Filed 12/1/21 Currency Corp. v. Werth e im CA2/1 Opinion following rehearing NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, exce pt as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

CURRENCY CORP.

, et al.,

Plaintiff s and Respondent s ,

v

.
WERTHEIM, LLC,

Defendant and Appellant

. B 276506

(Los Angeles County Super

. Ct

. No

. BC 417798 )

APPEAL from a n order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County

, David Sotelo , Judge

. Affirmed

. The Rubin Law Firm, Brett M. Rubin ; Law Offices of F. Jay Rahimi, F. Jay Rahimi for Defendant and Appellant. Huarte Appeals, Anne M. Huarte for Plaintiff s and Respondent s

.

___________________________________2 In 2006, Currency Corporation loaned $6

, 500 to Maibell Page, the transaction m emorialized by a promissory note that contained an attorney fees provision. A dispute arose, and Page assigned her rights against Currency Corporation to Wertheim
LLC.
Wertheim then initiated legal proceedings against
Cur rency Corporation spanning 15 year s . Those proceedings branched into an arbitration portion

— which has itself spun off
three lawsuits and resulted in four appeals ( including this one )

— and a separate lawsuit. The arbitration portion of the dispute is now over . In it,
Wertheim achieved no thing. Currency Corporation and its affiliates sought attorney fees incurred in the arbitration portion of the dispute, which the trial court granted in the amount of $1.2 million.
Wertheim contends the court abused its di scretion in awarding fees to Curre ncy Corporation and its affiliates. We disagree, and therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
A. Loans
Parviz Omidvar and his relatives , Oliver and O’Neil
Omidvar , and their company, Tiffany Ventures, LLC (the Omidvar parties), alon g with Currency Corporation (we wi ll refer to the Omidvar parties and Currency Corporation collectively as “Currency”)

, loan ed money at high interest rates to elderly artists
who owned royalty rights

. In exchange, t he artists would assign
their royalties to Currency. Currency made some 8 0 loans to Maibell Page, the widow of Eugene Page, a successful songwriter

. Maibell assigned to Currency the royalt y rights she derived from Eugene

.3 1. The June 2006 Note On June 2, 2006, Currency made the loan that is the subject of this and three related action s . As evidenced by a promissory note (the June 2006 note) , Currency loaned Maibell Page $6,500 for six months at an interest rate of two percent compounded every 10 days, with an administrative fee of 10 percent.
T he June 2006 note contained an arb itration clause and three attorney fees provision s

. The first fee provision stated: “ [I] n connection with any claim or dispute arising out of or relating to this Note, including any litigation, arbitration or other procee ding alleging a breach of
the term s of this Note, the prevailing party shall recover

. . . reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by such party prosecuting or defending such claim or dispute. ” The second provision stated: “ The losing party shall

r eimburse the prevailing party for its reasonable outside attorney s ’ fees and costs incurred with respect to [any] Arbitration proceeding. ” The third attorney provision stated: “ Borrower shall
reimburse [Currency Corp.] for

. . . reasonable attorneys’ fe es, expended or incurred by [it] i n any arbitration or otherwise in connection with (a)

. . . enforcement of the Loan Documents, including

. . . rendering of legal advice as to the Holder ’ s rights, remedies and obligations under the Loan Documents, (b) co llecting any sum which becomes due to the Holder under any Loan Document, (c) any proceeding for declaratory relief, any counterclaim to any proceeding or any appeal, or (d) the protection, preservation or enforcement of any right or remedies
of the Holder

. ”4 2. Second Assignment In 2006, Page assigned to David Pullman, as principal of Wertheim, LLC, the royalty rights she had already assigned to Currency, as well as any causes of action she might have against Currency.
Pullman /Wertheim and Currency then en tered into a legal dispute over Pa ge’s royalty stream, each contending the other
made a widespread practice of swindl ing the gullible elderly. (E.g., Currency Corp. v. Wertheim (May 20, 2011, B222851 ) [nonpub. opn.] ( Currency I ) .) The dispute took two tra cks

— an arbitration track and a
law suit track. (The arbitration track itself spun off three lawsuits.) This appeal concerns only the arbitration track.
B. Arbitration Track On June 8, 2009, Wertheim filed a form demand for
arbitration with the American Ar bitration Association

, alleging

ca uses of action against Currency for fraud, breach of contract,
and elder abuse. Wertheim contended that each of the scores of
transactions between Maibell Page and Currency was subject to
the arbitration clause found in t he June 2006 note . It demanded $5 million

. 1. Instant Lawsuit to Enjoin Arbitration : LASC C ase No. BC417798 A month later, o n July 14, 2009, Currency filed the instant
lawsuit , Los Angeles Superior Court (LASC) c ase No. BC417798, against Page and Werthei m for declaratory and injunctive r elief, seeking to enjoin arbitration or confine it to the June 2006 note

. 2. Cross

- Complaint Page and Wertheim cross

- complai ned against the Omidvar parties only (not Currency Corporation) for fraud, breach of5

fiduciary dut y, and racketeering

, alleging the Omidvar parties

were Currency Corporation’s alter egos

. 3. Arbitration Award Meanwhile, t he arbitration panel awarded Wertheim $672,122 against Currency Corporation only

, which the superior
court confirmed.

4. Collection L itig a tion: LASC C ase Nos. BC44424 8 and BC441026 Wertheim attempted to collect on the arbitration award

, both in the instant lawsuit and by filing an enforcement action,
LASC c ase No. BC444248, against Currency Corporation , the Omidvar parties (as alter eg os of the Currency Corporation) , a nd approximately 50 third

- party royalty payors. Currency Corporation and Parviz Omidvar responded by filing a declaratory relief action to block enforcement

, LASC c ase No. BC441026

. The trial court consolidated the enfor cement and counter

enforcement act ions, and deemed them related to the instant
lawsuit.
5. Currency II
I n 2013, we held that only the June 2006 note contained an arbitration clause, and that note pertained only to one loan. Therefore, the arbitrators exc eeded their authority by rendering
an award on 79 other loans made by Currency to Page. Accordingly, we reversed the judgment confirming Wertheim’s
arbitration award and directed the trial court to vacate it

. ( Currency Corp. v. Wertheim (Sept. 30, 2013, B240444) [nonpub. opn.] ( Currency II

) .)6 6. Remand Proceedings Upon remand, the trial court dismissed the consolidated
enforcement and counter

- enforcement actions, and Maibell Page
dismissed her cross

- complaint

. (Wertheim had already been
dismissed from th e cross

- complaint for lack of stan ding.)
Wertheim moved for an order directing the original arbitrators to affirm their findings and fashion a new award in Wertheim’s favor

. However, the trial court observed that because Currency’s complaint sought only to enjoin or limit arbitration,

an d the cross

- complaint had been dismissed, our ruling in Currency II effectively ended the lawsuit. Therefore, the court placed Wertheim’s motion off calendar. On January 8, 2015, the court entered judgment in favor of

“ Cu rrency Corp .” and “Parviz Omidvar, Oliver Omidvar, O’Neil Omidvar and Tiffany Ventures, LLC,” declared “Currency” to be the prevailing party, and stated it would consider the entitlement of “Plaintiff Currency Corp. and Plaintiffs and Cross

- Defendants
Parv iz Omidvar, Oliver Omidvar, O’Neil Omidvar and Tiffany Ventures, LLC” to attorney fees upon their submission of a memorandum of costs and mot ion to recover them.
7. Currency III Wertheim appealed from the judgment , contending the matter should be ordered back to arbitration for a revised award. We disagreed , holding: “The remand disposed of all issues raised by Currency ’ s complaint, as Currency had sought only to enjoin arbitration or, in the alternative, to limit its scope to the June
2006 note. The tr ial court therefore properly dismi ssed the complaint. ” ( Currency Corp. v. Wertheim (May 30, 2018,
B262441 , p. 8 ) [nonpub. opn.] ( Currency III ) .) Wertheim also contended the trial court erred in declaring Currency to be the prevailing party . We disagreed : “ Currency II7

granted the relief Currency sought by limiting arbitration to the
June 2006 note. Therefore, the trial court was well within its discretion to designate Currency the prevailing party. ” ( Currency
III

, supra , B262441

, at p. 9 .)
8. Attorney F ees While Currency III was pending , Currency Corporation and the Omidvar parties moved for attorney fees incurred in: (1) the instant lawsuit to enjoin arbitration; (2) arbitration proceedings; (3) proceedings to vacate the arbitration award; (4) Currency II ; (5) the first remand proceedi ngs; (6) Currency III ; (7) the second remand proceedings; (8) the consolidated enforcement actions; and (9) defense against the cross

- complaint in this action during the 10 months it was consolidated with another lawsuit, post

. They supported the motion w ith invoices from nine attorneys who had worked on the case over six years and declarations from eight of them

. Currency’s evidence indicated that its attorneys spent 4,109.46 hours in this litigation, at an average hourl y rate of $301, resulting in a tot al fee bill of $1,23 7,501. The trial court granted the motion, award ing the Currency parties $ 1,237,501.00, jointly and severally against Wertheim, LLC and “Christopher Eugene Pa ge, Trustee.” Wertheim appeals from th at p ost

- judgment fee order. C. Lawsui t Track: LASC Case No. BC530925
In December 2013

, Wertheim and Page filed an independent lawsuit against Currency, LASC c ase No.
BC530925

. At Wertheim’s request, the trial court consolidated
that case with the instant la wsuit , but 10 months later entered final judgment in this lawsuit and, over Wertheim’s objection,
severed the cases

. The parties report that j udgment was entered
in c ase No. BC530925 on December 16, 2015. (As noted above,8

t his appeal concerns only the ar bitration track of the
Wertheim/Cu rrency dispute , not the BC530925 lawsuit

. )
DISCUSSION
Wertheim contends : (1) Any fee award should be limited to litigation on the June 2006 note alone ; (2) respondents were not the prevailing parties; (3) the fee award wa s unsupported by
substantial evide nce; and (4) the amount of fees incurred was
unreasonable.
A. Applicable Law “Except as attorney ’ s fees are specifically provided for by statute, the measure and mode of compensation of attorneys . . . is left to the agree ment, express or implied, of the p arties

. . . . ” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1021.)

“ In any action on a contract, where the contract specifically provides that attorney’s fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce that contract, shall be awarded either to o ne of the parties or to the prevai ling party, then the party who is determined to be the party prevailing on the contract, whether he or she is the party specified in the contract or not, shall be entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees in addition to other costs. ” (Civ. Code , § 1717 , subd

. (a) .)
When an attorney fee provision encompasses fees incurred
in connection with claims or dispute s relating to the contract, fees may be awarded not only as to the contract claim, but also as to
related claims . ( Mayna rd v. BTI Group, Inc . (2013) 216
C al.App.4th 984 , 993.)
Contractual fees may be recovered as costs . (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1033.5 , subd. (a)(10)(B) , 1 032 , subd. (b). )

“ [T] he primary method for establishing the amount of ‘reasonable’ attorney fees is the lod estar method. The lodestar9

(or to uchstone) is produced by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended by counsel by a reasonable hourly rate.” ( Lealao v. Beneficial California, Inc

. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 19, 26 ( Lealao ) .) Once the trial court ha s fixed the lodestar, “it shall

co nsider whether the total award so calculated under all the circumstances of the case is more than a reasonable amount and, if so, shall reduce the [Civil Code] section 1717 award so it is a reasonable figure.” ( Sternwest Corp. v. Ash (1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 74, 77.) The lodestar may be adjusted at the discretion of the trial court “after consideration of a number of factors, including the nature of the litigation, its difficulty, the amount involved, the skill required in i ts handling, the skill employed, t he attention given, the success or failure, and other circumstances in the case.” ( Melnyk v. Robledo (197 6) 64 Cal.App.3d 618, 623

- 624.)
The trial court has broad authority to determine the amount of reasonable attorney f ees. ( PLCM Group, Inc. v.
Drexler (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1095.) We review a court’s determination under the abuse of discretion standard. ( Lealao

, supra , 82 Cal.App.4th at p. 25.) “ ‘ “ The appropriate test for
abuse of discretion is whether the trial court exceeded the bounds
of reaso n. When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, the reviewing court has no authority to
substitute its decision for that of the trial court. ” ’ ” ( Goodman v.
Lozano (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1327, 1339.) The “ ‘ “experienced trial judge is the best judge of the value of professional services rendered in his court

. . . .” ’ ” ( Chavez v. Netflix, Inc. (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 43, 64.) Even if he or she did not preside over the trial, a trial judge has a un ique familiarity
with the value of services in the community and the skill and10

time commitments necessary to litigate specific types of cases. Thus, “while [the trial judge’s] judgment is of course subject to review, it will not be disturbed unless the ap pellate court is
convinced that it is clearly wrong.” ( Ibid .)
B. The Scope of Fees Here, the first fee provision in the June 2006 note stated: “[I]n connection with any claim or dispute arising out of or relating to this Note, including any litigation, arbitration or other proceeding a lleging a breach of the terms of this Note, the prevailing party shall recover . . . reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by such party prosecuting or defending such claim or dispute.” Although t he June 2006 note was the only one containing

an ar bitration provision

, Wertheim expanded arbitration beyond that note by claiming it was part of a unified transaction, and its arbitration provision applied to the 79 other notes in the transaction. All litigation that res ulted from the arbitration was inc epted and maintained either to pare back or preserve this claim. Therefore, the entire arbitration track

— including the
instant lawsuit and cross

- complaint, the arbitration proceedings and challenges thereto, both prior ap peals and this one, all proceeding s upon remand, and the enforcement actions

— related
to and arose from the June 2006 note. All fees incurred o n that
track were thus recoverable by the prevailing party. Wertheim argues Currency is entitled to recover fees incurred only in actions “ brought on the $6,500 Note .” We disagree. The fee provision did not limit fees to those incurred in litigating the June 2006 note , but expanded them to those
incurred in any litigation “ arising out of or relating to ” th at note

.11 Wertheim argues that fees may be recovered under the reciprocity provision of Civil Code section 1717 only where the
action had a reasonable chance of success. Because its alter ego allegations against the Omidvar parties in the cross

- complaint
had no c hance of success , Wertheim argues, th e Omidvar parties cannot recover fees incurred in defending against the cross

complaint. The argument is without merit. Under Civil Code section 1717, the prevailing party is entitled to recover fees “ so long as
the party pursuing the lawsuit would have been entitled to attorney ’ s fees had it prevailed. [Citations.] . . . [I]t would be inequitable to deny attorney ’ s fees to one who successfully defends, simply because the initiating party filed a meritless

case. ” ( Rainier National Bank v. Bodily ( 1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 83, 86 .)
C

. Currency Corporation, Parviz Omidvar, Oliver Omidvar, O’Neil Omidvar, and Tiffany Ventures, LLC are the Prevailing Parties Wertheim argues t here has never been a finding that Currency is th e prevailing party in this case

. It is incorrect. In January 8, 2015

, the trial court entered judgment in favor of “Currency Corp.” and “Parviz Omidvar, Oliver Omidvar, O’Neil Omidvar and Tiffany Ventures, LLC,” and declared “Currency” to be the prevaili ng party . Although the court did not explicitly define “Currency,” its use of the term “Currency Corp.” when referring to the corporation, and “Parviz Omidvar, Oliver Omidvar, O’Neil Omidvar and Tiffany Ventures, LLC” when referring to the other parties, implied that the term “Currency”

m eant all parties collectively. (The judgment’s inconsistent practice of alternately individuating and collectivizing the parties12

resulted from the judge or clerk interlineating an otherwise attorney

- prepared document .) T his implication is bolstered by
th e fact that the court invited all plaintiffs to submit a motion for attorney fees, which it would not have done had it not deemed them all to be prevailing parties. We affirmed this implied prevailing party determination in Currency I

I I

. Wertheim argued in Currency I I I , and repeats here, that Currency cannot be deemed the prevailing party because it filed
this action “ solely ” to enjoin the arbitration , and no ruling has yet preclu ded arbitration on the June 2006 note

— Curr ency II simply confined arbitratio n to that note

. This misstates the record. As
we observed in Currency I I I , although Currency sought to enjoin arbitration altogether, it also prayed in the alternative “that the
arbitration

. . . be limited in scope to

. . . the specific Promissory
Note at issue,” i.e., the June 2006 note. Because Currency
achieved th is alternative objective, we he ld, the trial court properly d eemed it the prevailing party. We will not revisit that
issue here

. D

. Substantial Evidence Su pported t he Fee Award
Wertheim obs erves that t he fees in this case were incurred
in four different lawsuits

, plus an arbitration and t wo appeals, each involving both contract and non

- contract claims and numerous parties, most of whom

— the third parties name d in the
enforcement actions

— were not party to the June 2006 note. It

argues insufficient evidence supported the fee award because no admissible evidence indicated how attorneys fees were actually apportioned . We disagree.
To the extent that shared couns el engage in litigation activity o n behalf of a second party for whom fees are not13

recoverable, the c ourt has broad discretion to apportion fees. ( Reynolds Metals Co. v. Alperson (1979) 25 Cal.3d 1 24, 129.) A court may apportion fees even where the issue s are connected,
related or intert wined. ( El Escorial Owners’ Assn v. DLC Plastering, Inc . (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 1337, 1365.) However, the court need not apportion fees where claims are so intertwined that separation of time is “impracticable, if not im possible” to
achieve. (

Abdallah v . United Sav. Bank ( 1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 1101, 1111.) Here, all respondents ultimately prevailed on all claims in
all phases of litigation on the arbitration track. These claims were all inextricably bound to one issue: whether arbitration should proceed as to one note or 80 notes. Therefore, we conclude it was within the trial’s discretion not to apportion fees as to respondents, cases, or issues. Wertheim appears to argue the fee award was unsupported by sufficient evi dence because some of respondents’ evidence was inadmissible. We disagree. The award was supported by
invoices from nine attorneys who worked on the case,
declarations from eight of them

, and the declaration of Oliver
Omidvar

. That other evidence was in admissible does not render

th ese d eclarations nugatory

. 1

E. Other Arguments

1. Jurisdiction Wertheim argues the trial court had no jurisdiction to award attorney fees incurred in the creditor cases, but supports

1 Currency’s motion to strike portions of Wertheim’s reply brief is denied.14

the argument with no reasoning or authority

. We therefore deem
it forfeited. ( In re S.C

. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 396, 408.)
2. Timeliness Wertheim argues that Currency’s fees motion was filed more than 180 days after Page dismissed the cross

- complaint, rendering it untimely as to any fees incurred in defending against
the cross

- co mplaint. We disagree. “[T] he ‘outside’ time limit for claiming prejudgment statutory attorney fees ” is the entry of a final judgment

. ( Carpenter v. Jack in the Box (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 454

, 468.)

“ ‘Where a complaint and cross

- complaint involving the same parties has been filed, there is no final appealable judgment until
both have been resolved. ’ ” ( Westamerica Bank v. MBG
Industries

, Inc . (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 109, 132 .) Here, no final judgment existed on the cro ss

- complaint after it was dismisse d because all parties to it remained parties in the original complaint. ( Ibid .)
3. Case No. BC530925 Wertheim argues the trial court lacked jurisdiction to
award attorney fees in this case for work performed in c ase No.
B C530925 , but admits i t is unclear whether fees were actually
awarded here for work done in BC530925. Under that circumstance, we have no basis upon which to conclude the trial
court erred.
4. The Mayer Brown Law Firm The trial court awarded Currency $209, 123 in fees incurred for work perf

ormed by the law firm Mayer Brown, which was disqualified o n June 28, 2013 in one of the enforcement cases,

c ase No. BC441026 , due to a conflict of interest involving representation by one of its former attorneys and a15

Wer theim/Pullman affiliate 12 years e arlier. Wertheim argues the court abused its discretion in awarding fees for work done by Mayer Brown. We disagree.

“ Ca lifornia law does not establish a bright

- line rule barring all compensation for services performed su bject to an improperly
waived conf

lict of interest, no matter the circumstances surrounding the violation.” ( Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, LLP v. J

- M Mfg. Co

. (2018) 6 Cal.5th 59, 89 .) Whether fees should be awarded is left to “ the discretion of t he trial court,
to be exercised in light of all the circumstances that gave rise to the conflict. . . . ‘ Considerations relevant to the question of forfeiture include the gravity and timing of the violation, its willfulness, its effect on the value of the lawyer ’ s work for the client, any other threatened or actual harm to the client, and the adequacy of other remedies. ’ ” ( Id . at p. 94.) We presume the trial court considered these factors, evaluated the seriousness of
the conflict of interest

, and deter mined whether fees should be precl uded. (See Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557,
564 .) Wertheim offers no argument and adduces no evidence concerning the gravity of Mayer Brown’s conflict of interest, its effect on the firm’s work for Currency, any threatened or actual
harm to Wertheim , or the adequacy of other remedies. Under the circumstances, therefore, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion in awarding fees for Mayer Brown’s work.
5. The Smith Law Firm
The trial court awar ded Currency $269,115 for work

per formed by attorney Craig Smith, which reflected his billing rate of $375 per hour. Smith declared that although he billed

r espondents at this rate, he collected only $250 per hour during the litigation, deferring “the rem aining $125 per hour [to be] paid16

from the recovery of any attorney fees

. ” Wertheim argues that Currency therefore incurred fees for work performed by Smith at a rate of only $250 per hour. We disagree. “ ‘The reasonable market value of the attorney’s s ervices is the measure of a

reason able hourly rate. [Citations.] This standard applies regardless of whether the attorneys claiming fees charge nothing for their services, charge at below

- market or discounted rates, represent the client on a straight co ntingent fee basis, or are in

hous e counsel.’ ” ( Chacon v. Litke (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1234,
1260 ; accord Nemecek & Cole v. Horn (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 641

, 651.)
6. Attorney Jeremy Osher The trial court awarded Currency $2 35
, 807 for work performed by at torney Jeremy Osher

, whose initial declaration in support of the fees inadvertently omitted the invoices evidencing them (although they were served on Wertheim), a deficit later
corrected. Wertheim argues the amount is unsupported by
sufficient evidence. We disagree : The amount was supp orted by Osher’s declaration and his timely

- served

- but

- belatedly

- filed
invoices.
7. Attorney Lawrence Ecoff The trial court awarded Currency $155,961 for work performed by attorney Lawrence Ecoff, the invoices for which

we re provided only with the declarat ion of Oliver Omidvar, who stated he was familiar with the invoices of every firm that worked for Currency. Wertheim argues this hearsay evidence was insufficient to support the award. However, Wertheim failed to includ e Omidvar’s
declaration in the cle rk’s transcript, making meaningful review of its claim impossible. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(C)17

[a brief on appeal must “[s]upport any reference to a matter in the record by a citation to the volume and p age number of the
record where the matter appears”].) If Omidvar merely received Ecoff’s invoices and approved them, his declaration that Ecoff actually performed the work he claimed would arguably be inadmissible hearsay. (See Copenbarger v. Morris Cerul lo World Evangelism, Inc ., (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 1, 13 [“An invoice itself is hearsay

. . . .” “[I]n order to be competent evidence under [the business records exception to the hearsay rule], it must be supported by the testimony of a witness qualified to testify as to its identity and th e mode of its preparation”].) However if, as Currency claimed below, Omidvar declared that he personally oversaw Ecoff’s work, his declaration supporting Ecoff’s invoices would arguably be admissible under
the business rec ords exception. (See Jazayeri v. Mao (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 301, 324 [“any ‘qualified witness’ who is knowledgeable about . . . documents may lay the foundation for
introduction of business records

— the witness need not be the custodian or the person who c reated the record”].)
Because the record lacks Omidvar’s declaration, it is impossible for us to review whether the trial court abused its discretion in impliedly finding that Omidvar’s oversight fell under the second scenario rather than the first. (See Grail Semiconductor, Inc. v. Mits ubishi Electric & Electronics USA,
Inc. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 786, 798 [trial court has wide discretion in determining whether proper foundation was laid for admission of evidence under the business records exception].) “ ‘It is the burden of the party challenging [a] fee award on appeal to provide an adequate record to assess error.’ ” ( Ketchum v.18

Moses (2001) 24 Cal.4th 1122, 1140

- 1141.) Where a challenging party fails to do so, the trial court’s ruling must be uphel d. ( Id . at p. 1142.)
8. Attorney Lawrence Hall The trial court awarded Currency $ 49,065 for work performed by attorney Lawrence Hall . Wertheim argues $2,850
of Hall ’ s fee was for preparation of a motion to withdraw for non

payment of fees , which cannot b e charged to Wertheim. Wertheim pr ovides no citation to the record supporting the argument. Therefore, we deem the claim forfeited.
9. The Fee Award was Not Excessive Wertheim argues that a $1.2 million fee award in litigation over a $6

, 500 note is excess ive as a matter of law. We might agree in principle, but this litigation concerned not just one note,
but Wertheim’s $5 million arbitration claim.
10. The Fees Provision is Not U n conscionable Wertheim argues that because the June 200 6 note was unconsciona ble, no fees may be awarded for li tigation regarding
it. We conclude that under the circumstances here, the fee provision itself is not unconscionable as to Wertheim.19 DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed. Respondent s are to receive their

costs on appeal

. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

CH ANEY, J

.

W e concur :

BENDIX, Acting P. J.

FEDERMAN, J. *

* Judge of the San Luis Obispo County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justi ce pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution

.