocedurecharts;None.(b)(6)Procurementanduseofaviationweatherreportsandforecasts,andtheelementsofforecastingweathertrendsonthebasisofthatinformationandpersonalobservationofweatherconditions;(6)Procurementanduseofaviationweatherreportsandforecastsandtheelementsofforecastingweathertrendsbasedonthatinformationandpersonalobservationofweatherconditions;None.(b)(7)Safeandefficientoperationofaircraftunderinstrumentflightrulesandconditions;(7)Safeandefficientoperationofaircraftunderinstrumentflightrulesandconditions;None.(b)(8)Recognitionofcriticalweathersituationsandwindshearavoidance;(8)Recognitionofcriticalweathersituationsandwindshearavoidance;None.(b)(9)Aeronauticaldecisionmakingandjudgment;and(9)Aeronauticaldecisionmakingandjudgment;andNone.(b)(10)Crewresourcemanagement,toincludecrewcommunicationandcoordination.(10)Crewresourcemanagement,includingcrewcommunicationandcoordination.None.(d)Eachcoursemustinclude...(c)Flightproficiency(1)Preflightpreparation;(1)Preflightpreparation;None.(2)Preflightprocedures;(2)Preflightprocedures;None.(3)Airtrafficcontrolclearancesandprocedures;(3)Airtrafficcontrolclearancesandprocedures;None.(4)Flightbyreferencetoinstruments;(4)Flightbyreferencetoinstruments;None.2(5)Navigationsystems;(5)Navigationsystems;None.(6)Instrumentapproachprocedures;(6)Instrumentapproachprocedures;None.(7)Emergencyoperations;and(7)Emergencyoperations;andNone.(8)Postflightprocedures.(8)Postflightprocedures.None.4.FlightTraining(d)Aeronauticalexperience(1)....50hoursofcross‐countryflighttimeaspilotincommand,ofwhich10hoursmusthavebeeninanairplane;andPart141hasnorequiredP‐I‐Ccross‐countrytimerequirement.AllAUstudentsmetthePart61requirement.4.(a)(1)35hoursofinstrumenttrainingifthecourseisforaninitialinstrumentrating.(c)(1)Foraninstrumentairplanecourse:Instrumenttrainingtimefromacertificatedflightinstructorwithaninstrumentratingontheapprovedareasofoperationinparagraph(d)ofthissectionincludingatleastonecross‐countryflightthat—(2)Fortyhoursofactualorsimulatedinstrumenttimeintheareasofoperationlistedinparagraph(c)ofthissection,ofwhich15hoursmusthavebeenreceivedfromanauthorizedinstructorwhoholdsaninstrument‐airplanerating,andtheinstrumenttimeincludes:Part141requires5fewerhours,butallinstrumenttraininghoursmustbeconductedbyaCFIwhoalsoholdandinstrumentairplanerating.AllAUstudentsloggedatleast40hoursofactualorsimulatedinstrumenttimewithaCFIwhoheldaninstrumentairplaneratingonhis/herflightinstructorcertificate.(i)Threehoursofinstrumentflighttrainingfromanauthorizedinstructorinanairplanethatisappropriatetotheinstrument‐airplaneratingwithin2calendarmonthsbeforethedateofthepracticaltest;andAllAUstudentsloggedatleast3hoursinaccordancewithPart61.(c)(1)Foraninstrumentairplanecourse:Instrumenttrainingtimefromacertificatedflightinstructorwithaninstrumentratingontheapprovedareasofoperationinparagraph(d)ofthissectionincludingatleastonecross‐countryflightthat—(i)Isinthecategoryandclassofairplanethatthecourseisapprovedfor,andisperformedunderIFR;(ii)Instrumentflighttrainingoncrosscountryflightprocedures,includingonecrosscountryflightinanairplanewithanauthorizedinstructor,thatisperformedunderinstrumentflightrules,whenaflightplanhasbeenfiledwithanairtrafficcontrolfacility,andthatinvolves—None.(ii)Isadistanceofatleast250nauticalmilesalongairwaysorATC‐directedroutingwithonesegmentoftheflightconsistingofatleastastraight‐linedistanceof100nauticalmilesbetweenairports;(A)Aflightof250nauticalmilesalongairwaysorbydirectedroutingfromanairtrafficcontrolfacility;Part61doesnotrequireanysegmentoftheflighttohaveastraightlinedistanceof100nauticalmilesbetweenairports.AllAUstudentconductedthiscross‐countyflightrequirementinaccordancewithPart141.(iii)Involvesaninstrumentapproachateachairport;and(B)Aninstrumentapproachateachairport;andNone.(iv)Involvesthreedifferentkindsofapproacheswiththeuseofnavigationsystems.(C)Threedifferentkindsofapproacheswiththeuseofnavigationsystems.None.3Table2CommercialPilotCertification(ASEL)141v61FlightTrainingRequirementComparison14CFRPart141,AppendixCtoPart14114CFRPart61.121141/61Differences3.Aeronauticalknowledgetraining61.125(b)Aeronauticalknowledge.(1)35hoursoftrainingifthecourseisforanairplanecategoryrating...Part141requiresatleast35hoursofgroundtraining;Part61hasnospecifictimerequirement.WhiletrainingunderPart61,allAUstudentscompletedatleast35hoursofgroundtraining.(b(1)FederalAviationRegulationsthatapplytocommercialpilotprivileges,limitations,andflightoperations;(1)ApplicableFederalAviationRegulationsofthischapterthatrelatetocommercialpilotprivileges,limitations,andflightoperations;None.(b)(2)AccidentreportingrequirementsoftheNationalTransportationSafetyBoard;(2)AccidentreportingrequirementsoftheNationalTransportationSafetyBoard;None.(b)(3)Basicaerodynamicsandtheprinciplesofflight;(3)Basicaerodynamicsandtheprinciplesofflight;None.(b)(4)Meteorology,toincluderecognitionofcriticalweathersituations,windshearrecognitionandavoidance,andtheuseofaeronauticalweatherreportsandforecasts;(4)Meteorologytoincluderecognitionofcriticalweathersituations,windshearrecognitionandavoidance,andtheuseofaeronauticalweatherreportsandforecasts;None.(b)(5)Safeandefficientoperationofaircraft;(5)Safeandefficientoperationofaircraft;None.(b)(6)Weightandbalancecomputations;(6)Weightandbalancecomputations;None.(b)(7)Useofperformancecharts;(7)Useofperformancecharts;None.(b)(8)Significanceandeffectsofexceedingaircraftperformancelimitations;(8)Significanceandeffectsofexceedingaircraftperformancelimitations;None.(b)(9)Useofaeronauticalchartsandamagneticcompassforpilotageanddeadreckoning;(9)Useofaeronauticalchartsandamagneticcompassforpilotageanddeadreckoning;None.(b)(10)Useofairnavigationfacilities;(10)Useofairnavigationfacilities;None.(b)(11)Aeronauticaldecisionmakingandjudgment;(11)Aeronauticaldecisionmakingandjudgment;None.(b)(12)Principlesandfunctionsofaircraftsystems;(12)Principlesandfunctionsofaircraftsystems;None.(b)(13)Maneuvers,procedures,andemergencyoperationsappropriatetotheaircraft;(13)Maneuvers,procedures,andemergencyoperationsappropriatetotheaircraft;None.(b)(14)Nightandhigh‐altitudeoperations;(14)Nightandhigh‐altitudeoperations;None.(b)(15)DescriptionsofandproceduresforoperatingwithintheNationalAirspaceSystem;(15)ProceduresforoperatingwithintheNationalAirspaceSystem;None.(d)Eachapprovedcoursemustinclude...61.127Flightproficiency(i)Preflightpreparation;(b)(i)Preflightpreparation;None.(ii)Preflightprocedures;(b)(ii)Preflightprocedures;None.4(iii)Airportandseaplanebaseoperations;(b)(iii)Airportandseaplanebaseoperations;None.(iv)Takeoffs,landings,andgo‐arounds;(b)(iv)Takeoffs,landings,andgo‐arounds;None.(v)Performancemaneuvers;(b)(v)Performancemaneuvers;None.(b)(vi)Groundreferencemaneuvers;WhilePart141doesnotspecificallyrequiregroundreferencemaneuvers,allAUconductthegroundreferencemaneuver,eights‐on‐pylonstrainingunderPart61orPart141.(vi)Navigation;(b)(vii)Navigation;None.(vii)Slowflightandstalls;(b)(viii)Slowflightandstalls;None.(viii)Emergencyoperations;(b)(ix)Emergencyoperations;None.(ix)High‐altitudeoperations;and(b)(x)High‐altitudeoperations;andNone.(x)Postflightprocedures.(b)(xi)Postflightprocedures.None.4.FlightTraining61.129Aeronauticalexperience(1)120hoursoftrainingifthecourseisforanairplane...(a)...Apersonwhoappliesforacommercialpilotcertificatewithanairplanecategoryandsingle‐engineclassratingmustlogatleast250hoursofflighttimeasapilotthatconsistsofatleast:Assumingprivatepilot,instrumentrating,andcommercialpilotcourseswerecompletedunderPart141andattheminimumhoursprescribedforeachcourse,AUPart61studentshadatleast60morehoursofflighttotaltime.(b)(1)55hoursofflighttrainingfromacertificatedflightinstructorontheapprovedareasofoperationlistedinparagraph(d)(1)ofthissectionthatincludesatleast—(1)100hoursinpoweredaircraft,ofwhich50hoursmustbeinairplanes.(2)100hoursofpilot‐in‐commandflighttime,whichincludesatleast—(i)50hoursinairplanes;and(ii)50hoursincross‐countryflightofwhichatleast10hoursmustbeinairplanes.(3)20hoursoftrainingontheareasofoperationlistedin§61.127(b)(1)ofthispartthatincludesatleast—AllAUstudentswhocompletedcommercialpilotcertificationmetallPart61experiencerequirementsinairplanes.AlthoughPart61requiresfewerflighttraininghours,allAUstudentsconductedatleast55hoursofflighttrainingformacertificatedflightinstructor.(i)Tenhoursofinstrumenttrainingusingaview‐limitingdeviceincludingattitudeinstrumentflying,partialpanelskills,recoveryfromunusualflightattitudes,andinterceptingandtrackingnavigationalsystems.Fivehoursofthe10hoursrequiredoninstrumenttrainingmustbeinasingleengineairplane;(i)Tenhoursofinstrumenttrainingusingaview‐limitingdeviceincludingattitudeinstrumentflying,partialpanelskills,recoveryfromunusualflightattitudes,andinterceptingandtrackingnavigationalsystems.Fivehoursofthe10hoursrequiredoninstrumenttrainingmustbeinasingleengineairplane;None.(ii)Tenhoursoftraininginanairplanethathasaretractablelandinggear,flaps,andacontrollablepitchpropeller...(ii)10hoursoftraininginanairplanethathasaretractablelandinggear,flaps,andacontrollablepitchpropeller.....;None.(iii)One2‐hourcrosscountryflightindaytimeconditionsinasingleengineairplanethatconsistsofatotalstraight‐linedistanceofmorethan100nauticalmilesfromtheoriginalpointofdeparture;(iii)One2‐hourcrosscountryflightinasingleengineairplaneindaytimeconditionsthatconsistsofatotalstraight‐linedistanceofmorethan100nauticalmilesfromtheoriginalpointofdeparture;None.5(iv)One2‐hourcrosscountryflightinnighttimeconditionsinasingleengineairplanethatconsistsofatotalstraight‐linedistanceofmorethan100nauticalmilesfromtheoriginalpointofdeparture;and(iv)One2‐hourcrosscountryflightinasingleengineairplaneinnighttimeconditionsthatconsistsofatotalstraight‐linedistanceofmorethan100nauticalmilesfromtheoriginalpointofdeparture;andNone.(v)3hoursinasingle‐engineairplaneinpreparationforthepracticaltestwithin60daysprecedingthedateofthetest.(v)Threehoursinasingle‐engineairplanewithanauthorizedinstructorinpreparationforthepracticaltestwithinthepreceding2calendarmonthsfromthemonthofthetest.AllAUstudentsloggedatleast3hoursinaccordancewithPart61requirements.5.(a)Tenhoursofsoloflighttimeinasingleengineairplane,or10hoursofflighttimewhileperformingthedutiesofpilotincommandinasingleengineairplanewithanauthorizedinstructoronboard.Thetrainingmustconsistoftheapprovedareasofoperationunderparagraph(d)(1)ofsection4ofthisappendix,andinclude—(4)Tenhoursofsoloflighttimeinasingleengineairplaneor10hoursofflighttimeperformingthedutiesofpilotincommandinasingleengineairplanewithanauthorizedinstructoronboard(eitherofwhichmaybecreditedtowardstheflighttimerequirementunderparagraph(a)(2)ofthissection),ontheareasofoperationlistedunder§61.127(b)(1)thatinclude—None.(2)Onecross‐countryflight,ifthetrainingisbeingperformedinaStateotherthanHawaii,withlandingsataminimumofthreepoints,andonesegmentoftheflightconsistingofastraight‐linedistanceofatleast250nauticalmiles;and(i)Onecross‐countryflightofnotlessthan300nauticalmilestotaldistance,withlandingsataminimumofthreepoints,oneofwhichisastraight‐linedistanceofatleast250nauticalmilesfromtheoriginaldeparturepoint...;andAllAUstudentscompletedthePart61cross‐countryrequirementwhichisatleast50nauticalmilesfartherthanthePart141requirement.(3)5hoursinnightVFRconditionswith10takeoffsand10landings(witheachlandinginvolvingaflightwithatrafficpattern)atanairportwithanoperatingcontroltower.(ii)5hoursinnightVFRconditionswith10takeoffsand10landings(witheachlandinginvolvingaflightinthetrafficpattern)atanairportwithanoperatingcontroltower.None.FAAcertificationmayoccurwithanFAAInspectorordesignatedpilotexaminerwitharecommendinginstructor,oruponcompletionoftheFAA‐approvedcourseatapilotschoolwiththerecommendationoftheChiefFlightInstructorforacoursewithexaminingauthority.FAAcertificationmayonlyoccurwithanFAAInspectorordesignatedpilotexaminer.ByAUpolicy,AUstudentscompletedtherequiredtrainingincludinganend‐of‐coursetestbytheChiefFlightInstructorbeforeconductingthepracticaltestwithanFAAInspectorordesignatedpilotexaminer.