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18-1236-cv 

Robertson v. MetLife Secs., Inc.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER 

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED 

BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A 

COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

11th day of July, two thousand nineteen. 

Present: 

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

SUSAN L. CARNEY, 

RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,

 Circuit Judges. 

_____________________________________ 

FREDIA ROBERTSON, AS GUARDIAN FOR MARY 

KATHERINE HART, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 18-1236-cv 

 

METLIFE SECURITIES, INC., METROPOLITAN LIFE 

INSURANCE COMPANY, METLIFE OF UPSTATE NEW 

YORK, VERNA D PHILLIPS, 

 Defendants-Cross Defendants-Appellees, 

CHARLIE WILLIAMS, JR., 

 Defendant-Appellee, 

WOODFOREST NATIONAL BANK, 

 Defendant-Cross Claimant-Appellee, 
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MARKIA L MERRITT, DEBBIE MERRITT, 

 Defendants-Cross Defendants, 

XCEED FINANCIAL CREDIT UNION, 

 Defendant-Cross Claimant, 

XEROX CORPORATION, 

 Defendant.

_____________________________________ 

For Plaintiff-Appellant: MARY E. MALONEY, Maloney & Maloney, Niagara 

Falls, NY. 

For Defendants-Appellees: PENELOPE M. TAYLOR, McCarter & English, LLP, 

Newark, NJ.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of 

New York (Geraci Jr., J.). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

Plaintiff-Appellant Fredia Robertson (“Robertson”), as guardian for her sister Mary 

Katherine Hart (“Hart”), appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the 

Western District of New York issued on March 30, 2018 dismissing her cause of action under 

the federal securities laws for failure to state a claim, declining to exercise supplemental 

jurisdiction over her remaining state law claims, and denying leave to amend her complaint. 

Robertson v. MetLife Securities, Inc., No. 16-cv-289 (FPG), 2018 WL 1569385 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 

 

 Penelope Taylor is not representing Woodforest National Bank, which is represented by other 

counsel, or Verna D. Phillips, who is pro se. Neither of them submitted briefing in this case, 

and both confirmed they would not be participating in the appeal. See Docket No. 18-1236, 

ECF No. 22 (Phillips Letter), 36 (Woodforest Letter).
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30, 2018). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history 

of the case, and the issues on appeal. 

At the outset, Robertson notes in her briefing that her appeal “is restricted to the claim 

against MetLife for securities law violations.” Pl.-App.’s Brief at 2. Robertson sued Charlie 

Williams, Jr. (“Williams”), MetLife Securities, Inc., Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and 

MetLife of Upstate New York (collectively, the “MetLife Defendants”) for their part in the sale 

of a variable annuity to her sister Hart, who is incompetent and was unable to understand or 

consent to the sale. The complaint alleges that in filling out the annuity application, MetLife 

broker Williams, along with Defendants Debbie and/or Markia Merrit (the “Merritts”), 

misrepresented Hart’s income, assets, and risk tolerance, among other things, in order to make 

the annuity seem like a suitable investment choice for Hart. Hart’s money was later withdrawn 

from the annuity account by the Merritts and converted for their own use, unchecked by the 

MetLife Defendants. 

“We review de novo a district court’s decision to dismiss a complaint pursuant to Rule 

12(b)(6).” Global Network Comms., Inc. v. City of New York, 458 F.3d 150, 154 (2d Cir. 

2006). “On such a motion, we are constrained to accept as true the factual allegations contained 

in the complaint and draw all inferences in plaintiff's favor.” Id. Nonetheless, a plaintiff is 

required to plead “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of 

a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). In 

reviewing a district court decision, this Court is “free to affirm an appealed decision on any 

ground which finds support in the record, regardless of the ground upon which the trial court 

relied.” McCall v. Pataki, 232 F.3d 321, 323 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Leecan v. Lopes, 893 F.2d 

1434, 1439 (2d Cir. 1990), cert denied, 496 U.S. 929 (1990)). 
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 To successfully state a § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 claim, a plaintiff must allege “(1) a 

material misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; (2) scienter; (3) a connection between 

the misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance upon the 

misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation.” GAMCO Inv’rs, Inc. 

v. Vivendi Universal, S.A., 838 F.3d 214, 217 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. 

John Fund, Inc., 573 U.S. 258, 267 (2014)). Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform 

Act (“PSLRA”) and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) 9(b), “it is well-established that a 

securities fraud complaint must . . . plead certain facts with particularity in order to state a 

claim,” such as particular allegations of fraud or facts “giving rise to a strong inference of 

fraudulent intent.” Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 306 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation 

marks omitted); see also 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(4) (“[T]he plaintiff shall have the burden of 

proving that the act or omission of the defendant alleged to violate this chapter caused the loss 

for which the plaintiff seeks to recover damages.”). 

 This Court has recognized suitability claims—sometimes called “unsuitability 

claims”—as “a subset of the ordinary § 10(b) fraud claim.” Brown v. E.F. Hutton Grp., 991 

F.2d 1020, 1031 (2d Cir. 1993). In order to make out a suitability claim: 

A plaintiff must prove (1) that the securities purchased were 

unsuited to the buyer’s needs; (2) that the defendant knew or 

reasonably believed the securities were unsuited to the buyer’s 

needs; (3) that the defendant recommended or purchased the 

unsuitable securities for the buyer anyway; (4) that, with scienter, 

the defendant made material misrepresentations (or, owing a duty 

to the buyer, failed to disclose material information) relating to the 

suitability of the securities; and (5) that the buyer justifiably relied 

to its detriment on the defendant’s fraudulent conduct. 

Id. at 1031. While there has been some confusion about what portion of Rule 10b-5 

Robertson’s claim implicates, as she claims she is bringing a 10b-5(a) or (c) claim for scheme 

liability while the MetLife Defendants cast her claim as one for 10b-5(b) misrepresentation 
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liability, see 2018 WL 1569385 at *3 (noting confusion among parties), this Court treats 

unsuitability claims as a subset of 10b-5(b) misstatement or omission claims. See Brown, 991 

F.2d at 1031. In any event, in her brief before this Court, Robertson appears to admit that her 

claim, as she has cast it, falls within the misrepresentation or omission category of § 10(b) 

claims. See Pl.-App.’s Brief at 18. 

 Regardless of how she casts her claim, however, Robertson’s cause of action under Rule 

10b-5 was properly dismissed by the district court, as she is unable plausibly to allege how the 

unsuitability of the annuity caused her loss. “Loss causation is the causal link between the 

alleged misconduct and the economic harm ultimately suffered by the plaintiff.” Lentell v. 

Merrill Lynch & Co., 396 F.3d 161, 172 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

“[T]o establish loss causation, a plaintiff must allege . . . that the subject of the fraudulent 

statement or omission was the cause of the actual loss suffered . . . .” Id. at 173 (internal 

quotation marks omitted). Here, the only misrepresentations Robertson alleges Williams made 

are those put on the application form for the variable annuity. However, while her argument 

revolves around the alleged unsuitability of the variable annuity for Hart’s needs, she does not 

allege that Hart’s loss occurred as a result of the characteristics that made the annuity unsuitable. 

For example, Hart did not lose her money because the annuity’s “moderate risk profile” exposed 

her to too much risk, as Robertson claims it did. In actuality, Hart’s loss was due to “two 

thieves . . . steal[ing] two-thirds of the money,” see Pl.-App.’s Brief at 21, rather than the 

materialization of any risks implicated by the alleged misrepresentations on the application form. 

See Louros v. Kreicas, 367 F. Supp. 2d 572, 593 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (“Loss causation as delineated 

in Lentell is satisfied if the risk or other attributes that rendered the investments unsuitable in the 

first place materialized to the plaintiff’s detriment.”). This is a sad case; nevertheless, it does 

not implicate the federal securities laws. 
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 Having dismissed the only claim over which the court had original jurisdiction, the 

district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims. 

“[T]he exercise of supplemental jurisdiction is left to the discretion of the district court, and this 

court’s review is limited to whether the district court abused its discretion.” Purgess v. 

Sharrock, 33 F.3d 134, 138 (2d Cir. 1994). It is often suggested that “if the federal claims are 

dismissed before trial . . . the state claims should be dismissed as well.” First Capital Asset 

Mgmt., Inc. v. Satinwood, Inc., 385 F.3d 159, 183 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Castellano v. Bd. Of 

Trustees, 937 F.2d 752, 758 (2d Cir. 1991)). The district court did not abuse its discretion here 

in following that advice.1

 

We have considered Robertson’s remaining arguments and find them to be without 

merit.2

 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 

 FOR THE COURT: 

 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

 

1

 At oral argument, Robertson wisely abandoned her assertion that there is federal jurisdiction 

based on diversity of citizenship. In her brief, she maintained that there is “diversity of 

citizenship through Markia Merritt (resident of South Carolina) and Woodforest Bank (principal 

place of business in Texas).” Pl.-App.’s Brief at 36. However, [d]iversity is not complete if 

any plaintiff is a citizen of the same state as any defendant.” St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. 

Universal Builders Supply, 409 F.3d 73, 80 (2d Cir. 2005). Since Robertson and Hart are 

citizens of New York, as are several of the defendants, there clearly is not complete diversity.

2

 In particular, Robertson contests the district court’s denial of leave to amend her complaint. 

“We review a district court’s denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion, unless the denial 

was based on an interpretation of law, such as futility, in which case we review the legal 

conclusion de novo.” Panther Partners Inc. v. Ikanos Commc’ns, Inc., 681 F.3d 114, 119 (2d 

Cir. 2012). While the district court noted Robertson’s failure to comply with local rules—she 

did not attach a proposed amended pleading to her request, which was contained in her 

memorandum replying to Defendants’ motions to dismiss—it rested its denial primarily on 

futility grounds. Given the insurmountable pleading deficiencies noted above, we discern no 

error in the district court’s decision.