Filed 12/28/23 P. v. Young CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

CHARLES YOUNG,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D082059

 (Super. Ct. No. CR67930)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Runston G. Maino, Judge. Reversed.

Allen G. Weinbert, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for 

Defendant and Appellant.

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorneys General, Lynne 

G. McGinnis and A. Natasha Cortina, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff 

and Respondent.
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Charles Young appeals from an order summarily denying his petition 

for resentencing filed pursuant to Penal Code section 1170.95 (now 1172.6).1 

He contends his petition established a prima facie claim for relief requiring 

the trial court to issue an order to show cause. The People concede the trial 

court erred in denying Young’s petition because the record of conviction does 

not establish Young is ineligible for resentencing relief as a matter of law. 

We accept the People’s concession and remand the case with directions for the 

trial court to issue an order to show cause and conduct an evidentiary 

hearing. Accordingly, the order is reversed and the matter is remanded for 

additional proceedings.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 1984, a jury convicted Young of first degree murder (§ 187, subd. 

(a)), and the jury also found true an enhancement for personal use of a deadly 

weapon in the commission of the crime (§ 12022, subd. (b)). The trial court 

sentenced Young to prison for an indeterminate term. This court affirmed 

the judgment in his direct appeal. (People v. Young (Nov. 12, 1985, D002247)

[nonpub. opn.].)

In 2022, Young filed a petition for resentencing under Senate Bill No. 

1437 in the superior court. The court appointed counsel, the People 

responded to the petition, and Young filed a reply. 

After briefing, the superior court found Young failed to state a prima 

facie case for relief and denied the petition. The court determined Young was 

not entitled to relief because the verdict for first degree murder in 

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise 

indicated. Effective June 30, 2022, section 1170.95 was renumbered to

section 1172.6 without substantive change. (See Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.) 

We refer to the subject statute by its current renumbered form.
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conjunction with the jury’s true finding on the personal use of a deadly 

weapon enhancement precluded Young from stating a prima facie claim. 

Young timely appealed. 

DISCUSSION

A. Senate Bill No. 1437 and Section 1172.6

Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) eliminated the natural and 

probable consequences doctrine as a basis for finding a defendant guilty of 

murder and significantly limited the scope of the felony-murder rule. (See 

People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698, 707-708 (Strong); People v.

Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 957 (Lewis).) Section 188, subdivision (a)(3) now 

prohibits imputing malice based solely on an individual’s participation in a 

crime and requires proof of malice to convict a principal of murder except 

under the revised felony-murder rule as set forth in section 189, subdivision 

(e). That section requires the People to prove specific facts relating to the 

defendant’s individual culpability: The defendant was the actual killer 

(§ 189, subd. (e)(1)); although not the actual killer, the defendant, with the 

intent to kill, assisted in the commission of the murder (§ 189, subd. (e)(2)); or 

the defendant was a major participant in an underlying felony listed in 

section 189, subdivision (a), and acted with reckless indifference to human 

life as described in subdivision (d) of Penal Code Section 190.2, the felonymurder special-circumstance provision (§ 189, subd. (e)(3)). (See Strong, 

supra, at p. 708.)’

The legislature also enacted a procedure (now codified in section 

1172.6) for an individual convicted of felony murder or murder under a 

natural and probable consequences theory to petition the sentencing court to 

vacate the conviction and be resentenced on any remaining counts if he or she 

could not have been convicted of murder under Senate Bill No. 1437’s 
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changes to sections 188 and 189. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 959; People

v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 847.) When presented with a petition 

seeking relief under section 1172.6, the trial court must first determine 

whether the petitioner has made a prima facie case for relief. (§ 1172.6, subd.

(c).) Where a petitioner makes the requisite prima facie showing he or she 

falls within the provisions of section 1172.6 and is entitled to relief, the court 

must issue an order to show cause and hold an evidentiary hearing to 

determine whether to vacate the murder conviction and resentence the 

petitioner on any remaining counts. (§ 1172.6, subds. (c) & (d)(1).) 

The court may rely on the record of conviction in determining whether 

a prima facie showing has been made. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971.) 

However, “[w]hile the trial court may look at the record of conviction . . . to 

determine whether a petitioner has made a prima facie case for section 

[1172.6] relief, the prima facie inquiry under subdivision (c) is limited.” 

(Ibid.) “In reviewing any part of the record of conviction at this preliminary 

juncture, a trial court should not engage in ‘factfinding involving the

weighing of evidence or the exercise of discretion . . . .’ ” (Id. at p. 972.) 

“Rather, it should decide such issues only after issuing an order to show 

cause and holding an evidentiary hearing.” (People v. Duchine (2021) 60

Cal.App.5th 798, 811.)

B. The Superior Court Erred in Denying Young’s Petition Without 

Issuing an Order to Show Cause

The People concede the allegations and record of conviction in this case 

do not establish Young is not entitled to relief under section 1172.6 as a 

matter of law. We agree and accept the concession. 

In denying Young’s petition, the superior court considered the jury’s 

true finding on the enhancement for personal use of a deadly weapon in 
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connection with the conviction for first degree murder as precluding Young

from stating a prima facie claim under section 1172.6. However, nothing in 

the record before the superior court, including the verdict form, indicates 

whether the personal use of a deadly weapon enhancement was based on the 

jury finding that Young had simply displayed the weapon in a menacing 

manner or had actually struck the victim with the weapon. A finding of 

personal use of a deadly weapon, standing alone, does not demonstrate the 

defendant was the actual killer. (See People v. Jones (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1084, 

1120 (Jones); People v. Garrison (2021) 73 Cal.App.5th 735, 743.) For 

example, “If two robbers display guns to intimidate robbery victims and one 

shoots and kills a victim, both robbers could be found to have personally used 

a gun in the robbery and the felony murder, even though only one is the 

actual killer.” (Jones, supra, at p. 1120.) Thus, the fact the jury found true 

the enhancement for personal use of a weapon does not automatically 

establish Young is ineligible for relief under section 1172.6. 

In this appeal, the People have provided additional evidence from the 

record of conviction, which further establishes Young’s petition should not 

have been denied at the prima facie stage.2 Specifically, the additional 

records show the jury was instructed on the natural and probable 

consequences theory as it applied to a theory of aiding and abetting. The 

2 The People request we take judicial notice of a portion of the appellate 

record from Young’s prior appeal. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (c), 459.) 

Although Young correctly states in his opposition that these court records

were not before the superior court when it ruled on his petition for 

resentencing, the documents are proper subjects for judicial notice and 

provide helpful context to Young’s underlying criminal proceedings. (See

Flatley v. Mauro (2006) 39 Cal.4th 299, 306, fn. 2 [granting judicial notice of 

prior court proceedings not presented to the trial court when doing so would 

help complete the context of the case].) We therefore grant the People’s

request.
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relevant jury instruction stated: “The persons concerned in the commission 

of a crime who are regarded by law as principals in the crime thus 

committed, and equally guilty thereof include: One, those who directly and 

actively commit the act constituting the crime, or, two, those who aid and 

abet the commission of the crime. One who aids and abets is not only guilty 

of the particular crime that to his knowledge his confederates are 

contemplating committing, but he is also liable for the natural and 

reasonable or probable consequences of any act that he knowingly and 

intentionally aided or encouraged.” As to the personal use of a deadly 

weapon enhancement, the jury was instructed it could make a true finding if 

it found Young had “display[ed] such a weapon in an intentionally menacing 

manner, or intentionally [struck] or hit a human being with it.” These 

instructions confirm the personal use of a deadly weapon enhancement could 

have been based on the jury finding Young merely displayed the weapon in a 

menacing manner even if he never actually struck the victim. Thus, the

record of conviction does not conclusively establish the jury relied on a stillvalid theory of murder, and Young is not precluded from obtaining 

resentencing relief under section 1172.6 as a matter of law. 
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DISPOSITION

The order denying Young’s petition for resentencing under section

1172.6 is reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court with directions 

to issue an order to show cause and conduct an evidentiary hearing as 

required by statute. We express no opinion on the appropriate outcome of 

such hearing.

McCONNELL, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, J.

O’ROURKE, J.