IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Steven Chin :

 :

v. : No. 1871 C.D. 2017

 : Argued: June 7, 2018

New Flyer of America, Inc. and :

Southeastern Pennsylvania :

Transportation Authority :

 :

Appeal of: New Flyer of America, :

Inc. :

BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge

HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge

HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY

JUDGE COHN JUBELIRER FILED: July 16, 2018

Steven Chin (Chin) suffered personal injuries when a bus struck him while he 

crossed a street in a crosswalk in Philadelphia. In addition to Southeastern 

Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), which owned and operated the 

bus, Chin sued the bus manufacturer, New Flyer of America, Inc. (New Flyer),

asserting negligence and product liability/defective design claims related to New 

Flyer’s placement of the driver’s side or roadside mirror that Chin alleged obstructed 

the bus driver’s view. A jury returned a verdict in favor of New Flyer on the product 

liability/defective design claim but against New Flyer on the negligence count, 
2

apportioning liability as 25 percent for New Flyer and 75 percent for SEPTA.1 New 

Flyer filed various post-trial motions, which were denied by the Court of Common 

Pleas of Philadelphia County (trial court), and judgment was entered. New Flyer 

appealed, and on appeal, we affirmed the trial court’s order, except to the extent the 

trial court found New Flyer’s argument that the verdict was against the weight of the 

evidence was waived. Chin v. New Flyer of America, Inc., 169 A.3d 689, 692-94, 

703 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017) (Chin I). On that issue, we vacated the trial court’s order 

and remanded the matter for the trial court to issue an opinion and order addressing 

the merits of New Flyer’s evidentiary weight claim. On remand, the trial court again 

found the issue was waived but also addressed the merits, concluding the verdict was 

not against the weight of the evidence. New Flyer has appealed, and we are once 

again called upon to review the trial court’s Order. 

Factual and Procedural Background

We restate the facts as set forth in Chin I:

On September 5, 2012, Chin was walking west along Arch 

Street, near the intersection with Sixth Street in Philadelphia, on his 

way to work. At the same time, a bus operated by SEPTA was also 

traveling west on Arch Street and stopped at a traffic light at the same 

intersection. After the signal changed, the bus proceeded to make a left 

turn onto Sixth Street, where it struck Chin, who was approximately 

halfway across the crosswalk at the time. 

Chin, who was 25 years old at the time of the accident, suffered 

a degloving injury, which occurs when the skin and soft tissue are torn 

from the bone, to his right foot and ankle. He was initially denied pain 

medication because it would interfere with efforts to determine the 

extent of his nerve damage in his right foot and ankle. Because of the 

soft tissue injury, doctors could not use internal screws or pins to 

 

1 Although SEPTA settled before trial, it remained on the verdict slip for purposes of 

apportionment. 
3

stabilize the multiple fractures in the foot and ankle; instead, they were 

stabilized using an external fixator system, which is screwed through 

the skin and into the bone. Chin testified that he was hospitalized for 

approximately one month before he was released home, where he was 

bedridden because of the external fixator, which was not removed until 

January 2013. After several months of physical therapy, Chin is able 

to walk, but his right ankle is stuck in a downward pointed position with 

very limited motion, affecting his gait. His doctors testified that the 

injury is permanent, and his abnormal gait is impacting his knee, hip, 

and back; they have not ruled out the need for future surgery. Since his 

injury, Chin has not been able to return to running, a sport he once 

enjoyed. 

At trial, the driver of the bus testified that he saw three other 

individuals waiting at the corner but did not see Chin because the 

driver’s side mirror, also known as the roadside mirror, obstructed his 

view during left-hand turns. New Flyer designed and manufactured the 

buses. SEPTA provided technical specifications, which were 

developed by its engineering group. The technical specifications called 

for use of an 8” x 15” Rosco brand mirror on the driver’s side but did 

not specify the height to mount it, stating only that it should be 

positioned “to minimize blind spots for the operator in front of mirrors.” 

On the other hand, the specifications were specific as to the height of a 

curbside mirror, which is located on the right side of the bus. When 

New Flyer was unable to build the buses to meet the specification for 

the curbside mirror, it contacted SEPTA and sought a change to the 

height specifications. At no time did New Flyer request a change 

related to the driver’s side mirror or advise SEPTA that the Rosco 

mirror should not be used. 

A design engineer at New Flyer testified that the driver’s side 

mirror on SEPTA buses is mounted at 46 inches high whereas driver’s 

side mirrors on buses for other transportation authorities are typically 

mounted between 40 to 41 inches high. In a subsequent build cycle, 

New Flyer lowered the mount of the driver’s side mirror by five to six 

inches on the SEPTA buses. When SEPTA contacted New Flyer about 

the change, New Flyer retrofitted the buses with a new arm, which 

raised the height of the mount back to 46 inches. The design engineer 

was not aware of any other customer using a 46-inch mount, which is 

the highest mount he was aware of, but the mirror does not violate any 

laws or regulations. He explained that the mirror causes an 8-inch 

obstruction, and the A-post, which is the post at the end of the 

windshield, causes another 4-inch obstruction. No matter what height 
4

the mirror is mounted, New Flyer representatives said an obstruction 

would result because visual obstructions are inherent in mirrors. 

After an increase in pedestrian accidents where drivers raised 

concerns about sight lines related to the mirrors, SEPTA conducted 

various line of vision checks. Two were internally conducted in 2004 

and 2012, respectively, both of which acknowledged a temporary 

obstruction but nonetheless determined the allegation of an engineering 

flaw in the New Flyer bus was unfounded. SEPTA also contracted with 

a third party, STV, to evaluate the driver’s side mirror in 2013. The 

STV report states that the mirrors are located higher than the normal 

mount and that the Rosco mirror is taller than most bus mirrors. The 

STV report states that reducing the height of the top of the mirror by 4 

inches would provide an additional 17 feet of visibility. STV 

recommended that SEPTA consider, inter alia, lowering or reducing 

the size of the driver’s side mirror in the future. In 2015, SEPTA 

voluntarily retrofitted its entire fleet with a smaller mirror at its own 

cost. 

To help combat the visual obstruction caused by the driver’s side 

mirrors, SEPTA developed a pedestrian awareness program to train 

drivers to utilize multiple techniques to mitigate it. These techniques 

include: waiting four seconds after a signal changes before beginning 

a turn as the delay would allow any pedestrians to clear the obstruction; 

squaring off turns, meaning drivers pull straight ahead into the 

intersection prior to commencing the turn, such that any pedestrians 

would be visible through the side window; and “rocking and rolling,” a 

technique whereby the driver would rock back and forth and from side 

to side in their seat to see around the mirror. The driver here, a 28-year 

veteran of SEPTA, testified he did use these techniques. 

Over the years, the union representing SEPTA drivers raised the 

issue of visual obstructions because of the mirrors in defending drivers 

involved in left-hand turn accidents.FN2 Following two fatal pedestrian 

accidents in 2006, SEPTA contacted a representative at New Flyer, 

requesting that he provide testimony at arbitration hearings for the 

drivers involved in those accidents. The representative was advised by 

in-house counsel and outside counsel for New Flyer to not provide 

testimony regarding the mirrors because they were concerned about 

potential exposure to litigation. 
5

FN2 In 2011, there were four left-hand turn accidents, three in 

2012, and five in 2013, one of which was fatal. SEPTA drivers 

make approximately 100,000 left-hand turns per day.

Chin I, 169 A.3d at 692-94. 

At the conclusion of trial, the jury found in favor of New Flyer on the product

liability/defective design claim but against it on the negligence claim. The jury 

awarded Chin $5 million in non-economic damages. Following trial, New Flyer 

filed a Motion for Post-Trial Relief (Post-Trial Motion), seeking judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict (judgment n.o.v.), a new trial on the merits and/or on 

damages, or remittitur, all of which were denied by the trial court. 

New Flyer then appealed to this Court asserting: (1) the verdict was 

irreconcilably inconsistent when the jury found there was no product defect but still 

found New Flyer acted negligently; (2) the jury’s verdict was against the weight of 

the evidence or not supported by sufficient evidence; (3) the trial court erred in 

refusing to charge the jury on the sophisticated user and sophisticated purchaser 

doctrines; and (4) the trial court erred in refusing to grant a new trial as to damages 

or remittitur based upon an excessive verdict. We affirmed the trial court, except to 

the extent the trial court found New Flyer had waived its weight of the evidence 

claim by asserting the verdict was against the weight of the evidence in boilerplate 

fashion in its Rule 1925(b) Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal (Rule 

1925(b) Statement).

2

 We held New Flyer could not have filed a more specific Rule 

 

2 Rule 1925(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure provides, in pertinent 

part:

If the judge entering the order giving rise to the notice of appeal (“judge”) desires 

clarification of the errors complained of on appeal, the judge may enter an order 

directing the appellant to file of record in the trial court and serve on the judge a 

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal (“Statement”).

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). 
6

1925(b) Statement because the trial court issued only a one-page order denying the 

Post-Trial Motion, without any explanation of its reasoning, and because the record 

also did not contain any explanation. Chin I, 169 A.3d at 699-700 (citing Ryan v. 

Johnson, 564 A.2d 1237, 1239 (Pa. 1989); Hess v. Fox Rothschild, LLP, 925 A.2d 

798, 804 (Pa. Super. 2007)). We held our appellate review was hampered by the 

lack of a trial court opinion discussing the merits of New Flyer’s evidentiary weight 

claim. Id. at 700. Accordingly, we vacated the trial court’s order finding the issue 

waived and remanded the matter for the trial court to issue an opinion and order 

addressing the merits. Id.

Trial Court’s Opinion on Remand

On remand, the trial court explained why its waiver determination was proper

and proffered a different reason for finding waiver. (Trial Court Opinion on Remand 

(Remand Op.) at 1-14.) In its original Rule 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court found 

New Flyer waived the argument because of a lack of specificity in its Rule 1925(b) 

Statement. (Trial Court Rule 1925(a) Op. at 4-5.) In its Remand Opinion, the trial 

court stated that New Flyer waived the weight of the evidence argument by failing 

to address the issue with any specificity in its Post-Trial Motion or supporting 

memorandum of law. (Remand Op. at 3-14.)

As instructed, the trial court also addressed the merits of New Flyer’s weight

of the evidence claim, finding the claim to be without merit. The trial court found 

New Flyer’s strategy of shifting the burden of safe design and operation to SEPTA 

worked, but only in part, noting the apportionment of liability. According to the trial 

court:

[t]he jury . . . refused to permit New Flyer to shift onto SEPTA the 

responsibility for New Flyer’s negligent design and placement of the 
7

. . . mirror, New Flyer’s lack of investigation when it was informed that 

the “blind-spot” was causing pedestrian accidents, and New Flyer’s 

failure to warn SEPTA that the placement of the mirror was 

problematic.

(Id. at 16.) 

The trial court found that the evidence fully supported the jury’s verdict. First, 

it found ample evidence to support the conclusion that New Flyer placed the mirror 

at an unusual and unsafe height. (Id. at 16-20.) In particular, the trial court cited to 

the Technical Specifications that required New Flyer to locate the mirrors “to 

minimize blind spots for the operator.” (Id. at 17 (quoting Technical Specifications, 

Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 457a).) According to the trial court, New Flyer took 

the position that there was no “blind spot” but only a “visual obstruction,” and 

therefore, nothing had to be done to address the situation. (Remand Op. at 18-19.) 

The trial court further found there was evidence that New Flyer mounted the mirrors 

five to six inches higher than where it normally mounted mirrors for other customers. 

(Id. at 18 (citing Notes of Testimony (N.T.), December 8, 2015, a.m. session, at 17, 

R.R. at 245a).) In addition, the trial court cited the testimony of New Flyer’s 

Director of New Product Development, who agreed the mirrors should be placed “as 

low as possible” to avoid obstruction. (Remand Op. at 18 (quoting N.T., December 

10, 2015, p.m. session, at 26-27, R.R. at 372a).) The trial court noted that Chin’s 

expert analyzed the mirror’s placement and resulting blind spot in less than an hour, 

something that New Flyer similarly should have undertaken but did not. (Remand 

Op. at 18 (citing N.T., December 8, 2015, p.m. session, at 25-26, R.R. at 271a-72a).)

In summary, the trial court found it was not against the weight of the evidence for 

the jury to have concluded:

 New Flyer had a duty to position the roadside mirror at a safe 

height that minimized blind spots,
8

 New Flyer placed the roadside mirror six inches higher than it 

normally positioned mirrors,

 New Flyer did nothing to determine what effect that position 

might have on the driver’s view of pedestrians,

 the unusual height created an unsafe blind spot or “visual 

obstruction” blocking the driver’s view of pedestrians like 

[Chin], and 

 New Flyer was negligent in failing to do anything to prevent the 

“visual obstruction” created by New Flyer’s placement of the 

roadside mirror.

(Remand Op. at 19-20.)

Second, the trial court found “New Flyer abandoned its duty to design and sell 

a safe bus and made the driver solely responsible to overcome the ‘visual 

obstruction’ New Flyer itself created.” (Id. at 20.) New Flyer placed sole 

responsibility on the driver of the bus, although its own witness acknowledged “that 

New Flyer had a general duty to ‘make the driver’s job as easy as possible’ and to 

‘minimize the [driver’s] head or body movement to either look around or over the 

top’” of the mirror. (Id. at 20 (quoting N.T., December 10, 2015, p.m. session, at 

34-35, R.R. at 374a).) Meanwhile, the trial court noted Chin’s expert testified that 

driver mistakes happen and even if the driver utilized the rock and roll method, he 

“might not clear the obstruction every time.” (Remand Op. at 20 (citing N.T., 

December 8, 2015, p.m. session, at 27, R.R. at 272a).) Accordingly, the trial court 

found “[i]t was not against the weight of the evidence for the jury to determine that 

New Flyer forsook and breached its duty to design and sell a safe bus, and was 

negligent in foisting upon the driver the sole responsibility to overcome the unsafe 

mirror placement chosen by New Flyer.” (Remand Op. at 20.)
9

Third and finally, the trial court found “New Flyer was more interested in 

minimizing its own legal liability instead of minimizing the dangers created by its 

unsafe placement of the mirror.” (Id. at 21.) The trial court noted that, in 2006, New 

Flyer became aware that SEPTA buses were involved in fatal accidents involving 

pedestrians during left-hand turns. The trial court explained that a labor relations 

representative for SEPTA asked New Flyer’s safety manager to testify about the 

mirrors at a hearing for a discharged driver who claimed the accident she was 

involved in was caused by the blind spot resulting from the mirror’s placement. New 

Flyer’s safety manager later learned about a second fatal accident involving a similar

claim. (Id. (citing N.T., December 8, 2015, a.m. session, at 64-67, R.R. at 256a57a).) According to the trial court, “[t]his information had clear safety implications 

regarding the placement of the mirrors on the buses New Flyer designed and sold to 

SEPTA.” (Remand Op. at 21.) But, instead of raising those concerns with the safety 

committee or engineering department, the safety manager emailed New Flyer’s inhouse counsel, who advised the safety manager to not talk to SEPTA about the 

mirrors. In-house counsel wrote:

I’m sufficiently concerned about exposure to New Flyer at this point 

that I don’t think that we should provide any information to SEPTA. 

Any information that we give them regarding the mirrors would be 

discoverable by the driver and estates of the victims of the bus 

accidents. There is no upside to New Flyer in providing any 

information to [SEPTA] and much liability exposure. In addition, I am 

concerned that any information we provide which [sic] may be 

unfavorable to New Flyer.
10

(Id. at 21-22 (quoting Ex. P-8, R.R. at 494a).)3 Based on the above, the trial court 

found “[i]t was not against the weight of the evidence for the jury to determine that 

New Flyer knew that the placement of the mirror was unsafe and, instead of 

remedying the danger, only looked to protect itself from liability.” (Id. at 22.)

By Order dated November 14, 2017, the trial court denied New Flyer’s weight 

of the evidence claim, and this appeal followed.

Parties’ Arguments

On appeal, New Flyer raises two issues: (1) whether the trial court erred in 

again finding New Flyer waived its weight of the evidence challenge; and 

(2) whether the trial court erred in granting judgment against New Flyer when the 

verdict was contrary to the weight of the evidence.4 

With regard to the issue on the merits, New Flyer argues “[t]he overwhelming 

record evidence unquestionably shows that the jury’s finding of liability against New 

Flyer is contrary to the weight of the evidence.” (New Flyer’s Brief (Br.) at 22.) In 

particular, it lists 17 reasons the verdict is against the weight of the evidence:

 SEPTA specified the 15" by 8" ROSCO mirror for operator and 

passenger safety reasons in its detailed contract specifications. 

(R.[R. at] 230a).

 SEPTA evaluated and approved the placement of the mirror 

during a 90-day trial period with the pilot bus prior to production. 

(R.[R. at] 230a).

 

3 At argument, there were questions related to the admissibility of the emails and whether 

they were protected by attorney-client privilege. Following argument, counsel for Chin submitted 

an unsolicited letter to this Court providing further response to these questions. New Flyer filed 

an application seeking leave to respond to Chin’s letter. Because the letter is an improper postargument submission, we do not consider it. Accordingly, New Flyer’s application is denied as 

moot. 

4 We have reordered New Flyer’s issues for ease of resolution. 
11

 SEPTA’s engineers evaluated and approved the placement of the 

mirror during complete pre-delivery inspections of the fleet and, 

again, after SEPTA took possession of the fleet. (R.[R. at] 231a).

 SEPTA trained its operators on driving techniques to avert any 

temporary obstruction including avoiding a “fixed stare” into the 

side view mirror, engaging in active scanning and head-turning, 

waiting four seconds before initiating a left turn, using the “rock 

and roll” technique to look around the mirror, and “boxing-off” 

the left turn. (R.[R. at] 288a, 291a-93a, 297a). 

 SEPTA conducted line-of-vision studies in 2004 on the New 

Flyer bus which revealed a temporary one-second obstruction as 

may exist in any motorized vehicle. (R.[R. at] 345a).

 SEPTA concluded that its drivers safely avoid the temporary 

obstruction through SEPTA’s prescribed defensive driving 

techniques. (R.[R. at] 345a-46a).

 SEPTA concluded that there was no engineering flaw in the 

mirror configuration as a result of the 2004 study. (R.[R. at] 

346a).

 SEPTA knew the mirror creates a temporary obstruction but 

rejected, in 2006, New Flyer’s 920 series of buses with the driver 

side mirror located six inches lower or at 40 inches. (R.[R. at] 

231a).

 SEPTA requested that New Flyer raise the mirror back to the 

height of the prior 912 series, or 46 inches, to maintain the 

consistency of the fleet. (R.[R. at] 359a, 233a-34a).

 SEPTA’s Senior Project Designer recognized that the lower 

mirror made it more difficult for drivers, especially taller drivers, 

to see the rear of the bus. (R.[R. at] 233a).

 SEPTA conducted an investigation of the similarly-constructed 

New Flyer hybrid SEPTA buses in August 2012 after which 

SEPTA concluded that, with proper driving techniques, the 

driver side mirror does not create a blind spot. (R.[R. at] 347a, 

297a).
12

 SEPTA determined that driver error was the sole cause of the 

accident. (R.[R. at] 299a, 343a-44a, 349a[,] 502a).

 [Chin]’s experts admitted that the Driver would have seen [Chin] 

if he had looked over the mirror while scanning the intersection. 

(R.[R. at] 217a-18a, 273a).

 New Flyer’s expert confirmed that driver error caused the 

accident. (R.[R. at] 385a, 390a). 

 SEPTA voiced no complaints about the mirror to New Flyer. 

(R.[R. at] 231a).

 Prior to [Chin]’s accident in 2012, SEPTA had only informed 

New Flyer of two prior left turn accidents, which were not 

definitively attributed to the mirror, since the rollout of the New 

Flyer buses in 2001. (R.[R. at] 258a).

 SEPTA employs approximately 4,000 bus drivers, SEPTA’s 

drivers make nearly 100,000 left turns per work day, there are 

approximately 220 work days per year, and, in sum, SEPTA 

makes 22 million left turns per year by 4[,]000 different drivers. 

(R.[R. at] 288a, 295a). 

(Id. at 22-23 (emphasis in original).) 

New Flyer argues the trial court erred in a number of regards. First, it 

contends the trial court erred in concluding the verdict was not against the weight of 

the evidence because the jury apportioned 25 percent fault to New Flyer. New Flyer 

argues the issue is whether the jury’s finding of liability was against the weight of 

the evidence, and the apportionment of fault was based on an erroneous finding of 

liability. Second, New Flyer argues the trial court “erred, as a matter of law, in 

uncritically deferring to the jury’s role of making credibility determinations.” (Id.

at 25.) According to New Flyer, the trial court had the authority and duty “to invade 

the jury’s assessment of credibility when it is unreliable and untrustworthy.” (Id.) 

New Flyer does not explain how the jury’s credibility assessments were unreliable 
13

or untrustworthy.5 Next, New Flyer takes issue with the trial court’s conclusion that 

the mirror was placed at an unusual and unsafe height. It claims the trial court 

improperly focused on testimony that the mount was higher on SEPTA buses than 

buses for other New Flyer customers, while there was evidence that all SEPTA buses 

had the mirror positioned at the same height, as did buses in New York and Boston. 

It also notes there was no data to support the trial court’s conclusion that these buses 

were involved in more accidents than buses with lower mounts. New Flyer also 

disputes the trial court’s characterization of the evidence, such as the testimony of 

New Flyer’s safety manager. In addition, it argues that even assuming, arguendo, 

that the height of the mirror was unsafe, it was still unreasonable to find New Flyer 

negligent because

it was undisputed that SEPTA knew that New Flyer’s use of the 

contractually-mandated 15" by 8" mirror would necessarily create a 

temporary visual obstruction for the driver; it was undisputed that 

SEPTA itself evaluated the bus during a pilot program; it was 

undisputed that SEPTA trained its drivers to avoid the obstruction; it 

was undisputed that SEPTA conducted multiple sight-line 

investigations, and it was undisputed that SEPTA insisted that New 

Flyer maintain the mirror at the 46-inch height in subsequent lots of 

buses. It was further undisputed that, during the 11 years before 

[Chin]’s accident, SEPTA reported to New Flyer only two left-turn 

accidents, which SEPTA itself did not definitively attribute to the 

height of the mirror.

 

5 Later in its brief, New Flyer suggests the jury’s findings should not be given much 

deference because “this was the same jury that incongruously found that New Flyer was negligent 

for placing the roadside mirror at an unsafe level, but that its product was not defective.” (New 

Flyer’s Br. at 29.) In an accompanying footnote, New Flyer discusses its prior attempt to seek 

judgment n.o.v. or a new trial based on the jury’s inconsistent verdict. (Id. at 29-30 n.4.) This 

Court previously found that issue was waived as New Flyer did not object following announcement 

of the verdict but before the jury was discharged. Chin I, 169 A.3d at 697. New Flyer states it is 

not seeking to relitigate that issue, “but merely cites the inconsistency as cause to question the trial 

court’s unwavering deference to the jury’s conclusions.” (New Flyer’s Br. at 29-30 n.4.)
14

(Id. at 30-31.) It further argues that vehicle manufacturers must rely on drivers 

exercising due care. New Flyer asserts “it is contrary to the evidence for the jury to 

have found New Flyer negligent when the purported hazard – the obstruction caused 

by the mirror – was well-known, accepted, and guarded against by SEPTA,” and 

“[t]o impose liability on New Flyer, under the circumstances, for the Driver’s 

isolated act of negligence, improperly imposes strict liability on New Flyer to 

guaranty the safety of its product.” (Id. at 31.)

As to the issue of waiver, New Flyer contends this Court already found the 

issue was not waived. New Flyer maintains it preserved the weight of the evidence 

argument in its Post-Trial Motion, supporting brief, and at argument. 

Chin counters that the trial court identified three separate bases for finding the 

verdict was not against the weight of the evidence: (1) New Flyer negligently placed

the mirror, which needlessly created a visual obstruction or blind spot; (2) New Flyer 

negligently shifted all responsibility to the driver to overcome the visual obstruction 

or blind spot it created; and (3) New Flyer negligently refused to investigate or 

communicate with SEPTA regarding the mirror when concerns arose. Chin further 

argues that New Flyer points to evidence of SEPTA’s negligence, but this, “in no 

way detracts from the evidence against New Flyer.” (Chin’s Br. at 33.) Chin 

disputed that the trial court mischaracterized testimony, arguing it was accurate. 

Further, Chin disputes that the trial court could substitute its credibility 

determinations for those of the jury. In short, Chin argues, New Flyer wants the 

Court to reweigh the evidence. He points out that the existence of conflicting 

evidence does not, in itself, make a verdict against the weight of the evidence. Chin 

contends his negligence claim against New Flyer “involved duties New Flyer owed 
15

directly to Mr. Chin as a member of the general public.” (Chin’s Br. at 42.) Finally, 

Chin adds that New Flyer waived the weight of the evidence claim. 

Analysis

We begin with the waiver issue. As discussed above, this Court previously 

found New Flyer did not waive its argument concerning whether the verdict was 

against the weight of the evidence. Chin I, 169 A.3d at 698-99. In reaching this 

conclusion, we did not agree with the trial court that New Flyer filed a vague, 

boilerplate Rule 1925(b) Statement, thereby waiving the issue. Upon remand, the 

trial court now contends it found the issue waived because New Flyer did not 

develop its argument in its Post-Trial Motion; instead, it merely mentioned in 

boilerplate fashion that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. We 

decline to find waiver on this newly-asserted basis. Rather, based upon the 

arguments made in its Post-Trial Motion, supporting memorandum of law, and at 

argument, we find that New Flyer adequately preserved the issue. 

Turning to the merits of the claim, “[i]n evaluating a claim that a verdict is 

against the weight of the evidence, Pennsylvania courts employ a shocks-theconscience litmus.” Dep’t of Gen. Servs. v. U.S. Mineral Prods. Co., 956 A.2d 967, 

973 (Pa. 2008). That is, a verdict is against the weight of the evidence if it is “so 

contrary to the evidence that it shocks one’s sense of justice.” Criswell v. King, 834 

A.2d 505, 512 (Pa. 2003) (internal quotation and emphasis omitted). A trial court’s 

ability to award a new trial on such grounds is “narrowly circumscribed.” U.S. 

Mineral, 956 A.2d at 973. That is because questions of credibility are “exclusively 

for the factfinder.” Id. “A jury is entitled to believe all, part, or none of the evidence

presented [and] can believe any part of a witness’[s] testimony that they choose, and
16

may disregard any portion of the testimony that they disbelieve.” Tucker v. 

Bensalem Twp. Sch. Dist., 987 A.2d 198, 205 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009) (internal quotation 

omitted). We cannot award a new trial so long as there is evidence to support the 

jury’s finding. Id. A mere conflict in evidence is not enough to disturb a verdict. 

Irey v. Dep’t of Transp., 72 A.3d 762, 771 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013). Finally, we review 

a trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial on the ground that the verdict was 

against the weight of the evidence for abuse of discretion. U.S. Mineral, 956 A.2d 

at 973.

New Flyer contends that the verdict here is against the weight of the evidence, 

pointing to evidence that SEPTA, not New Flyer, was the negligent party. However, 

after reviewing the record, we agree with the trial court that the jury’s verdict is not 

against the weight of the evidence. The trial court carefully set forth evidence that 

supports Chin’s negligence claim and the jury’s verdict against New Flyer. 

Specifically, the trial court found New Flyer repeatedly claimed that SEPTA 

mandated where the roadside mirror should be placed, thereby excusing it of 

liability. Yet, as the trial court noted, the technical specifications were silent on how 

high the mirrors should be positioned and only required that the mirrors be placed to 

minimize blind spots. However, there was evidence New Flyer mounted the mirror 

on SEPTA buses five to six inches higher than for other customers and this created 

a blind spot/visual obstruction. Although there was evidence that SEPTA educated 

drivers on how to overcome this visual obstruction, the trial court found there was 

also evidence that this was not a guaranteed fix. In addition, the trial court found 

evidence that New Flyer was aware of safety issues related to the mirrors but did 

nothing. Specifically, the trial court cited the testimony of New Flyer’s safety 

manager, who testified he was contacted by SEPTA representatives in 2006 
17

following two fatal pedestrian accidents wherein the union representing the 

discharged drivers alleged the mirrors were to blame. Despite this knowledge, New 

Flyer did not investigate, although its in-house and outside counsel acknowledged 

potential exposure to litigation. This is just some of the evidence that the trial court 

cited that was sufficient to support the jury’s verdict. 

We are not dismissive of the evidence that New Flyer points to as evidence it 

was not negligent. We are cognizant that there is conflicting evidence that, if 

accepted, would support a finding of no negligence. However, it is not for this Court 

to make credibility determinations or reweigh the evidence. U.S. Mineral, 956 A.2d 

at 973. Rather, our review is limited to whether the jury’s verdict shocks one’s sense 

of justice. Id. What New Flyer is really arguing about is how the jury as fact-finder 

weighed the evidence and found New Flyer liable. Given the evidence presented, 

we cannot conclude the verdict shocks one’s sense of justice. So long as there is 

evidence to support the jury’s verdict, a new trial is not warranted. Tucker, 987 A.2d 

at 205. Here, although there is conflicting evidence to support a verdict in favor of 

New Flyer, importantly, there is also evidence which supports the jury’s verdict 

against it. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the PostTrial Motion, and the verdict must be upheld. Accordingly, we affirm. 

_____________________________________

RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Steven Chin :

 :

v. : No. 1871 C.D. 2017

 :

New Flyer of America, Inc. and :

Southeastern Pennsylvania :

Transportation Authority :

 :

Appeal of: New Flyer of America, :

Inc. :

O R D E R

NOW, July 16, 2018, the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia 

County, in the above-captioned matter, is AFFIRMED. The post-argument letter 

received from Appellee’s counsel is STRICKEN, and Appellant’s Application for 

Leave to Submit Response to same is DISMISSED AS MOOT. 

_____________________________________

RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge