Economic Parameters

Prices and Other Economic Year Product Price 

Model Case Avg. Price Split AC Pack AC Split HP Pack HP 10 SEER Reference Case Model Case 199

Parameters 1950 $10,744.25 $10,946.61 $10,744.25 $12,530.09 $17,629.53 $17,297.74 $10,744.25 $17,297.04 $489.17 

1951 $10,232.62 $10,425.34 $10,232.62 $11,933.42 $16,790.02 $16,474.04 $10,232.62 $16,473.37 $489.17 

All dollar values are measured in 1952 $9,745.35 $9,932.80 $9,745.35 $11,365.16 $15,990.50 $15,689.56 $9,745.35 $15,688.92 $486.02 inflation-adjusted 1998 dollars. 1953 $9,281.28 $9,464.21 $9,281.28 $10,823.97 $15,229.05 $14,942.44 $9,281.28 $14,941.83 $487.05 

1954 $8,839.32 $9,018.49 $8,839.32 $10,308.54 $14,503.85 $14,230.89 $8,839.32 $14,230.32 $482.16 1955 $8,418.40 $8,594.61 $8,418.40 $9,817.66 $13,813.19 $13,553.23 $8,418.40 $13,552.68 $489.40 1956 $8,017.52 $8,191.60 $8,017.52 $9,350.15 $13,155.42 $12,907.84 $8,017.52 $12,907.32 $479.18 1957 $7,635.74 $7,808.58 $7,635.74 $8,904.90 $12,528.97 $12,293.18 $7,635.74 $12,292.68 $460.39 1958 $7,272.13 $7,444.67 $7,272.13 $8,480.86 $11,932.36 $11,707.79 $7,272.13 $11,707.32 $449.73 1959 $6,925.84 $7,099.09 $6,925.84 $8,077.01 $11,364.15 $11,150.28 $6,925.84 $11,149.82 $449.94 

Purchase Price Deflation Options: 1960 $6,596.04 $6,771.08 $6,596.04 $7,692.39 $10,823.00 $10,619.31 $6,596.04 $10,618.88 $440.83 

Constant Pric 0% 1961 $6,281.94 $6,459.95 $6,281.94 $7,326.09 $10,307.62 $10,113.63 $6,281.94 $10,113.22 $434.28 Historical Ra -1.70% 1962 $5,982.80 $6,165.04 $5,982.80 $6,977.23 $9,816.78 $9,632.03 $5,982.80 $9,631.64 $424.25 

1963 $5,697.91 $5,885.77 $5,697.91 $6,644.98 $9,349.32 $9,173.36 $5,697.90 $9,172.99 $415.33 1964 $5,426.58 $5,621.59 $5,426.58 $6,328.55 $8,904.11 $8,736.54 $5,426.57 $8,736.18 $402.45 1965 $5,168.17 $5,372.00 $5,168.17 $6,027.20 $8,480.11 $8,320.51 $5,168.17 $8,320.17 $388.71 1966 $4,922.07 $5,136.56 $4,922.07 $5,740.19 $8,076.29 $7,924.30 $4,922.06 $7,923.97 $374.75 1967 $4,687.69 $4,914.88 $4,687.69 $5,466.85 $7,691.71 $7,546.96 $4,687.68 $7,546.64 $360.97 1968 $4,423.23 $4,663.15 $4,423.23 $5,158.44 $7,257.78 $7,121.19 $4,423.22 $7,120.89 $346.50 1969 $4,265.23 $4,525.68 $4,265.23 $4,974.18 $6,998.53 $6,866.82 $4,265.22 $6,866.52 $329.55 1970 $4,128.49 $4,413.86 $4,128.49 $4,814.71 $6,774.14 $6,646.66 $4,128.46 $6,646.36 $313.70 1971 $4,041.50 $4,359.34 $4,041.50 $4,713.26 $6,631.40 $6,506.61 $4,041.46 $6,506.30 $318.20 1972 $3,925.21 $4,278.06 $3,925.21 $4,577.65 $6,440.58 $6,319.39 $3,925.16 $6,319.07 $322.93 1973 $3,709.80 $4,092.59 $3,709.80 $4,326.45 $6,087.13 $5,972.59 $3,709.74 $5,972.27 $313.14 1974 $3,542.57 $3,963.71 $3,542.57 $4,131.43 $5,812.70 $5,703.34 $3,542.48 $5,703.00 $330.28 1975 $3,642.04 $4,142.55 $3,642.04 $4,247.45 $5,975.89 $5,863.48 $3,641.91 $5,863.07 $331.52 1976 $3,600.92 $4,174.66 $3,600.92 $4,199.51 $5,908.39 $5,797.26 $3,600.74 $5,796.80 $327.45 1977 $3,495.17 $4,052.05 $3,495.17 $4,076.20 $5,734.82 $5,626.99 $3,494.93 $5,626.45 $319.02 1978 $3,405.64 $3,948.25 $3,405.64 $3,971.82 $5,587.85 $5,482.82 $3,405.32 $5,482.18 $327.68 1979 $3,302.61 $3,828.78 $3,302.61 $3,851.69 $5,418.72 $5,316.91 $3,302.18 $5,316.14 $309.57 1980 $3,154.48 $3,657.03 $3,154.48 $3,678.98 $5,175.57 $5,078.39 $3,153.93 $5,077.47 $312.43 1981 $3,044.97 $3,530.05 $3,044.97 $3,551.32 $4,995.76 $4,902.03 $3,044.25 $4,900.90 $318.32 1982 $2,974.70 $3,448.56 $2,974.70 $3,469.45 $4,880.31 $4,788.85 $2,973.77 $4,787.44 $323.70 1983 $3,021.67 $3,502.97 $3,021.67 $3,524.33 $4,957.15 $4,864.36 $3,020.42 $4,862.53 $320.65 1984 $2,925.15 $3,391.03 $2,925.15 $3,411.87 $4,798.52 $4,708.86 $2,923.56 $4,706.60 $321.71 1985 $2,860.57 $3,316.10 $2,860.57 $3,336.69 $4,692.25 $4,604.75 $2,858.55 $4,601.94 $321.18 1986 $2,827.62 $3,277.83 $2,827.62 $3,298.44 $4,637.78 $4,551.54 $2,825.04 $4,548.00 $318.26 1987 $2,708.21 $3,139.32 $2,708.21 $3,159.35 $4,441.43 $4,359.11 $2,705.05 $4,354.83 $300.55 1988 $2,688.21 $3,116.02 $2,688.21 $3,136.26 $4,408.02 $4,326.64 $2,684.22 $4,321.30 $287.91 1989 $2,644.77 $3,065.53 $2,644.77 $3,085.88 $4,336.06 $4,256.41 $2,639.83 $4,249.84 $278.25 1990 $2,605.36 $3,019.68 $2,605.36 $3,040.22 $4,270.55 $4,192.58 $2,599.27 $4,184.54 $269.12 1991 $2,498.66 $2,895.84 $2,498.66 $2,916.10 $4,094.66 $4,020.43 $2,491.42 $4,010.91 $261.20 1992 $2,446.87 $2,827.47 $2,446.87 $2,852.47 $3,972.91 $3,914.23 $2,384.97 $3,839.54 $219.07 1993 $2,363.15 $2,730.73 $2,363.15 $2,754.87 $3,836.98 $3,780.31 $2,303.37 $3,708.17 $217.32 1994 $2,322.77 $2,684.07 $2,322.77 $2,707.81 $3,771.42 $3,715.73 $2,264.02 $3,644.82 $212.20 1995 $2,306.94 $2,665.77 $2,306.94 $2,689.34 $3,745.71 $3,690.39 $2,248.58 $3,619.97 $209.83 1996 $2,303.38 $2,661.66 $2,303.38 $2,685.19 $3,739.93 $3,684.70 $2,245.11 $3,614.38 $204.55 1997 $2,272.39 $2,625.85 $2,272.39 $2,649.07 $3,689.61 $3,635.12 $2,214.91 $3,565.76 $205.04 1998 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $196.92 1999 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $193.85 2000 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $192.46 2001 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $189.45 2002 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $186.60 2003 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $185.75 2004 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $185.11 2005 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $182.84 2006 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $183.03 2007 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $183.06 2008 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $182.47 2009 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $180.28 2010 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $180.96 2011 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $179.31 2012 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.59 2013 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.38 2014 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $179.11 2015 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $179.48 2016 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $179.06 2017 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $179.03 
Economic Parameters

Prices and Other Economic Year Product Price 

Model Case Avg. Price Split AC Pack AC Split HP Pack HP 10 SEER Reference Case Model Case 199

2018 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $179.15 

2019 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.49 2020 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2021 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2022 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2023 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2024 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2025 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2026 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2027 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2028 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2029 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 2030 $2,293.57 $2,650.33 $2,293.57 $2,673.77 $3,724.01 $3,669.01 $2,235.56 $3,599.00 $178.10 
HistoricaModel Energy Prices 

Housing Stock New CAC/HP Sales Selected Selected Elec Gas Oil LPG Elec 

(millions) Split AC Pack AC Split HP Pack HP CAC Heat Pump Total Product Product (cents/kWh) ($/Mbtu) ($/Mbtu) ($/Mbtu)

46.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.06 4.84 5.44 9.02 124.9 46.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.06 4.84 5.29 8.76 124.9 47.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.06 4.84 5.30 8.78 124.9 47.52 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 11.16 4.94 5.52 9.14 126.0 48.02 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.00 11.13 4.97 5.53 9.15 125.7 48.53 0.04 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.11 0.04 0.00 11.38 5.23 5.75 9.53 128.6 49.18 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.15 0.07 0.00 11.24 5.22 5.92 9.80 126.9 50.08 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.00 0.12 0.07 0.00 10.89 5.11 6.01 9.96 123.0 50.96 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.13 0.08 0.00 10.74 5.30 5.52 9.14 121.3 52.04 0.12 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.17 0.02 0.18 0.12 0.01 10.85 5.39 5.56 9.21 122.5 53.28 0.14 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.19 0.02 0.21 0.14 0.02 10.73 5.72 5.39 8.92 121.3 54.46 0.16 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.21 0.03 0.24 0.16 0.04 10.69 5.77 5.54 9.18 120.8 55.11 0.22 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.27 0.03 0.30 0.22 0.06 10.56 5.67 5.48 9.07 119.3 55.92 0.30 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.35 0.04 0.39 0.30 0.11 10.45 5.60 5.52 9.14 118.1 57.03 0.38 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.43 0.05 0.48 0.38 0.18 10.25 5.59 5.33 8.84 115.8 57.80 0.47 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.53 0.06 0.58 0.47 0.28 10.02 5.45 5.35 8.85 113.2 58.67 0.53 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.59 0.05 0.65 0.53 0.36 9.78 5.35 5.36 8.89 110.5 60.16 0.59 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.65 0.06 0.71 0.59 0.40 9.55 5.20 5.36 8.87 107.8 61.46 0.71 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.78 0.06 0.84 0.71 0.67 9.28 5.02 5.31 8.80 104.9 62.71 1.02 0.09 0.03 0.04 1.11 0.07 1.17 1.02 0.93 8.95 4.84 5.13 8.50 101.1 64.26 1.00 0.11 0.03 0.04 1.11 0.07 1.18 1.00 0.98 8.63 4.79 5.03 8.32 97.5 66.03 1.16 0.18 0.02 0.05 1.34 0.06 1.40 1.16 1.21 8.88 4.99 5.14 8.51 100.3 67.87 1.49 0.26 0.03 0.05 1.75 0.07 1.81 1.49 1.65 9.13 5.03 4.99 8.26 103.2 69.51 1.74 0.32 0.04 0.05 2.06 0.08 2.14 1.74 1.91 8.98 4.96 5.45 9.03 101.4 71.31 1.50 0.29 0.05 0.05 1.79 0.09 1.88 1.50 1.40 9.60 4.98 7.77 12.86 108.5 72.66 0.89 0.16 0.08 0.04 1.05 0.10 1.14 0.89 0.90 9.77 5.62 7.71 12.77 110.4 74.04 1.22 0.23 0.18 0.07 1.45 0.13 1.58 1.22 0.95 9.78 6.04 7.79 12.91 110.5 75.52 1.36 0.22 0.33 0.09 1.58 0.25 1.83 1.36 1.24 9.66 6.79 8.28 13.72 109.2 77.17 1.55 0.25 0.39 0.10 1.80 0.42 2.22 1.55 1.54 10.06 6.95 8.16 13.52 113.7 78.61 1.43 0.25 0.38 0.11 1.68 0.49 2.16 1.43 1.71 9.63 7.15 10.33 17.10 108.8 80.05 1.23 0.13 0.29 0.06 1.37 0.48 1.85 1.23 1.42 9.85 7.61 12.56 20.81 111.3 81.46 1.29 0.12 0.35 0.07 1.41 0.35 1.77 1.29 1.30 10.17 7.89 14.01 23.20 114.9 84.12 1.04 0.11 0.27 0.05 1.15 0.41 1.56 1.04 1.11 10.48 8.77 12.79 21.19 118.4 85.41 1.56 0.19 0.46 0.08 1.75 0.32 2.07 1.56 1.48 10.52 10.16 11.47 19.00 118.8 86.92 1.86 0.19 0.53 0.10 2.05 0.54 2.58 1.86 1.88 10.69 9.65 11.22 18.59 120.7 88.62 1.78 0.20 0.62 0.11 1.99 0.63 2.62 1.78 2.04 10.81 9.41 10.40 17.22 122.1 89.77 1.88 0.20 0.68 0.11 2.08 0.73 2.81 1.88 2.17 10.84 8.91 8.00 13.26 122.5 91.38 2.20 0.24 0.71 0.10 2.44 0.79 3.23 2.20 2.22 10.37 8.14 7.88 13.06 117.1 92.28 2.33 0.25 0.65 0.09 2.58 0.82 3.40 2.33 2.13 10.05 7.64 7.58 12.56 113.6 93.49 2.52 0.27 0.65 0.09 2.78 0.74 3.52 2.52 2.09 9.83 7.46 7.65 12.66 111.1 94.40 2.11 0.22 0.63 0.09 2.33 0.74 3.07 2.11 1.95 9.62 7.18 8.96 14.84 108.7 95.41 2.17 0.23 0.59 0.08 2.40 0.72 3.11 2.17 1.76 9.45 6.87 8.02 13.29 106.8 96.67 2.10 0.22 0.62 0.09 2.32 0.68 3.00 2.10 1.97 9.46 6.77 7.42 12.28 106.8 98.40 2.30 0.24 0.69 0.10 2.54 0.71 3.25 2.30 2.20 9.38 7.11 7.14 11.82 106.0 99.64 2.80 0.30 0.78 0.11 3.10 0.78 3.88 2.80 2.55 9.16 7.05 6.87 11.37 103.5 

100.42 2.93 0.31 0.80 0.11 3.24 0.89 4.13 2.93 2.65 9.06 6.42 6.57 10.88 102.3 101.36 3.26 0.35 0.89 0.12 3.61 0.91 4.52 3.26 2.89 8.83 6.59 7.31 12.11 99.8 102.39 3.05 0.32 0.88 0.12 3.37 1.02 4.39 3.05 2.96 8.85 6.67 7.14 11.82 100.0 

102.60 3.15 8.50 6.45 6.12 10.42 96.0 103.80 3.26 8.37 6.18 6.13 11.25 94.5 105.00 3.14 8.31 6.53 7.58 13.18 93.9 106.20 3.10 8.18 6.49 7.46 13.01 92.4 107.30 3.13 8.06 6.46 7.45 13.02 91.0 108.50 3.19 8.02 6.45 7.51 13.02 90.6 109.70 3.26 7.99 6.45 7.53 13.10 90.3 111.00 3.35 7.89 6.47 7.55 13.06 89.2 112.20 3.42 7.90 6.49 7.59 13.09 89.3 113.50 3.49 7.90 6.50 7.62 13.12 89.3 114.80 3.55 7.88 6.48 7.67 13.16 89.0 116.20 3.58 7.78 6.45 7.75 13.21 87.9 117.50 3.63 7.81 6.42 7.74 13.21 88.3 118.80 3.63 7.74 6.40 7.73 13.22 87.5 120.10 3.68 7.71 6.37 7.76 13.32 87.1 121.40 3.78 7.70 6.34 7.77 13.30 87.0 122.70 3.89 7.73 6.31 7.80 13.28 87.4 124.00 3.97 7.75 6.29 7.82 13.37 87.5 125.20 3.98 7.73 6.26 7.83 13.38 87.3 126.40 4.01 7.73 6.24 7.82 13.42 87.3 
HistoricaModel Energy Prices 

Housing Stock New CAC/HP Sales Selected Selected Elec Gas Oil LPG Elec 

(millions) Split AC Pack AC Split HP Pack HP CAC Heat Pump Total Product Product (cents/kWh) ($/Mbtu) ($/Mbtu) ($/Mbtu)

127.60 4.10 7.73 6.22 7.84 13.48 87.4 128.80 4.18 7.70 6.21 7.86 13.55 87.1 130.00 4.24 7.69 6.22 7.88 13.62 86.9 131.32 4.30 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 132.66 4.36 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 134.00 4.42 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 135.36 4.48 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 136.74 4.54 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 138.13 4.60 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 139.53 4.67 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 140.95 4.74 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 142.38 4.80 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9 143.83 4.87 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.9