1

Filed 8/13/20 In re S.S. CA1/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or 

ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

In re S.S., a Person Coming 

Under the Juvenile Court 

Law.

CONTRA COSTA COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY 

SERVICES BUREAU,

Plaintiff and 

Respondent,

v.

A.S.,

Defendant and 

Appellant.

 A158227

 (Contra Costa County 

 Super. Ct. No. J19-00151) 

 

A.S. (Mother), mother of seven-year-old S.S., appeals from the juvenile 

court’s dispositional order removing S.S. from her care.1 Contra Costa 

County Children and Family Services Bureau (the Bureau) has moved to 

dismiss the appeal as moot since S.S. has been returned to Mother’s care or, 

in the alternative, moves to dismiss the appeal on its merits. We deny the 

Bureau’s motion to dismiss and affirm the dispositional order.

1 S.S.’s father, B.P. (Father), is not a party to this appeal.
2

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On February 13, 2019,2 the Bureau filed a dependency petition alleging 

S.S. was at substantial risk of harm in Mother’s care based on Mother’s 

history of substance abuse, mental health issues, and domestic violence and 

assaultive behavior in S.S.’s presence; in addition, Mother had a recent arrest 

for assault while under the influence. 

A February 14 detention/jurisdiction report stated Mother was 

arrested in October 2018 for domestic battery after she punched and 

scratched her boyfriend and grabbed his neck. On February 2, Mother’s 

mother (Grandmother) called the police to report that Mother was fighting 

with someone in their apartment parking lot. When police arrived, Mother 

was yelling and crying hysterically while holding S.S., who was also crying. 

Mother refused the officer’s request to get up and whispered something in 

S.S.’s ear, causing her to cry again. When Mother finally stood up, she 

stumbled. Her eyes were bloodshot and watery and she smelled of alcohol. 

Concerned for S.S.’s safety, the officers asked Mother to put S.S. down and 

leave her with Grandmother, but Mother refused and a struggle ensued, with 

Mother using S.S. “as a human shield” as officers tried to handcuff her. 

Mother ultimately handed S.S. to Grandmother and was arrested. 

Mother admitted she took S.S. with her to a party that evening and 

drank alcohol. After returning home, and in S.S.’s presence, Mother and a 

neighbor got into an argument, the neighbor took Mother’s phone, and the 

two “hit each other several times.” Grandmother was concerned for S.S.’s 

safety because Mother placed S.S. in dangerous situations by taking her to 

parties, getting “extremely intoxicated,” meeting “numerous men,” and 

leaving S.S. with strangers. 

2 Unless otherwise noted, all further dates are in 2019.
3

Later, while Mother was in custody, she tried to strangle herself with 

her hands. An officer heard Mother struggling to breathe and yelled at her to 

stop. Mother did not stop, and shoved her hand down her mouth, screamed 

at the officer, made irrational statements, and said she “wanted to die.” 

Mother was transported to the hospital for a psychiatric evaluation under 

Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150 (5150 hold). 

The next day, Mother returned to the police department to report she

might have been raped at the party. She realized after returning home from 

the hospital that she was not wearing underwear and could “ ‘feel’ that she 

had sexual intercourse” but knew she had not given consent. She did not 

remember much about the party, other than that she “blacked out” and there 

was a “ ‘scruffy/disgusting’ guy” and a “ ‘circle dance.’ ” Officers interviewed 

Y.Y., who drove Mother and S.S. home from the party after she saw Mother 

drinking a lot and talking to and dancing with married men. Y.Y. believed

Mother developed a “drinking problem” after breaking up with her boyfriend. 

Social workers met with Mother on February 4 to discuss the recent 

events as well as Mother’s child welfare history, which included three

unfounded referrals for general neglect and physical abuse of S.S. between 

2015 and 2017. Mother said she went to the party with S.S. because her 

friend, who knew Mother was “ ‘depressed’ ” about a relationship that ended 

in December 2018, encouraged her to go out. Almost everyone at the party 

was drunk. Mother drank and “blacked out” because she took Percocet for 

the first time that morning and mixed it with alcohol. When asked whether 

she was raped, Mother said it was the police’s job to “figure [it] out.” She

denied trying to strangle herself while in custody and claimed she was placed 

on a 5150 hold for refusing to take her shoes and jewelry off and asking to 

speak to a supervisor. She admitted she was previously placed on a 5150 
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hold when her abusive ex-boyfriend posted nude pictures of her online, which 

made her “want[] to die.” 

Grandmother told social workers that she cared for S.S. for three years 

while Mother lived out of state. Mother returned two years ago and was 

“ ‘violent,’ ” did not consistently take S.S. to school, fed her mostly snacks, 

and treated her “so bad” by getting “ ‘ so crazy’ ” screaming at S.S. and hitting 

her. A neighbor saw Mother smash S.S.’s head on the ground with her foot, 

and Grandmother had seen bruises and marks on S.S. Mother also had her

ex-boyfriend take nude photographs of her in S.S.’s presence. Grandmother 

said, “ ‘I am just concerned about the baby, [Mother] is mental. If she does 

not do anything for her mental health the baby is going to die.’ ” Social

workers also spoke briefly to S.S., who said she saw Mother fighting “ ‘in the 

streets.’ ” When asked what she and Mother did for fun, S.S. responded, 

“ ‘nothing.’ ” 

At a Family Team meeting, Mother told social workers that she stopped 

taking her antidepressant medication because it made her sleepy but she was 

ready to seek mental health treatment. Social workers observed the 

“dysfunctional dynamics” between Mother and Grandmother, as they

frequently interrupted each other and argued. The Bureau recommended 

detaining S.S. as Mother had mental health issues, did not take 

responsibility for her actions, and did not believe drinking was problematic. 

While Grandmother was sometimes “a protective factor,” she and Mother had

an unhealthy relationship and argued about inappropriate topics in front of 

S.S. 

At a February 14 detention hearing, the juvenile court ordered S.S. 

detained from Mother and ordered visitation. Thereafter, the court took 

jurisdiction based on language agreed to by Mother at mediation. In an April 
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11 dispositional report, the Bureau recommended that S.S. be removed from 

Mother’s care, with reunification services, as Mother’s mental health issues, 

alcohol use, involvement in unhealthy and violent relationships, and inability 

to prioritize S.S.’s safety placed S.S. at risk of harm. Mother had drug tested 

only three times out of eight and had one positive test for codeine, for which 

she had a prescription. She claimed she attended Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 

meetings but provided no documentation and did not sign a release for the 

Bureau. Mother said she felt she was being punished for one incident that 

occurred after she took a pain pill. 

Visits between Mother and S.S. were overall appropriate, but there 

were some concerns. During one visit, S.S. told Mother that she is “mean” 

and hits S.S. “ ‘like every day.’ ” S.S. cried inconsolably for a while, and when 

Mother asked her why she was crying, S.S. responded, “ ‘because you are 

mean to me.’ ” Mother called the social worker on the day of the next visit to 

cancel, stating she had gotten into an argument with Grandmother and had 

“a lot of things to sort out.” 

At an April 11 dispositional hearing, Father made his first appearance 

and was referred to an attorney. Mother asked to represent herself (People v. 

Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118), and the juvenile court denied her request. 

Mother’s counsel asked for expanded visits, stating Mother was participating 

in services and an alcohol assessment had “recommended no treatment.” The 

court questioned Mother’s judgment and had “real concerns about what [S.S.] 

was exposed to on [Mother’s] watch,” but increased visits from once to twice 

per week, with discretion to the Bureau to make them unsupervised. 
6

In a May 9 memo, a social worker summarized contacts had with 

Father.3 Mother had started attending parenting and anger management 

classes but had only drug tested once out of eight times. In addition, she 

questioned S.S. about her visit with Father, asked whether she felt safe with 

“ ‘that man,’ ” and said S.S. should not be forced to have contact with “ ‘that 

sperm donor.’ ” The visitation supervisor reminded Mother not to speak 

negatively about Father and told her to wait to discuss Father’s visits, but 

Mother pressed on until the visitation supervisor threatened to cancel the 

visit. The Bureau was concerned that Mother, who became aware that 

Father might seek custody and support, told S.S.’s therapist that she 

(Mother) has dual citizenship and was going to “ ‘kidnap’ ” S.S. and leave the 

country. 

According to a June 20 memo, Mother said she was going to obtain a 

restraining order against Father for “harassing her.” Father, however, was 

adamant that he had not contacted Mother for several weeks since the social 

worker had directed him not to. Mother did not file a request for a 

restraining order. The following week, Mother said she had an “emergency”; 

she was “ ‘done with her reunification’ ” and ready to “sign away her rights to 

her child” because the case plan required her to do more than Father, which 

was unfair. 

At a June 20 and 24 contested dispositional hearing, Mother testified 

she moved to a safe community and was working full time, participated in 

parenting and anger management classes, therapy, and AA, and was 

3 Father was working two jobs, had two older children, good family 

support, and no criminal background. He felt S.S. would be safe and happy 

living with him. Father’s first visit with S.S. went well, with S.S. jumping 

into Father’s arms and the two playing well together and showing affection 

towards each other throughout the visit. 
7

repairing her relationship with Grandmother. She completed two alcohol 

assessments and no further treatment was recommended. Regarding her 

mental health, Mother believed her stress was coming from lack of sleep; she 

was now taking sleeping pills and was feeling better. She believed the most 

recent 5150 hold helped her understand that she was having a reaction to her 

medication; she noted the doctor released her from the hold after just 

35 minutes.

Mother testified about the educational services she obtained for S.S.

and said she wished to remain involved in the educational and medical 

decision-making process. She expressed concern about S.S.’s privacy rights, 

stating she saw Facebook posts in which the foster parents posted S.S.’s 

pictures and name and identified her as a foster child. She was also 

concerned whether S.S. was safe in foster care. Mother acknowledged she 

has dual citizenship but denied saying she was going to kidnap S.S. 

On cross-examination, Mother admitted an anger management 

problem and that she punched her neighbor in the face in S.S.’s presence. 

She was previously in an abusive relationship and she and S.S. moved in 

with the man even though he was violent with her. She denied abusing 

alcohol and said she behaved the way she did on February 2 because she 

mixed pain medication with “about” four shots of tequila and one beer. When 

confronted with her failure to drug test, Mother said she did not know she 

had to test and was also unable to test due to long work hours. She received 

testing instructions, forms, and testing site information but, “I just maybe 

assumed that since all my tests have come out negative, that they are not a 

priority.” 

When minor’s counsel asked Mother whether her babysitter’s godson 

drove her home from the party, Mother responded, “Her godson is four years 
8

old. I would like to know how a 4-year-old can drive a car.” She denied ever 

saying she “blacked out” and refused to answer questions about her rape 

allegations based on “the Fifth [Amendment].” She did not know why she 

was arrested that night: “I actually never really asked. I was not charged, so 

I honestly don’t care.” She denied trying to harm herself while in custody

and said she put her arms around her neck “to remove the extremely heavy 

shirt [she] was wearing.” She did not stop when the officer told her to

because the shirt was “extremely tight and uncomfortable.” “Most women’s 

clothing becomes uncomfortable after a[] while.” When asked about her 

shoving her hand down her throat, Mother smiled, referred to counsel’s 

questions as “ridiculous,” and said she did it to induce throwing up. She 

denied saying she wanted to die, and added, “People choose to write whatever 

they want in their reports.” 

Mother had taken four anger management classes as of the date of the 

hearing and believed she was now able to control her anger. On further 

cross-examination by the Bureau’s attorney, she admitted the police also 

came to her home on March 4, when she and Grandmother got into a fight. 

She denied throwing a bottle of lotion at Grandmother and said she did not 

know why Grandmother’s boyfriend—who was present during the

argument—would say she did. Mother and Grandmother were in therapy to 

address their issues. Mother then asked the Bureau’s attorney, “Would you 

like to bring any more of my private matters up?” Counsel asked, “Do you 

understand that your reactions and your behaviors are why we’re here 

today?” Mother responded, “Yes. Do you understand that people have lives, 

and that they are private[?] I want to know how this is relevant to my child’s 

care.” “My child was not present at that time.” “My child has not been 

present since February 13th.” 
9

The Bureau’s attorney asked Mother about Grandmother’s prior 

statement to the Bureau that Mother left S.S. with Grandmother for three 

years. Mother said this was not true as she was gone for only two months 

when she went to Mardi Gras to work as a stripper. Mother noted that 

stripping is legal, and said she used to be an “extremely happy 18-year-old” 

working as a stripper in a strip club in San Francisco at the time she met 

Father, who was a manager at the club. 

During closing arguments, Mother’s counsel argued Mother took 

responsibility for her actions “very early on in these proceedings” and had 

made significant progress in her case plan. Counsel argued it would be safe 

for S.S. to return to Mother’s care, as Mother was “ready, willing, and able” to 

complete all recommended services. The Bureau’s attorney argued it was 

“clear” during Mother’s testimony that she was saying “what she wants us to 

hear,” which is “not necessarily the truth,” nor “complete,” and that she has 

“a lot more work to do” before S.S. can be safely placed in her care. Counsel 

pointed to inconsistences in Mother’s testimony, asserted Mother often 

“challenges” or “deflect[s],” and noted she has had “outbursts here in court,” 

“poor impulse control,” and “underlying anger issues.” Minor’s counsel 

agreed and added that Mother minimized her actions, was “constantly” 

evasive,” and “had absolutely no credibility in anything she said.” The

“belligerence” in Mother’s “facial expressions [as she answered] questions,” 

her “smug self-righteous air,” and “gloating type of facial response” showed 

she had “absolutely no insight as to what’s going on.” 

The juvenile court stated Mother’s behavior on the stand was 

“astonishing”; she was “belligerent,” “inconsistent,” “minimized,” “argued,” 

“demonstrated that she has little impulse control,” “[v]ery little ability to tell 

a consistent story, and therefore, very little credibility in the end.” A number 
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of things such as her testimony regarding drug tests “were clearly not true 

because she contradicted [herself].” The court had no doubt that Mother 

loves S.S., but stated she lacks perspective and insight “as to what a horrific 

event this was for [S.S.].” As the court stated its findings, Mother 

interrupted repeatedly, which the court referred to as examples of “a lack of 

impulse control.” “I’m trying to make a ruling, I’m trying to make findings, 

and [Mother] is yelling at me about what [the] facts are, and talking about 

what witnesses she wants to bring in, including her daughter.” The court 

was “very, very concerned” for the child and also concerned for Mother, who 

“has some real anger management issues. I think [Mother] has some mental 

health issues. I think she . . . probably has some substance abuse issues.” 

Mother continued to interrupt until the court ultimately stated it was 

finding, “by clear and convincing evidence that having [S.S.] in her mother’s 

care at this time would . . . expose her to a real risk of physical or emotional 

harm, and there’s no reason or means by which her physical health can be

protected without removing her from her mother’s physical custody.” Mother 

appeals from the dispositional order removing S.S. from her care.

DISCUSSION

I. Motion to Dismiss

The Bureau has moved to dismiss Mother’s appeal based on mootness 

as S.S. has been returned to Mother’s care. The Bureau asks that we take 

judicial notice of a June 4, 2020 stipulation and order returning S.S. to 

Mother’s care with family maintenance services. Mother argues the issues 

are not moot and, even if they are, this court should exercise its inherent 

authority to decide the merits of the controversy. We grant the request for 

judicial notice, deny the motion to dismiss, and affirm the dispositional order 

on the merits.
11

“As a general rule, ‘an appeal presenting only abstract or academic 

questions is subject to dismissal as moot.’ [Citation.]” (In re Jody R. (1990) 

218 Cal.App.3d 1615, 1621.) However, even in circumstances where effective 

relief can no longer be provided because the parent has since been awarded 

custody, courts have recognized they retain the inherent discretion to resolve 

the issue “ where ‘there is a likelihood of recurrence of the controversy 

between the same parties or others.’ ” (In re N.S. (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 53,

59.) For example, appellate courts have declined to dismiss appeals as moot 

where dependency jurisdiction has ended but the juvenile court’s orders 

continue to affect the parents’ custody and visitation rights. (E.g., In re 

Joshua A. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1544, 1546-1547 [juvenile court’s adverse 

rulings continued to affect the parent’s custody and visitation rights]; In re 

J.K. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1431-1432 [same].) 

In re Michael D. (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 1074 is instructive. There, 

while the mother’s appeal from a removal order was pending, the juvenile 

court issued an order permitting the child to continue residing with her. (Id.

at p. 1081, fn. 2.) The Court of Appeal declined to dismiss the appeal as 

moot, stating the juvenile court “continues to retain jurisdiction of the 

matter. Consequently, resolution of the issue raised in this appeal is 

particularly appropriate because it is likely to affect the future rights of the 

parties.” (Ibid.)

Similarly, although the recent order returns S.S. to Mother’s care, the 

juvenile court continues to have jurisdiction over the matter. S.S. is still a 

dependent child, Mother is receiving family maintenance services under the 

supervision of the Bureau, and there is an upcoming review hearing. The

order includes visitation orders for Father, who is also a party to the action, 

and there is some indication in the record that he wishes to seek further 
12

visitation and/or custody of S.S. Because the issues raised in this appeal 

have a continuing effect on Mother in the dependency proceedings and on her 

custody and visitation rights, we decline to dismiss the appeal as moot. 

II. Substantial Evidence

The appeal fails on the merits. 

When a minor has been adjudged a dependent child of the court under 

Welfare and Institutions Code section 300,

4 the juvenile court may limit the 

control to be exercised over the dependent child by the parent or guardian. 

(§ 361, subd. a).) A dependent child may not be taken from the physical 

custody of his parent unless the juvenile court finds by clear and convincing 

evidence that there is a “substantial danger to the physical health, safety, 

protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the minor if the minor were 

returned home, and there are no reasonable means by which the minor’s 

physical health can be protected” without removal. (§ 361, subd. (c)(1).) 

“ ‘ “The parent need not be dangerous, and the minor need not have been 

actually harmed before removal is appropriate. The focus of the statute is on 

averting harm to the child.” ’ [Citation.] The court may consider a parent’s 

past conduct as well as present circumstances.” (In re John M. (2012) 

212 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1126.)

The California Supreme Court recently clarified the standard for 

appellate courts to use when reviewing findings—such as the removal-related 

findings in this case—that must be proved by clear and convincing evidence. 

In such cases, “the question before the appellate court is whether the record 

as a whole contains substantial evidence from which a reasonable factfinder 

could have found it highly probable that the fact was true. In conducting its 

4 All further undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and 

Institutions Code.
13

review, the court must view the record in the light most favorable to the 

prevailing party below and give appropriate deference to how the trier of fact 

may have evaluated the credibility of witnesses, resolved conflicts in the 

evidence, and drawn reasonable inferences from the evidence.” 

(Conservatorship of O.B. (Jul. 27, 2020) --- P.3d ----2020 WL 4280960, at 

p. *12.) The appellant has the burden of showing there is insufficient 

evidence to support the juvenile court’s findings or orders. (In re Geoffrey G.

(1979) 98 Cal.App.3d 412, 420.)

We conclude the record contains sufficient evidence from which the 

juvenile court could have found it highly probable that there was “substantial 

danger to [S.S.’s] physical health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional 

well-being . . . if [she] were returned” to Mother’s care, and that there were 

“no reasonable means” by which she could be protected without removal. 

(§ 361, subd. (c)(1).) At the time of the dispositional hearings, Mother had 

been placed on two 5150 holds and arrested twice for engaging in violent 

behavior, including at least once in S.S.’s presence. She was recently in an 

abusive relationship, and despite the fact that the man had been violent with 

her, she and S.S. had moved in with him. Throughout the proceedings, 

Mother minimized the February 2 incident, stating, among other things, that 

she was being punished for one event that happened after she took pain 

medication. She denied trying to strangle herself while in custody, claiming 

she was simply trying to take an uncomfortable shirt off, and asserted she 

was unjustly arrested and placed on a 5150 hold. Further, even after S.S. 

was detained, Mother was involved in another fight—with Grandmother—

that required police intervention. Moreover, Mother’s testimony, as well as 

her attitude while on the stand—of which the Bureau’s attorney, minor’s 

counsel, and the juvenile court all took note—showed she did not appreciate
14

the gravity of the situation or the effect her behavior had on her child. (In re 

Margarita D. (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 1288, 1295-1296 [the trial court, “which 

had the opportunity to observe the witness testify, is better suited than a 

reviewing court to make such determinations of fact].)

While Mother was actively engaged in services, she had been 

participating for only a month or two at the time of disposition and had not 

obtained certificates of completion. She asserted the anger management 

classes were helping her control her anger, but she continued to have 

outbursts in court and was unable to stop interrupting counsel or the court 

after multiple warnings. Mother also asserts she had positive and loving 

visits with S.S., but the record shows otherwise, e.g., Mother questioning S.S. 

about her visits with Father and continuing to speak negatively about him 

after being instructed to stop, and S.S. crying inconsolably and saying that 

Mother is mean to her and hits her everyday. 

Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the juvenile 

court’s decision, we conclude there was substantial evidence to support the 

removal order.

DISPOSITION

The Bureau’s request for judicial notice is granted. The Bureau’s 

motion to dismiss is denied. The juvenile court’s June 24, 2019 dispositional 

order removing S.S. from Mother’s care is affirmed. 
15

_________________________

Petrou, J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________

Siggins, P.J.

_________________________

Fujisaki, J.

A158227