IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

COLUMBIA ASSET RECOVERY

GROUP, LLC, a Washington

limited liability corporation,

Appellant,

v.

JOSEPH R. KELLY, as the Successor

Personal Representative of THE

ESTATE OF WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS,

SR., deceased,

Respondent.

DIVISION ONE

No. 69365-4-1

PUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: November 4, 2013

CO

Dwyer, J. — Columbia Asset Recovery Group, LLC (CARG) appeals from

the trial court's order dismissing its complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction.

Timothy Kennedy, CARG's sole member, was the guarantor of a one million

dollar Business Loan Agreement and Promissory Note executed by William

Phillips and Atlantic Frost Holdings, LLC (AFH). The Agreement contains

jurisdiction and venue provisions permitting the lender, Columbia State Bank, to

bring a collection action in King County. After Phillips died, neither his estate nor

AFH paid the balance of the Note. Accordingly, the lender demanded payment

from Kennedy. In response, Kennedy formed CARG and caused CARG to
No. 69365-4-1/2

purchase the lender's rights under the Agreement and Note, which the lender

assigned to CARG. CARG then filed suit in King County against the Estate of

Phillips (the Estate). However, the trial court dismissed CARG's complaint for

lack of personal jurisdiction. Because there is a genuine issue of material fact as

to whether CARG and the lender intended CARG's payment to constitute a

discharge of the Estate's payment obligation, the trial court erred by granting the

Estate's motion to dismiss. We reverse and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

I

In June 2009, Phillips and AFH executed a Commercial Line of Credit

Agreement and Promissory Note (Note) in the principal amount of $1,000,000,

payable to Columbia State Bank (the Bank), and a Business Loan Agreement

(Agreement). Phillips and AFH were the primary obligors. However, Timothy

Kennedy personally guaranteed payment of the Note in the event that Phillips

and AFH failed to pay. The Note contains a provision providing for payment to

be made in Seattle. The Agreement includes a jurisdiction provision providing

that Phillips and AFH "agree to waive any objection to jurisdiction or venue on the

ground that [they] are not residents of [the Bank's] locality"—which was Seattle.

Phillips died in an airplane crash in 2010. Subsequently, the personal

representative of the Estate negotiated two extensions of the Note. The Estate

paid interest on the AFH loan through February 2011 but, by March 17, 2011, the

Estate informed the Bank that it could no longer pay the interest on the AFH loan

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pursuantto Maryland probate law.1 When the Agreement and Note became due

in April 2011, neither AFH nor the Estate paid.

Meanwhile, on October 22, 2010, the Bank demanded that Kennedy make

good on his guaranty.2 On April 13, 2011, Kennedy spoke with a representative

of the Bank regarding "options for enforcement of [the AFH Loan]." Kennedy

subsequently formed CARG, a Washington limited liability company. Kennedy's

counsel later told the Estate's counsel that "Mr. Kennedy formed [CARG] to

facilitate his satisfying the guaranty."

Kennedy filed a counterclaim for indemnity against the Estate in the

Delaware Court of Chancery on July 25, 2011. In his counterclaim, Kennedy

claimed that Phillips "is the primary obligor on the debt owed to Columbia Bank.

Kennedy, as guarantor, is entitled to be indemnified for any amounts he is

required to pay to Columbia Bank."

On August 4, 2011, the Bank and CARG entered into the Loan Purchase

and Assignment Agreement (LPA Agreement). In the LPA Agreement, the Bank

and CARG agreed to several provisions that the parties highlight in disputing

whether the Bank and CARG intended the LPA Agreement to operate as an

assignment rather than a discharge:

• "The Bank has made demand on Kennedy for payment of the amounts

1Maryland law bars an apparently insolvent estate from making a preferential payment to

one claimant over another, and the Estate informed the Bank that continuing to pay interest on

the loan would be viewed as preferential. See Md. Code Ann. § 8-105(b).

2The parties refer to Kennedy's obligation as both a "guarantee" and a "guaranty." For

purposes ofthis opinion, the difference in spelling does not affectthe nature of Kennedy's

obligation.

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owing under the Loan pursuant to the Commercial Loan Guaranty.

Kennedy has instead proposed to purchase the Loan through a new entity

he has established for that purpose, [CARG]."

• "The purchase price will be funded by a loan from Bank to Kennedy, the

proceeds of which Kennedy will loan to [CARG]."

• "Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the Bank also

hereby agrees to assign to [CARG] all of the Bank's interests, rights and

obligations under the Cooperation Agreement

CARG then paid the Bank $1,026,071.94.

On February 3, 2012, Kennedy's counsel stated in a letter to the Estate's

counsel that Kennedy had been "forced to honor his personal guarantee" of the

obligation owed by Phillips and AFH. One week later, the Estate's counsel asked

Kennedy's counsel to confirm that the LPA Agreement "satisfied Mr. Timothy

Kennedy's personal guarantee." Kennedy's counsel provided a letterfrom the

Bank to Kennedy stating that "[f]rom the bank's perspective, your purchase of the

loan for full face value certainly satisfied all of your obligations to the Bank under

your personal guaranty, and we therefore view you to have honored your

guaranty in full." Additionally, Kennedy's counsel—during a hearing beforethe

Delaware Court of Chancery—stated that "Mr. Kennedy used [CARG] as the

vehicle to satisfy his personal guarantee." Finally, Kennedy submitted a

declaration to the United States District Court for the Western District of

Washington that stated, "Sincethe filing ofthe Complaint, I have been required

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to make good on my guarantee of that debt by Columbia State Bank."

On March 15, 2012, CARG brought suit to enforce the Agreement and

Note against the Estate in King County Superior Court. On June 8, 2012, the

Estate, pursuant to CR 12(b)(2), moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of

personal jurisdiction. In its motion, the Estate argued that Kennedy and CARG

were alter egos and that Kennedy had fulfilled his obligation as guarantor by

virtue of the Bank's assignment to CARG, which had thereby discharged the

Agreement and Note. It followed from this, the Estate contended, that the King

County jurisdiction and venue provisions were also discharged and could no

longer provide a contractual basis for exercising personal jurisdiction over the

Estate in Washington.

CARG opposed the Estate's motion to dismiss, contending that

assignment ofthe Note and Agreement did not constitute a discharge, especially

where the parties did not intend such a discharge to occur. CARG further

asserted that, if itwas an alter ego of Kennedy, it would be subrogated to the

Bank's rights under the Agreement and Note. CARG also moved for summary

judgment in a separate motion. However, instead ofruling on CARG's motion for

summary judgment, the trial court granted the Estate's motion to dismissfor lack

of personal jurisdiction and dismissed CARG's complaintwith prejudice. In

granting the Estate's motion to dismiss, the trial court made no findings offact.

CARG subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration. Although the trial

court granted CARG's motion, it did so only insofar as itdismissed CARG's

complaint without prejudice, thereby allowing CARG to refile its complaint

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elsewhere. CARG appeals both the order granting the Estate's motion to dismiss

and the order granting CARG's motion for reconsideration to the extent that the

second order did not vacate the first order's dismissal of the complaint.

II

The Estate first contends that CARG's appeal is moot. This is so, the

Estate asserts, because CARG is currently litigating an identical claim in the

United States District Court for the District of Maryland. We disagree. "A case is

moot if a court can no longer provide effective relief." State v. Gentry, 125 Wn.2d

570, 616, 888 P.2d 1105 (1995). We avoid considering moot cases in order "to

avoid the danger of an erroneous decision caused by the failure of parties, who

no longer have an existing interest in the outcome of a case, to zealously

advocate their position." Orwick v. Citv of Seattle. 103 Wn.2d 249, 253, 692 P.2d

793 (1984). Here, notwithstanding CARG's pending action in federal district

court, effective relief can still be granted. The Estate points to no final judgment

or other ruling in the federal court that would preclude us from providing CARG

with such relief. Accordingly, this action is not moot.

Ill

The Estate next contends that the doctrine of judicial estoppel should

prevent us from considering CARG's appeal. The Estate reasons that because

CARG misrepresented to the federal court the purpose for its appeal in

Washington, it gained an advantage in the federal court litigation: specifically,

that the Estate's motion to stay proceedings in the federal court was denied.

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No. 69365-4-1/7

Even assuming the veracity of the Estate's claim, its remedy, ifany, lies in

federal court.

"Judicial estoppel is an equitable doctrine that precludes a party from

gaining an advantage by asserting one position in a court proceeding and later

seeking an advantage by taking a clearly inconsistent position." Cunningham v.

Reliable Concrete Pumping. Inc., 126 Wn. App. 222, 224-25, 108 P.3d 147

(2005). Application of judicial estoppel centers around three factors:

"(1) whether a party's later position is clearly inconsistent with its

earlier position; (2) whether judicial acceptance of an inconsistent

position in a later proceeding would create the perception that

either the first or the second court was misled; and (3) whether the

party seeking to assert an inconsistent position would derive an

unfair advantage or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing

party if not estopped."

Miller v.Campbell. 164 Wn.2d 529, 539, 192 P.3d 352 (2008) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Arkison v. Ethan Allen, Inc.. 160 Wn.2d 535, 538-39, 160

P.3d13(2007)).

Here, it is for the federal court to determine whether CARG should be

judicially estopped from litigating in that court. The Estate contends that the

misrepresentation was made to the federal court and that the advantage gained

was in that litigation. However, the federal court's order denying the Estate's

motion to stay proceedings did not explain why the motion was denied. The

Estate now asks us to infer a causal relationship between CARG's argument

opposing the motion to stay and the court's ruling. Not only would this be

speculative, itwould be inappropriate because the Estate's remedy is in federal

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No. 69365-4-1/8

court. Accordingly, judicial estoppel does not prevent us from considering

CARG's appeal.

IV

CARG asserts that its payment to the Bank in exchange for an assignment

of the Bank's rights against the Estate did not discharge the Estate's obligation

as principal obligor. This is so, CARG contends, because whether the debt

evidenced by the Note was discharged must be determined by the parties' intent.

We agree that the parties' intent is the proper standard. Moreover, because

CARG and the Estate dispute CARG's and the Bank's intent in assigning the

debt—a question of fact—dismissal was inappropriate.

"When the trial court considers matters outside the pleadings on a motion

to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, we review the trial court's ruling under

the de novo standard of review for summary judgment." Freestone Capital

Partners LP v. MKA Real Estate Opportunity Fund I, LLC, 155 Wn. App. 643,

653, 230 P.3d 625 (2010). Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no

genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgmentas a

matter of law. CR 56(c).

"Ordinarily, the intention ofthe parties determines whether a transfer of

money by a third person to a creditor constitutes a discharge or purchase ofan

underlying debt." 60 Am.Jur.2d Payment § 5 (2013). Similarly, we look to the

parties' intent when determining whether an obligor's payment was intended to

discharge another obligor's payment obligation:

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No. 69365-4-1/9

"We are in accord with the trend of modern authority, which

tends to modify the strict common law rule by which joint contract

obligors were often released from the burden of their contract by an

inadvertent or ill advised release of one of their number. In

connection with such questions as this, the modern rule that the

intent of the parties, as expressed by their acts, and particularly by

their writings, should receive a greater measure of consideration in

determining contract rights, is clearly expressed in standard texts

and judicial decisions. This principle tends to accomplish just and

equitable results to a greater extent than did the strict rule of the

common law."

Seafirst Ctr. Ltd. P'ship v. Erickson. 127 Wn.2d 355, 364, 898 P.2d 299 (1995)

(emphasis added) (quoting Johnson v. Stewart. 1 Wn.2d 439, 453, 96 P.2d 473

(1939)). Determining what the parties to a contract intended is generally a

question of fact. Paradise Orchards Gen. P'ship v. Fearing. 122 Wn. App. 507,

517, 94 P.3d 372 (2004).

In dismissing CARG's claim based on a lack of personal jurisdiction, the

trial court would have had to conclude that the LPA Agreement discharged the

Estate's payment obligation and, with it, the jurisdiction and venue provisions in

the original Agreement and Note. However, for the trial court to conclude that the

underlying debt was discharged, rather than purchased, itwould have had to

determine that the parties intended for it to be discharged, rather than purchased.

This is a disputed question of fact.

CARG points to the language in the LPA Agreement as well as the

testimony of the Bank's vice president, both of which indicate that CARG and the

Bank intended the LPA Agreement to operate as a purchase of the Bank's rights,

not as a discharge of the Estate's payment obligation. On the other hand, the

Estate points to different language in the LPA Agreement, as well as statements

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made by counsel for Kennedy to courts and opposing counsel, suggesting that

CARG and the Bank intended the LPA Agreement to satisfy Kennedy's guaranty,

which had the legal effect of discharging the Estate's payment obligation. The

absence of fact finding in the trial court's order to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction does not mean that there were implicit findings made, as the Estate

suggests,3 and it does not mean that thiswas purely a legal question, as CARG

suggests. Rather, a question of fact was improperly decided as a matter of law.

Accordingly, dismissal was inappropriate.

Additionally, the Estate asserts that payment or discharge of a guaranty

constitutes performance and that the Bank is only entitled to one performance. It

follows from this, the Estate reasons, that the Bank had no rights to assign to

CARG once it received its one performance. It is true that a creditor is only

entitled to one performance. Revocable Living Trust of Strand v. Wel-Co Grp..

Inc.. 120 Wn. App. 828, 836, 86 P.3d 818 (2004). However, the Estate's

argument assumes that the Agreement constituted a discharge of Kennedy's

guaranty, not a purchase of the Bank's rights. As explained above, the parties'

intent is the controlling factor in determining whether the Agreement constituted a

discharge or a purchase. Because intent is a factual question that was not

resolved in the trial court, the Estate's "one performance" argument is contingent

upon the fact finder's determination of what the parties intended and should

3The Estate's argument regarding "implicit fact finding" is untenable. We apply the

summary judgment standard to the order herein. Neitherimplicit nor explicit fact-finding is

permitted on summaryjudgment. Summary judgment is only apposite when there are no genuine

issues of material fact. Here, there are genuine issues of material fact, rendering dismissal

improper.

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therefore be considered by the trial court only after the intent of the parties to the

LPA Agreement is determined.

V

The Estate next contends that it was proper for the trial court to pierce

CARG's corporate veil and that the summary judgment order can be upheld on

this basis. Veil piercing was appropriate, the Estate reasons, because Kennedy

disregarded CARG's corporate form and his disregard resulted in injustice. We

disagree. To the extent that the trial court based its dismissal of CARG's

complaint on piercing CARG's corporate veil, it erred by doing so in the absence

of the factual findings requisite to veil piercing. Accordingly, summary dismissal

on this basis was not warranted.

For a court to pierce the corporate veil, "two separate, essential factors

must be established." Dickens v. Alliance Analytical Labs.. LLC. 127 Wn. App.

433, 440, 111 P.3d 889 (2005). "'First, the corporate form must be intentionally

used to violate or evade a duty.'" Dickens. 127 Wn. App. at 440-41 (quoting

Meisel v. M & N Modern Hydraulic Press Co.. 97 Wn.2d 403, 410, 645 P.2d 689

(1982)). "Second, the fact finder must establish that disregarding the corporate

veil is necessary and required to prevent an unjustified loss to the injured party."

Dickens, 127 Wn. App. at 441. Furthermore, a court may pierce the corporate

veil under an "alter ego" theory "when 'the corporate entity has been disregarded

by the principals themselves so that there is such a unity ofownership and

interest that the separateness of the corporation has ceased to exist.'" Grayson

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v. Nordic Constr. Co.. 92 Wn.2d 548, 553, 599 P.2d 1271 (1979) (quoting Burns

v. Norwesco Marine. Inc.. 13 Wn. App. 414, 418, 535 P.2d 860 (1975)).

We need not address whether Kennedy intentionally used CARG to

violate or evade a duty; dismissal was not proper here because the trial court

could not find, as a matter of law, that disregarding the corporate veil was

necessary and required to prevent an unjustified loss to the injured party. At

most, a disputed question of fact on the question is presented. The Estate

asserts that Kennedy's use of CARG both to satisfy his guaranty and seek to

enforce the Note against the Estate would work an injustice. CARG, on the other

hand, points out that the Estate seeks an "equitable" right of disregard when, in

reality, the Estate defaulted on its loan obligations and isseeking to preserve its

subsequent windfall of $1,250,000—a windfall antithetical to equity. Before the

trial court may pierce the corporate veil, it must find that piercing is necessary to

prevent an unjustified loss to the Estate. CARG's assertion raises a clearfactual

question as to the existence ofany equitable entitlement on the part ofthe

Estate. The trial court could not resolve this disputed factual question utilizing

summary procedures and, therefore, dismissal was inappropriate.

VI

CARG correctly argues that, if, on remand, the trial court does pierce

CARG's corporate veil, CARG will necessarily possess Kennedy's subrogation

rights against the Estate. This is so because Kennedy and CARG will be treated

as one, allowing CARG—which is in greater need of equity than the Estate—to

pursue this equitable remedy against the Estate.

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Equitable subrogation is applied broadly "'to include every instance in

which one person, not acting voluntarily, pays a debt for which another is

primarily liable, and which in equity and good conscience should have been

discharged by the latter.'" Tri-Citv Constr. Council v. Westfall. 127 Wn. App. 669,

675, 112 P.3d 558 (2005) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting In re

Liquidation of Farmers & Merchs. State Bank of Nooksack. 175 Wash. 78, 85-86,

26 P.2d 631 (1933)). However, "there is no absolute right of equitable

subrogation"; instead, it is "based upon the circumstances of each case and the

demands of justice for an equitable result." Westfall, 127 Wn. App. at 674. Thus,

the party seeking equitable subrogation must be in greater need of equity than its

adversary. Livingston v. Shelton. 85 Wn.2d 615, 619, 537 P.2d 774 (1975).

Once a party is subrogated, it"step[s] into the lender's shoes to the extent ofthe

current obligation." Columbia Cmtv. Bank v. Newman Park. LLC. 177Wn.2d

566, 574, 304 P.3d 472 (2013).

Here, Kennedy had an obligation, as the guarantor, to pay the debt upon

which the Estate was primarily liable. Moreover, Kennedy asserts the greater

need for equity because—as the result of his payment—the Estate has retained

a windfall exceeding one million dollars. Nevertheless, the Estate contends that

subrogation isinappropriate both because Kennedy is not a party to the case and

because subrogation is repugnant to the equity-based alter ego doctrine. The

Estate's contentions lack merit.

It is true that Kennedy is not a party to this case. However, if, on remand,

the trial court determines to pierce CARG's corporate veil under an alter ego

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theory, Kennedy and CARG must be treated as one in having answered for the

Estate's debt. Accordingly, CARG and Kennedy, as alter egos, would share an

identical subrogation right against the Estate. Thus, even though Kennedy is not

a named party to this action, as an incident of the alter ego finding, he and

CARG, which is a named party in this action, would jointly possess the right to

subrogation. Therefore, CARG, as the alter ego of Kennedy, may seek to

recover from the Estate under a subrogation theory.

The Estate is correct that piercing the corporate veil is an equitable

remedy imposed to rectify an abuse of the corporate privilege. From this,

however, the Estate wrongly reasons that subrogation against it is not available

because—as an equitable doctrine—subrogation may only be used to prevent

injustice, not perpetuate it. In making this argument, however, the Estate

disregards the factthat it has been unjustly enriched by over one million dollars

as the result of CARG's payment. Focusing narrowly on Kennedy's alleged

disregard ofCARG's corporate form misses the larger injustice resulting from the

Estate's seven-figure windfall. Thus, in the event that the trial court does pierce

the corporate veil, it mustdetermine whether the balance of equities is in CARG's

and Kennedy's favor. Accordingly, should the trial court pierce CARG's

corporate veil, CARG will still share the right to subrogation with its alter ego,

Kennedy. Accordingly, CARG would step into the shoes ofthe lender, the Bank,

allowing it to invoke the jurisdiction and venue provisions ofthe Note and the

Agreement.

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VII

CARG contends that because "performance of the obligations under the

Note and Agreement were due in Seattle WA. There was therefore, specific

jurisdiction for enforcement of the obligations in [King County] even in the

absence of the contractual venue and jurisdiction provisions." Appellant's

Opening Br. at 3-4. We need not consider this argument because CARG

provides no authority to support its contention. See e.g.. State v. Logan. 102

Wn. App. 907, 911, 10 P.3d 504 (2000). However, CARG is not barred from

presenting evidence and citing pertinent authority to support this contention on

remand.

Reversed and remanded.

We concur:

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