COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges O’Brien, Malveaux and Callins

Argued by videoconference

KEITH EDWARD LUCAS, JR.

MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 1140-21-4 PER CURIAM

JANUARY 10, 2023

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PAGE COUNTY

Clark A. Ritchie, Judge

Caleb J. Routhier (Miller, Earle & Shanks, PLLC, on briefs), for 

appellant.

Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. 

Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

After finding that appellant, Keith Edward Lucas, Jr., had violated several terms of his

probation, the circuit court revoked Lucas’s previously suspended sentences and imposed a 

two-year term of active incarceration. Lucas argues on appeal that the court abused its discretion in 

sentencing him in contravention to Code § 19.2-306.1 because the court’s stated reasons for 

departing from the sentencing guidelines recited Lucas’s technical probation violations rather than 

his failure to pay court costs, a nontechnical violation. Finding that any error was harmless, we 

affirm the judgment below. 

BACKGROUND

On January 23, 2013, Lucas received a combined eleven-year sentence on charges of 

credit card fraud, obtaining money by false pretenses, and credit card theft. The court suspended 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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ten years of the combined sentence and ordered Lucas placed on supervised probation for three 

years upon his release from incarceration. The court also ordered Lucas to pay all related court 

costs.

In 2017, Lucas was convicted of violating his probation. The court revoked his 

previously suspended sentences and resuspended all but eighteen months of his original 

sentences. The court also modified the terms of Lucas’s probation to an indefinite supervised 

period of no less than two years. The court attached “special conditions” to his supervised 

probation, including payment of related court costs. Lucas was released to supervised probation 

on September 17, 2018.

Lucas complied with the terms of his probation until November 2020, when he changed 

his residence without permission of his probation officer and failed over the next four months to 

maintain communication with his probation officer. A major violation report (“MVR”) was filed 

on April 5, 2021, alleging that Lucas: (1) failed to report in person or by phone to the probation 

office, (2) failed to follow the probation officer’s instructions and to “be truthful, cooperative, 

and report as instructed,” (3) changed his residence without permission, and (4) had made no 

payments toward court costs and owed a balance of $3,838.72. Lucas was apprehended on April 

15, 2021, approximately one week after the court ordered a capias for his arrest. 

The revocation hearing was set for May 25, 2021, but was continued on Lucas’s motion

until July 28, 2021. At the hearing, the Commonwealth introduced the MVR and a set of 

sentencing guidelines. The prosecutor advised the court that the guidelines, calculated in 

accordance with Code § 19.2-306.1, called for up to six months’ incarceration and also noted that 

it was “a violation with special conditions.” 

Lucas testified on his own behalf. He admitted that he had violated his probation and 

confirmed that it was his “second violation.” In response to a question from the trial judge, 
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Lucas said that his first violation had also involved his probation officer not being able to find 

him. Lucas acknowledged his status as a registered sex offender, but he further said that he had 

reported his address to the Virginia State Police and had not been charged with failing to register.

The Commonwealth called Lucas’s probation officer, Josh Herring, as a rebuttal witness. 

Herring testified regarding his repeated attempts to contact Lucas. On cross-examination, 

Herring confirmed that Lucas was not on probation for the offense that necessitated his 

registration as a sex offender. Herring also acknowledged that prior to the statutory amendments 

effective on July 1, 2021, the sentencing guidelines had called for probation without any 

incarceration. 

In closing, defense counsel argued that although the sentencing guidelines were 

“technically correct,” they circumvented “what the legislature was intending because the special 

condition [of failure to pay court costs] is a condition that almost every single defendant that 

comes in front of this [c]ourt is in violation of.” Counsel argued that but for the special 

condition of failure to pay, Lucas should receive a sentence of no more than 14 days for a second 

technical violation. Lucas requested a sentence of time served, which was three months, noting 

that the sentence would be appropriate under the guidelines in place both before and after July 1, 

2021. 

The Commonwealth argued that the guidelines were discretionary and that the court 

should consider all the facts in the case. 

The court found Lucas had violated his probation. Stating that the sentencing guidelines 

were “discretionary,” the court revoked all of Lucas’s three previously suspended sentences and 

resuspended all but two years of the original sentences. The court ordered that Lucas be subject 

to indefinite supervised probation for not less than two years following his release and that he 

pay his court costs. 
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As a part of the sentencing guidelines, a “Sentencing Revocation Report” listed the 

probation conditions Lucas had violated,1including his failure “to follow special 

conditions/instructions” by not paying his court costs. The “Final Decision/Disposition” form

required the court to provide reasons for departing from the guidelines. The judge wrote:

Defendant has been violated again for failing to stay in contact 

with P.O. He is a registered sex offender and IT IS VITAL that the 

P.O. know where he is and who he is with at all times as a basic 

minimum expectation of supervised probation to ensure public 

safety. This represents [a] pattern of failing to report, stay in 

contact, etc[.,] with P.O. and the last revocation period of 18 

months did not deter the behavior. Deviation warranted. 

Following the revocation hearing, Lucas filed a “Motion to Reconsider Sentence 

Revocation.” He asserted that “[w]hile failure to pay court costs is a special condition 

violation,” allowing the court to exceed the sentencing guidelines, the court “abused [its] 

discretion by departing so high above the guidelines without citing failure to pay court costs by 

an indigent defendant as the reason to do so.” The court denied the motion. 

This appeal followed. 

ANALYSIS 

On appeal, Lucas contends that “by deviating above the guidelines for a special condition 

violation [failure to pay court costs] for reasons unrelated to the only factor that made this a 

special condition violation instead of a second technical violation,” the court erred in imposing a 

sentence of two years for his probation violations.2 

1 We note that the report did not designate any of the violations as “technical violations,” 

even though Lucas’s violations (except for the special-condition violation) would all have been 

considered technical violations under the statutory amendments effective July 1, 2021. See Code 

§ 19.2-306.1(A).

2 Lucas also contends in his opening brief that the court abused its discretion in revoking 

his probation for failure to pay court costs without making factual findings that he was unable to 

pay. However, at oral argument, Lucas conceded that he waived this contention because he 
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A court is authorized to “revoke the suspension of sentence for any cause the court deems 

sufficient that occurred at any time within the probation period, or within the period of 

suspension fixed by the court.” Code § 19.2-306(A).

3

 Sentencing decisions are “vested in the 

sound discretion of trial judges, not appellate judges,” as long as the sentence imposed remains

within the applicable statutory boundaries and constitutional limitations. Minh Duy Du v. 

Commonwealth, 292 Va. 555, 563 (2016). “In revocation appeals, the trial court’s ‘findings of 

fact and judgment will not be reversed unless there is a clear showing of abuse of discretion.’”

Green v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 69, 76 (2022) (quoting Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 

Va. App. 529, 535 (2013)). Further, we view the evidence “in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, as the prevailing party, including all reasonable and legitimate inferences that 

may properly be drawn from it.” Id. (quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 266, 274 

(2018)). However, issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. Id.

Prior to July 1, 2021, Code § 19.2-306(C) provided in relevant part that after finding the 

defendant had violated the terms of his suspension, and revoking the suspension, the court “may 

pronounce whatever sentence might have been originally imposed,” if imposition of sentence 

had been suspended, or if execution of sentence had been suspended, “the original sentence shall 

did not argue to the trial court that it could not consider [his] 

failure to pay his costs as a basis for his revocation of probation, 

did not proffer that [he] was indigent and could not pay, did not 

ask the court to conduct an inquiry as to his ability to pay, did not 

argue that indigency status precluded a revocation based on failure 

to pay court costs, and did not argue that court costs could not be a 

“special condition.” 

Thus, we conclude these issues were not preserved and are waived under Rule 5A:18. 

3 We recite the language of Code § 19.2-306(A) in effect at the time of Lucas’s 

revocation hearing and sentencing. Effective July 1, 2022, the General Assembly amended the 

statute to reference the newly enacted Code § 19.2-306.2. See 2022 Va. Acts chs. 569, 570. 

That amendment to Code § 19.2-306(A) does not affect our analysis. 
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be in full force and effect.” The General Assembly amended the statute, effective July 1, 2021. 

See 2021 Va. Acts Sp. Sess. I ch. 538. Code § 19.2-306(C) now provides that a court may 

“impose a sentence in accordance with the provisions of [Code] § 19.2-306.1.” In turn, Code 

§ 19.2-306.1 contains specific limitations on sentencing that apply when a court bases its 

revocation of a suspended sentence on certain “technical violations” enumerated in the statute. 

Code § 19.2-306.1(A) enumerates ten technical violations. Pertinent to this case are 

failure to “(v) follow the instructions of the probation officer, be truthful and cooperative, and 

report as instructed” and failure to “(ix) gain permission to change his residence or remain in the 

Commonwealth or other designated area without permission of the probation officer.” The 

statute further provides that unless a condition is either a technical violation or a “good conduct 

violation that did not result in a criminal conviction,” a court may revoke the sentence 

suspension and impose or resuspend any or all of the prior suspended sentence. Code 

§ 19.2-306.1(B). Further, Code § 19.2-306.1(C) states that a term of active incarceration shall 

not be imposed for a first technical violation of probation, and “there shall be a presumption 

against imposing a sentence of a term of active incarceration for any second technical violation”

unless incarceration is the only option available, in which case a sentence not exceeding 14 days 

may be imposed. 

Because Lucas’s probation proceeding began before the statutory change took effect on 

July 1, 2021, the former version of Code § 19.2-306 could have applied to his case. See Green, 

75 Va. App. at 83-86 (holding that the revocation statutes effective July 1, 2021 did not apply 

retroactively). At the revocation hearing, however, the parties and the court seemingly accepted 

that the new statute applied and referenced the sentencing-guideline range of zero to six months’ 

imprisonment, calculated in accordance with Code § 19.2-306.1. Accordingly, we conclude that 

the Commonwealth may not argue on appeal that the amended version of Code § 19.2-306 or the 
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newly enacted Code § 19.2-306.1 do not apply.

4

 See Heart v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 453, 

465 (2022) (holding that the Commonwealth could not argue on appeal that the new statute did 

not apply because it had agreed at sentencing that the new statute did apply). 

Therefore, we consider whether the court erred in its application of the amended version 

of Code § 19.2-306 and the newly enacted Code § 19.2-306.1. Probation is “an act of grace on 

the part of the Commonwealth” and “provide[s] trial courts a valuable tool for rehabilitation of 

criminals.” Green, 75 Va. App. at 77 (first quoting Price v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 443, 

448 (2008), and then quoting Burnham v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 109, 116 (2019)). Trial 

courts have wide latitude in setting the terms and conditions of probation and may impose 

“special conditions,” such as payment of court costs. Lucas violated a special condition of his 

probation by failing to pay court costs. The court did not abuse its discretion in imposing an 

active two-year sentence for that violation because this sentence comported with the applicable 

statute governing revocation. See Code § 19.2-306.1(B) (stating that a court “may revoke the 

suspension and impose or resuspend any or all of that period previously suspended” for a 

violation that is not a technical violation or a “good conduct violation that did not result in a 

criminal conviction”); see also Wright v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 148, 151 (2000) (holding 

that because a trial court has broad discretion to revoke a suspended sentence in light of a 

probation violation, the appellate court does not restrict a trial court’s authority beyond 

limitations imposed by statute). 

4 We note, however, that the Attorney General on behalf of the Commonwealth is not 

always bound on appeal by the erroneous approach taken by a Commonwealth’s attorney in the 

trial court. See Holt v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 199, 205 n.1 (2016) (en banc) (stating “[the 

Attorney General] may not be estopped from repudiating the earlier position erroneously taken 

by the Commonwealth’s Attorney, nor may the [Commonwealth] be estopped from changing 

[its] position” (alterations in original) (quoting Calloway v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 253, 

259 (2013))); Holloway v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 370, 373 (2020) (noting that the 

Attorney General was permitted to take a position on appeal that was inconsistent with the 

position taken by the prosecutor at trial). 
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But the essence of Lucas’s claim, reflected in his assignment of error, is that the court 

abused its discretion by not citing the failure to pay court costs as the reason for deviating from 

the guidelines. In providing its reasons for departing upward from the sentencing guidelines, the

court recited Lucas’s technical violations and noted that “the last revocation period of 18 months 

did not deter the behavior.” The fact that the court also did not write on the form that Lucas’s

failure to pay his court costs was a reason for departure is not reversible error. Code 

§ 19.2-298.01 states that sentencing guidelines are discretionary and “[t]he failure to follow any 

or all of the provisions of [Code § 19.2-298.01] or the failure to follow any or all of the 

provisions of [Code § 19.2-298.01] in the prescribed manner shall not be reviewable on appeal or 

the basis of any other post-conviction relief.” Code § 19.2-298.01(F)5; see also Fazili v. 

Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 239, 248-49 (2019) (“The General Assembly only requires the 

circuit court ‘to consider the sentencing guidelines before sentencing [the appellant] and to file 

with the record of the case a written explanation of any departure from the indicated range of 

punishment.’” (alteration in original) (quoting West v. Dir., Dep’t of Corr., 273 Va. 56, 65 

(2007))). 

In addition, even assuming the court’s incomplete explanation of its reasons for departure 

was error, any error was harmless. An error made by a trial court to no, or slight, effect is 

harmless, and does not justify reversal. “[I]t is ‘the duty of a reviewing court to consider the trial 

record as a whole and to ignore errors that are harmless’ . . . .” Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 

411, 420 (2017) (quoting United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 509 (1983)). 

5 Code § 19.2-306.2(D), effective July 1, 2022, see 2022 Va. Acts chs. 569, 570, pertains 

to the use of the sentencing revocation report and sentencing guidelines for revocation cases and 

provides that “[f]ailure to follow the provisions of this section or failure to follow these 

provisions in the prescribed manner shall not be reviewable on appeal and shall not be used for 

the basis of any other post-proceeding relief.” 
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When it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at 

the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and 

substantial justice has been reached, no judgment shall be arrested 

or reversed . . . [f]or any other defect, imperfection, or omission in 

the record, or for any error committed on the trial.

Code § 8.01-678. If “the error at issue could not have affected the court’s result,” the judgment 

below will be affirmed on appeal. Ferrara v. Commonwealth, 299 Va. 438, 450 (2021) (quoting 

Forbes v. Rapp, 269 Va. 374, 382 (2005)). 

Here, the court was aware from counsel’s arguments that no more than 14 days could be 

imposed for a second technical violation but that a longer sentence not exceeding the eight and 

one-half years that had been previously suspended could be imposed for violating a special 

condition. The sentencing guidelines contained worksheets to be completed for first and second 

technical violations, third or subsequent technical or special condition violations, and new 

misdemeanor and felony convictions. Only the special condition worksheet had been completed

and suggested a sentence ranging from time served to six months. Nevertheless, a reasonable 

review of the record suggests that any permissible sentence for a second technical violation was 

subsumed within that range. Nothing in Code § 19.2-306.1 required the court to differentiate the 

sentence imposed for a second technical violation from the sentence imposed for violation of a 

special condition. 

In pronouncing sentence at the revocation hearing, the court stated that Lucas had 

violated a special condition by not paying court costs. The court did not abuse its discretion in 

imposing the two-year sentence for violation of the special condition. Rewriting the reasons for 

departure from the guidelines to include failure to pay court costs would not change the outcome 

of the case. Thus, any error was harmless. See United States v. Bullock, 35 F.4th 666, 672 (8th 

Cir. 2022) (holding that although the district court did not explain its upward sentencing 
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departure in writing, as required, the error was harmless because the court had explained its 

reasoning at the sentencing hearing). 

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the court. 

Affirmed.
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Callins, J., dissenting.

Undoubtedly, Lucas’s failure to pay court costs was a violation of a special condition of 

his probation. Likewise, there is no room for disagreement that a trial court “may revoke the 

suspension and impose or resuspend any or all of that period previously suspended” for a 

violation of a special condition. Code § 19.2-306.1(B). Rather, I respectfully part ways with the 

majority on the issue of whether the trial court abused its discretion by imposing a sentence that 

fails to comply with Code § 19.2-306.1.

In drafting Code § 19.2-306.1, the legislature saw fit to distinguish between first technical 

violations, second technical violations, and further subsequent violations. Although the 

legislature affixed new sentencing limits to first and second technical violations, Code 

§ 19.2-306.1 does not impose such limits for other violations. Here, the trial court declined to 

impose a separate sentence for a second technical violation, only to instead use the violation as a 

sentencing enhancer for a special condition violation. In so doing, the trial court breached the 

new statutory limits imposed by Code § 19.2-306.1. See Minh Duy Du v. Commonwealth, 292 

Va. 555, 563-64 (2016) (citing Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 212-13 (2013)). To find 

no significant error in the trial court’s sentencing decision would be to reduce the legislature’s 

words, and the intention crystallized within them, to no effect. See Chenevert v. Commonwealth, 

72 Va. App. 47, 56 (2020) (“[T]he bedrock principle of statutory interpretation in any context is 

that this Court ‘must give effect to the legislature’s intention as expressed by the language used 

unless a literal interpretation of the language would result in a manifest absurdity.’” (quoting 

Smith v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 382, 387 (2016))). Accordingly, I would find that the trial 

court erred in its sentencing decision and reverse and remand for resentencing under Code 

§ 19.2-306.1(B) and (C).
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The majority points out that now, as before the enactment of Code § 19.2-306.1, 

sentencing guidelines are discretionary pursuant to Code § 19.2-298.01. I agree. However, the 

trial court’s explanation for its decision to depart from the guidelines reveals its discretionary 

overreach. The trial court gave the following reasons for departing from the guidelines, which it 

inserted into the final decision/disposition form under the words “REASON FOR DEPARTURE 

FROM GUIDELINES.”

Defendant has been violated again for failing to stay in contact 

with P.O. He is a registered sex offender and IT IS VITAL that the 

P.O. know where he is and who he is with at all times as a basic 

minimum expectation of supervised probation to ensure public 

safety. This represents [a] pattern of failing to report, stay in 

contact, etc[.,] with P.O. and the last revocation period of 18 

months did not deter the behavior. Deviation warranted. 

The trial court itself noted that its decision was predicated on a “pattern of failing to report, stay 

in contact, etc[.,] with P.O. and [that] the last revocation period of 18 months did not deter the 

behavior.”

That the trial court’s statement in the final decision/disposition form expresses the actual 

calculus upon which it relied finds support elsewhere in the record. Significantly, the trial court 

articulated consonant grounds during the revocation hearing. At the hearing, the trial court ruled, 

“well first off I find that you’re in violation of the terms and conditions of your supervised 

probation, that involves the special condition . . . referenced earlier as well.” The reasons given 

by the trial court, thereafter, were a point-by-point recitation of the statement given in the final 

decision/disposition form, stressing, among other things, Lucas’s failure to remain in contact 

with his probation officer.

The trial court erred by citing Lucas’s second technical violation (his “failing to stay in 

stay in contact with P.O.”) as a significant factor in its sentencing decision for Lucas’s special 

condition violation. See Slusser v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 761, 774 (2022) (“A court 
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abuses its discretion ‘when a relevant factor that should have been given significant weight is not 

considered; when an irrelevant or improper factor is considered and given significant weight; 

[or] when all proper factors, and no improper ones, are considered, but the court, in weighing 

those factors, commits a clear error of judgment.’” (quoting Landrum v. Chippenham & 

Johnston-Willis Hosps., Inc., 282 Va. 346, 352 (2011))). The trial court erred in combining the 

sentence for Lucas’s technical violation with the sentence for his special condition violation, 

thereby conflating the amount of time imposed for each separate offense.

More than a mere factor figuring distantly in the imposition of its two-year active 

sentence, the second technical violation figured significantly in the trial court’s decision. 

Consequently, it failed to take proper notice of how Code § 19.2-306.1 narrows a trial court’s 

sentencing discretion for certain technical violations. The statute provides that a trial court may 

reimpose no more than 14 days for a second technical violation.6 Code § 19.2-306.1(C). At the 

same time, a trial court has wide discretion in the reimposition of a sentence for a special 

condition violation. Code § 19.2-306.1(B). The trial court should have imposed one sentence 

for Lucas’s second technical violation, pursuant to Code § 19.2-306.1(C), and a second sentence 

for his special condition violation, pursuant to the requirements in Code § 19.2-306.1(B). To 

instead use the second technical violation as a sentencing enhancer,7contravenes the plain 

6 Code § 19.2-306.1(C) further states that a trial court may only impose active time for a 

second technical violation if the “presumption against imposing a sentence” is defeated by a 

preponderance of the evidence and the “defendant . . . cannot be safely diverted from active 

incarceration through less restrictive means.” 

7 The majority asserts that “a reasonable review of the record suggests that any 

permissible sentence for a second technical violation was subsumed within [the] range 

[suggested by Lucas’s sentencing guidelines].” However, if the sentence was subsumed into the 

sentence Lucas received, the trial court would have punished Lucas twice for the same technical 

violation by, first, folding the second technical violation sentence into Lucas’s larger sentence 

and then, second, using the second technical violation as grounds to impose a more significant 

sentence than it would have but for the second technical violation. As a trial court may not 
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language and meaning of Code § 19.2-306.1(C) (“the court may impose not more than 14 days of 

active incarceration for a second technical violation”).

By underscoring Lucas’s pattern of violating the terms of his probation (“[t]his represents 

[a] pattern of failing to report, stay in contact, etc[.]”), the trial court also indicated as a basis for 

its sentencing the number of violations Lucas committed during the relevant period. The statute 

requires trial courts to treat multiple technical violations “considered at the same revocation 

hearing” as one “for the purposes of sentencing.” Code § 19.2-306.1(A). As such, the trial court 

improperly adduced the number of violations as a basis for its decision.

Similarly, the trial court emphasized in its decision Lucas’s prior probation violation, 

stating that “the last revocation period of 18 months did not deter the behavior[] [d]eviation 

warranted.” Whereas previously a trial court may have had the discretion to cite a previous 

violation as grounds for imposing a greater sentence, a trial court may not use a first technical 

violation to abrogate the sentencing limits for a second technical violation. The sentencing 

parameters for both kinds of violations are fixed by Code § 19.2-306.1.

Nevertheless, as the majority points out, error, by itself, is not dispositive. An error made 

by a trial court to no, or slight, effect is harmless and does not justify reversal. See

Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 411, 419 (2017). “Code § 8.01-678 makes ‘harmless-error 

review required in all cases,’” id. at 420 (quoting Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 200 

(2015)), and codifies “‘the duty of a reviewing court to consider the trial record as a whole and to 

ignore errors that are harmless’ lest they ‘retreat from their responsibility, becoming instead 

“impregnable citadels of technicality,”’” id. (quoting United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 509 

(1983)). Thus, “[a]bsent an error of constitutional magnitude, ‘no judgment shall be arrested or 

impose more than 14 days of active incarceration for a second technical violation, this, too, 

would be an improper application of the law.
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reversed’ ‘[w]hen it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at the trial that the 

parties have had a fair trial on the merits and substantial justice has been reached.’” Spruill v. 

Garcia, 298 Va. 120, 127 (2019) (second alteration in original) (quoting Code § 8.01-678). 

“Applying this standard, a non-constitutional error is harmless ‘if, when all is said and done, the 

error did not influence the jury, or had but slight effect.’” Id. at 127-28 (quoting Swann, 290 Va. 

at 201).

But not every non-constitutional error is harmless. Code § 8.01-678 stands as a 

productive check on appellate review, not a statutory writ foreclosing its exercise altogether. 

“[I]f we ‘cannot say, with fair assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the 

erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error,’ 

then ‘the conviction cannot stand.’” Swann, 290 Va. at 201 (quoting Anderson v. 

Commonwealth, 282 Va. 457, 467 (2011)). Moreover, every “error will be presumed to be 

[p]rejudicial unless it plainly appears that it could not have affected the result.” Caldwell v. 

Commonwealth, 221 Va. 291, 296, 298 (1980) (citing Joyner v. Commonwealth, 192 Va. 471, 

477 (1951)) (finding that where a clerk improperly read aloud Code § 53-291 to a jury, the Court 

could not “overcome” the “presumption of prejudice” and conclude “the error was harmless as to 

the quantum of punishment imposed”). Indeed, in Turner v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 739, 744 

(2009), our Supreme Court found that it would not “say that the error of receiving evidence of 

polygraph test results was harmless because” it could not “ascertain from the record the extent, if 

any, to which the error may have contributed to the punishment imposed.”

Here, we have Turner’s opposite. That is, it is possible to “ascertain” how the trial 

court’s legal error “contributed to the punishment imposed.” Id. By outlining its reasoning in 

the final decision/disposition form, and also stating the grounds for its decision from the bench, 

the trial court provided this Court with the empirical material needed to understand how the error 
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likely influenced its judgment. The trial court, on the final decision/disposition form, gave, in 

the box labeled “REASON FOR DEPARTURE FROM GUIDELINES,” Lucas’s second 

technical violation as its reason for deviating from the sentencing guidelines. The trial court also 

assigned the second technical violation significant weight in its remarks during the revocation 

hearing.8 The sentencing guidelines recommended a sentence of time served to six months of 

active time. Taken together, these facts support the unavoidable logical and empirical inference 

that but for the second technical violation, the trial court would have imposed the recommended 

sentence of not more than six months of active time.

Yet looking beyond the guidelines, the trial court assigned considerable weight to the 

second technical violation. The trial court did not subsume a sentence of 14 days for the second 

technical violation into Lucas’s total sentence. The second technical violation weighed heavily 

upon the trial court and figured prominently in its sentencing calculus. Because it is reasonable 

to conclude that the error played a prominent role in the trial court’s sentencing decision, and 

thus, the quantum of punishment ultimately imposed, the error was not, by definition, harmless. 

See Swann, 290 Va. at 201. Nor was the error, in its effect, “slight.” Id. Indeed, by the trial 

court’s own account, the effect of the second technical violation was more than “slight.” 

“Therefore, the requirements of Code § 8.01-678, that appellant has had ‘a fair trial on the merits 

and [that] substantial justice has been reached,’ have not been satisfied. Accordingly, this Court 

[should] find[] the error was not harmless.” Cox v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 506, 521 (2015)

(first alteration in original).

8 The trial court also gave significant consideration to Lucas’s status as a prior sex 

offender in assessing his violation of failing to report, indicated, for example, by the emphatic 

underlining of the phrase “registered sex offender” on the final decision/disposition form. 

Notably, it is difficult to discern the degree of emphasis the trial court placed on Lucas’s status 

versus the offense.
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My colleagues contend, in part, that even were the trial court’s “incomplete explanation 

of its reasons for departure” an error, the error would be harmless. But this inference is not 

supported by the record. In the trial court’s crystalline articulations, the grounds for its 

sentencing decision are clearly visible: “you came back again with probation not being able to 

adequately supervise you,” the trial court admonished Lucas, “it’s frustrating to see that you’ve 

put yourself in this position again.” In these words, and others, there exists evidence in the 

record that, at a minimum, error affected the ultimate sentencing decision. And “‘[u]nless “it . . . 

plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at the trial that” the error did not affect 

the [sentence],’ we must reverse such sentence.” Resio v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 616, 623, 

624 (1999) (second alteration in original) (citations omitted) (quoting Lavinder v. 

Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1005 (1991) (en banc)) (finding remand for resentencing 

necessary because the Court was “unable to conclude that the sentence was unaffected by 

consideration of [ ] reversed convictions”). Because it is plainly apparent that the trial court’s 

error did affect the sentence, the error was not harmless. For this reason, I must respectfully 

dissent.