IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Diane Boerner, :

Appellant :

: No. 2529 C.D. 2015

v. :

: Submitted: April 29, 2016

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Department of Transportation, :

Bureau of Driver Licensing :

BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge

HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH FILED: September 15, 2016

Diane Boerner (Licensee) appeals from the November 4, 2015 order of 

the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County (trial court), which denied her statutory 

appeal from the twelve-month suspension of her operating privilege imposed by the 

Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing (DOT), pursuant to 

section 1547(b)(1)(i) of the Vehicle Code (Code), 75 Pa.C.S. §1547(b)(1)(i).1

 

1

Section 1547(a) of the Code, commonly known as the Implied Consent Law, provides that:

Any person who drives, operates or is in actual physical control of the 

movement of a vehicle in this Commonwealth shall be deemed to 

have given consent to one or more chemical tests of breath or blood . . 

. if a police officer has reasonable grounds to believe the person to 

have been driving, operating or in actual physical control of the 

movement of a vehicle. . . . 

(Footnote continued on next page...)
2

The underlying facts of this case are not in dispute. On November 6, 

2014, Officer Jeffrey Stich of the Doylestown Township Police Department stopped 

Licensee and placed her under arrest on suspicion of driving under the influence

(DUI). Officer Stich transported Licensee in his patrol car to the Doylestown 

Hospital, where he asked her to submit to a blood test and she refused. Officer Stich 

proceeded to read Licensee the Implied Consent warnings from Form DL-26. Officer 

Stich again asked Licensee if she would submit to a blood test, to which Licensee 

responded by requesting her glasses, which she had left in her car that was towed to a 

different location, and asking to read the form for herself. Officer Stich insisted that 

Licensee simply answer yes or no to the request for a blood test, but she again asked 

to read the form herself. Officer Stich advised Licensee that he was marking the form 

as a refusal. Licensee stated that she was not refusing and declined to sign the form 

indicating as such. (Trial court op. at 1-2.)

By notice dated November 24, 2014, DOT advised Licensee that her 

operating privilege would be suspended for a period of one year, effective December 

29, 2014, pursuant to section 1547(b)(1)(i) of the Code. Licensee filed a timely 

appeal, and on October 14, 2015, the trial court held a de novo hearing. At this 

hearing, DOT introduced a certified packet of documents which included, inter alia, 

the notice of suspension and a copy of the DL-26 form that Officer Stich read to 

Licensee. Licensee did not object to the admission of these documents. Licensee 

thereafter stipulated that Officer Stich had reasonable grounds to stop her vehicle and 

 

(continued...)

75 Pa.C.S. §1547(a). Section 1547(b)(1)(i) provides that if any person placed under arrest for 

driving while under the influence is requested to submit to a chemical test, and refuses to do so, the 

Department shall suspend the person’s operating privilege for a period of twelve months.
3

request that she submit to chemical testing. Licensee noted that she was only 

disputing whether this matter involved a proper refusal on her part.

DOT then called Officer Stich to the stand. Officer Stich testified that 

he was working the midnight shift from 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. on November 6, 2014, 

and was on patrol in the area of Easton Road and Edison Furlong when he first 

observed Licensee’s vehicle, a white Saab, around 7:50 p.m. stopped past a traffic 

light in the northbound lane of Easton Road. He stated that the vehicle began to enter 

the intersection prior to the light turning green. He then began to follow Licensee’s 

vehicle in the left lane and observed it merging into his lane without a turn signal and 

crossing back and forth between the lanes, almost striking his vehicle. He 

subsequently initiated a traffic stop. (Notes of Testimony (N.T.) at 5-7.)

As he walked up to the vehicle, Officer Stich observed an open wine 

bottle on the floor of the backseat. When Licensee rolled down her window, he 

detected a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage emanating from inside the vehicle. 

He also described Licensee’s eyes as appearing glassy, her speech being slurred, and 

her being slow in retrieving her documents. Officer Stich noted that Licensee 

provided him with expired registration and insurance cards and when he asked for 

current documentation, Licensee simply placed a bracelet on her wrist. He then 

called for the assistance of another officer, and after that officer arrived, asked 

Licensee to exit her vehicle. He stated that Licensee used the vehicle for support as 

she exited and refused to perform any requested field sobriety tests or a breath test. 

Upon these refusals, and believing that Licensee was incapable of safe operation of a 

motor vehicle, Officer Stich placed her under arrest for suspicion of DUI. (N.T. at 7-

8.)

Officer Stich placed Licensee in the rear of his vehicle and advised her 

that he was transporting her to the Doylestown Hospital for a blood test. Upon arrival 
4

at the hospital, he escorted Licensee to the blood draw room and asked her to submit 

to a blood test, but she refused. He then read Licensee the warnings from the DL-26 

form, again requested that she submit to a blood test, and she again refused. Officer 

Stich identified the DL-26 form previously submitted by DOT as the form he read to 

Licensee. He testified that he read each of the four paragraphs verbatim to Licensee. 

He denied noticing any obvious physical reason why Licensee would not be able to 

take the test or that Licensee ever informed him of any medical condition which 

would prevent the same. (N.T. at 9-11.)

On cross-examination, Officer Stich testified that he asked Licensee on 

the way to the hospital if she would agree to a blood test, and again after arrival, but 

she refused both times. After the second refusal, he stated that he read Licensee the 

warnings from the DL-26 form. Officer Stich could not recall if Licensee interrupted 

his reading of this form to ask a question, but did recall asking her to let him finish 

reading and then she could ask questions. Likewise, he did not recall a second 

interruption by Licensee or her requesting to read the form after he finished. He did 

recall her asking for her glasses at one point but he noted that they were in her car 

which was already towed. He also recalled advising her that she needed to decide at 

that moment whether she would agree to the blood test. Officer Stich acknowledged 

that he did recall Licensee stating that she would not submit to a test until she was 

able to read the form. However, he considered that response a refusal. (N.T. at 11-

17.)

Counsel for Licensee proceeded to play audio and video of the stop. 

Officer Stich agreed that it was his voice on the tape. He agreed that Licensee twice 

interrupted his reading of the DL-26 form to attempt to ask questions and that he kept 

on reading. He also agreed that Licensee asked to read the form herself after he was 

finished, to which he responded that she needed to make a decision right now. While 
5

the tape reveals Licensee asking for her glasses, Officer Stich stated that he did not 

record a refusal because of that request; instead, he recorded a refusal because she 

refused to answer yes or no to a blood test after he read her the form. He 

acknowledged that Licensee denied on the tape that she was refusing the test. (N.T. 

at 20-26.)

On re-direct examination, Officer Stich reiterated that he read the DL-26 

form to Licensee and that Licensee responded that she would not submit to testing 

without reading the form herself. He clarified that at no point did she ever agree to 

take the test. (N.T. at 27-28.) On re-cross examination, he conceded that Licensee 

never stated on the tape that she was not going to take the test, just that she needed 

her glasses to read the form. (N.T. at 29.)

Licensee thereafter testified on her own behalf. She stated that she 

attempted to ask questions of Officer Stich because the form he was reading was 

confusing, especially with respect to prior convictions, suspensions, and purported 

jail time. After Officer Stich was done reading, she indicated that she asked for her 

glasses to read the form herself because she did not completely understand it. She 

described the form as containing a lot of material and being confusing as to the 

consequences of what she was being asked to do. Licensee testified that Officer Stich 

simply marked her as a refusal without giving her the opportunity to submit to the 

testing. Licensee noted that she needs her glasses to read. Finally, Licensee denied 

ever specifically refusing to take the test. (N.T. at 37-43.)

On cross-examination, Licensee admitted that she never advised Officer 

Stich that she was confused about the form, only that she wanted to read it herself. 

After he asked her to make a decision, Licensee conceded that she requested her 

glasses. Licensee noted that he never asked her if she was confused. Licensee stated 
6

that she did tell Officer Stich that she needed to read the form because she did not 

understand it. (N.T. at 44-47.)

The trial court took the matter under advisement. By order dated 

November 4, 2015, the trial court denied Licensee’s appeal and directed that her 

suspension be reinstated. Licensee filed a motion for reconsideration, but the same 

was denied. Licensee subsequently filed a notice of appeal with the trial court. 

The trial court subsequently issued an opinion concluding that Licensee 

“did not unequivocally consent to the test on the night in question.” (Trial court op. 

at 3.) The trial court found that in requesting her glasses to read the DL-26 form after 

it was read to her by Officer Stich, Licensee was not exhibiting confusion. Id. In this 

regard, the trial court noted that Licensee acknowledged that she never specifically 

informed Officer Stich that she was confused. In addition, the trial court rejected 

Licensee’s testimony that she informed Officer Stich that she did not understand the 

warnings. Id. The trial court described Licensee’s actions as being disingenuous and 

an attempt to delay the testing. Id. While the trial court noted that Officer Stich 

could have acceded to her request to read the DL-26 form, it stated that he was not 

required to so. Id. 

On appeal,2Licensee argues that the trial court erred in denying her 

appeal when she was never provided with a meaningful opportunity to submit to 

chemical testing and she never intentionally and knowingly refused to submit to the 

same. We disagree. 

 

2 Our scope of review is limited to determining whether the findings of fact are supported by 

competent evidence or whether the trial court committed an error of law or an abuse of discretion in 

reaching its decision. Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa.C.S. §704; Piasecki v. 

Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 6 A.3d 1067, 1070 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010). 
7

In order to sustain a suspension of operating privileges under section 

1547(b)(1) of the Code, DOT must establish that the licensee:

(1) was arrested by a police officer who had reasonable 

grounds to believe that the licensee was operating a motor 

vehicle while under the influence of alcohol; (2) was asked 

to submit to a chemical test; (3) refused to do so; and (4) 

was specifically warned that refusal would result in a 

license suspension.

Bomba v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 28 A.3d 946, 

949 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011). If the Department satisfies its burden of proving these 

elements, the suspension must be affirmed unless the licensee shows that she was 

physically unable to take the test or that her refusal to submit to chemical testing was 

not knowing and conscious. Lanthier v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of 

Driver Licensing, 22 A.3d 346, 348-49 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011). Whether a licensee’s 

conduct constitutes a refusal to submit to chemical testing is a question of law fully 

reviewable by this Court. McKenna v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of 

Driver Licensing, 72 A.3d 294, 298 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013). 

In the present case, Licensee stipulated that Officer Stich had reasonable 

grounds to stop her vehicle and request that she submit to chemical testing. 

Additionally, there is no dispute that Officer Stich requested that Licensee submit to 

chemical testing. Licensee argues, however, that DOT failed to meet the remaining 

two elements because she did not have a meaningful opportunity to agree to the 

testing and she could not have made a knowing and conscious decision to refuse the 

same. In this regard, Licensee does not deny that Officer Stich read the Implied 

Consent warnings to her verbatim from the DL-26 form or that he asked her again to 

submit to chemical testing after he read the same. Licensee acknowledges that,

instead of simply answering yes or no to that question, she requested her glasses in 

order to read the form herself. 
8

Our Courts have consistently held that “anything substantially less than 

an unqualified, unequivocal assent” to submit to testing constitutes a refusal to do so. 

Department of Transportation v. Renwick, 669 A.2d 934, 938 (Pa. 1996); McKenna, 

72 A.3d at 298; Lanthier, 22 A.3d at 348; Miele v. Commonwealth, 461 A.2d 359, 

360 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983). Moreover, this Court has previously held that “[a]n 

officer’s sole duty is to inform motorists of the implied consent warnings; once they

[sic] have done so, they [sic] have satisfied their [sic] obligation.” Martinovic v. 

Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 881 A.2d 30, 35 (Pa. 

Cmwlth. 2005) (emphasis added). Additionally, in Martinovic, we stated that 

“[o]fficers do not have an obligation to make sure that licensees understand the 

warnings or the consequences of refusing to submit to chemical testing.” Id. Indeed, 

in McKenna, we held that a police officer had no duty to answer the licensee’s 

questions to licensee’s satisfaction or spend time ensuring that the licensee fully 

comprehended the DL-26 form. Id. at 301. 

Licensee correctly notes that we have previously stated that “even if the 

police provide a sufficient O’Connell warning,[3]a license suspension imposed on a 

licensee for refusing to submit to chemical testing must be reversed, if the fact finder 

determines that the circumstances surrounding the police’s request for chemical 

testing are confusing and prevent a licensee from understanding the warning.” 

Frengel v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 666 A.2d 785, 

788 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995) (citing Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver 

 

3

The phrase “O’Connell warning” derives from our Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision 

in Commonwealth v. O’Connell, 555 A.2d 873 (Pa. 1989), wherein the court held that when a 

motorist is requested to submit to chemical testing under the provision of the Implied Consent Law, 

75 Pa.C.S. §1547, the law enforcement officer making the request has a duty to explain to the 

motorist that the rights provided by the United States Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. 

Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), are inapplicable to such a request. 
9

Licensing v. Lipko, 654 A.2d 227, 230 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995)). However, unlike 

Frengel and Lipko, wherein we were constrained to affirm the common pleas courts’ 

orders sustaining the licensees’ appeals in light of their credible testimony regarding 

confusion over the warnings, the trial court in this case found that Licensee never 

informed Officer Stich that she was confused about the warnings. Further, the trial 

court rejected Licensee’s testimony that she had informed Officer Stich that she did 

not understand the same. To the contrary, the trial court described Licensee’s actions 

as disingenuous and intended to delay the testing. Thus, neither Frengel nor Lipko

support Licensee’s position. 

Because Licensee received the warning she was entitled to under the 

Implied Consent Law, never assented to chemical testing, and failed to establish that 

her refusal was neither knowing nor conscious, the trial court did not err in denying 

Licensee’s appeal from the one-year suspension of her operating privilege under 

section 1547(b)(1)(i) of the Code.

Accordingly, the order of the trial court is affirmed.

________________________________

PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Diane Boerner, :

Appellant :

: No. 2529 C.D. 2015

v. :

:

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Department of Transportation, :

Bureau of Driver Licensing :

ORDER

AND NOW, this 15

th day of September, 2016, the order of the Court 

of Common Pleas of Bucks County, dated November 4, 2015, is hereby affirmed.

________________________________

PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge