ELECTRONIC CITATION: 14 FED App. 0001P (6th Cir.)

File Name: 14b0001p.06

BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: DEAN R. BRADLEY; CYNTHIA E.

BRADLEY,

Debtors.

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KRAUS ANDERSON CAPITAL, INC., 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

DEAN R. BRADLEY, 

Defendant-Appellee.

______________________________________

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No. 13-8010

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the Northern District of Ohio at Akron.

No. 10-55621; Adv. No. 11-5082.

Submitted: November 5, 2013

Decided and Filed: March 26, 2014

Before: GEORGE W. EMERSON, Jr., GUY R. HUMPHREY and C. KATHRYN PRESTON,

Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

____________________

COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Joseph A. Wentzell, WENTZELL LAW OFFICE, PLLC, St. Anthony, Minnesota, for

Appellant. Michael J. Moran, GIBSON & LOWRY, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, for Appellee.
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____________________

OPINION

____________________

GEORGE W. EMERSON, Jr., Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. 

Kraus Anderson Capital, Inc. (“Lender”) appeals the decision of the Bankruptcy Court

determining that the debt owed by Dean R. Bradley (“Debtor”) is dischargeable. The adversary

complaint asserted causes of action under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A), (a)(4) and (a)(6) based on

Lender’s claim that Debtor’s failure to remit the proceeds of the sale of collateral in breach of the

terms of certain agreements and his false representations regarding the status of the collateral render

the debt non-dischargeable. Lender also appeals the Bankruptcy Court’s decision denying its motion

to amend and make additional findings of fact pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure

7052. For the reasons set forth below, the Panel REVERSES the decision of the Bankruptcy Court

holding the debt owed to Lender dischargeable and REMANDS for a determination regarding the

amount of damages.

I. ISSUES ON APPEAL

Appellant presents two issues in this appeal. The primary issue is whether the Bankruptcy

Court erred in determining that the debt owed to Lendershould be held dischargeable in bankruptcy.

The second issue is whether the Bankruptcy Court erred in denying Lender’s motion to amend or

make additional findings of fact pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052.

II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit (“BAP”) has jurisdiction to decide this

appeal. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio has authorized appeals to

the BAP, and no party has timely elected to have this appeal heard by the district court. 28 U.S.C.

§ 158(b)(6), (c)(1). A “final” order of a bankruptcy court may be appealed by right under 28 U.S.C.

§ 158(a)(1). For purposes of appeal, an order is final if it “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves
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nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States,

489 U.S. 794, 797, 109 S. Ct. 1494, 1497 (1989) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Determinations of dischargeability are final orders for purposes of appeal. Cash Am. Fin. Servs., Inc.

v. Fox (In re Fox), 370 B.R. 104, 109 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Hertzel v. Educ. Credit Mgmt.

Corp. (In re Hertzel), 329 B.R. 221, 224-25 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2005)). 

Dischargeability determinations present mixed questions of law and fact. Hogan v. George

(In re George), 485 B.R. 478, 2013 WL 135274, at *1 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2013) (table). When a mixed

question of law and fact arises in the bankruptcy context, the reviewing court “must break it down

into its constituent parts and apply the appropriate standard of review for each part.” Bank of

Montreal v. Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors (In re Am. Homepatient, Inc.), 420 F.3d 559,

563 (6th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). The appellate court reviews conclusions of law de novo and

factual determinations are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard. Van Aken v. Van Aken (In

re Van Aken), 320 B.R. 620, 622 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2005). “Under a de novo standard of review,

the appellate court must ‘review questions of law independent of the bankruptcy court’s

determination.’ ” Phillips v. Weissert (In re Phillips), 434 B.R. 475, 482 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2010)

(citing Bailey v. Bailey (In re Bailey), 254 B.R. 901, 903 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2000)). “A finding of fact

is clearly erroneous when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire

evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Riverview

Trenton R.R. Co. v. DSC, Ltd. (In re DSC, Ltd.), 486 F.3d 940, 944 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Contract interpretation is a matter of law which is reviewed de novo. Bender v. Newell

Window Furnishings, Inc., 681 F.3d 253, 259 (6th Cir. 2012); Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v.

Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1195 (Del. 1992). The determination of whether a contract,

or a term therein, is clear or ambiguous is also a question of law reviewed de novo. Official Comm.

of Unsecured Creditors v. Dow Corning Corp. (In re Dow Corning Corp.), 456 F.3d 668, 676 (6th

Cir. 2006). 

The Panel reviews the denial of a motion to amend or make additional findings of fact

pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052 under the abuse of discretion standard.
All references to docket entries are references to the Bankruptcy Court’s electronic case 1

docket for adversary proceeding no. 11-5082. All transcript references are to the trial conducted on

August 10, 2012. References to exhibits are the exhibits admitted at trial.

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Besser v. Sepanak, 478 Fed. Appx. 1001 (6th Cir. 2012). 

Abuse of discretion exists when the court “ ‘relies upon clearly

erroneous findings of fact or when it improperly applies the law or

uses an erroneous legal standard.’ ” Corzin v. Fordu (In re Fordu),

209 B.R. 854, 858 (6th Cir. BAP 1997) (citation omitted). If a trial

court’s decision determining dischargeability is based on the correct

law and facts, the court has not abused its discretion in denying a

party’s motion to amend or make additional findings of fact.

Lowry v. Nicodemus (In re Nicodemus), 497 B.R. 852, 855 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2013).

III. FACTS

On November 30, 2010, Debtor and his wife Cynthia E. Bradley, filed a joint petition for

relief under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. Debtor owns Bradley Machinery, LLC (“Bradley

Machinery”), which was in the business of selling and renting construction equipment. Bradley

Machinery did not file a bankruptcy petition.

On March 21, 2011, Lender filed an adversary proceeding against Debtor pursuant to

§ 523(a)(4) and (a)(6). Lender asserts Debtor caused Bradley Machinery to sell equipment “out of

trust,” that is, without remitting the proceeds of the sale of collateral to Lender. Lender argues this

constituted embezzlement under § 523(a)(4) and was a willful and malicious injury under

§ 523(a)(6). Lender subsequently amended its complaint to add a cause of action under

§ 523(a)(2)(A). The § 523(a)(2)(A) cause of action is based on a settlement agreement reached by

the parties after the sale of some equipment “out of trust.” Lender asserts that Debtor obtained an

extension of credit through false representations to Lender regarding the status of certain pieces of

its collateral. Kraus-Anderson Capital, Inc. v. Bradley (In re Bradley), Adv. Case No. 11-05082,

ECF. Nos. 36, 43.1 
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Prior to trial, Lender and Debtor filed three separate stipulations of fact. The facts stipulated

by the parties are as follows:

Defendant owns Bradley Machinery, LLC (“Bradley Machinery”).

Plaintiff and Bradley Machinery entered into various loan and

security agreements . . . whereby Plaintiff provided financing for

Bradley Machinery’s purchase of equipment used in Bradley

Machinery’s business. The equipment purchased with the financing

from Plaintiff was subject to security interests in favor of Plaintiff.

Defendant personally guaranteed the performance of Bradley

Machinery’s obligations under the Loan Documents pursuant to a

written guaranty dated January 27, 2005.

In the spring of 2008, Bradley Machinery’s bank required a

modification to the terms [of a loan] and an increase in the monthly

payment amount of Bradley Machinery’s loan, which caused cash

flow problems for Bradley Machinery. 

By the summer of 2008, Bradley Machinery was unable to pay its

bills in the ordinary course of business and did not reveal this

information to Plaintiff. 

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 4-8, ECF No. 35.

In December 2008, Defendant met with Plaintiff’s representatives,

Carl Carlson and James Stephen Jarussi, in Defendant’s offices, and

at that meeting Defendant informed Plaintiff that he had caused

Bradley Machinery to sell certain equipment subject to Plaintiff’s

security interest but did not pay the proceeds to Plaintiff. Defendant

did not at that time disclose that three other pieces of equipment

subject to Plaintiff’s security interests had been sold. 

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 10, ECF No. 35.

Within weeks after meeting with Plaintiff’s representatives and

signing the Amendment to the Loan Documents, Defendant caused

Bradley Machinery to sell equipment subject to Plaintiff’s security

interests without paying the proceeds to Plaintiff. 

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 13, ECF No. 35.

Bradley Machinery sold or caused to be sold the following equipment

subject to Plaintiff’s security interest: 
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2007 Gehl Skid Loader, Model 6640E, S/N 606828 

2007 Gehl Skid Loader, Model CTL70, S/N 405302 

Bobcat T190 Loader, S/N 527717582 

Yanmar Vio45, S/N 50616 

Yanmar Vio45, S/N 50712 

Yanmar Vio35, S/N 51695 

Yanmar Vio35-5, Komac Hammer KB300SL 

Upon the sale of such equipment, the obligations to Kraus Anderson

secured by the equipment were not paid in full.

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 18, ECF No. 35; See also Ex. 29-4, Equip. List.

Defendant knows the equipment was sold because he helped sell it.

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 19, ECF No. 35.

Defendant knew that Bradley Machinery and Defendant himself were

experiencing financial problems when he sold the equipment.

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 22, ECF No. 35.

A Settlement Agreement (“Settlement Agreement”) was agreed to in

December 2008 and entered into between Plaintiff, Bradley

Machinery, and Defendant on March 27, 2009. 

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 15, ECF No. 35; Ex. 29.

As part of the Settlement Agreement, Bradley Machinery and

Defendant executed a Confession of Judgment, which authorized

Plaintiff to enter judgment against Bradley Machinery and Defendant

in the amount of $308,828.12 or the portion of that amount that

remains unpaid if Bradley Machinery and Defendant default in any

payment [of the monthly installments] due under the Settlement

Agreement.

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 16, ECF No. 35; Ex. 29-11, Confession of Judgment.
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The Settlement Agreement covered all outstanding amounts owed for

all equipment for which Plaintiff provided financing for Bradley

Machinery to purchase. 

Third Joint Stipulations, ¶ 3, ECF No. 50.

The total outstanding amounts owing for all equipment for which

Plaintiff provided financing for Bradley Machinery to purchase as of

January 23, 2009 was $232,512.99. 

Third Joint Stipulations, ¶ 4, ECF No. 50.

In 2010, Defendant met with Plaintiff’s auditors, Quiktrak, for the

purpose of verifying the location of equipment subject to Plaintiff’s

security interests. Defendant lied to the auditors about the location of

three pieces of equipment, and failed to tell them that the equipment

had already been sold and was no longer in his possession or under

his control. Defendant instead told the auditors that the equipment

was leased and at certain job sites. Defendant knew that Plaintiff

would rely on the information he provided to Plaintiff’s auditors. 

Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 17, Docket No. 35.

A trial was held in the adversary proceeding on August 10, 2012. In addition to the three

Joint Stipulations of Fact filed by Lender and Debtor, the parties presented the testimony of Debtor

and James Stephen Jarussi, the vice president and representative of Lender. During the trial, Lender

and Debtor also stipulated to the admission of thirty-three exhibits, including but not limited to the

following: Guaranty dated January 27, 2005 (Ex. 1); Dealer Credit Agreement (Ex. 2) and

Promissory Note dated June 16, 2006 (Ex. 3); Promissory Notes and Security Agreements for Gehl

loaders (Ex. 4) and a Bobcat loader (Ex. 10); Settlement Agreement dated March 27, 2009 (Ex.

29); List detailing status of equipment as of January 31, 2009 (Ex. 29A); Confession of Judgment

dated March 27, 2009 (Ex. 29C); QuikTrak audit invoice dated November 12, 2010 (Ex. 31);

History of contacts by Lender with BradleyMachinery from December 13, 2005 through January 18,

2011 (Ex. 32); Email correspondence between Debtor and Lender dated April 2010 (Ex. 33). At

the conclusion of trial, the parties were ordered to file written closing arguments by August 24, 2012.

Debtor filed a post-trial brief and Lender filed its closing argument and findings of fact.
 There is no dispute that Debtor was the person who acted on behalf of Bradley Machinery 2

and committed the torts creating the nondischargeable debt. A debtor acting on behalf of a

corporation, who actively converts property or commits any other tort giving rise to a

nondischargeable debt under § 523 is personally responsible to the injured party and the debt is

nondischargeable under § 523. See Ford Motor Credit Co v. Owens, 807 F.2d 1556, 1559 (11th Cir.

1987); Eaton v. Ford Motor Credit Co., LLC, 2012 WL 3579644, at *3 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 16, 2012);

First American Title Ins. Co. v. Gaskill (In re Gaskill), 480 B.R. 291, 300 (Bankr. W.D. Mich.

2012); and Bombardier Corp. v. Penning (In re Penning), 22 B.R. 616, 619 (Bankr. E.D. Mich.

1982). Thus, because Debtor was the person who made the representations to Lender and carried

out the acts giving rise to the non-dischargeable debt, for purposes of the nondischargeability

determinations, it makes no difference as to whether those acts are viewed as having been taken in

his individual capacity or as an officer of the corporation. For this reason, the decision will refer to

Debtor and Bradley Machinery interchangeably without differentiating between them.

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On February 5, 2013, the Bankruptcy Court issued a memorandum opinion and order holding

that Lender had failed to show that the debt was nondischargeable. On February 19, 2013, Lender

filed a motion to amend and make additional findings of fact and conclusions of law and to alter,

amend, or vacate judgment entered on February 6, 2013. Debtor filed an objection. After

consideration of Lender’s motion and Debtor’s objection, the Bankruptcy Court denied the motion

in an order dated March 6, 2013. Lender timely filed this appeal.

IV. DISCUSSION

Two of the counts of the complaint are based on Debtor’s actions prior to the Settlement 2

Agreement. Lender asserts that under the terms of the Dealer Credit Agreement and Promissory

Note, Debtor was required to remit proceeds from the sales of equipment. Lender asserts that

Debtor’s action of selling equipment “out of trust” constitutes embezzlement and is nondischargeable under § 523(a)(4) and is also a non-dischargeable willful and malicious injury under

§ 523(a)(6). Debtor admitted that he sold the equipment “out of trust” but asserts that the debt is

dischargeable. Amended Ans. to Complaint, ¶ 6, ECF No. 10; August 10, 2012 Trial Tr. 225:7-11,

ECF No. 74. 
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A. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4)

Under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4), a debt is not dischargeable if it was incurred by embezzlement.

Lender argues that “Debtor’s sale of the equipment subject to [Lender’s] security interest and

retention and use of the sale proceeds constitutes embezzlement.” Plaintiff’s Closing Arg. ¶ 36, ECF

No. 60. “A creditor proves embezzlement by establishing that (1) he entrusted his property to the

debtor or debtor lawfully obtained the property, (2) the debtor appropriated the property for a use

other than that for which it was intended, and (3) the circumstances indicate fraud.” Robinson v.

Robinson (In re Robinson), 2012 WL 4715093, at *4 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio Oct 1, 2012) (citing Brady

v. McAllister, 101 F.3d 1165, 1173 (6th Cir. 1996)). See also Fox, 370 B.R. at 115-16; Peavey Elec.

Corp. v. Sinchak (In re Sinchak), 109 B.R. 273, 276 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1990).

The first prong of an “embezzlement claim requires a showing that the property, allegedly

embezzled by the defendant, was the property of the plaintiff.” Fla. Outdoor Equip., Inc. v.

Tomlinson (In re Tomlinson), 220 B.R. 134, 136 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1998). In this case, the property

which Lender accuses Debtor of embezzling is the proceeds arising from the sale of equipment

subject to Lender’s security interest. 

Many courts have held “a mere lien or security interest does not rise to the level of ownership

sufficient to support a claim under § 523(a)(4)'s embezzlement provision.” Hulsing Hotels Tenn.,

Inc. v. Steffner (In re Steffner), 479 B.R. 746, 766 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2012). See also First Nat'l

Bank of Fayetteville v. Phillips (In re Phillips), 882 F.2d 302, 304–05 (8th Cir. 1989); Mutual Mgmt.

Servs., Inc. v. Fairgrieves (In re Fairgrieves), 426 B.R. 748, 756 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2010);

Morganroth & Morganroth, PLLC v. Stollman (In re Stollman), 404 B.R. 244, 272-73 (Bankr. E.D.

Mich. 2009); Bank of Castile v. Kjoller (In re Kjoller), 395 B.R. 845, 851 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 2008);

Banco Popular, N. Am., v. Rodriguez (In re Rodriguez), 2007 WL 543750, at *5–6 (Bankr. S.D. Tex.

Feb. 15, 2007); Calumet v. Whiters (In re Whiters), 337 B.R. 326, 333 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 2006);

Bombardier Capital, Inc. v. Tinkler (In re Tinkler), 311 B.R. 869, 877 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2004);

Everwed Co. v. Ayers (In re Ayers), 25 B.R. 762, 774-75 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1982).
 The Panel acknowledges a line of cases holding “that a debtor commits an embezzlement 3

under section 523(a)(4) when the debtor sells mortgaged property and fails to remit the proceeds to

a properly perfected, secured creditor or consignor." Jones v. Hall (In re Hall), 295 B.R. 877, 882

(Bankr. W.D. Ark. 2003). However, those cases typically involve a duty to segregate proceeds of the

sale of collateral subject to a security interest. See Tomlinson, 220 B.R. at 136. There is no evidence

of a duty to segregate proceeds in the present case.

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This Panel agrees with this line of cases. “As owner of the collateral, the debtor remained the

owner of its proceeds, even though both the collateral and its proceeds were subject to a security

interest. No person can embezzle from himself.” Deere & Co. v. Contella (In re Contella), 166 B.R.

26, 30 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 1994).

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Neither the Bankruptcy Court nor either party addressed the issue of whether the proceeds

of the sale of collateral were “property” of Lender for purposes of § 523(a)(4). However, “the

bankruptcy court's decision . . . may be affirmed on any grounds supported by the record.”

Montedonico v. Beckham (In re Beckham), 421 B.R. 602, 2009 WL 1726526, at *7 (B.A.P. 6th Cir.

2009) (table). See also Besing v. Hawthorne (In re Besing), 981 F.2d 1488, 1494 (5th Cir. 1993);

Phillips, 434 B.R. at 488 (Rhodes, J., concurring). Accordingly, the Panel AFFIRMS the Bankruptcy

Court’s conclusion that the elements of § 523(a)(4) are not met.

B. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6)

Under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6), a debt is not dischargeable if it is due to a willful and malicious

injury. Lender argues that “[Debtor’s] sale of the equipment subject to [Lender’s] security interest

and retention and use of the sales proceeds were willful and malicious.” Plaintiff’s Closing Arg. ¶41,

ECF No. 60. The Supreme Court has explained that for a debt to be non-dischargeable under

§ 523(a)(6), the “ ‘actor [must] intend ‘the consequences of an act,’ not simply ‘the act itself.’ ”

Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57, 61-62, 118 S. Ct. 974, 977 (1998) (quoting Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 8A, Comment a, p. 15 (1964)). The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has further

qualified that a willful and malicious injury occurs only if the debtor (1) desires “to cause the

consequences of his act, or” (2) “believes those consequences are substantially certain to result from

it.” Markowitz v. Campbell (In re Markowitz), 190 F.3d 455, 464 (6th Cir. 1999).
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In reviewing the Bankruptcy Court's determination whether Lender suffered an injury and

whether the injury to Lender was willful and malicious for purposes of § 523(a)(6), the Panel applies

the clearly erroneous standard.

“The clearly erroneous standard does not permit this Panel to

substitute its assessments of credibility in place of the explicit

findings made by the bankruptcy court.” In re Forbes, 372 B.R. at

334. As long as the bankruptcy court's findings are “reasonable and

supported by the evidence,” the Panel may not overturn them. Id.

(quoting DuVoisin v. Foster (In re S. Indus. Banking Corp.), 809 F.2d

329, 331 (6th Cir.1987)). 

Phillips, 434 B.R. at 484.

1. Willful

In the context where a debtor has converted a creditor's collateral, it

has been held . . . that the ‘willful’ requirement of 523(a)(6) may be

indirectly established by the creditor demonstrating the existence of

two facts: (1) the debtor knew of the creditor's lien rights; and (2) the

debtor knew that his conduct would cause injury to those rights.

Takacs v. Ruderson (In re Ruderson), 2007 WL 4570581, at *6 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio Dec. 20, 2007)

(quoting J & A Brelage, Inc. v. Jones (In re Jones), 276 B.R. 797, 802 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2001),

citing Mitsubishi Motors Credit of Am., Inc. v. Longley (In re Longley ), 235 B.R. 651, 657 (B.A.P.

10th Cir.1999)). 

The Bankruptcy Court did not address Debtor’s knowledge of Lender’s lien rights because

it found that Debtor was not required to turn over the proceeds of the sale of the collateral. This

legal conclusion requires an analysis of the contract. It is a question of law reviewed de novo. 

In footnotes, the Bankruptcy Court dismissed the role of the Dealer Credit Agreement and

the Promissory Note dated June 16, 2006, each of which contain clauses requiring Debtor to remit

the proceeds of sales of collateral to Lender. The Bankruptcy Court stated that “the court is not

convinced that the Dealer Creditor Agreement has any significant relation to the individual security
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agreements and notes. Kraus Anderson representative Mr. Jarussi’s testimony suggested that he

himself was unsure about the relationship.” Feb. 5, 2013, Op. at 9, n.1, ECF No. 61. 

A review of the trial transcript reveals that Mr. Jarussi was not at all unsure about the

relationship. “There is no conflict in my mind. The overriding document is the dealer credit

agreement.” August 10, 2012, Trial Tr. 119:1-2, ECF No. 74. Mr. Jarussi explained that the

Promissory Note attached to the Dealer Credit Agreement includes everything Debtor financed. It

represented a revolving line of credit on which the borrower, Bradley Machinery, could (and did)

draw to purchase pieces of equipment. Each individual purchase of a piece of equipment was also

represented by individual schedules, security agreements, and notes under the line of credit. Tr.

133:10-22. Several times Mr. Jarussi explained that the Promissory Note attached to the Dealer

Credit Agreement was a fluid or floating line of credit, with collateral coming in and going out. Tr.

139:21-24; 141:20-25. He explained that the other notes were all part of the line of credit under the

Dealer Credit Agreement. Tr. 142:6-12; 145:6-11. He consistently testified that the Dealer Credit

Agreement was “umbrella financing” (Tr: 132:4-6) and that the Promissory Note (Ex. 3) was a credit

line limit and it spelled out the rules of the relationship. Tr. 150:15-19. Finally, he explained that

if he needed to enforce the transactions with Bradley Machinery he would use the Dealer Credit

Agreement, Promissory Note, subsequent notes and security agreement(s).

Examination of the documents support Mr. Jarussi’s explanation of the financing

arrangement. Paragraph 3 of the Dealer Credit Agreement provides in part: 

As long as Borrower is not in default, Borrower may sell any item of

Collateral in the ordinary course of Borrower’s business for a price

not less than the Advance made for such item of Collateral, unless

otherwise agreed to in writing by Lender, provided Borrower pays

Lender any amounts due under the Note as a result of such sale.

Dealer Credit Agreement, ¶ 3, Ex. 2. Paragraph 3 also clearly conveys that, to secure payment on

all current and future debts, Bradley Machinery granted Lender a security interest on all present and

future equipment purchased with advances made by Lender from the line of credit and all proceeds

of that property. Paragraph 3 further explains that Bradley Machinery was required to execute

additional security documentation as additional equipment was purchased. Moreover, the Dealer
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Credit Agreement allowed Bradley Machinery to sell equipment in the ordinary course of business

so long as Bradley Machinery paid the amounts due under the Promissory Note as a result of the sale.

The Amendment of Loan Documents executed by the parties after the breach further reflects

the parties’ understanding of their prior agreement. The Amendment of Loan Documents refers to

the individual notes and security agreements as “schedules” and makes references to the Dealer

Credit Agreement,“The Promissory Note,” Security Agreement and Individual Guaranty. This

language supports Mr. Jarussi’s testimony that the Dealer Credit Agreement was the umbrella

document that explained the rules of the relationship.

Likewise, the Confession of Judgment executed by the parties also reflects that Debtor owes

Lender $308,828.12 under the Dealer Credit Agreement and the related schedules. Finally, Debtor

himself referred to the arrangement as “a revolving line of credit.” Tr. 205:14-15. The admitted

exhibits included several of the amendments to the June 16, 2006 Promissory Note that reflect

increases in the maximum amount of the line of credit, extension of time for the maturity date, and

changes in terms of interest. Perhaps most telling is Debtor’s admission that he sold equipment “out

of trust.” Amended Ans. to Complaint, ¶ 6, ECF No. 10, Tr. 225:7-11. In the automotive sales

industry, a dealer's sale of automobile inventory without paying the secured lender is known as

selling “out of trust.” Eaton v. Ford Motor Credit Co., LLC, 2012 WL 3579644, at *3-4 (M.D.

Tenn. Aug. 17, 2012) (citing Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Moody (In re Moody), 277 B.R. 865, 868

(Bankr. S.D. Ga. 2001)).

The contract documents, exhibits and testimony show that the Dealer Credit Agreement did

control and play a key role in the financing arrangement. The individual security agreements and

promissory notes laid out payment plans that supplemented the Dealer Credit Agreement and were

used to pay down the debt while equipment remained unsold. The individual security agreements

and promissory notes, as well as the Dealer Credit Agreement and Promissory Note, allowed

collateral to be sold in the ordinary course of business. The Dealer Credit Agreement provided that

collateral could be sold as long as the proceeds were paid to Lender. The Promissory Note contained

a specific provision for this payment to occur five days after the sale.
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Accordingly, the Panel holds that based on the Dealer Credit Agreement, and other

documents, Lender had a security interest in the proceeds of the sale of collateral and Debtor had a

duty to use the proceeds of sales of collateral to pay Lender. 

The record firmly establishes that Debtor knew about Lender’s lien rights and knew that

failure to remit the proceeds would be substantially certain to harm Lender. The parties intended the

proceeds of sale of collateral to be used to pay down the debt owed to Lender and Debtor did not

do so. He retained them for a different use. The fact that it was for a business use does not alter this

finding.

Under § 523(a)(6), the business person is held to a higher standard as

a business person who is more knowledgeable of the natural

consequences of his acts. Trust Co. Bank v. Ricketts (In re Ricketts),

16 B.R. 833, 834–35 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 1982). . . . A willful and

malicious conversion occurs where an individual in bankruptcy

obtains vehicles, as an officer of a dealership, with money advanced

by a secured creditor, and then disposes of those vehicles without

remitting the sale proceeds to the secured creditor. Such acts are

contrary to the parties' floor plan agreement's express provisions. A

debtor's sales out of trust creates a debt that is nondischargeable under

§ 523(a)(6). Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Owens, 807 F.2d 1556, 1559

(11th Cir. 1987). 

Eaton, 2012 WL 3579644, at *3-4.

Debtor admitted he knew about Lender’s lien rights in the collateral. Debtor described the

relationship between the Debtor and Lender as “floor plan” financing. Tr. 205:15; 215:10-12. He

signed the financing documents that gave Lender a security interest in the collateral. In the answer

to the complaint and at trial, Debtor admitted that he sold equipment “out of trust.” Tr.225:7-11.

Moreover, Debtor’s action of selling the collateral and lying about it so that he did not have to turn

over the proceeds of the collateral shows that Debtor knew that his conduct would cause injury to

Lender’s right to receive the proceeds.

Accordingly, the Panel finds that the injury to Lender was willful.
While the Panel does not have cause to review the Bankruptcy Court’s determination 4

regarding Debtor’s subjective intent to repay, the Panel notes that some of the facts relied upon by

the Bankruptcy Court in reaching this conclusion are clearly erroneous. For example, the

Bankruptcy Court held that Debtor paid $100,000 - “a sizeable amount” toward the Settlement

Agreement. Feb. 5, 2013, Op. at 9,11, ECF No. 61. However, this fact is not supported by the

record. Mr. Jarussi testified that of the $100,000 that Lender recouped, $84,000 was on account of

equipment that was returned to Yanmar. The credit from Yanmar was already pending at the time

Bradley Machinery, Debtor and Lender entered into the Settlement Agreement and was not a result

of any post-settlement efforts by Debtor to repay the debt. August 10, 2012, Trial Tr. 149:6-14;Tr.

157:17-158:9, ECF No. 74. Mr. Jarussi also testified that Bradley Machinery made “some

payments” toward the settlement agreement. Tr. 158:1-5. Debtor admitted that Mr. Jarussi was

correct, and he only made payments totaling approximately $18,000 toward the debt over the course

of almost two years. Tr. 208:11-14. 

 The bankruptcy court placed emphasis on Debtor’s desire to save his business. However, 5

a debtor’s desire to save his business is not dispositive of whether he intended to harm the creditor,

particularly within the Sixth Circuit. Eaton v. Ford Motor Credit Co., LLC, 2012 WL 3579644

(M.D. Tenn. Aug, 17, 2012) (citing General Motors Acceptance Corp. v. Cline, 431 B.R. 407, 2010

WL 22334 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2010) (table)).

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2. Malicious

The Bankruptcy Court made the factual finding that Debtor did not intend to harm Lender

when it kept the proceeds of the sales of Lender’s collateral. The Bankruptcy Court noted that

“[Debtor] testified based on history he believed his business would recover and he would be able to

pay his debts. Feb. 5, 2013, Op. at 6, ECF No. 61. However, the test for maliciousness in the

context of § 523(a)(6) does not focus on Debtor’s subjective intent to repay.4

[M]alicious “means in conscious disregard of one's duties or without just cause or

excuse; it does not require ill-will or specific intent to do harm.” Wheeler v. Laudani,

783 F.2d 610, 615 (6th Cir.1986). Stated differently, “[t]here must also be a

consciousness of wrongdoing. . . . It is this knowledge of wrongdoing, not the

wrongfulness of the debtor's actions, that is the key to malicious under § 523(a)(6).”

ABF, Inc. v. Russell (In re Russell), 262 B.R. 449, 455 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 2001)

(citations omitted).

Auto. Fin. Corp. v. Leonard (In re Leonard), 2012 WL 1565120, at *11 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. May 2,

2012).. While a debtor’s “subjective mind set is central to the inquiry,” the focus is not on whether

a debtor intended to repay the debt eventually. Rather, the focus is on “whether debtor acted 5

deliberately in knowing disregard of a creditors’ rights in property.” Ocean Equity Grp., Inc. v.
When Lender attempted to assert proof of damages at trial, the Bankruptcy Court stated that 6

it normally does not liquidate claims, but just determines non-dischargeability. August 10, 2012,

Trial Tr. 101:19-104:24, ECF No. 74. The Panel notes that the bankruptcy court has concurrent

jurisdiction with the state court to determine the amount of damages. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b); Longo

v. McLaren (In re McLaren), 3 F.3d 958, 965-66 (6th Cir. 1993). The measure of damages may not

be equivalent to the full amount of the debt owed by Debtor to Lender: only the damages caused by

Debtor’s conduct in converting the proceeds are nondischargeable pursuant to § 523(a)(6). Those

damages are comprised of the amount of the sale proceeds and possibly other damages. In this case,

there was no concurrent state court action, so the Panel finds it is particularly appropriate for the

bankruptcy court to determine damages given its familiarity with the underlying facts.

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Wooten (In re Wooten), 423 B.R. 108 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2010) (quoting Johnson v. Davis (In re

Davis), 262 B.R. 663, 670-71 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2001)). Under § 523(a)(6), malice is inferred when

a car dealer knows the harm for his failure to remit the proceeds obtained from vehicles sold out of

trust. Leonard, 2012 WL 1565120, at *11. See also Longley, 235 B.R. at 656–58; HOC, Inc. v.

McAllister (In re McAllister), 211 B.R. 976, 982–83 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. 1997).

The Panel holds that Debtor acted maliciously as defined by § 523(a)(6). The record

establishes that Debtor acted in “knowing disregard” of Lender’s security interest in the proceeds

of the collateral. Debtor’s extensive efforts to keep information regarding the sales hidden from

Lender, indicates that Debtor knew that his action of keeping the proceeds of the sales was wrongful

under the terms of the contracts. Debtor knew that his use of the proceeds for other business

purposes would injure Lender’s right to receive the proceeds. The fact that Debtor may have had

a subjective intent to eventually repay the debt owed to Lender does not excuse the injury to Lender’s

security interest. The record is devoid of any facts which could support the notion that Debtor acted

with just cause or excuse.

Debtor converted the proceeds of the sales of collateral which were subject to Lender’s

security interest. Lender’s damages are a debt that is the result of a willful and malicious injury.

Accordingly, it is non-dischargeable pursuant to § 523(a)(6). The record before the Panel does not

reflect the amount of proceeds that were retained by Debtor upon the sale of Lender’s collateral.

Accordingly, the matter is REMANDED for a determination regarding the amount of damages.6
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C. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A)

Section 523(a)(2)(A) excepts from discharge “any debt . . . for money, property, services, or

. . .an extension, renewal, or refinance of credit, to the extent obtained by . . . false pretenses, a false

representation, or actual fraud.” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). Under § 523(a)(2)(A), the creditor bears

the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence, that: 

(1) the debtor obtained money [or an extension, renewal, or

refinancing of existing credit] through a material misrepresentation

that, at the time, the debtor knew was false or made with gross

recklessness as to its truth; 

(2) the debtor intended to deceive the creditor; 

(3) the creditor justifiably relied on the false representation; and

(4) its reliance was the proximate cause of the loss.

See Old Republic Title Co. of Tenn. v. Looney (In re Looney), 453 B.R. 252, 259 (B.A.P. 6th Cir.

2011); Rembert v. AT & T Universal Card Servs., Inc. (In re Rembert), 141 F.3d 277, 280-81 (6th

Cir. 1998). 

In the present case, there is no dispute that the first and second prongs of § 523(a)(2)(A) are

met. In the stipulated facts and at trial, Debtor testified that he lied to Lender regarding which pieces

of equipment had been sold prior to entering into the Settlement Agreement. August 10, 2012, Trial

Tr. 225:23-25; 240:4-12, ECF No. 74. Moreover, Debtor admitted at trial that he knew he was

deceiving Lender and that he did so to get Lender to agree to an extension of credit. Tr. 226:5-6.

Debtor testified that he made a conscious choice to disclose some, but not all of the sales of Lender’s

collateral because he did not want to “make it look any worse.” Tr. 226:8. He admitted that when

he entered the Settlement Agreement in March, there was an equipment list attached that

affirmatively stated that he had possession ofthe Bobcat loader and two Gehl loaders that he did not

have possession of because they had already been sold. Tr. 244:10-13; 247:5-6. He admitted that

he continued to lie to Lender for over eighteen months because he was trying to give himself more

time to pay off the debt. Tr. 226:18-24. See also Ex. 33-1 (email from Debtor to Lender’s

representative containing false information regarding hours on a Bobcat loader that had already been
-18-

sold.) Additionally, he lied to Lender’s auditors and supplied them with false documents so that

Lender would not know that its collateral had been sold. He also stipulated that he knew Lender

would rely on these misrepresentations. Second Joint Stipulations, ¶ 17, ECF No. 35.

The Bankruptcy Court, however, found that Lender did not justifiably rely on the

misrepresentations. The Bankruptcy Court found that Lender “did little to keep tabs on its

collateral.” Feb. 5, 2013, Op. at 7, ECF No. 61. The Bankruptcy Court noted that Lender did send

auditors to investigate the status of equipment, however, once told by Defendant that the equipment

was at another job site, the auditors ended the inquiry. The Bankruptcy Court found that since

Lender knew that Debtor had previously sold equipment without turning over the proceeds (having

“lied”) it was not reasonable to enter into a Settlement Agreement without conducting a more

thorough investigation. The Bankruptcy Court held that § 523 actions “are not meant to be

substitutes for appropriate due diligence. [And Lender] could have done more to monitor the status

of the equipment.” Therefore, the Bankruptcy Court found that Lender’s reliance on Debtor’s

omissions and misrepresentations regarding the status of the collateral was not justifiable. Feb. 5,

2013, Op. at 7, ECF No. 61. 

The BankruptcyCourt’sfinding is clearly erroneous. The Bankruptcy Court imposed a duty

upon the Lender to investigate the truthfulness of Debtor’s representations that is not required by

law.

In Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 72–75, 116 S. Ct. 437, 444-46 (1995), the Supreme Court

specifically rejected the notion that creditors must conduct an investigation to discover fraud. See

also Foley & Lardner v. Biondo (In re Biondo), 180 F.3d 126, 135 (4th Cir.1999) (citing Field for

the proposition that a creditor has no duty to investigate a debtor's factual representations, even if

the falsity easily could be discovered). 

[T]he plaintiff is entitled to rely upon representations of fact of such

a character as to require some kind ofinvestigation or examination on

his part to discover their falsity, and a defendant who has been guilty

of conscious misrepresentation cannot offer as a defense the plaintiff's

failure to make the investigation or examination to verify the same.
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Field, 516 U.S. at 72 (quoting 1 F. Harper & F. James, Law of Torts 7.12, pp., 581–83 (1956)). See

also Lentz v. Spadoni (In re Spadoni), 316 F.3d 56, 59 (1st Cir. 2003) (citing Field for the rule that

“the circumstances of the reliance claim must be taken into account and that the individual is not

obliged to investigate statements made to him (although he cannot shut his eyes to an obvious

falsehood).”); Eugene Parks Law Corp. Defined Benefit Pension Plan v. Kirsh (In re Kirsh), 973

F.2d 1454, 1459 (9th Cir.1992) (noting that under the justifiable reliance standard, “although a

person ordinarily has no duty to investigate the truth of a representation, a person cannot purport to

rely on preposterous representations or close his eyes to avoid discovery of the truth”)(citation

omitted); Holmes v. Nat’l City Bank (In re Holmes), 414 B.R. 115, 122-23 (E.D. Mich. 2009).

If Debtor had confessed the sales, Lender would not have entered the Settlement Agreement.

August 10, 2012, Trial Tr. 184:23-185:4, ECF No. 74 (testimony of Mr. Jarrusi that if Lender had

known the collateral had been sold “there would have been nothing to work out.”). Lender relied

on oral statements and written documentation provided by Debtor (whom the Bankruptcy Court

found “quite credible”) that the equipment had not been sold and was still held as collateral subject

to a security interest for the extension of credit provided by the Settlement Agreement and

Amendment to Loan Documents. Lender relied on Debtor’s continued false representations as to

the status of the collateral in its decision to agree to a forbearance under the Settlement Agreement.

Lender did attempt to determine the location and status of its collateral following the Settlement

Agreement through several audits and requests for information from Debtor. The reasons given for

the equipment to be unavailable to view (because it was on lease to third parties) appeared legitimate

in light of the supporting documentation provided by Debtor indicating that this was an authorized

use of the equipment under the terms of the parties’ agreements. Lender did not “shut [its] eyes to

an obvious falsehood.” Accordingly, Lender’s reliance on Debtor’s misrepresentation of the

equipment’s status was, in fact, justifiable. The Bankruptcy Court’s finding to the opposite is clearly

erroneous.

The last element Lender is required to prove for a finding of non-dischargeability under

§ 523(a)(2)(A) is that reliance on the material misrepresentation is the proximate cause of its loss.

The Bankruptcy Court did not conduct a separate analysis of this prong but simply stated that

Lender’s “actions at the time it entered into the Settlement Agreement and thereafter do not support
Debtor did contradict this admission at trial, asserting that he had not sold any equipment 7

after the date of the Settlement Agreement. August 10, 2012, Trial Tr. 225:23-25, ECF No. 74. 

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a finding . . . of justifiable reliance or that Debtor’s deceit was the proximate cause of its loss.” Feb.

5, 2013, Op. at 5, ECF No. 61. In his post-trial brief, Debtor argues that the misrepresentation of the

status of the equipment was not the proximate cause of Lender’s loss because if Lender had not

entered into the Settlement Agreement, and instead had pursued a judgment against Debtor under

the guaranty, it would not have recovered any more money because Debtor did not have any more

assets in 2009 than he had at the time the petition was filed. Def. Post-Tr. Br. at 3, ECF No. 59.

On appeal, Debtor argues that even if this Panel reverses the Bankruptcy Court, only a portion of the

total debt would be non-dischargeable because not all of the loss is a direct result of the lies about

the status of the equipment.

After the Settlement Agreement, Debtor continued in business for approximately eighteen

months. During that time, Debtor continued to provide false reports to Lender regarding the status

of its collateral. Debtor stipulated that he sold at least one piece of equipment that was subject to

Lender’s Security interest after the Settlement Agreement without turning over proceeds. Second 7

Joint Stipulations ¶ 13, ECF No. 35. Lender may be able to establish that it would have been able

to recover more collateral, or collateral with less depreciation, or that it mayhave been able to pursue

other remedies with more likelihood ofsuccess, if it had not entered into the Settlement Agreement

with Bradley Machinery and Debtor and had begun pursuing its remedies almost two years earlier.

Additionally, Debtor testified that he took a “draw” from Bradley Machinery of $15,900 in 2009 and

$23,000 in 2010. August 10, 2012, Trial Tr. 243:8-10, ECF No. 74. Therefore, it does appear that

the business had enough assets to pay Debtor $38,900 while Lender continued to extend credit based

on Debtor’s material misrepresentations regarding Lender’s collateral. Additionally, ceasing

business almost two years earlier might have provided even more assets if all overhead was

eliminated rather than just reduced. (See Debtor’s testimony that he reduced overhead by $2,000

per month by firing all other employees and moving to a new location. August 10, 2012, Trial Tr.

249:19-22, ECF No. 74.) Finally, during 2009 and 2010, Lender expended funds attempting to, as

the Bankruptcy Court put it, “keep tabs on” its collateral due to Debtor’s material misrepresentations.
 See footnote 5. Damages for the § 523(a)(2)(A) cause of action would be whatever loss

8

is attributable to Lender’s forbearance under the Settlement Agreement and thereafter, due to

Debtor’s repeated misrepresentations regarding the status of the collateral.

-21-

If Lender had known the collateral had been sold, Lender may not have needed to pay for some or

all of an auditor’s services.

Accordingly, the Panel holds that the Bankruptcy Court’s factual finding that reliance on

Debtor’s misrepresentation(s) regarding the status of the collateral was not the proximate cause of

loss is clearly erroneous. Lender suffered a loss due to Debtor’s misrepresentations and lies

regarding the status of the collateral. The Panel must remand for further factual findings to

determine the amount of damages attributable to Lender’s forbearance from collection that resulted

from entering into the Settlement Agreement.8

The Bankruptcy Court relied heavily on its determination that at the time of the Settlement

Agreement, Debtor had a subjective intent to repay the debt. However, Debtor’s subjective intent

to repay is not a factor under the § 523(a)(2)(A) Rembert test when there is a separate specific false

material misrepresentation. Debtor’s representation that Bradley Machinery still possessed three

pieces of valuable equipment that were collateral for the loans in question was a material

misrepresentation. Debtor stipulated that he intended to deceive the creditor. Further, Debtor knew

that Lender would rely on these misrepresentations when determining whetherto continue to extend

credit to him. Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court’s determination that Lender did not prove the

elements of § 523(a)(2)(A) is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED for a determination of

damages.

D. Lender’s Motion to Amend or Make Additional Findings of Fact 

Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052 applies Rule 52 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure to bankruptcy adversary proceedings. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7052. Rule 52(a)(1) states that

“[i]n an action tried on the facts without a jury . . . the court must find the facts specially and state

its conclusions of law separately.” Id. “Findings [of fact] are to be liberally construed in support
-22-

of a judgment, even if the findings are not as explicit or detailed as might be desired.” Fordu,

201 F.3d at 710 (citation omitted). 

It is not necessary for the [Bankruptcy] Judge to prepare elaborate

findings on every possible issue raised at trial. However, there must

be findings, in such detail and exactness as the nature of the case

permits, of subsidiary facts on which an ultimate conclusion can

rationally be predicated. The findings should be explicit so as to give

the appellate court a clear understanding of the basis of the trial

court’s decision, and to enable it to determine the grounds on which

the trial court reached its decision.

Orlett v. Cincinnati Microwave, Inc., 954 F.2d 414, 418 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing Grover Hill Grain

Co. v. Baughman-Oster, Inc., 728 F.2d 784, 792-93 (6th Cir. 1984)).

In the present case, there were more stipulated facts than the Bankruptcy Court included in

the written opinion. There were also additional facts in the admitted exhibits and provided by the

testimony of both witnesses. Those additional facts dictate a different result on the merits.

Therefore, the Bankruptcy Court erred in not granting the Rule 7052 motion. 

V. CONCLUSION

The Bankruptcy Court’s holding that Lender did not prove the elements of § 523(a)(4) is

AFFIRMED on alternative grounds. 

However, the debt is non-dischargeable pursuant to § 523(a)(2)(A) and § 523(a)(6). Debtor

obtained an extension of credit, via the Settlement Agreement, due to Lender’s reliance on Debtor’s

false statements. Debtor’s actions show that he knew that he had a duty to remit the proceeds to

Lender and that his failure to remit the proceeds would harm Lender. Additionally, the Bankruptcy

Court abused its discretion in denying Lender’s motion to amend the findings of fact and conclusions

of law. The Bankruptcy Court’s ruling that the debt owed to Lenderis dischargeable is REVERSED.

The case is REMANDED for a determination of the amount of damages that Lender suffered due

to Debtor’s conversion pursuant to § 523(a)(6) and fraudulent misrepresentations pursuant to

§ 523(a)(2)(A) and for an entry of judgment in favor of Lender accordingly.