`[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 242 (Tuesday, December 17, 2024)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 102568-102635]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-29274]



[[Page 102567]]

Vol. 89

Tuesday,

No. 242

December 17, 2024

Part VIII





Environmental Protection Agency





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40 CFR Part 751





Trichloroethylene (TCE); Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control 
Act (TSCA); Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 89 , No. 242 / Tuesday, December 17, 2024 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 102568]]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 751

[EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642; FRL-8317-02-OCSPP]
RIN 2070-AK83


Trichloroethylene (TCE); Regulation Under the Toxic Substances 
Control Act (TSCA)

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or Agency) is 
finalizing a rule to address the unreasonable risk of injury to health 
presented by trichloroethylene (TCE) under its conditions of use. TSCA 
requires that EPA address by rule any unreasonable risk of injury to 
health or the environment identified in a TSCA risk evaluation and 
apply requirements to the extent necessary so that the chemical no 
longer presents unreasonable risk. EPA's final rule will, among other 
things, prevent serious illness associated with uncontrolled exposures 
to the chemical by preventing consumer access to the chemical, 
restricting the industrial and commercial use of the chemical while 
also allowing for a reasonable transition period with interim worker 
protections in place where an industrial and commercial use of the 
chemical is being prohibited, and provide time-limited exemptions for 
critical or essential uses of TCE for which no technically and 
economically feasible safer alternatives are available.

DATES: This final rule is effective on January 16, 2025.

ADDRESSES: The docket for this action, identified by docket 
identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642, is available online 
at https://www.regulations.gov. Additional information about dockets 
generally, along with instructions for visiting the docket in-person, 
is available at https://www.epa.gov/dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
    For technical information: Gabriela Rossner, Existing Chemicals 
Risk Management Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 
Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, 
DC 20460-0001; telephone number: (202) 565-2426; email address: 
[email protected].
    For general information: The TSCA-Hotline, ABVI-Goodwill, 422 South 
Clinton Ave., Rochester, NY 14620; telephone number: (202) 554-1404; 
email address: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Executive Summary

A. Does this action apply to me?

1. General Applicability
    This action applies to you if you manufacture, process, distribute 
in commerce, use, or dispose of TCE or products containing TCE. TSCA 
section 3(9) defines the term ``manufacture'' to mean ``to import into 
the customs territory of the United States (as defined in general note 
2 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States), produce, or 
manufacture.'' Therefore, unless expressly stated otherwise, importers 
of TCE are subject to any provisions regulating manufacture of TCE (see 
also Unit I.A.2.). The following list of North American Industrial 
Classification System (NAICS) codes is not intended to be exhaustive, 
but rather provides a guide to help readers determine whether this 
document applies to them. Potentially affected entities include:
     Crude Petroleum Extraction (NAICS code 211120);
     Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation (NAICS code 221112);
     Other Electric Power Generation (NAICS code 221118);
     Broadwoven Fabric Mills (NAICS code 313210);
     Narrow Fabric Mills and Schiffli Machine Embroidery (NAICS 
code 313220);
     Nonwoven Fabric Mills (NAICS code 313230);
     Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills (NAICS code 313310);
     Fabric Coating Mills (NAICS code 313320);
     Wood Window and Door Manufacturing (NAICS code 321911);
     Prefabricated Wood Building Manufacturing (NAICS code 
321992);
     Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 322220);
     Petroleum Refineries (NAICS code 324110);
     All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 324199);
     Petrochemical Manufacturing (NAICS code 325110);
     Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing (NAICS code 
325180);
     Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing (NAICS code 325193);
     All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing (NAICS code 
325199);
     Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing (NAICS code 
325211);
     Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing (NAICS code 325411);
     Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing (NAICS code 
325412);
     Paint and Coating Manufacturing (NAICS code 325510);
     Adhesive Manufacturing (NAICS code 325520);
     Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing (NAICS code 
325612);
     Photographic Film, Paper, Plate and Chemical Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 325992);
     All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 325998);
     Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing (NAICS code 
326140);
     Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 326150);
     Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) (NAICS code 
326211);
     Tire Retreading (NAICS code 326212);
     Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 326220);
     Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use (NAICS 
code 326291);
     All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing (NAICS code 
326299);
     Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 327110);
     Gypsum Product Manufacturing (NAICS code 327420);
     Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 331110);
     Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased 
Steel (NAICS code 331210);
     Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing (NAICS code 331221);
     Steel Wire Drawing (NAICS code 331222);
     Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 
(NAICS code 331410);
     Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying (NAICS 
code 331420);
     Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, 
Drawing and Extruding (NAICS code 331491);
     Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous 
Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) (NAICS code 331492);
     Nonferrous Metal Die-Casting Foundries (NAICS code 
331523);
     Iron and Steel Forging (NAICS code 332111);
     Nonferrous Forging (NAICS code 332112);
     Custom Roll Forming (NAICS code 332114);
     Powder Metallurgy Part Manufacturing (NAICS code 332117);
     Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except 
Automotive) (NAICS code 332119);

[[Page 102569]]

     Metal Kitchen Cookware, Utensil, Cutlery, and Flatware 
(except Precious) Manufacturing (NAICS code 332215);
     Saw Blade and Handtool Manufacturing (NAICS code 332216);
     Metal Window and Door Manufacturing (NAICS code 332321);
     Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing (NAICS code 332322);
     Ornamental and Architectural Metal Work Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 332323);
     Power Boiler and Heat Exchanger Manufacturing (NAICS code 
332410);
     Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) Manufacturing (NAICS code 
332420);
     Metal Can Manufacturing (NAICS code 332431);
     Other Metal Container Manufacturing (NAICS code 332439);
     Hardware Manufacturing (NAICS code 332510);
     Spring Manufacturing (NAICS code 332613);
     Other Fabricated Wire Product Manufacturing (NAICS code 
332618);
     Machine Shops (NAICS code 332710);
     Precision Turned Product Manufacturing (NAICS code 
332721);
     Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet and Washer Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 332722);
     Metal Heat Treating (NAICS code 332811);
     Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), 
and Allied Services to Manufacturers (NAICS code 332812);
     Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing and Coloring 
(NAICS code 332813);
     Industrial Valve Manufacturing (NAICS code 332911);
     Fluid Power Valve and Hose Fitting Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 332912);
     Plumbing Fixture Fitting and Trim Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 332913);
     Other Metal Valve and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 332919);
     Ball and Roller Bearing Manufacturing (NAICS code 332991);
     Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing (NAICS code 332992);
     Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing (NAICS code 
332993);
     Small Arms, Ordnance, and Ordnance Accessories 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 332994);
     Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing (NAICS code 
332996);
     All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 332999);
     Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333111);
     Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333112);
     Construction Machinery Manufacturing (NAICS code 333120);
     Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333131);
     Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 333132);
     Food Product Machinery Manufacturing (NAICS code 333241);
     Semiconductor Machinery Manufacturing (NAICS code 333242);
     Sawmill, Woodworking, and Paper Machinery Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 333243);
     Printing Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333244);
     Other Industrial Machinery Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333249);
     Optical Instrument and Lens Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333314);
     Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 333316);
     Other Commercial and Service Industry Machinery 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333318);
     Industrial and Commercial Fan and Blower and Air 
Purification Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 333413);
     Heating Equipment (except Warm Air Furnaces) Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 333414);
     Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and 
Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 333415);
     Industrial Mold Manufacturing (NAICS code 333511);
     Special Die and Tool, Die Set, Jig and Fixture 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333514);
     Cutting Tool and Machine Tool Accessory Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 333515);
     Machine Tool Manufacturing (NAICS code 333517);
     Rolling Mill and Other Metalworking Machinery 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333519);
     Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Unit Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 333611);
     Speed Changer, Industrial High-Speed Drive and Gear 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333612);
     Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 333613);
     Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 333618);
     Air and Gas Compressor Manufacturing (NAICS code 333912);
     Measuring, Dispensing, and Other Pumping Equipment 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333914);
     Elevator and Moving Stairway Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333921);
     Conveyor and Conveying Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333922);
     Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist and Monorail System 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333923);
     Industrial Truck, Tractor, Trailer and Stacker Machinery 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333924);
     Power-Driven Hand Tool Manufacturing (NAICS code 333991);
     Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333992);
     Packaging Machinery Manufacturing (NAICS code 333993);
     Industrial Process Furnace and Oven Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 333994);
     Fluid Power Cylinder and Actuator Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 333995);
     Fluid Power Pump and Motor Manufacturing (NAICS code 
333996);
     Scale and Balance Manufacturing (NAICS code 333997);
     All Other Miscellaneous General Purpose Machinery 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 333999);
     Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 
334310);
     Capacitor, Resistor, Coil, Transformer, and Other Inductor 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 334416);
     Electronic Connector Manufacturing (NAICS code 334417);
     Printed Circuit Assembly (Electronic Assembly) 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 334418);
     Other Electronic Component Manufacturing (NAICS code 
334419);
     Search, Detection, Navigation, Guidance, Aeronautical, and 
Nautical System and Instrument Manufacturing (NAICS code 334511);
     Automatic Environmental Control Manufacturing for 
Residential, Commercial and Appliance Use (NAICS code 334512);
     Instruments and Related Products Manufacturing for 
Measuring, Displaying, and Controlling Industrial Process Variables 
(NAICS code 334513);
     Instrument Manufacturing for Measuring and Testing 
Electricity and Electrical Signals (NAICS code 334515);
     Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing (NAICS code 
335110);
     Residential Electric Lighting Fixture Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 335121);
     Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Electric Lighting 
Fixture Manufacturing (NAICS code 335122);
     Other Lighting Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 
335129);
     Major Household Appliance Manufacturing (NAICS code 
335220);
     Power, Distribution and Specialty Transformer 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 335311);
     Motor and Generator Manufacturing (NAICS code 335312);
     Switchgear and Switchboard Apparatus Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 335313);

[[Page 102570]]

     Relay and Industrial Control Manufacturing (NAICS code 
335314);
     Storage Battery Manufacturing (NAICS code 335911);
     Fiber Optic Cable Manufacturing (NAICS code 335921);
     Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing (NAICS code 
335931);
     Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing (NAICS code 
335991);
     Automobile Manufacturing (NAICS code 336111);
     Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS code 
336112);
     Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing (NAICS code 336120);
     Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing (NAICS code 336211);
     Truck Trailer Manufacturing (NAICS code 336212);
     Motor Home Manufacturing (NAICS code 336213);
     Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing (NAICS code 
336214);
     Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 336310);
     Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 336320);
     Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except 
Spring) Manufacturing (NAICS code 336330);
     Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing (NAICS code 
336340);
     Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 336350);
     Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 336360);
     Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping (NAICS code 336370);
     Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing (NAICS code 
336390);
     Aircraft Manufacturing (NAICS code 336411);
     Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing (NAICS code 
336412);
     Other Aircraft Part and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 336413);
     Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS code 
336414);
     Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and 
Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing (NAICS code 336415);
     Other Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Parts and Auxiliary 
Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS code 336419);
     Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing (NAICS code 336510);
     Ship Building and Repairing (NAICS code 336611);
     Boat Building (NAICS code 336612);
     Motorcycle, Bicycle and Parts Manufacturing (NAICS code 
336991);
     Military Armored Vehicle, Tank and Tank Component 
Manufacturing (NAICS code 336992);
     All Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 336999);
     Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Counter Top Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 337110);
     Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing (NAICS code 
337121);
     Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing 
(NAICS code 337122);
     Metal Household Furniture Manufacturing (NAICS code 
337124);
     Institutional Furniture Manufacturing (NAICS code 337127);
     Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing (NAICS code 337211);
     Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing (NAICS code 
339113);
     Dental Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing (NAICS code 
339114);
     Jewelry and Silverware Manufacturing (NAICS code 339910);
     Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing (NAICS code 
339920);
     Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing (NAICS 
code 339991);
     Fastener, Button, Needle and Pin Manufacturing (NAICS code 
339993);
     All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing (NAICS code 339999);
     Metal Service Centers and Other Metal Merchant Wholesalers 
(NAICS code 423510);
     Industrial Supplies Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS code 
423510);
     Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 
(NAICS code 424690);
     Paint, Varnish, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS 
code 424950);
     New Car Dealers (NAICS code 441110);
     Used Car Dealers (NAICS code 441120);
     Sporting Goods Stores (NAICS code 451110);
     Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation (NAICS code 
481111);
     Other Support Activities for Air Transportation (NAICS 
code 481111);
     Other Warehousing and Storage (NAICS code 493190);
     Motion Picture and Video Production (NAICS code 512110);
     Other Financial Vehicles (NAICS code 525990);
     Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and 
Life Sciences (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology) (NAICS code 
541715);
     Research and Development in the Social Sciences and 
Humanities (NAICS code 541720);
     Offices of Other Holding Companies (NAICS code 551112);
     Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning Services (NAICS code 
561740);
     Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal (NAICS code 
562211);
     Solid Waste Landfill (NAICS code 562212);
     Materials Recovery Facilities (NAICS code 562920);
     Junior Colleges (NAICS code 611210);
     Colleges, Universities and Professional Schools (NAICS 
code 611310);
     General Automotive Repair (NAICS code 811111);
     Automotive Exhaust System Repair (NAICS code 811112);
     Automotive Transmission Repair (NAICS code 811113);
     Other Automotive Mechanical and Electrical Repair and 
Maintenance (NAICS code 811118);
     Automotive Body, Paint and Interior Repair and Maintenance 
(NAICS code 811121);
     Automotive Glass Replacement Shops (NAICS code 811122);
     Automotive Oil Change and Lubrication Shops (NAICS code 
811191);
     All Other Automotive Repair and Maintenance (NAICS code 
811198);
     Consumer Electronics Repair and Maintenance (NAICS code 
811211);
     Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance (NAICS 
code 811212);
     Communication Equipment Repair and Maintenance (NAICS code 
811213);
     Other Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and 
Maintenance (NAICS code 811219);
     Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except 
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance (NAICS code 811310);
     Home and Garden Equipment Repair and Maintenance (NAICS 
code 811411);
     Other Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance 
(NAICS code 811490);
     Coin-Operated Laundries and Drycleaners (NAICS code 
812310);
     Drycleaning and Laundry Services (except Coin-Operated) 
(NAICS code 812320); and
     Industrial Launderers (NAICS code 812332).
2. Applicability to Importers and Exporters
    This action may also affect certain entities subject to import 
certification and export notification requirements under TSCA (https://www.epa.gov/tsca-import-export-requirements). Persons who import any 
chemical substance in bulk form, as part of a mixture, or as

[[Page 102571]]

part of an article (if required by rule) are subject to TSCA section 13 
(15 U.S.C. 2612) import certification requirements and the 
corresponding regulations at 19 CFR 12.118 through 12.127 (see also 19 
CFR 127.28(i)). Those persons must certify that the shipment of the 
chemical substance complies with all applicable rules and orders under 
TSCA (see 19 CFR 12.121). The EPA policy in support of import 
certification appears at 40 CFR part 707, subpart B.
    In addition, any persons who export or intend to export a chemical 
substance that is the subject of this final rule are subject to the 
export notification provisions of TSCA section 12(b) (15 U.S.C. 
2611(b)) and must comply with the export notification requirements in 
40 CFR part 707, subpart D. Any person who exports or intends to export 
TCE must comply with the export notification requirements in 40 CFR 
part 707, subpart D.
    If you have any questions regarding the applicability of this 
action to a particular entity, consult the technical information 
contact listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

B. What is the Agency's authority for taking this action?

    Under TSCA section 6(a) (15 U.S.C. 2605(a)), if the Agency 
determines through a TSCA section 6(b) risk evaluation that a chemical 
substance presents an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the 
environment, EPA must by rule apply one or more requirements listed in 
TSCA section 6(a) to the extent necessary so that the chemical 
substance or mixture no longer presents such risk.

C. What action is the Agency taking?

    Pursuant to TSCA section 6(b), EPA determined in 2023 that TCE 
presents an unreasonable risk of injury to health, without 
consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, including an 
unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations 
(PESS) identified by EPA as relevant to the 2020 Risk Evaluation for 
TCE under the conditions of use (Refs. 1, 2). A description of the 
conditions of use that contribute to EPA's determination that TCE 
presents an unreasonable risk is in III.B.1. of the proposed rule (88 
FR 74712, October 31, 2023 (FRL-8317-01-OCSPP), with a summary in Unit 
II.C.4 of this final rule. Accordingly, to address the unreasonable 
risk, EPA is issuing this final rule to:
    (i) Prohibit the manufacture (including import), processing, and 
distribution in commerce of TCE for all uses (including all consumer 
uses (see Unit IV.B.2.)), as described in Unit IV.B., with longer 
compliance timeframes for manufacture, processing, and distribution in 
commerce related to certain industrial and commercial uses;
    (ii) Prohibit the industrial and commercial use of TCE, as 
described in Unit IV.B.1., with longer compliance timeframes for 
certain uses;
    (iii) Prohibit the manufacture (including import) and processing of 
TCE as an intermediate for the manufacturing of hydrofluorocarbon 134a 
(HFC-134a), following an 8.5-year phase-out, as described in Unit 
IV.B.3.;
    (iv) Prohibit the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent 
for closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for 
end use in rocket booster nozzle production by Federal agencies and 
their contractors, following a 10-year phase-out, outlined in Unit 
IV.B.4.;
    (v) Prohibit the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, and use of TCE as a laboratory chemical for 
asphalt testing and recovery, following a 10-year phase-out, outlined 
in Unit IV.B.5.;
    (vi) Prohibit the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, and industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
solvent in batch vapor degreasing for essential aerospace parts and 
components and narrow tubing used in medical devices, following a 7-
year TSCA section 6(g) exemption, outlined in Unit IV.G.1.;
    (vii) Prohibit the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, and industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
solvent in closed loop vapor degreasing necessary for rocket engine 
cleaning by Federal agencies and their contractors, following a 7-year 
TSCA section 6(g) exemption, outlined in Unit IV.G.2.;
    (viii) For vessels of the Armed Forces and their systems, and in 
the maintenance, fabrication, and sustainment for and of such vessels 
and systems, prohibit the industrial and commercial use of TCE as: 
potting compounds for naval electronic systems and equipment; sealing 
compounds for high and ultra-high vacuum systems; bonding compounds for 
materials testing and maintenance of underwater systems and bonding of 
nonmetallic materials; and cleaning agents to satisfy cleaning 
requirements (which includes degreasing using wipes, sprays, solvents 
and vapor degreasing) for: materials and components required for 
military ordnance testing; temporary resin repairs in vessel spaces 
where welding is not authorized; ensuring polyurethane adhesion for 
electronic systems and equipment repair and installation of elastomeric 
materials; various naval combat systems, radars, sensors, equipment; 
fabrication and prototyping processes to remove coolant and other 
residue from machine parts; machined part fabrications for naval 
systems; installation of topside rubber tile material aboard vessels; 
and vapor degreasing required for substrate surface preparation prior 
to electroplating processes, following a 10-year TSCA section 6(g) 
exemption, outlined in Unit IV.G.3.;
    (ix) Prohibit the emergency industrial and commercial use of TCE in 
furtherance of the NASA mission for specific conditions which are 
critical or essential and for which no technically and economically 
feasible safer alternative is available, following a 10-year TSCA 
section 6(g) exemption, outlined in Unit IV.G.4.;
    (x) Prohibit the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, disposal, and use of TCE as a processing aid 
for manufacturing battery separators for lead acid batteries, following 
a 20-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption, as described in Unit IV.G.5.;
    (xi) Prohibit the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, disposal, and use of TCE as a processing aid 
for manufacturing specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials 
following a 15-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption, as described in Unit 
IV.G.6.;
    (xii) Prohibit the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, and use of TCE as a laboratory chemical for 
essential laboratory activities and some research and development 
activities, following a 50-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption, as 
described in Unit IV.G.7.;
    (xiii) Require strict workplace controls to limit exposure to TCE, 
including compliance with a TCE workplace chemical protection program 
(WCPP), which would include requirements for an interim existing 
chemical exposure limit (ECEL) revised from the proposed rule, as well 
as dermal protection, for conditions of use with long term phase-outs 
or time-limited exemptions under TSCA section 6(g), as described in 
Unit IV.C., or prescriptive workplace controls, as described in Unit 
IV.D.;
    (xiv) Prohibit the disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, 
industrial treatment, or publicly owned treatment works, through a 
phaseout allowing for longer timeframes for disposal necessary for 
certain industrial and commercial uses as described in Unit IV.B.6., 
along with a 50-year TSCA section 6(g)

[[Page 102572]]

exemption for disposal for cleanup projects before prohibition, as 
described in Unit IV.G.8., and interim requirements for wastewater 
worker protection, as described in Unit IV.E.; and
    (xv) Establish recordkeeping and downstream notification 
requirements, as described in Unit IV.F.
    EPA notes that all TSCA conditions of use of TCE are subject to 
this final rule. ``Conditions of use'' is defined in TSCA section 3(4) 
to mean the circumstances, as determined by EPA, under which a chemical 
substance is intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be 
manufactured, processed, distributed in commerce, used, or disposed of.

D. Why is the Agency taking this action?

    Under TSCA section 6(a), ``[i]f the Administrator determines in 
accordance with subsection (b)(4)(A) that the manufacture, processing, 
distribution in commerce, use or disposal of a chemical substance or 
mixture, or that any combination of such activities, presents an 
unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment, the 
Administrator shall by rule . . . apply one or more of the [section 
6(a)] requirements to such substance or mixture to the extent necessary 
so that the chemical substance no longer presents such risk.'' TCE was 
the subject of a risk evaluation under TSCA section 6(b)(4)(A) that was 
issued in November 2020 (Ref. 1). In addition, EPA issued a revised 
unreasonable risk determination for TCE in January 2023 (Ref. 2), 
determining that TCE, as a whole chemical substance, presents an 
unreasonable risk of injury to health under the conditions of use. On 
October 31, 2023, EPA issued a proposed rule (88 FR 74712) (FRL-8317-
01-OCSPP) under TSCA section 6(a) to regulate TCE so that it no longer 
presents unreasonable risk (hereinafter ``2023 TCE proposed rule''). 
The Agency received public comment on the proposed rule, and with this 
action, EPA is finalizing the 2023 TCE proposed rule with modifications 
so that TCE no longer presents an unreasonable risk. The conditions of 
use that contribute to the unreasonable risk from TCE are described in 
Unit III.B.1. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule.
    EPA emphasizes that while some of the adverse effects from TCE 
exposure are experienced following acute single exposures, other risks 
are incurred following long-term repeated exposures. Risks of non-
cancer effects, specifically fetal cardiac defects and autoimmunity, 
are the most sensitive adverse effects following exposure. In addition, 
risks of other significant adverse outcomes associated with TCE 
exposure include: non-cancer effects (liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, 
neurotoxicity, immunosuppression, reproductive toxicity, and 
developmental toxicity), as well as cancer (liver, kidney, and non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma). This final rule will eliminate the unreasonable 
risk to human health from TCE, as identified in the 2020 Risk 
Evaluation for TCE (Ref. 1) and the 2023 Revised Unreasonable Risk 
Determination for TCE (Ref. 2).
    While EPA's rule will result in a ban of TCE, the timeframes for 
the phase-outs differ across conditions of use and are described in 
fuller detail in Unit IV.B. One phase-out is for uses that may impact 
the Agency's efforts to address climate-damaging HFCs (and the 
associated adverse impacts on human health and the environment) under 
the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020 (AIM Act) (42 
U.S.C. 7675). EPA is implementing a longer phase-out in tandem with 
strict workplace controls for the manufacturing (including import) and 
processing of TCE as an intermediate in the generation of HFC-134a, one 
of the regulated substances subject to a phasedown under the AIM Act. 
More information on HFC-134a is in Unit V.A.1. of the 2023 TCE proposed 
rule.
    Additionally, the Agency recognizes that alternatives to TCE may 
not be readily available for some important conditions of use. As an 
example, EPA is finalizing a longer phase-out timeframe for industrial 
and commercial use of TCE as a solvent for closed-loop batch vapor 
degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end use in rocket booster 
nozzle production by Federal agencies and their contractors. Currently, 
substitutes and alternative processes do not meet the technical 
specifications required to clean the rayon fabric in order to safely 
produce rockets. Similarly, EPA is finalizing a longer phase-out for 
the industrial and commercial use of TCE in laboratory use for asphalt 
testing and recovery, based on information provided by state 
departments of transportation and regulated entities regarding the 
timeframes needed for revising state certifications that currently 
include this use of TCE for, among other activities, enabling the 
recycling of asphalt.
    Additionally, EPA recognizes that some conditions of use may be 
important for national security applications or for other critical 
needs. For these reasons, this final rule includes a 15-year exemption 
under TSCA section 6(g) for industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid for battery separator manufacturing in the production of 
lead-acid battery separators, as well as for the manufacturing, 
processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for this use. EPA 
recognizes that battery separators are essential components of 
batteries that power vehicles and systems in the U.S. supply chain for 
multiple critical infrastructure sectors within the national economy. 
Further, there are a number of critical uses required for DoD vessels. 
EPA is finalizing a 10-year exemption under TSCA section 6(g) for DoD 
vessel requirements for potting, bonding and sealing compounds, and 
bonding and cleaning requirements for naval combat systems, radars, 
sensors, equipment, and fabrication and prototyping processes. 
Additionally, EPA is finalizing a 50-year exemption under TSCA section 
6(g) for the industrial and commercial use of TCE for critical 
laboratory activities; for example, laboratory activities associated 
with ongoing environmental cleanup projects that fall under the 
Superfund program or other similar EPA authorities, in which it is 
necessary to use TCE as a laboratory chemical for the analysis of 
contaminated soil, air, and water samples.
    EPA proposed and is finalizing a requirement to comply with a WCPP, 
which includes monitoring, adherence to industrial hygiene best 
practices, and requirements to meet an interim ECEL as a condition for 
most of the conditions of use for which a phase-out or time-limited 
exemption was provided. For the remaining conditions of use for which a 
phase-out or time-limited exemption was provided, EPA is requiring 
prescriptive worker controls. For many of the conditions of use for 
which EPA is finalizing longer phase-outs or time-limited exemptions 
under the WCPP, data were submitted to support many commenters' 
position that a higher interim ECEL than the limit proposed is 
necessary for successful implementation of worker protections before 
those conditions of use are prohibited. These comments were submitted 
to inform the risk evaluation, Small Business Advocacy Review (SBAR) 
Panel process, the comment period following publication of the 2023 TCE 
proposed rule, or during stakeholder outreach, and are available in the 
corresponding public dockets (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2019-
0500; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0737, respectively).

E. What are the estimated incremental impacts of this action?

    EPA has prepared an Economic Analysis of the potential incremental 
impacts associated with this rulemaking that can be found in the 
rulemaking

[[Page 102573]]

docket (Ref. 3). As described in more detail in the Economic Analysis 
(Ref. 3), EPA was unable to quantify all incremental costs of this 
rule. The quantifiable cost of the rule is estimated to be $64.1 
million annualized over 20 years at a 2% discount rate, $71.3 million 
annualized at 3%, and $102.4 million annualized at a 7% discount rate. 
These costs take into consideration costs of compliance with 
implementation of an interim WCPP for certain conditions of use, based 
on an interim ECEL of 0.2 ppm (1.07 mg/m\3\) for inhalation exposures 
as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA), costs for transitioning to 
alternatives, where possible, and reformulation costs of numerous 
products. Estimated costs for the interim WCPP include costs for 
monitoring and applicable personal protective equipment (PPE). There 
are a number of notable unquantified costs. These are described in this 
Unit and more fully in section 7.12 of the Economic Analysis.
    Alternative products with similar cost and efficacy are available 
for most of the products that are formulated with TCE. However, for 
some applications, there may be additional unquantified costs 
associated with the alternatives including costs to develop 
alternatives where they are not currently available. For instance, in 
some cases, some effort might be required by firms using TCE products 
to identify suitable alternatives, test them for their desired 
applications, learn how to use them safely and effectively, and 
implement new processes for using the alternative products. There may 
also be some safety-critical applications, such as energized electrical 
equipment cleaners and adhesives and sealants specifically for 
aerospace applications, where alternatives would need to undergo 
extensive safety reviews and testing before they could replace the TCE 
products. The information to estimate how often these costs might be 
incurred or what the specific costs would be per-user or per-firm when 
they are incurred is not available. Therefore, EPA is unable to 
consider these costs quantitatively.
    There also may be some unquantified costs associated with the 
implementation of a WCPP. EPA used available air monitoring data as 
well as modelled data to estimate a distribution of exposure 
concentrations, but since these data were not collected in the same way 
monitoring data under a WCPP would be collected, these estimated 
distributions are uncertain and therefore, the costs of compliance with 
the WCPP are uncertain. The WCPP costs also assume that when the 
exposure levels exceed the interim ECEL, compliance is achieved by 
implementing a respirator PPE program. However, and consistent with the 
hierarchy of controls, the final rule requires implementation of 
feasible engineering and administrative controls before using PPE to 
reduce exposure to or below the interim ECEL. These costs would be 
specific to individual firms, and EPA does not have sufficient 
information to estimate these costs.
    The costs of alternative identification, testing, and potential 
process changes could not be estimated for battery separator 
manufacturers, synthetic paper processors, and fluoroelastomer 
producers. It is expected that these facilities would need to adopt 
process and/or physical plant changes in order to comply with the rule. 
EPA does not have sufficient information to estimate the costs of the 
prohibition to these sectors.
    EPA expects the processing of TCE as an intermediate for the 
manufacture of HFC-134a to decline over time, in light of the AIM Act 
requirements (Ref. 4). At some point, the domestic manufacture of HFC-
134a may be discontinued. While the timing for this discontinuation is 
uncertain, it is unclear whether this rule will hasten the closure of 
plants that use TCE to produce HFC-134a. There could be some unknown 
cost impacts associated with hastening the closure of these two plants.
    EPA is finalizing a 10-year phase-out for the industrial and 
commercial use of TCE as a solvent for closed-loop batch vapor 
degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end use in rocket booster 
nozzle production by Federal agencies and their contractors, 
conditioned on Federal agencies performing within 5 years a final pre-
launch test of rocket booster nozzles that have been produced without 
using TCE. EPA does not have information to estimate the cost of such a 
test. The prohibition of TCE used in vapor degreasing for narrow tubing 
for aerospace and medical devices is expected to require testing and 
certification of alternative solvents and/or processes to meet strict 
safety and performance requirements. These costs will be specific to a 
facility's design, selected alternative, and end use of the product. 
EPA does not have information to estimate the costs associated with 
meeting these safety and performance requirements.
    The disposal of TCE from cleanup projects to industrial pre-
treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly owned treatment works is 
prohibited after the TSCA section 6(g) exemption ends, 50 years after 
the rule is finalized. If cleanup is not finished by the end of this 
time period and the TSCA section 6(g) exemption has not been extended, 
cleanup sites will need to identify and implement alternative disposal 
or treatment methods and will likely also need to renegotiate Resource 
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permits or Comprehensive 
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 
agreements to include those changes. These approaches could be more 
costly to implement and/or increase the duration of cleanups allowing 
any potential environmental or human health impacts to continue for a 
longer period of time. The information to estimate how often these 
costs might be incurred or what the specific costs would be per site 
when they are incurred is not available.
    During the timeframe of the exemptions, this rule requires owners 
and operators of cleanup sites with TCE exposures to potentially 
exposed persons (e.g., workers or others in the workplace, such as 
persons directly handling the chemical or in the area where the 
chemical is being used) as well as publicly owned treatment works 
(POTWs) receiving TCE wastes from cleanup sites, battery separator 
manufacturers, and specialty polymeric microporous sheet material 
manufacturers to comply with the Occupational Safety and Health 
Administration's (OSHA's) Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency 
Response (HAZWOPER) requirements modified to incorporate the interim 
ECEL (for cleanup sites) and WCPP requirements modified to include a 
water screening method (for POTWs). EPA does not have sufficient 
information to estimate the number of sites and workers that may need 
to meet the requirements to protect potentially exposed persons and 
could not estimate the costs for those protections. In addition, the 
economic analysis does not estimate costs regarding disposal of TCE or 
TCE-containing products after the effective date prohibiting the 
industrial and commercial use and disposal of TCE to industrial pre-
treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly owned treatment works. The 
final rule includes a staggered compliance timeline throughout the 
supply chain to allow for much of the TCE to be used before disposal is 
necessary. However, some unused product may need to be disposed of as 
hazardous waste. Since there is no reliable way of estimating the 
volume of this waste, the additional disposal costs are not quantified 
in this economic

[[Page 102574]]

analysis. Finally, EPA could not estimate any potential business 
closures or off-shoring of businesses that might result from the rule. 
Vapor degreasing is one use of TCE where switching to a suitable 
alternative may be challenging and where closing or off-shoring may be 
a compliance strategy. EPA estimates that 366 facilities still use TCE 
in vapor degreasers, a majority of which are small businesses. There is 
no standard generally accepted approach for estimating the cost impacts 
of a firm closure. Despite information EPA has sought from stakeholders 
and commenters, including through a SBAR Panel, it is not clear whether 
or how many firms might choose closure as a compliance strategy, nor 
what the costs might be.
    Following the mandate of TSCA to address unreasonable risk to 
health as well as in alignment with the goals of President Biden's 
Cancer Moonshot, the rule will protect people from cancer and other 
significant adverse health effects of TCE by prohibiting the 
manufacture (including import), processing, and distribution in 
commerce of TCE for all uses while allowing for a longer reasonable 
transition period or time-limited exemptions for certain uses (Ref. 5). 
The actions in this final rule are expected to achieve health benefits 
for the American public, some of which can be monetized and others 
that, while tangible and significant, cannot be monetized due to data 
and methodology limitations. The monetized benefits of this rule are 
approximately $22.9 million to $ 23.2 million annualized over 20 years 
at a 2% discount rate, $18.2 million to $18.3 million annualized over 
20 years at 3%, and $8.7 million to $ 8.9 million annualized over 20 
years at a 7% discount rate. These monetized benefits only include 
potential reductions in risk of liver, kidney, and non-Hodgkin's 
lymphoma cancers associated with reducing chronic TCE exposure.
    There are a number of non-cancer endpoints associated with exposure 
to TCE, including liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, reproductive 
effects, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity effects and fetal cardiac 
defects (Ref. 1). There is human evidence for hepatitis accompanying 
immune-related generalized skin diseases, jaundice, hepatomegaly, 
hepatosplenomegaly, and liver failure in TCE-exposed workers and 
changes in the proximal tubules of the kidney following exposure to 
TCE, and occupational studies have shown increased levels of kidney 
damage (proximal tubules) and end-stage renal disease in TCE-exposed 
workers. Evidence exists to associate TCE with reproductive effects. 
Most human studies support an association between TCE exposure and 
alterations in sperm density and quality, as well as changes in sexual 
drive or function and serum endocrine levels. Fewer epidemiological 
studies exist linking decreased incidence of fecundability (time-to 
pregnancy) and menstrual cycle disturbances in women with TCE 
exposures. Human studies have consistently reported vestibular system 
related symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and nausea following TCE 
exposure. Several newer epidemiological studies have found an 
association between TCE exposure and neurodegenerative disorders such 
as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease (Ref. 1). EPA 
does not have sufficient information to estimate the monetized benefits 
of the rule with respect to these noncancer effects, and therefore 
monetized benefits are likely underestimated.
    EPA does estimate that there 67,869 workers and occupational non-
users (ONUs, or people who do not directly handle the chemical, but are 
in close proximity) exposed to TCE and of those, approximately 1,162 
pregnant workers and ONUs annually that may potentially benefit from a 
reduced risk of fetal cardiac defects resulting from reduced TCE 
exposure. Although EPA has not developed a complete estimate of the 
monetized benefits associated with avoiding fetal cardiac defects, as 
described in the Economic Analysis (Ref. 3), Arth, Tinker et al. (Ref. 
6) estimated a mean annual cost of $41,166 (2013$) (median $14,552) for 
each fetal cardiac defects-associated hospitalization. For critical 
fetal cardiac defects, mean and median costs were estimated at $79,011 
and $29,886 (2013$), respectively, for each incidence. In addition to 
hospitalization costs, individuals with fetal cardiac defects will 
likely incur healthcare costs associated with physician visits and 
outpatient care. They are also more likely to require specialized 
healthcare such as medications, physical or speech therapy, or 
treatment for developmental or behavioral problems (Ref. 7). Additional 
social costs may include caregiver burden and mental health services 
(Ref. 8), as well as non-market costs such as pain and suffering and 
fetal cardiac defect-related mortality. Because these costs are not 
accounted for, monetized benefits are likely underestimated. The 
severity of specific types of fetal cardiac defects and associated 
costs will vary depending on the type of heart defect.
    Additionally, to the extent that the rule reduces the amount of TCE 
in drinking water systems and thereby exposures to populations using 
those drinking water sources, there could be potential health-related 
benefits related to improved drinking water quality that EPA was unable 
to quantify.

II. Background

A. Overview of TCE

    As described in more detail in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, TCE is 
an immunotoxicant and developmental toxicant and is carcinogenic to 
humans by all routes of exposure. This final rule is specifically 
intended to address the unreasonable risk of injury to health that EPA 
has identified in the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE (Ref. 1) and 2023 
Revised Unreasonable Risk Determination (Ref. 2), as described in Unit 
II.D. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule. TCE is a volatile organic compound 
(VOC) used in industry as well as in commercial and consumer products. 
The total aggregate annual production volume ranged from 100 to 250 
million pounds between 2016 and 2019 according to the most recent 
(2020) Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) data (Ref. 9). The majority of TCE 
is processed as an intermediate during the manufacture of refrigerants, 
specifically HFC-134a, which accounts for about 83.6% of TCE's annual 
production volume (Ref. 1). TCE is also used as a solvent, frequently 
in cleaning and degreasing (including spot cleaning, vapor degreasing, 
cold cleaning, and aerosol degreasing), which accounts for another 
14.7% of TCE production volume. Other uses account for approximately 
1.7% of TCE production volume. TCE is used as a solvent in a variety of 
commercial and consumer applications including in lubricants, adhesives 
and sealants, paints and coatings, and other miscellaneous products.

B. Regulatory Actions Pertaining to TCE

    Because of its significant adverse health effects, TCE is subject 
to numerous State, Federal, and international regulations restricting 
and regulating its use. A summary of EPA regulations pertaining to TCE, 
as well as other Federal, State, and international regulations, is in 
the docket (Ref. 10).
    As described in more detail in the 2023 TCE proposed rule and in 
the Response to Public Comments document (Ref. 11), EPA considered the 
adequacy of the current regulation of TCE by OSHA for protection of 
workers. EPA notes that the standards for chemical hazards that OSHA 
promulgates under the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act share a

[[Page 102575]]

broadly similar purpose with the worker protection-related standards 
that EPA promulgates under TSCA section 6(a). The control measures OSHA 
and EPA require to satisfy the objectives of their respective statutes 
may also, in many circumstances, overlap or coincide. However, there 
are important differences between EPA's and OSHA's regulatory 
approaches and jurisdiction, and EPA considers these differences when 
deciding whether and how to account for OSHA requirements when 
evaluating and addressing potential unreasonable risk to workers so 
that compliance requirements are clearly explained to the regulated 
community. TSCA risk evaluations are subject to statutory science 
standards, an explicit requirement to consider risks to potentially 
exposed or susceptible subpopulations, and a prohibition on considering 
costs and other non-risk factors when determining whether a chemical 
presents an unreasonable risk that warrants regulatory actions--all 
requirements that do not apply to development of OSHA regulations. As 
such, EPA may find unreasonable risk for purposes of TSCA 
notwithstanding OSHA requirements. In addition, health standards issued 
under section 6(b)(5) of the OSH Act must reduce significant risk only 
to the extent that it is technologically and economically feasible. 
OSHA's legal requirement to demonstrate that its section 6(b)(5) 
standards are technologically and economically feasible at the time 
they are promulgated often precludes OSHA from imposing exposure 
control requirements sufficient to ensure that the chemical substance 
no longer presents a significant risk to workers. While it is possible 
in some cases that the OSHA standards for some chemicals reviewed under 
TSCA will eliminate unreasonable risk, based on EPA's experience thus 
far in conducting occupational risk assessments under TSCA, EPA 
believes that OSHA chemical standards would in general be unlikely to 
address unreasonable risk to workers within the meaning of TSCA, since 
TSCA section 6(b) unreasonable risk determinations may account for 
unreasonable risk to more sensitive endpoints and working populations 
than OSHA's risk evaluations typically contemplate and EPA is obligated 
to apply TSCA section 6(a) risk management requirements to the extent 
necessary so that the unreasonable risk is no longer presented. Because 
the requirements and application of TSCA and OSHA regulatory analyses 
differ, it is necessary for EPA to conduct risk evaluations and, where 
it finds unreasonable risk to workers, develop risk management 
requirements for chemical substances that OSHA also regulates, and it 
is expected that EPA's findings and requirements may sometimes diverge 
from OSHA's. Additional considerations of OSHA standards in the revised 
unreasonable risk determination are discussed further in the 2023 
Revised Unreasonable Risk Determination for TCE (88 FR 1222, January 9, 
2023 (FRL-9945-02-OCSPP)).

C. Summary of EPA's Risk Evaluation Activities on TCE

    In July 2017, EPA published the scope of the TCE risk evaluation 
(82 FR 31592, July 7, 2017 (FRL-9963-57)), and, after receiving public 
comments, published the problem formulation in June 2018 (83 FR 26998, 
June 11, 2018 (FRL-9978-40)). In February 2020, EPA published a draft 
risk evaluation (85 FR 11079, February 26, 2020 (FRL-10005-52)), and, 
after public comment and peer review by the Science Advisory Committee 
on Chemicals (SACC), EPA issued the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE in 
November 2020 in accordance with TSCA section 6(b) (85 FR 75010, 
November 24, 2020 (FRL-10016-91)). EPA subsequently issued a draft 
revised TSCA risk determination for TCE (87 FR 40520, July 7, 2022 
(FRL-9945-01-OCSPP)), and, after public notice and comment, published a 
Revised Risk Determination for TCE in January 2023 (88 FR 1222, January 
9, 2023 (FRL-9945-02-OCSPP)). The 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE and 
supplemental materials are in Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2019-0500, and 
the January 2023 Revised Unreasonable Risk Determination for TCE and 
additional materials supporting the risk evaluation process are in 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0737. Both dockets can be accessed 
online through https://www.regulations.gov.
1. 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE
    In the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE, EPA evaluated risks associated 
with 54 conditions of use within the following categories: manufacture 
(including import), processing, distribution in commerce, industrial 
and commercial use, consumer use, and disposal (Ref. 1). Descriptions 
of these conditions of use are in Unit III.B.1. of the 2023 TCE 
proposed rule. The 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE identified significant 
adverse health effects associated with short- and long-term exposure to 
TCE. A further discussion of the hazards of TCE is presented in Unit 
III.B.2. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule.
2. 2023 Revised Unreasonable Risk Determination for TCE
    As described in more detail in EPA's 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA 
revised the original unreasonable risk determination based on the 2020 
Risk Evaluation for TCE and issued a final revised unreasonable risk 
determination in January 2023 (Ref. 2). EPA revised the risk 
determination for the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE pursuant to TSCA 
section 6(b) and consistent with Executive Order 13990 (``Protecting 
Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the 
Climate Crisis'') and other Administration priorities. The revisions 
consisted of making the risk determination based on the whole chemical 
substance instead of making risk determinations for each individual 
condition of use, which resulted in the revised risk determination 
superseding the prior ``no unreasonable risk'' determinations for 
specific conditions of use (Ref. 2), the withdrawal of the associated 
TSCA section 6(i)(1) ``no unreasonable risk'' order, and clarification 
that the risk determination does not reflect an assumption that all 
workers are always provided and appropriately wear PPE (Ref. 2).
    EPA determined that TCE presents an unreasonable risk of injury to 
health and did not identify risks of injury to the environment that 
contribute to the unreasonable risk determination for TCE. The TCE 
conditions of use that contribute to EPA's determination that the 
chemical substance poses unreasonable risk to health are listed in the 
unreasonable risk determination (Ref. 2) and the 2023 TCE proposed 
rule, with descriptions to aid chemical manufacturers, processors, and 
users in determining how their particular use or activity would be 
addressed under the final regulatory action.
3. Description of Unreasonable Risk
    EPA has determined that TCE presents an unreasonable risk of injury 
to human health under the conditions of use based on acute and chronic 
non-cancer risks and cancer risks (Ref. 2). As described in the TSCA 
section 6(b) 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE, EPA identified non-cancer 
adverse effects from acute and chronic inhalation and dermal exposures 
to TCE, and for cancer from chronic inhalation and dermal exposures to 
TCE (Ref. 1). In the TCE risk characterization, the endpoints 
identified by EPA as the basis for the unreasonable risk determination 
in the Risk Conclusions were immunosuppression effects for acute 
inhalation and dermal exposures, and

[[Page 102576]]

autoimmunity effects for chronic inhalation and dermal exposures (Ref. 
1). Additional risks associated with other non-cancer adverse effects 
(e.g., developmental toxicity, immunosuppression, liver toxicity, 
kidney toxicity, neurotoxicity, autoimmunity, and reproductive 
toxicity) were identified for acute and chronic inhalation and dermal 
exposures. EPA also concluded, based on EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen 
Risk Assessment (Ref. 12), that TCE is carcinogenic by all routes of 
exposure, and identified cancer risk (liver, kidney, and non-Hodgkin 
lymphoma) from chronic inhalation and dermal exposures (Ref. 2). Unit 
VII. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule summarizes the health effects and 
the magnitude of the exposures.
    To make the unreasonable risk determination for TCE, EPA evaluated 
exposures to PESS including workers, ONUs, consumer users, and 
bystanders to consumer use by using reasonably available monitoring and 
modeling data for inhalation and dermal exposures (Ref. 1). EPA 
conducted a screening-level analysis to assess potential risks from the 
air and water pathways to fenceline communities. A discussion of EPA's 
analysis and the expected effects of this rulemaking on fenceline 
communities is in Unit VII.A. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule.
    For the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE, and as discussed in Unit 
II.D.1. and Unit III.A.3. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA considered 
PESS. EPA identified the following groups as PESS: workers and ONUs, 
including men and women of reproductive age, adolescents, and 
biologically susceptible subpopulations; and consumer users and 
bystanders (of any age group, including infants, toddlers, children, 
and elderly), including biologically susceptible subpopulations. 
Additionally, older pregnant women are identified as especially 
susceptible to cardiac defects in their developing fetus based on 
epidemiological data (Ref. 1). All PESS are included in the 
quantitative and qualitative analyses described in the 2020 Risk 
Evaluation for TCE and were considered in the determination of 
unreasonable risk for TCE (Refs. 1, 2).
4. Conditions of Use Subject to This Regulatory Action
    As noted in Unit I.C. of this final rule, the term ``conditions of 
use'' is defined in TSCA section 3(4). Condition of use descriptions 
are provided in Unit III.B.1. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule and were 
obtained from EPA sources such as CDR use codes, the 2020 Risk 
Evaluation for TCE and related documents, as well as the Organisation 
for Economic Co-operation and Development harmonized use codes, and 
stakeholder engagements. EPA did not receive public comments 
identifying inaccuracies or necessitating changes to those 
descriptions; however, EPA received some comments requesting 
clarification for particular uses, which can be found in the Response 
to Comments document (Ref. 11). Additionally, to assist with 
implementation and compliance with the final rule, in Units IV.C.1., 
IV.D.1., and IV.E.1. of this final rule, EPA has provided a description 
of the conditions of use that are subject to the WCPP or other 
workplace controls during phaseout or time-limited exemption before 
prohibition.
    For the purposes of this final rule, ``occupational conditions of 
use'' refers to the TSCA conditions of use other than consumer use as 
described in Units III.B.1.a., b., c., and e. of the 2023 TCE proposed 
rule. Although EPA identified both industrial and commercial uses in 
the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE (Ref. 1) for purposes of 
distinguishing scenarios, the Agency clarified then and clarifies now 
that EPA interprets the authority Congress gave to the Agency to 
``regulat[e] any manner or method of commercial use'' under TSCA 
section 6(a)(5) to reach both industrial and commercial uses.
    Additionally, as described in the 2023 TCE proposed rule and in the 
2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE (Ref. 1), EPA identified and assessed all 
known, intended, and reasonably foreseen industrial, commercial, and 
consumer uses of TCE. EPA determined that all industrial, commercial, 
and consumer uses of TCE evaluated in the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE 
contribute to the unreasonable risk of injury to health. As such, for 
purposes of this risk management rule, ``consumer use'' refers to all 
known, intended, or reasonably foreseen TCE consumer uses. Likewise, 
for the purpose of this risk management rule, ``industrial and 
commercial use'' refers to all known, intended, or reasonably foreseen 
TCE industrial and commercial uses.
    EPA further notes that this rule does not apply to any substance 
excluded from the definition of ``chemical substance'' under TSCA 
section 3(2)(B)(i) through (vi). Those exclusions include, but are not 
limited to, any pesticide (as defined by the Federal Insecticide, 
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) when manufactured, processed, or 
distributed in commerce for use as a pesticide; and any food, food 
additive, drug, cosmetic, or device, as defined in section 201 of the 
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, when manufactured, processed, or 
distributed in commerce for use as a food, food additive, drug, 
cosmetic or device.

D. EPA's 2023 Proposed Rule for TCE

1. Description of TSCA Section 6(a) Requirements
    Under TSCA section 6(a), if the Administrator determines through a 
TSCA section 6(b) risk evaluation that a chemical substance presents an 
unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment, without 
consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, including an 
unreasonable risk to a PESS identified as relevant to the Agency's risk 
evaluation, under the conditions of use, EPA must by rule apply one or 
more of the section 6(a) requirements to the extent necessary so that 
the chemical substance no longer presents such risk.
    The TSCA section 6(a) requirements can include one or more of the 
following actions alone or in combination:
     Prohibit or otherwise restrict the manufacturing 
(including import), processing, or distribution in commerce of the 
substance or mixture, or limit the amount of such substance or mixture 
which may be manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce 
(section 6(a)(1)).
     Prohibit or otherwise restrict the manufacturing, 
processing, or distribution in commerce of the substance or mixture for 
a particular use or above a specific concentration for a particular use 
(section 6(a)(2)).
     Limit the amount of the substance or mixture which may be 
manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for a particular 
use or above a specific concentration for a particular use specified 
(section 6(a)(2)).
     Require clear and adequate minimum warning and 
instructions with respect to the substance or mixture's use, 
distribution in commerce, or disposal, or any combination of those 
activities, to be marked on or accompanying the substance or mixture 
(section 6(a)(3)).
     Require manufacturers and processors of the substance or 
mixture to make and retain certain records or conduct certain 
monitoring or testing (section 6(a)(4)).
     Prohibit or otherwise regulate any manner or method of 
commercial use of the substance or mixture (section 6(a)(5)).
     Prohibit or otherwise regulate any manner or method of 
disposal of the substance or mixture, or any article containing such 
substance or mixture,

[[Page 102577]]

by its manufacturer or processor or by any person who uses or disposes 
of it for commercial purposes (section 6(a)(6)).
     Direct manufacturers or processors of the substance or 
mixture to give notice of the unreasonable risk determination to 
distributors, certain other persons, and the public, and to replace or 
repurchase the substance or mixture (section 6(a)(7)).
    In the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA analyzed how the TSCA section 
6(a) requirements could be applied to address the unreasonable risk 
from TCE so that it no longer presents such risk. This unit summarizes 
the TSCA section 6 considerations for issuing regulations under TSCA 
section 6(a), and Unit IV. outlines how EPA applied these 
considerations while managing the unreasonable risk from TCE.
    As required, EPA developed a proposed regulatory action and one 
primary alternative regulatory action, which are described in Units 
V.A. and V.B. of the 2023 TCE the proposed rule, respectively. To 
identify and select a regulatory action, EPA considered the two routes 
of exposure driving the unreasonable risk, inhalation and dermal, and 
the exposed populations. For occupational conditions of use, EPA 
considered how it could directly regulate manufacturing (including 
import), processing, distribution in commerce, industrial and 
commercial use, or disposal to address the unreasonable risk. EPA also 
considered how it could exercise its authority under TSCA to regulate 
the manufacturing (including import), processing, and/or distribution 
in commerce of TCE at different levels in the supply chain to eliminate 
exposures or restrict the availability of TCE and TCE-containing 
products for consumer use in order to address the unreasonable risk.
    As required by TSCA section 6(c)(2), EPA considered several 
factors, in addition to identified unreasonable risk, when selecting 
among possible TSCA section 6(a) regulatory requirements for the 
proposed rule. EPA's considerations regarding TSCA section 6(c)(2) for 
TCE are discussed in full in Unit VII. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, 
including the statement of effects with respect to the section 
6(c)(2)(A) considerations.
    As described in more detail in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA also 
considered regulatory authorities under statutes administered by other 
agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act, the 
Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), and the Federal Hazardous 
Substances Act (FHSA), as well as other EPA-administered statutes, to 
examine (1) Whether there are opportunities to address unreasonable 
risk under other statutes, such that a referral may be warranted under 
TSCA section 9(a) or 9(b); or (2) Whether TSCA section 6(a) regulation 
could include alignment of requirements and definitions in and under 
existing statutes and regulations to minimize confusion to the 
regulated entities and the general public.
    Additionally, as described in more detail in EPA's 2023 TCE 
proposed rule in Unit VI.B, EPA considered the availability of 
alternatives when finalizing a prohibition or a substantial restriction 
(TSCA section 6(c)(2)(C)), and in setting final compliance dates in 
accordance with the requirements in TSCA section 6(d)(1).
    To the extent information was reasonably available, EPA considered 
pollution prevention strategies and the hierarchy of controls adopted 
by OSHA and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 
(NIOSH) when developing its proposed rule, with the goal of identifying 
risk management control methods that would be permanent, feasible, and 
effective. EPA also considered how to address the unreasonable risk 
while providing flexibility to the regulated community where 
appropriate and took into account the information presented in the 2020 
Risk Evaluation for TCE (Ref. 1), input from stakeholders, insight 
received during consultations, and anticipated compliance strategies 
from regulated entities.
    Taken together, these considerations led EPA to the proposed 
regulatory action and primary alternative action described in this 
Unit. Additional details related to how the requirements in this Unit 
were incorporated into development of the proposed rule and primary 
alternative action are in Unit VI. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule.
2. Consultations and Other Engagement
a. Consultations
    EPA conducted consultations and outreach as part of development of 
the 2023 TCE proposed rule. The Agency held a federalism consultation 
from July 22, 2021, until October 22, 2021, as part of the rulemaking 
process and pursuant to Executive Order 13132 (Ref. 13).
    EPA also consulted with tribal officials during the development of 
the 2023 TCE proposed rule. The Agency held a tribal consultation from 
May 17, 2021, to August 20, 2021, with meetings on June 15 and July 8, 
2021 (Ref. 14). EPA received no written comments as part of this 
consultation.
    EPA's environmental justice (EJ) consultation occurred from June 3, 
2021, through August 20, 2021. On June 16 and July 6, 2021, EPA held 
public meetings as part of this consultation. These meetings were held 
pursuant to Executive Orders 12898 and 14008. EPA received three 
written comments following the EJ meetings, in addition to oral 
comments provided during the consultations (Refs. 15, 16, 17, 18). A 
brief summary of the comments is in Unit III.A.1 of the 2023 TCE 
proposed rule.
    As required by section 609(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act 
(RFA), EPA convened a SBAR Panel to obtain advice and recommendations 
from Small Entity Representatives (SERs) that potentially would be 
subject to the rule's requirements. EPA met with SERs before and during 
Panel proceedings, on October 28, 2022, and January 31, 2023. Panel 
recommendations were presented in the SBAR Panel report (Ref. 19) and 
were addressed in Unit XI.C. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule and in the 
Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) (Ref. 20). EPA has also 
prepared a Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (FRFA) (Ref. 21).
    More information about these consultations is presented in Units 
III.A.1., XI.C., XI.E., XI.F., and XI.J. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule.
b. Other Stakeholder Consultations
    For development of the proposed rule, in addition to the formal 
consultations described in Unit XI. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA 
provided an overview of the TSCA risk management process and the risk 
evaluation findings for TCE on December 15, 2020 (Ref. 22). EPA also 
presented on the TSCA risk management process and the findings in the 
2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE at a Small Business Administration (SBA) 
Office of Advocacy Environmental Roundtable on December 18, 2020 (Ref. 
19). Attendees of these meetings were given an opportunity to voice 
their concerns regarding the risk evaluation and risk management.
    Furthermore, during development of the proposed rule, EPA engaged 
in discussions with representatives from different industries, non-
governmental organizations, technical experts, organized labor, and 
users of TCE. A list of external meetings held during the development 
of the 2023 TCE proposed rule is in the docket (Ref. 23); meeting 
materials and summaries are also in the docket. See Unit III.A.2. of 
the 2023 TCE proposed rule for a summary of the topics discussed during 
the meetings.
c. Children's Environmental Health
    The Agency's 2021 Policy on Children's Health (Ref. 24) requires 
EPA

[[Page 102578]]

to protect children from environmental exposures by consistently and 
explicitly considering early life exposures (from conception, infancy, 
and early childhood and through adolescence until 21 years of age) and 
lifelong health in all human health decisions through identifying and 
integrating children's health data and information when conducting risk 
assessments. TSCA section 6(b)(4)(A) also requires EPA to conduct risk 
evaluations ``to determine whether a chemical substance presents an 
unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment . . . 
including an unreasonable risk to a PESS identified as relevant to the 
risk evaluation by the Administrator, under the conditions of use.'' In 
addition, TSCA section 6(a) requires EPA to apply one or more risk 
management requirements so that TCE no longer presents an unreasonable 
risk (which includes unreasonable risk to any relevant PESS). 
Information about the health and risk assessments supporting this 
action and how the Policy was applied is presented in Unit II.C., 
II.D., and IV.A. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, as well as in the 2020 
Risk Evaluation for TCE, and the Economic Analysis for this rule (Refs. 
25, 1, 3).
3. Proposed Regulatory Action
    EPA's 2023 TCE proposed rule under TSCA section 6(a) to address the 
unreasonable risk presented by TCE under its conditions of use included 
the following:
    (i) Prohibition of the manufacture (including import), processing, 
and distribution in commerce of TCE for all uses (including all 
consumer uses), with longer compliance timeframes for manufacture and 
processing related to certain uses;
    (ii) Prohibition of the industrial and commercial use of TCE, with 
longer compliance timeframes for certain uses;
    (iii) Prohibition of the manufacture (including import) and 
processing of TCE as an intermediate for the manufacturing of HFC-134a, 
following an 8.5-year phase-out;
    (iv) Prohibition of the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
solvent for closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric 
scouring for end use in rocket booster nozzle production by Federal 
agencies and their contractors, following a 10-year phase-out;
    (v) For vessels of the Armed Forces and their systems, and in the 
maintenance, fabrication, and sustainment for and of such vessels and 
systems, prohibition of the industrial and commercial use of TCE as: 
potting compounds for naval electronic systems and equipment; sealing 
compounds for high and ultra-high vacuum systems; bonding compounds for 
materials testing and maintenance of underwater systems and bonding of 
nonmetallic materials; and cleaning agents to satisfy cleaning 
requirements (which includes degreasing using wipes, sprays, solvents 
and vapor degreasing) for: materials and components required for 
military ordinance testing; temporary resin repairs in vessel spaces 
where welding is not authorized; ensuring polyurethane adhesion for 
electronic systems and equipment repair and installation of elastomeric 
materials; various naval combat systems, radars, sensors, equipment; 
fabrication and prototyping processes to remove coolant and other 
residue from machine parts; machined part fabrications for naval 
systems; installation of topside rubber tile material aboard vessels; 
and vapor degreasing required for substrate surface preparation prior 
to electroplating processes, following a 10-year TSCA section 6(g) 
exemption;
    (vi) Prohibition of the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, and use of TCE as a processing aid for 
battery separator manufacturing, following a 10-year TSCA section 6(g) 
exemption;
    (vii) Prohibition of the manufacture (including import), 
processing, distribution in commerce, and use of TCE as a laboratory 
chemical for essential laboratory activities and some research and 
development activities, following a 50-year TSCA section 6(g) 
exemption;
    (viii) Prohibition of the manufacture (including import), 
processing, distribution in commerce, and industrial and commercial use 
of TCE as a solvent in closed loop vapor degreasing necessary for 
human-rated rocket engine cleaning by NASA and its contractors, 
following a 7-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption;
    (ix) Prohibition of the emergency industrial and commercial use of 
TCE in furtherance of the NASA mission for specific conditions which 
are critical or essential and for which no technically and economically 
feasible safer alternative is available, following a 10-year TSCA 
section 6(g) exemption;
    (x) Requirements for strict workplace controls, including 
compliance with a TCE WCPP, which would include requirements for an 
inhalation exposure limit and dermal protection to limit exposure to 
TCE, for conditions of use with long term phase-outs or time-limited 
exemptions under TSCA section 6(g);
    (xi) Prohibition of, due to worker risks, the disposal of TCE to 
industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly owned 
treatment works, with a 50-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption for cleanup 
projects; and
    (xii) Requirements for recordkeeping and downstream notification.
    EPA notes that all TSCA conditions of use of TCE were subject to 
the 2023 TCE proposed rule and are subject to this final rule.
    The proposed rule included timeframes for implementation. The 
prohibitions EPA proposed would take effect in phases, beginning at the 
top of the supply chain, and coming into full effect, for most 
conditions of use, after 90 days for manufacturers, in 180 days for 
processors, and in 270 days for most industrial and commercial users, 
with different timeframes related to specific conditions of use. 
Specifically, for processing TCE as a reactant/intermediate, EPA 
proposed that the compliance dates for the proposed prohibitions would 
come into effect in 1.5 years for manufacturers and 2 years for 
processors EPA proposed additional exceptions from the prohibition for 
the manufacturing and processing associated with certain processing and 
industrial and commercial uses, including phase-outs (see Units 
V.A.1.b., d., and e., of the 2023 TCE proposed rule or time-limited 
exemptions under TSCA section 6(g) (see Unit V.A.3.b. of the 2023 TCE 
proposed rule). Likewise, for the WCPP that would be required for 
several conditions of use before prohibitions went into effect, EPA 
proposed timeframes for phases of compliance, beginning with monitoring 
at 180 days and full implementation after 1 year, as described in Unit 
V.A.1. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule.
    As required under TSCA section 6(c)(2)(A)(iv)(II) through (III), 
EPA presented its consideration of an alternative regulatory action in 
the Unit V.B. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule. Similar to the proposed 
regulatory action, the alternative regulatory action combined 
prohibitions with requirements for a WCPP for certain conditions of use 
before they would be prohibited, to address the unreasonable risk from 
TCE under its conditions of use. The primary alternative regulatory 
action described in the proposed rule differed from the proposed 
regulatory action by providing longer timeframes for prohibitions, and 
by describing an ECEL based on a different health endpoint (i.e., 
immunotoxicity), as part of the WCPP that would be required for the 
conditions of use of TCE that would be permitted to continue for longer 
than one year after publication of the final rule until the prohibition 
compliance dates. The ECEL for the WCPP under the

[[Page 102579]]

proposed rule's primary alternative regulatory action was based on the 
endpoint used for EPA's unreasonable risk determination for TCE under 
TSCA (i.e., immunotoxicity (Ref. 2)). In contrast, the ECEL for the 
WCPP under the proposed regulatory action was based on the most 
sensitive health endpoint (developmental toxicity). The rationale for 
these differences is discussed in Unit V.A, of this rule and Unit 
VI.A.1.a. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule.
    For a comprehensive overview of the alternative regulatory action, 
refer to Unit V.B. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, with the rationale 
for the primary alternative regulatory action provided in Unit VI.B. of 
the 2023 TCE proposed rule.
4. Public Comments Received
    EPA requested comment on all aspects of the 2023 TCE proposed rule. 
During the public comment period, EPA held a webinar on November 14, 
2023, providing an overview of the proposed rule and TSCA section 6; 
during the webinar, members of the public had the opportunity to share 
their perspectives (Ref. 26). The comment period closed on December 15, 
2023. EPA received almost 30,000 public comments, with a vast majority 
received from individuals participating in mass mailer campaigns 
organized by non-governmental organizations. The public comments also 
include approximately 200 unique comments from industry stakeholders, 
trade associations, environmental groups, unions, non-governmental 
health advocacy organizations, academics, State and local governments, 
and members of the regulated community. A summary of the comments, as 
well as EPA's responses, is in the docket for this rulemaking (Ref. 
11). Additionally, Unit III. contains summaries of public comments that 
informed EPA's regulatory approach in this final rule.
    After the close of the public comment period for the proposed rule, 
EPA held meetings with stakeholders to receive clarifying information 
on their comments, including affected industry and interested groups, 
related to the use of TCE. Topics of these meetings included exposure 
controls, process descriptions, monitoring data, and specific 
conditions of use. EPA received data as part of and following these 
stakeholder meetings and has made the information available to the 
public in the rulemaking docket (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642) (Ref. 27).
    After review of the public comments received from the 2023 TCE 
proposed rule, EPA revised certain preliminary considerations that 
impacted the length of time-limited exemptions from prohibition under 
TSCA section 6(g) and key provisions of the WCPP (including 
identification of a new, interim ECEL), among other changes. Similarly, 
based on public comments received, EPA modified for this final rule 
several proposed compliance timeframes, with details provided in Unit 
III. of this final rule.

III. Changes From the Proposed Rule

    This unit summarizes the main changes from the 2023 TCE proposed 
rule to the final rule, based on the consideration of the public 
comments.

A. Changes to the WCPP

    As part of the conditions for exemptions under TSCA section 6(g) or 
phase-outs for several conditions of use before prohibition, EPA 
proposed to require owners or operators to comply with a WCPP to reduce 
exposures and risks to potentially exposed persons. Numerous commenters 
expressed concern regarding the requirements of the WCPP. While EPA is 
finalizing as proposed many aspects of the WCPP, the final rule 
includes several significant changes, based on consideration of public 
comments. The details of and rationale for these changes are described 
in this Unit and EPA notes that in the event that sensitive information 
relating to national security or critical infrastructure is submitted 
to EPA, the Agency will protect such information in accordance with 
applicable authorities.
1. Interim Occupational Exposure Limit
    EPA proposed requirements to comply with the TCE WCPP for all 
conditions of use that would continue for one year or more before 
prohibition, as an interim measure to reduce exposures to TCE in the 
workplace. As part of the TCE WCPP, EPA proposed that each owner or 
operator of a workplace subject to the TCE WCPP ensure that no person 
is exposed to airborne concentrations above the occupational exposure 
limit to the extent possible. EPA proposed an existing chemical 
exposure limit, or ECEL, of 0.0011 ppm as an 8-hour TWA. In proposing 
to set this risk-based exposure limit, EPA described in Unit IV.A. of 
the 2023 TCE proposed rule how the ECEL is based on developmental 
toxicity, the most sensitive acute and chronic non-cancer health 
endpoint, specifically calculated based on the occupational acute, non-
cancer human equivalent concentration for fetal cardiac defects (Ref. 
28).
    EPA also described in Unit V.A.2. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule how 
a WCPP provides regulated entities with some flexibility in the manner 
in which they implement modifications, within certain parameters, or 
otherwise aim to prevent exceedances of inhalation exposure limits at 
their facilities. EPA proposed or finalized a WCPP for several 
conditions of use for other chemicals regulated under TSCA section 6, 
such as methylene chloride (89 FR 39254, May 8, 2024 (FRL-8155-01-
OCSPP)), perchloroethylene (PCE) (88 FR 39652, June 16, 2023 (FRL-8329-
02-OCSPP)), and carbon tetrachloride (88 FR 49180, July 28, 2023) (FRL-
8206-01-OCSPP)). The proposed TCE WCPP differed from those other 
proposals in two key ways. First, EPA intended for the TCE WCPP to be 
in place only as an interim measure before prohibitions take effect 
(rather than continuing in perpetuity, as was the case in the other 
proposed rules cited previously). Second, for the reasons described in 
Unit VI. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, the proposed rule, including 
the challenges of reliably reducing exposure below the ECEL and being 
able to monitor at the appropriate action level, EPA's proposed 
requirement for the TCE WCPP was that owners or operators ensure that 
no person is exposed to TCE in excess of the ECEL of 0.0011 ppm as an 
8-hr TWA to the extent possible rather than (as has been proposed in 
other rules under TSCA section 6) a requirement that exposures do not 
exceed the ECEL. Due to these challenges in reducing exposure, as well 
as the severity of the hazard from TCE, EPA emphasizes that, even with 
the proposed ECELs, EPA cannot ensure that TCE does not present 
unreasonable risk to workers and, therefore, it is not a substitute for 
a ban as a long-term risk management solution. Thus, prohibition of all 
conditions of use ultimately is necessary to address the unreasonable 
risk.
    In the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA requested comment on the 
proposed ECEL (including the feasibility of the limit, the associated 
action level of 0.00055 ppm as an 8-hr TWA, monitoring methods, and 
whether a phased approach is desirable). EPA also requested comment on 
the ECEL described in the alternative regulatory action (0.004 ppm as 
an 8-hr TWA, based on the immunotoxicity endpoint).
    Numerous commenters expressed concern that EPA proposed that 
compliance with the WCPP would be measured by reaching and documenting 
the lowest exposure level that could be achieved, instead of a 
requirement to meet an exposure limit (Refs. 29, 30,

[[Page 102580]]

and 31). Additional commenters stated it would not be technically 
feasible to meet the proposed ECEL (Refs. 32, 33), despite what they 
described as robust implementation of engineering and administrative 
controls (Refs. 34, 35). These and other commenters described how they 
are not aware of any additional feasible engineering or administrative 
controls that would enable them to avoid, under the TCE WCPP, having 
employees wear supplied-air respirators at all times (Refs. 34, 35, 36, 
37). Commenters expressed several concerns with requiring employees to 
wear supplied-air respirators at all times (Refs. 34, 35). Industry 
commenters requested a higher interim occupational exposure limit that 
would not require an unworkably burdensome level of PPE; commenters 
provided numerous suggestions for alternate ECEL values such as 0.36 
ppm, 5 ppm, or 6 ppm, each expressed as 8-hr TWAs (Refs. 38, 39, 40, 
41). Commenters offered these alternate occupational exposure limits 
based on either their current monitoring or on regulatory values set in 
other countries, to reduce reliance on extensive respiratory PPE. 
Commenters noted that setting an ECEL at the level proposed level or at 
the alternative regulatory action ECEL would require potentially 
exposed persons across all industries to use high levels of respiratory 
protection that EPA acknowledges can represent an occupational hazard 
on its own. EPA recognizes the challenges of respiratory PPE. As 
detailed in the proposed rule in Unit VI.A.1.b., and in OSHA's 1998 
final rule to update its respiratory protection standard, which cited 
communication problems, vision problems, worker fatigue, and reduced 
work efficiency among such challenges. (63 FR 1152, January 8, 1998). 
As OSHA explained, ``improperly selected respirators may afford no 
protection at all (for example, use of a dust mask against airborne 
vapors), may be so uncomfortable as to be intolerable to the wearer, or 
may hinder vision, communication, hearing, or movement and thus pose a 
risk to the wearer's safety or health.'' (63 FR 1189 through 1190).
    In addition to describing anticipated challenges in meeting the 
proposed or the alternative regulatory action ECEL, commenters also 
described the challenges they would expect in attempting to monitor 
indoor air TCE concentrations at or below the ECEL and ECEL action 
level of 0.00055 ppm or the alternative ECEL and alternative ECEL 
action level of 0.0002 ppm. Specifically, several commenters emphasized 
that laboratories would need to transition from typical methods that 
use sorbent tubes and sample media solvent desorption (OSHA Method 
1001) to a more sensitive method that may involve a completely 
different approach, such as a relevant EPA Compendium Method, and that 
these may still not be sufficient due to a level of detection of 
volatile organic compounds above 0.5 parts per billion by volume 
(ppbv), which is above the proposed ECEL action level (Refs. 38, 39, 
42). The commenters also discussed the EPA TO-17 Method, which uses a 
sorbent tube/thermal desorption/gas chromatographic-based monitoring 
method for VOCs, but emphasized the use of thermal desorption is not 
common across the industry (Refs. 38, 39). EPA agrees that while 
available monitoring and analytical methods for TCE are possible in the 
low parts-per-billion range, typical occupational sampling methods such 
as OSHA method 1001 (i.e., personal breathing zone monitoring) used in 
industrial hygiene generally allow detection in the 10 to 100 ppb range 
(or 0.010 ppm to 0.100 ppm) (Ref. 38). Widespread adoption of 
monitoring and sampling methods that could meet a TCE ECEL in the low 
parts-per-billion range would be difficult, expensive, and take at 
least several years. Public commenters specifically requested the 
option to be able to use methods common in occupational sampling, both 
for familiarity and from a commercial lab capacity perspective, and 
pointed out the proposed ECEL would not provide that ability (Ref. 38). 
Additionally, setting a regulatory occupational exposure limit at 
0.0011 ppm would be incompatible with the NIOSH-recommended best 
practice of monitoring to a fraction (specifically 10%) of the 
occupational exposure limit in order to quantify results, because 
0.0011ppm is significantly lower than the detection limits of available 
monitoring and analytical methods for TCE.
    One commenter, a union, stated that setting an ECEL at a level that 
cannot be measured would render the rule unenforceable and would 
therefore be meaningless for employees continuing to work with TCE 
during the phase-out period (Ref. 29). Another commenter, an industry 
trade organization, asserted that lowering exposures ``to the extent 
possible'' is unenforceable (Ref. 43). Based on the significant 
feasibility challenges described by commenters; the need for a robust, 
implementable, and enforceable WCPP for conditions of use that would 
continue for more than a year before prohibition; EPA's strong interest 
in rapidly putting into place the TCE WCPP and resulting exposure 
reductions; and the forthcoming future prohibitions that will take 
effect on these conditions of use, EPA is finalizing an interim ECEL of 
0.2 ppm as an 8-hr TWA with an associated interim ECEL action level of 
0.1 ppm as an 8-hr TWA. This occupational exposure level is achievable 
to meet, can be reliably and consistently monitored, and will provide 
an interim level of protection for conditions of use with longer 
timeframes until prohibition.
    Several commenters supported the risk-based exposure limit that was 
proposed, and stated that, in their view, it is supported by sound 
scientific evidence (Refs. 31, 44, 29, 45). The proposed ECEL is based 
on data presented in the risk evaluation, which is the best available 
science. EPA emphasizes that modifying the final TCE WCPP to include an 
interim ECEL does not diminish the scientific rationale for the risk-
based exposure limit that EPA proposed. EPA's justification for 
identification of the ECEL that would address unreasonable risk as 
0.0011 ppm as an 8-hr TWA is described in detail in the notice of 
proposed rulemaking and highlighted section 5 of the Response to 
Comments document (Ref. 11). EPA also emphasizes that this interim ECEL 
is specific to TSCA and incorporates different considerations than 
limits or levels set for TCE exposures in other contexts or inhalation 
exposures that are regulated under other authorities, such as RCRA. 
EPA's action to finalize an interim ECEL for TCE under TSCA is based on 
feasibility considerations during ongoing occupational use of TCE 
beyond one year. Specifically, the interim ECEL takes into account 
significant challenges potentially exposed persons would experience 
from extensive respiratory PPE use in an occupational setting.
    EPA is finalizing an interim ECEL of 0.2 ppm as an 8-hr TWA. This 
interim ECEL takes into account considerations raised by the 
commenters, such as feasibility of implementation in several critical 
or essential industries, Specifically, EPA expects that the various 
industries subject to the interim ECEL can meet the interim ECEL with 
exposure controls that are feasible for owners and operators to 
implement for potentially exposed persons over a full shift, using 
engineering controls and, in some instances, respiratory PPE. While 
certain supplied air respirators could be used to reduce exposures 
below the proposed exposure limit, these respirators are burdensome and 
EPA is

[[Page 102581]]

not confident that they could be effectively and consistently 
implemented on an ongoing basis in a way that fully addresses the 
unreasonable risk. EPA views extremely high levels of PPE (e.g., 
assigned protection factor (APF) 10,000) as unable to consistently and 
over a long timeframe address occupational risk. As noted earlier, 
setting an ECEL at the level proposed would require potentially exposed 
persons across all industries to use high levels of respiratory 
protection, such as APF 10,000 supplied air respirators, that EPA 
acknowledges could represent an occupational hazard on its own due to 
communication problems, vision problems, worker fatigue, and reduced 
work efficiency. The interim ECEL allows for more robust use of the 
hierarchy of controls.
    The interim ECEL was also developed with consideration for risk 
reduction and health protectiveness. EPA estimates that the 0.2 ppm 
interim ECEL would reduce estimated baseline chronic workplace exposure 
by 97% (Ref. 28). The reduction in the baseline excess cancer risk is 
estimated to be proportional to the reduction in exposure. Acute health 
effects would also be reduced to the extent that they are proportional 
to exposure reduction. For example, based on EPA's TSCA TCE risk 
evaluation, the 0.2 ppm interim ECEL is protective of the acute 
immunotoxicity endpoint.
    Lastly, the interim ECEL allows for occupational monitoring 
methodologies based on validated active, passive, and direct-read 
instrumentation. There are several available active sampling methods 
(e.g., OSHA 1001, OSHA 5000) that are fully validated methods that 
readily allow for compliance with the interim ECEL value of 0.2 ppm for 
all affected industries. As described elsewhere in this preamble, this 
rule is also finalizing an interim ECEL action level that serves as a 
trigger for certain compliance activities (e.g., periodic monitoring). 
Therefore, it is important for regulated entities to be able to 
reliably and accurately measure both the interim action level and the 
interim ECEL value. The interim ECEL also enables use of the NIOSH 1003 
(active sampling) method as well as field portable instruments that use 
the NIOSH 3701 method for occupational monitoring. While real-time 
monitoring with a digital measure device is not required for rule 
compliance, EPA understands the practical benefits of field portable 
and/or real-time occupational exposure monitoring. In the near term, 
the interim ECEL and the associated interim action level aids with 
implementation of the WCPP from the perspective of monitoring 
methodology and availability. Setting the interim ECEL at a value of 
0.2 ppm allows for the immediate implementation of the WCPP, as 
monitoring methods are currently available and widely recognized and 
used. A lower value interim ECEL would pose technical challenges (i.e., 
achievable with only a subset of monitoring methods) and be less 
feasible.
    EPA emphasizes that the regulatory limit adopted in this final rule 
(0.2 ppm as an 8-hr TWA) will be a significant reduction from the 
current regulatory occupational exposure limit (i.e., 500 times lower 
than the current OSHA PEL of 100 ppm as an 8-hr TWA) as well as more 
than 50 times lower than the voluntary standard frequently cited by 
commenters (10 ppm as an 8-hr TWA). EPA expects that regulated entities 
may need to make significant, but feasible, changes from current 
practice by adopting the WCPP to reduce inhalation exposures 
sufficiently and provide risk reduction to potentially exposed persons. 
EPA also recognizes that the interim ECEL of 0.2 ppm as an 8-hr TWA 
does not fully address the unreasonable risk from TCE, hence, the term 
``interim.'' Potentially exposed persons may continue to be at risk for 
the developmental and immunotoxicity effects that provide the basis for 
EPA's ultimate prohibition. Given the risk profile for TCE, EPA is 
addressing the unreasonable risk through prohibition, and acknowledging 
the critical or essential nature of several conditions of use affected 
by providing reasonable timeframes and time-limited exemptions for a 
TCE prohibition. A WCPP including the interim ECEL will be required as 
an interim measure for each of the conditions of use listed in Unit 
IV.C.
    The requirement to meet an interim ECEL for the conditions of use 
for which EPA is finalizing exemptions under TSCA section 6(g) is 
supported by TSCA section 6(g)(4), which states that ``the 
Administrator may impose conditions that are necessary to protect 
health and environment while achieving the purposes of the exemption.'' 
EPA has determined the interim ECEL of 0.2 ppm is a condition that, as 
explained in this Unit, allows for implementation and monitoring 
feasibility, thus achieving the purposes of the exemption, while 
providing health protectiveness for potentially exposed persons during 
the duration of the TSCA section 6(g) exemptions. As a condition of the 
exemption, it protects health by reducing exposure and thus risk 
significantly: as stated previously, the interim ECEL will reduce 
estimated baseline chronic workplace exposure by 97%.
    For the conditions of use that continue for more than one year 
subject to the interim ECEL but for which there is no TSCA section 6(g) 
exemption, EPA also finds that the interim ECEL of 0.2 ppm and interim 
action level of 0.1 ppm are necessary to reduce the risk during the 
TSCA section 6(d) timeframe for those conditions of use. Throughout the 
proposed rule and this final rule, EPA has emphasized the high risk 
posed by TCE. Due to this risk, the proposed health protective air 
exposure concentration (proposed ECEL) was so low that facilities would 
encounter significant difficulty mitigating occupational exposures to 
this level. Based on information in the 2020 Risk Evaluation (Ref. 1) 
and on the extensive public comments, facilities would need to augment 
their existing controls with unreasonably extensive use of burdensome 
PPE. EPA determined reliance on extreme respiratory protection measures 
is unlikely to mitigate the occupational risk of TCE, a view 
corroborated by commenters. In particular, commenters noted that air 
supplied respirators would present health and safety concerns for 
workers due to their weight, bulk, impairment of hearing and vision, 
and interference with use of other safety equipment (Refs. 34, 46, 29). 
Respiratory protection is considered a last resort because respirators 
cannot be worn by all persons, are not suitable for all situations, and 
due to worker discomfort and fatigue, cannot be worn for long periods 
of time. In addition, as discussed in this Unit, compliance with the 
WCPP would be challenging; while specialized monitoring and analytical 
methods are available for TCE in the low parts-per-billion range, 
typical methods allow for detection in the 10 to 100 ppb (0.01 to 0.1 
ppm) range. As a result, EPA determined that any measures short of 
prohibition are insufficient to address the unreasonable risk from TCE.
2. Worker Protection Measures for Workers Disposing of TCE in 
Wastewater to Industrial Pre-Treatment, Industrial Treatment, or 
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
    EPA proposed requirements to comply with the TCE WCPP for all 
conditions of use that would continue for one year or more before 
prohibition, as an interim measure to reduce exposures to TCE in the 
workplace. As discussed in Unit III.A.1, numerous commenters stated it 
would not be technically feasible to monitor to or

[[Page 102582]]

meet the proposed ECEL. Commenters emphasized that for wastewater 
disposal, unlike a typical workplace where a WCPP could apply, work at 
a cleanup site happens so intermittently that a regular monitoring 
program would be extremely difficult to develop, requiring owners and 
operators to implement sampling every time they were in the field. 
Additionally, the WCPP requires additional monitoring to occur after a 
change in workplace conditions as a commenter pointed out, which could 
create a requirement for constant monitoring because cleanup sites are 
dynamic systems (Ref. 43). In particular regarding the feasibility of 
compliance with the WCPP, commenters associated with wastewater 
disposal described that even with the maximum available engineering 
controls, workers would have to rely on PPE of APF 10,000 to meet the 
proposed ECEL at cleanup sites (Ref. 47).
    As stated in Unit III.A.1, EPA recognizes the challenges of high 
levels of respiratory protection which include, as described by OSHA, 
communication problems, vision problems, worker fatigue, and reduced 
work efficiency. Commenters involved in wastewater cleanup operations 
were among those who submitted public comments in favor of an interim 
exposure level that could be reliably measured using current analytical 
methods (Ref. 33). Additionally, these commenters emphasized that 
existing RCRA permits require HAZWOPER training for all employees who 
are exposed or potentially exposed to hazardous substances at cleanup 
sites. The HAZWOPER standard is a set of established policies, 
practices, and procedures found in 29 CFR 1910.120. This standard is 
designed to protect workers who may be exposed to hazardous substances 
resulting from uncontrolled releases such as natural disasters, 
equipment malfunctions, or other emergencies (Ref. 48). Operations that 
fall within the scope of the HAZWOPER standard include cleanup 
operations required by a government body and corrective actions 
involving hazardous waste and sites covered by RCRA. Commenters also 
provided information to EPA on the variety of remediation methods used 
for TCE contaminated water and groundwater, noting a difference between 
ex situ treatment systems that remove TCE-contaminated groundwater from 
the ground, and in situ treatment systems that remediate the 
groundwater in its place (Ref. 35). A commenter requested that the 
HAZWOPER standard, currently implemented at thousands of clean-up 
sites, should continue to be used instead of EPA's proposed WCPP (Ref. 
45). Cleanup sites are dynamic systems that often involve multiple 
chemical contaminants, and EPA agrees with commenters that the 
structure and procedures under the HAZWOPER standard are best suited 
for the unique worker protection scenarios at cleanup sites. However, 
OSHA's PEL for TCE is 100 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average. See 
29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-2. As discussed in the proposed rule, the 
OSHA PEL has not been changed since the 1970s (Ref. 49).
    For the purposes of the TSCA section 6(g) exemption from 
prohibition for 50 years for disposal of TCE to industrial pre-
treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly owned treatment works for 
the purposes of facilitating cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated water 
and groundwater, based on public comments and coordination across 
Federal programs, EPA has determined it is appropriate that owners and 
operators of cleanup sites where potentially exposed persons are 
involved in the disposal of TCE-contaminated water or groundwater for 
the purposes of cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated water and 
groundwater, including industrial pre-treatment and industrial 
treatment activities, must ensure that potentially exposed persons 
involved with the activity of removing the contaminated water or 
groundwater from the location where it was found and treating the 
removed contaminated water or groundwater on site continue to comply 
with HAZWOPER requirements but with exposures for potentially exposed 
persons limited to the interim ECEL for TCE (0.2 ppm as an 8-hr TWA, 
for reasons discussed in Unit III.A.1.). Specifically, EPA has 
determined that at cleanup sites, the TCE interim ECEL would apply to 
any potentially exposed person involved in the disposal of TCE-
contaminated water or groundwater to industrial treatment, industrial 
pre-treatment, or POTWs. A potentially exposed person most likely 
includes a person who is involved with the activity of removing TCE-
contaminated water or groundwater from the location where it was found 
and the on-site treatment of the TCE-contaminated water or groundwater. 
EPA generally considers workers in and around those locations to be 
potentially exposed persons as that term is defined is 40 CFR 751.5. 
For example, EPA's requirements would apply to protect workers 
conducting remediation through pump and treat systems or workers 
sampling groundwater in conjunction with extraction or treatment (e.g., 
remediation or cleanup) activities. EPA considers treatment activities 
that are performed at the cleanup site on TCE-contaminated wastewater 
that has been removed from the subsurface, surface water impoundments, 
or aquifers, and that are recognized as industrial treatment, 
industrial pretreatment, or discharge to a POTW to be covered under the 
provisions described in this unit. To further clarify, the workplace 
protections for this exemption are not intended to cover potentially 
exposed persons who may be exposed to TCE from other contaminated 
media. Additionally, the workplace protections for this exemption are 
not intended to cover potentially exposed persons who are sampling 
groundwater to monitor the presence of a plume, but specifically only 
those sampling wastewater at the site of extraction and active 
treatment activities. EPA also notes that while the cross-referenced 
OSHA regulations do not require the establishment of regulated areas, 
the OSHA regulations do suggest excluding non-essential persons during 
certain operations as a feasible work practice control.
    For cleanup sites involved in the disposal of TCE-contaminated 
water or groundwater to industrial treatment, industrial pre-treatment, 
or POTWs, rather than implementing the monitoring, notification, and 
exposure control plan requirements of the WCPP, in light of the special 
circumstances of these sites, and the likely presence of multiple 
contaminants, EPA is requiring compliance with the current requirements 
in 29 CFR 1910.120 (HAZWOPER) except that for those provisions in 29 
CFR 1910.120 that reference a PEL, owners and operators will instead 
comply with the TSCA interim ECEL. EPA's requirement for cleanup sites 
to meet specific existing OSHA health and safety requirements in 29 CFR 
1910.120 combined with EPA's interim ECEL differs from the requirements 
for the WCPP that will be in effect in other workplaces. EPA emphasizes 
that this standard is only for cleanup sites involved in the disposal 
of TCE contaminated groundwater and wastewater from cleanup sites under 
the applicable condition of use and that no other remedial actions at 
cleanup sites will be covered or affected. More specifically, EPA notes 
that this rule only includes within its scope remediation methods that 
would be considered industrial wastewater pretreatment, industrial 
wastewater treatment or discharge to a POTW. As such, a remediation 
method would need to be considered one of these three types of disposal 
to fall within this condition

[[Page 102583]]

of use under TSCA, and if not would not be subject to the prohibition 
or other requirements of the rule.
    Similarly, some commenters asked EPA to clarify what responsibility 
the receiver of waste, specifically POTWs, would have regarding 
compliance with the WCPP and highlighted the challenges of the WCPP in 
the context of POTWs, some of which may be outdoors and thus unable to 
demarcate a regulated area in a straightforward way (Refs. 35, 45). EPA 
emphasizes that disposal of TCE-containing wastewater to and from POTWs 
is within the disposal condition of use. As exposures to TCE are likely 
to continue in POTWs for the duration of the exemption for TCE disposal 
under TSCA section 6(g) for industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, or POTWs for the purposes of cleanup projects of TCE-
contaminated water and groundwater, and as EPA is interested in 
reducing to the extent possible exposures to TCE during the time period 
of this exemption, EPA proposed the WCPP as an appropriate measure. 
However, under the proposal, the ECEL was so low that, as one commenter 
stated, ``receivers of groundwater from cleanup sites would be forced 
to assume that TCE is present, since it is not currently possible to 
measure down to the ECEL'' (Ref. 45).
    Even with a new interim ECEL, based on the public comments and 
information reasonably available to the agency, EPA recognizes that 
POTWs have more experience in water monitoring. As an example, 
commenters described that TCE is measured in wastewater at POTWs as 
water concentrations, not ambient air levels. Commenters described 
regular water monitoring schedules of the concentration of TCE in 
wastewater at the POTWs to which they disposed (Refs. 36, 50, and 51). 
For this reason, in the final rule, POTW's must comply with either 
solely the WCPP, or a water monitoring structure already more familiar 
and implementable for POTWs as the initial screening before the WCPP in 
the interim until prohibition.
    To ease monitoring implementation, EPA has determined that POTWs 
that can reasonably expect TCE to be present, because of existing 
industrial users discharging into the POTW, will be able to determine 
the need to comply with the WCPP by conducting an initial screening of 
their wastewater. This approach follows EPA's 1992 ``Guidance to 
Protect POTW Workers from Toxic and Reactive Gases and Vapors'' (Ref. 
52) which sets wastewater screening levels for toxic chemicals using 
Henry's Law constants to translate toxicity-based air exposure 
concentrations to wastewater concentrations. This monitoring approach 
also is consistent with water screenings described by several public 
commenters (Refs. 36, 50, 51). The methodology assumes that wastewater 
and air are in equilibrium, e.g., that the system is closed and water 
agitation is negligible; that temperature is defined and constant; and 
that other constituents in the wastewater do not affect a chemical's 
volatilization to air.
    The water screening requirement that EPA is finalizing follows the 
methodology in the 1992 guidance, using the Henry's Law constant for 
TCE (378 (mg/m\3\)/(mg/L) at 25 [deg]C) to calculate a screening level 
for TCE in wastewater, 0.00284 mg/L, that corresponds to the interim 
ECEL (0.2 ppm). This screening level is a level specific to TSCA, to 
regulate unreasonable risk to workers performing wastewater disposal 
that are exposed to TCE. This differs from maximum contaminant levels 
(MCLs) which regulate public water systems under a different federal 
statute and do not address exposures to TCE through wastewater. While 
the screening level is lower than the current enforceable MCL for TCE 
(0.005 mg/L), the values are within a factor of 2. EPA believes that 
the conservative assumptions used to derive 0.00284 mg/L are 
appropriate here because this is a screening approach, and the TCE 
occupational exposure profile of wastewater workers may be variable.
    If the concentration of TCE in wastewater received by a POTW is 
less than or equal to the screening level, the POTW can assume that the 
concentration of TCE in air that results from TCE volatilization from 
wastewater is equal to or less than the interim ECEL. If a POTW's water 
screening detects TCE in wastewater at a concentration greater than 
0.00284 mg/L of TCE, then the WCPP is required. More information is in 
Unit IV.E.
3. Exposure Monitoring Requirements
    As part of the WCPP, EPA proposed to require that owners or 
operators meet certain documentation requirements for each instance of 
monitoring of TCE, including compliance with the Good Laboratory 
Practice (GLP) Standards in accordance with 40 CFR part 792.
    Numerous commenters expressed concern regarding the requirement 
that the WCPP include compliance with the GLP Standards at 40 CFR part 
792. Commenters stated that it is atypical to use this standard for air 
sampling of TCE for industrial hygiene purposes (Refs. 39, 38). 
According to the commenters, it is common practice within the 
industrial hygiene community to have analyses performed by American 
Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) accredited labs (Refs. 38, 39). A 
commenter further reasoned that because labs in the United States are 
certified by International Organization for Standards (ISO) and the 
International Electrochemical Commission (IEC) standard 17025 (Testing 
and Calibration Laboratories), a standard that differs from the 
proposed GLP, they recommended that provisions of monitoring results 
and recordkeeping in the final rule be allowed from any accredited 
laboratory, without regard to a specific type (Refs. 38, 39).
    EPA agrees with the commenters that the WCPP for TCE is 
incompletely served by solely relying on the GLP standard as proposed. 
EPA has considered laboratory capacity concerns raised by some 
commenters (i.e., that potential increases in demand for professional 
safety services and sampling laboratories may strain the broader 
availability of laboratory service and result in sampling limitations 
(Refs. 38, 39), and agrees that sufficient infrastructure must be in 
place to ensure that the regulated community can successfully implement 
the WCPP while TCE use is ongoing. For the final rule, EPA is requiring 
that exposure samples be analyzed using an appropriate analytical 
method by a laboratory that complies with the GLP Standards in 40 CFR 
part 792 or that otherwise maintains a relevant third-party laboratory 
accreditation (e.g., under the AIHA Laboratory Accreditation Programs, 
LLC Policy Module 2A/B/E of Revision 17.3) or other analogous industry-
recognized programs. The laboratory must also retain related records.
    Another commenter noted that EPA's proposal did not make clear that 
``personal breathing zone'' air samples to monitor occupational 
exposures are to be taken without regard to respirator use. More 
specifically, the commenter pointed to the importance of EPA being 
explicit that occupational monitoring only occurs in the absence of 
respiratory protection (Ref. 29). EPA agrees with the commenter that 
exposure monitoring should be conducted to reflect ambient occupational 
conditions (i.e., without respiratory protection) to best inform 
engineering control options and respiratory protection considerations 
for potentially exposed persons. Therefore, the final rule now 
explicitly states that occupational air sampling is required to measure 
ambient concentrations for TCE without taking respiratory protection 
into account when air sampling is performed. This will ensure the 
highest degree of protection to potentially

[[Page 102584]]

exposed persons by requiring measurement of ambient air concentrations 
of TCE, thus empowering owners or operators to appropriately consider 
the hierarchy of controls.
    Additionally, as part of the WCPP, EPA proposed to require owners 
and operators to re-monitor within 15 working days after receipt of any 
exposure monitoring if results indicated non-detect or air monitoring 
equipment malfunction, unless an Environmental Professional, as defined 
at 40 CFR 312.10, or a Certified Industrial Hygienist reviews the 
monitoring results and determines re-monitoring is not necessary. EPA 
received several comments disagreeing with the proposed requirement to 
review non-detect air monitoring samples. The commenters stated that 
the requirement is inconsistent with OSHA rules, is an unnecessary step 
that adds no value to reduce risk to workers, and could be costly, 
especially for smaller companies (Refs. 53, 54, 55, 47, 56, 57, 58). 
One commenter suggested that EPA incorporate a six-sample rolling 
average as the statistical evaluation would incorporate ongoing 
validation of exposure levels for a particular task and thus remove any 
need for resampling based on a non-detect result.
    EPA disagrees with commenters that expressed the opinion that re-
evaluating non-detect results adds no value and is inappropriate. A 
sampling result that is non-detectable does not necessarily imply 
negligible occupational exposure to the chemical. A non-detect result 
is indicative that the chemical was not detected by the particular 
sampling and analytical procedures used at the time of sampling. 
Multiple factors can contribute to a non-detect result. For example, 
the chemical may simply not be present in appreciable quantities. An 
alternative possibility is that the chemical is present at a level 
below the limit of detection for the particular sampling and analytical 
method used. Depending on the chemical and ambient conditions, 
interference from another chemical during occupational sampling 
sometimes results in an incorrect reporting of non-detectable levels. 
This interference may or may not be known by the owner or operator at 
the time of sampling, or by the laboratory at the time of analysis. It 
is also possible that the owner's or operator's sampling technique or 
the laboratory's analytical procedure was not particularly effective, 
or that the chosen sampling and analytical method was not very 
efficient or precise for the particular chemical of interest. 
Therefore, re-evaluating non-detectable sampling results is often 
appropriate and desirable. In each of the examples described in this 
paragraph, a nondetectable sampling result, along with supporting 
documentation about the sampling and analytical method used to get that 
result, is a meaningful part of the potentially exposed person's 
exposure record required under the WCPP. Monitoring results from 
malfunctioning air monitoring equipment are not valid monitoring and 
require resampling consistent with Sec.  751.315(b)(3)(i)(A) through 
(D).
    The provisions proposed for the WCPP did not require re-monitoring 
in all cases. Re-monitoring may not be necessary based on a 
professional evaluation by an Environmental Professional as defined at 
40 CFR 312.10 or a Certified Industrial Hygienist. The final rule 
provides flexibility in the event of a non-detect by allowing owners or 
operators to either re-monitor or seek a determination from a qualified 
professional that re-monitoring is not necessary. From an owner and 
operator's perspective, a non-detect sampling result--when effective 
sampling and analysis procedures are used--is valuable because it 
suggests effective implementation of exposure controls. Potentially 
exposed persons may also use these records in discussions with owners 
and operators, in collective bargaining situations, or in compliance 
assistance inquiries to EPA or other federal agencies. Exposure 
monitoring results may also improve overall workplace health and reduce 
owner and operator liability through effective detection, treatment, 
and prevention of occupational disease or illness. All of these 
scenarios are valuable for owners and operators, potentially exposed 
persons, and for effective mitigation of occupational exposures. In 
consideration of these factors, EPA has removed the air monitoring 
equipment malfunction from the monitoring activities that do not 
require resampling based on professional evaluation by an Environmental 
Professional or Certified Industrial Hygienist. While professional 
discretion may be warranted in determining whether re-monitoring is 
needed following results that indicate non-detect, EPA has determined 
this discretion is not appropriate in the event of air monitoring 
equipment malfunction, which warrants re-monitoring. This is due to the 
importance of air monitoring in ensuring that the requirements of the 
WCPP are met, and the importance of the WCPP in reducing risks from 
exposures to TCE in the workplace. Monitoring results from 
malfunctioning air monitoring equipment are not valid monitoring.
    Additionally, while statistical methods may be useful in 
establishing and analyzing an occupational monitoring program, EPA 
determined that information presented in support of amending the 
evaluation of re-monitoring to rely on six sample rolling average of 
exposure measurements in place of the proposal is not persuasive, as 
discussed in detail in section 5.5.3 of the Response to Comments 
document (Ref. 11). Occupational monitoring (and associated 
recordkeeping) is a topic on which EPA may develop guidance as part of 
final rule implementation efforts.
    Therefore, based on consideration of public comment, EPA is 
finalizing as proposed with slight modification the requirement to re-
monitor within 15 working days after receipt of any exposure monitoring 
if results indicated non-detect, unless an Environmental Professional, 
as defined at 40 CFR 312.10, or a Certified Industrial Hygienist 
reviews the monitoring results and determines re-monitoring is not 
necessary. EPA has modified the re-monitoring recordkeeping requirement 
to clarify what would suffice as justification for when re-monitoring 
is not necessary, and has therefore updated the recordkeeping 
requirements associated with the WCPP exposure records required under 
40 CFR 751.319(b)(1). EPA has also removed air monitoring equipment 
malfunction from the monitoring activities that do not require 
resampling if determined unnecessary by an Environmental Professional 
or Certified Industrial Hygienist.
    EPA proposed to require under the WCPP that each owner or operator 
conduct additional exposure monitoring whenever a change in the 
production, process, control equipment, personnel, or work practices 
may reasonably be expected to result in new or additional exposures at 
or above the ECEL action level, or when the owner or operator has any 
reason to believe that new or additional exposures at or above the ECEL 
action level occurred. In the event of start-up, shutdown, spills, 
leaks, ruptures, or other breakdowns that may lead to employee 
exposure, EPA proposed to require that each owner or operator conduct 
additional initial exposure monitoring to potentially exposed persons 
(using personal breathing zone sampling) after the cleanup of the spill 
or repair of the leak, rupture, or other breakdown. EPA is finalizing 
that requirement, with a compliance timeframe requiring that this type 
of additional exposure monitoring must be conducted within

[[Page 102585]]

30 days (see Unit IV.C.4.d.), which is a change from the proposed rule, 
in which a timeframe was not specified.
4. Designated Representatives
    As part of the WCPP, EPA proposed to require that owners and 
operators (i.e., any person who owns, leases, operates, controls, or 
supervises a workplace covered by the rule) provide potentially exposed 
persons or their designated representatives regular access to the 
exposure control plans, exposure monitoring records, and PPE program 
implementation and documentation. Additionally, EPA proposed to require 
that owners or operators document the notice to and ability of any 
potentially exposed person who may reasonably be affected by TCE 
exposure to readily access the exposure control plans, facility 
exposure monitoring records, PPE program implementation, or any other 
information relevant to TCE inhalation exposure in the workplace.
    EPA solicited and received public comments on the role of 
designated representatives in the WCPP. One commenter, a group of labor 
unions, urged EPA to incorporate requirements similar to OSHA's access 
standard at 29 CFR 1910.1020 (entitled, ``Access to employee exposure 
and medical records'') to ensure that exposure information is promptly 
and fully shared with both potentially exposed persons and their 
designated representatives (Ref. 29). The commenter also suggested that 
EPA include a requirement that employers provide employees and their 
designated representatives an opportunity to observe monitoring events. 
The commenter observed that workers and their designated 
representatives have a critical role to play in ensuring effective 
control of toxic substances and further noted that, often, unions are 
the organizations with expertise in understanding occupational exposure 
information.
    EPA recognizes the importance of having the ability for potentially 
exposed persons and their designated representative(s), such as labor 
union representatives, to observe exposure monitoring and have prompt 
access to exposure records. EPA additionally recognizes that, in some 
instances, individual workers may be hesitant to ask owners or 
operators for information relating to their chemical exposure or may be 
less familiar with discipline-specific industrial hygiene practices. 
EPA determined that it is appropriate in this final rule to revise, to 
some extent, the requirements regarding designated representatives 
included in the proposed rule, consistent with existing OSHA precedent 
in certain 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z regulations, to allow designated 
representatives the ability to observe occupational exposure monitoring 
and have access to exposure monitoring records. The WCPP provisions of 
the final rule include a requirement that owners and operators provide 
potentially exposed persons or their designated representatives an 
opportunity to observe any exposure monitoring that is designed to 
characterize their exposures and is conducted under the WCPP. With 
respect to facilities classified in the interest of national security, 
only persons authorized to have access to such facilities must be 
allowed to observe exposure monitoring.
    The final rule also requires that designated representatives have 
access to relevant exposure records, similar to provisions in certain 
OSHA regulations under 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, such as 29 CFR 
1910.1020. EPA is requiring owners and operators to notify potentially 
exposed persons and their designated representatives of the 
availability of the exposure control plan and associated records of 
exposure monitoring and PPE program implementation within 30 days of 
the date that the exposure control plan is completed and at least 
annually thereafter.
    EPA's definition of ``designated representative'' in 40 CFR 751.5 
was established in the recently promulgated final rule under TSCA 
section 6(a) that addresses the unreasonable risk presented by PCE (RIN 
2070-AK84). This term means any individual or organization to whom a 
potentially exposed person gives explicit, written authorization to 
exercise a right of access. A recognized or certified collective 
bargaining agent must be treated automatically as a designated 
representative without regard to written authorization, analogous to 
OSHA requirements set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1200. Additionally, with 
respect to Federal Government employees, EPA, like OSHA at 29 CFR 
1960.2(e), will interpret these designated representative requirements 
consistent with the Federal Service Labor Management Relations Statute 
(5 U.S.C. 71), or collective bargaining or other labor-management 
arrangements that cover the affected employees.
    Should a request be initiated for such records by the potentially 
exposed person or their designated representative(s), the owner or 
operator will be required to provide the specified records at a 
reasonable time, place, and manner, analogous to OSHA requirements set 
forth at 29 CFR 1910.1020(e)(1)(i). If the owner or operator is unable 
to provide the requested records within 15 working days, the owner or 
operator must, within those 15 days, inform the potentially exposed 
person or designated representative(s) requesting the record of the 
reason for the delay and the earliest date when the record can be made 
available. Additionally, in the event that a designated representative 
is observing exposure monitoring, the owner or operator must ensure 
that designated representatives are provided with PPE appropriate for 
the observation of monitoring. Finally, this rule requires owners or 
operators to provide notice to potentially exposed persons and their 
designated representatives of exposure monitoring results and of the 
availability of the exposure control plan and associated records. For 
purposes of this requirement, the owner or operator is only required to 
provide notice to those designated representatives that the owner or 
operator is aware of, such as representatives designated in writing or 
a recognized collective bargaining agent for the owner or operator's 
own employees.
5. Changes to WCPP Timeframes for Federal Agencies
    EPA understands that certain departments and agencies of the 
Federal government, as well as Federal contractors acting for or on 
behalf of the Federal government, need additional time to comply with 
these timeframes. For example, complying with these timeframes could 
impact the ability of NASA or the Department of Defense to continue to 
engage in vapor degreasing necessary for rockets key to national 
security and critical infrastructure. While, for example, 29 CFR part 
1960 sets forth procedures and guidelines for ensuring that Federal 
workers are protected in comparable ways to their non-Federal 
counterparts, EPA believes that compliance with this final rule will 
require increased and different preparations on the part of Federal 
agencies. For example, Federal agencies must follow procurement 
requirements, which will likely result in increased compliance 
timelines. In addition, these requirements will require support in the 
Federal budget, which, for some agencies, is a multi-year process. 
Therefore, EPA is providing additional time for agencies of the Federal 
government and their contractors, when acting for or on behalf of the 
Federal government, to comply with the WCPP, including 915 days for 
initial monitoring, 1,005 days to ensure that no

[[Page 102586]]

person is exposed to an airborne concentration of TCE that exceeds the 
interim ECEL, and 1,095 days to implement an exposure control plan.

B. Modifications to the TSCA Section 6(g) Exemptions

1. Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE as a Processing Aid in Battery 
Separator Manufacturing
    EPA proposed a 10-year exemption from prohibition under TSCA 
section 6(g)(1)(B) for the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid in battery separator manufacturing, for lead acid and 
lithium batteries. EPA is finalizing with modifications a time-limited 
exemption from prohibition for this specific condition of use of TCE. 
These modifications, based on information provided in public comments, 
include: (1) narrowing the exemption to apply only to use of TCE as a 
processing aid in manufacturing separators for lead acid batteries; (2) 
extending the time period of the exemption for lead acid batteries from 
ten to 20 years; and (3) allowing the disposal of wastewater containing 
TCE following lead acid and lithium battery separator manufacture under 
a separate TSCA section 6(d) phase-out for disposal of TCE to 
industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or POTWs (see Unit 
III.C.4.). Separate from the modified 6(g) exemption, EPA is finalizing 
a 5-year phase-out under TSCA section 6(d) for use of TCE in 
manufacturing separators for lithium batteries.
    As described in the proposed rule, based on information provided by 
commenters and other information reasonably available to the agency, 
EPA understands that separators are fundamental components in batteries 
that provide the necessary separation between the internal anode and 
cathode components that make batteries work, and that restrictions on 
the production of battery separators could critically impact the United 
States battery manufacturing supply chain and impede the expansion of 
domestic battery production capacity. EPA understands that battery 
separator manufacturing processes are highly engineered, and that the 
separators are specialty products designed precisely to meet stringent 
technical specifications that are essential in powering vehicles and 
systems in the United States' supply chain for multiple critical 
infrastructure sectors.
    Based on information provided in public comments regarding 
specifications around the final battery separator product, such as the 
required thickness of the separator itself and the feasibility of 
substitute chemicals for TCE, EPA determined that battery separators 
for lead acid and lithium batteries should be treated separately. Thus, 
EPA is distinguishing between the industrial and commercial use of TCE 
as a processing aid in battery separator manufacture for each type of 
battery (lead acid or lithium (also referred to in comments as lithium-
ion batteries)) and providing different exemption or phase-out 
timeframes for each type of battery separator manufacturing. More 
details are in this Unit.
a. Lithium Battery Separator Manufacturing
    EPA is finalizing a prohibition on the manufacture (including 
import), processing, distribution in commerce, and industrial and 
commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for lithium battery separator 
manufacturing, which will come into effect 5 years after the 
publication date of this rule. In response to EPA's proposal to 
establish a 10-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption for the use of TCE in 
battery separatory manufacturing, EPA received substantiative public 
comments that described feasible alternatives to TCE in the manufacture 
of lithium battery separators, as well as information on why the two 
types of battery separator manufacturing should be treated as distinct.
    One company uses TCE in the manufacture of lithium battery 
separators (Ref. 46). In their public comment, the company described 
how they could transition out of TCE within 5 years and retracted its 
request for an exemption under TSCA section 6(g) for lithium battery 
separators (Ref. 46). EPA is unaware of any other domestic manufacturer 
that uses TCE to produce lithium battery separators. In public comments 
on a separate rulemaking for methylene chloride under TSCA section 6, 
at least five commenters described their plans to construct 
manufacturing plants for lithium-ion battery separators, specifically 
for electric vehicles, that would use methylene chloride as a 
processing aid (Refs. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64), rather than TCE. (The 
final rule under TSCA section 6(a) to address the unreasonable risk for 
the use of methylene chloride as a processing aid to continue with the 
implementation of a WCPP (40 CFR 751.109) (89 FR 39254, May 8, 2024 
(FRL-8155-01-OCSPP)).
    TSCA section 6(d) requires the Agency to establish compliance 
deadlines that are as soon as practicable. TSCA section 6(g) requires 
that any exemptions be adequately justified. For the final rule, the 
exemption under TSCA section 6(g) applies only to lead acid battery 
separator manufacturing, and the Agency is prohibiting manufacture, 
processing, and commercial use of TCE for the manufacture of lithium 
battery separators after the five years specified under TSCA section 
6(d). During the time before prohibition, manufacturers and processors 
of TCE for use in the manufacture of lithium battery separators and the 
users of TCE in the manufacture of lithium battery separators are 
required to comply with the WCPP, as described in Units III.A., and 
IV.C.
b. Lead Acid Battery Separator Manufacturing
    EPA is finalizing a 20-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption from 
prohibition for the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, and industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid for lead acid battery separator manufacturing. While EPA 
proposed a 10-year section 6(g) exemption for the use of TCE in battery 
separator manufacturing, in the primary alternative regulatory action 
in the proposed rule EPA presented a 15-year exemption from the 
prohibition on TCE for the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid for battery separator manufacturing. EPA received 
substantiative information in follow up meetings based on public 
comments that 20 years would be the minimum timeframe needed to 
transition to an alternative for manufacturing separators for lead-acid 
batteries (Refs. 34, 39, 64, 65). While EPA received comments that more 
than 20 years may be needed, for the reasons described in this Unit, 
EPA is finalizing the exemption for use of TCE in manufacture of lead 
acid battery separators at 20 years.
    EPA emphasizes that alternatives to TCE in lithium battery 
separator manufacturing are not expected to be feasible substitutes for 
TCE in lead-acid battery manufacturing due to differences in the 
processes for each separator type. This is primarily due to the 
difference in thickness of the battery separators: lithium battery 
separators are typically only 9 to 10 microns thick, while lead-acid 
battery separators range from 6 to 50 times thicker than lithium 
battery separators. Given the chemistry of the alternative solvent 
reacting with the mineral oil and metal sheets that constitute the 
process of manufacturing a battery separator, it would therefore 
require between 225 to 625 times longer to physically extract lead acid 
separators compared to lithium separators using an alternative solvent. 
TCE is about 50% to 80% (depending

[[Page 102587]]

on temperature) more effective at extracting process oil during the 
battery separator manufacturing process than the alternative product 
used in the manufacturer's new lithium separator process (Ref. 64). 
Overall, while alternatives to TCE are suitable for lithium battery 
separator manufacturing and may be feasibly substituted in domestic 
manufacturing within five years, these alternatives are not feasible 
for lead acid battery separator manufacturing.
    Numerous commenters submitted information on the use of TCE as a 
processing aid in lead-acid battery manufacturing. Industry commenters 
and trade associations involved in battery manufacture agreed that EPA 
correctly categorized battery separator manufacturing as critical and 
essential. In public comments, battery separator manufacturers 
described the need for the exemption to be extended to 25 years, citing 
the lack of a currently identified alternative and once identified, the 
time necessary for testing and recertification for any alternatives to 
TCE. As described by commenters, the steps for such a process include: 
identifying and/or developing an alternative chemical as a processing 
aid, sample trials, battery testing, second level battery testing, 
changing battery separator production lines, and testing and production 
approval processes from battery end users (e.g., automobile 
manufacturers). This step-wise process is consistent with EPA's 
understanding of developing and implementing alternatives for other 
chemicals and uses. In follow-up conversations with battery separator 
manufactures, EPA gained further clarity that timeframes could be 
expedited somewhat, and on an expedited timeline would take 20 years 
(Ref. 64). Because TSCA section 6(g) requires that any exemptions be 
adequately-justified, in consideration of public input, and that the 
period of the exemption is reasonable, EPA is lengthening the proposed 
TSCA section 6(g) exemption from the prohibition for manufacture 
(including import), processing, distribution in commerce, and use of 
TCE in manufacturing separators for lead acid batteries from 10 years 
to 20 years (i.e., to December 18, 2044.). EPA encourages manufacturers 
of battery separators to identify early in their substitution efforts 
if any further time would be needed.
2. Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE as a Processing Aid for 
Specialty Polymeric Microporous Sheet Materials
    EPA is finalizing a 15-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption from 
prohibition for the manufacture (including import), processing, 
distribution in commerce, and industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid for specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials. 
While EPA proposed to prohibit industrial and commercial use of TCE as 
a processing aid for specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials, 
EPA's primary alternative regulatory action described a 15-year TSCA 
section 6(g)(1)(A) exemption from prohibition for this use. EPA 
received substantiative information in public comments to support 
finalizing this exemption, as well as support for 15 years as the 
appropriate timeframe for this exemption (Ref. 40).
    As noted in the initial exemption request and in the public 
comments submitted to EPA, specialty polymeric microporous sheet 
materials are fundamental components in the production of critical or 
essential products such as drivers' licenses, passports, and chemical 
drum labels (Refs. 66, 40). EPA agrees that TCE is a critical and 
essential component in the manufacturing process for these products. 
EPA also agrees that certain applications of these specialty polymeric 
microporous sheet materials are critical and essential uses for which 
no technically and economically feasible safer alternative is 
available. In public comments, the manufacturer of specialty polymeric 
microporous sheet materials disagreed with EPA's proposal to restrict 
the end uses of the specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials to 
critical and essential products, stating that all end products of the 
material use the same production line. EPA is finalizing with 
modifications a time-limited exemption from prohibition for this 
specific condition of use of TCE. These modifications, based on 
information provided in public comments, include: (1) modifying the 
exemption from the proposal to allow for this exempted use of TCE as a 
processing aid to apply broadly to any end product; (2) allowing the 
disposal of wastewater containing TCE associated with manufacture of 
specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials under a separate TSCA 
section 6(d) phase-out for disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, 
industrial treatment, or POTWs (see Unit III.C.4.); and (3), in an 
effort to minimize worker exposure during the period of the exemption, 
EPA is requiring that the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid in the manufacture of specialty polymeric microporous 
sheet materials can only continue at existing facilities already using 
TCE to manufacture specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials. EPA 
expects that development of any new facilities for the manufacture of 
specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials could innovate new 
processes that do not include use of TCE.
3. Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE in Batch Vapor Degreasing for 
Essential Aerospace Parts and Components and Narrow Tubing Used in 
Medical Devices
    EPA is finalizing the proposed primary alternative 7-year TSCA 
section 6(g)(1)(B) exemption from prohibition for industrial and 
commercial use of TCE in batch vapor degreasing for essential aerospace 
parts and components and 7-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(A) exemption from 
prohibition for industrial and commercial use of TCE in batch vapor 
degreasing for narrow tubing used in medical devices. EPA received 
substantiative information in public comments to support the need for 
these exemptions. Based on the information received, EPA determined it 
is necessary to finalize these exemptions.
    Numerous commenters urged EPA to finalize the alternative 
exemptions, citing strict safety and performance standards that TCE is 
currently used to meet and a recertification process that would take a 
longer timeframe than the 1 year that was proposed (Refs. 36, 43, 32, 
56, 67, 43, 32, 56). Given that under this condition of use TCE is used 
to clean parts for highly specialized end uses in the aerospace and 
medical fields, commenters stressed that a significant length of time 
would be needed for safety recertification of an alternative. These 
commenters also described how all currently known potentially effective 
drop-in substitutes to TCE for this highly specialized use are also 
chemicals currently being evaluated or regulated by EPA under TSCA, 
and, as such, they do not view these substitutes as viable long-term 
alternatives to TCE. In many cases, according to commenters, the 
transition to a TCE substitute would require the transformation or 
complete replacement of complex equipment. One manufacturer indicated 
in their public comments that they had identified an alternative that 
could meet the cleanliness required for their end products; however, 
using this substitute chemical solvent would also require changing to a 
different machine type (i.e., to vacuum vapor degreasers). According to 
that commenter, it would take seven years to install vacuum degreasers, 
implement the necessary infrastructure upgrades, obtain permits, notify 
customers, and validate existing

[[Page 102588]]

contracts (Ref. 36). EPA agrees that the significant amount of 
infrastructure and equipment changes needed to transition out of TCE 
for this specific vapor degreasing condition of use support finalizing 
a longer timeline until prohibition.
    Regarding section 6(g) criteria, commenters agreed with EPA's 
characterization of TCE as being essential to meet unique cleanliness 
demands for narrow tubing used in medical devices as well as for 
aerospace parts. A public commenter noted the intensity of these safety 
concerns particularly in medical tubing, noting that in implanted 
devices ``manufacturing residues may `pose an inflammatory or 
autoimmune trigger risk' that can lead to death'' (Ref. 36). For these 
reasons, EPA is finalizing a time-limited exemption under TSCA section 
6(g)(1)(A) for seven years for the industrial and commercial use of TCE 
in batch vapor degreasing for narrow tubing used in medical devices, 
and a time-limited exemption under TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B) for seven 
years for the industrial and commercial use of TCE in batch vapor 
degreasing for essential aerospace parts.
4. Industrial and Commercial Use in Closed-Loop Batch Vapor Degreasing 
Necessary for Rocket Engine Cleaning by Federal Agencies and Their 
Contractors
    EPA proposed a 7-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B) exemption from the 
prohibition on the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent in 
closed-loop vapor degreasing necessary for human-rated rocket engine 
cleaning by NASA and its contractors, and the manufacture (including 
import), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for this use. 
EPA is finalizing with modifications the time-limited exemption from 
prohibition for this specific condition of use of TCE. EPA received 
information that this exemption should include all Federal agencies, 
rather than just NASA, due to Federal agencies having similar critical 
infrastructure and national security needs of rocket engines. Due to 
the commonality of the United States' rocket engine industrial base, 
other Federal agencies like NASA use TCE in the same condition of use 
to support their rocket engine cleaning. EPA has made this change and 
is finalizing a time-limited exemption under TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B) 
for industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent in closed-loop 
batch vapor degreasing necessary for rocket engine cleaning by Federal 
agencies and their contractors.

C. Changes to Compliance Dates for Prohibitions Under TSCA Section 6(d)

    EPA proposed a compliance timeframe of 1 year for the prohibitions 
on industrial and commercial use of TCE and requested public comments 
on the appropriateness of this timeline for specific conditions of use. 
This unit describes modifications EPA made to proposed timeframes for 
prohibitions under TSCA section 6(d) for the two conditions of use for 
which EPA is finalizing different timeframes for prohibition. (Changes 
to timeframes for proposed TSCA section 6(g) exemptions or 
modifications of a section 6(g) exemption to a section 6(d) timeframe 
are described in Unit III.B.). Given that the part of the rule 
affecting the most significant volume of TCE is unchanged between 
proposal and final, the overall impact of these changes is expected to 
be minor.
1. Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE in Energized Electrical Cleaner
    As described in this Unit, EPA is finalizing a prohibition in three 
years for the industrial and commercial use of TCE in energized 
electrical cleaner rather than the prohibition within 1 year as 
proposed for this condition of use. EPA notes that energized electrical 
cleaner is a sub-use of the industrial and commercial use of TCE as 
solvent for aerosol spray degreaser/cleaner. During the timeframe 
before prohibition, EPA is finalizing requirements to comply with 
either specific prescriptive controls or the WCPP for the industrial 
and commercial use of TCE in energized electrical cleaner, which is a 
sub-use of the industrial and commercial use of TCE as solvent for 
aerosol spray degreaser/cleaner, as described in Unit IV.D.1.
    In the proposed rule, EPA solicited comment on whether some 
activities would need longer compliance timeframes in order to 
appropriately transition, and specifically mentioned uses such as 
energized electrical cleaning, where TCE may be desired due to its low 
flammability. EPA also requested comment on the feasibility and 
appropriateness of the WCPP. EPA subsequently received several comments 
expressing concern over the proposed prohibition on TCE in energized 
electrical cleaner (Refs. 51, 68). In addition to describing the need 
for additional time to transition to alternatives to TCE in energized 
electrical cleaner, commenters described the work practices and context 
that support the potential for exposure reduction to TCE through 
workplace controls, including, but not limited to, the WCPP. For 
example, one commenter described how energized electrical cleaners are 
typically used only by professionals for specialized uses in which 
strict workplace controls already exist (Ref. 51). As another example, 
in a separate rulemaking under TSCA section 6 for PCE (RIN 2070-AK84), 
one commenter described work practices and controls for use of 
energized electrical cleaners, stating that facilities that require 
cleaning of energized equipment rely on skilled technicians or other 
professional users who typically have education and training that may 
include two years at lineman school, time as an apprentice, licensing 
or certifications, and continuing education (Ref. 69). The commenter 
also stated that OSHA General Industry and Construction standards 
include requirements specific to electrical work under 29 CFR part 
1926, subparts E, K, and V. Commenters differed on whether the WCPP or 
other workplace controls would be most suitable. Several commenters 
stated that the WCPP would be impractical for use of TCE in energized 
electrical cleaner because trained technicians often travel to 
different facilities to conduct work, including facilities that may not 
otherwise use a chemical for which the WCPP is required, and suggested 
that instead of a WCPP, a training and certification program would be 
sufficient to address the unreasonable risk (Refs. 51, 68).
    Based on the information submitted to EPA as part of the comment 
period regarding this condition of use, supported by subsequent 
discussions for clarification, and in consideration of existing best 
practices and regulations for work in electrical spaces as well as the 
need for additional time to certify and transition to substitutes, EPA 
is finalizing a prohibition on the use of TCE in energized electrical 
cleaner after December 18, 2027. In addition, EPA has determined that 
either the WCPP or specific prescriptive controls specified in the 
final rule, including dermal PPE and respiratory protection, are 
necessary and appropriate for reducing exposures to potentially exposed 
persons until the prohibition takes effect.
    EPA notes the importance of existing OSHA regulations designed to 
protect workers exposed to dangers such as electric shock, 
electrocution, fires, and explosions. Specifically, in addition to the 
requirements for electrical work under OSHA General Industry and 
Construction standards at 29 CFR part 1926, subparts E, K, and V that 
one commenter mentioned in their public comment, OSHA regulates 
electrical work under Occupational Safety and

[[Page 102589]]

Health standards at 29 CFR part 1910. For example, OSHA requires 
safety-related work practices on electrical equipment under the 
Electrical Standard at 29 CFR part 1910, subpart S (29 CFR 1910.301 to 
1910.399), which was significantly updated in 2007 (72 FR 7136, 
February 14, 2007). OSHA also sets forth requirements for the operation 
and maintenance of electrical power generation, control, 
transformation, transmission, and distribution lines and equipment 
under the Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution 
standard at 29 CFR 1910.269, which was significantly updated in 2014 
(79 FR 20316, April 11, 2014). Additionally, OSHA regulates electrical 
protective equipment under the Electrical Protective Equipment standard 
at 29 CFR part 1910, subpart I (29 CFR 1910.137), which was 
significantly updated in 2014 (79 FR 20316, April 11, 2014). Other 
standards and best practices apply to electrical safety in the 
workplace, for example the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 
70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace (Ref. 70).
    As discussed in the proposed rule, given the risk profile of TCE, 
EPA determined that it is necessary to require worker protection 
measures such as the WCPP for those conditions of use that will 
continue beyond 1 year. In view of the relatively short timeframe for 
transitioning to an alternative, combined with the specialized nature 
of this use of TCE and the existing OSHA regulations and other best 
practices for performing work on energized equipment, EPA recognizes 
that the WCPP may not be the best approach to addressing occupational 
exposures in the interim. EPA understands that trained technicians 
performing this activity often travel to different facilities to 
conduct their work, including facilities that may not otherwise use 
TCE. EPA also determined that owners and operators who perform this 
kind of work should focus their efforts on transitioning to 
alternatives, rather than setting up comprehensive exposure control 
plans and programs. EPA is therefore providing an alternative to the 
WCPP in the form of prescriptive controls, including respiratory and 
dermal protection to protect workers in the interim. Considering all of 
these factors, as well as the workplace requirements for energized 
electrical cleaner in the final regulation of PCE under TSCA section 6 
(RIN 2070-AK84) and the burdens associated with higher APF respirators, 
EPA has determined that the use of respirators with an APF of 50 or 
greater and impermeable gloves will minimize the exposure to the 
potentially exposed persons engaged in this use of TCE during the 
interim period before the prohibition takes effect, as further 
described in Unit IV.D. In addition, requiring PPE similar to that 
required by the PCE regulation is expected to ease the transition to 
PCE, which is a possible replacement for TCE in these products. The 
upstream manufacturing and processing of TCE for the use in energized 
electrical cleaner will be subject to the WCPP as described in Unit 
IV.C. until the use is prohibited.
    EPA emphasizes that other industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
solvent for aerosol spray degreasers/cleaners is prohibited in the 
final rule, consistent with the proposal for that condition of use.
2. Industrial and Commercial Use in Adhesives and Sealants for 
Aerospace Applications
    EPA is finalizing a prohibition in five years for the industrial 
and commercial use of TCE in adhesives and sealants for aerospace 
applications. EPA proposed a compliance timeframe of 1 year for the 
prohibitions on industrial and commercial use, and in public comments 
requested feedback on the appropriateness of this timeline for specific 
applications. EPA received public comments highlighting that the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in adhesives and sealants 
specifically for aerospace applications has safety implications and 
involves longer recertification timelines (Ref. 56). EPA's rationale 
for the short timeframe until prohibition for this condition of use was 
based on the understanding that alternative formulations or products 
exist that do not contain TCE. During the public comment period, EPA 
received public comments highlighting the safety considerations for 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in adhesives and sealants 
specifically for aerospace applications and longer recertification 
timelines. A public commenter stated that TCE is still critically 
necessary in adhesives and sealants; particularly in aircraft pneumatic 
deicing boots; in solvent bonding of plastic components, including on 
Oxygen Container Assemblies for Passenger Service Unit products used in 
aircraft; and as an adhesive or sealant for flight-critical equipment 
on new and existing aircraft, both commercial and military (Ref. 56). 
Regarding compliance timeframes, this commenter requested that 
adhesives and sealants for aerospace be allowed to continue in 
perpetuity under a WCPP. EPA has determined that prohibition of this 
use is necessary to address the unreasonable risk. EPA did consider the 
information raised by this commenter in determining an appropriate 
timeframe for the prohibition on use of TCE in adhesives and sealants 
for aerospace applications. Specifically, the commenter provided 
information that for uses in the aerospace and defense sector, changes 
in response to a prohibition on TCE would be a multiyear process that 
requires redesign and recertification that a product meets performance 
standards such as customers' technical requirements, UL and 
Conformit[eacute] Europ[eacute]enne (CE) marking requirements, military 
specifications, and specifications from other government agencies such 
as the Federal Aviation Administration and NASA (Ref. 56).
    EPA recognizes that the recertification process for uses in 
aerospace applications is lengthy and agrees that one year is not a 
sufficient timeframe. In identifying a reasonable timeframe, EPA 
considered public comments on the proposed rulemaking and follow-up 
clarifying conversations with commenters, as well as information 
submitted during the public comment period on EPA's proposed rule under 
TSCA section 6 for methylene chloride (88 FR 28284, May 3, 2023 (FRL-
8155-02-OCSPP)) regarding anticipated timeframes to recertify adhesives 
and sealants used in the aerospace field. As such, EPA has determined 
that a 5-year timeframe until prohibition for the industrial and 
commercial use of TCE in adhesives and sealants for aerospace 
applications is appropriate and will be sufficient to allow for a 
reasonable transition from TCE. During this time, EPA is requiring 
compliance with the WCPP, as detailed in Unit IV.C. The issuance of 
this final rule does not preclude these users from presenting 
additional information to EPA on their redesign and recertification 
progress in the future.
3. Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE in Laboratory Use for Asphalt 
Testing and Recovery
    EPA is finalizing a phase-out of ten years for the industrial and 
commercial use of TCE in laboratory use for asphalt testing and 
recovery, with a prohibition on use of TCE in manual centrifuge 
processes at 5 years. In the proposed rule, EPA proposed to prohibit 
the laboratory use of TCE (which falls within the condition of use 
``Industrial and commercial use of TCE in hoof polish; gun scrubber; 
pepper spray; and other miscellaneous industrial and commercial uses'') 
within 1 year. EPA proposed a TSCA section 6(g)(1)(A) exemption from 
prohibition for the

[[Page 102590]]

industrial and commercial use of TCE in laboratory use for essential 
laboratory activities that are critical (e.g., occupational sampling 
and monitoring, the support of environmental cleanup activities, wax 
removal from NASA infrared sensors, and equipment calibration related 
to the search for chlorinated hydrocarbons on Mars; for a full list of 
critical activities see Unit V.A.3.a.iii. of the 2023 TCE proposed 
rule). In the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA specifically noted that the 
use of TCE in laboratory settings for testing asphalt would not be 
included in the TSCA section 6(g) exemption due to information 
available to EPA that indicated it was not critical nor essential, and 
because alternative testing methods exist, including the Nuclear 
Asphalt Content Gauge and the Ignition Method.
    During the public comment period, EPA received numerous comments 
providing new information on the importance of TCE in asphalt testing 
and recovery as a laboratory use, and the challenges of using a 
substitute that had appeared theoretically feasible. Many commenters, 
including several state departments of transportation, emphasized to 
EPA that 23 state specifications require TCE to be used for solvent 
extraction for asphalt testing accuracy (Refs. 55, 57, 58, 71, 72, 73, 
74, 75, 76, 77). Commenters described how this use of TCE is critical 
or essential; specifically, numerous commenters emphasized that in the 
current landscape for asphalt testing and recycling, TCE is widely used 
at this time because it can be easily recovered and the asphalt test 
sample can then be reused rather than discarded. Further, as commenters 
described, using TCE in laboratory testing allows departments of 
transportation to recycle asphalt paving and shingles into new asphalt 
by determining how much asphalt binder is present. The ability to 
determine the amount of remaining asphalt binder has resulted in, 
according to commenters, asphalt being one of the most recycled 
materials. The Nuclear Asphalt Content Gauge that EPA had identified as 
an alternative in the proposed rule does not allow for asphalt 
recycling, as it destroys the asphalt sample during the test which 
makes it impossible to test the asphalt binder as well.
    In consideration of public comments, EPA has determined that a 
prohibition after 1 year is not reasonable. States are currently 
invested heavily in extraction equipment that uses TCE and EPA agrees 
with commenters who stated that transitioning from TCE would take years 
and incur significant costs as a result of equipment changes. 
Commenters expressed an interest in ceasing their use of TCE and 
requested between 5 years and 20 years until prohibition of this use of 
TCE in order to facilitate a transition away from TCE. In determining a 
reasonable timeframe for a phase-out, EPA considered significant 
information provided in public comments about the potential 
alternatives to TCE in laboratory asphalt testing that would allow for 
testing as well as recovery. While alternatives have already been 
identified, fully implementing use of those substitutes would require 
the complete retrofit of existing laboratory equipment. Additionally, 
numerous state departments of transportation standards would need to be 
updated, which would take time.
    EPA does not view the 50-year timeframe proposed (and finalized) 
for the exemption for laboratory use of TCE for essential laboratory 
uses as appropriate for use of TCE in asphalt testing and recovery, so 
is not finalizing the laboratory asphalt testing and recovery use as 
part of the TSCA section 6(g) exemption for essential laboratory 
activities. Based on public comments and discussions with the U.S. 
Department of Transportation, EPA has determined that 10 years is a 
reasonable timeframe until the prohibition on TCE use in laboratory use 
for asphalt testing and recovery and is finalizing an extended phase-
out of ten years for the industrial and commercial use of TCE in 
laboratory use for asphalt testing and recovery. Associated with this 
phase-out, EPA will require the establishment of the TCE WCPP, outlined 
in Unit IV.C. within 180 days after publication of the final rule, as 
workplace protections during the period of the phase-out. Additionally, 
EPA has identified asphalt testing and recovery conducted through 
manual centrifuge methods as specific activities that would be 
prohibited within five years as part of the phase-out, due to the 
higher level of worker exposure from this activity and information 
received from commenters about automated alternatives.
    In public comments, numerous users of TCE for asphalt testing and 
recovery provided information to EPA regarding technological advances 
in this sector--namely the transition from manual centrifuge methods of 
testing to automated machines (Refs. 71, 72, 57). Many laboratories 
have invested in automated extraction machines. These machines are 
expensive and currently are calibrated to be chemical-specific, with 
TCE-calibrated machines unable to use a different or replacement 
solvent, such as PCE (Refs. 71, 72, 55). EPA's identification of a 10-
year timeframe for prohibition is partly based on the time it would 
take to replace or retrofit the current laboratory practices with non-
TCE automatic extraction machines.
    Based on public comments, EPA understands that the industry favors 
automated extraction machines due to the extremely high worker 
exposures inherent with manual centrifuge processes. Commenters 
describe manual centrifuge processes as resulting in worker exposure to 
TCE for the entire task duration, with constant handling of the solvent 
by stirring, repouring, straining, and vaporizing it at times (Ref. 
71). EPA agrees with commenters on the high risk of asphalt testing and 
recovery using TCE in manual methods. As such, as part of the phase-
out, any lab use of TCE for asphalt testing or recovery which uses 
manual centrifuge processes is prohibited in 5 years. Between 5 and 10 
years, labs must either use TCE in automated machines only, or use 
alternative solvents in automated machines or manual centrifuge 
processes (such as methylene chloride or PCE, for which EPA has 
finalized provisions requiring chemical specific WCPPs). Therefore, EPA 
is finalizing an extended phase-out of ten years for the industrial and 
commercial use of TCE in laboratory use for asphalt testing and 
recovery, with a prohibition on use of TCE in manual centrifuge 
processes at 5 years, rather than the prohibition within 1 year as 
proposed for all other industrial and commercial uses without extended 
phase-outs or exemptions.
4. Disposal of TCE to Industrial Pre-Treatment, Industrial Treatment, 
and POTWs
    For disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, and POTWs, EPA is finalizing a phase-out over 20 years. In 
the proposed rule, EPA proposed to prohibit the disposal of TCE to 
industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, and POTWs in 1 year 
after the rule finalization. In the proposal, EPA requested comment on 
whether the prohibition timeframes and compliance dates were 
appropriate. In public comments, EPA received substantive information 
from several industrial and commercial users of TCE as a processing aid 
that wastewater disposal should continue on a timeframe to facilitate 
those uses.
    Commenters manufacturing battery separators provided details on why 
the industrial and commercial use of TCE in battery separator 
manufacturing necessitates the disposal of wastewater containing TCE 
(Refs. 46, 34). As described by commenters, in battery separator 
manufacturing, TCE enters the

[[Page 102591]]

wastewater stream following contact between cooling tower blowdown, 
processes involving TCE, and water generated from the plant's steam 
distillation process, which is a key process step in battery separator 
manufacture. Water used in these processes becomes wastewater 
containing TCE. These manufacturers perform on-site treatment of this 
wastewater through air stripping and carbon absorption. The pre-treated 
water is then either recycled and reused in the process or discharged 
to a POTW. Wastewater discharges by battery separator manufacturers are 
regulated under existing wastewater discharge permits and have limits 
for volatile organic compounds such as TCE. EPA agrees with commenters 
assertions that TCE wastewater is inherently leftover as part of the 
process and agrees that no other form of disposal is acceptable. Given 
that the generation of wastewater containing TCE cannot be avoided as 
it results from an intrinsic component of battery separator 
manufacture, and EPA's determination that use of TCE in battery 
separator manufacture is either a critical and essential function for 
which there is no technically or economically feasible safer 
alternative (in the case of lead acid batteries) or for which five 
years before prohibition is as soon as practicable (in the case of 
lithium batteries), EPA is modifying the associated timelines for the 
prohibition on disposal for these uses, with worker protections, to 
continue disposal of wastewater containing TCE that is a necessary part 
of this process.
    Based on public comments, EPA also finds that disposal of 
wastewater is a necessary part of the use of TCE as a processing aid in 
the manufacture of specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials. 
Like the battery separator manufacturers, comments submitted from the 
specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials manufacturer explained 
that TCE enters the facility wastewater that is generated in cooling 
tower blowdown water and subsequently discharged to a POTW (Ref. 40). 
Wastewater discharges are regulated under existing wastewater discharge 
permits and have limits for volatile organic compounds such as TCE. 
Given the determination of the critical and essential need for the 
longer timeframes for this industrial and commercial use, EPA is 
modifying the TSCA section 6(d) phaseout for disposal of TCE for this 
use to allow disposal of wastewater containing TCE that is a necessary 
part of this process.
    As such, the disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, 
industrial treatment, and POTWs is prohibited with the following phase-
out structure. For the majority of industrial and commercial uses, such 
disposal is prohibited at one year. For industrial and commercial users 
of TCE as a processing aid in lithium battery separator manufacturing, 
such disposal is prohibited at 5 years. For industrial and commercial 
users of TCE as a processing aid in specialty polymeric microporous 
sheet materials manufacturing, such disposal is prohibited after 15 
years. For industrial and commercial users of TCE as a processing aid 
in lead-acid battery separator manufacturing, such disposal is 
prohibited after 20 years. Industrial and commercial users who are 
allowed to continue disposing of TCE to wastewater for more than one 
year must follow the WCPP provisions as laid out in Unit IV.C, and 
POTWs receiving wastewater must follow the wastewater worker protection 
provisions discussed in Unit IV.E.3.
5. Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE for Batch Vapor Degreasing for 
Land-Based DoD Defense Systems by Federal Agencies and Their 
Contractors
    EPA is finalizing a prohibition in five years for the industrial 
and commercial use of TCE in batch vapor degreasing for land-based DoD 
defense systems by Federal agencies and their contractors. EPA proposed 
a compliance timeframe of one year for the prohibitions on industrial 
and commercial use of TCE in vapor degreasing. EPA received information 
indicating that this use needs to continue for a longer period of time 
due to the national security implications of the end products, and the 
need for a reasonable transition period for that use that is as soon as 
practicable but longer than the one year proposed. TCE vapor degreasing 
is necessary due to technical challenges with other substitute 
chemicals or alternative methods. The cleanliness standards of certain 
parts as required by DOD specifications or other specifications 
included in existing contracts within the supply chain currently 
require TCE. A reasonable transition period for this technically 
challenging use requires substantial investment and time to develop 
viable alternatives, because conversion from vapor degreasing to other 
methods of cleaning is a capital-intensive investment that would 
require several years to plan, permit, construct, and install. TCE has 
been used in vapor degreasing to meet required levels of cleanliness of 
certain supplied parts by long-standing design specifications that are 
incorporated into contracts of a complex supply chain. As such, the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE for batch vapor degreasing for 
land-based DoD defense systems is prohibited after 5 years, rather than 
at 1 year with vapor degreasing for other purposes.

D. Other Changes

1. Regulatory Threshold
    In the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA requested comment on whether the 
Agency should consider a de minimis threshold of TCE in formulations 
when finalizing prohibitions, and, if so, what threshold should be 
considered. EPA received comments in support of the inclusion of a de 
minimis threshold, as well as comments opposing such a threshold. Of 
the supportive commenters, many agreed with the EPA request for comment 
on using 0.1% by weight as the threshold for the applicability of 
prohibitions and restrictions on TCE (Refs. 53, 78, 51), which EPA is 
referring to in this final rule as a regulatory threshold. Commenters 
provided a variety of reasons in support of a regulatory threshold, 
such as the difficulty of proving the absence of a chemical (Refs. 38, 
79) and the importance of providing for very small amounts of a 
chemical that cannot be reasonably eliminated (Ref. 37). Commenters 
observed that TCE is unintentionally manufactured as a byproduct in 
small amounts in the manufacture of chlorinated organics and noted that 
this cannot be prevented in the production process (Ref. 39). In some 
cases, commenters noted that a 0.1% threshold would be consistent with 
the requirements under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard at 29 CFR 
1910.1200 (Refs. 78, 51). One of these commenters observed that, 
because levels below 0.1% are not required to be reported on Safety 
Data Sheets (SDSs) under the OSHA Standard, there is likely to be a 
lack of awareness of products that contain TCE below this level.
    To aid the regulated community with implementing the prohibitions 
on TCE and to account for TCE as a byproduct or impurity in products, 
EPA is establishing a regulatory threshold of 0.1% for TCE, indicating 
that TCE at concentrations less than 0.1% by weight are not subject to 
the prohibitions and restrictions outlined in this rulemaking. EPA 
views the regulatory threshold as an appropriate policy approach 
necessary to aid in the rule implementation and to clarify which 
products are subject to the final rule. As defined in 40 CFR 751.5, 
``product'' means ``the chemical substance, a mixture containing the 
chemical

[[Page 102592]]

substance, or any object that contains the chemical substance or 
mixture containing the chemical substance that is not an article.''
    This 0.1% regulatory threshold for TCE is in alignment with 
Appendix A of 29 CFR 1910.1200 Health Hazard Criteria developed by 
OSHA; OSHA described this threshold in the 2012 modifications to the 
hazard communication standard: ``When data on the mixture as a whole 
are not available, the mixture is considered to present the same health 
hazards as any ingredients present at a concentration of 1% or greater, 
or, in the case of carcinogens, concentrations of 0.1% or greater. The 
current HCS [hazard communication standard] also recognizes that risk 
may remain at concentrations below these cut-offs, and where there is 
evidence that that is the case, the mixtures are considered hazardous 
under the standard.'' (89 FR 44144, May 20, 2024). Under 29 CFR 
1910.1200, a health hazard is defined as ``a chemical which is 
classified as posing one of the following hazardous effects: acute 
toxicity (any route of exposure); skin corrosion or irritation; serious 
eye damage or eye irritation; respiratory or skin sensitization; germ 
cell mutagenicity; carcinogenicity; reproductive toxicity; specific 
target organ toxicity (single or repeated exposure); or aspiration 
hazard.'' The criteria for determining whether a chemical is classified 
as a health hazard are detailed in Appendix A to 29 CFR 1910.1200--
Health Hazard Criteria. Appendix A.6.3.1 and A.7.3.1.1 of 29 CFR 
1910.1200 indicate that a mixture must be classified as a carcinogen or 
a reproductive toxicant, respectively, if it includes greater than or 
equal to 0.1% of a substance that, like TCE, is classified as a 
carcinogen or a reproductive toxicant. Other EPA programs, such as the 
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program, have adopted the OSHA threshold 
of 0.1% for chemicals which are defined as carcinogens or as a 
potential carcinogen under the National Toxicology Program, 
International Agency for Research on Cancer, or OSHA (see 40 CFR 
372.38(a)).
    EPA is finalizing a regulatory threshold of 0.1% so that products 
containing TCE at concentrations less than 0.1% by weight are not 
subject to the prohibitions and restrictions of this final rule. EPA is 
finalizing this threshold for many of the reasons stated by commenters, 
such as the difficulty of proving the absence of a chemical (and the 
resulting uncertainty in various supply chains), the fact that the 
manufacture of chlorinated organics results in the unintentional 
manufacture of small amounts of TCE (and other chlorinated compounds) 
as a byproduct that becomes an impurity that is not feasible to remove, 
and the fact that it would be consistent with the OSHA Hazard 
Communication Standard and other programs to which industry has already 
calibrated its processes. EPA believes that adopting a regulatory 
threshold of 0.1% for TCE, which is a carcinogen and a reproductive 
toxicant, will increase regulatory certainty and ease implementation of 
the eventual prohibition of this chemical. This regulatory threshold is 
well below the concentration used for any products that contributed to 
the unreasonable risk. By prohibiting TCE concentrations of 0.1% or 
greater in products, EPA prevents any functional uses of TCE, which 
generally rely on a higher concentration of the chemical in order to 
make use of TCE's chemical properties. The manufacture (including 
import), processing, and distribution in commerce of products that 
contain TCE at concentrations equal to or above the regulatory 
threshold of 0.1% are still subject to the prohibitions and 
restrictions of this final rule, regardless of the concentration of TCE 
in the end product.
2. Processing of TCE Manufactured as a Byproduct
    In the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA noted that TCE that is 
manufactured as a byproduct (such as during the manufacture of other 
chemicals, e.g., 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA)) is not considered to be 
within the condition of use of TCE manufacturing. EPA has not changed 
this determination. However, in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA did 
consider processing (including reuse) of TCE that was manufactured as a 
byproduct to be under the processing as a reactant/intermediate 
condition of use of TCE. Specifically, in Unit III.B.1.b.i. of the 2023 
TCE proposed rule (``processing as a reactant/intermediate''), EPA 
noted that ``this condition of use includes reuse of byproduct or 
residual TCE as a reactant.'' EPA received numerous public comments on 
how the proposed rule addressed TCE as a byproduct that was then 
processed, with several commenters providing detailed information on 
how TCE is unintentionally manufactured as a byproduct during complex 
chemical processing streams and then processed and re-processed within 
those streams alongside other, similar chemicals (Refs. 42, 80, 39, 81, 
and 56). For clarity, EPA is using the terms reuse, recycling, and re-
processing within this section as specifically used by commenters to 
refer to actions that occur under the larger condition of use of 
``processing.'' One commenter pointed out that without excluding from 
the prohibitions any subsequent processing of TCE manufactured as a 
byproduct, chemical facilities would experience significant disruptions 
when trying to isolate and remove the TCE that was unintentionally 
manufactured, and that would otherwise be processed and consumed (Ref. 
43). This commenter also emphasized the anticipated negative waste and 
upstream production impacts from a prohibition on the reuse of TCE 
manufactured as a byproduct, and highlighted how TCE is produced in the 
1,2-DCA manufacturing process and how it is processed and recycled in 
the reactor manufacturing process for PCE and carbon tetrachloride 
(CTC). This commenter highlighted that if TCE byproduct processing was 
prohibited, this would significantly increase the quantity of hazardous 
waste disposed of and increase the use of virgin raw material in 
chemical manufacturing (Ref. 43). The commenter also provided a 
description of controls in place at chlorinated organic facilities to 
mitigate risk associated with TCE byproduct creation and recycling as 
well as citations to communications with EPA regarding these processes 
(Ref. 43).
    As described in more detail in the Response to Comments document 
(Ref. 11), EPA agrees with commenters that TCE manufactured as a 
byproduct should logically be able to be processed, including recycled, 
during or concurrent with the processing of the intended manufactured 
chemical substance(s) so long as the TCE is processed in a site-
limited, physically enclosed system within the same reaction process. 
EPA also recognizes the significant risks to workplace safety if all 
facilities manufacturing TCE as a byproduct had to distill, remove, and 
destroy all traces of TCE before further chemical processing could 
commence. For this reason, EPA is excluding from this rule the 
processing of TCE as a byproduct when that byproduct TCE is processed 
within a site-limited, physically enclosed system that is part of the 
same overall manufacturing process from which the byproduct substance 
was generated. In this rule, EPA is incorporating the definition of 
``site-limited'' in 40 CFR 711.3 and also aligning with the description 
of site-limited, physically enclosed systems in 40 CFR 711.10(d)(1), 
which identifies activities for which reporting on certain byproducts 
is not required under the CDR Rule.
    In proposing the CDR definition, EPA described enclosed systems for 
the purposes of CDR as system of

[[Page 102593]]

equipment directly connected to the production process that is 
designed, constructed, and operated in a manner which prevents 
emissions, or the release of any chemical substance into the facility 
or environment during the production process. (84 FR 17692, April 25, 
2019) (FRL-9982-16). Such emissions, including fugitive emissions, 
could lead to exposures to workers, the public, or the environment. For 
an enclosed system, exposure and release could only occur due to loss 
of integrity or failure of the manufacturing process equipment or 
control systems. To meet the EPA enclosed system scenario, any 
equipment that the byproduct is present in at any point during the 
process sequence, such as tanks, reaction vessels, reactors, processing 
units (e.g., a drum filter), and/or connecting lines, must: (1) Be of 
high structural integrity and contained on all sides, (2) pose no 
foreseeable potential for escape of constituents to the facility or 
environment during normal use, and (3) be connected directly by 
pipeline or similarly enclosed device to a production process. Also, 
any transfers or holding steps occurring in this system must be 
necessary to the recycle process and must take place within physically 
enclosed equipment that meet the enclosed system scenario. For example, 
hard piping or completely sealed (i.e., welded) equipment would meet 
these criteria if connected directly to other enclosed equipment, 
preventing potential releases including fugitive emissions.
    EPA is finalizing an exclusion from this rule for TCE manufactured 
and then processed as a byproduct in a site-limited, physically 
enclosed system that is part of the same overall manufacturing process 
from which the byproduct TCE was generated. EPA plans to interpret the 
exclusion for processing byproduct TCE in this rule in a similar way as 
the exemption for certain byproducts from CDR.
    EPA recognizes the concerns that other commenters raised regarding 
potential risks from TCE manufactured as a byproduct; several 
commenters stated that rather than expand exclusions for TCE 
manufactured as a byproduct, EPA should evaluate all aspects of 
manufacture of a chemical substance and that byproducts could pose a 
risk to fenceline communities (Refs. 44, 30). As described in the 
proposed rule, EPA is including the evaluation of TCE manufactured as a 
byproduct during the manufacture of 1,2-DCA in the risk evaluation for 
1,2-DCA. Additionally, unless it is for the purposes of disposal (see 
Unit IV.C.1.d.), TCE that exits the site-limited, physically enclosed 
systems in which it was manufactured by removal from the system, by 
relocation, or by conclusion of the manufacturing process is subject to 
the restrictions, prohibitions, and other provisions of this final 
rule. EPA notes that for the manufacturing of two chemicals, PCE and 
CTC, which may produce TCE as a byproduct within site-limited, 
physically enclosed systems, EPA is requiring a WCPP for PCE or CTC, 
which would provide a level of protection from TCE for potentially 
exposed persons while addressing the unreasonable risk from PCE or CTC.
    EPA received additional information from a chemical manufacturer 
(Ref. 82) that manufactures TCE as a byproduct during other processes 
and then sends the TCE offsite for RCRA hazardous waste disposal. EPA 
notes that in the Risk Evaluation for TCE, EPA explained that it had 
tailored the scope of the risk evaluation to exclude the disposal 
pathway of TCE, except for limited disposal of TCE-containing 
wastewater discussed in Unit IV.B.6. Thus, the disposal of TCE and the 
processing and distribution in commerce for such disposal is out of 
scope for this rule unless otherwise specified. EPA understands that 
some facilities, such as those that produce substances critical to the 
battery supply chain, may manufacture TCE as a byproduct and that TCE 
is not further processed onsite but rather is disposed of offsite. Such 
activity is not covered by this rule.
3. Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE as a Solvent for Closed-Loop 
Batch Vapor Degreasing for Rayon Fabric Scouring for Rocket Booster 
Nozzle Production for Federal Agencies and Their Contractors
    In the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA included several longer 
timeframes for TCE uses specifically to foster and support Federal 
Agencies' missions related to national security and critical 
infrastructure. EPA received public comment on one of these conditions 
of use and provisions that relate to compliance. The comment relates to 
the phase-out of TCE in industrial and commercial use as a solvent for 
closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for rocket 
booster nozzle production. EPA proposed that within 5 years of the 
publication date of the final rule the Federal agency that is the end 
user of the rayon fabric for rocket booster nozzle production (e.g., 
the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) or NASA) would need to conduct a 
final pre-launch test of rocket boosters without using TCE. By 10 years 
from the publication date of the final rule, the phase-out would be 
complete and industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent for 
closed-loop batch vapor degreasing would be prohibited. A commenter 
brought to EPA's attention that although EPA proposed to require the 
testing of an alternative process, the proposed regulation did not 
include a requirement to switch to an alternative once a suitable one 
was fully validated (Ref. 44). As the commenter noted, such a 
requirement is necessary to prompt users to discover and implement 
effective and safer alternatives to TCE. EPA agrees, as the intention 
of this phase-out and the 5-year testing requirement is to incentivize 
TCE users to transition away as fast as practicable. Based on this 
public comment, EPA has modified the regulatory text to require use of 
the tested alternative if it proves to be an adequate substitute.
4. Definitions
    EPA proposed to add definitions for ``Authorized person,'' 
``ECEL,'' ``Exposure group,'' ``Owner or operator,'' ``Potentially 
exposed person,'' ``Regulated area,'' and ``Retailer'' to 40 CFR part 
751, subpart A. The final rule under TSCA section 6 to address the 
unreasonable risk presented by methylene chloride (89 FR 39254, May 8, 
2024 (FRL-8155-01-OCSPP)) added the definitions for ``Authorized 
person,'' ``Owner or operator,'' ``Potentially exposed person,'' 
``Regulated area,'' and ``Retailer'' to subpart A. The final rule under 
TSCA section 6 to address the unreasonable risk presented by PCE (RIN 
2070-AK84) added the definition for ``Exposure group'' and ``ECEL'' to 
subpart A.
    In this final rule, EPA is adding a definition for ``interim ECEL'' 
to subpart D to incorporate the interim ECEL value discussed in Unit 
III.A.1. and to make it clear that the interim ECEL is only applicable 
during the phaseout and TSCA section 6(g) exemption periods. EPA has 
also revised the proposed subpart D definition of ``ECEL action level'' 
to refer to an ``interim ECEL action level'' and to incorporate the 
interim ECEL action level value described in Unit III.A.1.
    Lastly, to provide additional clarity, EPA has revised its proposed 
descriptions in the preamble of industrial and commercial use of TCE as 
solvent for open-top or closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for 
essential aerospace parts and for narrow tubing for medical devices. 
The revised descriptions appear in Unit IV.B.1.

[[Page 102594]]

IV. Provisions of the Final Rule

    EPA intends that each provision of this rulemaking be severable. In 
the event of litigation staying, remanding, or invalidating EPA's risk 
management approach for one or more conditions of use in this rule, EPA 
intends to preserve the risk management approaches in the rule for all 
other conditions of use to the fullest extent possible. The Agency 
evaluated the risk management options in TSCA section 6(a)(1) through 
(7) for each condition of use and generally EPA's regulation of one 
condition of use to address its contribution to the unreasonable risk 
from TCE functions independently from EPA's regulation of other 
conditions of use, which may have different characteristics leading to 
EPA's risk management decisions. Further, the Agency crafted this rule 
so that different risk management approaches are reflected in different 
provisions or elements of the rule that are capable of operating 
independently. Accordingly, the Agency has organized the rule so that 
if any provision or element of this rule is determined by judicial 
review or operation of law to be invalid, that partial invalidation 
will not render the remainder of this rule invalid.
    There are many permutations of this. For example, as discussed in 
Unit IV.B., this final rule prohibits industrial and commercial use of 
adhesives and sealants that contain TCE (with subsets of this use with 
a delayed compliance date as described in Unit IV.B.2. or an exemption 
as described in Unit IV.G.). This final rule also prohibits all 
consumer uses of TCE as discussed in Unit IV.B.1. To the extent that a 
court were to find that EPA lacked substantial evidence to support its 
prohibition of adhesives and sealants or otherwise found legal issues 
with EPA's approach to that condition of use, it would have no bearing 
on other similarly situated conditions of use, such as those involving 
consumer use of TCE, unless the specific issue also applies to the 
particular facts associated with consumer use. This is reflected in the 
structure of the rule, which describes the specific prohibitions 
separately by compliance date. EPA also intends all TSCA section 6(a) 
risk management elements in this rule to be severable from each TSCA 
section 6(g) exemption. EPA has the authority to promulgate TSCA 
section 6(g) exemptions ``as part of a rule promulgated under [TSCA 
section 6(a)].'' However, EPA's risk management decisions under TSCA 
sections 6(a) and 6(c) are independent from EPA's consideration of 
whether it is appropriate, based on the factors in TSCA section 6(g), 
to exempt specific conditions of use from the requirements of the TSCA 
section 6(a) risk management elements in the rule. In other words, EPA 
first decides whether and how to regulate each condition of use, per 
TSCA sections 6(a) through (c), and only then determines whether an 
exemption under TSCA section 6(g) is appropriate. Accordingly, the 
underlying TSCA section 6(a) risk management elements would not be 
impacted if a TSCA section 6(g) exemption is determined by judicial 
review or operation of law to be invalid. Rather, the exempted 
condition of use would become subject to the underlying TSCA section 
6(a) risk management element(s).
    EPA also notes that there are multiple avenues to ask EPA to 
revisit issues in this TSCA section 6(a) rulemaking, both before and 
after the mandatory compliance dates are set consistent with TSCA 
section 6(d). EPA has the authority under TSCA section 6(g) to consider 
whether an exemption is appropriate and, consistent with TSCA section 
6(g)(1), may propose such exemptions independently from this 
rulemaking. Additionally, any person could petition EPA to request that 
EPA issue or amend a rule under TSCA section 6.

A. Applicability

    This final rule sets prohibitions and restrictions on the 
manufacture (including import), processing, distribution in commerce, 
commercial use, and disposal of TCE to prevent unreasonable risk of 
injury to health in accordance with TSCA section 6(a), 15 U.S.C. 
2605(a). Additionally, pursuant to TSCA section 12(a)(2), this rule 
applies to TCE even if being manufactured, processed, or distributed in 
commerce solely for export from the United States because EPA has 
determined that TCE presents an unreasonable risk to health within the 
United States.
    As discussed in Unit III.D., EPA's final rule is adopting a 
regulatory threshold of 0.1% of TCE (in the 2023 proposed rule, this 
was referred to as a de minimis threshold). In other words, the 
provisions of this rulemaking only apply when TCE is present in a 
product at 0.1% or greater by weight. Additionally, the provisions of 
this final rule only apply to chemical substances as defined under TSCA 
section 3. Notably, TSCA Section 3(2) excludes from the definition of 
chemical substance ``any food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device 
(as such terms are defined in Section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, 
and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 321]) when manufactured, processed, or 
distributed in commerce for use as a food, food additive, drug, 
cosmetic, or device'' and ``any pesticide (as defined in the Federal 
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act [7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.]) 
when manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for use as a 
pesticide.'' Additional details regarding TSCA statutory authorities 
can be found in section 2 of the Response to Comments document (Ref. 
11).
    As discussed in Unit III.D. of this final rule, TCE that is 
manufactured as a byproduct (such as during the manufacture of other 
chemicals) is not considered to be within the condition of use of TCE 
manufacturing. Relatedly, EPA is excluding from this rule processing of 
byproduct TCE when that byproduct TCE is processed within a site-
limited, physically enclosed system that is part of the same overall 
manufacturing process from which the byproduct substance was generated. 
Site-limited means a chemical substance is manufactured and processed 
only within a site and is not distributed for commercial purposes as a 
chemical substance or as part of a mixture or product outside the site. 
In this way, EPA is aligning with the definition of ``site-limited'' in 
40 CFR 711.3 and site-limited, physically enclosed systems in 40 CFR 
711.10(d)(1).
    Finally, as discussed in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, while EPA 
generally views the disposal condition of use under TSCA broadly, this 
rule is intended to address identified risks resulting from disposal of 
TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or a POTW. Thus, 
only these limited disposal activities, including remediation methods 
that would be considered industrial wastewater pretreatment, industrial 
wastewater treatment, or discharge to a POTW, are included within the 
disposal condition of use in this rule. A remediation method would need 
to be considered one of these three types of disposal to fall within 
the condition of use under TSCA, and if not, would not be subject to 
the prohibition or other requirements of the rule.

B. Prohibition of Manufacture, Processing, Distribution in Commerce, 
Use, and Disposal

    In general, EPA is finalizing the prohibitions as proposed with 
some modifications, including for compliance timeframes to provide for 
reasonable transitions and based on consideration of the public 
comments, as described in Unit III. This unit describes the 
prohibitions and associated compliance timeframes EPA is finalizing in 
this rule. As discussed in Unit IV.A. and in

[[Page 102595]]

the Response to Comments document (Ref. 11), the prohibitions do not 
apply to any substance that is excluded from the definition of 
``chemical substance'' under TSCA section 3(2)(B)(ii) through (vi) 
(Ref. 11).
1. Prohibition of Manufacture, Processing, Distribution, and Industrial 
and Commercial Use of TCE
    The final rule prohibits manufacture, processing, distribution in 
commerce, and all industrial and commercial use of TCE and TCE-
containing products. The final regulation will impose prohibitions in a 
staggered timeframe, beginning at the top of the supply chain, as 
proposed. EPA is finalizing as proposed the timeframes for prohibition 
on manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, and industrial 
and commercial use of TCE unless otherwise specified. These timeframes 
are: a prohibition on manufacturing (including importing) TCE beginning 
90 days from publication of this final rule, a prohibition on 
processing TCE beginning 180 days from publication of this final rule, 
a prohibition on distribution in commerce of TCE or TCE-containing 
products beginning 180 days from publication of this final rule, and a 
prohibition on industrial or commercial use of TCE and TCE-containing 
products beginning 270 days after publication of this final rule.
    For several conditions of use, EPA is finalizing prohibitions that 
would take effect over a longer timeframe. After consideration of 
public comments, EPA is finalizing timeframes longer than proposed for 
prohibition of manufacture, processing, distribution, and commercial 
use of TCE for four uses: industrial and commercial use of TCE in 
energized electrical cleaner; industrial and commercial use of TCE in 
adhesives and sealants for aerospace applications; laboratory use of 
TCE in asphalt testing and recovery; and disposal of TCE to industrial 
pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or POTWs. EPA is finalizing a 
prohibition after 5 years, a timeframe shorter than proposed, for the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for lithium 
battery separator manufacturing. The details of these and other 
timeframes for prohibition are described in this unit, and the 
rationale for these changes from the proposed rule is in Unit III.B.1. 
and Unit III.C. (EPA notes that for several conditions of use, in 
consideration of public comments and to provide for reasonable 
transitions, EPA is finalizing phase-outs ahead of immediate 
prohibitions (e.g., for the processing of TCE for manufacture of HFC-
134a), which are detailed in Units IV.B.3., 4., 5., and 6., or several 
time limited exemptions under TSCA section 6(g) (e.g., for the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE for essential laboratory uses), 
which are detailed in Unit IV.G.)).
    For two batch vapor degreasing conditions of use (open-top and 
closed-loop), EPA is finalizing as proposed the compliance dates for 
the prohibitions described in this unit. With certain exceptions, the 
prohibition on manufacturing and processing for this use comes into 
effect in 180 days for manufacturers and in 270 days for processors, 
including for processing into a formulation and for recycling. After 1 
year, the prohibition on the industrial and commercial uses of TCE in 
open-top and closed-loop batch vapor degreasers comes into effect (see 
Unit III.B.1.c.i. and ii. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule for 
descriptions of these conditions of use and Unit VI.A.1. of the 2023 
TCE proposed rule for a rationale for the slightly longer timeframe). 
As an exception, the use of TCE for batch vapor degreasing by Federal 
agencies and their contractors for land-based DoD defense systems will 
be prohibited after 5 years. (For a sub-set of the open-top and closed-
loop batch vapor degreasing conditions of use, EPA is finalizing a 
phase-out for industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent for 
closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end 
use in rocket booster nozzle production for Federal agencies and their 
contractors, as described in Unit IV.B.4. EPA is also finalizing 
several exemptions related to vapor degreasing, which are described in 
Unit IV.G.).
    Additionally, for uses not separately distinguished under longer 
phase-out or exemption timeframes, EPA is finalizing as proposed the 
compliance dates for the prohibitions on the commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid and the relevant upstream uses. Specifically, aside from 
several exceptions, the prohibitions on manufacturing and processing 
for this use would come into effect 540 days months after the date of 
publication for manufacturers and in 2 years for processors. The 
prohibition would come into effect after 2 years for industrial and 
commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for several applications (as 
specified in the condition of use name and description, this includes 
use of TCE as a processing aid in battery separator manufacturing; 
process solvent used in polymer fiber spinning, fluoroelastomer 
manufacture and Alcantara manufacture; extraction solvent used in 
caprolactam manufacture; and precipitant used in beta-cyclodextrin 
manufacture) (see Unit III.B.1.c.xvi. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule for 
a description of this condition of use and Unit V.A.1. of the 2023 TCE 
proposed rule for a rationale for the different timeframe). For a 
subset of the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid, 
specifically for the use of TCE as a processing aid in lithium battery 
separator manufacture, EPA is finalizing a longer timeframe of 5 years 
before prohibition.
    EPA is finalizing as proposed the prohibition on manufacturing of 
TCE for processing as a reactant/intermediate after 540 days and the 
prohibition for processing TCE as a reactant/intermediate after two 
years, unless otherwise noted. EPA is finalizing as proposed an 
extended phase-out for a subset of this condition of use, specifically 
processing TCE as a reactant/intermediate for the manufacture of HFC-
134a, which is detailed in Unit IV.B.3.
    As described earlier in this unit, for three conditions of use, EPA 
is finalizing prohibition timeframes longer than proposed. EPA is 
providing 3 years after publication of the final rule (rather than 
within a year, as proposed) for the industrial and commercial use of 
TCE in energized electrical cleaner, and the manufacture, processing, 
and distribution in commerce for such use. Additionally, for the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in adhesives and sealants for 
aerospace applications, and the manufacture, processing, and 
distribution in commerce for such use, prohibitions would take effect 5 
years after publication of the final rule (rather than within a year, 
as proposed). For the industrial and commercial use of TCE in batch 
vapor degreasing for land-based DoD defense systems by Federal agencies 
and their contractors, and the manufacture, processing, and 
distribution in commerce for such use, prohibitions would take effect 5 
years after publication of the final rule. These changes are based on 
consideration of the public comments, and the rationale is detailed in 
Unit III.C. and the Response to Comments document (Ref. 11).
    Also in consideration of public comment, EPA is changing the 
timeframe for prohibition on the industrial and commercial use of TCE 
as a processing aid in manufacturing lithium battery separators. EPA 
had proposed that industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing 
aid for all battery separators would, under TSCA section 6(g), be 
exempt from prohibition for 10 years. As detailed in Unit III.B.1., EPA 
has modified the exemption to apply only to use of TCE for 
manufacturing lead-acid

[[Page 102596]]

battery separators, and for the industrial and commercial use of TCE as 
a processing aid in lithium battery separator manufacture, and for its 
associated upstream uses and disposal, EPA is finalizing a separate 
prohibition that will take effect in five years.
    To aid with implementation of the compliance dates for the 
prohibitions on manufacturing, processing, and industrial and 
commercial use of TCE, and ensure that those prohibitions effectively 
address the unreasonable risk identified, EPA is also finalizing 
prohibitions on distribution in commerce of TCE. Generally, for most 
conditions of use EPA is finalizing a compliance date for the 
prohibition on distribution in commerce of TCE that will come into 
effect 180 days following publication of the final rule. In instances 
where EPA is finalizing a prohibition on manufacturing and processing 
TCE for a particular industrial and commercial use that is later than 
180 days after publication of the final rule, the compliance date for 
the prohibition on distribution in commerce will generally be the same 
as the compliance date of the prohibition on manufacturing and 
processing TCE.
    In consideration of the irreversible health effects associated with 
TCE exposure and public comment, EPA is finalizing prohibition 
timeframes that allow for successful implementation of the prohibitions 
in a manner that is as soon as practicable while providing for a 
reasonable transition period, consistent with TSCA section 6(d). EPA 
has no reasonably available information indicating that the compliance 
dates are not practicable for the activities that would be prohibited, 
or that additional time is needed for products to clear the channels of 
trade.
2. Prohibition of Manufacture, Processing, and Distribution in Commerce 
for Consumer Use of TCE
    The final rule prohibits the manufacture, processing, and 
distribution in commerce of TCE and TCE-containing products for all 
consumer use.
    EPA emphasizes that the consumer uses evaluated in the 2020 Risk 
Evaluation for TCE constitute all known, intended, and reasonably 
foreseen consumer uses of TCE. As described in this unit, EPA is 
prohibiting all manufacturing (including import) and processing of TCE 
to address the unreasonable risk to workers and ONUs driven by those 
conditions of use (Ref. 2). EPA determined any extended phase-outs or 
6(g) exemptions are unnecessary for prohibitions on manufacture 
(including import), processing, or distribution in commerce of TCE for 
consumer use. EPA notes that all but one of the 24 consumer uses of TCE 
evaluated in the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE contributed to the 
unreasonable risk determination for TCE (Refs. 1, 2). Additionally, a 
prohibition on the manufacture (including import) and processing of TCE 
for consumer uses generally supports reducing risk to workers and ONUs 
from these upstream uses, as further discussed in Unit V.A. EPA also 
considered the risk of irreversible health effects associated with TCE 
exposure when finalizing these compliance dates. For these reasons, 
including the severity of the hazards of TCE, EPA is prohibiting the 
manufacturing (including import), processing, and distribution in 
commerce of TCE for all uses, which includes all consumer uses.
    The compliance dates for the final prohibitions described in this 
unit relevant to consumer uses will come into effect for manufacturers 
in 90 days, for processors in 180 days, and for distributors (including 
all retailers) within 180 days. EPA has no reasonably available 
information indicating these compliance dates are not practicable for 
the activities that are prohibited or that additional time is needed 
for products to clear the channels of trade.
    EPA emphasizes that retailers are prohibited from distributing any 
TCE or TCE-containing products after June 16, 2025, including those 
TCE-containing products that can continue to be distributed or used 
commercially for a longer period of time. EPA is finalizing as proposed 
the prohibition on distributing in commerce TCE and all TCE-containing 
products to consumers, in order to prevent products intended for 
industrial and commercial use that have longer timeframes before 
prohibition from being purchased by consumers, and is clarifying that 
this prohibition applies to distribution by retailers. A retailer is 
any person or business entity that distributes or makes available 
products to consumers, including through e-commerce internet sales or 
distribution. If a person or business entity distributes or makes 
available any product to at least one consumer, then it is considered a 
retailer (40 CFR 751.5). For a distributor not to be considered a 
retailer, the distributor must distribute or make available products 
solely to commercial or industrial end-users or businesses. Prohibiting 
manufacturers (including importers), processors, and distributors from 
distributing TCE, or any products containing TCE, to retailers prevents 
retailers from making these products available to consumers, which 
addresses that part of the unreasonable risk from TCE contributed by 
consumer use.
    In consideration of the irreversible health effects associated with 
TCE exposure and public comment, in this final rule EPA is finalizing 
prohibition timeframes that allow for successful implementation of the 
prohibitions in a manner that is as soon as practicable while providing 
for a reasonable transition period, consistent with TSCA section 6(d). 
EPA has no reasonably available information indicating these compliance 
dates are not practicable for the activities that are prohibited or 
that additional time is needed for products to clear the channels of 
trade.
3. Phase-Out for Processing TCE as an Intermediate for the Manufacture 
of HFC-134a
    As described in this unit, EPA is finalizing as proposed a longer 
phase-out timeframe for the manufacturing (including import) and 
processing of TCE as an intermediate for the manufacture of HFC-134a 
(1,1,1,2-tetrafluroethane; CASRN 811-97-2). EPA is finalizing an 8.5-
year phase-out subject to the requirements discussed in this unit. All 
other processing of TCE as a reactant/intermediate will be subject to 
the prohibitions described in Unit IV.B.2. EPA will require a phase-out 
for processing of TCE as an intermediate for the manufacture of HFC-
134a, which EPA will begin at the final rule's publication date and end 
8.5 years after the publication of the final rule. Associated with this 
phase-out, EPA will require the establishment of the TCE WCPP, outlined 
in Unit IV.C. within 180 days after publication of the final rule, as 
workplace protections during the period of the phase-out. To set the 
volume reductions during the phase-out, EPA will require any facility 
processing TCE as an intermediate to manufacture HFC-134a in the United 
States to establish a baseline of the annual quantity of TCE processed 
by the facility as a feedstock to manufacture HFC-134a. EPA is 
requiring that within 180 days after the publication of the final rule 
the manufacturer could use the average of any 12 consecutive months in 
the 3 years preceding the publication of the final rule to calculate 
their baseline, based on records that demonstrate how the baseline 
annual volume was calculated. Following the establishment of a baseline 
volume, the regulated entity will then be required to implement a 4-
step phase-out process; specifically, the phase-out will be a 25 
percent reduction from the baseline volume every 2 years as follows: 
(1) 2.5 years after the publication of the final

[[Page 102597]]

rule each manufacturer of HFC-134a who processes TCE as an intermediate 
is not permitted to process TCE as an intermediate at an annual volume 
greater than 75 percent of the baseline; (2) 4.5 years after the 
publication of the final rule each manufacturer of HFC-134a who 
processes TCE as an intermediate is not permitted to process TCE as an 
intermediate at an annual volume greater than 50 percent of the 
baseline; (3) 6.5 years after the publication of the final rule each 
manufacturer of HFC-134a who processes TCE as an intermediate is not 
permitted to process TCE as an intermediate at an annual volume greater 
than 25 percent of the baseline; and (4) 8.5 years after the 
publication of the final rule each manufacturer of HFC-134a is 
prohibited from processing TCE as an intermediate.
    EPA notes that the prohibition for manufacture (including 
importing), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for this 
condition of use will occur after 8.5 years to account for availability 
of TCE through the supply chain during the period of the phase-out of 
processing of TCE as an intermediate for the manufacture of HFC-134a. 
This timeframe will be longer than the prohibitions on manufacturing 
and processing TCE described in Unit IV.B.1. of this final rule.
    EPA is also finalizing the requirement that regulated entities keep 
records of the annual quantity of TCE purchased and processed from the 
year 2023 until the termination of all processing of TCE as an 
intermediate. These records, along with the records demonstrating how 
the baseline annual volume was calculated, must be kept until five 
years after the processing of TCE as an intermediate ends.
    EPA notes, per TSCA section 6(c)(2)(C), that although the 
processing of TCE to produce HFC-134a is prohibited eventually, 
processing PCE to produce HFC-134a will continue under a WCPP (RIN 
2070-AK84). Although PCE is an alternative intermediate for the 
manufacture of HFC-134a, EPA has found that an 8.5-year phaseout for 
TCE is necessary because manufacturers who use TCE as an intermediate 
are not able to simply retrofit plants to use PCE. Therefore, a more 
immediate prohibition of the use of TCE for this condition of use could 
abruptly disrupt the domestic supply of HFC-134a and could adversely 
affect the gradual transition to new technologies driven by the AIM 
Act. However, EPA believes the transition period is reasonable because 
over the time period of the phaseout, EPA determined the transition to 
imported HFC-134a or HFC-134a manufactured with PCE could be made and, 
as such, the refrigerant would remain available while protecting 
workers.
4. Phase-Out of Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE as a Solvent for 
Closed-Loop Batch Vapor Degreasing for Rayon Fabric Scouring for Rocket 
Booster Nozzle Production
    EPA is finalizing as proposed a longer phase-out timeframe for 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent for closed-loop batch 
vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end use in rocket 
booster nozzle production by Federal agencies and their contractors. 
This is the industrial and commercial use of TCE in a closed-loop batch 
vapor degreaser to clean, or `scour,' rayon fabric to remove sizing 
(i.e., protective filler or glaze on textiles), oils, and other 
contaminants from the rayon fabric that is used to line the inside of 
rocket booster nozzles; the degreasing is essential in preparing the 
rayon fabric before a carbonization process ahead of being used in the 
rocket booster nozzles. If contaminants are not removed properly from 
the rayon, the result could include nozzle failure (Ref. 44). More 
information on this use and the rationale for the phase-out are in Unit 
VI.A.1. of the proposed rule. For this sub-set of the vapor degreasing 
condition of use, when conducted by Federal agencies and their 
contractors, EPA is finalizing a 10-year phase-out subject to the 
requirements discussed in this unit. (All other industrial and 
commercial use of TCE as a solvent for vapor degreasing, including use 
of TCE in closed-loop batch vapor degreasing of other parts or 
materials, will be subject to the prohibitions described in Unit 
IV.B.2.). For the phase-out, within 5 years of the publication date of 
the final rule the Federal agency that is the end user of the rayon 
fabric for rocket booster nozzle production (e.g., the DOD or NASA) 
will need to conduct a final pre-launch test of rocket boosters without 
using TCE; this test is further discussed in Unit VI.A.1.a. of the 2023 
TCE proposed rule. By 10 years from the publication date of the final 
rule, the phase-out will be complete and industrial and commercial use 
of TCE as a solvent for closed-loop batch vapor degreasing, including 
for rayon fabric scouring for end use in rocket booster nozzle 
production by Federal agencies and their contractors, is prohibited. As 
part of this phase-out, EPA is requiring a TCE WCPP, described in Unit 
IV.C., within 180 days after publication of the final rule, as 
workplace protections during the period of the phase-out until the full 
prohibition takes effect. Additionally, this phase-out will include 
recordkeeping requirements beginning 270 days after publication of the 
final rule related to the rayon fabric scouring for end use in rocket 
booster nozzle production. The entity must have records from a Federal 
agency indicating that their closed-loop batch vapor degreasing with 
TCE is for rayon fabric scouring for end use in rocket booster nozzle 
production for a Federal agency or a contractor. Beginning 5 years 
after the publication of the final rule, to continue to use TCE for 
closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for this specific use, the user must 
have records from a Federal agency indicating that a final pre-launch 
test for the rayon fabric scouring has been conducted with an 
alternative chemical or process. As a condition of this phase-out, 
entities will be required to transition from TCE and to switch to use 
of the tested alternative if it proves to be a suitable alternative.
5. Phase-Out of Laboratory Use of TCE in Asphalt Testing And Recovery
    As discussed in more detail in Unit III.C.3., EPA is finalizing a 
longer phase-out timeframe for industrial and commercial use of TCE in 
laboratory testing of asphalt. Specifically, EPA is finalizing a phase-
out of 10 years for the industrial and commercial use of TCE in asphalt 
testing and recovery, with a prohibition on use of TCE in manual 
centrifuge processes at 5 years. As part of this phase-out, EPA is 
requiring a TCE WCPP, described in Unit IV.C., within 180 days after 
publication of the final rule, as workplace protections during the 
period of the phase-out until the full prohibition takes effect.
6. Phase-Out of Disposal of TCE to Industrial Pre-Treatment, Industrial 
Treatment, or POTWs
    EPA is prohibiting the disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, 
industrial treatment, or publicly owned treatment works, i.e., 
wastewater that contains TCE that is collected and/or treated on site 
or transported to a third party site, and includes the mixing of TCE 
with wastewater and the discharge of TCE-contaminated wastewater 
(description of disposal for the purposes of this rulemaking is in 
Units IV.C.1.d. and IV.E.1.). TSCA section 6(a) provides EPA the 
authority to prohibit or otherwise regulate any manner or method of 
disposal of a chemical substance by its manufacturer, processor, or any 
other person who uses or disposes of the chemical substance for 
commercial purposes. Facilities generating solid waste with TCE 
concentrations at or above the RCRA

[[Page 102598]]

regulatory level of 0.5 mg/L using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching 
Procedure (see 40 CFR 261.24) (or solid waste that is otherwise 
hazardous under RCRA Subtitle C) will need to manage the waste in 
compliance with all applicable RCRA requirements. This includes a ban 
on dilution as a substitute for adequate treatment (40 CFR 268.3).
    The compliance date for the prohibition described in this unit will 
be September 15, 2025 for manufacturers, processors, distributors, and 
industrial and commercial users disposing of TCE to industrial pre-
treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly owned treatment works. EPA 
has no reasonably available information indicating that for the 
majority of users the proposed compliance dates would not be as soon as 
practicable and would not provide a reasonable transition period for 
converting to an alternative disposal method.
    For a small set of uses, EPA has determined that wastewater 
disposal is an essential part of the ongoing industrial and commercial 
use, as described in Units III.B.1. and III.B.2. EPA is therefore 
finalizing extended phase-outs of wastewater disposal for certain 
conditions of use that have extended compliance timeframes or an 
exemption under TSCA section 6(g). The following conditions of use will 
be able to continue to dispose of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, 
industrial treatment, and POTWs: the industrial and commercial use of 
TCE as a processing aid in lithium battery separator manufacturing will 
have 5 years after the publication date of the final rule; the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for specialty 
polymeric microporous sheet material manufacturing will have 15 years; 
and the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid in 
lead-acid battery separator manufacturing will have 20 years. During 
the time these conditions of use are continuing consistent with a TSCA 
section 6(d) phase-out or 6(g) exemption, EPA is requiring that the 
industrial pre-treatment and/or industrial treatment of wastewater 
containing TCE from these conditions of use will also be subject to the 
WCPP described in Unit IV.C. This is distinct from conditions for 
workplace requirements for the time-limited exemption under TSCA 
section 6(g) for disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment and/or 
industrial treatment, to support ongoing critical processing aid uses 
and to facilitate cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated groundwater and 
other wastewater generated from the cleanup of historical waste 
disposal sites, which are described in Unit IV.E.2. POTWs receiving 
TCE-containing wastewater, regardless of source, will be required to 
meet the worker protections described in Unit IV.E.3.

C. WCPP for Certain Conditions of Use

1. Applicability
    EPA is finalizing a WCPP for those conditions of use that will 
continue temporarily for more than 1 year under a phase-out or a TSCA 
section 6(g) exemption. The final WCPP differs in certain aspects from 
the WCPP as proposed; the rationale for these changes are discussed in 
Unit III.A. EPA is finalizing the WCPP for the following conditions of 
use of TCE: domestic manufacturing; import; processing as a reactant/
intermediate; processing into formulation, mixture or reaction product; 
processing by repackaging; recycling; industrial and commercial use as 
a processing aid in process solvent used in battery manufacture; 
process solvent used in polymer fabric spinning, fluoroelastomer 
manufacture and Alcantara manufacture; extraction solvent used in 
caprolactam manufacture; precipitant used in beta-cyclodextrin 
manufacture; industrial and commercial use as an adhesive and sealant 
for essential aerospace applications; industrial and commercial use of 
in batch vapor degreasing for land-based DoD defense systems; 
industrial and commercial use in other miscellaneous industrial and 
commercial uses (laboratory use) industrial and commercial use as a 
solvent in closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring 
for end use in rocket booster nozzle production by Federal agencies and 
their contractors; industrial and commercial use in closed-loop or 
open-top batch vapor degreasing for essential aerospace parts and 
narrow tubing used for medical devices; industrial and commercial use 
for vessels of the Armed Forces and their systems; industrial and 
commercial use of TCE as a solvent in closed-loop vapor degreasing 
necessary for rocket engine cleaning by Federal agencies and their 
contractors; and disposal to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, and POTWs. This Unit provides a description of those uses 
that will continue for more than 1 year under the WCPP to assist with 
compliance. In some instances, the description is of a subset of a 
larger condition of use assessed in the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE.
a. Manufacturing (Includes Import)
i. Domestic Manufacture
    This condition of use refers to the making or producing of a 
chemical substance within the United States (including manufacturing 
for export), or the extraction of a component chemical substance from a 
previously existing chemical substance or a complex combination of 
substances. For purposes of this rule, this description does not apply 
to TCE production as a byproduct, including during the manufacture of 
1,2-dichloroethane, which EPA intends to consider in the risk 
evaluation for 1,2-dichloroethane (Ref. 83).
ii. Import
    This condition of use refers to the act of causing a chemical 
substance or mixture to arrive within the customs territory of the 
United States.
b. Processing
i. Processing as a Reactant/Intermediate
    This condition of use refers to processing TCE in chemical 
reactions for the manufacturing of another chemical substance or 
product. Through processing as a reactant or intermediate, TCE serves 
as a feedstock in the production of another chemical product via a 
chemical reaction in which TCE is completely consumed. For example, TCE 
is processed as an intermediate in the production of 1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane, an HFC also known as HFC-134a, which is used as a 
refrigerant and in fluorocarbon blends for refrigerants. This condition 
of use includes reuse of TCE, including TCE originally generated as a 
byproduct or residual TCE, as a reactant.
ii. Processing: Incorporation Into a Formulation, Mixture, or Reaction 
Product
    This condition of use refers to when TCE is added to a product (or 
product mixture) prior to further distribution of the product. Such 
products include, but are not limited to, solvents (for cleaning or 
degreasing), adhesives and sealant chemicals, and solvents that become 
part of a product formulation or mixture (e.g., lubricants and greases, 
paints and coatings, other uses).
iii. Processing: Repackaging
    This condition of use refers to the preparation of a chemical 
substance for distribution in commerce in a different form, state, or 
quantity. This includes but is not limited to transferring the chemical 
from a bulk container into smaller containers.

[[Page 102599]]

iv. Processing: Recycling
    This condition of use refers to the process of managing used 
solvents that are collected, either on-site or transported to a third-
party site, for commercial purposes other than disposal. Spent solvents 
can be restored via solvent reclamation/recycling. Waste solvents can 
be restored to a condition that permits reuse via solvent reclamation/
recycling. The recovery process may involve an initial vapor recovery 
or mechanical separation step followed by distillation, purification, 
and final packaging.
c. Industrial and Commercial Use
i. Industrial and Commercial Use as a Processing Aid in: Process 
Solvent Used in Battery Manufacture; Process Solvent Used in Polymer 
Fabric Spinning, Fluoroelastomer Manufacture and Alcantara Manufacture; 
Extraction Solvent Used in Caprolactam Manufacture; and Precipitant 
Used in Beta-Cyclodextrin Manufacture
    This condition of use refers to industrial and commercial use of 
TCE to improve the processing characteristics or the operation of 
process equipment when added to a process or to a substance or mixture 
to be processed. The chemical substance is not intended to remain in or 
to become a part of the reaction product nor has function in the 
reaction product.
ii. Industrial and Commercial Use as an Adhesive and Sealant for 
Essential Aerospace Applications
    This condition of use refers to the industrial and commercial use 
of TCE in adhesive and sealant products, e.g., in products to promote 
bonding between other substances, promote adhesion of surfaces, or 
prevent seepage of moisture or air, for essential aerospace 
applications. In particular, this includes use of TCE as an adhesive or 
sealant in aircraft pneumatic deicing boots; in solvent bonding of 
plastic components, including on Oxygen Container Assemblies for 
Passenger Service Unit products used in aircraft; and as an adhesive or 
sealant for flight-critical equipment on new and existing aircraft, 
both commercial and military.
iii. Miscellaneous Industrial and Commercial Uses: Laboratory Use
    This condition of use refers to the industrial and commercial use 
of TCE in an established laboratory, for example a laboratory program 
accredited by the AIHA (e.g., AIHA LAP, LLC Policy Module 2A/B/E of 
Revision 17.3), or other analogous industry-recognized program for 
chemical analysis (e.g., to test hot mix asphalt binder content, as a 
reference standard, etc.), chemical synthesis, extracting and purifying 
other chemicals, dissolving other substances, and similar activities.
iv. Industrial and Commercial Use as Solvent for Closed-Loop Batch 
Vapor Degreasing for Rayon Fabric Scouring for End Use in Rocket 
Booster Nozzle Production
    This condition of use refers to the process of heating TCE to its 
volatilization point and using its vapor to remove dirt, oils, greases, 
and other surface contaminants (such as drawing compounds, cutting 
fluids, coolants, solder flux, and lubricants) for rayon fabric 
scouring for end use in rocket booster nozzle production by Federal 
agencies and their contractors, in closed-loop batch vapor degreasers.
v. Industrial and Commercial Use as Solvent for Closed-Loop or Open-Top 
Batch Vapor Degreasing for Essential Aerospace Parts and for Narrow 
Tubing for Medical Devices
    This condition of use refers to the process of heating TCE to its 
volatilization point and using its vapor to remove dirt, oils, greases, 
and other surface contaminants (such as drawing compounds, cutting 
fluids, coolants, solder flux, and lubricants) from essential aerospace 
parts and components where alternatives present technical feasibility 
or cleaning performance challenges in meeting Federal agency 
specifications or long-standing design specifications and from narrow 
tubing intended for use in medical devices (e.g., tubing where a 
portion of the outside diameter is 0.625 inches or less), in open-top 
batch or closed-loop batch vapor degreasers.
vi. Industrial and Commercial Use for Vessels of the Armed Forces and 
Their Systems, and in the Maintenance, Fabrication, and Sustainment for 
and of Such Vessels and Systems
    This condition of use refers to the industrial and commercial use 
of TCE for vessels of the Armed Forces and their systems, and in the 
maintenance, fabrication, and sustainment for and of such vessels and 
systems: as potting compounds for naval electronic systems and 
equipment; sealing compounds for high and ultra-high vacuum systems; 
bonding compounds for materials testing and maintenance of underwater 
systems and bonding of nonmetallic materials; and cleaning agents to 
satisfy cleaning requirements (which includes degreasing using wipes, 
sprays, solvents and vapor degreasing) for: materials and components 
required for military ordnance testing; temporary resin repairs in 
vessel spaces where welding is not authorized; ensuring polyurethane 
adhesion for electronic systems and equipment repair and installation 
of elastomeric materials; various naval combat systems, radars, 
sensors, equipment; fabrication and prototyping processes to remove 
coolant and other residue from machine parts; machined part 
fabrications for naval systems; installation of topside rubber tile 
material aboard vessels; and vapor degreasing required for substrate 
surface preparation prior to electroplating processes.
vii. Industrial and Commercial Use as a Solvent for Closed-Loop Batch 
Vapor Degreasing Necessary for Rocket Engine Cleaning by Federal 
Agencies and Their Contractors
    This condition of use refers to the process of heating TCE to its 
volatilization point and using its vapor to remove dirt, oils, greases, 
and other surface contaminants (such as drawing compounds, cutting 
fluids, coolants, solder flux, and lubricants), for rocket engine 
cleaning by Federal agencies and their contractors. This involves 
cleaning small diameter parts, such as rocket engine nozzle coolant 
tubes, and removing the fluids used for manufacturing.
viii. Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE for Batch Vapor Degreasing 
for Land-Based DoD Defense Systems by Federal Agencies and Their 
Contractors
    This condition of use refers to the process of heating TCE to its 
volatilization point and using its vapor to remove dirt, oils, greases, 
and other surface contaminants (such as drawing compounds, cutting 
fluids, coolants, solder flux, and lubricants), for land-based DoD 
defense systems cleaning by Federal agencies and their contractors.
d. Disposal
    This condition of use generally refers to the process of disposing 
of generated waste streams that are either collected on-site or 
transported to a third-party site and typically includes both 
processing for disposal as well as distribution in commerce for 
disposal. For this rule, this includes the mixing of TCE with 
wastewater and the discharge of TCE-contaminated wastewater pursuant to 
a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, and 
specifically includes discharge to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, or publicly owned treatment works. The evaluation of the 
disposal condition of use in the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE

[[Page 102600]]

(Ref. 1) was limited to the disposal of TCE-containing wastewater and 
did not address disposal activities not involving TCE in wastewater. 
Therefore, EPA considers disposal activities not involving TCE in 
wastewater to be outside of the scope of this rule. This means that, 
for example, a facility that generates TCE as a byproduct, isolates the 
TCE from the process for the sole purpose of disposal, and sends it 
off-site for disposal to a hazardous waste incinerator permitted under 
RCRA is not covered by this final rule.
2. Overview
    A WCPP encompasses inhalation exposure thresholds, includes 
monitoring and recordkeeping requirements to verify that those 
thresholds are not exceeded, and may include other components, such as 
dermal protection. Under a WCPP, owners or operators have some 
flexibility, within the parameters outlined in this Unit, regarding how 
they prevent exceedances of the identified EPA exposure limit 
thresholds. In the case of TCE, EPA has determined that meeting the EPA 
exposure limit thresholds for certain occupational conditions of use is 
necessary to protect health from inhalation risks during phaseouts and 
while exempted activities are ongoing.
    Implementation of the WCPP would have to begin by June 16, 2025 or 
within 30 days of introduction of TCE into the workplace, whichever is 
later, at which point entities would have to have completed their 
initial monitoring (as described in Unit IV.C.4.b.). Additionally, EPA 
requires that each owner or operator ensure that the airborne 
concentration of TCE does not exceed the interim ECEL for all 
potentially exposed persons no later than September 15, 2025, and the 
implementation of any needed exposure controls based on initial 
monitoring and development of an exposure control plan no later than 
September 15, 2025 (as described in Unit IV.C.6.).
    EPA uses the term ``potentially exposed person'' in this Unit and 
in the regulatory text to include workers, ONUs, employees, independent 
contractors, employers, and all other persons in the work area where 
TCE is present and who may be exposed to TCE under the conditions of 
use for which a WCPP or specific prescriptive controls would apply. As 
defined in 40 CFR 751.5, ``Potentially exposed person means any person 
who may be exposed to a chemical substance or mixture in a workplace as 
a result of a condition of use of that chemical substance or mixture.'' 
EPA notes that this definition is intended to apply to occupational 
workspaces as part of implementation of the WCPP and other 
restrictions. One important reason to define a potentially exposed 
person for the purposes of a WCPP as any person who may be exposed in 
the workplace is to emphasize the broad scope of exposures which must 
be categorized when implementing a WCPP. EPA notes that this definition 
is intended to apply only in the context of risk management, and 
specifically in the context of a WCPP (e.g., workers directly using the 
chemical, workers in the vicinity of the use, students in a laboratory 
setting). The term is not intended as a replacement for the term 
Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulation as defined by TSCA 
section 3(12). EPA additionally recognizes that other individuals or 
communities may be exposed to TCE as consumers, members of fenceline 
communities, or members of the general population, which is separate 
and apart from those potentially exposed for the purposes of the 
regulatory requirements of the WCPP. In those instances, where 
regulatory requirements address exposures unrelated to a WCPP, EPA 
would use distinct terminology to refer to those other populations. For 
conditions of use that will continue for longer than 1 year, such as 
those under a phaseout or a TSCA section 6(g) exemption, EPA requires a 
comprehensive WCPP, prescriptive controls, or wastewater worker 
protections to reduce exposures to TCE for potentially exposed persons, 
e.g., persons directly handling the chemical or in the area where the 
chemical is being used. Similarly, the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE 
(Ref. 1) did not distinguish between employers, contractors, or other 
legal entities or businesses that manufacture, process, distribute in 
commerce, use, or dispose of TCE. For this reason, EPA uses the term 
``owner or operator'' to describe the entity responsible for 
implementing the WCPP, prescriptive controls, or wastewater worker 
protection provisions in any workplace where an applicable condition of 
use identified in the following paragraph and subject to the WCPP or 
controls is occurring. The term includes any person who owns, leases, 
operates, controls, or supervises such a workplace. While owners or 
operators remain responsible for ensuring compliance with the WCPP 
requirements, prescriptive controls, or wastewater worker protections 
in the workplace, they may contract with others to provide training or 
implement a respiratory protection program, for example. For the 
provisions in this rule, any requirement for an owner or operator or an 
owner and operator is a requirement for any individual that is either 
an owner or an operator.
    EPA emphasizes that this approach is essential for protecting 
health from the risks presented by TCE during the term of a phaseout or 
exemption, including to individuals who may not be covered by OSHA 
requirements, such as volunteers, self-employed persons, and state and 
local government workers who are not covered by an OSHA-Approved State 
Plan. EPA uses the term ``owner or operator'' in TSCA programs because 
the term is used in other EPA programs to describe persons with 
responsibilities for implementing statutory and regulatory requirements 
at particular locations. See, for example, section 113 of the Clean Air 
Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C. 7412, which defines ``owner or operator'' as a 
person who owns, leases, operates, controls, or supervises a stationary 
source. There is a similar definition in section 306 of the Clean Water 
Act (CWA), 33 U.S.C. 1316. EPA understands that the use of this term 
may result in multiple entities bearing responsibility for complying 
with provisions of this final rule, including the WCPP. However, this 
is also the case for workplaces regulated by OSHA, including those 
regulated under OSHA's general industry standards at 29 CFR part 1910.
    OSHA's 1999 Multi-Employer Citation Policy explains which employers 
should be cited for a hazard that violates an OSHA standard (Ref. 84). 
The Policy describes four different roles that employers may fill at a 
workplace and describes who should be cited for a violation based on 
factors such as whether the employer created the hazard, had the 
ability to prevent or correct the hazard, and knew or should have known 
about the hazard. More than one employer may be cited for the same 
hazard. This final rule will have similar results, in that more than 
one owner or operator may be responsible for compliance.
    The OSHA multi-employer citation policy is an example of a guidance 
governing situations where more than one regulated entity is present. 
EPA has received several requests for clarification of the 
applicability of the term ``owner or operator'' to sites where more 
than one entity owns, leases, or controls a workplace where a TCE 
condition of use is ongoing and where implementation of the WCPP is 
required. EPA understands that there are a wide variety of situations 
where these questions could arise, and plans to issue guidance 
consistent with TSCA

[[Page 102601]]

authorities that explains how EPA will approach the issue of 
responsibility for implementation of, and compliance with, the WCPP 
requirements in practice.
    EPA's implementation of the interim ECEL as part of a WCPP aligns 
with, to the extent possible, certain elements of the existing OSHA 
standards for regulating toxic and hazardous substances under 29 CFR 
part 1910, subpart Z. However, EPA is finalizing a new, lower 
occupational exposure limit for TCE, based on the TSCA 2020 Risk 
Evaluation for TCE, public comments, and other information as discussed 
in Unit III.A.1., while aligning with existing requirements wherever 
possible. For TCE, the WCPP and other workplace controls in this final 
rule are necessary to protect against health risks from exposures to 
TCE while conditions of use are being phased out or are ongoing during 
the term of a TSCA section 6(g) exemption and provide the familiarity 
of a pre-existing framework for the regulated community.
    This Unit includes a summary of the WCPP, including a description 
of the finalized exposure limits including an interim ECEL and an 
interim ECEL action level; implementation requirements including 
monitoring requirements; a description of potential exposure controls 
in accordance with the hierarchy of controls, including engineering 
controls, administrative controls, and PPE as it relates to dermal 
protection and respirator selection; and additional finalized 
requirements for recordkeeping, workplace participation, and 
notification. This Unit also describes compliance timeframes revised 
from the proposed rule, changes by EPA to certain provisions of the 
WCPP based on public comments, and addition of new provisions in the 
WCPP based on public comments used to inform this final rule.
3. Interim Existing Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL), EPA Action Level
    As discussed in Unit III.A.1., EPA is finalizing an interim ECEL 
under TSCA section 6(a) of 0.2 ppm as an 8-hour TWA based on the health 
effects of TCE, the infeasibility of measuring the proposed ECEL of 
0.0011 ppm, and other factors. By interim ECEL, EPA means an ECEL that 
is in place only for the timeframes indicated for each condition of 
use, after which prohibitions would take effect. EPA has determined 
that ensuring exposures remain at or below the 8-hour TWA ECEL of 0.2 
ppm is necessary to protect health for those conditions of use that 
will continue for more than a year.
    EPA is also finalizing an interim ECEL action level at half of the 
8-hour interim ECEL, or 0.1 ppm as an 8-hour TWA. The interim ECEL 
action level is a definitive cut-off point below which certain 
compliance activities, such as periodic monitoring, are not required as 
described further in this Unit. In this way, EPA's WCPP for TCE aligns 
with other familiar chemical-specific frameworks in the OSHA standards 
for regulating toxic and hazardous substances under 29 CFR part 1910, 
subpart Z that establish an action level. As explained by OSHA, the 
decision to set the action level at one-half the PEL was based on its 
successful experience using this fraction as the action level in many 
standards (e.g., arsenic, ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride and benzene); 
for most workplaces, the agency found that variability in employee 
exposures is normally such that an action level set at one-half the TWA 
PEL is appropriate (Ref. 85).
    In summary, this final rule requires owners or operators to ensure 
the airborne concentration of TCE within the personal breathing zone of 
potentially exposed persons remains at or below 0.2 ppm as an 8-hour 
TWA ECEL after September 15, 2025, or beginning 120 days after 
introduction of TCE into the workplace if TCE use commences after June 
16, 2025. EPA is also finalizing an action level of 0.1 ppm as an 8-
hour TWA. For the purposes of this rulemaking, EPA will interpret 
personal breathing zone consistent with how OSHA defines it, as a 
hemispheric area forward of the shoulders within a six-to-nine-inch 
radius of a worker's nose and mouth and requires that exposure 
monitoring air samples be collected from within this space (Ref. 86). 
EPA is finalizing the interim ECEL for most of those occupational 
conditions of use that will continue for more than a year to ensure 
that no person is exposed to inhalation of TCE in excess of these 
concentrations resulting from those conditions of use (for a small 
number of occupational conditions of use, EPA is finalizing 
prescriptive controls or other workplace requirements, as described in 
more detail in Units IV.D and E). As discussed in Unit III.A.1., one of 
the considerations in finalizing this interim ECEL is the availability 
of sampling and analytical methods sufficient to accurately detect TCE 
concentrations at the proposed ECEL and ECEL action level. OSHA, NIOSH, 
and EPA sampling methods (both active and passive) with sufficient 
limits of quantification are available to support WCPP implementation 
(Ref. 87).
4. Monitoring Requirements
a. In General
    Initial monitoring for TCE is critical for establishing a baseline 
of exposure for potentially exposed persons; similarly, periodic 
exposure monitoring assures continued compliance over time so that 
potentially exposed persons are not exposed to levels above the interim 
ECEL. Exposure monitoring could be suspended if certain conditions 
described in this Unit are met. Also, in some cases, a change in 
workplace conditions with the potential to impact exposure levels would 
warrant additional monitoring, which is also described.
    EPA is finalizing with modifications from proposal its requirement 
that owners or operators determine each potentially exposed person's 
exposure by either taking a personal breathing zone air sample of each 
potentially exposed person's exposure or by taking personal breathing 
zone air samples that are representative of each potentially exposed 
person with a similar exposure profile to a chemical substance or 
mixture based on the substantial similarity of tasks performed, the 
manner in which the tasks are performed, and the materials and 
processes with which they work (hereinafter identified as an ``exposure 
group''). Personal breathing zone air samples are representative of the 
8-hour TWA of all potentially exposed persons in an exposure group if 
the samples are of the full shift-exposure of at least one person who 
represents the highest potential TCE exposures in that exposure group. 
In addition, the initial monitoring will be required when and where the 
operating conditions are best representative of each potentially 
exposed person's work-shift exposures. Personal breathing zone air 
samples taken during one work shift may be used to represent 
potentially exposed person exposures on other work shifts where the 
owner or operator can document that the tasks performed and conditions 
in the workplace are similar across shifts. Additionally, air sampling 
is required to measure ambient concentrations for TCE without taking 
respiratory protections into account as sampling is being performed. 
For purposes of exposure monitoring requirements, owners and operators 
are only required to monitor potentially exposed persons that are 
expected to be present in the workplace.
    EPA is also finalizing requirements that the owner or operator 
ensure, for initial and periodic monitoring, that their exposure 
monitoring methods are accurate to a confidence level of 95%

[[Page 102602]]

and are within (plus or minus) 25% of airborne concentrations of TCE 
above the 8-hour TWA interim ECEL. To ensure compliance for monitoring 
activities, EPA is finalizing recordkeeping requirements and will 
require that owners or operators document their choice of monitoring 
method outlined in this Unit. As described in Unit III.A.3., EPA is 
finalizing the requirement that owners or operators meet certain 
documentation requirements for each monitoring event of TCE, including 
compliance with GLP Standards in accordance with 40 CFR part 792 or use 
of a laboratory accredited by the AIHA (e.g., AIHA LAP, LLC Policy 
Module 2A/B/E of Revision 17.3), or other analogous industry-recognized 
program. Additionally, as described in Unit III.A.3., EPA is finalizing 
the requirement that owners or operators must re-monitor within 15 
working days after receipt of any exposure monitoring when results 
indicate non-detect, unless an Environmental Professional as defined at 
40 CFR 312.10 or a Certified Industrial Hygienist reviews the 
monitoring results and determines re-monitoring is not necessary.
    For each monitoring event of TCE, EPA is requiring that the owner 
or operator record relevant information, including but not limited to, 
the quantity, location(s), and manner of TCE in use at the time of each 
monitoring event; the dates, durations, and results of each sample 
taken; and the name, work shift, job classification, work area, and 
type of respiratory protection (if any) worn by each monitored person. 
EPA further requires documentation of the following whenever monitoring 
for the WCPP is required:
    (i) All measurements that may be necessary to determine the 
conditions (e.g., work site temperatures, humidity, ventilation rates, 
monitoring equipment type and calibration dates) that may affect the 
monitoring results;
    (ii) Identification of all other potentially exposed persons that a 
monitored person is intended to represent if using a representative 
sample;
    (iii) Use of appropriate sampling and analytical methods;
    (iv) Compliance with the GLP Standards at 40 CFR part 792 or any 
accredited lab including AIHA (e.g., AIHA LAP, LLC Policy Module 2A/B/E 
of Revision 17.3), or other analogous industry-recognized program;
    (v) Information regarding air monitoring equipment, including type, 
maintenance, calibrations, performance tests, limits of detection, and 
any malfunctions.
b. Initial Exposure Monitoring
    Under the final rule, each owner or operator of a facility engaged 
in one or more of the conditions of use listed earlier in Unit IV.C.1., 
except disposal, is required to perform initial exposure monitoring by 
June 16, 2025 or within 30 days of introduction of TCE into the 
workplace, whichever is later, to determine the extent of exposure of 
potentially exposed persons to TCE. Initial monitoring will notify 
owners and operators of the magnitude of possible exposures to 
potentially exposed persons with respect to their work conditions and 
environments. Based on the magnitude of possible exposures in the 
initial exposure monitoring, the owner or operator may need to increase 
or decrease the frequency of future periodic monitoring, adopt new 
exposure controls (such as engineering controls, administrative 
controls, and/or a respiratory protection program), or to continue or 
discontinue certain compliance activities such as periodic monitoring. 
In addition, the initial monitoring will be required when and where the 
operating conditions are best representative of each potentially 
exposed person's work-shift exposures. If the owner or operator chooses 
to use a sample that is representative of potentially exposed persons' 
work-shift exposures (rather than monitor every individual), such 
sampling should be representative (i.e., taken from the breathing zone 
of potentially exposed persons and reflect duration appropriate 
exposure) of the most highly exposed persons in the workplace. 
Additionally, EPA expects that owners and operators will conduct 
initial exposure monitoring representative of all tasks that potential 
exposed persons are expected to do. EPA understands that certain tasks 
may occur less frequently or may reflect accidental exposures (for 
example, due to malfunction).
    EPA also recognizes that some entities may already have objective 
exposure monitoring data. If the owner or operator has monitoring data 
conducted within five years prior to the publication date of the final 
rule and the monitoring satisfies all other requirements in Unit IV., 
including the requirement that the data represents the highest TCE 
exposures likely to occur under reasonably foreseeable conditions of 
use, the owner or operator may rely on such earlier monitoring results 
for the initial baseline monitoring sample. Prior monitoring data 
cannot be used where there has been a change in work conditions or 
practices that is expected to result in new or additional exposures.
    As described in more detail later in this unit, the owner or 
operator must conduct periodic monitoring at least once every five 
years since its last monitoring. This periodic monitoring must be 
representative of all the potentially exposed persons in the workplace 
and the tasks that they are expected to do.
c. Periodic Exposure Monitoring
    EPA is finalizing as proposed the following periodic monitoring for 
owners or operators. These finalized requirements are also outlined in 
Table 1.
     If the samples taken during the initial exposure 
monitoring reveal a concentration below the interim ECEL action level 
(<0.1 ppm 8-hour TWA), ECEL periodic monitoring is required at least 
once every five years, except when additional exposure monitoring (Unit 
IV.C.4.d.) measurements require it.
     If the most recent exposure monitoring concentration is at 
or above the interim ECEL action level (>=0.1 ppm 8-hour TWA) but at or 
below the interim ECEL (<=0.2 ppm 8-hour TWA), the owner or operator 
must repeat the periodic exposure monitoring within 180 days of the 
most recent exposure monitoring.
     If the most recent exposure monitoring concentration is 
above the interim ECEL (>0.2 ppm 8-hour TWA), the owner or operator 
must repeat the periodic exposure monitoring within 90 days of the most 
recent exposure monitoring.
     If the most recent (non-initial) exposure monitoring 
indicates that airborne exposure is below the interim ECEL action 
level, the owners or operators must repeat such monitoring within 180 
days of the most recent monitoring until two consecutive monitoring 
measurements, taken at least seven days apart, are below the interim 
ECEL action level (<0.1 ppm 8-hour TWA), at which time the owner or 
operator must repeat the periodic exposure monitoring at least once 
every five years.
     In instances where an owner or operator does not 
manufacture, process, use, or dispose of TCE for a condition of use for 
which the WCPP is required over the entirety of time since the last 
required periodic monitoring event, the owner or operator is permitted 
to forgo the next periodic monitoring event. However, documentation of 
cessation of use of TCE is required and periodic monitoring must resume 
when the owner or operator restart any of the conditions of use listed 
in Unit IV.C.1., except disposal.

[[Page 102603]]



                Table 1--Periodic Monitoring Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Air concentration condition        Periodic monitoring requirement
------------------------------------------------------------------------
If the initial exposure monitoring       Periodic exposure monitoring at
 concentration is below the interim       least once every 5 years.
 ECEL action level.
If the most recent exposure monitoring   Periodic exposure monitoring is
 concentration is at or above the         required every 180 days of the
 interim ECEL action level but at or      most recent exposure
 below the interim ECEL.                  monitoring.
If the most recent exposure monitoring   Periodic exposure monitoring is
 concentration is above the interim       required every 90 days of the
 ECEL.                                    most recent exposure
                                          monitoring.
If the two most recent (non-initial)     Periodic exposure monitoring is
 exposure monitoring measurements,        required within five years of
 taken at least seven days apart within   the most recent exposure
 a 6-month period, indicate that          monitoring.
 airborne exposure is below the interim
 ECEL action level (<0.1 ppm 8-hr TWA).
If the owner or operator engages in a    The owner or operator may forgo
 condition of use for which WCPP is       the next periodic monitoring
 required but does not manufacture,       event. However, documentation
 process, use, or dispose of TCE in       of cessation of use of TCE is
 that condition of use over the           required and periodic
 entirety of time since the last          monitoring is required when
 required monitoring event.               the owner or operator resumes
                                          the condition of use.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Additional scenarios in which monitoring may be required are
  discussed in Unit IV.C.4.d.

d. Additional Exposure Monitoring
    EPA is finalizing that each owner or operator conduct additional 
exposure monitoring within 30 days after there has been a change in the 
production, process, control equipment, personnel or work practices 
that may reasonably be expected to result in new or additional 
exposures at or above the interim ECEL action level, or when the owner 
or operator has any reason to believe that new or additional exposures 
at or above the interim ECEL action level have occurred, for example if 
an owner or operator receives information from potentially exposed 
person(s) suggesting that such new or additional exposures may have 
occurred. Prior monitoring data cannot be used to meet this 
requirement. In the event of start-up or shutdown, or spills, leaks, 
ruptures or other breakdowns or unexpected releases that may lead to 
exposure to potentially exposed persons, EPA is finalizing that each 
owner or operator must conduct additional exposure monitoring of 
potentially exposed persons (using personal breathing zone sampling) 
within 30 days after the conclusion of the start-up or shutdown and/or 
the cleanup of the spill or repair of the leak, rupture, or other 
breakdown. Prior monitoring data cannot be used to meet this 
requirement. An additional exposure monitoring event may result in an 
increased frequency of periodic monitoring. For example, if the initial 
monitoring results from a workplace are above the interim ECEL action 
level, but below the interim ECEL, periodic monitoring is required 
every 180 days. If additional monitoring is performed because increased 
exposures are suspected, and the results are above the interim ECEL, 
subsequent periodic monitoring would have to be performed every 90 
days. The required additional exposure monitoring should not delay 
implementation of any necessary cleanup or other remedial action to 
reduce the exposures to persons in the workplace.
5. Regulated Area
    EPA is finalizing its requirement that the owner or operator 
demarcate any area where airborne concentrations of TCE exceeds or are 
reasonably expected to exceed the interim ECEL by September 15, 2025, 
or within 90 days after receipt of any exposure monitoring that 
indicates exposures exceeding the interim ECEL. To provide more clarity 
regarding how regulated areas must be demarcated, EPA has incorporated 
the language analogous to OSHA's regulated area requirements under the 
standards for toxic and hazardous substances (29 CFR part 1910, subpart 
Z) into this final rule. Owners and operators must demarcate regulated 
areas from the rest of the workplace in any manner that adequately 
establishes and alerts potentially exposed persons to the boundaries of 
the area and minimizes the number of authorized persons exposed to TCE 
within the regulated area. This can be accomplished using 
administrative controls (e.g., highly visible signifiers) in multiple 
languages as appropriate (e.g., whenever potentially exposed persons 
who are primarily Spanish-speaking are likely to be present, owners and 
operators should post additional highly visible signifiers in Spanish), 
placed in conspicuous areas. The owner or operator is required to 
restrict access to the regulated area from any potentially exposed 
person who lacks proper training or is otherwise unauthorized to enter.
6. Exposure Control Plan
    EPA is finalizing its requirement that owners or operators 
implementing the WCPP use feasible exposure controls, including one or 
a combination of elimination, substitution, engineering controls, and 
administrative controls, prior to requiring the use of PPE (i.e., 
respirators or gloves) as a means of controlling exposures below EPA's 
interim ECEL and/or prevent direct dermal contact with TCE for all 
potentially exposed persons, in accordance with the hierarchy of 
controls (Ref. 88). As this rule finalizes phaseout or time-limited 
exemption before prohibition, EPA encourages owners and operators to 
thoroughly investigate and implement elimination, substitution, and 
available engineering controls during the phase-out. If an owner or 
operator chooses to replace TCE with a substitute, EPA recommends 
careful review of the available hazard and exposure information on the 
potential substitutes to avoid a substitute chemical that might later 
be found to present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the 
environment or be subject to regulation (sometimes referred to as a 
``regrettable substitution''). EPA expects that, for conditions of use 
for which EPA is finalizing a WCPP, compliance at most workplaces would 
be part of an established industrial hygiene program that aligns with 
the hierarchy of controls.
    EPA is finalizing the requirement that regulated entities use the 
hierarchy of controls, instituting one or a combination of controls to 
the extent feasible, and supplement such protections using PPE, where 
necessary, including respirators for potentially exposed persons at 
risk of inhalation exposure above the interim ECEL. If efforts of 
elimination, substitution, engineering controls, and administrative 
controls are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the interim 
ECEL for all potentially exposed persons in the workplace, EPA requires 
that the

[[Page 102604]]

owner or operator use feasible controls to reduce TCE concentrations in 
the workplace to the lowest levels achievable and supplement these 
controls with respiratory protection and PPE as needed to achieve the 
interim ECEL before potentially exposed persons enter a regulated area. 
During the phase-out period, EPA encourages investment in elimination 
and substitution along with the use of readily available engineering 
controls. In cases where respiratory PPE is necessary to supplement 
feasible controls, EPA requires that the owner or operator provide 
potentially exposed persons reasonably likely to be exposed to TCE by 
inhalation to concentrations above the interim ECEL with respirators 
affording sufficient protection against inhalation risk and appropriate 
training on the proper use of such respirators, to ensure that their 
exposures do not exceed the interim ECEL, as described in this Unit. 
Furthermore, EPA also requires that the owner or operator document 
their efforts in using elimination, substitution, engineering controls, 
and administrative controls to reduce exposure to or below the interim 
ECEL in an exposure control plan.
    EPA is finalizing its requirement that, no later than December 18, 
2025, the owner or operator include and document in the exposure 
control plan or through any existing documentation of the facility's 
safety and health program developed as part of meeting OSHA 
requirements or other safety and health standards, the following:
     Identification in the exposure control plan of available 
exposure controls and rationale for using or not using available 
exposure controls in the following sequence (i.e., elimination and 
substitution, then engineering controls and administrative controls) to 
reduce exposures in the workplace to either at or below the interim 
ECEL or to the lowest level achievable, and the exposure controls 
selected based on feasibility, effectiveness, and other relevant 
considerations;
     For each exposure control considered, exposure controls 
selected based on feasibility, effectiveness, and other relevant 
considerations;
     A description of actions the owner or operator must take 
to implement exposure controls selected, including proper installation, 
regular inspections, maintenance, training, or other steps taken;
     A description of each regulated area, how they are 
demarcated, and persons authorized to enter the regulated areas;
     A description of activities conducted by the owner or 
operator to review and update the exposure control plan to ensure 
effectiveness of the exposure controls, identify any necessary updates 
to the exposure controls, and confirm that all persons are properly 
implementing the exposure controls; and
     An explanation of the procedures for responding to any 
change that may reasonably be expected to introduce additional sources 
of exposure to TCE, or otherwise result in increased exposure to TCE, 
including procedures for implementing corrective actions to mitigate 
exposure to TCE.
    Under this final rule, owners or operators are prohibited from 
using rotating work schedules to comply with the interim ECEL 8-hour 
TWA, in alignment with certain elements of existing OSHA's standards 
for toxic and hazardous substances under 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z. 
Owners or operators must maintain the effectiveness of any engineering 
controls, administrative controls, or work practices instituted as part 
of the exposure control plan. They must also review and update the 
exposure control plan as necessary, but at least every five years, to 
reflect any significant changes in the status of the owner or 
operator's approach to compliance with the exposure control 
requirements. EPA intends that the exposure control plan identify the 
available exposure controls and, for the exposure controls not 
selected, document the efforts identifying why these are not feasible, 
not effective, or otherwise not implemented. For entities for which 
significant amounts of time are needed to verify suitability of 
alternatives or procure funds or authorization for additional 
engineering controls, for example, EPA expects that as those controls 
become available the exposure control plan would be updated 
accordingly. EPA requires that the exposure control plan be revisited 
under certain conditions and encourages updates as more sophisticated 
controls are available.
    This final rule requires owners or operators to make the exposure 
control plan and associated records, including interim ECEL exposure 
monitoring records, interim ECEL compliance records, and workplace 
participation records, available to potentially exposed persons and 
their designated representatives. Owners or operators must notify 
potentially exposed persons and their designated representatives of the 
availability of the exposure control plan and associated records within 
30 days of the date that the exposure control plan is completed and at 
least annually thereafter. The notice of the availability of the plan 
and associated records must be provided in plain language writing to 
each potentially exposed person in a language that the person 
understands or posted in an appropriate and accessible location outside 
the regulated area with an English-language version and a non-English 
version representing the language of the largest group of workers who 
do not read English. This final rule also requires the owner or 
operator to provide the exposure control plan and associated records at 
a reasonable time, place, and manner to a potentially exposed person or 
their designated representative upon request. As explained in Unit 
III.A.4., if the owner or operator is unable to provide the specified 
records within 15 working days, the owner or operator must inform the 
potentially exposed person or designated representative requesting the 
record within 15 working days that reason for the delay and the 
earliest date when the record can be made available.
7. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
    Where elimination, substitution, engineering, and administrative 
controls are not feasible or sufficiently protective to reduce the air 
concentration to or below the interim ECEL, EPA is finalizing as 
proposed, with slight modifications to improve clarity or for greater 
consistency with OSHA's regulations, to require owners and operators to 
provide PPE, including respiratory protection and dermal protection 
selected in accordance with the guidelines described in Units IV.C.7.a. 
and b. and to implement a PPE program described in this Unit. This Unit 
includes a description of the PPE Program, including required PPE as it 
relates to respiratory protection, required PPE as it relates to dermal 
protection, and other requirements such as additional training for 
respirators and recordkeeping to support implementation of a PPE 
program. Compliance with these requirements must occur no later than 
September 15, 2025, or, for requirements related to respiratory 
protection, within 90 days after the receipt of any exposure monitoring 
that indicates exposures exceeding the interim ECEL.
a. Respiratory Protection
    Where elimination, substitution, engineering, and administrative 
controls are not feasible or sufficiently protective to reduce the air 
concentration to or below the interim ECEL, or if inhalation exposure 
above the interim ECEL is still reasonably likely, EPA is finalizing, 
with slight modification from the proposed rule, minimum respiratory 
PPE requirements based on an owner or

[[Page 102605]]

operator's most recent measured air concentration for one or more 
potentially exposed persons and the level of PPE needed to reduce 
exposure to or below the interim ECEL. In those circumstances, EPA is 
finalizing requirements for a respiratory protection PPE program with 
worksite-specific procedures and elements for required respirator use. 
Owners or operators must develop and administer a written respiratory 
protection program in accordance with OSHA's respiratory protection 
standard under 29 CFR 1910.134(c)(1), (c)(3), and (c)(4). EPA is 
finalizing requirements that owners and operators provide training to 
all persons required to use respiratory protection consistent with 29 
CFR 1910.134(k) prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job 
involving potential exposure to TCE. Owners and operators must retrain 
all persons required to use PPE at least annually, or whenever the 
owner or operator has reason to believe that a previously trained 
person does not have the required understanding and skill to properly 
use PPE, or when changes in the workplace or in PPE to be used render 
the previous training obsolete.
    EPA is finalizing requirements that each owner or operator supply a 
respirator, selected in accordance with this Unit, to each person who 
enters a regulated area after September 15, 2025, or within 90 days 
after the receipt of any exposure monitoring that indicates exposures 
exceeding the interim ECEL, and thereafter must ensure that all persons 
within the regulated area are using the provided respirators whenever 
TCE exposures exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the 
interim ECEL.
    EPA is also finalizing requirements that owners or operators who 
are required to administer a respiratory protection PPE program must 
supply a respirator selected based on a medical evaluation consistent 
with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(e). If a potentially exposed 
person cannot use a negative-pressure respirator, then the owner or 
operator must provide that person with an alternative respirator. The 
alternative respirator must have less breathing resistance than the 
negative-pressure respirator and provide equivalent or greater 
protection. If the person is unable to use an alternative respirator, 
then the person must not be permitted to enter the regulated area. 
Additionally, EPA is requiring owners and operators to select 
respiratory protection that properly fits each affected person and 
communicate respirator selections to each affected person in accordance 
with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(f). Consistent with 
requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(g) through (j), EPA is requiring owners 
and operators to provide, ensure use of, and maintain (in a sanitary, 
reliable, and undamaged condition), respiratory protection that is of 
safe design and construction.
    EPA is finalizing the requirements to establish minimum respiratory 
protection requirements, such that any respirator affording a higher 
degree of protection than the following requirements may be used. In 
instances where respiratory protection is appropriate, NIOSH 
Approved[supreg] equipment must be used. NIOSH Approved is a 
certification mark of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 
(HHS) registered in the United States and several international 
jurisdictions. EPA is finalizing the following requirements for 
respiratory protection, based on the most recent exposure monitoring 
concentrations results measured as an 8-hour TWA that exceed the 
interim ECEL (0.2 ppm):
     If the measured exposure concentration is at or below 0.2 
ppm: no respiratory protection is required.
     If the measured exposure concentration is above 0.2 ppm 
and less than or equal to 2 ppm (10 times interim ECEL): Any NIOSH 
Approved air-purifying half mask respirator equipped with organic vapor 
cartridges or canisters; or any NIOSH Approved Supplied-Air Respirator 
(SAR) or Airline Respirator operated in demand mode equipped with a 
half mask; or any NIOSH Approved Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus 
(SCBA) in a demand mode equipped with a half mask [APF 10].
     If the measured exposure concentration is above 2 ppm and 
less than or equal to 5 ppm (25 times interim ECEL): Any NIOSH Approved 
Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) equipped with a loose-fitting 
facepiece or hood/helmet equipped with organic vapor cartridges or 
canisters; or any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline Respirator in a 
continuous-flow mode equipped with a loose-fitting facepiece or helmet/
hood [APF 25].
     If the measured exposure concentration is above 5 ppm and 
less than or equal to 10 ppm (50 times interim ECEL): Any NIOSH 
Approved air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with organic 
vapor cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved PAPR with a half mask 
equipped with organic vapor cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved 
SAR or Airline Respirator in a continuous flow mode equipped with a 
half mask; any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline Respirator operated in a 
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode with a half mask; or 
any NIOSH Approved SCBA in demand-mode equipped with a full facepiece 
or helmet/hood [APF 50].
     If the measured exposure concentration is above 10 ppm and 
less than or equal to 200 ppm (1,000 times interim ECEL): Any NIOSH 
Approved PAPR equipped with a full facepiece equipped with organic 
vapor cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline 
Respirator in a continuous-flow mode equipped with full facepiece; any 
NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline Respirator in pressure-demand or other 
positive-pressure mode equipped with a full facepiece and an auxiliary 
self-contained air supply; or any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline 
Respirator in a continuous-flow mode equipped with a helmet or hood and 
has been tested to demonstrate performance at a level of protection of 
APF 1,000 or greater. [APF 1,000].
     If the measured exposure concentration is greater than 200 
ppm (1,000+ times interim ECEL) or the concentration is unknown: Any 
NIOSH Approved SAR equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a 
pressure demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an 
auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure 
demand or other positive pressure mode [APF 1000+]; or any NIOSH 
Approved SCBA in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode 
equipped with a full facepiece or helmet/hood [APF 10,000].
     If the exposure concentration is unknown: Any NIOSH 
Approved combination supplied air respirator equipped with a full 
facepiece and operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure 
mode with an auxiliary self-contained air supply; or any NIOSH Approved 
SCBA operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode and 
equipped with a full facepiece or hood/helmet [APF 1000+].
    Additionally, EPA is finalizing requirements that owners or 
operators select and provide respirators in accordance with the 
requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(d)(1)(iv) and with consideration of 
workplace and user factors that affect respirator performance and 
reliability. EPA is requiring that the owner or operator must ensure 
that all filters, cartridges, and canisters used in the workplace are 
labeled and color coded per NIOSH requirements and that the label is 
not removed and remains legible. Consistent with 29 CFR 
1910.134(d)(3)(iii), EPA is requiring either the use of NIOSH Approved 
respirators with an end-of-life service indicator for the contaminant, 
in this case TCE, or implementation of a

[[Page 102606]]

change schedule for canisters and cartridges that ensures that they are 
changed before the end of their service life. EPA is also requiring 
owners and operators to ensure that respirators are used in compliance 
with the terms of the respirator's NIOSH approval.
    EPA is finalizing requirements that owners and operators must 
conduct regular evaluations of the workplace, including consultations 
with potentially exposed persons using respiratory protection, 
consistent with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(l), to ensure that 
the provisions of the written respiratory protection program described 
in this Unit are being effectively implemented.
    EPA is finalizing that owners and operators document respiratory 
protection used and PPE program implementation. EPA is finalizing 
requirements that owners and operators document in the exposure control 
plan or other documentation of the facility's safety and health program 
information relevant to the respiratory program, including records on 
the name, workplace address, work shift, job classification, work area, 
and type of respirator worn (if any) by each potentially exposed 
person, maintenance, and fit-testing, as described in 29 CFR 
1910.134(f), and training in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.132(f) and 29 
CFR 1910.134(k).
b. Dermal Protection
    This final rule requires owners and operators to provide and 
require the use of chemically resistant gloves by potentially exposed 
persons for tasks where TCE is present and dermal exposure can be 
expected to occur under the conditions of use. Compliance with this 
requirement must occur no later than September 15, 2025. Owners and 
operators should also consider other glove factors, such as 
compatibility of multiple chemicals used simultaneously while wearing 
TCE-resistant gloves or with glove liners, permeation, degree of 
dexterity required to perform a task, and temperature, as identified in 
the Hand Protection section of OSHA's Personal Protection Equipment 
Guidance (Ref. 89), when selecting appropriate PPE. Owners and 
operators can select gloves that have been tested in accordance with 
the American Society for Testing Material F739 ``Standard Test Method 
for Permeation of Liquids and Gases through Protective Clothing 
Materials under Conditions of Continuous Contact.''
    Owners and operators must provide dermal PPE that is of safe design 
and construction for the work to be performed and that properly fits 
each potentially exposed person who is required to use dermal PPE. 
Owners and operators must also communicate dermal PPE selections to 
each affected person and ensure that each potentially exposed person 
who is required by this unit to wear PPE uses and maintains PPE in a 
sanitary, reliable, and undamaged condition. Activity-specific training 
(e.g., glove selection (type, material), expected duration of glove 
effectiveness, actions to take when glove integrity is compromised, 
storage requirements, procedure for glove removal and disposal, 
chemical hazards) must be provided in accordance with 29 CFR 
1910.132(f).
8. Additional Finalized Requirements
a. Workplace Information and Training
    EPA is also finalizing its requirements to implement a training 
program in alignment with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 
CFR 1910.1200) and chemical-specific standards, such as the OSHA 
General Industry Standard for Methylene Chloride (29 CFR 1910.1052). To 
ensure that potentially exposed persons in the workplace are informed 
of the hazards associated with TCE exposure, EPA is finalizing as 
proposed with slight modification to require that owners or operators 
of workplaces subject to the WCPP institute a training and information 
program by September 15, 2025 for potentially exposed persons and 
assure their participation in the program. For purposes of workplace 
information and training, owners and operators are only required to 
train potentially exposed persons that are expected to be present in 
the regulated area or to directly handle TCE or handle equipment or 
materials on which TCE may present.
    As part of the training requirement, the owner or operator is 
required to provide information and comprehensive training in an 
understandable manner (i.e., plain language), considering factors such 
as the skills required to perform the work activity and the existing 
skill level of the staff performing the work, and in multiple languages 
as appropriate (e.g., based on languages spoken by potentially exposed 
persons) to potentially exposed persons. This training and information 
must be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job 
involving potential exposure to TCE. Owners and operators are required 
to provide information and training, as referenced in the OSHA Hazard 
Communication Standard, to all potentially exposed persons that 
includes:
     The requirements of the TCE WCPP and how to access or 
obtain a copy of the requirements of the WCPP, including but not 
limited to the exposure control plan, monitoring requirements, and PPE 
program;
     The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and 
storage of TCE and the specific operations in the workplace that could 
result in TCE exposure, particularly noting where each regulated area 
is located;
     Principles of safe use and handling of TCE in the 
workplace, including specific measures the owner or operator has 
implemented to reduce inhalation exposure at or below the interim ECEL 
or prevent dermal contact with TCE, such as work practices and PPE 
used;
     The methods and observations that may be used to detect 
the presence or release of TCE in the workplace (such as monitoring 
conducted by the owner or operator, continuous monitoring devices, 
visual appearance, or odor of TCE when being released, etc.); and
     The acute and chronic health hazards of TCE as detailed on 
relevant SDSs.
    In addition to providing training at the time of initial assignment 
to a job involving potential exposure to TCE, owners and operators 
subject to the TCE WCPP are required to re-train each potentially 
exposed person annually to ensure they understand the principles of 
safe use and handling of TCE in the workplace. EPA is finalizing its 
requirements that owners and update the training as necessary whenever 
there are changes in the workplace, such as new tasks or modifications 
of tasks, in particular, whenever there are changes in the workplace 
that increase exposure to TCE or where potentially exposed persons' 
exposure to TCE can reasonably be expected to exceed the action level 
or increase the potential for direct dermal contact with TCE. To 
support compliance, EPA is finalizing as proposed that each owner or 
operator of a workplace subject to the WCPP is required to provide to 
the EPA, upon request, all available materials related to workplace 
information and training.
b. Workplace Participation
    EPA encourages owners and operators to consult with potentially 
exposed persons and their designated representatives on the development 
and implementation of exposure control plans and PPE/respirator 
programs. EPA is finalizing the requirement that owners and operators 
provide potentially exposed persons and their designated 
representatives regular access to the exposure control plans, exposure 
monitoring records, and PPE

[[Page 102607]]

program implementation. To ensure compliance with workplace 
participation, EPA is finalizing its requirement that the owner or 
operator document the notice to and ability of any potentially exposed 
person who may reasonably be affected by TCE exposure to readily access 
the exposure control plans, facility exposure monitoring records, PPE 
program implementation, or any other information relevant to TCE 
exposure in the workplace.
c. Notification of Monitoring Results
    EPA is finalizing the requirement that the owner or operator must, 
within 15 working days after receipt of the results of any exposure 
monitoring, notify each person whose exposures are monitored or who is 
part of a monitored exposure group and their designated representatives 
in writing, in plain language, either individually to each potentially 
exposed person or by posting the information in an appropriate and 
accessible location, such as public spaces or common areas, for 
potentially exposed persons outside of the regulated area. The notice 
is required to identify the exposure monitoring results, the interim 
ECEL and interim ECEL action level, statement of whether the monitored 
airborne concentration of TCE exceeds the interim ECEL and the interim 
ECEL action level, and any corresponding respiratory protection 
required. If the interim ECEL is exceeded, the notice must also include 
a description of the actions taken by the owner or operator to reduce 
inhalation exposures to or below the interim ECEL. The notice must also 
include the quantity, location, and manner of TCE use at the time of 
monitoring. The notice must also include identified releases of TCE. 
The notice must be provided in multiple languages if necessary. 
Specifically, notice must be provided in a language that each 
potentially exposed person understands, or posted in a non-English 
language version representing the language of the largest group of 
workers who cannot readily comprehend or read English).
d. Recordkeeping
    For owners and operators to demonstrate compliance with the WCPP 
provisions, EPA is requiring that owners and operators must retain 
compliance records for five years (although this requirement does not 
supplant any longer recordkeeping retention time periods such as those 
required under 29 CFR 1910.1020, or other applicable regulations). EPA 
is requiring the owner or operator to retain records of:
     Exposure control plan;
     Regulated areas and authorized personnel;
     Facility exposure monitoring records;
     Notifications of exposure monitoring results;
     PPE and respiratory protection used and program 
implementation; and
     Information and training provided by the owner or operator 
to each potentially exposed person prior to or at the time of initial 
assignment to a job involving potential exposure to TCE.
    EPA emphasizes that all records required to be maintained can be 
kept in the most administratively convenient form: electronic record 
form or paper form. The owner or operator is required to document 
training or re-training of any potentially exposed person as necessary 
to ensure that, in the event of monitoring results that indicate 
exposure or possible exposures above the interim ECEL action level, the 
potentially exposed person has demonstrated understanding of how to use 
and handle TCE and how to appropriately use required PPE.

D. Prescriptive Controls for Energized Electrical Cleaner

    In contrast to the non-prescriptive requirements of the WCPP, where 
regulated entities would have flexibility to select controls in 
accordance with the hierarchy of controls to comply with the parameters 
outlined in Unit IV.C., EPA has found it appropriate for certain 
activities in certain circumstances to allow owners and operators the 
choice of either complying with the WCPP or require complying with 
specific prescriptive controls for certain occupational conditions of 
use. EPA is finalizing specific prescriptive controls for the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in energized electrical cleaner. 
The rationale for these changes, after consideration of public 
comments, is in Unit III.C.1. This Unit provides a description of the 
condition of use subject to specific prescriptive controls, the 
specific prescriptive control requirements, and the compliance 
timeframes for the requirements.
    Considering the time needed to transition away from this use of 
TCE, to protect health from inhalation and dermal exposures to TCE from 
the industrial and commercial use of TCE-containing energized 
electrical cleaners, which is a sub-use of the industrial and 
commercial use as an aerosol spray degreaser/cleaner, EPA is requiring 
owners and operators to comply with either (i) specific prescriptive 
controls outlined in this Unit, including dermal PPE and respiratory 
protection, or (ii) implementation of the WCPP outlined in Unit IV.C. 
As described in Unit III.C.1., EPA's workplace requirements to reduce 
exposures to TCE in the timeframe before prohibitions for energized 
electrical cleaner are consistent to the extent possible with existing 
regulations and best practices for work in electrical spaces. EPA 
acknowledges the existing OSHA requirements for electrical protective 
equipment under 29 CFR 1910.137 and determined the requirements in this 
Unit do not interfere with a potentially exposed person's ability to 
safely use electrical protective equipment, such as rubber insulating 
gloves and rubber insulating sleeves, as required under OSHA.
1. Applicability
    The industrial and commercial use of TCE in energized electrical 
cleaner refers to the use of TCE in a product to clean and/or degrease 
electrical equipment, where cleaning and/or degreasing is accomplished 
when electrical current exists, or when there is a residual electrical 
potential from a component, such as a capacitor (i.e., energized 
equipment use only). In this final rule, energized electrical cleaner 
does not include general purpose degreaser, electrical cleaner, or 
electronic cleaner, for example for use in motorized vehicle 
maintenance and their parts, which is subject to the prohibitions 
described in Unit IV.B.1.
2. Workplace Requirements for Energized Electrical Cleaner
    EPA is requiring that owners or operators must either implement (i) 
specific prescriptive controls that provide dermal PPE and respiratory 
protection or (ii) implement the WCPP for industrial and commercial use 
in energized electrical cleaner. Owners and operators must maintain a 
statement regarding whether the business is complying with the 
specified prescriptive controls or with the WCPP.
a. Prescriptive Controls
i. Dermal Protection
    This rule requires dermal PPE, including impermeable gloves, in 
combination with comprehensive training for each potentially exposed 
person who uses TCE in energized electrical cleaner. For dermal PPE, 
EPA is requiring that each owner or operator comply with the 
requirements outlined in Unit IV.C.7.b. for selection of dermal PPE and 
training for all potentially exposed persons.

[[Page 102608]]

ii. Respiratory Protection
    This final rule requires the use of specific respiratory 
protection, in combination with comprehensive training, for use of 
energized electrical cleaner containing TCE. Specifically, EPA is 
requiring owners or operators to provide to potentially exposed 
persons, and potentially exposed persons to use, the following: any 
NIOSH Approved air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with 
organic vapor cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved PAPR with a 
half mask equipped with organic vapor cartridges or canisters; any 
NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline Respirator in a continuous flow mode 
equipped with a half mask; any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline Respirator 
operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode with a 
half mask; or any NIOSH Approved SCBA in demand-mode equipped with a 
full facepiece or helmet/hood [APF 50]; or any NIOSH Approved 
respirator affording a higher degree of protection. In providing the 
specified respirators and training, EPA is requiring owners or 
operators to administer a PPE program with procedures and elements for 
required respirator use as described in Unit IV.C.7.a., for proper use, 
maintenance, fit-testing, medical evaluation, and training. EPA is 
requiring that the owner or operator must ensure that all filters, 
cartridges, and canisters used in the workplace are labeled and color 
coded per NIOSH requirements and that the label is not removed and 
remains legible.
b. WCPP
    EPA understands that there may be instances where a performance-
based standard is more appropriate to reduce exposures from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in energized electrical cleaner, 
instead of the specific prescriptive dermal and respiratory protection 
requirements described in this Unit. For example, the WCPP may be 
preferred by owners or operators that regularly use TCE to clean 
energized electrical equipment onsite at their facility or by owners or 
operators that are implementing the WCPP at their facility for another 
condition of use of TCE. In these instances, the final rule permits 
owners or operators to comply with the WCPP requirements, including the 
interim ECEL, direct dermal contact controls, and ancillary provisions, 
outlined in Unit IV.B, instead of the prescriptive controls described 
in this Unit.
c. Recordkeeping
    Owners and operators subject to the energized electrical cleaner 
requirements must maintain a statement regarding whether the owner or 
operator is complying with the prescriptive control requirements or the 
WCPP requirements. They must also maintain records of the dermal and 
respiratory protection used by each potentially exposed person and of 
PPE program implementation or the WCPP records described in Unit 
IV.C.8.d.
    Distributors of TCE, including TCE containing products, for use in 
energized electrical cleaner must retain sale records, including the 
name of the purchaser, sale date, and quantity sold.

E. Wastewater Worker Protection Provisions

1. Applicability
    The disposal of TCE to wastewater refers to the disposal of TCE to 
industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly owned 
treatment works, which includes the mixing of TCE with wastewater and 
the discharge of TCE-contaminated wastewater pursuant to a NPDES 
permit. EPA is finalizing distinct workplace protection provisions, 
separate from the WCPP described in Unit IV.C., for owners and 
operators of facilities or sites involved in the industrial treatment 
and pre-treatment of TCE wastewater at cleanup sites, that fall under 
the 50-year TSCA section 6(g) exemption for disposal of TCE for the 
purposes of facilitating cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated 
groundwater and other wastewater. EPA is also finalizing distinct 
workplace protection provisions for owners and operators of publicly 
owned treatment works who receive wastewater associated with TCE 
disposal for: industrial and commercial use as a processing aid for 
lithium battery separator manufacturing, industrial and commercial use 
of TCE as a processing aid for lead-acid battery separator 
manufacturing, industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid 
for specialty polymeric microporous sheet material manufacturing, and 
facilitating cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated groundwater and other 
wastewater. Owners and operators of facilities or sites involved in the 
industrial treatment and pre-treatment sub-categories of TCE wastewater 
disposal for industrial and commercial conditions of use are not 
included within these distinct wastewater provisions and are subject to 
the WCPP described in Unit IV.C. For the purposes of this rulemaking, 
EPA does not consider wastewater to be a product that is eligible for 
the regulatory threshold discussed in Units III.D.1 and IV.A. As 
discussed in Unit III.D.1., EPA finds that a regulatory threshold is 
necessary to avoid impacts on numerous supply chains, particularly 
chlorinated organic products. These considerations are not applicable 
to wastewater disposal.
2. Workplace Requirements for Facilitating Cleanup Projects of TCE-
Contaminated Groundwater and Other Wastewater
    This final rule requires that owners and operators of facilities or 
sites involved in disposal of TCE-containing wastewater for the 
purposes of cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated water and groundwater 
follow the requirements set forth in 29 CFR 1910.120(c)(5) and (h), 
known as the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 
standard, with notable modifications: this rule requires that, for 
those provisions in 29 CFR 1910.120 that reference a PEL, owners and 
operators will instead comply with the TSCA interim ECEL of 0.2ppm. As 
explained in Unit III.A.2., owners and operators of these cleanup sites 
must ensure that potentially exposed persons involved with the activity 
of removing the wastewater from the location where it was found and 
treating the removed wastewater on-site are protected to the interim 
ECEL level of 0.2 ppm and protected from dermal contact with TCE-
containing wastewater.
3. Workplace Requirements for Workers at Publicly Owned Treatment Works
    To protect workers and facilitate successful implementation, EPA is 
finalizing the requirement that POTWs must either (i) implement the 
WCPP or (ii) where there is a reasonable possibility of the presence of 
TCE screen the wastewater they receive, in a manner consistent with the 
approach outlined in EPA's 1992 ``Guidance to Protect POTW Workers from 
Toxic and Reactive Gases and Vapors'' (Ref. 52). Owners and operators 
must compare the concentration of TCE in wastewater to a screening 
level that EPA calculated as described in section III.A.2. EPA is 
finalizing a provision that if the wastewater concentration is equal to 
or less than 0.00284 mg/L of TCE, the POTW where there is a reasonable 
possibility of the presence of TCE can assume that the concentration of 
TCE in air that results from TCE volatilization from wastewater is 
equal to or less than the interim ECEL. If a POTW's wastewater 
screening detects TCE at concentration greater than 0.00284 mg/L of TCE 
then EPA is requiring that owners and operators comply with the

[[Page 102609]]

WCPP, as described in Unit IV.C., except that owners and operators do 
not have to perform initial air monitoring.

F. Other Requirements

1. Recordkeeping
    EPA is finalizing as proposed the requirement that manufacturers, 
processors, industrial and commercial users, and distributors maintain 
ordinary business records, such as invoices and bills-of-lading, that 
demonstrate compliance with restrictions and other provisions of this 
final regulation; and that they maintain such records for a period of 
five years from the date the record is generated. This requirement 
begins on February 18, 2025. For enforcement purposes, EPA will have 
access to such businesses records plus additional records required 
under 40 CFR 751.323. Recordkeeping requirements ensure that owners or 
operators can demonstrate compliance with the regulations if necessary.
2. Downstream Notification
    EPA is finalizing as proposed the requirements that manufacturers 
(including importers), processors, and distributors of TCE and TCE-
containing products provide downstream notification of certain 
prohibitions through SDSs by adding the language set forth in Sec.  
751.321(c) to sections 1(c) and 15 of the SDS. To provide adequate time 
to update the SDS and ensure that all products in the supply chain 
include the revised SDS, EPA's final rule requires manufacturers revise 
their SDS within 60 days of publication and processors and distributors 
revise their SDS within 180 days of publication of the final rule.
    The intention of downstream notification is to spread awareness 
throughout the supply chain of the restrictions on TCE under TSCA and 
to provide information to commercial end-users about the timeframes for 
use until prohibition.

G. TSCA Section 6(g) Exemptions

    Under TSCA section 6(g)(1), EPA may grant an exemption from a 
requirement of a TSCA section 6(a) rule for a specific condition of use 
of a chemical substance or mixture if the Agency makes one of three 
findings. TSCA section 6(g)(1)(A) permits such an exemption if the 
specific condition of use is a critical or essential use for which no 
technically and economically feasible safer alternative is available. 
Under TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B), EPA must find that compliance with the 
requirement would significantly disrupt the national economy, national 
security, or critical infrastructure to provide an exemption. Finally, 
TSCA section 6(g)(1)(C) allows for an exemption based on an EPA finding 
that the specific condition of use of the chemical substance or 
mixture, as compared to reasonably available alternatives, provides a 
substantial benefit to health, the environment, or public safety. This 
unit presents the TSCA section 6(g) exemptions EPA is finalizing in 
this rule. See Units V.A.3. and V.B.3. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule 
for an analysis of the need for such exemptions pursuant to TSCA 
section 6(g)(2). EPA notes that EPA is able to extend or modify TSCA 
section 6(g) exemptions by rulemaking as appropriate but is unable to 
incorporate automatic extensions to TSCA section 6(g) exemptions. Given 
the nature of Agency rulemaking, EPA notes that such requests to extend 
or modify a TSCA section 6(g) exemption be submitted to EPA several 
years in advance of the expiration of the exemption.
    Unless otherwise specified, for each condition of use subject to a 
time-limited TSCA section 6(g) exemption in this final rule, EPA is 
requiring owners and operators of the location where such use occurs to 
comply with the WCPP provisions described in Unit IV.C. and the 
recordkeeping provisions described in Unit IV.F. Additionally, for each 
condition of use subject to a time-limited TSCA section 6(g) exemption, 
EPA is requiring manufacturers (including importers) and processors of 
TCE for such use to comply with the WCPP provisions described in Unit 
IV.C. until the prohibition compliance date. The prohibition compliance 
date for the manufacture (including import), processing, and 
distribution in commerce for each condition of use subject to a time-
limited TSCA section 6(g) exemption, except for disposal, is the same 
as the expiration date of the exemption for that use.
1. 7-Year Exemption for Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE in Closed-
Loop and Open-Top Batch Vapor Degreasing for Essential Aerospace Parts 
and Components and Narrow Tubing Used in Medical Devices
    EPA is finalizing a seven-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B) exemption 
from the prohibition for the industrial and commercial use of TCE in 
batch vapor degreasing for essential aerospace parts and components and 
a seven-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(A) exemption from the prohibition for 
the industrial and commercial use of TCE in batch vapor degreasing for 
narrow tubing used in medical devices. As described in Unit V.B.3. in 
the proposed rule, EPA's primary alternative regulatory action 
described 7-year TSCA section 6(g) exemptions from prohibition for 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in batch vapor degreasing for 
essential aerospace parts and components and narrow tubing used in 
medical devices. EPA is finalizing these exemptions. The specific 
condition for these exemptions is that TCE can only be used for batch 
vapor degreasing of: (1) essential aerospace parts and components 
(including rayon fabric) where cleaning alternatives present technical 
feasibility or performance challenges to meet specifications from other 
Federal agencies or other long-standing design specifications that are 
included in existing contracts, or (2) narrow tubing for medical 
devices.
2. 7-Year Exemption for Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE as a 
Solvent in Closed-Loop Batch Vapor Degreasing Necessary for Rocket 
Engine Cleaning by Federal Agencies and Their Contractors
    EPA is finalizing as proposed a 7-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B) 
exemption from the prohibition on the industrial and commercial use of 
TCE as a solvent in closed-loop vapor degreasing necessary for rocket 
engine cleaning by Federal agencies and their contractors, and the 
manufacture (including import), processing, and distribution in 
commerce of TCE for this use.
3. 10-Year Exemption for TCE for Certain Industrial and Commercial Uses 
for Vessels of the Armed Forces and Their Systems
    EPA is finalizing a 10-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B) exemption from 
the prohibition on industrial and commercial use of TCE for the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE for vessels of the Armed Forces 
and their systems, and in the maintenance, fabrication, and sustainment 
for and of such vessels and systems: as potting compounds for naval 
electronic systems and equipment; sealing compounds for high and ultra-
high vacuum systems; bonding compounds for materials testing and 
maintenance of underwater systems and bonding of nonmetallic materials; 
and cleaning agents to satisfy cleaning requirements (which includes 
degreasing using wipes, sprays, solvents, and vapor degreasing) for: 
materials and components required for military ordinance testing; 
temporary resin repairs in vessel spaces where welding is not 
authorized; ensuring polyurethane adhesion for electronic systems and 
equipment repair and installation of elastomeric materials; various 
naval combat systems, radars,

[[Page 102610]]

sensors, equipment; fabrication and prototyping processes to remove 
coolant and other residue from machine parts; machined part 
fabrications for naval systems; installation of topside rubber tile 
material aboard vessels; and vapor degreasing required for substrate 
surface preparation prior to electroplating processes. EPA is 
finalizing this TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B) exemption as proposed, with the 
modification of the term ``DoD naval vessels'' to ``vessels of the 
Armed Forces'' to make it clear that Coast Guard vessels are included 
in this exemption because they serve similar national security 
interests.
4. 10-Year Exemption for the Emergency Use of TCE in Furtherance of 
NASA's Mission
    For the reasons discussed in Unit V.A.3.a.vi. of the proposed rule, 
EPA is finalizing as proposed a 10-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(A) 
exemption for emergency use of TCE in furtherance of NASA's mission for 
the following specific conditions of use:
    (1) Industrial and commercial use as solvent for open-top or 
closed-loop batch vapor degreasing;
    (2) Industrial and commercial use as a solvent for cold cleaning;
    (3) Industrial and commercial use as a solvent for aerosol spray 
degreaser/cleaner and mold release;
    (4) Industrial and commercial use as a lubricant and grease in tap 
and die fluid;
    (5) Industrial and commercial use as a lubricant and grease in 
penetrating lubricant;
    (6) Industrial and commercial use as an adhesive and sealant in 
solvent-based adhesives and sealants;
    (7) Industrial and commercial use as a functional fluid in heat 
exchange fluid;
    (8) Industrial and commercial use in corrosion inhibitors and anti-
scaling agents;
    (9) Industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid; and
    (10) Manufacturing (including importing) and processing of TCE for 
the industrial and commercial uses listed in (1) through (9).
    EPA is also finalizing as proposed the inclusion of additional 
requirements as part of the exemption, pursuant to TSCA section 
6(g)(4), including required notification and controls for exposure, to 
the extent feasible: (1) NASA and its contractors must provide notice 
to the EPA Administrator of each instance of emergency use within 15 
days; and (2) NASA and its contractors would have to comply with the 
WCPP to the extent feasible.
    EPA is finalizing to require that NASA notify EPA within 15 days of 
the emergency use. The notification would include a description of the 
specific use of TCE in the context of one of the conditions of use for 
which this exemption is being finalized, an explanation of why the use 
described qualifies as an emergency, and an explanation with regard to 
the lack of availability of technically and economically feasible 
alternatives. EPA notes that in the event that sensitive information 
relating to national security or critical infrastructure is submitted 
to EPA, the Agency will protect such information in accordance with 
applicable authorities.
    EPA expects NASA and its contractors have the ability to implement 
a WCPP as described in Unit IV.C. for the identified uses in the 
context of an emergency. Therefore, EPA is finalizing the requirement 
that during emergency use, NASA and its contractors must comply with 
the WCPP to the extent technically feasible in light of the particular 
emergency.
    Under the finalized exemption, NASA and its contractors will still 
be subject to the general recordkeeping requirements discussed in Unit 
IV.F.
5. 20-Year Exemption for Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE as a 
Processing Aid for Lead-Acid Battery Separator Manufacturing
    EPA is finalizing a 20-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(B) exemption from 
the prohibition on the industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid, specific to battery separator manufacturing for lead-
acid batteries. The conditions for the exemption are: (1) The use of 
TCE is limited to use as a processing aid for lead-acid battery 
separator manufacturing; and (2) This specific industrial and 
commercial use of TCE as a processing aid is required to be conducted 
at industrial facilities using TCE to manufacture lead acid battery 
separators prior to February 18, 2025.
6. 15-Year Exemption for Industrial and Commercial Use of TCE as a 
Processing Aid for Specialty Polymeric Microporous Sheet Materials
    EPA is finalizing a 15-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(A) exemption from 
the prohibition on TCE for the industrial and commercial use of TCE as 
a processing aid for specialty polymeric microporous sheet material 
manufacturing. As described in more detail in Unit III.B.2., while EPA 
proposed to prohibit industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid for specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials, 
EPA's primary alternative regulatory action described a 15-year TSCA 
section 6(g) exemption from prohibition for this use. EPA received 
substantiative information in public comments to support the 
finalization of this exemption, as well as support for 15 years as the 
appropriate timeframe for this exemption.
    The conditions for the exemption are: (1) The use of TCE is limited 
to use as a processing aid for the manufacturing of specialty polymeric 
microporous sheet materials; (2) This specific industrial and 
commercial use of TCE as a processing aid can only be used at 
industrial facilities in which TCE is already in use to manufacture 
specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials prior to February 18, 
2025.
7. 50-Year Exemption for Laboratory Use of TCE for Essential Laboratory 
Uses
    EPA is finalizing a 50-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(A) exemption from 
the prohibition on industrial and commercial use of TCE, for industrial 
and commercial use of TCE in laboratory use for essential laboratory 
activities, excluding the testing of asphalt which is subject to a ten-
year phase-out as described in Units III.C.3. and IV.B.5. The 
conditions for the exemption are: (1) The use of TCE is limited to use 
in an industrial or commercial laboratory for essential laboratory 
activities, including chemical analysis, chemical synthesis, extracting 
and purifying other chemicals, dissolving other substances, and 
research and development for the advancement of cleanup activities, and 
analytical methods for monitoring related to TCE contamination or 
exposure monitoring, with the exclusion of laboratory testing for 
asphalt; and (2) Federal agencies and their contractors are permitted 
to conduct research and development activities, test and evaluation 
method activities, and similar laboratory activities, provided the use 
is essential to the agency's mission.
8. 50-Year Exemption for Disposal of TCE to Industrial Pre-Treatment, 
Industrial Treatment, or Publicly Owned Treatment Works, for the 
Purposes of Facilitating Cleanup Projects of TCE-Contaminated Water and 
Groundwater
    EPA is finalizing a 50-year TSCA section 6(g)(1)(A) exemption from 
the prohibition on disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, 
industrial treatment, or publicly owned treatment works for the 
purposes of cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated water and

[[Page 102611]]

groundwater. The conditions for the exemption are: (1) The disposal of 
TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly 
owned treatment works must only be for the purposes of cleanup projects 
of TCE-contaminated water and groundwater and is limited to sites 
undergoing cleanup under CERCLA, RCRA, or other Federal, state, and 
local government laws, regulations or requirements; and (2) Owners and 
operators of the cleanup site locations where TCE industrial treatment 
or pretreatment occurs are required to comply with the wastewater 
workplace protection requirements described in Unit IV.E.2., and owners 
and operators of publicly owned treatment works that receive TCE 
wastewater, are required to comply with the workplace protection 
requirements described in Unit IV.E.3. Owners and operators of either 
type of location must comply with the recordkeeping requirements 
described in Unit IV.F.1. until the expiration of the exemption and the 
prohibition compliance date. EPA notes that a remediation method would 
need to be considered one of the previous types of disposal to fall 
within the condition of use, and if not would be out of scope of this 
TSCA rule and not subject to the prohibition or other requirements of 
the rule.

V. TSCA Section 6(c)(2) Considerations

A. Health Effects and the Magnitude of Human Exposure

    EPA's analysis of the health effects of TCE and the magnitude of 
human exposure to TCE are in the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE and the 
2023 Revised Risk Determination for TCE (Refs. 1, 2). A summary is 
presented here.
    As described in Unit IV. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, TCE has a 
large database of human health toxicity data. The 2020 Risk Evaluation 
for TCE identified several endpoints, such as kidney toxicity, 
immunotoxicity, or developmental toxicity, and often a single endpoint 
was examined by multiple studies. For acute exposures, EPA identified 
non-cancer effects (developmental toxicity and immunosuppression). For 
chronic exposures, EPA identified non-cancer effects (liver toxicity, 
kidney toxicity, neurotoxicity, autoimmunity, reproductive toxicity, 
and developmental toxicity) as well as cancer (liver, kidney, and non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma), with kidney cancer identified as acting through a 
mutagenic mode of action (Ref. 1). The 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE 
contains quantitative risk estimates using several points of departure 
(PODs), including immunotoxicity endpoints as well as the more 
sensitive developmental toxicity endpoints, specifically fetal cardiac 
defects, and both demonstrate that TCE presents risk.
    Additionally, in developing the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE, EPA 
analyzed the reasonably available information to ascertain whether some 
human subpopulations may have greater exposure or greater 
susceptibility than the general population to the hazard posed by the 
chemical substance. Factors affecting susceptibility examined in the 
reasonably available studies on TCE include lifestage, sex, genetic 
polymorphisms, race/ethnicity, preexisting health status, lifestyle 
factors, and nutrition status. Groups of individuals for which one or 
several of these factors apply may be considered PESS (Ref. 1).
    Because TSCA section 6(c)(2)(B) directs EPA to factor in, to the 
extent practicable, the health effects of TCE under TSCA section 
6(c)(2)(A) when selecting among options, TSCA section 6(c) thereby 
provides EPA with the flexibility to tailor the regulatory restrictions 
to account for particular health effects identified in the underlying 
risk evaluation. With this consideration, EPA found that, in some 
cases, a regulatory option that could reduce exposures such that they 
would achieve the benchmark margin of exposure for the most sensitive 
non-cancer endpoint (developmental toxicity) would address any risk for 
other non-cancer endpoints. Older pregnant workers and ONUs, who may be 
especially susceptible to TCE-induced cardiac defects in their 
developing fetus, are classified as a PESS, and the associated POD and 
risk estimates were included in the 2020 Risk Evaluation in 
consideration of PESS groups. EPA has carefully considered the health 
effects of TCE on pregnant workers and ONUs as part of the Agency's 
requirements and prohibitions. In order for this rulemaking to 
appropriately address risk to all workers and ONUs exposed to TCE 
through occupational conditions of use, EPA has factored in 
consideration of additional health effects applicable to PESS, 
including older pregnant workers and ONUs (the group identified as most 
susceptible to fetal cardiac defects) pursuant to TSCA section 6(c)(2).
    In the risk characterization section of the 2020 Risk Evaluation 
for TCE, EPA acknowledged that fetal cardiac defects are an acute, non-
cancer endpoint of concern, particularly for older pregnant women, 
while also acknowledging uncertainty surrounding the use of this 
endpoint to inform the determination of whether TCE presents 
unreasonable risk of injury to health for all affected human 
populations. In the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE, EPA presented the 
Agency's findings with respect to different endpoints and characterized 
the immunotoxicity endpoints as the ``best overall'' non-cancer 
endpoints for use in the risk conclusions and risk determination. The 
endpoints were characterized in this way precisely because of the 
quantitative uncertainties surrounding the use of the fetal cardiac 
defects endpoint and other considerations. Further, as noted in Unit 
II.D.1. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA received numerous comments 
on EPA's 2020 TSCA Risk Evaluation policy choice regarding endpoint 
selection that have raised concerns pertaining to political 
interference and scientific integrity, among other issues. EPA received 
significant feedback on this aspect of the 2020 Risk Evaluation for 
TCE, including focused attention on this issue from the SACC and public 
commenters reacting to the draft Risk Evaluation for TCE (Ref. 90). 
Moreover, based on the discussion included in the peer review report of 
the 2020 Risk Evaluation, EPA also concluded that reasonable scientists 
would not disallow the use of the fetal cardiac defects studies, and 
that therefore other EPA program reliance on the fetal cardiac defects 
endpoint is scientifically valid (e.g., Integrated Risk Information 
System (https://iris.epa.gov)).
    The 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE identified the developmental 
toxicity endpoint of fetal cardiac defects, which presents a lower POD 
than the immunotoxicity endpoints. The magnitude of the unreasonable 
risk from exposures to TCE would have been greater had the Agency 
relied upon the developmental toxicity endpoint (Ref. 1). Specifically, 
EPA identified the risk of fetal cardiac defects most strongly 
associated with offspring of older mothers, and therefore included risk 
estimates for fetal cardiac defects that account for susceptible 
mothers and their offspring in addition to PESS groups with other 
susceptibilities (e.g., diabetes, infection status, drug exposure, 
stress, and metabolic sensitivity due to increased enzymatic activity 
of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) (Ref. 1).
    EPA recognizes that among the non-cancer adverse health effects of 
TCE, the drivers for EPA's whole chemical unreasonable risk 
determination for TCE under TSCA were identified as immunotoxicity, 
namely acute immunosuppression and chronic

[[Page 102612]]

autoimmunity from inhalation and dermal exposures (Ref. 2).
    Regarding the magnitude of human exposure, one factor EPA considers 
for the conditions of use that contribute to the unreasonable risk is 
the size of the exposed population, which, for TCE, EPA estimates is 
53,210 workers, 14,659 ONUs, and 20,600 consumers (Ref. 3).
    In addition to these estimates of numbers of workers, ONUs, 
consumers, and bystanders to consumer use directly exposed to TCE, EPA 
recognizes there is exposure to the general population from air and 
water pathways for TCE. (While bystanders are individuals in proximity 
to a consumer use of TCE, fenceline communities are a subset of the 
general population who may be living in proximity to a facility where 
TCE is being used in an occupational setting). EPA separately conducted 
a screening analysis to assess whether there may be risks to the 
general population from these exposure pathways. This analysis is 
summarized in full in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, which includes 
information on the SACC peer review of the methodology. This Unit 
addresses those areas where some risk was indicated with regard to 
expected exposures to fenceline communities that are associated with 
conditions of use for which EPA is finalizing longer compliance 
timeframes (including under a TSCA section 6(g) time-limited 
exemption).
    EPA's analysis was presented to the SACC peer review panel in March 
2022, and EPA is including SACC recommendations, as appropriate, in 
assessing general population exposures in upcoming risk evaluations. 
Overall, EPA's fenceline analysis for the air and water pathways for 
TCE did not allow EPA to rule out unreasonable risk to fenceline 
communities with confidence. Additionally, based on the fenceline 
analysis for the ambient air and water pathways for TCE, including the 
strengths, limitations, and uncertainties associated with the 
information used to inform the analysis, EPA is unable to determine 
with this analysis whether those risks drive the unreasonable risk of 
injury to health presented by TCE. Although EPA did not make a 
determination of unreasonable risk based on the fenceline screening 
analysis, this final regulatory action is expected to eliminate the 
potential risks identified in the screening analysis to any general 
population or fenceline communities close to facilities engaging in TCE 
manufacturing, processing, or use.
    EPA's fenceline analysis for the water pathway for TCE, based on 
methods presented to the SACC, found potential risks from several 
occupational exposure scenarios from exposure to drinking water or 
incidental dermal or incidental oral exposure to ambient waters. The 
estimated exposure values for the screening level assessed water 
pathway resulted in estimated acute noncancer, chronic noncancer, or 
cancer risk relative to their respective benchmark values for various 
evaluated occupational exposure scenarios (Ref. 91). As described in 
more detail in Unit VII.A.2. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA 
identified potential risks that exceed the benchmark for non-cancer 
endpoints for several facilities, representing benchmark exceedances 
for between 1 and 10 occupational exposure scenarios, depending on 
whether the drinking water, incidental oral, or incidental dermal 
exposures are considered. In each case for the screening level 
analysis, risks were identified only for the maximum risk scenarios (or 
facilities with the highest reported results), and for a relatively 
small number of facilities. In instances where a facility may be 
engaging in a condition of use with a longer phaseout, EPA notes that 
in no instances did EPA identify drinking water intakes within 10 miles 
of a discharging facility and emphasizes that the scenarios analyzed 
include significant uncertainties and assumptions within the high-end 
risk estimates due to reliance on the highest-reported results from 
several facilities (Ref. 91). Regarding cancer risks, while the 
analysis identified facilities with some indication of releases and 
potential drinking water exposure with associated increased cancer risk 
that exceeds more than 1 in 1,000,000, the analysis did not identify 
any facilities with a risk exceeding 1 in 10,000; the highest potential 
risk estimate is in the 1 in 100,000 range (Ref. 91).
    Under the regulatory actions finalized in this rule and described 
in Unit IV., all conditions of use will ultimately be prohibited and so 
any potential risk indicated by this screening analysis will be 
eliminated. The potential risks to fenceline communities from exposure 
through water further strengthen the impetus for EPA's prohibition of 
TCE. EPA therefore does not intend to revisit the water pathway for TCE 
as part of a supplemental risk evaluation.
    EPA's fenceline analysis for the air pathway for TCE, using the 
methodology presented to SACC, and the multi-year analysis conducted in 
response to SACC feedback indicated potential exposure and associated 
risks to select populations within the general population at particular 
facilities (Ref. 92). As described in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA 
conducted an ambient air analysis to assess non-cancer and cancer risk 
for real and generic, or modeled, facilities. The three components of 
the ambient air fenceline analysis were: (1) A single-year ambient air 
analysis; (2) A multi-year ambient air analysis; and (3) A land use 
analysis. After doing an initial screen (the single year ambient air 
screening analysis) that did not rule out unreasonable risk, EPA 
conducted additional analyses (the multi-year ambient air analysis). 
The single year ambient air screening analysis and the multi-year 
ambient air analysis allow EPA to mathematically calculate a cancer 
risk in fenceline communities. The Agency then conducted a land use 
analysis as part of both the single-year and multi-year analyses to 
determine if EPA could reasonably expect an exposure to fenceline 
communities to occur within the modeled distances for facilities where 
there was an indication of risk. This review consisted of a visual 
analysis using aerial imagery and interpreting land/use zoning 
practices around each facility to identify where residential, 
industrial/commercial businesses, or other public spaces are present 
within those radial distances indicating risk (as opposed to 
uninhabited areas), as well as whether the radial distances lie outside 
the boundaries of the facility.
    There are some uncertainties associated with the fenceline analysis 
for the air pathway for TCE. The TRI dataset used for the single- and 
the multi-year fenceline analysis and land use analysis does not 
include actual release point locations, which can affect the estimated 
concentrations at varying distances modeled. To identify the release 
location for each facility, EPA used a local-coordinate system based on 
latitude/longitude coordinates reported in TRI. The latitude/longitude 
coordinates may represent the mailing address location of the office 
building associated with a very large facility or some other area of 
the facility rather than the actual release location (e.g., a specific 
process stack). This discrepancy between the coordinates reported in 
TRI and the actual release point could result in an exposure 
concentration that does not represent the actual distance where 
fenceline communities may be exposed. The fenceline analysis also 
evaluated the most ``conservative exposure scenario'' that consists of 
a facility that operates year-round (365 days per year, 24 hours per 
day, 7 days per week) in a South Coastal meteorologic region and a 
rural topography setting (Ref. 92). Therefore, the modeled exposures to 
people who live in fenceline

[[Page 102613]]

communities may be overestimated if there are fewer exposure days per 
year or hours per day.
    Additionally, the ambient air fenceline analysis (as well as the 
water pathway analysis, described in Unit VII.A.2.) organizes 
facilities and associated risks by Occupational Exposure Scenario (OES) 
and generally crosswalks each OES with the associated condition of use 
of TCE (Ref. 92). For some OES, EPA identified the associated 
conditions of use to the category level in the November 2020 Risk 
Evaluation for TCE, but, for the air pathway, was unable to identify 
the conditions of use to the subcategory level due to limited 
information on activities and use of TCE reported under TRI. Therefore, 
some OES indicating increased risk from ambient air exposures to TCE in 
the air fenceline analysis may be associated with one or more 
conditions of use of TCE. See Unit VII.A.1. of the 2023 TCE proposed 
rule for additional information on this analysis.
    EPA's analysis included inhalation hazard values for cancer and 
non-cancer risk (acute and chronic immunological and developmental 
endpoints). Because risk estimates did not exceed the benchmarks for 
any risks of non-cancer effects, the results presented focus on cancer 
risks. Standard cancer benchmarks used by EPA and other regulatory 
agencies are an increased cancer risk above benchmarks ranging from 1 
in 1,000,000 (one in a million) to 1 in 10,000 (i.e., 1x10-6 
to 1x10-4). For example, when setting standards under CAA 
section 112(f)(2), EPA uses a two-step process, with ``an analytical 
first step to determine an `acceptable risk' that considers all health 
information, including risk estimation uncertainty, and includes a 
presumptive limit on maximum individual risk (MIR) of approximately 1-
in-10 thousand'' (Ref. 93). In this fenceline analysis for the ambient 
air pathway for TCE, estimates of risk to fenceline communities were 
calculated using 1x10-6 as the benchmark for cancer risk in 
fenceline communities. While EPA is unable to determine, based on the 
screening level fenceline analysis, whether risks to the general 
population drive the unreasonable risk, as a matter of risk management 
policy EPA typically considers the range of 1x10-6 to 
1x10-4 as the appropriate benchmark for increased cancer 
risk for the general population, including fenceline communities. The 
benchmark value is not a bright line, and the Agency considers a number 
of factors when determining unreasonable risk, such as the endpoint 
under consideration, the reversibility of effect, and exposure-related 
considerations (e.g., duration, magnitude, or frequency of exposure, or 
population exposed).
    The multi-year analysis evaluated 217 facilities and found risk 
estimates above one in a million for cancer for 133 of those facilities 
at a distance of 100 meters from the releasing facility. Based on the 
multi-year analysis, 58 of these 133 facilities either had cancer risks 
above one in a million at distances farther than 100 meters when 
compared to the single year analysis or are facilities that were not 
captured in the single-year analysis. The analysis did not identify any 
facilities with risk exceeding 1 in 10,000 at a distance greater than 
100 meters; the highest risk estimate is in the 1 in 100,000 range 
(Ref. 92).The land use analysis of the 58 facilities indicating risk in 
the multi-year fenceline analysis (i.e., facilities where cancer risk 
estimates were above one in a million at distances farther out when 
compared to the single-year analysis or facilities that were not 
captured in the single year analysis) identified a total of 55 
facilities with expected exposure to fenceline communities. Those 
facilities represent 10 occupational exposure scenarios and include: 
degreasing (open-top batch vapor degreasing; closed-loop batch vapor 
degreasing; conveyorized vapor degreasing; web vapor degreasing; cold 
cleaning); formulation of aerosol and non-aerosol products; industrial 
processing aid; manufacturing; metalworking fluids; other industrial 
uses; process solvent recycling and worker handling of wastes; 
processing as a reactant; recycling and disposal; and repackaging (Ref. 
92).
    Under this regulatory action, each of the conditions of use that 
indicate risk relative to the one in a million cancer risk benchmark 
will ultimately be prohibited, many of them within one year. As a 
result, exposures to any fenceline communities from these facilities 
will be eliminated under the prohibitions in this rulemaking. The risks 
to fenceline communities from TCE exposure further strengthens the 
impetus for EPA's prohibition of TCE. As described earlier in this 
Unit, EPA notes that TSCA section 6(c)(2) provides for the 
consideration of health effects in promulgating a rule under TSCA 
section 6(a).
    EPA recognizes that there are some facilities for which the 
screening analysis estimates that cancer risks are indicated that may 
exceed one in a million and with expected exposure to fenceline 
communities. These facilities may be associated with the following 
conditions of use that EPA is prohibiting under longer compliance 
timeframes: degreasing (open-top batch vapor degreasing; closed-loop 
batch vapor degreasing); industrial processing aid; manufacturing; and 
processing as a reactant. For processing as a reactant, EPA notes that 
while the analysis identified facilities with some indication of 
releases and potential exposure with associated increased cancer risk 
that exceeds one in a million at a distance of 100 meters from the 
releasing facility, the analysis did not identify any facilities 
exceeding the 1 in 10,000 benchmark; the highest risk estimate is in 
the 1 in 100,000 range. For this and other conditions of use that may 
be associated with facilities that indicate risks with expected 
exposure to fenceline communities, the rule requires strict workplace 
exposure controls via implementation of a WCPP as described in Unit 
IV.C., until the prohibition compliance date.
    In the instances where efforts to reduce exposures in the workplace 
to levels below the interim ECEL could lead to adoption of engineering 
controls that ventilate more TCE outside, EPA expects that in some 
situations potential exposure may be limited through facility 
compliance with existing National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air 
Pollutants (NESHAP) that cover TCE or through state-issued air permits 
that limit TCE emissions. Potentially applicable NESHAP include: 40 CFR 
part 63, subpart F, Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry; 
40 CFR part 63, subpart DD, Off-Site Waste and Recovery Operations; 40 
CFR part 63, subpart VVV, Publicly Owned Treatment Works; 40 CFR part 
63, subpart VVVVVV, Chemical Manufacturing Area Sources; 40 CFR part 
63, subpart GG, Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework Facilities; and 40 
CFR part 63, subpart T, Halogenated Solvent Cleaning. NESHAP impose 
emission standards and/or work practice requirements reflecting maximum 
achievable control technology or impose emission standards and/or work 
practice requirements reflecting generally available control 
technology. The CAA requires residual risk reviews for standards 
reflecting maximum achievable control technologies, and technology 
reviews are required every 8 years for all NESHAP.
    In the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA requested comment on any 
anticipated increases or decreases in future releases of TCE, as well 
as any modifications to requirements in the exposure control plan to 
account for air monitoring or fenceline impacts. As described in more 
detail in Section 8.1 of the Response to

[[Page 102614]]

Comments document (Ref. 11), several commenters provided input on EPA's 
fenceline analysis, with some stating their position that the fenceline 
analysis is not suitable for purposes of risk determination and should 
not be used to inform risk management (Refs. 35, 81, 78, 94), while 
other commenters stated that EPA's fenceline analysis insufficiently 
considered increased susceptibility to harm from TCE exposures in 
populations more likely to experience adverse health effects (Ref. 95). 
Regarding the management of any risks to fenceline communities from 
ambient air or water exposures, several commenters emphasized the need 
to protect fenceline communities at risk from TCE exposure related to 
conditions of use with longer phase-out periods (Ref. 45) and described 
their efforts, as a local government agency, to protect community 
members at risk of releases of TCE from neighboring businesses (Ref. 
47). Several commenters stated they would support a requirement for 
additional monitoring or attesting in a WCPP that controls would not 
increase TCE emissions and impact fenceline communities (Refs. 31, 45, 
44, 96). Industry commenters disagreed, stating that attestations or 
monitoring would be burdensome or redundant with requirements under 
NESHAP that regulate TCE (Refs. 39, 38, 78). Instead, these commenters 
recommended that any necessary release information should instead be 
documented through the results of the sampling done when processes 
change.
    As discussed in more detail in the Response to Comments document 
(Ref. 11), EPA agrees that the screening level fenceline analyses for 
the water pathway and ambient air pathway for TCE do not allow EPA to 
conclude whether those risks of injury to fenceline communities 
contribute to the unreasonable risk because those fenceline screening 
methodologies were not developed for that purpose. EPA is eventually 
prohibiting all of the conditions of use that are associated with 
facilities that indicate potential exposure to fenceline communities, 
which would eventually address such exposure. Additionally, EPA 
determined facility resources should be focused on transitioning as 
quickly as possible to alternatives for TCE. Requiring owners and 
operators to attest to whether and why the exposure controls they have 
selected would not result in increased air releases of TCE from the 
workplace could divert resources from transitioning to alternatives. 
Therefore, in the WCPP requirements in this final rule, EPA is not 
requiring owners and operators to attest to whether and why the 
exposure controls they have selected would not result in increased air 
releases of TCE from the workplace and keep records of that statement 
as part of the WCPP exposure control plan. EPA emphasizes that the 
ultimate prohibition of manufacture, processing, distribution in 
commerce, use, and disposal of TCE is expected to address the risks 
identified in the screening analysis to any general population or 
fenceline communities close to facilities engaging in TCE use. EPA 
therefore does not intend to revisit the air pathway for TCE as part of 
a supplemental risk evaluation.

B. Environmental Effects and the Magnitude of Environmental Exposure

    EPA's analysis of the environmental effects of TCE and the 
magnitude of exposure of the environment to TCE are in the 2020 Risk 
Evaluation for TCE (Ref. 1). The unreasonable risk determination for 
TCE is based solely on risks to human health (Ref. 2); based on the 
TSCA 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE, EPA determined that exposures to the 
environment did not drive the unreasonable risk. A summary is presented 
here.
    For all conditions of use, amphibian, fish, and aquatic 
invertebrate acute and chronic exposures to TCE do not drive the 
unreasonable risk. To characterize the exposure to TCE by aquatic 
organisms, EPA assessed environmental exposures derived from predicted 
and measured concentrations of TCE in surface water in the United 
States. Specifically, the aquatic exposures associated with the 
industrial and commercial conditions of use were predicted through 
modeling, and the aquatic exposure assessment also includes an analysis 
of collected measured surface water concentrations from monitoring 
data. EPA considered the biological relevance of the species to 
determine the concentrations of concern for the location of surface 
water concentration data to produce risk quotients, as well as 
frequency and duration of the exposure. EPA determined that the 
evaluation does not support an unreasonable risk determination based on 
risk to aquatic organisms.
    The toxicity of TCE to sediment-dwelling invertebrates is similar 
to the toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. TCE is expected to remain in 
aqueous phases and not adsorb to sediment due to its water solubility 
and low partitioning to organic matter. TCE has relatively low 
partitioning to organic matter and biodegrades slowly, so TCE 
concentrations in sediment pore water are expected to be similar to the 
concentrations in the overlying water or lower in the deeper part of 
sediment where anaerobic condition prevails. Thus, the TCE detected in 
sediments is likely from the pore water. Therefore, for sediment-
dwelling organisms, the risk estimates, based on the highest ambient 
surface water concentration, do not support an unreasonable risk 
determination based on risk to sediment-dwelling organisms from acute 
or chronic exposures.
    For terrestrial organisms, TCE exposure is expected to be low since 
physical-chemical properties do not support an exposure pathway through 
water and soil pathways to these organisms. Therefore, for terrestrial 
organisms, the risk estimates for acute or chronic exposures, based on 
the EPA 2003 Guidance for Ecological Soil Screening Levels, do not 
support an unreasonable risk determination.

C. Benefits for Various Uses

    As described in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, TCE has a wide range of 
uses, including as an intermediate during the manufacture of 
refrigerants, specifically HFC-134a, and is also used as a solvent, 
frequently in cleaning and degreasing (including spot cleaning, vapor 
degreasing, cold cleaning, and aerosol degreasing). A variety of 
consumer and commercial products use TCE as adhesives and sealants, in 
paints and coatings, and in other miscellaneous products. TCE is 
subject to Federal and State regulations and reporting requirements.
    The largest uses of TCE, by production volume, are for processing 
as a reactant/intermediate as well as aerosol and vapor degreasing 
uses. Based on the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE, over 84% of the 
production volume of TCE is processed as a reactant/intermediate. The 
majority of the volume is for TCE processed as an intermediate in the 
production of HFC-134a, a refrigerant widely used in a broad range of 
applications. The second largest use of TCE is in industrial and 
commercial uses for aerosol and vapor degreasing. TCE is a relatively 
inexpensive solvent useful for cleaning contaminated metal parts and 
other fabricated materials (Ref. 1).
    TCE has many other uses, which, based on the 2020 Risk Evaluation 
for TCE, collectively constitute about 1% of the production volume 
(Ref. 1). In battery separator manufacturing, TCE is used as an 
extraction solvent to produce the desired porosity in lead-acid and 
lithium battery separators, which are essential to power vehicles and 
systems in the U.S. supply chain.

[[Page 102615]]

D. Reasonably Ascertainable Economic Consequences of the Final Rule

1. Likely Effect of the Rule on the National Economy, Small Business, 
Technological Innovation, the Environment, and Public Health
    The reasonably ascertainable economic consequences of this rule 
include several components, all of which are described in the Economic 
Analysis for this rule (Ref. 3). With respect to the anticipated 
effects of this rule on the national economy, EPA considered the number 
of businesses and workers that would be affected and the costs and 
benefits to those businesses and workers and did not find that there 
would be an impact on the national economy (Ref. 3). The economic 
impact of a regulation on the national economy becomes measurable only 
if the economic impact of the regulation reaches 0.25% to 0.5% of Gross 
Domestic Product (GDP) (Ref. 3). Given the current (real) GDP [of $60.4 
trillion (2022)], this is equivalent to a cost of $151 billion to $302 
billion. Therefore, because EPA has estimated that the monetized costs 
of the rule at $64.1 million annualized over 20 years at a 2% discount 
rate, $ 71.2 million annualized over 20 years at a 3% discount rate, 
and $102.4 million annualized over 20 years at a 7% discount rate, EPA 
has concluded that this action is highly unlikely to have any 
measurable effect on the national economy (Ref. 3). EPA does not have 
data to quantify employment impacts of the final rule. Instead, workers 
currently using TCE are expected to continue employment while shifting 
away from TCE use and towards alternatives. However, EPA acknowledges 
that transitional employment impacts may be experienced by some workers 
at facilities that opt to close or shift operations abroad instead of 
complying with requirements at the facilities currently using TCE. EPA 
considered the employment impacts of this final rule and found that the 
direction of change in employment is uncertain, but EPA expects the 
short-term and longer-term employment effects to be small.
    Of the small businesses potentially impacted by this rule, 98.5% 
are expected to have impacts of less than 1% to their firm revenues, 0% 
are expected to have impacts between 1 and 3% to their firm revenues, 
and 1.5% are expected to have impacts greater than 3% to their firm 
revenues. The largest segment of businesses that will be affected by 
this regulation are commercial users of liquid and aerosol degreasers. 
Costs of alternatives were found to be both higher and lower than 
products containing TCE. For most product types, alternatives with 
similar efficacy are available with costs that both lower and higher 
than TCE products. However, there may be some applications where TCE is 
more effective, reducing labor time and wait time, and/or where 
extensive safety testing might be required. EPA was unable to quantify 
these costs.
    With respect to this rule's effect on technological innovation, EPA 
expects this action to spur more innovation than it will hinder. A 
prohibition or significant restriction on the manufacture, processing, 
and distribution in commerce of TCE for uses covered in this final rule 
may increase demand for safer chemical substitutes. This rule is not 
likely to have significant effects on the environment because TCE does 
not present an unreasonable risk to the environment, though this rule 
does present the potential for small reductions in air emissions and 
soil contamination associated with improper disposal of products 
containing TCE. The effects of this rule on public health are estimated 
to be positive, due to the reduced risk of cancer and other non-cancer 
endpoints from exposure to TCE.
2. Costs and Benefits of the Regulatory Action and of the One or More 
Primary Alternative Regulatory Actions Considered by the Administrator
    The costs and benefits that can be monetized for this rule are 
described at length in in the Economic Analysis (Ref. 3). The monetized 
costs for this rule are estimated to range from $64.1 million 
annualized over 20 years at a 2% discount rate, $71.2 million 
annualized over 20 years at a 3% discount rate, and $102.4 million 
annualized over 20 years at a 7% discount rate. The monetized benefits 
are estimated to range from $22.9 to $23.2 million annualized over 20 
years at a 2% discount rate, $18.2 to $18.3 million annualized over 20 
years at a 3% discount rate and $8.7 to $8.9 million annualized over 20 
years at a 7% discount rate.
    EPA considered the estimated costs to regulated entities as well as 
the cost to administer and enforce an alternative regulatory action. 
Estimated costs for regulatory alternative can be found in the Economic 
Analysis for this final rule (Ref. 3).
    This final rule is expected to achieve health benefits for the 
American public, some of which can be monetized and others that, while 
tangible and significant, cannot be monetized. EPA determined that the 
balance of costs and benefits of this rule cannot be fairly described 
without considering the additional, non-monetized benefits of 
mitigating the non-cancer adverse effects. These effects may include 
neurotoxicity, kidney toxicity, liver toxicity, immunological and 
hematological effects, reproductive effects, and developmental effects. 
The multitude of adverse effects from TCE exposure can profoundly 
impact an individual's quality of life, as discussed in the proposed 
rule in Unit II.A. (overview), in this rule in Unit II.C.3. 
(description of the unreasonable risk), Unit V.A. (discussion of the 
health effects), and the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE. Chronic adverse 
effects of TCE exposure include both cancer and the non-cancer effects 
listed in this paragraph. Acute effects of TCE exposure could be 
experienced for a shorter portion of life but are nevertheless 
significant in nature. The incremental improvements in health outcomes 
achieved by given reductions in exposure cannot be quantified for non-
cancer health effects associated with TCE exposure, and therefore 
cannot be converted into monetized benefits. The qualitative discussion 
throughout this rulemaking and in the Economic Analysis highlights the 
importance of the non-cancer effects. The value of reducing these 
effects includes willingness-to-pay to avoid illness, which includes 
cost of illness and other personal costs such as pain and suffering. 
Considering only monetized benefits underestimates the impacts of TCE 
adverse outcomes and therefore underestimates the benefits of this 
rule.
3. Cost Effectiveness of the Regulatory Action and of One or More 
Primary Alternative Regulatory Actions Considered by the Administrator
    Cost effectiveness is a method of comparing certain actions in 
terms of the expense per item of interest or goal. A goal of this 
regulatory action is to prevent unreasonable risk resulting from 
exposure to TCE. The final rule would cost $15.4 million per potential 
prevented cancer case while the alternative regulatory action would 
cost $18.6 million using annualized costs for the 2 percent discount 
rate and cancer cases avoided from one year of reduced exposure under 
the policy options (the average across the 20-year analytical 
timeframe). Thus, the final rule has a lower cost per cancer case 
avoided compared to the alternative option, making it the most cost-
effective of the two options considered. The primary differences 
between the final and alternative option are that the alternative 
includes fewer TSCA section 6(g) exemptions delaying prohibitions

[[Page 102616]]

on some uses which fall under interim WCPP in the final rule and a 
lower interim ECEL (0.0011 ppm). EPA received multiple public comments 
providing information on the impacts of a lower ECEL level and the need 
for longer duration and additional limited exemptions.

VI. TSCA Section 9 Analysis and Section 14 and 26 Considerations

A. TSCA Section 9(a) Analysis

    TSCA section 9(a) provides that, if the Administrator determines, 
in the Administrator's discretion, that an unreasonable risk may be 
prevented or reduced to a sufficient extent by an action taken under a 
Federal law not administered by EPA, the Administrator must submit a 
report to the agency administering that other law that describes the 
risk and the activities that present such risk. TSCA section 9(a) 
describes additional procedures and requirements to be followed by EPA 
and the other Federal agency after submission of the report. As 
discussed in this Unit, the Administrator does not determine that 
unreasonable risk from TCE under the conditions of use may be prevented 
or reduced to a sufficient extent by an action taken under a Federal 
law not administered by EPA. EPA's section 9(a) analysis can be found 
in full in Unit VIII.A. of the 2023 TCE proposed rule, and responses to 
comments on that 9(a) analysis can be found in the Response to Comments 
document, section 9.1 (Ref. 11).
    TSCA section 9(d) instructs the Administrator to consult and 
coordinate TSCA activities with other Federal agencies for the purpose 
of achieving the maximum enforcement of TSCA while imposing the least 
burden of duplicative requirements. For this rulemaking, EPA has 
coordinated with appropriate Federal executive departments and agencies 
including but not limited to OSHA and the Consumer Product Safety 
Commission (CPSC), to, among other things, identify their respective 
authorities, jurisdictions, and existing laws with regard to the risk 
evaluation and risk management of TCE.
    As discussed in more detail in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, OSHA 
requires that employers provide safe and healthful working conditions 
by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, 
education, and assistance. OSHA, in 1971, established a PEL for TCE of 
100 ppm of air as an 8-hour TWA with an acceptable ceiling 
concentration of 200 ppm and an acceptable maximum peak above the 
acceptable ceiling concentration for an eight-hour shift of 300 ppm, 
with a maximum duration of 5 minutes in any 2 hours. However, the 
exposure limits established by OSHA are higher than the exposure limit 
that EPA determined will be sufficient to address the unreasonable risk 
identified under TSCA from occupational inhalation exposures associated 
with certain conditions of use. Gaps exist between OSHA's authority to 
set workplace standards under the OSH Act and EPA's obligations under 
TSCA section 6 to eliminate unreasonable risk presented by chemical 
substances under the conditions of use. The U.S. CPSC, under authority 
provided to it by Congress in the CPSA, protects the public from 
unreasonable risk of injury or death associated with consumer products. 
Under the CPSA, CPSC has the authority to regulate TCE in consumer 
products, but not in other sectors such as automobiles, some industrial 
and commercial products, or aircraft for example.
    EPA therefore concludes that TSCA is the only regulatory authority 
able to prevent or reduce unreasonable risk of TCE to a sufficient 
extent across the range of conditions of use, exposures, and 
populations of concern. An action under TSCA is also able to address 
occupational unreasonable risk and would reach entities that are not 
subject to OSHA. Moreover, the timeframe and any exposure reduction as 
a result of updating OSHA or CPSC regulations for TCE cannot be 
estimated, while TSCA imposes a much more accelerated two-year 
statutory timeframe for proposing and finalizing requirements to 
address unreasonable risk. Regulating TCE's unreasonable risk utilizing 
TSCA authority will also avoid the situation where a patchwork of 
regulations among several Agencies using multiple laws and differing 
legal standards would occur and is therefore a more efficient and 
effective means of addressing the unreasonable risk of TCE. Finally, as 
discussed in greater detail in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, the 2016 
amendments to TSCA altered both the manner of identifying unreasonable 
risk and EPA's authority to address unreasonable risk, such that risk 
management is increasingly distinct from provisions of the CPSA, FHSA, 
or OSH Act. For these reasons, in the Administrator's discretion, the 
Administrator has analyzed this issue and does not determine that 
unreasonable risk from TCE may be prevented or reduced to a sufficient 
extent by an action taken under a Federal law not administered by EPA.

B. TSCA Section 9(b) Analysis

    If EPA determines that actions under other Federal laws 
administered in whole or in part by EPA could eliminate or sufficiently 
reduce a risk to health or the environment, TSCA section 9(b) instructs 
EPA to use these other authorities to protect against that risk 
``unless the Administrator determines, in the Administrator's 
discretion, that it is in the public interest to protect against such 
risk'' under TSCA. In making such a public interest finding, TSCA 
section 9(b)(2) states: ``the Administrator shall consider, based on 
information reasonably available to the Administrator, all relevant 
aspects of the risk . . . and a comparison of the estimated costs and 
efficiencies of the action to be taken under this title and an action 
to be taken under such other law to protect against such risk.''
    Although several EPA statutes have been used to limit TCE exposure 
(Ref. 10), regulations under those EPA statutes largely regulate 
releases to the environment, rather than occupational or consumer 
exposures. While these limits on releases to the environment are 
protective in the context of their respective statutory authorities, 
regulation under TSCA is also appropriate for occupational and consumer 
exposures and in some cases can provide upstream protections that would 
prevent the need for release restrictions required by other EPA 
statutes (e.g., RCRA, CAA, CWA). Updating regulations under other EPA 
statutes would not be sufficient to address the unreasonable risk of 
injury to the health of workers, occupational non-users, consumers, and 
bystanders who are exposed to TCE under its conditions of use. EPA's 
section 9(b) analysis can be found in full in Unit VIII.B. of the 2023 
TCE proposed rule, and EPA's responses to comments on that section 9(b) 
analysis can be found in the Response to Comments document, section 9.2 
(Ref. 11).
    For these reasons, the Administrator does not determine that 
unreasonable risk from TCE under its conditions of use, as evaluated in 
the 2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE (Ref. 1), could be eliminated or 
reduced to a sufficient extent by actions taken under other Federal 
laws administered in whole or in part by EPA.

C. TSCA Section 14 Requirements

    EPA is also providing notice to manufacturers, processors, and 
other interested parties about potential impacts to CBI. Under TSCA 
sections 14(a) and (b)(4), if EPA promulgates a rule pursuant to TSCA 
section 6(a) that

[[Page 102617]]

establishes a ban or phaseout of a chemical substance, the protection 
from disclosure of any CBI regarding that chemical substance and 
submitted pursuant to TSCA will be ``presumed to no longer apply,'' 
subject to the limitations identified in TSCA section 14(b)(4)(B)(i) 
through (iii). Pursuant to TSCA section 14(b)(4)(B)(iii), the 
presumption against protection from disclosure will apply only to 
information about the specific conditions of use that this rule 
prohibits or phases out. Per TSCA section 14(b)(4)(B)(i), the 
presumption against protection will not apply to information about 
certain emergency uses that this rule exempts from a ban or phaseout 
pursuant to TSCA section 6(g). Manufacturers or processors seeking to 
protect such information may submit a request for nondisclosure as 
provided by TSCA sections 14(b)(4)(C) and 14(g)(1)(E). Any request for 
nondisclosure must be submitted within 30 days after receipt of notice 
from EPA under TSCA section 14(g)(2)(A) stating EPA will not protect 
the information from disclosure. EPA anticipates providing such notice 
via the Central Data Exchange.

D. TSCA Section 26 Considerations

    As explained in the 2023 TCE proposed rule, EPA fulfilled TSCA 
section 26(h) by using scientific information, technical procedures, 
measures, methods, protocols, methodologies, and models consistent with 
the best available science. Comments received on the proposed rule 
about whether EPA adequately assessed reasonably available information 
under TSCA section 26 on the risk evaluation, and responses to those 
comments, can be found in the Response to Comments document, sections 
2.1 and 3.1 (Ref. 11).

VII. References

    The following is a listing of the documents that are specifically 
referenced in this document. The docket includes these documents and 
other information considered by EPA, including documents that are 
referenced within the documents that are included in the docket, even 
if the referenced document is not itself physically located in the 
docket. For assistance in locating these other documents, please 
consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

1. EPA. Risk Evaluation for Trichloroethylene. EPA Publication No. 
740-R18008. November 2020.
2. EPA. Unreasonable Risk Determination, Trichloroethylene. December 
2022.
3. EPA. Economic Analysis of the Final Regulation of 
Trichloroethylene Under TSCA Section 6(a).
4. EPA. Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Establishing the Allowance 
Allocation and Trading Program Under the American Innovation and 
Manufacturing Act; Final Rule. October 5, 2021.
5. President Biden. The President and First Lady's Cancer Moonshot: 
Ending Cancer As We Know It. Accessed February 26, 2024. https://www.whitehouse.gov/cancermoonshot/.
6. A. Tinker et al. Inpatient Hospitalization Costs Associated with 
Birth Defects Among Persons of All Ages--United States, 2013. MMWR. 
Morbidity and mortality weekly report vol. 66,2 41-46. January 20, 
2017.
7. M. Chen et al. Children with Heart Conditions and Their Special 
Health Care Needs--United States, 2016. MMWR. Morbidity and 
mortality weekly report vol. 67,38 1045-1049. 28. Sept. 28, 2018.
8. N. McClung et al. Financial burdens and mental health needs in 
families of children with congenital heart disease. Congenital heart 
disease 13.4 (2018): 554-562. April 6, 2018.
9. EPA. ChemView: Trichloroethylene (TCE), 79-01-6. Last updated on 
June 2, 2023. https://chemview.epa.gov/chemview/?tf=0&ch=79-01-6&su=256737574985&as=31098&ac=115166378999&ma=4-11-1981377-4_16848473-4_16848474-4_49007566&gs=&tds=0&tdl=10&tas1=1&tas2=asc&tas3=undefined&tss=&modal=detail&modalId=100616&modalSrc=2-5-10-1-6378999-4-11-1981377.
10. EPA. Appendix: Regulatory Actions Pertaining to 
Trichloroethylene. July 2023.
11. EPA. Trichloroethyelene (TCE); Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA); Final Rule; Response to Public 
Comments. December 2024.
12. EPA. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. March 2005.
13. EPA. Notes from Federalism Consultation on Forthcoming Proposed 
Rulemakings for Trichloroethylene, Perchloroethylene, and n-
Methylpyrrolidone under TSCA Section 6(a). July 22, 2021.
14. EPA. Notes from Tribal Consultations on Forthcoming Proposed 
Rulemakings for Trichloroethylene (TCE) and Perchloroethylene (PCE). 
June 15 and July 8, 2021.
15. W. Heiger-Bernays and G. Nielsen. Environmental Justice 
Consultation Comment 1 for TCE and PCE. July 5, 2021.
16. S. Rayasam. Environmental Justice Consultation Comment 2 for TCE 
and PCE. June 16, 2021.
17. S. Liu. Environmental Justice Consultation Comment 3 for TCE and 
PCE. August 20, 2021.
18. EPA. Notes from Environmental Justice Consultations on 
Forthcoming Proposed Rulemakings for Trichloroethylene (TCE) and 
Perchloroethylene (PCE). July 2021.
19. Small Business Advocacy Review Panel. Final Report of the Small 
Business Advocacy Review Panel on EPA's Planned Proposed Rule; Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA) Section 6(a) for Trichloroethylene 
(TCE). April 4, 2023.
20. EPA. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation of Trichloroethylene under TSCA 
section 6(a) Proposed Rule; RIN 2070-AK83. June 2023.
21. EPA. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA); Final Rule; RIN 2070-AK83. December 2024.
22. EPA. Public Webinar on Trichloroethylene (TCE): Risk Evaluation 
and Risk Management under TSCA Section 6. December 15, 2020.
23. EPA. Stakeholder Meeting List for Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene under TSCA Section 6(a). May 19, 2023.
24. EPA. 2021 Policy on Children's Health. October 5, 2021.
25. EPA. Trichloroethylene (TCE); Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA); Proposed Rule. Federal Register. 88 
FR 74712. October 31, 2023 (FRL-8317-01-OCSPP).
26. EPA. Public Webinar on Trichloroethylene (TCE); Proposed 
Rulemaking under TSCA Section 6(a). November 14, 2023.
27. EPA. Stakeholder Meeting List for Proposed and Final Rulemaking 
for Trichloroethylene under TSCA Section 6(a).
28. EPA. Second Existing Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) 
(Developmental Toxicity) for Occupational Use of Trichloroethylene. 
March 31, 2022.
29. NABTU AFL-CIO, and USW Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0286. December 15, 
2023.
30. Earthjustice et al. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0321. December 15, 
2023.
31. Environmental Protection Network. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0266. December 12, 2023.
32. The Boeing Company. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0292. December 15, 
2023.
33. Savannah River Nuclear Solutions LLC. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0261. December 12, 2023.

[[Page 102618]]

34. Microporous LLC. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0300. December 15, 
2023.
35. Stoel Rives LLP on behalf of ENTEK. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0323. December 15, 2023.
36. Viant Collegeville LLC. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0303. December 15, 
2023.
37. Keller and Heckman LLP on behalf of multiple pesticide 
registrants. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0308. December 15, 
2023.
38. AIHA. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; 
Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document 
ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0244. December 5, 2023.
39. American Chemistry Council. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking 
for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control 
Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0320. December 15, 
2023.
40. Keller and Heckman LLP on behalf of PPG. Comments on the 
Proposed Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the 
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-
2020-0642-0315. December 15, 2023.
41. SAFECHEM Europe GmbH. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0272. December 13, 
2024.
42. Vinyl Institute. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0318. December 15, 
2023.
43. American Chemistry Council's TCE Panel. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0310. December 15, 2023.
44. Environmental Defense Fund. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking 
for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control 
Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0312. December 15, 
2023.
45. New York State Office of the Attorney General et al. Comments on 
the Proposed Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the 
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-
2020-0642-0311. December 15, 2023.
46. ENTEK. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0230. November 3, 
2023.
47. New York Suffolk County Department of Health Services. Comments 
on the Proposed Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under 
the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-
OPPT-2020-0642-0275. December 14, 2023.
48. OSHA. Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 
(HAZWOPER). https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/hazardous-waste-operations/standards.
49. OSHA. Permissible Exposure Limits--Annotated Tables. https://www.osha.gov/annotated-pels.
50. Skiet. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for Methylene 
Chloride; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). 
Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0465-0226. June 30, 2023.
51. Household and Commercial Products Association. Comments on the 
Proposed Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the 
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-
2020-0642-0306. December 15, 2023.
52. EPA. Guidance To Protect POTW Workers From Toxic And Reactive 
Gases And Vapors. June 1992.
53. The Adhesive and Sealant Council Inc. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0277. December 14, 2023.
54. GS Yuasa Energy Solutions and Yuasa Battery Inc. Comments on the 
Proposed Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the 
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-
2020-0642-0260. December 12, 2023.
55. Illinois Department of Transportation. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0271. December 13, 2023.
56. Chemical Users Coalition. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking 
for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control 
Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0279. December 14, 
2023.
57. The State Asphalt Pavement Associations Inc. and The National 
Asphalt Pavement Association. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking 
for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control 
Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0282. December 14, 
2023.
58. ASTM International. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0291. December 15, 
2023.
59. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Methylene Chloride; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0465-0261. July 3, 2023.
60. Skon. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for Methylene 
Chloride; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). 
Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0465-0223. June 30, 2023.
61. Polypore. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for Methylene 
Chloride; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). 
Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0465-0251. July 3, 2023.
62. W-Scope. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for Methylene 
Chloride; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). 
Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0465-0275. July 4, 2023.
63. EPA. Methylene Chloride; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances 
Control Act (TSCA); Response to Public Comments.
64. EPA. Assistant Administrator Meeting with ENTEK on a TSCA 
Section 6(g) Exemption Request in Risk Management for 
Trichloroethylene (TCE). February 15, 2022.
65. EPA. Meeting with Microporous on Risk Management under TSCA 
Section 6 for Trichloroethylene. February 20, 2024.
66. PPG. TSCA Section 6(g) Exemption Request for use of TCE in the 
production of TESLIN[supreg] substrate. June 29, 2022.
67. Integer. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0305. December 15, 
2023.
68. State Industrial Products. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking 
for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control 
Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0238. November 22, 
2023.
69. CRC Industries Inc. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Perchloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0720-0267. August 15, 2023.
70. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). NFPA 70E Standard 
for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-70e-standard-development/70e.
71. American Association of State Highway and Transportation 
Officials. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0270. December 13, 
2024.
72. Illinois Asphalt Pavement Association. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-

[[Page 102619]]

OPPT-2020-0642-0269. December 13, 2023.
73. InstroTek Inc. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0278. December 14, 
2023.
74. InfraTest USA Inc et al. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0294. December 15, 
2023.
75. The Utah Asphalt Pavement Association. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0295. December 15, 2023.
76. Texas Department of Transportation. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0660. December 7, 2023.
77. Indiana Department of Transportation. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0661. December 8, 2023.
78. US Chamber of Commerce. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0290. December 15, 
2023.
79. Alliance for Chemical Distribution. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0285. December 15, 2023.
80. American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers. Comments on the 
Proposed Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the 
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-
2020-0642-0319. December 15, 2023.
81. Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance Inc. Comments on the 
Proposed Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the 
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-
2020-0642-0296. December 15, 2023.
82. Synesqo. PVDF: Critical uses and Relationship to TSCA Section 6 
High-Priority Chemicals; Briefing for OIRA. August 13, 2024.
83. NASA. Solid Rocket Motor Nozzles Mission Critical Requirement 
for Trichloroethylene. February 1, 2023.
84. OSHA. Multi-Employer Citation Policy. December 10, 1999. https://www.osha.gov/enforcement/directives/cpl-02-00-124.
85. OSHA. Chemical Hazards and Toxic Substances. https://www.osha.gov/chemical-hazards.
86. OSHA. OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) Section II: Chapter 1. 
Personal Sampling for Air Contaminants. Last updated on September 
14, 2023. https://www.osha.gov/otm/section-2-healthhazards/chapter-1.
87. EPA. Passive Samplers for Investigations of Air Quality: Method 
Description, Implementation, and Comparison to Alternative Sampling 
Methods. December 2014.
88. NIOSH. Hierarchy of Controls. Last Reviewed January 17, 2023. 
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/.
89. OSHA. Personal Protective Equipment. 2023.
90. EPA. Trichloroethylene (TCE); Revision to Toxic Substances 
Control Act (TSCA) Risk Determination; Response to Public Comments. 
December 2022.
91. EPA. Trichloroethylene: Fenceline Technical Support--Water 
Pathway. March 24, 2023.
92. EPA. Trichloroethylene (TCE): Fenceline Technical Support--
Ambient Air Pathway. March 3, 2022.
93. EPA. National Emission Standards for Benzene Final Rule. 54 FR 
38044. September 14, 1989.
94. American Petroleum Institute. Comments on the Proposed 
Rulemaking for Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-
0642-0263. December 12, 2023.
95. San Francisco Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment 
University of California. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). Document ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0314. December 15, 
2023.
96. Anonymous. Comments on the Proposed Rulemaking for 
Trichloroethylene; Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act 
(TSCA). EPA-HQ-OPPT-2020-0642-0372. November 9, 2023.
97. EPA. Supporting Statement for an Information Collection Request 
(ICR) Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA). 2024.
98. EPA. Second Existing Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) 
(Developmental Toxicity) for Occupational Use of Trichloroethylene; 
Appendix B. March 31, 2022.

VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Additional information about these statutes and executive orders 
can be found at https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-
executive-orders.

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 14094: Modernizing Regulatory Review

    This action is a ``significant regulatory action'' as defined in 
Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), as amended by 
Executive Order 14094 (88 FR 21879, April 11, 2023). Accordingly, EPA 
submitted this action to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for 
Executive Order 12866 review. Documentation of any changes made in 
response to Executive Order 12866 review is available in the docket. 
EPA prepared an analysis of the potential costs and benefits associated 
with this action (Ref. 3), which is available in the docket and 
summarized in Unit I.E.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this final rule have been 
submitted to OMB for approval under the PRA, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. The 
Information Collection Request (ICR) document that EPA prepared has 
been assigned EPA ICR No. 2775.02 and OMB Control No. 2070-0232 (Ref. 
97). The ICR is in the docket and is briefly summarized here. The 
information collection requirements are not enforceable until OMB 
approves them.
    There are two primary provisions of the rule that may increase 
burden under the PRA. The first is downstream notification, which is 
required to be carried out by updates to the relevant SDS and required 
for manufacturers, processors, and distributors in commerce of TCE, who 
would provide notice to companies downstream upon shipment of TCE about 
the prohibitions. The information submitted to downstream companies 
through the SDS would provide knowledge and awareness of the 
restrictions to these companies. The second primary provision of the 
rule that may increase burden under the PRA is WCPP-related information 
generation, recordkeeping, and notification requirements (including 
development of exposure control plans; exposure level monitoring and 
related recordkeeping; development of documentation for a PPE program 
and related recordkeeping; development of documentation for a 
respiratory protection program and related recordkeeping; development 
and notification to potentially exposed persons (employees and others 
in the workplace) about how they can access the exposure control plans, 
exposure monitoring records, PPE program implementation documentation, 
and respirator program documentation; and development of documentation 
demonstrating eligibility for an exemption from the prohibitions, and 
related recordkeeping).
    Respondents/affected entities: Persons that manufacture (including 
import), process, distribute in commerce, use, or dispose of TCE or 
products containing TCE. See also Unit I.A.

[[Page 102620]]

    Respondent's obligation to respond: Mandatory (TSCA section 6(a) 
and 40 CFR part 751).
    Estimated number of respondents: 23,070.
    Frequency of response: On occasion.
    Total estimated burden: 38,625 hours (per year). Burden is defined 
at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: $7,953,367 (per year), includes $5,351,750 
annualized capital or operation and maintenance costs.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA 
regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. When OMB approves 
this ICR, the OMB control number will be included on the approved 
collection instruments and added to 40 CFR part 9 to display the valid 
OMB control number assigned to the approved information collection 
activities contained in this final rule.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    Pursuant to sections 603 and 609(b) of the RFA, 5 U.S.C. 601 et 
seq., EPA prepared an IRFA for the 2023 TCE proposed rule (Ref. 20) and 
convened a SBAR Panel to obtain advice and recommendations from SERs 
that potentially would be subject to the rule's requirements. Summaries 
of the IRFA and Panel recommendations are presented in the 2023 TCE 
proposed rule, and copies of the related documents are in the docket.
    As required by section 604 of the RFA, EPA prepared a FRFA for this 
action (Ref. 21). The FRFA addresses the issues raised by public 
comments on the IRFA for the proposed rule. The complete FRFA is 
available in the docket and is summarized here.
1. Statement of Need and Rule Objectives
    Under TSCA section 6(a) (15 U.S.C. 2605(a)), if EPA determines 
after a TSCA section 6(b) risk evaluation that a chemical substance 
presents an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment, 
without consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, including an 
unreasonable risk to a PESS identified as relevant to the risk 
evaluation, under the conditions of use, EPA must by rule apply one or 
more requirements listed in TSCA section 6(a) to the extent necessary 
so that the chemical substance or mixture no longer presents such risk. 
TCE was the subject of a risk evaluation under TSCA section 6(b)(4)(A) 
that was issued in November 2020. In addition, in January 2023, EPA 
issued a revised unreasonable risk determination that TCE as a whole 
chemical substance presents an unreasonable risk of injury to health 
under the conditions of use. As a result, EPA is taking action to the 
extent necessary so that TCE no longer presents such risk.
    EPA developed this final rule after considering EPA's unreasonable 
risk determination for TCE, information provided in public comments on 
the proposed rule, findings from and comments on the SBAR Panel, other 
required consultations, and additional public outreach. More 
information on the 2023 TCE proposed rule, SBAR Panel, and outreach 
efforts for this action, is available in the docket for this 
rulemaking.
    To address the identified unreasonable risk, this rule (1) 
prohibits the manufacture (including import), processing, and 
distribution in commerce of TCE for all uses (including all consumer 
uses), with longer timeframes for manufacture and processing related to 
certain uses and time-limited TSCA 6(g) exemptions for certain 
conditions of use; (2) requires strict workplace controls, including a 
TCE WCPP, which would include requirements for an inhalation exposure 
limit and glove requirements to limit dermal exposure to TCE, for 
conditions of use with long term phase-outs or time-limited exemptions 
under TSCA section 6(g); (3) establishes recordkeeping and downstream 
notification requirements; and (4) provides certain time-limited 
exemptions from requirements for conditions of use of TCE that are 
critical and essential, for which no technically and economically 
feasible, safer alternative is available, or where compliance with the 
requirement would significantly disrupt the national economy, national 
security, or critical infrastructure.
2. Significant Issues Raised by the Public Comments in Response to the 
IRFA and EPA Response
    A summary of significant issues raised by comments about the IRFA 
(Ref. 20) and EPA's response is in the Response to Comments document 
(Ref 11), section 10.2.
3. SBA Office of Advocacy Comments and EPA Response
    SBA Office of Advocacy provided comments on the proposed rule (EPA-
HQ-OPPT-2020-0624). A summary of these comments and EPA's response is 
in section 3 of the FRFA (Ref. 21).
4. Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to Which the Final Rule 
Applies
    This final rule potentially affects small manufacturers (including 
importers), processors, distributors, retailers, users of TCE or of 
products containing TCE, and entities engaging in disposal. EPA 
estimates that the rule would affect approximately 21,599 overall 
firms, of which 98.5% small entities have estimated impacts of less 
than 1% of revenues. End users with economically and technologically 
feasible alternatives are estimated to only incur costs associated with 
rule familiarization. For a full description of the estimated number of 
small entities affected by this rule, see the FRFA (Ref. 21).
5. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements of the Final Rule
a. Compliance Requirements
    EPA is prohibiting all conditions of use of TCE. As described in 
the final rule, EPA is prohibiting all manufacturing (including 
import), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for all uses 
(including all consumer uses), as described in Unit IV.B.2. with longer 
compliance timeframes for manufacture and processing related to certain 
uses and TSCA section 6(g) exemptions for certain conditions of use. 
EPA is also requiring strict workplace controls, including compliance 
with a TCE WCPP, which would include requirements for an interim ECEL, 
as well as dermal protection, to limit exposure to TCE, for conditions 
of use with long term phase-outs or time-limited exemptions under TSCA 
section 6(g), as described in Units IV.B., IV.E., and IV.G. After 
December 17, 2024, prohibitions on manufacturing, processing, and 
distribution in commerce of TCE for consumer use will occur in 90 days 
for manufacturers (i.e., on March 17, 2025), 180 days for processors 
and distributors (i.e., on June 16, 2025), and 270 days for industrial 
and commercial users and disposal (i.e., on September 15, 2025), except 
as specified in paragraphs (b)(4) through (25) of section 751.305.
    An interim WCPP encompasses inhalation exposure thresholds, 
includes monitoring and recordkeeping requirements to verify that those 
thresholds are not exceeded, and other components, such as dermal 
protection, while EPA determined that prohibition of all conditions of 
use is ultimately necessary to address the unreasonable risk.

[[Page 102621]]

b. Classes of Small Entities Subject to the Compliance Requirements
    The small entities that would be potentially directly regulated by 
this rule are small businesses that manufacture (including import), 
process, distribute in commerce, use, or dispose of TCE, including 
retailers of TCE for end-consumer uses.
c. Professional Skills Needed To Comply
    Entities subject to this rule that manufacture (including import), 
process, or distribute TCE in commerce will be required to cease such 
activity. The entity will be required to modify their SDS or develop 
another way to inform their customers of the prohibition on 
manufacture, processing, and distribution of TCE. They are also 
required to maintain ordinary business records, such as invoices and 
bills-of-lading, that demonstrate compliance with the prohibitions, 
restrictions, and other provisions of this regulation. These are all 
routine business tasks that do not require specialized skills or 
training.
    Entities that use TCE in any industrial and commercial capacity 
will be required to cease, with some timeframes for prohibitions longer 
than others. Restriction or prohibition of these uses would likely 
require the implementation of an alternative chemical or the cessation 
of use of TCE in a process or equipment that may require persons with 
specialized skills, such as engineers or other technical experts. 
Instead of developing an alternative method themselves, commercial 
users of TCE may choose to contract with another entity to do so.
    Entities that are permitted, on a time-limited basis until 
prohibition, to continue to manufacture, process, distribute, or use 
TCE are required to implement a WCPP for continued use of TCE. A 
transition to a WCPP may require persons with specialized skills such 
as an engineer or health and safety professional. Instead of 
implementing the WCPP, entities that use TCE may choose to contract 
with another entity to do so. Records have to be maintained for 
compliance with a WCPP, as applicable. While this recording activity 
itself may not require a special skill, the information to be measured 
and recorded may require persons with specialized skills such as an 
industrial hygienist.
6. Steps Taken To Minimize Economic Impact to Small Entities
a. SBAR Panel
    As required by section 609(b) of the RFA, EPA conducted outreach to 
small entities and convened a SBAR Panel to obtain advice and 
recommendations of representatives of the small entities that 
potentially would be subject to the rule's requirements. The Panel 
solicited input on all aspects of these proposed regulations. Six 
potentially impacted small entities served as small-entity 
representatives (SERs) to the Panel, representing a broad range of 
small entities from diverse geographic locations. The Panel Report was 
signed on April 4, 2023 (Ref. 19).
    Consistent with the RFA requirements, the Panel evaluated the 
assembled materials and small-entity comments on issues related to 
elements of the regulatory flexibility analysis. It is important to 
note that the Panel's findings and discussion were based on the 
information available at the time the final report was prepared. For 
the full list of Panel recommendations, see Section 8.A. of the FRFA 
(Ref. 21).
    EPA detailed the SBAR Panel's request for comment on these specific 
topics in the IRFA and proposed rule and solicited comment from the 
public. During the comment period, the public provided comment on some 
of these areas. Those comments and others received on the proposed rule 
and EPA's responses are in the Response to Comments document (Ref. 11).
b. Alternatives Considered
    EPA analyzed alternative regulatory approaches to identify which 
would be feasible, reduce burden to small businesses, and achieve the 
objective of the statute (i.e., applying one or more requirements 
listed in TSCA section 6(a) to the extent necessary so that the 
chemical substance or mixture no longer presents an unreasonable risk). 
As described in more detail in Unit VI. of the proposed rule, and Unit 
II.D. of the final rule, EPA considered several factors, in addition to 
identified unreasonable risk, when selecting among possible TSCA 
section 6(a) requirements. To the extent practicable, EPA factored into 
its decisions: the effects of TCE on health and the environment, the 
magnitude of exposure to TCE of human beings and the environment, the 
benefits of TCE for various uses, and the reasonably ascertainable 
economic consequences of the rule. As part of this analysis, EPA 
considered--in addition to the prohibitions described in Unit IV.--a 
wide variety of control measures to address the unreasonable risk from 
TCE such as a WCPP, weight fractions, a certification and limited 
access program, and prescriptive controls. EPA's analysis of these risk 
management approaches is detailed in Unit VI.A.3. of the proposed rule.
    Based on consideration of public comments received on the proposed 
rule, EPA has made some changes from the proposed rule to the final 
rule. These changes include aspects of the WCPP, longer compliance 
timeframes for certain uses, and TSCA section 6(g) exemptions for 
certain conditions of use. EPA is also requiring strict workplace 
controls, including compliance with a TCE WCPP, which would include 
requirements for an interim ECEL, as well as dermal protection, to 
limit exposure to TCE, for conditions of use with long term phase-outs 
or time-limited exemptions. Additional changes to the rule based on 
consideration of public comments are detailed in Unit III. of the final 
rule and include identification of a regulatory threshold for TCE. For 
additional information and rationale towards alternative actions, see 
Unit III.D. of this final rule and Section 8.B. of the FRFA (Ref. 21).
    In addition, EPA is preparing a Small Entity Compliance Guide to 
help small entities comply with this rule. EPA expects that this guide 
will be made available on the EPA website prior to the effective date 
of this final rule.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action does not contain an unfunded mandate of $100 million 
(in 1995 dollars and adjusted annually for inflation) or more as 
described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments. The action will affect entities that 
use TCE. It is not expected to affect State, local, or Tribal 
governments because the use of TCE by government entities is minimal. 
The costs involved in this action are estimated not to exceed $183 
million in 2023$ ($100 million in 1995$ adjusted for inflation using 
the GDP implicit price deflator) in any one year for State, local, and 
Tribal governments, in the aggregate, or for the private sector. 
Accordingly, this action is not subject to the requirements of sections 
202, 203, or 205 of UMRA.

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    EPA has concluded that this action has federalism implications, as 
specified in Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), 
because regulation under TSCA section 6(a) may preempt

[[Page 102622]]

state law. EPA provides the following federalism summary impact 
statement. The Agency consulted with state and local officials early in 
the process of developing the proposed action to permit them to have 
meaningful and timely input into its development. This included a 
consultation meeting on July 22, 2021, and a background presentation on 
September 9, 2020. EPA invited the following national organizations 
representing State and local elected officials to these meetings: 
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, National 
Association of Clean Water Agencies, Western States Water Council, 
National Water Resources Association, American Water Works Association, 
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, Association of Clean Water 
Administrators, Environmental Council of the States, National 
Association of Counties, National League of Cities, County Executives 
of America, U.S. Conference of Mayors, and National Association of 
Attorneys General. A summary of the meeting with these organizations, 
including the views that they expressed, is available in the docket 
(Ref. 13). EPA provided an opportunity for these organizations to 
provide follow-up comments in writing but did not receive any such 
comments.

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have Tribal implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000) because it will 
not have substantial direct effects on Tribal governments, on the 
relationship between the Federal Government and the Indian Tribes, or 
on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal 
Government and Indian Tribes. TCE is not manufactured, processed, or 
distributed in commerce by Tribes and, therefore, this rulemaking would 
not impose substantial direct compliance costs on Tribal governments. 
Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action.
    Notwithstanding the lack of Tribal implications as specified by 
Executive Order 13175, EPA consulted with Tribal officials during the 
development of this action, consistent with the EPA Policy on 
Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribes, which EPA applies 
more broadly than Executive Order 13175.
    The Agency held a Tribal consultation from June 3, 2021, to August 
20, 2021, with meetings on June 16 and July 6, 2021. Tribal officials 
were given the opportunity to meaningfully interact with EPA concerning 
the current status of risk management. During the consultation, EPA 
discussed risk management under TSCA section 6(a), findings from the 
2020 Risk Evaluation for TCE, types of information to inform risk 
management, principles for transparency during risk management, and 
types of information EPA sought from Tribal officials. EPA briefed 
Tribal officials on the Agency's risk management considerations and 
Tribal officials raised no related issues or concerns to EPA during or 
in follow-up to those meetings (Ref. 14). EPA received no written 
comments as part of this consultation.

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) directs Federal 
agencies to include an evaluation of the health and safety effects of 
the planned regulation on children in Federal health and safety 
standards and explain why the regulation is preferable to potentially 
effective and reasonably feasible alternatives. While the environmental 
health or safety risks addressed by this action present a 
disproportionate risk to children due to TCE's developmental toxicity, 
this action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is not a 
significant regulatory action under section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 
12866. However, because there is evidence of an association between TCE 
and developmental toxicity, the prohibitions and restrictions on TCE in 
this final rule are expected to strengthen protection of children's 
health. In addition, EPA's Policy on Children's Health applies to this 
action. Information on how the policy was applied is available in Unit 
II.D.2.c.

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution or Use

    This action is not a ``significant energy action'' under Executive 
Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001) because it is not likely to 
have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution or use of 
energy and has not been designated by the Administrator of the Office 
of Information and Regulatory Affairs as a significant energy action.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)

    Pursuant to the NTTAA section 12(d), 15 U.S.C. 272, the Agency has 
determined that this rulemaking involves environmental monitoring or 
measurement, specifically for occupational inhalation exposures to TCE. 
Consistent with the Agency's Performance Based Measurement System 
(PBMS), EPA will not require the use of specific, prescribed analytic 
methods. Rather, the Agency will allow the use of any method that meets 
the prescribed performance criteria. The PBMS approach is intended to 
be more flexible and cost-effective for the regulated community; it is 
also intended to encourage innovation in analytical technology and 
improved data quality. EPA is not precluding the use of any method, 
whether it constitutes a voluntary consensus standard or not, as long 
as it meets the performance criteria specified.
    For this rulemaking, the key consideration for the PBMS approach is 
the ability to accurately detect and measure airborne concentrations of 
TCE at the interim ECEL and the interim ECEL action level. Some 
examples of methods which meet the criteria are included in appendix B 
of the ECEL memo (Ref. 98). EPA recognizes that there may be voluntary 
consensus standards that meet the criteria (Ref. 98).

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations and 
Executive Order 14096: Revitalizing Our Nation's Commitment to 
Environmental Justice for All

    EPA believes that the human health and environmental conditions 
that exist prior to this action result in or have the potential to 
result in disproportionate and adverse human health or environmental 
effects on communities with EJ concerns in accordance with Executive 
Order 14096 (88 FR 25251, April 26, 2023) (building on and 
supplementing Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994). As 
described more fully in the Economic Analysis for this rulemaking (Ref. 
3), EPA conducted an analysis to characterize the baseline conditions 
faced by communities and workers affected by the regulation to identify 
the potential for disproportionate impacts on communities with 
environmental justice concerns using information about the facilities, 
workforce, and communities potentially affected by the regulatory 
options under current conditions, before the regulation would go into 
effect. The analysis drew on publicly available data provided by EPA 
and the U.S. Census Bureau, including data from the Toxics Release 
Inventory (TRI), Chemical Data Reporting (CDR), National Emissions 
Inventory (NEI), the American Community Survey (ACS), and the Quarterly 
Workforce Indicators

[[Page 102623]]

(QWI). The baseline characterization suggests that workers in affected 
industries and regions, as well as residents of nearby communities, are 
more likely to be people of color than the general population in 
affected states, although this varied by use assessed. Based on 
reasonably available information, EPA determined that there are 
potential environmental justice concerns in communities surrounding 
facilities subject to this regulation (Ref. 3).
    EPA believes that this action is likely to reduce existing 
disproportionate and adverse effects on communities with environmental 
justice concerns. While this regulatory action applies requirements to 
the extent necessary so that TCE no longer presents an unreasonable 
risk, EPA is not able to quantify the distribution of the change in 
risk for affected populations. EPA is also unable to quantify the 
changes in risks for affected populations from non-TCE-using 
technologies or practices that firms may adopt in response to the 
regulation to determine whether any such changes could pose 
environmental justice concerns. Data limitations that prevent EPA from 
conducting a more comprehensive analysis are summarized in the Economic 
Analysis (Ref. 3).
    EPA additionally identified and addressed potential EJ concerns by 
conducting outreach to advocates of communities that might be subject 
to disproportionate exposure to TCE. On June 16, 2021, and July 6, 
2021, EPA held public meetings as part of this consultation (Ref. 18). 
See also Unit II.D. These meetings were held pursuant to Executive 
Order 12898 and Executive Order 14008, Tackling the Climate Crisis at 
Home and Abroad (86 FR 7619, February 1, 2021). EPA received three 
written comments following the EJ meetings, in addition to oral 
comments provided during the consultations (Refs. 15, 16, 17). In 
general, commenters supported strong regulation of TCE to protect 
lower-income communities and workers. Commenters supported strong 
outreach to affected communities, encouraged EPA to follow the 
hierarchy of controls, favored prohibitions, and noted the uncertainty, 
and, in some cases, inadequacy, of PPE.
    The information supporting this Executive Order review is contained 
in Unit II.D., as well as in the Economic Analysis (Ref. 3). EPA's 
presentations, a summary of EPA's presentation and public comments 
made, and fact sheets for the EJ consultations related to this 
rulemaking are available at https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/materials-june-and-july-2021-environmental-justice. These materials are also available in the docket for this 
rulemaking.

K. Congressional Review Act (CRA)

    This action is subject to the CRA, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., and the 
EPA will submit a rule report to each House of the Congress and to the 
Comptroller General of the United States. This action is not a ``major 
rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 751

    Environmental protection, Chemicals, Export notification, Hazardous 
substances, Import certification, Reporting and recordkeeping.


Michael S. Regan,
Administrator.

    Therefore, for the reasons stated in the preamble, 40 CFR chapter I 
is amended to read as follows:

PART 751--REGULATION OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES 
UNDER SECTION 6 OF THE TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

0
1. The authority citation for part 751 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 2605, 15 U.S.C. 2625(l)(4).

0
2. Add subpart D to read as follows:
Subpart D--Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Sec.
751.301 General.
751.303 Definitions.
751.305 Prohibitions of manufacturing, processing, distribution in 
commerce, use and disposal.
751.307 Phase-out of processing trichloroethylene to manufacture of 
HFC-134a.
751.309 Phase-out of trichloroethylene use in vapor degreasing for 
booster rocket nozzles.
751.311 Phase-out of TCE use in the industrial and commercial use of 
TCE in laboratory use in asphalt testing and recovery.
751.313 Phase-out of disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, 
treatment, or publicly owned treatment works.
751.315 Workplace chemical protection program.
751.317 Workplace requirements for energized electrical cleaner.
751.319 Workplace requirements for wastewater.
751.321 Downstream notification.
751.323 Recordkeeping requirements.
751.325 Exemptions.

Subpart D--Trichloroethylene (TCE)


Sec.  751.301  General.

    (a) Applicability. This subpart sets certain restrictions on the 
manufacture (including import), processing, distribution in commerce, 
use, and disposal of trichloroethylene (TCE) (CASRN 79-01-6) to prevent 
unreasonable risk of injury to health in accordance with TSCA section 
6(a).
    (b) Regulatory threshold. Unless otherwise specified in this 
subpart, the prohibitions and restrictions of this subpart do not apply 
to products containing TCE at thresholds less than 0.1 percent by 
weight. This threshold does not apply to wastewater.
    (c) Byproducts within site-limited, physically enclosed systems. 
Unless otherwise specified in this subpart, the prohibitions and 
restrictions of this subpart do not apply to TCE processed as a 
byproduct when that byproduct TCE is processed within a site-limited, 
physically enclosed system that is part of the same overall 
manufacturing process from which the byproduct TCE was generated. This 
exclusion does not permit TCE to be present in any product that results 
from such site-limited, physically enclosed systems, except as 
permitted by paragraph (b) of this section.
    (d) Owner and operator requirements. Any requirement for an owner 
or operator or an owner and operator is a requirement for any 
individual that is either an owner or an operator.


Sec.  751.303  Definitions.

    The definitions in subpart A of this part apply to this subpart 
unless otherwise specified in this section. In addition, the following 
definitions apply:
    Distribute in commerce has the same meaning as in section 3 of the 
Act, except that the term does not include retailers for purposes of 
Sec.  751.321 and Sec.  751.323.
    Interim ECEL means a concentration of airborne TCE of 0.2 parts per 
million (ppm) calculated as an eight (8)-hour time weighted average 
(TWA) that will be in place only for the timeframes indicated for 
specified conditions of use, after which prohibitions would take 
effect.
    Interim ECEL action level means a concentration of airborne TCE of 
0.1 parts per million (ppm) calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-
weighted average (TWA).
    Site-limited has the same meaning as in 40 CFR 711.3.


Sec.  751.305  Prohibitions of manufacturing, processing, distribution 
in commerce, use and disposal.

    (a) Applicability. The provisions of this section apply to the 
following:
    (1) Manufacturing (including importing and manufacturing for 
export);
    (2) Processing (including processing for export);

[[Page 102624]]

    (3) All industrial and commercial uses;
    (4) All consumer uses;
    (5) Distribution in commerce; and
    (6) Disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, or publicly owned treatment works.
    (b) Prohibitions. (1) After March 17, 2025, all persons are 
prohibited from manufacturing (including importing and manufacturing 
for export) TCE, except as specified for manufacturing in paragraphs 
(b)(5) through (25) of this section.
    (2) After June 16, 2025, all persons are prohibited from processing 
(including processing for export) and distributing in commerce 
(including making available) TCE, including any TCE-containing 
products, except as specified for processing or distributing in 
commerce in paragraphs (b)(5) through (25) of this section, and all 
retailers are prohibited from distributing in commerce (including 
making available) TCE for any use.
    (3) After September 15, 2025, all persons are prohibited from 
industrial and commercial use of TCE, including any TCE-containing 
products, except as specified for industrial or commercial use in 
paragraphs (b)(5) through (25) of this section.
    (4) After September 15, 2025, all persons manufacturing (including 
importing), processing, and using TCE are prohibited from disposal of 
TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly 
owned treatment works except as specified in paragraphs (b)(14), (23) 
(24), and (26) of this section.
    (5) After June 16, 2025, all persons are prohibited from 
manufacturing (including importing) TCE for industrial and commercial 
use for batch vapor degreasing in open-top and closed-loop degreasing 
equipment, except for the use specified in paragraphs (b)(11), (15), 
(16), (17), (20), and (21) of this section.
    (6) After September 15, 2025, all persons are prohibited from 
processing TCE for industrial and commercial use for batch vapor 
degreasing in open-top and closed-loop degreasing equipment, except for 
the use specified in paragraphs (b)(11), (15), (16), (17), (20), and 
(21) of this section.
    (7) After December 18, 2025, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE for batch vapor degreasing in 
open-top and closed-loop degreasing equipment, except for the use 
specified in paragraphs (b)(11), (15), (16), (17), (20), and (21) of 
this section.
    (8) After June 10, 2026, all persons are prohibited from 
manufacturing (including importing) TCE for: (i) Processing of TCE as a 
reactant/intermediate, except for the use as specified in paragraph 
(b)(18) of this section; and (ii) Processing TCE for the industrial and 
commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for: process solvent used in 
battery manufacture; process solvent used in polymer fiber spinning, 
fluoroelastomer manufacture and Alcantara manufacture; extraction 
solvent used in caprolactam manufacture; precipitant used in beta-
cyclodextrin manufacture, except for those uses specified in paragraphs 
(b)(14), (23) and (24) of this section.
    (9) After December 18, 2026, all persons are prohibited from: (i) 
Processing TCE as a reactant/intermediate, except for the use as 
specified in paragraph (b)(18) of this section; and (ii) Processing for 
and industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid in: 
process solvent used in battery manufacture; process solvent used in 
polymer fiber spinning, fluoroelastomer manufacture and Alcantara 
manufacture; extraction solvent used in caprolactam manufacture; 
precipitant used in beta-cyclodextrin manufacture, except for those 
uses specified in paragraphs (b)(14), (23) and (24) of this section.
    (10) After December 18, 2027, all persons are prohibited from 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in energized electrical cleaners 
and from the manufacturing (including importing), processing, and 
distribution in commerce of TCE for such a use.
    (11) After December 18, 2029, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent in closed-loop batch 
vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end use in producing 
rocket booster nozzles for Federal agencies and their contractors, and 
manufacturing (including importing), processing, and distribution in 
commerce of TCE for such use. If such persons obtain and maintain the 
records required by Sec. Sec.  751.309 and 751.323 demonstrating that a 
final pre-launch test was completed using an alternative to TCE in the 
production of the rocket booster nozzles, the industrial and commercial 
use of TCE as a solvent in closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon 
fabric scouring for end use in producing rocket booster nozzles for 
Federal agencies and their contractors, and manufacturing (including 
importing), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for such 
use may continue beyond December 18, 2029.
    (12) After December 18, 2029, all persons are prohibited from 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in adhesives and sealants for 
essential aerospace applications, and from the manufacturing (including 
importing), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for such 
uses.
    (13) After December 18, 2029, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a laboratory chemical for 
asphalt testing and recovery using manual centrifuge processes, and 
manufacturing (including importing), processing, and distribution in 
commerce of TCE for such use, as further detailed in Sec.  751.311.
    (14) After December 18, 2029, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for lithium 
battery separator manufacturing, and the manufacturing (including 
importing), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for such 
use as well as the disposal of TCE from such industrial or commercial 
use to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly 
owned treatment works.
    (15) After December 18, 2029, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE for batch vapor degreasing for 
land-based DoD defense systems by Federal agencies and their 
contractors, and from the manufacturing (including importing), 
processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for such use.
    (16) After December 18, 2031, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent in closed-loop batch 
vapor degreasing necessary for rocket engine cleaning by Federal 
Agencies and their contractors as described in Sec.  751.325(b)(1) and 
the manufacturing (including importing), processing, and distribution 
in commerce of TCE for such use.
    (17) After December 18, 2031, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent in closed-loop and 
open-top batch vapor degreasing for essential aerospace parts and 
components and narrow tubing for medical devices, and manufacturing 
(including importing), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE 
for such use as described in Sec.  751.325(b)(2).
    (18) After June 18, 2033, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as an intermediate for 
manufacturing hydrofluorocarbon 134-a, also known as 1,1,1,2-
tetrafluroethane (HFC-134a: CASRN 811-97-2), and manufacturing 
(including importing), processing, and distribution in commerce for 
such use as described in Sec.  751.307.

[[Page 102625]]

    (19) After December 18, 2034, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in laboratory use for asphalt 
testing and recovery, and manufacturing (including importing), 
processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for such use, as 
described in Sec.  751.311.
    (20) After December 18, 2034, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent in closed-loop batch 
vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end use in producing 
rocket booster nozzles for Federal agencies and their contractors, and 
manufacturing (including importing), processing, and distribution in 
commerce of TCE for such use.
    (21) After December 18, 2034, for vessels of the Armed Forces and 
their systems, and in the maintenance, fabrication, and sustainment for 
and of such vessels and systems, prohibit the industrial and commercial 
use of TCE as (and manufacturing (including importing), processing, and 
distribution in commerce of TCE for): potting compounds for naval 
electronic systems and equipment; sealing compounds for high and ultra-
high vacuum systems; bonding compounds for materials testing and 
maintenance of underwater systems and bonding of nonmetallic materials; 
and cleaning agents to satisfy cleaning requirements (which includes 
degreasing using wipes, sprays, solvents and vapor degreasing) for: 
materials and components required for military ordnance testing; 
temporary resin repairs in vessel spaces where welding is not 
authorized; ensuring polyurethane adhesion for electronic systems and 
equipment repair and installation of elastomeric materials; various 
naval combat systems, radars, sensors, equipment; fabrication and 
prototyping processes to remove coolant and other residue from machine 
parts; machined part fabrications for naval systems; installation of 
topside rubber tile material aboard vessels; and vapor degreasing 
required for substrate surface preparation prior to electroplating 
processes.
    (22) After December 18, 2034, all persons are prohibited from 
manufacturing (including import), processing, distribution in commerce, 
or use of TCE, including any TCE containing products, for industrial or 
commercial use in an emergency by NASA or its contractors as described 
in Sec.  751.325(b)(4), and manufacturing (including importing), 
processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for such use.
    (23) After December 18, 2044, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for lead-acid 
battery separator manufacturing, and the manufacturing (including 
importing), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for such 
use, as well as the disposal of TCE from such industrial or commercial 
use to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly 
owned treatment works.
    (24) After December 18, 2039, all persons are prohibited from the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for specialty 
polymeric microporous sheet materials manufacturing, and the 
manufacturing (including importing), processing, and distribution in 
commerce of TCE for such use, as well as the disposal of TCE from such 
industrial or commercial use to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, or publicly owned treatment works.
    (25) After December 18, 2074, all persons are prohibited from 
industrial and commercial uses of TCE for the laboratory uses described 
in Sec.  751.325(b)(7), and from the manufacturing (including 
importing), processing, and distribution in commerce of TCE for such 
uses.
    (26) After December 18, 2074, all persons are prohibited from 
disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or 
publicly owned treatment works for the purposes of cleanup projects of 
TCE-contaminated water and groundwater as described in Sec.  
751.325(b)(8).


Sec.  751.307  Phase-out of processing trichloroethylene to manufacture 
of HFC-134a.

    (a) Baseline. Before June 16, 2025, each manufacturer of HFC-134a 
who processes TCE as an intermediate must establish a baseline annual 
volume of TCE processed as an intermediate.
    (1) The manufacturer must use the average annual volume of any 12 
consecutive months in the 3 years preceding December 17, 2024 to 
calculate the baseline.
    (2) The manufacturer must retain records that demonstrate how the 
baseline annual volume was calculated, in accordance with Sec.  
751.323(d)(1).
    (b) Phase-out. (1) Beginning June 7, 2027, each manufacturer of 
HFC-134a who processes TCE as an intermediate is not permitted to 
process TCE as an intermediate at an annual volume greater than 75 
percent of the baseline.
    (2) Beginning June 18, 2029, each manufacturer of HFC-134a who 
processes TCE as an intermediate is not permitted to process TCE as an 
intermediate at an annual volume greater than 50 percent of the 
baseline.
    (3) Beginning June 18, 2031, each manufacturer of HFC-134a who 
processes TCE as an intermediate is not permitted to process TCE as an 
intermediate at an annual volume greater than 25 percent of the 
baseline so established.
    (4) Beginning June 18, 2033, each manufacturer of HFC-134a who 
processes TCE as an intermediate is prohibited from processing TCE as 
an intermediate.
    (c) Workplace chemical protection program. The owner or operator of 
the location where TCE is processed as an intermediate in accordance 
with this section, and manufacturers (including importers) and 
processors of TCE for such use, must comply with Sec.  751.315.
    (d) Recordkeeping. The owner or operator of the location where TCE 
is processed as an intermediate in accordance with this section must 
comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  751.323.


Sec.  751.309  Phase-out of trichloroethylene use in vapor degreasing 
for rocket booster nozzles.

    (a) In accordance with Sec.  751.305(b)(11), until December 18, 
2029, TCE may be used as a solvent in closed-loop batch vapor 
degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end use in producing rocket 
booster nozzles for Federal agencies and their contractors, and 
manufactured (including imported), processed, and distributed in 
commerce for such use.
    (b) From December 18, 2029, until December 18, 2034, TCE may only 
be used as a solvent in closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon 
fabric scouring for end use in producing rocket booster nozzles, and 
manufactured (including imported), processed, and distributed in 
commerce for such use, by Federal agencies and their contractors who 
maintain records demonstrating that a final pre-launch test of rocket 
booster nozzles without using TCE was completed.
    (c) If a suitable alternative to TCE is identified and validated 
before the end of this phase-out period, Federal agencies and their 
contractors must transition to that alternative.
    (d) The owner or operator of the location where TCE is used as a 
solvent in closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring 
for end use in producing rocket booster nozzles in accordance with this 
section, and manufacturers (including importers) and processors of TCE 
for such use, must comply with Sec.  751.315.

[[Page 102626]]

    (e) The owner or operator of the location where TCE is used as a 
solvent in closed-loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring 
for end use in producing rocket booster nozzles in accordance with this 
section must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.


Sec.  751.311  Phase-out of TCE use in the industrial and commercial 
use of TCE in laboratory use for asphalt testing and recovery.

    (a) In accordance with Sec.  751.305(b)(18), until December 18, 
2034, TCE may be manufactured (including imported), processed, 
distributed in commerce, and used in industrial and commercial use of 
TCE in laboratory use for asphalt testing and recovery.
    (b) From December 18, 2029, until December 18, 2034, TCE is only 
permitted to be manufactured (including imported), processed, 
distributed in commerce, and used in industrial and commercial use of 
TCE in laboratory use for asphalt testing and recovery for methods that 
do not include manual centrifuge processes.
    (c) The use of TCE as a laboratory chemical must be performed on 
the premises of a laboratory.
    (d) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE as 
a laboratory chemical occurs, and manufacturers (including importers) 
and processors of TCE for such use, must comply with the Workplace 
Chemical Protection Program provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (e) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE as 
a laboratory chemical occurs must comply with the recordkeeping 
requirements in Sec.  751.323.


Sec.  751.313  Phase-out of disposal of TCE to industrial pre-
treatment, treatment, or publicly owned treatment works.

    (a) After September 15, 2025, all persons manufacturing (including 
importing), processing, and using TCE are prohibited from disposal of 
TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or publicly 
owned treatment works except as specified in the other subsections of 
this unit.
    (b) After December 18, 2029, all industrial and commercial users of 
TCE for lithium battery separator manufacturing are prohibited from 
disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or 
publicly owned treatment works.
    (c) After December 18, 2039, all industrial and commercial users of 
TCE for specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials manufacturing 
are prohibited from disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, 
industrial treatment, or publicly owned treatment works.
    (d) After December 18, 2044, all industrial and commercial users of 
TCE for lead-acid battery separator manufacturing are prohibited from 
disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial treatment, or 
publicly owned treatment works.
    (e) The owner or operator of the location where disposal of TCE to 
industrial pre-treatment, treatment, or to a publicly owned treatment 
works occurs must comply with the Workplace Chemical Protection Program 
provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (f) The owner or operator of the publicly owned treatment works 
where disposal of TCE occurs must comply with the wastewater workplace 
protections in Sec.  751.319.
    (g) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.


Sec.  751.315  Workplace chemical protection program.

    (a) Applicability. The provisions of this section apply to the 
following conditions of use of TCE when permitted to continue beyond 
December 18, 2025, pursuant to accordance with Sec. Sec.  751.305(b)(8) 
through (25), 751.307, 751.309, and 751.311:
    (1) Manufacturing (domestic manufacture);
    (2) Manufacturing (import);
    (3) Processing as a reactant/intermediate;
    (4) Processing into formulation, mixture, or reaction product;
    (5) Processing (repackaging);
    (6) Processing (recycling);
    (7) Industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid in: 
process solvent used in battery manufacture; process solvent used in 
polymer fiber spinning, fluoroelastomer manufacture and Alcantara 
manufacture; extraction solvent used in caprolactam manufacture; 
precipitant used in beta-cyclodextrin manufacture;
    (8) Industrial and commercial use of TCE as an adhesive and sealant 
for essential aerospace applications;
    (9) Industrial and commercial use of TCE in other miscellaneous 
industrial and commercial uses (laboratory use);
    (10) Industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent in closed-
loop batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end use in 
rocket booster nozzle production by Federal agencies and their 
contractors;
    (11) Industrial and commercial use of TCE in closed-loop or open-
top batch vapor degreasing for essential aerospace parts and components 
and narrow tubing used for medical devices;
    (12) Industrial and commercial use of TCE for vessels of the Armed 
Forces and their systems, and in the maintenance, fabrication, and 
sustainment for and of such vessels and systems; as potting compounds 
for naval electronic systems and equipment; sealing compounds for high 
and ultra-high vacuum systems; bonding compounds for materials testing 
and maintenance of underwater systems and bonding of nonmetallic 
materials; and cleaning agents to satisfy cleaning requirements (which 
includes degreasing using wipes, sprays, solvents and vapor degreasing) 
for: materials and components required for military ordnance testing; 
temporary resin repairs in vessel spaces where welding is not 
authorized; ensuring polyurethane adhesion for electronic systems and 
equipment repair and installation of elastomeric materials; various 
naval combat systems, radars, sensors, equipment; fabrication and 
prototyping processes to remove coolant and other residue from machine 
parts; machined part fabrications for naval systems; installation of 
topside rubber tile material aboard vessels; and vapor degreasing 
required for substrate surface preparation prior to electroplating 
processes;
    (13) Industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent in closed-
loop batch vapor degreasing necessary for rocket engine cleaning by 
Federal agencies and their contractors;
    (14) Industrial and commercial use of TCE in batch vapor degreasing 
for land-based DoD defense systems by Federal agencies and their 
contractors; and
    (15) Disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, or publicly owned treatment works, except to the extent that 
the activity is covered by the workplace protections in Sec.  751.319.
    (b) Interim existing chemical exposure limit (interim ECEL)--(1) 
Applicability. The provisions of this paragraph (b) apply to any 
workplace engaged in the conditions of use listed in paragraphs (a)(1) 
through (15) of this section.
    (2) Interim ECEL. Beginning September 20, 2027 for Federal agencies 
and Federal contractors acting for or on behalf of the Federal 
government, or by September 15, 2025 for non-Federal owners and 
operators, or beginning 120 days after introduction of TCE into the 
workplace if TCE use commences after June 16, 2025, the owner or 
operator must ensure that no person is exposed to an airborne 
concentration of TCE in excess of the interim ECEL, consistent with the 
requirements of paragraph (c)

[[Page 102627]]

of this section and, if necessary, paragraph (e)(1) of this section.
    (3) Exposure monitoring--(i) General. (A) Owners or operators must 
determine each potentially exposed person's exposure, without regard to 
respiratory protection, by either:
    (1) Taking a personal breathing zone air sample of each potentially 
exposed person's exposure; or
    (2) Taking personal breathing zone air samples that are 
representative of the 8-hour TWA of each exposure group.
    (B) Personal breathing zone air samples are representative of the 
8-hour TWA of all potentially exposed persons in an exposure group if 
the samples are of at least one person's work-shift exposure who 
represents the highest potential TCE exposures in that exposure group. 
Personal breathing zone air samples taken during one work shift may be 
used to represent potentially exposed person exposures on other work 
shifts where the owner or operator can document that the tasks 
performed and conditions in the workplace are similar across shifts.
    (C) Exposure samples must be analyzed using an appropriate 
analytical method by a laboratory that complies with the Good 
Laboratory Practice Standards in 40 CFR part 792 or a laboratory 
accredited by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) or 
another industry-recognized program.
    (D) Owners or operators must ensure that methods used to perform 
exposure monitoring produce results that are accurate, to a confidence 
level of 95 percent, to within plus or minus 25 percent for airborne 
concentrations of TCE.
    (E) Owners and operators must re-monitor within 15 working days 
after receipt of any exposure monitoring when results indicate non-
detect unless an Environmental Professional as defined at 40 CFR 312.10 
or a Certified Industrial Hygienist reviews the monitoring results and 
determines re-monitoring is not necessary.
    (ii) Initial monitoring. By June 21, 2027 for Federal agencies and 
Federal contractors acting for or on behalf of the Federal government, 
or by June 16, 2025 for non-Federal owners and operators or within 30 
days of introduction of TCE into the workplace, whichever is later, 
each owner or operator covered by this section must perform initial 
monitoring of potentially exposed persons. Where the owner or operator 
has monitoring results from monitoring conducted within five years 
prior to February 18, 2025 and the monitoring satisfies all other 
requirements of this section, the owner or operator may rely on such 
earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of this 
paragraph.
    (iii) Periodic monitoring. The owner or operator must establish an 
exposure monitoring program for periodic monitoring of exposure to TCE 
in accordance with Table 1.

 Table 1 to Sec.   751.311(b)(3)(iii)--Periodic Monitoring Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Air concentration condition        Periodic monitoring requirement
------------------------------------------------------------------------
If initial exposure monitoring is below  Periodic exposure monitoring is
 the interim ECEL action level (<0.1      required at least once every
 ppm 8-hour TWA).                         five years.
If the most recent exposure monitoring   Periodic exposure monitoring is
 indicates that airborne exposure is at   required within 180 days of
 or above the interim ECEL action level   the most recent exposure
 but at or below the interim ECEL         monitoring.
 (>=0.1 ppm 8-hour TWA, <=0.2 ppm 8-
 hour TWA).
If the most recent exposure monitoring   Periodic exposure monitoring is
 indicates that airborne exposure is      required within 90 days of the
 above the interim ECEL (<0.2 ppm 8-      most recent exposure
 hour TWA).                               monitoring.
If the two most recent (non-initial)     Periodic exposure monitoring is
 exposure monitoring measurements,        required within five years of
 taken at least seven days apart within   the most recent exposure
 a six-month period, indicate that        monitoring.
 airborne exposure is below the interim
 ECEL action level (<0.1 ppm 8-hour
 TWA).
If the owner or operator engages in a    The owner or operator may forgo
 condition of use for which compliance    the next periodic monitoring
 with the WCPP is required but does not   event. However, documentation
 manufacture, process, use, or dispose    of cessation of use of TCE is
 of TCE in that condition of use over     required; and periodic
 the entirety of time since the last      monitoring is required when
 required monitoring event.               the owner or operator resumes
                                          the condition of use.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (iv) Additional monitoring. (A) The owner or operator must conduct 
the exposure monitoring required by paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this 
section within 30 days after there has been a change in the production, 
process, control equipment, personnel or work practices that may 
reasonably be expected to result in new or additional exposures above 
the interim ECEL action level or when the owner or operator has any 
reason to believe that new or additional exposures above the interim 
ECEL action level have occurred. Prior monitoring data cannot be used 
to meet this requirement.
    (B) Whenever start-ups or shutdown, or spills, leaks, ruptures, or 
other breakdowns or unexpected releases occur that may lead to exposure 
to potentially exposed persons, the owner or operator must conduct the 
exposure monitoring required by paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section 
within 30 days after the conclusion of the start-up or shut down and/or 
the cleanup of the spill or repair of the leak, rupture, or other 
breakdown. Prior monitoring data cannot be used to meet this 
requirement.
    (v) Observation of monitoring. (A) Owners and operators must 
provide potentially exposed persons or their designated representatives 
an opportunity to observe any monitoring of occupational exposure to 
TCE that is conducted under this section and designed to characterize 
their exposure.
    (B) When monitoring observation requires entry into a regulated 
area, the owner or operator must provide the observers with the 
required PPE.
    (C) Only persons who are authorized to have access to facilities 
classified in the interest of national security must be permitted to 
observe exposure monitoring conducted in such facilities.
    (vi) Notification of monitoring results. (A) The owner or operator 
must inform each person whose exposures are monitored or who is part of 
a monitored exposure group, and their designated representative, of any 
monitoring results within 15 working days of receipt of those 
monitoring results.
    (B) This notification must include the following:
    (1) Exposure monitoring results;
    (2) Identification and explanation of the interim ECEL and interim 
ECEL action level;
    (3) Statement of whether the monitored airborne concentration of 
TCE exceeds the interim ECEL action level or interim ECEL;
    (4) If the interim ECEL is exceeded, descriptions of any exposure 
controls implemented by the owner or operator

[[Page 102628]]

to reduce exposure to or below the interim ECEL;
    (5) Explanation of any respiratory protection provided in 
accordance with paragraphs (b)(4) and I of this section;
    (6) Quantity of TCE in use at the time of monitoring;
    (7) Location(s) of TCE use at the time of monitoring;
    (8) Manner of TCE use at the time of monitoring; and
    (9) Identified releases of TCE.
    (C) Notice must be written, in plain language, and either provided 
to each potentially exposed person individually in a language that the 
person understands, or posted in an appropriate and accessible location 
outside the regulated area with an English-language version and a non-
English language version representing the language of the largest group 
of workers who do not read English.
    (4) Regulated areas--(i) Establishment. By September 20, 2027 for 
Federal agencies and Federal contractors acting for or on behalf of the 
Federal government, or by September 15, 2025 for non-Federal owners and 
operators, or within 90 days after receipt of any exposure monitoring 
that indicates exposures exceeding the interim ECEL, the owner or 
operator must establish and maintain a regulated area wherever airborne 
concentrations of TCE exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed 
the interim ECEL.
    (ii) Access. The owner or operator must limit access to regulated 
areas to authorized persons.
    (iii) Demarcation. The owner or operator must demarcate regulated 
areas from the rest of the workplace in a manner that adequately 
establishes and alerts persons to the boundaries of the area and 
minimizes the number of authorized persons exposed to TCE within the 
regulated area.
    (iv) Provision of respirators. (A) The owner or operator must 
ensure that each person who enters a regulated area is supplied with a 
respirator selected in accordance with paragraph I(e) of this section 
and must ensure that all persons within the regulated area are using 
the provided respirators whenever TCE exposures may exceed the interim 
ECEL, except as provided in paragraph (B) of this section.
    (B) An owner or operator who has implemented all feasible controls 
as required in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, and who has 
established a regulated area as required by paragraphs (b)(4)(i) of 
this section where TCE exposure can be reliably predicted to exceed the 
interim ECEL only on certain days (for example, because of work or 
process schedule) must have persons use respirators in that regulated 
area on those days.
    (v) Prohibited activities. (A) The owner or operator must ensure 
that, within a regulated area, persons do not engage in non-work 
activities which may increase TCE exposure.
    (B) The owner or operator must ensure that while persons are 
wearing respirators in the regulated area, they do not engage in 
activities which interfere with respirator performance.
    (c) Interim ECEL control procedures and plan--(1) Methods of 
compliance. (i) By December 17, 2027 for Federal agencies and Federal 
contractors acting for or on behalf of the Federal government, or by 
December 18, 2025, for non-Federal owners and operators, the owner or 
operator must institute one or a combination of elimination, 
substitution, engineering controls or administrative controls to reduce 
exposure to or below the interim ECEL except to the extent that the 
owner or operator can demonstrate that such controls are not feasible 
as an interim measure, in accordance with the hierarchy of controls.
    (ii) If the feasible controls required under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of 
this section that can be instituted do not reduce exposures for 
potentially exposed persons to or below the interim ECEL, then the 
owner or operator must use such controls to reduce exposure to the 
lowest levels achievable by these controls and must supplement those 
controls by the use of respiratory protection that complies with the 
requirements of paragraph (e) of this section.
    (iii) Where an owner or operator cannot demonstrate exposure to TCE 
has been reduced to or below the interim ECEL through the use of 
controls required under paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section, 
and has not demonstrated that it has appropriately supplemented 
feasible exposure controls with respiratory protection that complies 
with the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section, this will 
constitute a failure to comply with the interim ECEL.
    (2) Exposure control plan. By December 17, 2027 for Federal 
agencies and Federal contractors acting for or on behalf of the Federal 
government, or by December 18, 2025, for non-Federal owners and 
operators, each owner and operator must establish and implement an 
exposure control plan.
    (i) Exposure control plan contents. The exposure control plan must 
include documentation of the following:
    (A) Identification of exposure controls that were considered, 
including those that were used or not used to meet the requirements of 
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, in the following sequence: 
elimination, substitution, engineering controls and administrative 
controls;
    (B) For each exposure control considered, a rationale for why the 
exposure control was selected or not selected based on feasibility, 
effectiveness, and other relevant considerations;
    (C) A description of actions the owner or operator must take to 
implement exposure controls selected, including proper installation, 
regular inspections, maintenance, training, or other actions;
    (D) A description of each regulated area, how they are demarcated, 
and persons authorized to enter the regulated areas;
    (E) Description of activities conducted by the owner or operator to 
review and update the exposure control plan to ensure effectiveness of 
the exposure controls, identify any necessary updates to the exposure 
controls, and confirm that all persons are properly implementing the 
exposure controls;
    (F) An explanation of the procedures for responding to any change 
that may reasonably be expected to introduce additional sources of 
exposure to TCE, or otherwise result in increased exposure to TCE, 
including procedures for implementing corrective actions to mitigate 
exposure to TCE.
    (ii) Exposure control plan requirements. (A) The owner or operator 
must not implement a schedule of personnel rotation as a means of 
compliance with the interim ECEL.
    (B) The owner or operator must maintain the effectiveness of any 
controls instituted under this paragraph (c).
    (C) The exposure control plan must be reviewed and updated as 
necessary, but at least every 5 years, to reflect any significant 
changes in the status of the owner or operator's approach to compliance 
with paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section.
    (iii) Availability of exposure control plan. (A) Owners or 
operators must make the exposure control plan and associated records, 
including interim ECEL exposure monitoring records, interim ECEL 
compliance records, and workplace participation records available to 
potentially exposed persons and their designated representative.
    (B) Owners or operators must notify potentially exposed persons and 
their designated representatives of the availability of the exposure 
control plan and associated records within 30 days of the date that the 
exposure control plan is completed and at least annually thereafter.

[[Page 102629]]

    (C) Notice of the availability of the exposure control plan and 
associated records must be provided in plain language writing to each 
potentially exposed person in a language that the person understands or 
posted in an appropriate and accessible location outside the regulated 
area with an English-language version and a non-English language 
version representing the language of the largest group of workers who 
do not read English.
    (D) Upon request by the potentially exposed person or their 
designated representative(s), the owner or operator must provide the 
specified records at a reasonable time, place, and manner. If the owner 
or operator is unable to provide the requested records within 15 
working days, the owner or operator must, within those 15 working days, 
inform the potentially exposed person or designated representative(s) 
requesting the record(s) of the reason for the delay and the earliest 
date when the record will be made available.
    (d) Workplace information and training. (1) By September 20, 2027 
for Federal agencies and Federal contractors acting for or on behalf of 
the Federal government, or by September 15, 2025 for non-Federal owners 
and operators, the owner or operator must institute a training program 
and ensure that persons potentially exposed to TCE participate in the 
program according to the requirements of this paragraph (d).
    (2) The owner or operator must ensure that each potentially exposed 
person is trained prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a 
job involving potential exposure to TCE.
    (3) The owner or operator must ensure that information and training 
is presented in a manner that is understandable to each person required 
to be trained.
    (4) The following information and training must be provided to all 
persons potentially exposed to TCE:
    (i) The requirements of this section, as well as how to access or 
obtain a copy of these requirements in the workplace;
    (ii) The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of 
TCE and the specific operations in the workplace that could result in 
exposure to TCE, particularly noting where each regulated area is 
located;
    (iii) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the 
presence or release of TCE in the workplace (such as monitoring 
conducted by the owner or operator, continuous monitoring devices, 
visual appearance, or odor of TCE when being released);
    (iv) The acute and chronic health hazards of TCE as detailed on 
relevant Safety Data Sheets; and
    (v) The principles of safe use and handling of TCE and measures 
potentially exposed persons can take to protect themselves from TCE, 
including specific procedures the owner or operator has implemented to 
protect potentially exposed persons from exposure to TCE, such as 
appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal 
protective equipment to be used.
    (5) The owner or operator must re-train each potentially exposed 
person annually to ensure that each such person maintains the requisite 
understanding of the principles of safe use and handling of TCE in the 
workplace.
    (6) Whenever there are workplace changes, such as modifications of 
tasks or procedures or the institution of new tasks or procedures, that 
increase exposure, and where those exposures exceed or can reasonably 
be expected to exceed the interim ECEL action level, the owner or 
operator must update the training and ensure that each potentially 
exposed person is re-trained.
    (e) Personal protective equipment (PPE)--(1) Respiratory 
protection. (i) By September 20, 2027 for Federal agencies and Federal 
contractors acting for or on behalf of the Federal government, or by 
September 15, 2025 for non-Federal owners and operators, or within 90 
days after receipt of any exposure monitoring that indicates exposures 
exceeding the interim ECEL, or, if an owner or operator is required to 
provide respiratory protection pursuant to paragraphs (b)(4)(iv) and 
(c)(1)(ii) of this section, the owner or operator must ensure that each 
potentially exposed person is provided with a respirator according to 
the requirements of this section.
    (ii) For purposes of this paragraph (e)(1) of this section, cross-
referenced provisions in 29 CFR 1910.134 applying to an ``employee'' 
apply equally to potentially exposed persons and cross-referenced 
provisions applying to an ``employer'' also apply equally to owners or 
operators. Other terms in cross-referenced provisions in 29 CFR 
1910.134 that are defined in 29 CFR 1910.134(b) have the meaning 
assigned to them in that paragraph.
    (iii) By September 20, 2027 for Federal agencies and Federal 
contractors acting for or on behalf of the Federal government, or by 
September 15, 2025 for non-Federal owners and operators, or within 90 
days after receipt of any exposure monitoring that indicates exposures 
exceeding the interim ECEL, if an owner or operator is required to 
provide respiratory protection pursuant to paragraph (b)(4)(iv) or 
(c)(1)(ii), the owner or operator must develop and administer a written 
respiratory protection program consistent with the requirements of 29 
CFR 1910.134(c)(1), (c)(3) and (c)(4).
    (iv) Owners and operators must select respiratory protection based 
on a medical evaluation consistent with the requirements of 29 CFR 
1910.134(e). If a potentially exposed person cannot use a negative-
pressure respirator that would otherwise be required, then the owner or 
operator must provide that person with an alternative respirator. The 
alternative respirator must have less breathing resistance than the 
negative-pressure respirator and provide equivalent or greater 
protection. If the person is unable to use an alternative respirator, 
then the person must not be permitted to enter the regulated area.
    (v) Owners and operators must select respiratory protection that 
properly fits each affected person and communicate respirator 
selections to each affected person consistent with the requirements of 
29 CFR 1910.134(f).
    (vi) Owners and operators must provide, ensure use of, and maintain 
(in a sanitary, reliable, and undamaged condition) respiratory 
protection that is of safe design and construction for the applicable 
condition of use consistent with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(g) 
through (j).
    (vii) Prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job 
involving potential exposure to TCE, owners and operators must provide 
training to all persons required to use respiratory protection 
consistent with 29 CFR 1910.134(k).
    (viii) Owners and operators must retrain all persons required to 
use PPE at least annually, or whenever the owner or operator has reason 
to believe that a previously trained person does not have the required 
understanding and skill to properly use PPE, or when changes in the 
workplace or in PPE to be used render the previous training obsolete.
    (ix) Owners or operators must select and provide to persons 
appropriate respirators as indicated by the most recent monitoring 
results as follows:
    (A) If the measured exposure concentration is at or below 0.2 ppm 
(200 ppb): no respiratory protection is required.
    (B) If the measured exposure concentration is above 0.2 ppm (200 
ppb) and less than or equal to 2 ppm (2,000 ppb) (10 times interim 
ECEL): Any National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 
(NIOSH) Approved air-purifying half mask respirator equipped with 
organic vapor cartridges or canisters; or any NIOSH Approved Supplied-
Air Respirator (SAR) or

[[Page 102630]]

Airline Respirator operated in demand mode equipped with a half mask; 
or any NIOSH Approved Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) in a 
demand mode equipped with a half mask [APF 10].
    (C) If the measured exposure concentration is above 2 ppm and less 
than or equal to 5 ppm (25 times interim ECEL): Any NIOSH Approved 
Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) equipped with a loose-fitting 
facepiece or hood/helmet equipped with organic vapor cartridges or 
canisters; or any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline Respirator in a 
continuous-flow mode equipped with a loose-fitting facepiece or helmet/
hood [APF 25].
    (D) If the measured exposure concentration is above 5 ppm and less 
than or equal to 10 ppm (50 times interim ECEL): Any NIOSH Approved 
air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with organic vapor 
cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved PAPR with a half mask 
equipped with organic vapor cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved 
SAR or Airline Respirator in a continuous flow mode equipped with a 
half mask; any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline Respirator operated in a 
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode with a half mask; or 
any NIOSH Approved SCBA in demand-mode equipped with a full facepiece 
or helmet/hood [APF 50].
    (E) If the measured exposure concentration is above 10 ppm and less 
than or equal to 200 ppm (1,000 times interim ECEL): Any NIOSH Approved 
PAPR equipped with a full facepiece equipped with organic vapor 
cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline Respirator 
in a continuous-flow mode equipped with full facepiece; any NIOSH 
Approved SAR or Airline Respirator in pressure-demand or other 
positive-pressure mode equipped with a full facepiece and an auxiliary 
self-contained air supply; or any NIOSH Approved SAR or Airline 
Respirator in a continuous-flow mode equipped with a helmet or hood and 
that has been tested to demonstrated performance at a level of a 
protection of APF 1,000 or greater [APF 1000].
    (F) If the measured exposure concentration is greater than 200 ppm 
(1,000+ times interim ECEL): Any NIOSH Approved SCBA equipped with a 
full facepiece or hood/helmet and operated in a pressure demand or 
other positive pressure mode; air supply [APF 10,000+].
    (G) If the exposure concentration is unknown: Any NIOSH Approved 
combination SAR equipped with a full facepiece and operated in pressure 
demand or other positive pressure mode with an auxiliary self-contained 
air supply; or any NIOSH Approved SCBA operated in pressure demand or 
other positive pressure mode and equipped with a full facepiece or 
hood/helmet [APF 1000+].
    (x) Owners and operators must select and provide respirators 
consistent with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(d)(1)(iv), and with 
consideration of workplace and user factors that affect respirator 
performance and reliability.
    (xi) Owners and operators who select air-purifying respirators must 
either:
    (A) Select NIOSH Approved respirators that have an end-of-service-
life indicator (ESLI) appropriate for TCE; or
    (B) Implement a change schedule for canisters and cartridges based 
on objective information or data that ensures that canisters and 
cartridges are changed before the end of their service life. The 
written respiratory protection program required by paragraph 
(e)(1)(iii) of this section must include a description of the 
information and data relied upon, the basis for reliance on the 
information and data, and the basis for the canister and cartridge 
change schedule.
    (xii) Owners and operators must, consistent with 29 CFR 
1910.134(j), ensure that all respirator filters, cartridges, and 
canisters used in the workplace are labeled and color coded per NIOSH 
requirements and that the label is not removed and remains legible.
    (xiii) Owners and operators must ensure that respirators are used 
in compliance with the terms of the respirator's NIOSH approval.
    (xiv) Owners and operators must conduct regular evaluations of the 
workplace, including consultations with potentially exposed persons 
using respiratory protection, consistent with the requirements of 29 
CFR 1910.134(l), to ensure that the provisions of the written 
respiratory protection program required under paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of 
this section are being effectively implemented.
    (xv) The respiratory protection requirements in this paragraph 
represent the minimum respiratory protection requirements, such that 
any respirator affording a higher degree of protection than the 
required respirator may be used.
    (2) Dermal protection. (i) By September 20, 2027 for Federal 
agencies and Federal contractors acting for or on behalf of the Federal 
government, or by September 15, 2025 for non-Federal owners and 
operators, owners and operators must supply and require the donning of 
gloves by potentially exposed persons that are chemically resistant to 
TCE where dermal exposure to TCE can be expected to occur, after 
application of the requirements in paragraph (c) of this section, in 
accordance with the hierarchy of controls.
    (ii) Owners and operators must provide gloves that are of safe 
design and construction for the work to be performed and that properly 
fit each person who is required to use gloves.
    (iii) Owners and operators must communicate glove selections to 
each affected person and ensure that each person who is required to 
wear gloves uses and maintains them in a sanitary, reliable, and 
undamaged condition.
    (iv) Owners and operators must provide activity-specific dermal PPE 
training in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.132(f) to all persons required 
to use gloves prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job 
involving potential dermal exposure to TCE. For the purposes of this 
paragraph (e)(4)(iv), provisions in 29 CFR 1910.132(f) applying to an 
``employee'' also apply equally to potentially exposed persons, and 
provisions applying to an ``employer'' also apply equally to owners or 
operators.
    (v) Owners and operators must retrain each person required to use 
gloves annually or whenever the owner or operator has reason to believe 
that a previously trained person does not have the required 
understanding and skill to properly use the gloves, or when changes in 
the workplace or in PPE to be used render the previous training 
obsolete.


Sec.  751.317  Workplace requirements for energized electrical cleaner.

    (a) Applicability. The provisions of this section apply to the 
industrial and commercial use of TCE in energized electrical cleaner.
    (b) Energized electrical cleaner requirements--(1) Personal 
Protective Equipment (PPE). (i) The provisions of this paragraph (b) 
apply after September 15, 2025.
    (ii) Owners or operators must ensure that all potentially exposed 
persons using TCE, including any TCE-containing products, are provided 
with dermal PPE and training on proper use of PPE as outlined in Sec.  
751.315(e)(2).
    (iii) Owners or operators must ensure that all persons using TCE, 
including any TCE containing products, are provided with respiratory 
PPE and training on proper use of PPE in accordance with Sec.  
751.315(e)(1), except that instead of selecting appropriate respirators 
based on monitoring results

[[Page 102631]]

pursuant to paragraph (e)(1)(ix), owners or operators must select from 
and provide the following types of respirators: any NIOSH Approved air-
purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with organic vapor 
cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved Powered Air-Purifying 
Respirator (PAPR) with a half mask equipped with organic vapor 
cartridges or canisters; any NIOSH Approved Supplied-Air Respirator 
(SAR) or Airline Respirator in a continuous flow mode equipped with a 
half mask; any NIOSH Approved Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR) or Airline 
Respirator operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure 
mode with a half mask; any NIOSH Approved SCBA in demand-mode equipped 
with a full facepiece or helmet/hood [APF 50]; or any respirator 
affording a higher degree of protection.
    (2) Alternative to PPE Requirements. (i) As an alternative to the 
requirements in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the owner or operator 
may choose to follow the Workplace Chemical Protection Program (WCPP) 
provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (ii) Owners or operators who choose to follow the WCPP as an 
alternative to the requirements in paragraph (b)(1) of this section 
must:
    (A) Document and maintain a statement that they are electing to 
comply with the WCPP.
    (B) Comply with the WCPP provisions in Sec.  751.315 and document 
compliance in accordance with Sec.  751.323(b).


Sec.  751.319  Workplace requirements for wastewater.

    (a) Applicability. The provisions of this section apply to the 
following disposal sub-conditions of use for their respective 
phaseouts, in accordance with Sec.  751.305 (b) (14), (23), (24), and 
(26):
    (1) Cleanup of sites with TCE water contamination; and,
    (2) Publicly owned treatment works.
    (b) Cleanup sites. Beginning September 15, 2025 the owner or 
operator of the location where potentially exposed persons are involved 
in the disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, or publicly owned treatment works for the purposes of 
facilitating cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated water and groundwater 
must ensure that potentially exposed persons involved with the activity 
of removing the TCE-contaminated water and groundwater from the 
location where it was located and treating the removed TCE-contaminated 
water and groundwater on site are protected to the interim ECEL level 
of 0.2 ppm and protected from dermal contact with TCE-containing 
wastewater in accordance with the following requirements. For the 
purposes of this paragraph (b) of this section, cross-referenced 
provisions in 29 CFR 1910.120 applying to an ``employee'' apply equally 
to potentially exposed persons and cross-referenced provisions applying 
to an ``employer'' also apply equally to owners or operators.
    (1) Written site-specific safety and health plan. Owners and 
operators must have a site-specific safety and health plan that 
addresses the health hazards presented by TCE to potentially exposed 
persons involved in the disposal of TCE-containing wastewater and that 
contains elements consistent with 29 CFR 1910.120(b)(4)(ii)(A), (B), 
(C), (E) and (F).
    (2) Training. Owners and operators must provide training consistent 
with Sec.  751.315(d) to potentially exposed persons prior to or at the 
time of initial assignment to a cleanup site job that involves the 
disposal of TCE-containing wastewater.
    (3) Engineering controls, work practices and PPE. Engineering 
controls, work practices, and, if necessary, PPE must be implemented 
and provided in compliance with 40 CFR 751.315(c)(1) and (e).
    (4) Exposure monitoring. (i) By September 15, 2025 or upon initial 
entry to a cleanup site, whichever is later, owners and operators must 
perform representative air monitoring consistent with 29 CFR 
1910.120(h)(2) to identify any exposures to airborne TCE above the 
interim ECEL.
    (ii) Owners and operators must perform periodic air monitoring 
consistent with 29 CFR 1910.120(h)(3) when there is any indication that 
exposures may have exceeded the interim ECEL since prior monitoring.
    (iii) Owners and operators must monitor the exposures of those 
persons likely to have the highest exposures to airborne TCE above the 
interim ECEL by using personal air sampling frequently enough to 
characterize their exposures consistent with 29 CFR 1910.120(h)(4).
    (iv) Owners and operators must perform exposure monitoring at least 
once every five years.
    (c) Publicly owned treatment works. By September 15, 2025 owners or 
operators of publicly owned treatment works, where there is a 
reasonable possibility of the presence of TCE, must comply with one of 
the following:
    (1) Water screening level. (i) Screen industrial wastewater 
discharge received at publicly owned treatment works by sampling and 
analyzing for a water concentration of TCE.
    (ii) If the TCE concentration in wastewater exceeds 0.00284 mg/L of 
TCE, owners or operators must comply with the Workplace Chemical 
Protection Program provisions in Sec.  751.315, except for the initial 
monitoring requirements in paragraph Sec.  751.315(b)(3)(ii).
    (2) Alternative to water screening level. (i) As an alternative to 
the requirements in paragraph (1) of this section, the owner or 
operator may choose to follow the Workplace Chemical Protection Program 
(WCPP) provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (ii) Owners or operators who choose to follow the WCPP as an 
alternative to the requirements in paragraph (1) of this section must 
comply with the WCPP provisions in Sec.  751.315 and document 
compliance in accordance with Sec.  751.323(b).


Sec.  751.321  Downstream notification.

    (a) Beginning on February 18, 2025, each person who manufactures 
(including imports) TCE for any use must, prior to or concurrent with 
the shipment, notify companies to whom TCE is shipped, in writing, of 
the restrictions described in this subpart in accordance with paragraph 
(c) of this section.
    (b) Beginning on June 16, 2025, each person who processes or 
distributes in commerce TCE or any TCE-containing products for any use 
must, prior to or concurrent with the shipment, notify companies to 
whom TCE is shipped, in writing, of the restrictions described in this 
subpart in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section.
    (c) The notification required under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this 
section must occur by inserting the following text in section 1(c) and 
15 of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) provided with the TCE or with any 
TCE-containing product:

    After June 16, 2025, this chemical/product is and can only be 
domestically manufactured, imported, processed, or distributed in 
commerce for the following purposes until the following prohibitions 
take effect: (1) Processing as an intermediate a) for the 
manufacture of HFC-134a until June 18, 2033, and b) for all other 
processing as a reactant/intermediate until December 18, 2026; (2) 
Industrial and commercial use as a solvent for open-top batch vapor 
degreasing until December 18, 2025; (3) Industrial and commercial 
use as a solvent for closed-loop batch vapor degreasing until 
December 18, 2025, except for industrial and commercial use in batch 
vapor degreasing for land-based DoD defense systems by Federal 
agencies and their contractors until December 18, 2029, and except 
for industrial and commercial use as a solvent for closed-loop batch 
vapor degreasing necessary for rocket engine cleaning by Federal 
agencies and their contractors until December 18, 2031, and except 
for industrial and commercial use of

[[Page 102632]]

TCE in closed-loop and open-top batch vapor degreasing for essential 
aerospace parts and components and narrow tubing used in medical 
devices until December 18, 2031, and except for industrial and 
commercial use as a solvent for closed-loop batch vapor degreasing 
for rayon fabric scouring for end use in rocket booster nozzle 
production by Federal agencies and their contractors until December 
18, 2034; (4) Industrial and commercial use in processing aid (a) 
for lithium battery separator manufacturing until December 18, 2029, 
and (b) for lead-acid battery separator manufacturing until December 
18, 2044, and (c) for specialty polymeric microporous sheet material 
manufacturing until December 18, 2039, and (d) in process solvent 
used in battery manufacture; in process solvent used in polymer 
fiber spinning, fluoroelastomer manufacture and Alcantara 
manufacture; in extraction solvent used in caprolactam manufacture; 
and in precipitant used in beta-cyclodextrin manufacture until 
December 18, 2026; (5) Industrial and commercial uses for vessels of 
the Armed Forces and their systems, and in the maintenance, 
fabrication, and sustainment for and of such vessels and systems 
until December 18, 2034; and (6) Industrial and commercial use for 
laboratory use (a) for essential laboratory activities until 
December 18, 2074 and (b) for asphalt testing and recovery using 
manual centrifuge processes until December 18, 2029 and for asphalt 
testing and recovery until December 18, 2034.


Sec.  751.323  Recordkeeping requirements.

    (a) General records. After February 18, 2025, all persons who 
manufacture, process, distribute in commerce, or engage in industrial 
or commercial use of TCE or TCE-containing products must maintain 
ordinary business records, such as invoices and bills-of-lading related 
to compliance with the prohibitions, restrictions, and other provisions 
of this subpart.
    (b) Workplace chemical protection program compliance. (1) Interim 
ECEL exposure monitoring. For each monitoring event, owners or 
operators subject to the interim ECEL described in Sec.  751.315(b) 
must document the following:
    (i) Dates, duration, and results of each sample taken;
    (ii) The quantity, location(s), and manner of TCE in use at the 
time of each monitoring event;
    (iii) All measurements that may be necessary to determine the 
conditions that may affect the monitoring results;
    (iv) Name, workplace address, work shift, job classification, work 
area, and type of respiratory protection (if any) by each monitored 
person;
    (v) Identification of all potentially exposed persons that a 
monitored person is intended to represent if using a representative 
sample, consistent with Sec.  751.315(b)(3)(i)(A) and (B);
    (vi) Sampling and analytical methods used as described in Sec.  
751.315(b)(3)(i)(D);
    (vii) Compliance with the Good Laboratory Practice Standards in 
accordance with 40 CFR part 792, or use of a laboratory accredited by 
the AIHA or another industry-recognized program as required by Sec.  
751.315(b)(3)(i)(C);
    (viii) Information regarding air monitoring equipment, including: 
type, maintenance, calibrations, performance tests, limits of 
detection, and any malfunctions;
    (ix) Re-monitoring determinations conducted by an Environmental 
Professional as defined at 40 CFR 312.10 or a Certified Industrial 
Hygienist, if results indicated non-detect; and
    (x) Notification of exposure monitoring results in accordance with 
Sec.  751.315(b)(3)(vi).
    (2) Interim ECEL compliance. Owners or operators subject to the 
interim ECEL described in Sec.  751.315(b) must retain records of:
    (i) Exposure control plan as described in Sec.  751.315(c)(2).
    (ii) Implementation of the exposure control plan described in Sec.  
751.315(c)(2), including:
    (A) Any regular inspections, evaluations, and updating of the 
exposure controls to maintain effectiveness;
    (B) Confirmation that all persons are implementing the exposure 
controls; and
    (C) Each occurrence and duration of any start-up, shutdown, or 
malfunction of the facility that causes an exceedance of the interim 
ECEL and any subsequent corrective actions taken by the owner or 
operator during the start-up, shutdown, or malfunctions to mitigate 
exposures to TCE.
    (iii) Respiratory protection used by each potentially exposed 
person and PPE program implementation as described in Sec.  751.315(e), 
including:
    (A) The name, workplace address, work shift, job classification, 
and work area of each potentially exposed person, and the type of 
respiratory protection provided to each potentially exposed person;
    (B) The basis for the specific PPE selection in accordance with 
Sec.  751.315(e); and
    (C) Fit testing and training in accordance with Sec.  751.315(e).
    (iv) Information and training provided as required in Sec.  
751.315(d).
    (3) Workplace participation. Owners or operators must document the 
notice to and ability of any potentially exposed person who may 
reasonably be affected by TCE inhalation exposure and their designated 
representative to readily access the exposure control plans, facility 
exposure monitoring records, PPE program implementation records, or any 
other information relevant to TCE exposure in the workplace.
    (c) Records related to exemptions. To maintain eligibility for an 
exemption described in Sec.  751.325, owners or operators must maintain 
records related to, and demonstrating compliance with, the specific 
conditions of the exemption.
    (d) Records related to phase-outs. (1) Beginning February 18, 2025, 
each manufacturer of HFC-134a who uses TCE as an intermediate under 
Sec.  751.307 must maintain records of the annual quantity of TCE 
purchased and processed until the termination of all processing of TCE 
as an intermediate and, beginning June 16, 2025, must maintain records 
that demonstrate how the baseline annual volume was calculated, in 
accordance with Sec.  751.307(a)(1).
    (2) Beginning September 15, 2025, each person using TCE under Sec.  
751.309 for industrial and commercial use as a solvent for closed-loop 
batch vapor degreasing for rayon fabric scouring for end use in rocket 
booster nozzle production by Federal agencies and their contractors 
must maintain records demonstrating that the end use is in rocket 
booster nozzle production for Federal agencies and their contractors.
    (3) Beginning September 15, 2025, each person using TCE under Sec.  
751.311 for industrial and commercial use in laboratory use for asphalt 
testing and recovery must maintain records demonstrating compliance 
with the use of TCE as specified in Sec.  751.311.
    (4) After December 18, 2029, each person using TCE under Sec.  
751.311 for industrial and commercial use in laboratory use for asphalt 
testing and recovery must maintain records demonstrating compliance 
with the provision in Sec.  751.311 that the use of TCE in laboratory 
use for asphalt testing and recovery be in methods that do not include 
manual centrifuge processes.
    (5) After December 18, 2029, each person using TCE under Sec.  
751.309 for industrial and commercial use as a solvent for closed-loop 
batch vapor degreasing, specifically for rayon fabric scouring, must 
maintain records that demonstrate that a final pre-launch test of 
rocket booster nozzles without using TCE was completed.
    (e) Records related to workplace requirements for energized 
electrical cleaner. (1) Owners and operators subject to the energized 
electrical cleaner requirements described in Sec.  751.317 must retain 
records of:

[[Page 102633]]

    (i) Statement regarding whether the owner or operator is complying 
with the prescriptive PPE requirements described in Sec.  751.317(b)(1) 
or with the WCPP described in Sec.  751.317(b)(2).
    (ii) Dermal and respiratory protection used by each potentially 
exposed person and program implementation as described in Sec.  
751.317(b)(1) or WCPP records described in Sec.  751.323(b).
    (2) Distributors of TCE, including TCE containing products, for use 
in energized electrical cleaning must retain sale records, including:
    (i) Name of purchaser;
    (ii) Date of sale; and
    (iii) Quantity of TCE or TCE containing products sold.
    (f) Records related to wastewater workplace protection 
requirements. (1) Owners and operators subject to the wastewater 
workplace protection requirements for cleanup sites described in Sec.  
751.319 must retain records related to and demonstrating compliance 
with the provisions of Sec.  751.319 and 29 CFR 1910.120 that are 
applicable to the particular site and records related to and 
demonstrating compliance with the interim ECEL.
    (2) Publicly owned treatment works must retain records related to 
and demonstrating compliance with the wastewater screening and other 
requirements described in Sec.  751.319, and if applicable must retain 
records for the WCPP as described in Sec.  751.323(b).
    (g) Minimum record retention periods. The records required under 
this section must be retained for at least 5 years from the date that 
such records were generated, except for the records required under 
paragraph (d)(1), which must be retained for at least 5 years after the 
use of TCE covered by the records has ceased.


Sec.  751.325  Exemptions.

    (a) In general. (1) The time-limited exemptions described in this 
section are established in accordance with 15 U.S.C. 2605(g).
    (2) In order to be eligible for the exemptions described in this 
section, regulated parties must comply with all conditions established 
for such exemptions in this section.
    (b) Exemptions--(1) Closed-loop batch vapor degreasing necessary 
for rocket engine cleaning by Federal agencies and their contractors 
until December 18, 2031. The following are specific conditions of the 
exemption for industrial and commercial use of TCE as a solvent for 
closed-loop vapor degreasing necessary for rocket engine cleaning by 
Federal agencies and their contractors described in Sec.  
751.305(b)(15):
    (i) The use of TCE in industrial and commercial as a solvent for 
closed-loop vapor degreasing is limited to the closed-loop batch vapor 
degreasing necessary for rocket engine cleaning by Federal agencies and 
their contractors.
    (ii) The owner or operator of the location where such use occurs, 
and manufacturers (including importers) and processors of TCE for such 
use, must comply with the Workplace Chemical Protection Program 
provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (iii) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs, and manufacturers (including importers) and processors of TCE 
for such use, must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.
    (2) Closed-loop and Open-top batch vapor degreasing for essential 
aerospace parts and components and narrow tubing for medical devices 
until December 18, 2031. The following are specific conditions of the 
exemption for vapor degreasing described in Sec.  751.305(b)(16):
    (i) The use of TCE for closed-loop and open-top batch vapor 
degreasing is limited to the cleaning of:
    (A) Essential aerospace parts and components where cleaning 
alternatives present technical feasibility or performance challenges to 
meet specifications from Federal agencies or other long-standing design 
specifications included in existing contracts; and
    (B) Narrow tubing for medical devices.
    (ii) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs, and manufacturers (including importers) and processors of TCE 
for such use, must comply with the Workplace Chemical Protection 
Program provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (iii) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.
    (3) Certain industrial and commercial uses of TCE for vessels of 
the Armed Forces and their systems, and in the maintenance, 
fabrication, and sustainment for and of such vessels and systems until 
December 18, 2034. The following are specific conditions of the 
exemption for industrial and commercial uses of TCE for vessels of the 
Armed Forces and their systems, and in the maintenance, fabrication, 
and sustainment for and of such vessels and systems described in Sec.  
751.305(b)(20):
    (i) The industrial and commercial use of TCE must be limited for 
vessels of the Armed Forces and their systems, and in the maintenance, 
fabrication, and sustainment for and of such vessels and systems: as 
potting compounds for naval electronic systems and equipment; sealing 
compounds for high and ultra-high vacuum systems; bonding compounds for 
materials testing and maintenance of underwater systems and bonding of 
nonmetallic materials; and cleaning agents to satisfy cleaning 
requirements (which includes degreasing using wipes, sprays, solvents 
and vapor degreasing) for: materials and components required for 
military ordnance testing; temporary resin repairs in vessel spaces 
where welding is not authorized; ensuring polyurethane adhesion for 
electronic systems and equipment repair and installation of elastomeric 
materials; various naval combat systems, radars, sensors, equipment; 
fabrication and prototyping processes to remove coolant and other 
residue from machine parts; machined part fabrications for naval 
systems; installation of topside rubber tile material aboard vessels; 
and vapor degreasing required for substrate surface preparation prior 
to electroplating processes.
    (ii) The owner or operator of the location where such use occurs, 
and manufacturers (including importers) and processors of TCE for such 
use, must comply with the Workplace Chemical Protection Program 
provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (iii) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.
    (4) Use of TCE or TCE-containing products in an emergency by the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its contractors 
operating within the scope of their contracted work until December 18, 
2034--(i) Applicability. This exemption shall apply to the following 
specific conditions of use:
    (A) Industrial and commercial use as solvent for open-top or 
closed-loop batch vapor degreasing.
    (B) Industrial and commercial use as solvent for cold cleaning.
    (C) Industrial and commercial use as a solvent for aerosol spray 
degreaser/cleaner and mold release.
    (D) Industrial and commercial use as a lubricant and grease in tap 
and die fluid.
    (E) Industrial and commercial use as a lubricant and grease in 
penetrating lubricant.
    (F) Industrial and commercial use as an adhesive and sealant in 
solvent-based adhesives. and sealants.
    (G) Industrial and commercial as a functional fluid in heat 
exchange fluid.

[[Page 102634]]

    (H) Industrial and commercial use in corrosion inhibitors and anti-
scaling agents.
    (I) Industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid.
    (J) Manufacturing (including importing) and processing of TCE for 
the industrial and commercial uses listed in paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A) 
through (I) of this section.
    (ii) Emergency use. (A) In general. An emergency is a serious and 
sudden situation requiring immediate action, within 15 days or less, 
necessary to protect:
    (1) Safety of NASA's or their contractors' personnel;
    (2) NASA's missions;
    (3) Human health, safety, or property, including that of adjacent 
communities; or
    (4) The environment.
    (B) Duration. Each emergency is a separate situation; if use of TCE 
exceeds 15 days, then justification must be documented.
    (iii) Eligibility. To be eligible for the exemption, the NASA and 
its contractors must:
    (A) Select TCE because there are no technically and economically 
feasible safer alternatives available during the emergency.
    (B) Perform the emergency use of TCE at locations controlled by 
NASA or its contractors.
    (C) Comply with the following conditions:
    (1) Notification. Within 15 working days of the emergency use by 
NASA and its contractors, NASA must provide notice to the EPA Assistant 
Administrators of both the Office of Enforcement and Compliance 
Assurance and the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention 
that includes the following:
    (i) Identification of the conditions of use detailed in paragraph 
(b)(4)(i) of this section that the emergency use fell under;
    (ii) An explanation for why the emergency use met the definition of 
emergency in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(B) of this section; and
    (iii) An explanation of why TCE was selected, including why there 
were no technically and economically feasible safer alternatives 
available in the particular emergency.
    (2) Exposure control. The owner or operator must comply with the 
Workplace Chemical Protection Program provisions in Sec.  751.315, to 
the extent technically feasible in light of the particular emergency.
    (3) Recordkeeping. The owner or operator of the location where the 
use takes place must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in 
Sec.  751.323.
    (5) Lead-acid battery separator manufacturing until December 18, 
2044. The following are specific conditions of the exemption for use as 
a processing aid in the manufacturing of lead-acid battery separators 
described in Sec.  751.305(b)(22):
    (i) The use of TCE as a processing aid for battery separator 
manufacturing must be limited to lead acid battery separator 
manufacturing.
    (ii) This specific industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid can only be used at industrial facilities in which TCE 
is in use for the manufacture of lead acid battery separators prior to 
February 18, 2025.
    (iii) The owner or operator of the location where such use occurs, 
and manufacturers (including importers) and processors of TCE for such 
use, must comply with the Workplace Chemical Protection Program 
provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (iv) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.
    (6) Industrial and commercial use of TCE as a processing aid for 
specialty polymeric microporous sheet materials manufacturing until 
December 18, 2039. The following are specific conditions of the 
exemption for industrial and commercial use as a processing aid at 
Sec.  751.305(b)(23):
    (i) The use of TCE as a processing aid must be limited to specialty 
polymeric microporous sheet materials manufacturing.
    (ii) This specific industrial and commercial use of TCE as a 
processing aid can only be used at industrial facilities in which TCE 
is in use for the manufacture of specialty polymeric microporous sheet 
materials prior to February 18, 2025.
    (iii) The owner or operator of the location where such use occurs, 
and manufacturers (including importers) and processors of TCE for such 
use, must comply with the Workplace Chemical Protection Program 
provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (iv) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.
    (7) Laboratory use for essential laboratory activities until 
December 18, 2074. The following are specific conditions of the 
exemption for laboratory use at Sec.  751.305(b)(24):
    (i) The industrial and commercial use of TCE as a laboratory 
chemical must only be for essential laboratory activities. Essential 
laboratory activities are:
    (A) Laboratory activities associated with cleanup and exposure 
monitoring activities, including chemical analysis, chemical synthesis, 
extracting or purifying other chemicals, dissolving other substances, 
research and development for the advancement of cleanup activities, and 
as an analytical standard for monitoring related to TCE contamination 
or exposure monitoring.
    (B) Laboratory activities conducted by Federal agencies and their 
contractors, other than those described in paragraph (b)(7)(i)(A) of 
this section, and similar laboratory activities, provided the use is 
essential to the agency's mission.
    (ii) The use of TCE as a laboratory chemical for testing asphalt is 
regulated under Sec.  751.311, and is not considered an essential 
laboratory activity.
    (iii) The use of TCE as a laboratory chemical must be performed on 
the premises of a laboratory.
    (iv) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs, and manufacturers (including importers) and processors of TCE 
for such use, must comply with the Workplace Chemical Protection 
Program provisions in Sec.  751.315.
    (v) The owner or operator of the location where such use of TCE 
occurs must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.
    (8) Disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, or publicly owned treatment works for the purposes of 
cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated water and groundwater until 
December 18, 2074. The following are specific conditions of the 
exemption for disposal at Sec.  751.305(b)(25):
    (i) The disposal of TCE to industrial pre-treatment, industrial 
treatment, or publicly owned treatment works must only be for the 
purposes of cleanup projects of TCE-contaminated water and groundwater, 
and is limited to sites undergoing cleanup under CERCLA, RCRA, or other 
Federal, state, and local government laws, regulations, or 
requirements.

[[Page 102635]]

    (ii) The owner or operator of the cleanup site location where TCE 
industrial treatment or pretreatment occurs must comply with the 
wastewater worker protection requirements in Sec.  751.319.
    (iii) The owner or operator of publicly owned treatment works that 
receive TCE wastewater must comply with the worker protection 
requirements in Sec.  751.319.
    (iv) The owner or operator of the location where such disposal of 
TCE occurs must comply with the recordkeeping requirements in Sec.  
751.323.
[FR Doc. 2024-29274 Filed 12-16-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P`