# Patent

## Title
Non-invasive thermal dispersion flow meter with chronometric monitor for fluid leak detection and freeze burst prevention

## Abstract

A non-invasive thermal dispersion flow meter with chronometric monitor for fluid leak detection includes a heater, an ambient temperature sensor and a flow rate sensor which are configured to sense the temperature of a fluid in a conduit, and then monitor the flow of that fluid through the conduit. The fluid flow sensor is incorporated into a Wheatstone bridge circuit which is used to provide increased sensitivity to the outputs of the sensors. Based upon the ambient temperature sensor readings, the flow rate sensor and heater may be adjusted to optimize the operation of the system to detect leaks. An alternative embodiment utilizes a single sensor and separate heater which work together to determine heat propagation times which in turn is used to calculate flow rate. Based on the sensor readings, the flow may be adjusted to prevent damage and leaks by relieving the system of excess pressure.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This Application is a Continuation in Part and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/342,961 filed Jan. 3, 2012 entitled “Noninvasive Thermal Dispersion Flow Meter with Chronometric Monitor for Fluid Leak Detection,” and currently, which in turn claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/429,242 filed Jan. 3, 2011 entitled “Noninvasive Thermal Dispersion Flow Meter with Chronometric Monitor for Fluid Leak Detection”, and currently, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/542,793 filed on Oct. 3, 2011 entitled “Direct Pipe Clamp on Flow Meter Leak Detector”, and currently.


FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to the field of fluid leakage detection. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices useful for the monitoring and evaluation of fluid flow rates. The present invention is more particularly, though not exclusively, useful as a non-invasive leak detection system capable of detecting even the smallest fluid leakage within a fluid conduit system, terminating fluid flow in response to the leak, and providing other indication, alert, and control functions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the process of residential or commercial building construction, builders will frequently pre-plumb water supply pipes, and then encase the foundation level plumbing within a concrete mixture creating a floor slab. The plumbing will remain in use for the existence of the structure until it fails and leaks. Slab leaks typically start when a pinhole size rupture forms in a pipe or fitting from a period of constant pressure, friction with the slab material, and thermal expansion and contraction. As more water passes through the opening, in time, the size of the rupture increases. Undetected, the escaping water will eventually flood the foundation, damage floors and walls and ultimately undermine the ground beneath the structure due to erosion. The control of water has challenged man since the beginning. The world today benefits and suffers from the conveyance and containment of this life giving fluid. No matter the culture, the class, or the location, similar issues are considered, such as materials, installation, pressures, maintenance, effects of internal and external conditions, including water quality, climactic conditions, electrolysis, etc. Issues with any one of these may result in undesirable effects and damages.
Leaks can be slow and gradual, taking years to detect until significant property damage occurs, or there can be large leaks that quickly produce a variety of damaging results. Significant costs are expended everyday all over the world from these water-related damages. The costs are so extensive and pervasive, that nearly everyone in our modern world has been personally affected.
Leaks occur at all phases of water system function, both during and after construction. During construction leaks result from improper installation, faulty materials, testing, unintentional trade damage, and vandalism—to name a few. Once a water system is installed, formation of leaks occur due to corrosion, environmental effects, and improper maintenance. An exemplary example of environmental effects causing leaks is during periods of extended below zero temperatures. When water is below its freezing point, the water turns from a liquid phase into a solid phase resulting in an increase of volume. An increase in volume in a closed system increases the system pressure causing strain and compromising the structural integrity of the system, eventually causing a leak.
Costs are spread between responsible parties, insurance companies and often to those not responsible who cannot prove otherwise, or because responsible parties have no ability to pay the frequently large damages. Virtually anyone in the construction industry can tell you horror stories about water damage during their most recent project. Most in the industry accept these damages simply as part of the construction world and never consider there may actually be a solution to eliminate or minimize these damages.
Once a building, home or facility becomes occupied, the risks of leaks may shift, but still remain as a liability, as any insurance underwriter can attest. The repair and refurbishment resulting from leaks is an enormous industry, most recently exacerbated by the scares and realities of mold. Slow, hard to detect leaks within walls, ceilings or concealed areas often result in the most damage, as they introduce moisture into a warm, stable atmosphere of a controlled environment, resulting in mold growth that can cause extensive damage and may include condemnation of the home or building.
Large leaks or ruptures can be catastrophic within a very short amount of time, sometimes within minutes. In commercial structures, leaks can damage computer systems resulting in untold losses of computer data. These risks are not simply limited to property damage, but include personal injury and even death. Toxic mold has verifiably taken a number of lives. Leaks also substantially increase the risk of electrical shock, not to mention medically sensitive risks caused by leaks. Leaks are indiscriminate of time, occurring when occupants are present or away.
Until recently the prevention of leaks and/or mitigation of leak damages have been very limited. The “Loss Prevention” programs of insurance companies have focused primarily on minimizing the underwriting of clients with a history of previous leak claims rather than providing any true measure of “Loss Prevention”.
It is known that existing water meters are capable of detecting and reporting water consumption, but these systems, which employ paddle wheels, turbines, or other such impellers, suffer from mechanical limitations which allow for small flow amounts to slip past the meter undetected and do not monitor water temperatures
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the leak detection system is a water flow monitor and alarm system for detecting water leaking from the pressurized pipes or fixtures in residential and commercial building structures. The sensor probes have no moving parts to wear out and can detect water flow as little as a few ounces of water per hour. If water flows continuously for a preset time without stopping, it triggers an alarm. It may also trigger other functions associated with the system such as a display change and valve control. The alarm function can be set to alert the homeowner or a surveillance company monitoring the premises. Integrated into the system are user guides and features to aid the homeowner or a professional in detecting a leak.
Such an alarm condition could indicate a faulty valve or a more serious condition known as a “slab leak”. An undetected slab leak (a broken pipe in or under a concrete slab floor) can cause extreme structural damage in excess of thousands of dollars, and render the property uninsurable from the resulting insurance claim.
In the preferred embodiment, two separate sensor probes are clamped directly onto the outside of a pipe or thermally conductive heat transfer medium between the fluid and the system to allow detection of all flow conditions. Not just water loss under the hot water heater or dishwasher or an icemaker like other point of leak detection competitive devices, but water loss for the entire structure. A comprehensive system may include moisture sensors together with the leak detection system. This will ensure both immediate and long-term protection of the structure and its contents and detect leaks from the pressurized supply side as well as the drain and waste systems, appliances, and water intrusion from the outside environment. Resource conservation and water cost savings are also promoted by detecting unknown water loss long before thousands of gallons escape down the drain or into the structure's foundation.
The preferred embodiment works by measuring the temperature at the upstream and downstream clamps. The downstream clamp contains both a temperature sensor and a heating element. The two temperature sensors form part of the sensing portion of a Wheatstone Bridge where the amount of heat energy added by the heating element to keep the bridge circuit in balance is proportional to the flow rate of fluid in the pipe.
In an alternative embodiment, a single temperature sensor and a separate heating element are clamped onto a pipe. The heating element is located a few inches downstream from the temperature sensor. The sensor and the heating element are both wrapped with insulation thereby isolating the sensor and heating element from ambient conditions and increasing the accuracy of the measurements and the sensitivity of the system. This embodiment works by measuring temperature before the heater is energized, then energizing the heater for a predetermined period of time. The temperature is continuously monitored to determine the amount of time for the heat energy added by the heater to propagate to the temperature sensor. That amount of time is used to determine the flow rate in the pipe. The longer the time for the heat energy to reach the sensor, the higher the flow rate is within the pipe. The shorter the time for the heat energy to reach the sensor, the lower the flow rate is within the pipe. After the propagation time is determined, the heater is deenergized to allow it and the sensor to return to ambient conditions so a new test can be performed.
In an alternative embodiment, the addition of an external environment sensor probe and temperature sensor package to a leak detection system creates a more comprehensive system able to prevent and detect leaks. The alternative embodiment works by taking the temperature at the temperature sensor package of the leak detection system, the external environment temperature sensor, and the additional temperature sensor package and feeding the data to a microprocessor where they are analyzed to determine whether the fluid is expanding by comparing the temperature data to the user inputted data stored in a control ROM and flash memory. If expansion is occurring, the microprocessor will open a relief valve and cause fluid to flow, releasing excess pressure and preventing damage to the structure's pipe system. In extreme conditions, the microprocessor will shut off the isolation valve to prevent additional fluid from entering the system and open a relief valve and cause fluid to flow, releasing excess pressure in the system. The microprocessor will then open an air valve to aid the evacuation of the fluid in the system.
The control panel is easy to use and attractive. Its display provides real-time system and flow status. The Panel will indicate an alarm condition; the flow level when the alarm occurred, and sound a built-in beeper, then if no action is taken it will activate an industrial quality motor-driven ball valve to shut off the water to the structure. The control panel will then display information to guide the homeowner through the process of detecting simple leaks such as a dripping faucet. The panel can also be used to select other operating modes or select other features of the leak detection system such as monitoring the fluid temperature and external environment temperature to prevent overpressure of the structure's pipe system
When the leak detection system is connected to an auto-dialer telephone device, it can alert anyone with a telephone that a problem exists. When connected to an electric water valve, which is the design for the initial product, it can shut-off the water automatically until the system is manually reset. Other devices may be connected to the leak detection system to coordinate moisture and over-pressure sensors and leak detection throughout the entire structure.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, both as to its structure and its operation, will be best understood from the accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description, in which reference characters refer to similar parts, and in which:
FIG. 1 is an exemplary view of the controller of the present invention as integrated with a structure, and showing the status panel of the system including an alarm indicator, an auxiliary indicator, a flow indicator, and a power indicator;
FIG. 2 contains three perspective views of the noninvasive sensors when clamped onto a metal pipe;
FIG. 2A is a perspective view of the sensors and heater when clamped onto a plastic pipe through in-molding thermal carriers;
FIG. 3 is a basic electrical schematic diagram showing the implementation of a Wheatstone bridge used to sense the energy required to balance the bridge, and to energize an LED when the detected flow rate is above an adjustable level;
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an exemplary operation of the system of the present invention, and includes a sequence of operation when employing a microprocessor controller to monitor the trip level and timer settings;
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of an exemplary operation of the system of the present invention, and includes a sequence of operation when employing a microprocessor controller to cycle heater power to conserve energy and prevent excessive heating of the pipe section;
FIG. 6 is an electrical schematic showing the placement of the temperature sensors on the pipe and amplifiers configured to detect the flow signal;
FIG. 7 is an exemplary operational flowchart showing the overall operation of the system of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention showing dual temperature sensors coupled to analog and digital circuitry, a user interface display and a valve for interrupting fluid flow through a conduit;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention showing a single sensor upstream from a heating element and having a central control unit with various inputs and outputs, alarm and mode control, and timer control. Additionally, the diagram illustrates the interface between the central control unit, the temperature sensor, and the heater;
FIGS. 10A and 10B consist of a graph and its associated data points respectively. The figures show temperature changes over time for no flow, low flow, and medium flow conditions in response to turning on the heater for a predetermined period of time when the ambient temperature is approximately 75° F.;
FIGS. 11A and 11B consist of a graph with its associated data points which shows temperature changes over time for no flow, low flow, and medium flow conditions in response to turning on the heater for a predetermined period of time when the ambient temperature is approximately 37° F.;
FIG. 12 is a diagram showing two temperature sensor packages attached to a fluid conduit system and an external environment temperature sensor connected to a signal processor to form a circuit to detect changes in fluid temperature, fluid flow rate, and external environment temperatures;
FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 12 showing an external environment temperature sensor and two temperature sensor packages coupled to analog and digital circuitry, a user interface display and three valves for controlling fluid flow.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
This invention relates to an electronic thermal monitor system intended to measure fluid flow within a conduit or pipe, by clamping directly to the outside of a pipe or onto a thermally conductive heat transfer medium between the fluid and the system. Referring to FIG. 1, the present invention is suitable for application of leak detection technology into a structure 100 having a water inlet 101, a water leak monitor 102, and a shut off valve 120. The water leak monitor 102 includes a power indicator 104, a timer set 105 with an indicator 106, and a trip level set 108 with an indicator 110. Sensitivity adjustment 109 provides a user the ability to adjust the sensitivity of the device. A reset button 107 is provided to allow for the system to be reset after an alarm condition has been generated.
In an exemplary embodiment, this invention is discussed in conjunction with a typical thin wall copper pipe section commonly found in commercial and residential plumbing systems that form the water supply line. Since copper is an excellent conductor of temperature, this meter infers the water temperature by measuring the outside skin temperature of the pipe section. Another embodiment is to measure fluid flow within a confined conduit whereby the thermally conductive transfer medium is embedded within the conduit and allows for unimpeded and low heat measurements of fluids such as gasoline, diesel oil, liquid slurries, as well as gases such as air or nitrogen.
The thermal conduction means in the exemplary embodiment are clamps which mount to the pipe and form not only a mechanical connection between the meter and the pipe, but a thermal connection as well. The clamps are designed to transfer heat to and from the meter and the water within the pipe. The pipe may be any shape to contain the fluid and allow a thermal conduction means to the fluid within.
In the exemplary embodiment there is one upstream temperature reference clamp that contains an integrated temperature sensing element, such as a thermistor, thermocouple, or resistance temperature detector (“RTD”), which reads the current temperature of the pipe and fluid within. A second sensor clamp, mounted downstream from the reference, also contains an integrated temperature sensing element and a resistive heater which transfers heat energy into the pipe and the water within. This clamp performs the actual flow rate measurement.
Referring to FIG. 2, the clamps are comprised of a heat sink mount or “shoe” 202 and 207 which partially wraps around the outside diameter of the copper pipe 200, and are retained by spring clips 203 and 206 to keep them firmly pressed onto the pipe 200. The sensor/heat shoe 207 has mounting holes for both the thermistor 205 and the heater 204. The reference temperature shoe 202 has mounting holes for the reference thermistor 201. Since copper pipe 200 comes in various diameters, the shoes 202 and 207 may be configured in varying sizes and widths depending on the amount of surface area that is required to perform effective temperature coupling and heater loading.
While FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary embodiment of the electronic components 201, 204, and 205 with unconnected leads, it should be noted that either a single printed circuit board will be connected to these leads or additional wires will be added to these leads to form a remote control operation.
Additionally, FIG. 2A depicts a means to transfer heat through plastic pipe 225 by in-molding thermal carriers 226 and 227 and mounting the thermistors 201 and 205 and heater 204 directly to these thermal carriers 226 and 227. This method allows this invention to operate using non-thermally conductive materials such as plastic, Teflon, ABS, PVC, etc.
Referring to FIG. 3, as the heater R17 increases in temperature, the thermally coupled thermistor R11 senses the temperature change and adjusts the servo amp U1A to maintain the equilibrium of the Wheatstone Bridge circuit by modulating the power transistor Q1. The power transistor Q1 will either add or subtract power to the heater R17 to maintain the Wheatstone Bridge in balance. This system forms a closed loop feedback when the servo amp U1A reads the reference temperature thermistor R10, adds in the sensitivity bias voltage U1D, and then compares it to the current flow R11 temperature. This operation allows the reference thermistor R10 to adjust the circuit for any changes in incoming water temperature and allows the heater R17 to provide a constant temperature above the incoming water main as set by the sensitivity adjustment R5. Greater water flows require more heat to maintain this temperature difference and it is the amount of power consumed by the heater, to balance the bridge, which is read by the comparator U1C, to establish a flow trip threshold which is adjustable via resistor R1. If heater power increases above the preset trip threshold, the comparator U1C will activate and glow the TRIP LED D2 which, in other embodiments, may also be connected to a micro-controller to monitor flow and time.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart that describes an embodiment with a sequence of operations when employing a microprocessor controller to monitor the trip level and timer settings. When the trip level is exceeded, a counter is continuously incremented until it matches the timeout setting at which time the alarm output is activated. In this example, the alarm will automatically cancel once the trip value falls below the trip threshold, however some installations require latching the alarm on when tripped so it will remain active after the flow has been shut-off by employing an electric water shut-off valve 120 (not shown). The alarm output can be hard wired to existing commercial alarm panels. The alarm output signal may also drive a low power RF transmitter and pass its status via wireless signal.
Referring to FIG. 5, the micro-controller may also be configured to cycle heater power to conserve energy and prevent excessive heating of the copper pipe section. Detection of the leak will still occur when the unit powers up and performs its leak tests over time. After the system wakes up and applies power to the heaters, the system will go into normal operation.
FIG. 6 is an electrical schematic showing the placement of the flow sensor 610 clamped to a water pipe (conduit) 611, and amplifiers 614 and 616 configured to form a circuit to detect the variations in the resistance of the flow sensor 610 produced by the flow of fluid 625 through the conduit 211. The amplifiers 614 and 616 feed their signals into Analog to Digital Converters 619 and 620 to create a digital representation of the flow signals. The digital representations are then fed to a microprocessor 621 where they are analyzed to determine the flow rate by comparing the flow data to the data stored in the control ROM and flash memory 622. The microprocessor 621 will then perform various functions 624, such as energize a relay, illuminate an LED, or create an audible alarm, based on the measured flow rate as compared to the data stored in memory 622. The microprocessor 621 will also sense the amount of current flow through the flow sensor 610 and adjust it as necessary to maintain a constant electrical current through the flow sensor 610.
FIG. 7 is an exemplary operational flowchart showing the overall operation of the system of the present invention and is generally referred to as item 250. At the start of the operation 252, the sensor is deenergized to allow it to cool to ambient temperature and establish a baseline temperature for use in future calculations 254. The sensor is then heated to a reference temperature plus an offset temperature 256. If the temperature has not been calibrated 258, then the system will reset the accumulator and alarms 260 and to check to see if the flow timer has expired 262. If the flow timer has expired 262, the system will reset the flow timer 264 then restart the process 254. If the flow timer has not expired 262, the system will go to step 256 to heat the sensor 256.
If the temperature has been calibrated 258, then the system will check for the presence of a time delay 266. If the delay time value has not been reached, the system will return to step 256 to continue heating the RTD. If the delay time value has been reached 266, the system will add time to the accumulator and record flow 268. If the accumulator has not reached its maximum value 270, the system will return to step 256 where it will continue to heat the RTD. If the accumulator has reached its maximum value 270, the system will compare the calculated flow to the flow trip point 272. If the trip point has not been reached 272, the system will return to step 268 where it will add time to the accumulator and record flow. If the trip point has been reached 272, the system will activate functions such as an alarm, an indicator, and automatic valve closure 274. It should be appreciated by someone skilled in the art that many different functions may be controlled by the system and the functions listed above are not the exclusive functions of the system.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention and is generally designated 300. This diagram shows a clamp on temperature sensor package 306 which includes dual temperature sensors 324 and 326 separated by a known distance 328. The temperature sensor package 306 is coupled to a controller 302 having both analog 318 and digital 312 circuitry, and equipped with a user interface display 304 and a valve 308 for interrupting the flow of water through a pipe or conduit 310 should a leak be detected. The controller 302 has an internal power supply 321, a microprocessor 314 with memory 316, and interface circuits to control such things as the isolation valve 308, temperature sensor package 306, and the display unit 304. The display 304 utilizes a microcontroller 331 to control the user display panel 330, and external interfaces 332 such as telephone, internet, and alarm.
An Alternative Embodiment
Now referring to FIG. 9, an alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown and is generally designated 500. This embodiment consists of one temperature sensor 520, such as a RTD, thermistor, or thermocouple, clamped onto a pipe or conduit 524 and a heating element 518 mounted a distance 522 downstream from the temperature sensor 520. The temperature sensor 520 and heating element 518 are both wrapped or covered with an insulation material 516 thereby increasing the accuracy and sensitivity of the system.
This alternative embodiment uses heat conduction, propagation, and time to determine if there is liquid flow within an enclosed metallic conduit 524. FIGS. 10A, 10B, 11A, and 11B consist of graphs and the associated data points of temperature response to a known amount of heat energy added to a conduit having a no flow, low flow, and medium flow condition. The graphs and data points are for a warm test and cold test respectively. Two elements are required to electrically perform this function. One is a temperature sensor 520, either analog or digital, and the other is a resistive heater band 518 which wraps around the outside diameter of the conduit 524. It should be noted that the heater 518 and sensor 520 are separated by a short distance 522, such as 1′′ to 3′′, in order to create more average heating across the conduit 524 cross section, and also allow the internal flowing liquid 534 to carry away the conducted heat via convection cooling of the conduit 524 itself.
In normal operation, this embodiment works in an intermittent operation. After a calibrated time has elapsed, the heater 518 becomes energized, which forces heat energy into the conduit 524. The controller 502 would read the temperature sensor 520 just prior to heater 518 activation, and stored that value for further calculations. Conducted heat from the metallic conduit 524 will readily propagate from the center of the heat source 518 and outward eventually reaching the temperature sensor 522. The amount of time it takes for the heat to propagate to the temperature sensor 520 is recorded in the controller 502 and is a direct function of the liquid flow 534 within the conduit 524. Long propagation times reflect large effective flow rates.
The heater power is removed after a predetermined “no-flow” condition timer expires. The controller 502 will continue to read the temperature sensor 520 to continually analyze the heat propagation and lock onto a value that represents the peak temperature attained. This value is also a direct function of the liquid flow 534 within the conduit 524. Higher peak temperatures represent low effective flow rates, as the heater 518 is simply creating a no flow “pocket” of liquid, with little to no convective forces to carry away the applied heat energy.
Finally, after a predetermined amount of time has elapsed, the controller 502 acquires one final reading from the temperature sensor 520 and compares it to the previously saved value before the heater 518 was activated. The ratio of the before and after temperature readings is also a direct function of the liquid flow 534 within the conduit 524. The closer the two values are, the greater the effective flow rate is within the conduit 524 as the flowing liquid 534 is restoring the ambient fluid temperature to nullify the effects of the previously added heat energy.
All of the calculated temperature and time variables are scored within an algorithm that normalizes the effective flow rate with respect to ambient temperature and conduit/heater 524/518 thermal conductivity. The calculated score determines the liquid flow 534 rate, then the controller 502 records that rate, powers down for a short period of time as determined by the Master Time value 526, and allows the heater 518 and temperature sensor 520 to return to ambient conditions through natural convection.
As the system continues to move through heating and cooling cycles, the running status is accumulated. If the flow rate over all the cycles has not provided a single “no-flow” score, the system will enter an alarm state where it will either activate a relay 514, create an audible alert 512, or do both. The alarm may be cancelled by stopping the fluid flow or by switching to another mode of operation 510, either HOME or AWAY, which effectively resets all timers and scoring status results.
The heater 518 and temperature sensor 520 must be property affixed to the conduit 524 to ensure consistent results over a long period of time measured in years. The heater 518 is a flexible silicone band which can wrap around the conduit 524 and be held in place with a self adhesive vulcanizing wrapping tape specifically designed to seal out moisture and provide continuous pressure on the heater 518 ensuring optimal thermal conductivity over time. It is to be appreciated by someone skilled in the art that many heater 518 designs exist that will satisfy the requirements of the system. The temperature sensor 520 also requires the same treatment during installation to ensure that the conduit 524 temperature is properly reported. It is also imperative that the entire heater/sensor 518/520 section, and a few inches beyond, be enclosed in thermal insulation 516. This prevents ambient or environmental air currents from affecting the calibrated flow readings by heating or cooling effects that are not the direct result of the fluid flow 534 within the conduit 524.
Intermittent operation of the heater 518 is required to provide the extended “no-flow” time period with an opportunity equilibrate with ambient conditions. Otherwise, the heater 518 and temperature sensor 520 would create a localized “hot water heater” within the test section of the conduit 524. Therefore, this device may not be used to measure flow rate or flow total as do other technologies, such as Thermal Mass Flow Meters. While this system is currently described to operate through a closed section of copper tubing/pipe 524, it may also operate through plastic conduit provided that the test section has in-molded metal plates or “shoes” within. The heater 518 and temperature sensor 520 requires direct thermal conduction of the fluid within in order to perform the same operation of an all-metal design.
An AC/DC power supply 504 may be used since the heater 518 requires significant energy output (>12 Watts) to perform its tests accurately and reliably. Alarm panel interfacing may also be expanded to include both wired and/or wireless operation for command/control facilities.
Installation and Calibration
This alternative embodiment of the present invention requires about 8′′-10′′ of clean copper pipe 524 to properly assemble the test section. The section of water pipe 524 selected should pass all incoming supply to the entire structure and should not be located outside where protecting the heater 518 and temperature sensor 520 elements would be impossible.
Once the heater 518 and temperature sensor 520 have been properly installed and the wiring and power have been completed, the device must be calibrated to the particular installation. Before activating the calibration function, all water flow in the test section must be halted.
The calibration function can be activated by an on-board switch, or wireless command, or a unique mode selection. During calibration, the unit will activate the heater 518. When the temperature sensor 520 records a temperature increase of 4° F.-10° F., the time which passes during this test is recorded by the controller 502 and stored for all future heater timing variables. Calibration finishes automatically and the system will be able to alert the installer if there is a problem or start performing normal operations if all is well.
This invention is a fluid flow meter with many applications and embodiments incorporating a unique method of flow measurement utilizing noninvasive thermal anemometry. The use of a Wheatstone Bridge greatly increases the system sensitivity and accuracy allowing it to be used in many applications.
Freeze Burst Detection and Prevention
FIG. 12 is a diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention and is generally designated 700. The diagram shows a primary temperature sensor package 702, attached near the inlet of a fluid conduit system 720, secondary temperature sensor package 706 attached to the fluid conduit 720 near the termination point, and an external environment temperature sensor 704, all connected to a signal processor 710 to form a circuit to detect variations in the resistance of the sensors. The resistance measurements of the temperature sensor packages 702 and 706 can be used to determine fluid temperature and fluid flow rate simultaneously. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that alternative temperature sensor packages 702 and 706 may be used utilizing alternative temperature sensing elements such as a thermistor, thermocouple, or resistance temperature detector. The resistance measurements are fed into the signal processor 710 and converted into digital signals representing flow and temperature data. The digital signals are then fed to a microprocessor 712 where they are analyzed to determine the flow rate by comparing the flow data to the data stored in the control ROM and flash memory 716, the temperature by comparing the temperature data to the data stored in the control ROM and flash memory 716, and the temperature difference between the conduit system's 720 inlet and outlet fluid temperatures by comparing the temperature data of temperature sensor packages 702 and 706.
The external environment temperature sensor 704 detects temperature changes in the external environment. The sensor 704 feeds the resistance measurements to the signal processor 710 to create a digital signal of the temperature data which is fed to a microprocessor 712 where it is analyzed to determine the temperature by comparing the temperature data to the data stored in the control ROM and flash memory 716.
The flow and temperature data from the sensors are further analyzed by the microprocessor 712 to determine the state of the fluid by comparing the flow and temperature data of the sensors to the user inputted data stored in the control ROM and flash memory 716. The microprocessor 712 will perform various functions 714, such as open a valve, energize a relay, illuminate an LED, or create an audible alarm, when the measured flow and temperature data triggers a response based on the user data stored in memory 716.
The diagram shows an isolation valve 722 for interrupting fluid flow into the conduit system 720, a relief valve 724 for releasing the flow of fluid in the system through a drainage pipe 726, and an air valve 728 to allow atmospheric air to enter into the system. Air valve 728 is located at a high point in the system and relief valve 724 is located at a low point near the end of the system. The microprocessor 712 will open relief valve 724 when a value stored in control ROM or flash memory 716 is reached by the sensors 702, 704, and/or 706. For example, at 32 degrees Fahrenheit water freezes and expands, increasing its volume. Therefore if the fluid is water and the temperature is at 32 degrees Fahrenheit a determination that the water is expanding will be made and the relief valve 724 will be opened. If the value is at or below a secondary value stored in control ROM or flash memory 716, such as severe freezing conditions for water, microprocessor 712 will close isolation valve 722 to prevent water from entering the system and open relief valve 724 to evacuate the water in the system. The air valve 726 is then opened to allow atmospheric air to enter the system to aid the evacuation of fluid and prevent the formation of a vacuum. The valves will be installed in locations to allow the most efficient fluid flow through the system. The control ROM and flash memory 716 can store several values for different trigger points such as the temperature difference between inlet and outlet fluid temperatures.
FIG. 13 is a diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 12 and is generally designated 800. This diagram shows primary clamp on temperature sensor package 806 which includes dual temperature sensors 824 and 826 separated by a known distance, secondary temperature sensor package 840 which includes dual temperature sensors 842 and 844 separated by a known distance, and an external environment temperature sensor 827. The primary temperature sensor package 806, secondary temperature sensor package 840, and external environment temperature sensor 827 is coupled to a controller 802 having both analog 818 and digital 812 circuitry, and equipped with a user interface display 804 and an isolation valve 808 for interrupting the flow of water through a pipe or conduit system 810 should a leak be detected, a relief valve 809 for releasing the flow of water in a pipe or conduit system 810 through a drainage pipe 807 should excess pressure be detected, and an air valve 846 to open the system to the atmosphere. Isolation valve 808 is installed near the inlet of the conduit system 810, air valve 846 is installed at a high point in the system, and relief valve 809 is at a low point near the end of the system. The location of the valves will allow the most efficient fluid flow through the system.
The controller 802 has an internal power supply 821, a microprocessor 814 with memory 816, and interface circuits to control such things as the isolation valve 808, relief valve 809, air valve 846, primary temperature sensor package 806, secondary temperature sensor package 840, external environment temperature sensor 827, and the display unit 804. The display unit 804 utilizes a microcontroller 831 to control the user display panel 830, and external interfaces 832 such as telephone, internet, and alarm. While there have been shown what are presently considered to be preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

## Claims

1. A fluid leak detector for detecting leakage in a pressurized fluid system having a closed fluid conduit, the fluid leak detector comprising:
a first sensor non-invasively in thermal communication with the outside of said conduit and capable of sensing the ambient temperature of the fluid within said conduit;
a second sensor non-invasively in thermal communication with the outside of said conduit;
a heater non-invasively thermally coupled to the second sensor responsive to a drive signal to elevate the temperature of said second sensor;
an adjustable Wheatstone bridge circuit comprising the first sensor, the second sensor, a first output, and a second output;
a servo amplifier having an output configured to drive the heater, the servo amplifier responsive to the bridge circuit's first output and second output such that the servo amplifier drives the heater to balance the bridge circuit;
a means for detecting the flow of fluid through said conduit;
a relief valve configured to allow fluid to flow out from said pressurized fluid system when open;
an isolation valve configured to prevent additional fluid from entering said pressurized fluid system when closed;
an external environment temperature sensor;
a microprocessor in communication with said first sensor, said second sensor, and said external environment temperature sensor;
a memory in communication with said microprocessor;
a first temperature threshold stored in said memory;
a second temperature threshold stored in said memory;
wherein said microprocessor is configured to open said relief valve when output of said first sensor, said second sensor, or said external environment temperature sensor reaches said first temperature threshold; and
wherein said microprocessor is configured to close said isolation valve and open said relief valve when output of said first sensor, said second sensor, or said external environment temperature sensor reaches said second temperature threshold.

2. The fluid leak detector of claim 1, further comprising an analog to digital converter in communication with said second sensor and said means for detecting the flow of fluid through said conduit, said analog to digital converter configured to sense said elevated temperature and generate a corresponding digital signal to said means for detecting.

3. The fluid leak detector of claim 2, further comprising a means for comparing said digital signal corresponding to said elevated temperature to a predetermined value.

4. The fluid leak detector of claim 3, further comprising an analog to digital converter in communication with said first sensor and said means for detecting the flow of fluid through said conduit, said analog to digital converter configured to sense said ambient temperature and generate a corresponding digital signal to said means for detecting.

5. The fluid leak detector of claim 2, further comprising a means for comparing said digital signal corresponding to said ambient temperature to a predetermined value.

6. The fluid leak detector of claim 1 wherein said first sensor is mounted upstream from said second sensor.

7. The fluid leak detector of claim 1, further comprising:
a shutoff valve in communication with said means for detecting fluid flow through said conduit, and responsive to a signal from said means for detecting to interrupt said fluid flow through said conduit.

8. A fluid leak detector for detecting leakage in a pressurized fluid system having a closed fluid conduit, the fluid leak detector comprising:
a first sensor non-invasively in thermal communication with the outside of said conduit and capable of sensing the ambient temperature of the fluid within said conduit;
a second sensor non-invasively in thermal communication with the outside of said conduit;
a heater non-invasively thermally coupled to the second sensor responsive to a drive signal to elevate the temperature of said second sensor;
an adjustable Wheatstone bridge circuit comprising the first sensor, the second sensor, a first output, and a second output;
a servo amplifier having an output configured to drive the heater, the servo amplifier responsive to the bridge circuit's first output and second output such that the servo amplifier drives the heater to balance the bridge circuit;
a means for detecting the flow of fluid through said conduit;
a relief valve configured to allow fluid to flow out from said pressurized fluid system when open;
an isolation valve configured to prevent additional fluid from entering said pressurized fluid system when closed;
an external environment temperature sensor;
a microprocessor in communication with said first sensor, said second sensor, and said external environment temperature sensor;
a memory in communication with said microprocessor;
a telephone device;
an internet interface;
a display in communication with said means for detecting, configured to display a status indicator of said fluid leak detector;
a first temperature threshold stored in said memory;
a second temperature threshold stored in said memory;
wherein said microprocessor is configured to open said relief valve when output of said first sensor, said second sensor, or said external environment temperature sensor reaches said first temperature threshold,
wherein said microprocessor is configured to close said isolation valve and open said relief valve when output of said first sensor, said second sensor, or said external environment temperature sensor reaches said second temperature threshold, and
wherein said telephone device is configured to alert an individual with a telephone when a problem is detected.