# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 5- 23 85

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Fah ad Abd ih ak im

Diri y e

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

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App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta - St. Pa ul

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Su bm it te d: Nov em

be r 20 , 20 15
Fil ed : M arch 16 , 20 16

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Befo re SM ITH, BYE, and BENTON, Circu it Ju dg es

.

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BYE, Cir cu it Ju dg e.

Fah ad Abd ih ak im Diri y e pl ed gu il ty in di st ri c t c o u r t to be in g a fel on in 1

po ss es si on of a fir earm in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. §§ 92 2( g) (1 ) an d 92 4( a)(2 ). As a

Th e H o n o rab le Jo an N. Eri ck se n, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Co ur t Ju dg e fo r th e 1

Dis tri ct of Mi nn es ot a, ad op ti ng th e Rep o r t an d Rec om m en da ti on of th e Hon or ab le

Ton y N. Leun g, Un it ed Sta te s M ag is tra te Ju dg e fo r th e Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta

.co nd it io n of hi s gu il ty pl ea, Diri y e res erv ed th e rig ht to arg ue on ap pe al th at la w

en fo rcem en t vi ol at ed hi s Fo ur th Am en dm en t rig ht s by pe rf o r mi n g a Terry st op
wit ho ut reas on ab le su sp ic io n. W e fin d la w en fo rcem en t ha d reas on ab le su sp ic io n to

pe rfo rm a Terry st op . W e aff

irm.

I

On th e ev en in g of Ju ne 2 5

, 2 01 4, Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce of fic ers , in cl ud in g
Offi cer Sco tt Aik in s, res po nd ed to a rep or t of a su sp ic io us ve hi cl e in th e pa rk in g lo t

at Tho m as Bea ch ne ar Lak e Cal ho un

. The su sp ic io us ve hi cl e m at ch ed th e de sc rip ti on

an d li cen se pl at e of a ve hi cl e co nn ect ed to an arm ed ho m e in va si on an d ro bb ery th at

oc cu rred in do wnt own Mi nn eap ol is t h r e e d a ys pr io r. The re were no su sp ect s in

cu st od y at t he ti m e. The d is pa tc h s ta te d t he re were two pe op le sl eep in g i n t he car.

Thre e m ark ed sq ua d cars arri ve d at th e sc en e an d pa rk ed ap pr ox im at el y on e to

two c a r

- l e n g t hs away fro m th e car. Offi cers rem ov ed a m al e an d fem al e fro m th e

ve hi cl e, ha nd cu ff

e d th em , an d pl aced th em in to a sq ua d car. At le as t se ve n la w

en fo rcem en t of

fic ers , in cl ud in g Offi cer Aik in s, were st an di ng ne arb y awai ti ng th e

arri va l of a se rg ean t f

o r in st ru ct io ns to se arch th e su sp ect ve hi cl e. App ro xi m at el y

fif te en m in ut es pa ss ed a f

t e r o f f ic ers arri ve d on sc en e whe n Diri y e ap pr oa ch ed th e

su sp ect ve hi cl e, op en ed th e dr iv er's do or , an d be ga n to si t in th e dr iv er's se at

. At th is

po in t, th e su sp ect ve h ic le ha d no t be en se arch ed or se cu red

. Offi cer Aik in s an d

an oth er of fic er im m ed ia te ly ap pr oa ch ed th e ve hi cl e, or de red Diri y e ou t of th e ve hi cle

,

an d h an dc uf

fed hi m

.

W hi le Diri y e an d Offi cer Aik in s were s t a n d i n g ne xt to th e ve hi cl e, Diri y e

ap pe ared to be co nt in uo us ly tu rn in g hi s bo dy to ke ep hi s rig ht si de away fro m Offi cer

Aik in s. Offi cer Aik in s be cam e su sp ic io us Diri y e m ay ha ve ha d a gu n an d pa tt ed hi m
do wn. Offi cer Aik in s im m ed ia te ly fel t an d rem ov ed a lo ad ed ha nd gu n fro m Diri y e's

-2

-r i g h t p an ts po ck et

. Diri y e was th en ta ke n in to cu st od y

. W hi le in cu st od y , Diri ye

m ad e in cri m in at in g s ta te m en ts to law en fo rcem en t ab ou t p os se ss in g t he fir earm

.

Diri y e was la te r ch arg ed in th e Dis tri ct of Mi nn es ot a in an in di ct m en t wit h on e

co un t of felo n in po ss es si on of a fi rear m in vi ol at io n o f 18 U.S.C. §§ 92 2( g) (1 ) an d

92 4( a)(2 ). Diri y e fil ed a m ot io n to su pp res s th e fir earm an d a m ot io n to su pp res s hi s

po st -arr es t st at em en ts

. Fo ll owi ng an ev id en ti ary he ari ng , th e di st r i c t c ou rt de ni ed

bo th m ot io ns to su pp res s.

Fo ll owi ng th e di st ric t co ur t's de ni al of hi s su pp res si on m ot io ns , Diri y e en te red

in to a co nd it io na l pl ea of gu il ty. Diri y e res erv ed th e rig ht to ap pe al th e di st ric t co ur t's

de ni al of hi s m ot io ns to su pp res s. On Ju ne 15

, 20 15

, Diri y e was se nt en ced to a te rm

of im pr is on m en t o f 70 m on th s. Ten da y s l at er, Dir iye tim el y fil ed th is ap pe al

.

II

Diri y e arg ue s Offi cer Aik in s la ck ed reas on ab le su sp ic io n to co nd uc t a Te rry

st op whe n Diri y e, a no n- su sp ec t

, op en ed th e do or an d st art ed to en te r a ve hi cl e

rem ot el y co nn ect ed to an arm ed ho m e in va si on an d ro bb ery th at ha d oc cu rred th ree
da y s pr io r. Diri y e th eref

or e cl ai m s hi s st op was un la wfu l an d th e di st ric t co ur t erre d
by no t su pp res si ng th e ev id en ce ob ta in ed as a res u l t o f h i s un la wfu l st op

. W e
di sa gr ee.

"We rev ie w th e de ni al of a m ot io n to su pp res s de no vo bu t t h e un de rlyin g

fact ua l de te rm in at io ns fo r cl ear erro r, gi vi ng du e weig ht to in fere nc es dr awn by la w

e n f o r cem en t of

fic ia ls ." Uni te d St at es v. Hur d, 78 5 F.3 d 31 1, 31 4 (8 th Ci r. 2 0 1 5 )
(q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Cl ut te r, 67 4 F.3 d 98 0, 98 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 )). Und er Terry

v. Ohi o, an of

fic er m ay st op an in di vi du al if th e of fic er ha s reas on ab le su sp ic io n th at

"cr im in al act iv it y m ay be afo ot ." 39 2 U.S. 1, 30 (1 96 8) ; Uni te d St at es v. Harri s, 74 7

F.3 d 10 13

, 10 16 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 ). A Terry st op is jus t i f i e d w h e n a po li ce of

fic er is

-3

-"ab le to po in t to sp eci fic an d art ic ul ab le fact s w h i c h, ta ke n to ge th er wit h rat io na l

in fere nc es fro m th os e fact s, reas on ab ly warra nt th at in tru si on ." Terry, 39 2 U.S. at 21 ;

U n i t e d St at es v. Dav is on , 80 8 F.3 d 32 5, 32 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 15 ). W e m us t de t e r mi n e
whe th er reas on ab le su sp ic io n ex is ts ba se d on "t he to ta li ty of th e ci rcu m st an ces , i n

li gh t of th e of

fic er's ex pe rie nc e." Uni te d St at es v. St ig le r, 57 4 F.3 d 10 08

, 10 10 (8 th

Ci r. 20 09 ).

W e fin d Offi cer Aik in s ha d reas on ab le su sp ic io n to co nd uc t a Terry st op on

Diri y e. Diri y e bypas se d an act iv e cri m e sc en e to en te r an d si t in a su sp ect ve hi cl e no t

y et se cu red or se arch ed by la w en fo rcem en t. Fu rth er, th e su sp ect ve hi cl e m at ch ed th e
de sc rip ti on of a ve hi cl e co nn ect ed to an arm ed in va si on an d ro bb ery th ree da y s pr io r.

Bas ed on th e to ta li ty of th e ci rcu m st an ces , Offi cer Ai ki ns ha d re as on ab le su sp ic io n

to be li ev e cri m in al act iv it y was afo ot by Diri y e's bl at an t di sr eg ard fo r th e act iv e cri m e

sc en e b y s i t t i n g in th e su sp ect ve hi cl e co nn ect ed to rece nt cri m in al act iv it y

. W e

th eref or e fin d th e Terry st op was jus ti fie d an d th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t err in de nyin g

Diri y e's m ot io ns to su pp res s th e ev id en ce ob ta in ed as a res ul t of hi s la wfu l st op

. See

Uni te d Stat es v. Cot te r, 70 1 F.3d 54 4, 54 8 (8t h Cir. 20 12 ) ("B ecau se th e Terry st op

was pr op er, th e di st ric t co ur t al so di d no t err in refu si ng to su pp r e s s

. . . [th e]

co nf es si on , as i t was no t t he fru it of t he po is on ou s t ree." ).

Fo r th e fo reg oi ng reas on s, we af fir m th e d is tri ct co ur t.

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