UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES ex rel. LANDIS,

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

TAILWIND SPORTS CORP., et al.,

Defendants. 

Case No. 1:10-cv-00976 (CRC)

OPINION AND ORDER

Before the Court is Defendant Lance Armstrong’s Motion to Compel Production of 

Documents in response to his First Set of Requests for Production of Documents to Plaintiff 

United States [ECF No. 190]. On September 30, 2014, the Court issued an Opinion and Order 

directing the Government to submit a supplemental filing regarding its assertions of privilege 

over withheld witness interview memoranda prepared by law enforcement agents.

1

 The Court

also provided the parties with general guidance regarding the boundaries of privilege in this case

based on its review of the parties’ briefing and the applicable case law. The Government has 

now submitted all of the relevant memoranda for in camera review, along with its justifications 

for withholding the documents, and Armstrong has provided a response. Upon consideration of 

the memoranda, the motion, the oppositions and reply, and the supplemental briefs and 

responses, the Court will grant the motion to compel in part and deny it in part. 

I. Background 

This qui tam action was brought by relator Floyd Landis in June 2010. The Government 

intervened in the action in April 2013. The Government is represented by lawyers in the Civil 

 1 The Opinion and Order also addressed ten other categories of documents sought by Armstrong.
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Divisions of the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the 

District of Columbia. The case is now in discovery.

Defendant Armstrong seeks production of witness interview memoranda prepared by 

government agents over which the Government asserts work-product privilege. Armstrong’s 

First Supplemental Br. at 3. Most of the memoranda were created during a prior criminal 

investigation in the Central District of California into the alleged use of performance enhancing 

drugs in professional cycling. That investigation lasted from 2009 until early 2012, when the 

Government announced it would not be seeking an indictment against Armstrong. Id. at 4–5.

Specifically, Armstrong seeks 45 memoranda prepared by law enforcement agents summarizing

witness interviews conducted in the criminal investigation. Supplemental Br. In Supp. of United 

States’ Claims of Privilege Over Interview Memoranda Ex. G. Many of these interviews were 

conducted by the agents themselves. Armstrong also seeks seven memoranda summarizing 

interviews conducted jointly by the civil and criminal teams after the relator filed this suit, 

including five over which the Government also claims attorney-client privilege. Id. Ex. F. 

Finally, Armstrong seeks 24 memoranda prepared by an agent of the United States Postal 

Service (“USPS”) Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) that summarize interviews conducted 

exclusively by the civil attorneys and investigators in this case. Id. Ex. E. The agent himself

conducted three of the 24 interviews over the phone without government attorneys present; the 

rest were led by the civil lawyers.

II. Legal Standard

A witness interview memorandum prepared in anticipation of litigation can constitute 

attorney work product. See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3); Upjohn Co. v. United 

States, 449 U.S. 383, 401 (1981). As the Court explained in its prior opinion, courts generally 
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draw a distinction between pure “opinion” work product, which reflects an attorney’s mental 

processes and is virtually never discoverable, and “fact” work product, which reflects only 

relevant, non-privileged facts and is discoverable upon a showing of substantial need and 

unavailability by other means. Op. and Order Sept. 30, 2014 at 8 (citing In re Sealed Case, 124 

F.3d 230, 236 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). While distinguishing opinion from fact work product is 

“inherently and necessarily fact specific,” United States v. Clemens, 793 F. Supp. 2d 236, 252 

(D.D.C. 2011), the D.C. Circuit has instructed that notes and memoranda reflecting the 

“opinions, judgments and thought processes of counsel” fall into the former category, whereas 

those whose content has not been “sharply focused or weeded” by counsel fall into the latter, In 

re Sealed Case, 124 F.3d at 236. Accordingly, courts in this district have held substantially 

verbatim witness statements contained in interview memoranda that have not been “sharply 

focused or weeded” by an attorney to be fact rather than opinion work product. See Clemens, 

793 F. Supp. 2d at 252 (finding lawyers’ notes of an FBI witness interview to be fact work

product where the lawyers did not shape the interview and the memoranda “accurately depict[ed] 

the witnesses’ own words”); In re HealthSouth Corp Sec. Litig., 250 F.R.D. 8, 12–13 (D.D.C. 

2008) (attorney memoranda that were “nearly verbatim transcripts” of an FBI interview held to 

be fact work product). Memoranda prepared by an agent of the attorney that meet the above 

criteria may also be entitled to attorney work-product protection. United States v. Nobles, 422 

U.S. 225, 238–39 (1975). 

The Court previously ruled that Armstrong has demonstrated a substantial need for any 

law enforcement memoranda created during the now-closed criminal investigation that contain 

relevant fact work product only. Op. and Order Sept. 30, 2014 at 9–10 (citing Miller v. 

Holzmann, Case No. 95-01231, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16117, *4–5 (D.D.C. Mar. 8, 2007) 
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(finding that qui tam defendant had substantial need for summaries of FBI witness interviews 

that were created during a since-closed criminal investigation and shared with civil Government 

lawyers)). The Court explained that because the civil lawyers litigating this qui tam action have 

received a substantial advantage from having access to the fruits of the prior criminal 

investigation, fairness dictates that both sides have equal access to relevant witness statements 

developed by law enforcement in the prior criminal investigation. Id. 

III. Analysis

The Court will address each category of withheld memoranda in turn. 

A. Memoranda Summarizing Investigatory Interviews During the Civil Investigation 

(Exhibits E and F)

The Government asserts that the memoranda contained in Exhibits E and F of its 

supplemental brief—mainly summaries of interviews conducted by the civil lawyers in this case 

and drafted by an investigator on the civil litigation team—consist of opinion work product and 

thus are not discoverable. Armstrong responds at the outset that the Government has waived any 

claim of opinion work product by stating at the hearing that it was “not taking the position that 

[the memoranda are] opinion work product.” Hr’g Tr. 18: 6–11, Sept. 15, 2014. But, the 

memoranda before the Court at the time of the hearing consisted largely of law enforcement 

memoranda created during the criminal investigation as opposed to those created by the civil 

litigation team. The hearing also preceded the Court’s guidance regarding the application of the 

work-product privilege to this matter and its in camera review of the specific memoranda at 

issue. As a result, the Court will not treat Government counsel’s comment at the hearing as a 

waiver and instead will address the merits of the Government’s arguments. 

The memoranda contained in Exhibit E were authored by Special Agent M.J. Pugliese of 

the USPS OIG, who was assigned to support DOJ’s civil investigation in July 2010, several 
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months prior to any of the interviews. Supplemental Br. In Supp. of United States’ Claims of 

Privilege Over Interview Memoranda Ex. B, Decl. of Michael Pugliese (“Pugliese Decl.”) Oct. 

21, 2014 ¶ 3. Pugliese affirms that the civil attorneys “selected witnesses to be interviewed, 

selected the topics to be addressed with each witness, selected the documents to be shown to 

witnesses, led the interviews, and asked the questions.” Id. ¶ 6. He further states that he 

participated in attorney strategy discussions and received interview outlines from attorneys prior 

to interviews, and discussed the relevance of each interview with attorneys afterwards but before 

drafting the memoranda. Id. ¶¶ 7–10. In some cases, after Pugliese circulated a draft 

memorandum to the civil attorneys, “an attorney would call me to discuss [it] in order to ensure 

that it reflected all information from the interview that was relevant to the legal theories of the 

case under consideration.” Id. ¶ 10. 

Special Agent Amy Fong of the USPS OIG drafted the memoranda in Exhibit F under 

similar circumstances. Supplemental Br. In Supp. of United States’ Claims of Privilege Over 

Interview Memoranda Ex. A, Decl. of Robert Chandler (“Chandler Decl.”) Oct. 21, 2014 ¶ 13. 

The civil team shared its investigative work and discussed its “thinking about the defendants’

potential liability under the [False Claims Act] and the direction of [its] investigation” with the 

criminal team—including Fong—prior to these interviews, “asked questions as necessary to 

develop their legal theories” during the interviews, and reviewed the memoranda before they 

were finalized after the interviews. Id. ¶¶ 13–15. Despite Armstrong’s arguments to the 

contrary, these affidavits make clear that the civil attorneys “shape[d] the topics that were 

covered” and “frame[d] the questions that were asked” in the interviews reflected in both 

Exhibits E and F as part of their efforts to determine whether to intervene in this litigation. In re 

HealthSouth, 250 F.R.D. at 12. The Court therefore finds that these materials “contain[] facts 
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elicited in the course of a ‘litigation-related investigation’” that “‘necessarily reflect[ ] a focus 

chosen by the lawyer,’” and thus constitute opinion work product entitled to privilege. Clemens, 

793 F. Supp. 2d 236 at 252 (quoting In re Sealed Case, 124 F.3d 230 at 236).2 

B. Memoranda Summarizing Witness Interviews During the Prior Criminal Investigation 

(Exhibit G)

The memoranda in Exhibit G of the Government’s supplemental brief—law enforcement 

interview summaries from the criminal investigation—are a different kettle of fish. Unlike the 

memoranda in Exhibits E and F, the Government has not established that an attorney “‘sharply 

focused or weeded’” the content of the summaries. In re HealthSouth, 250 F.R.D. at 11 (quoting 

In re Sealed Case, 124 F.3d at 236). Nearly half of the interviews took place without a 

government lawyer present and the Court’s in camera review reveals that all of the memoranda 

appear to be substantially verbatim agent summaries of open-ended discussions of issues relevant 

to the criminal investigation. While a prosecutor involved in the investigation attests that he and 

other members of the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Central District of California set the general 

direction of the investigation and the interviews, Supplemental Br. In Supp. of United States’ 

Claims of Privilege Over Interview Memoranda Ex. H, Decl. of Mark Williams (“Williams

Decl.”) Oct. 21, 2014 ¶ 5, it does not appear that these attorneys focused the content of the 

memoranda themselves or participated in drafting them, as the civil lawyers did with respect to 

the summaries drafted in furtherance of their investigation. Indeed, the Government itself 

acknowledges that the memoranda in Exhibit G “are fact work product” that must be disclosed 

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 The Government has also asserted attorney-client privilege over five memoranda in Exhibit F 

that summarize interviews of USPS employees. Supplemental Br. In Supp. of United States’ 

Claims of Privilege Over Interview Memoranda Ex. D. Armstrong previously indicated that he 

does not seek production of three of the five memoranda due to the Government’s invocation of 

attorney-client privilege. Armstrong’s First Supplemental Br. at 8, n.6. Because the remaining 

two are substantially similar to the three uncontested memoranda, the Court finds that they are 

likewise privileged. 
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upon a showing of substantial need by Armstrong. Supplement to the United States’ Surreply at 

2. And as the Court has previously determined, Armstrong has made the necessary showing. 

Op. and Order Sept. 30, 2014 at 9 (“The Court agrees that Armstrong has demonstrated a 

substantial need for any law enforcement memoranda containing only relevant ‘fact’ work

product[.]”). Accordingly, the Court finds that the Government must produce to Armstrong the 

memoranda contained in Exhibit G. The Government may redact any portions of the 

memoranda that reflect opinion work product, such as attorney notes or highlighting. 

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendant Armstrong’s Motion 

to Compel [ECF. No. 190] is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The motion is denied as 

it relates to the memoranda set forth in Exhibits D, E, and F and granted as it relates to the 

memoranda set forth in Exhibit G. It is further

ORDERED that the Government shall produce to Armstrong the memoranda set forth in 

Exhibit G after redacting and logging any portions that include opinion work product, such as 

attorney notes or highlighting.

SO ORDERED.

CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER

United States District Judge

Date: January 12, 2014