11.6 Portland Cement Manufacturing

11.6.1 Process Description1-7

Portland cement is a fine powder, gray or white in color, that consists of a mixture of

hydraulic cement materials comprising primarily calcium silicates, aluminates and aluminoferrites.

More than 30 raw materials are known to be used in the manufacture of portland cement, and these

materials can be divided into four distinct categories: calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous, and

ferrifrous. These materials are chemically combined through pyroprocessing and subjected to

subsequent mechanical processing operations to form gray and white portland cement. Gray portland

cement is used for structural applications and is the more common type of cement produced. White

portland cement has lower iron and manganese contents than gray portland cement and is used

primarily for decorative purposes. Portland cement manufacturing plants are part of hydraulic cement

manufacturing, which also includes natural, masonry, and pozzolanic cement. The six-digit Source

Classification Code (SCC) for portland cement plants with wet process kilns is 3-05-006, and the

six-digit SCC for plants with dry process kilns is 3-05-007.

Portland cement accounts for 95 percent of the hydraulic cement production in the United

States. The balance of domestic cement production is primarily masonry cement. Both of these

materials are produced in portland cement manufacturing plants. A diagram of the process, which

encompasses production of both portland and masonry cement, is shown in Figure 11.6-1. As shown

in the figure, the process can be divided into the following primary components: raw materials

acquisition and handling, kiln feed preparation, pyroprocessing, and finished cement grinding. Each of

these process components is described briefly below. The primary focus of this discussion is on

pyroprocessing operations, which constitute the core of a portland cement plant.

The initial production step in portland cement manufacturing is raw materials acquisition.

Calcium, the element of highest concentration in portland cement, is obtained from a variety of

calcareous raw materials, including limestone, chalk, marl, sea shells, aragonite, and an impure

limestone known as "natural cement rock". Typically, these raw materials are obtained from open-face

quarries, but underground mines or dredging operations are also used. Raw materials vary from

facility to facility. Some quarries produce relatively pure limestone that requires the use of additional

raw materials to provide the correct chemical blend in the raw mix. In other quarries, all or part of

the noncalcarious constituents are found naturally in the limestone. Occasionally, pockets of pyrite,

which can significantly increase emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), are found in deposits of limestone,

clays, and shales used as raw materials for portland cement. Because a large fraction (approximately

one third) of the mass of this primary material is lost as carbon dioxide (CO2) in the kiln, portland

cement plants are located close to a calcareous raw material source whenever possible. Other elements

included in the raw mix are silicon, aluminum, and iron. These materials are obtained from ores and

minerals such as sand, shale, clay, and iron ore. Again, these materials are most commonly from

open-pit quarries or mines, but they may be dredged or excavated from underwater deposits.

Either gypsum or natural anhydrite, both of which are forms of calcium sulfate, is introduced

to the process during the finish grinding operations described below. These materials, also excavated

from quarries or mines, are generally purchased from an external source, rather than obtained directly

from a captive operation by the cement plant. The portland cement manufacturing industry is relying

increasingly on replacing virgin materials with waste materials or byproducts from other manufacturing

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-1
Figure 11.6-1. Process flow diagram for portland cement manufacturing.

(SCC = Source Classification Code.)

11.6-2 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
operations, to the extent that such replacement can be implemented without adversely affecting plant

operations, product quality or the environment. Materials that have been used include fly ash, mill

scale, and metal smelting slags.

The second step in portland cement manufacture is preparing the raw mix, or kiln feed, for the

pyroprocessing operation. Raw material preparation includes a variety of blending and sizing

operations that are designed to provide a feed with appropriate chemical and physical properties. The

raw material processing operations differ somewhat for wet and dry processes, as described below.

Cement raw materials are received with an initial moisture content varying from 1 to more

than 50 percent. If the facility uses dry process kilns, this moisture is usually reduced to less than

1 percent before or during grinding. Drying alone can be accomplished in impact dryers, drum dryers,

paddle-equipped rapid dryers, air separators, or autogenous mills. However, drying can also be

accomplished during grinding in ball-and-tube mills or roller mills. While thermal energy for drying

can be supplied by exhaust gases from separate, direct-fired coal, oil, or gas burners, the most efficient

and widely used source of heat for drying is the hot exit gases from the pyroprocessing system.

Materials transport associated with dry raw milling systems can be accomplished by a variety

of mechanisms, including screw conveyors, belt conveyors, drag conveyors, bucket elevators, air slide

conveyors, and pneumatic conveying systems. The dry raw mix is pneumatically blended and stored

in specially constructed silos until it is fed to the pyroprocessing system.

In the wet process, water is added to the raw mill during the grinding of the raw materials in

ball or tube mills, thereby producing a pumpable slurry, or slip, of approximately 65 percent solids.

The slurry is agitated, blended, and stored in various kinds and sizes of cylindrical tanks or slurry

basins until it is fed to the pyroprocessing system.

The heart of the portland cement manufacturing process is the pyroprocessing system. This

system transforms the raw mix into clinkers, which are gray, glass-hard, spherically shaped nodules

that range from 0.32 to 5.1 centimeters (cm) (0.125 to 2.0 inches [in.]) in diameter. The chemical

reactions and physical processes that constitute the transformation are quite complex, but they can be

viewed conceptually as the following sequential events:

1. Evaporation of free water;

2. Evolution of combined water in the argillaceous components;

3. Calcination of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to calcium oxide (CaO);

4. Reaction of CaO with silica to form dicalcium silicate;

5. Reaction of CaO with the aluminum and iron-bearing constituents to form the liquid

phase;

6. Formation of the clinker nodules;

7. Evaporation of volatile constituents (e. g., sodium, potassium, chlorides, and sulfates);

and

8. Reaction of excess CaO with dicalcium silicate to form tricalcium silicate.

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-3
This sequence of events may be conveniently divided into four stages, as a function of location

and temperature of the materials in the rotary kiln.

1. Evaporation of uncombined water from raw materials, as material temperature increases to

100°C (212°F);

2. Dehydration, as the material temperature increases from 100°C to approximately 430°C

(800°F) to form oxides of silicon, aluminum, and iron;

3. Calcination, during which carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved, between 900°C (1650°F) and

982°C (1800°F), to form CaO; and

4. Reaction, of the oxides in the burning zone of the rotary kiln, to form cement clinker at

temperatures of approximately 1510°C (2750°F).

Rotary kilns are long, cylindrical, slightly inclined furnaces that are lined with refractory to

protect the steel shell and retain heat within the kiln. The raw material mix enters the kiln at the

elevated end, and the combustion fuels generally are introduced into the lower end of the kiln in a

countercurrent manner. The materials are continuously and slowly moved to the lower end by rotation

of the kiln. As they move down the kiln, the raw materials are changed to cementitious or hydraulic

minerals as a result of the increasing temperature within the kiln. The most commonly used kiln fuels

are coal, natural gas, and occasionally oil. The use of supplemental fuels such as waste solvents, scrap

rubber, and petroleum coke has expanded in recent years.

Five different processes are used in the portland cement industry to accomplish the

pyroprocessing step: the wet process, the dry process (long dry process), the semidry process, the dry

process with a preheater, and the dry process with a preheater/precalciner. Each of these processes

accomplishes the physical/chemical steps defined above. However, the processes vary with respect to

equipment design, method of operation, and fuel consumption. Generally, fuel consumption decreases

in the order of the processes listed. The paragraphs below briefly describe the process, starting with

the wet process and then noting differences in the other processes.

In the wet process and long dry process, all of the pyroprocessing activity occurs in the rotary

kiln. Depending on the process type, kilns have length-to-diameter ratios in the range of 15:1 to 40:1.

While some wet process kilns may be as long as 210 m (700 ft), many wet process kilns and all dry

process kilns are shorter. Wet process and long dry process pyroprocessing systems consist solely of

the simple rotary kiln. Usually, a system of chains is provided at the feed end of the kiln in the

drying or preheat zones to improve heat transfer from the hot gases to the solid materials. As the kiln

rotates, the chains are raised and exposed to the hot gases. Further kiln rotation causes the hot chains

to fall into the cooler materials at the bottom of the kiln, thereby transferring the heat to the load.

Dry process pyroprocessing systems have been improved in thermal efficiency and productive

capacity through the addition of one or more cyclone-type preheater vessels in the gas stream exiting

the rotary kiln. This system is called the preheater process. The vessels are arranged vertically, in

series, and are supported by a structure known as the preheater tower. Hot exhaust gases from the

rotary kiln pass countercurrently through the downward-moving raw materials in the preheater vessels.

Compared to the simple rotary kiln, the heat transfer rate is significantly increased, the degree of heat

utilization is greater, and the process time is markedly reduced by the intimate contact of the solid

particles with the hot gases. The improved heat transfer allows the length of the rotary kiln to be

reduced. The hot gases from the preheater tower are often used as a source of heat for drying raw

materials in the raw mill. Because the catch from the mechanical collectors, fabric filters, and/or

11.6-4 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
electrostatic precipitators (ESP) that follow the raw mill is returned to the process, these devices are

considered to be production machines as well as pollution control devices.

Additional thermal efficiencies and productivity gains have been achieved by diverting some

fuel to a calciner vessel at the base of the preheater tower. This system is called the

preheater/precalciner process. While a substantial amount of fuel is used in the precalciner, at least

40 percent of the thermal energy is required in the rotary kiln. The amount of fuel that is introduced

to the calciner is determined by the availability and source of the oxygen for combustion in the

calciner. Calciner systems sometimes use lower-quality fuels (e. g., less-volatile matter) as a means of

improving process economics.

Preheater and precalciner kiln systems often have an alkali bypass system between the feed

end of the rotary kiln and the preheater tower to remove the undesirable volatile constituents.

Otherwise, the volatile constituents condense in the preheater tower and subsequently recirculate to the

kiln. Buildup of these condensed materials can restrict process and gas flows. The alkali content of

portland cement is often limited by product specifications because excessive alkali metals (i. e.,

sodium and potassium) can cause deleterious reactions in concrete. In a bypass system, a portion of

the kiln exit gas stream is withdrawn and quickly cooled by air or water to condense the volatile

constituents to fine particles. The solid particles, containing the undesirable volatile constituents, are

removed from the gas stream and thus the process by fabric filters and ESPs.

The semidry process is a variation of the dry process. In the semidry process, the water is

added to the dry raw mix in a pelletizer to form moist nodules or pellets. The pellets then are

conveyed on a moving grate preheater before being fed to the rotary kiln. The pellets are dried and

partially calcined by hot kiln exhaust gases passing through the moving grate.

Regardless of the type of pyroprocess used, the last component of the pyroprocessing system is

the clinker cooler. This process step recoups up to 30 percent of the heat input to the kiln system,

locks in desirable product qualities by freezing mineralogy, and makes it possible to handle the cooled

clinker with conventional conveying equipment. The more common types of clinker coolers are

(1) reciprocating grate, (2) planetary, and (3) rotary. In these coolers, the clinker is cooled from about

1100°C to 93°C (2000°F to 200°F) by ambient air that passes through the clinker and into the rotary

kiln for use as combustion air. However, in the reciprocating grate cooler, lower clinker discharge

temperatures are achieved by passing an additional quantity of air through the clinker. Because this

additional air cannot be utilized in the kiln for efficient combustion, it is vented to the atmosphere,

used for drying coal or raw materials, or used as a combustion air source for the precalciner.

The final step in portland cement manufacturing involves a sequence of blending and grinding

operations that transforms clinker to finished portland cement. Up to 5 percent gypsum or natural

anhydrite is added to the clinker during grinding to control the cement setting time, and other specialty

chemicals are added as needed to impart specific product properties. This finish milling is

accomplished almost exclusively in ball or tube mills. Typically, finishing is conducted in a closedcircuit system, with product sizing by air separation.

11.6.2 Emissions And Controls1,3-7

Particulate matter (PM and PM-10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon

monoxide (CO), and CO2 are the primary emissions in the manufacture of portland cement. Small

quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOC), ammonia (NH3), chlorine, and hydrogen chloride

(HCl), also may be emitted. Emissions may also include residual materials from the fuel and raw

materials or products of incomplete combustion that are considered to be hazardous. Because some

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-5
facilities burn waste fuels, particularly spent solvents in the kiln, these systems also may emit small

quantities of additional hazardous organic pollutants. Also, raw material feeds and fuels typically

contain trace amounts of heavy metals that may be emitted as a particulate or vapor.

Sources of PM at cement plants include (1) quarrying and crushing, (2) raw material storage,

(3) grinding and blending (in the dry process only), (4) clinker production, (5) finish grinding, and

(6) packaging and loading. The largest emission source of PM within cement plants is the

pyroprocessing system that includes the kiln and clinker cooler exhaust stacks. Often, dust from the

kiln is collected and recycled into the kiln, thereby producing clinker from the dust. However, if the

alkali content of the raw materials is too high, some or all of the dust is discarded or leached before

being returned to the kiln. In many instances, the maximum allowable cement alkali content of

0.6 percent (calculated as sodium oxide) restricts the amount of dust that can be recycled. Bypass

systems sometimes have a separate exhaust stack. Additional sources of PM are raw material storage

piles, conveyors, storage silos, and unloading facilities. Emissions from portland cement plants

constructed or modified after August 17, 1971 are regulated to limit PM emissions from portland

cement kilns to 0.15 kg/Mg (0.30 lb/ton) of feed (dry basis), and to limit PM emissions from clinker

coolers to 0.050 kg/Mg (0.10 lb/ton) of feed (dry basis).

Oxides of nitrogen are generated during fuel combustion by oxidation of chemically-bound

nitrogen in the fuel and by thermal fixation of nitrogen in the combustion air. As flame temperature

increases, the amount of thermally generated NOx increases. The amount of NOx generated from fuel

increases with the quantity of nitrogen in the fuel. In the cement manufacturing process, NOx is

generated in both the burning zone of the kiln and the burning zone of a precalcining vessel. Fuel use

affects the quantity and type of NOx generated. For example, in the kiln, natural gas combustion with

a high flame temperature and low fuel nitrogen generates a larger quantity of NOx than does oil or

coal, which have higher fuel nitrogen but which burn with lower flame temperatures. The opposite

may be true in a precalciner. Types of fuels used vary across the industry. Historically, some

combination of coal, oil, and natural gas was used, but over the last 15 years, most plants have

switched to coal, which generates less NOx than does oil or gas. However, in recent years a number

of plants have switched to systems that burn a combination of coal and waste fuel. The effect of

waste fuel use on NOx emissions is not clearly established.

Sulfur dioxide may be generated both from the sulfur compounds in the raw materials and

from sulfur in the fuel. The sulfur content of both raw materials and fuels varies from plant to plant

and with geographic location. However, the alkaline nature of the cement provides for direct

absorption of SO2 into the product, thereby mitigating the quantity of SO2 emissions in the exhaust

stream. Depending on the process and the source of the sulfur, SO2 absorption ranges from about

70 percent to more than 95 percent.

The CO2 emissions from portland cement manufacturing are generated by two mechanisms.

As with most high-temperature, energy-intensive industrial processes, combusting fuels to generate

process energy releases substantial quantities of CO2. Substantial quantities of CO2 also are generated

through calcining of limestone or other calcareous material. This calcining process thermally

decomposes CaCO3 to CaO and CO2. Typically, portland cement contains the equivalent of about

63.5 percent CaO. Consequently, about 1.135 units of CaCO3 are required to produce 1 unit of

cement, and the amount of CO2 released in the calcining process is about 500 kilograms (kg) per Mg

of portland cement produced (1,000 pounds [lb] per ton of cement). Total CO2 emissions from the

pyroprocess depend on energy consumption and generally fall in the range of 0.85 to 1.35 Mg of CO2

per Mg of clinker.

11.6-6 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
In addition to CO2 emissions, fuel combustion at portland cement plants can emit a wide range

of pollutants in smaller quantities. If the combustion reactions do not reach completion, CO and

volatile organic pollutants, typically measured as total organic compounds (TOC), VOC, or organic

condensable particulate, can be emitted. Incomplete combustion also can lead to emissions of specific

hazardous organic air pollutants, although these pollutants are generally emitted at substantially lower

levels than CO or TOC.

Emissions of metal compounds from portland cement kilns can be grouped into three general

classes: volatile metals, including mercury (Hg) and thallium (Tl); semivolatile metals, including

antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), and sodium (Na);

and refractory or nonvolatile metals, including barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni),

vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag). Although the partitioning of these

metal groups is affected by kiln operating conditions, the refractory metals tend to concentrate in the

clinker, while the volatile and semivolatile metals tend to be discharged through the primary exhaust

stack and the bypass stack, respectively.

Fugitive dust sources in the industry include quarrying and mining operations, vehicle traffic

during mineral extraction and at the manufacturing site, raw materials storage piles, and clinker storage

piles. The measures used to control emissions from these fugitive dust sources are comparable to

those used throughout the mineral products industries. Vehicle traffic controls include paving and road

wetting. Controls that are applied to other open dust sources include water sprays with and without

surfactants, chemical dust suppressants, wind screens, and process modifications to reduce drop heights

or enclose storage operations. Additional information on these control measures can be found in

Chapter 13 of AP-42, "Miscellaneous Sources".

Process fugitive emission sources include materials handling and transfer, raw milling

operations in dry process facilities, and finish milling operations. Typically, emissions from these

processes are captured by a ventilation system and collected in fabric filters. Some facilities use an air

pollution control system comprising one or more mechanical collectors with a fabric filter in series.

Because the dust from these units is returned to the process, they are considered to be process units as

well as air pollution control devices. The industry uses shaker, reverse air, and pulse jet filters as well

as some cartridge units, but most newer facilities use pulse jet filters. For process fugitive operations,

the different systems are reported to achieve typical outlet PM loadings of 45 milligrams per cubic

meter (mg/m3

) (0.02 grains per actual cubic foot [gr/acf]).

In the pyroprocessing units, PM emissions are controlled by fabric filters (reverse air, pulse jet,

or pulse plenum) and electrostatic precipitators (ESP). Typical control measures for the kiln exhaust

are reverse air fabric filters with an air-to-cloth ratio of 0.41:1 m3/min/m2 (1.5:1 acfm/ft2) and ESP

with a net surface collection area of 1,140 to 1,620 m2/1,000 m3 (350 to 500 ft2/1,000 ft3). These

systems are reported to achieve outlet PM loadings of 45 mg/m3 (0.02 gr/acf). Clinker cooler systems

are controlled most frequently with pulse jet or pulse plenum fabric filters. A few gravel bed filters

also have been used to control clinker cooler emissions. Typical outlet PM loadings are identical to

those reported for kilns.

Cement kiln systems have highly alkaline internal environments that can absorb up to

95 percent of potential SO2 emissions. However, in systems that have sulfide sulfur (pyrites) in the

kiln feed, the sulfur absorption rate may be as low as 70 percent without unique design considerations

or changes in raw materials. The cement kiln system itself has been determined to provide substantial

SO2 control. Fabric filters on cement kilns are also reported to absorb SO2. Generally, substantial

control is not achieved. An absorbing reagent (e. g., CaO) must be present in the filter cake for SO2

capture to occur. Without the presence of water, which is undesirable in the operation of a fabric

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-7
filter, CaCO3 is not an absorbing reagent. It has been observed that as much as 50 percent of the SO2

can be removed from the pyroprocessing system exhaust gases when this gas stream is used in a raw

mill for heat recovery and drying. In this case, moisture and calcium carbonate are simultaneously

present for sufficient time to accomplish the chemical reaction with SO2.

Tables 11.6-1 and 11.6-2 present emission factors for PM emissions from portland cement

manufacturing kilns and clinker coolers. Tables 11.6-3 and 11.6-4 present emission factors for PM

emissions from raw material and product processing and handling. Particle size distributions for

emissions from wet process and dry process kilns are presented in Table 11.6-5, and Table 11.6-6

presents the particle size distributions for emissions from clinker coolers. Emission factors for SO2,

NOx, CO, CO2, and TOC emissions from portland cement kilns are summarized in Tables 11.6-7 and

11.6-8. Table 11.6-9 summarizes emission factors for other pollutant emissions from portland cement

kilns.

Because of differences in the sulfur content of the raw material and fuel and in process

operations, a mass balance for sulfur may yield a more representative emission factor for a specific

facility than the SO2 emission factors presented in Tables 11.6-7 and 11.6-8. In addition, CO2

emission factors estimated using a mass balance on carbon may be more representative for a specific

facility than the CO2 emission factors presented in Tables 11.6-7 and 11.6-8.

11.6-8 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
Table 11.6-1 (Metric Units). EMISSION FACTORS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURIN

KILNS AND CLINKER COOLERSa

Process

Filterableb Condensable

PM

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING Inorganic

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING O

Wet process kiln

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

65d D 16e D ND 

Wet process kiln with ESP

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

0.38f C 0.33g D 0.076h D 

Wet process kiln with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

0.23j E ND 0.10j E 

Wet process kiln with cooling tower,

multiclone, and ESP(SCC 3-05-007-06)

0.10k E ND 0.14k E 

Dry process kiln with ESP

(SCC 3-05-006-06)

0.50

m D ND 0.19

m D 

Dry process kiln with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-06)

0.10n D 0.084p D 0.45n D 

Preheater kiln

(SCC 3-05-006-22)

130q D ND ND 

Preheater kiln with ESP

(SCC 3-05-006-22)

0.13r D ND ND 

Preheater kiln with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-22)

0.13s C ND 0.017t D 

Preheater/precalciner kiln with ESP

(SCC 3-05-006-23)

0.024u D ND ND 

Preheater/precalciner process kiln

with fabric filter(SCC 3-05-006-23)

0.10v D ND ND 

Preheater/precalciner process kiln

with PM controls(SCC 3-05-006-23)

ND ND 0.078

w

D 

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-9
Table 11.6-1 (cont.).

Process

Filterableb Condensable

PM

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING Inorganic

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING O

Clinker cooler with ESP

(SCC 3-05-006-14)

0.048x D ND 0.0038x D 

Clinker cooker with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-14)

0.068y D ND 0.0084z D 

Clinker cooler with gravel bed filter

(SCC 3-05-006-14)

0.11aa

D 0.084bb

D 0.0045cc

D 

a Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless, otherwise noted. Factors are kg/Mg of clinker produced, unless noted

Classification Code. ND = no data. ESP = electrostatic precipitator. b Filterable PM is that collected on or before the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent) sampling train. c Condensable PM is that collected in the impinger portion of a PM sampling train. d References 20,26. e References 3,20,26. f References 8-9,18,20,25-26,32,34-36,41-44,60,64. g References 3,8-9,18,20,25-26,32,34-36,41-44,60,64. h References 8-9,20,64. j Reference 14. k Reference 21.

m References 19,21. n Reference 23. p References 3,23. q Reference 17. r Reference 31. s References 17,47-50,61. t Reference 51. u Reference 37. v References 30,33,51,56-59,63w References 30,33,37,51,59. x Reference 8. y References 9,12,27,30,33.

z References 9,12,30.aaReferences 22,29,31bbReferences 3,22,29,31ccReferences 22,29

11.6-10 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
Table 11.6-2 (English Units). EMISSION FACTORS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURIN

KILNS AND CLINKER COOLERSa

Process

Filterableb Condensa

PM

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING Inorganic

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING 

Wet process kiln

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

130d D 31e D ND 

Wet process kiln with ESP

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

0.77f C 0.65g D 0.15h D 

Wet process kiln with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

0.46j E ND 0.20j E 

Wet process kiln with cooling tower,

multiclone, and ESP(SCC 3-05-007-06)

0.20k E ND 0.29k E 

Dry process kiln with ESP

(SCC 3-05-006-06)

1.0

m D ND 0.38

m D 

Dry process kiln with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-06)

0.20n D 0.17p D 0.89n D 

Preheater kiln

(SCC 3-05-006-22)

250q D ND ND 

Preheater kiln with ESP

(SCC 3-05-006-22)

0.26r D ND ND 

Preheater kiln with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-22)

0.25s C ND 0.033t D 

Preheater/precalciner kiln with ESP

(SCC 3-05-006-23)

0.048u D ND ND 

Preheater/precalciner process kiln

with fabric filter(SCC 3-05-006-23)

0.21v D ND ND 

Preheater/precalciner process kiln

with PM controls(SCC 3-05-006-23)

ND ND 0.16

w

D 

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-11
Table 11.6-2 (cont.).

Process

Filterableb Condensa

PM

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING Inorganic

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING 

Clinker cooler with ESP

(SCC 3-05-006-14)

0.096x D ND 0.0075x D 

Clinker cooker with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-14)

0.13y D ND 0.017z D 

Clinker cooler with gravel bed filter

(SCC 3-05-006-14)

0.21aa

D 0.16bb

D 0.0090cc

D 

a Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise noted. Factors are lb/ton of clinker produced unless noted. 

Classification Code. ND = no data. ESP = electrostatic precipitator. b Filterable PM is that collected on or before the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent) sampling train. c Condensable PM is that collected in the impinger portion of a PM sampling train. d References 20,26. e References 3,20,26. f References 8-9,18,20,25-26,32,34-36,41-44,60,64. g References 3,8-9,18,20,25-26,32,34-36,41-44,60,64. h References 8-9,20,64. j Reference 14. k Reference 21.

m References 19,21. n Reference 23. p References 3,23. q Reference 17. r Reference 31. s References 17,47-50,61. t Reference 51. u Reference 37. v References 30,33,51,56-59,63w References 30,33,37,51,59. x Reference 8. y References 9,12,27,30,33. zReferences 9,12,30. aaReferences 22,29,31 bbReferences 3,22,29,31 ccReferences 22,29

11.6-12 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
Table 11.6-3 (Metric Units). EMISSION FACTORS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT

MANUFACTURING RAW MATERIAL AND PRODUCT PROCESSING AND HANDLINGa

Process

Filterableb

PM

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Raw mill with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-13)

0.0062c D ND

Raw mill feed belt with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-24)

0.0016d E ND

Raw mill weigh hopper with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-25)

0.010e E ND

Raw mill air separator with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-26)

0.016e E ND

Finish grinding mill with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-17, 3-05-007-17)

0.0042f D ND

Finish grinding mill feed belt with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-27, 3-05-007-27)

0.0012d E ND

Finish grinding mill weigh hopper with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-28, 3-05-007-28)

0.0047e E ND

Finish grinding mill air separator with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-29, 3-05-007-29)

0.014g D ND

Primary limestone crushing with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-09)h

0.00050 E ND

Primary limestone screening with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-11)h

0.00011 E ND

Limestone transfer with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-12)h

1.5 x 10-5 E ND

Secondary limestone screening and crushing with

fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-10 + -11, 3-05-007-10 + -11)h

0.00016 E ND

a Factors represent uncontrolled emissions, unless otherwise noted. Factors are kg/Mg of material

process, unless noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data. 4b

Filterable PM is that collected on or before the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent) sampling

train. c References 15,56-57. d Reference 57. e Reference 15.

f References 10,12,15,56-57.

g References 10,15. h Reference 16. Alternatively, emission factors from Section 11.19.2, "Crushed Stone Processing", can

be used for similar processes and equipment.

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-13
Table 11.6-4 (English Units). EMISSION FACTORS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT

MANUFACTURING RAW MATERIAL AND PRODUCT PROCESSING AND HANDLINGa

Process

Filterableb

PM

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Raw mill with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-13)

0.012c D ND

Raw mill feed belt with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-24)

0.0031d E ND

Raw mill weigh hopper with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-25)

0.019e E ND

Raw mill air separator with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-26)

0.032e E ND

Finish grinding mill with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-17, 3-05-007-17)

0.0080f E ND

Finish grinding mill feed belt with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-27, 3-05-007-27)

0.0024d E ND

Finish grinding mill weigh hopper with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-28, 3-05-007-28)

0.0094e E ND

Finish grinding mill air separator with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-29, 3-05-007-29)

0.028g D ND

Primary limestone crushing with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-09)h

0.0010 E ND

Primary limestone screening with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-11)h

0.00022 E ND

Limestone transfer with fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-12)h

2.9 x 10-5 E ND

Secondary limestone screening and crushing with

fabric filter

(SCC 3-05-006-10 + -11, 3-05-007-10 + -11)h

0.00031 E ND

a Factors represent uncontrolled emissions, unless otherwise noted. Factors are lb/ton of material

processed, unless noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data. b Filterable PM is that collected on or before the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent) sampling

train. c References 15,56-57. d Reference 57. e Reference 15.

f References 10,12,15,56-57.

g References 10,15. h Reference 16. Alternatively, emission factors from the Section 11.19.2, "Crushed Stone Processing",

can be used for similar processes and equipment.

11.6-14 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
Table 11.6-5. SUMMARY OF AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

FOR PORTLAND CEMENT KILNSa

Particle

Size, μm

Cumulative Mass Percent Equal To Or Less Than Stated Size

Uncontrolled Controlled

Wet process

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

Dry process

(SCC 3-05-006-06)

Wet process

With ESP

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

Dry process

With FF

(SCC 3-05-006-06)

2.5 7 18 64 45

5.0 20 ND 83 77

10.0 24 42 85 84

15.0 35 44 91 89

20.0 57 ND 98 100

a Reference 3. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data.

Table 11.6-6. SUMMARY OF AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER COOLERSa

Particle Size, μm

Cumulative Mass Percent Equal To Or Less Than Stated Size

Uncontrolled

(SCC 3-05-006-14, 3-05-007-14)

With Gravel Bed Filter

(SCC 3-05-006-14, 3-05-007-14)

2.5 0.54 40

5.0 1.5 64

10.0 8.6 76

15.0 21 84

20.0 34 89

a Reference 3. SCC = Source Classification Code.

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-15
Table 11.6-7 (Metric Units). EMISSION FACTORS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURIN

Process SO2

b

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING NOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

c

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING 

Wet process kiln

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

4.1d C 3.7e D 0.060f D 1,100g D 

Long dry process kiln

(SCC 3-05-006-06)

4.9h D 3.0j D 0.11k E 900

m

D 

Preheater process kiln

(SCC 3-05-006-22)

0.27p D 2.4q D 0.49r D 900s C 

Preheater/precalciner kiln

(SCC 3-05-006-23)

0.54u D 2.1v D 1.8

w

D 900x E 

Preheater/precalciner kiln with

spray tower(SCC 3-05-006-23)

0.50z E ND ND ND 

a Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise noted. Factors are kg/Mg of clinker produced, unless noted. 

Classification Code. ND = no data. b Mass balance on sulfur may yield a more representative emission factor for a specific facility than the SO2 emission fa

this table. c Mass balance on carbon may yield a more representative emission factor for a specific facility than the CO2 emission f

this table. d References 20,25-26,32,34-36,41-44,60,64. e References 26,34-36,43,64. f Reference 64. g References 25-26,32,34-36,44,60,64. h References 11,19,39,40. j References 11,38-40,65. k References 39,65.

m References 11,21,23,65. n References 40,65. TOC as measured by Method 25A or equivalent. p References 47-50. q References 48-50. r Reference 49. s References 24,31,47-50,61.

11.6-16 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
Table 11.6-7 (cont.).

t Reference 49; total organic compounds as measured by Method 25A or equivalent. u References 28,30,33,37,53,56-59. v References 28,30,33,37,45,56-59.w References 28,30,37,56-58,63. x References 24,31,47-50,61. Based on test data for preheater kilns; should be considered an upper limit. y References 30,33,56,63; total organic compounds as measured using Method 25A or equivalent. z Reference 54.

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-17
Table 11.6-8 (English Units). EMISSION FACTORS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURIN

Process SO2

b

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING NOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

c

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING T

Wet process kiln

(SCC 3-05-007-06)

8.2d C 7.4e D 0.12f D 2,100g D 0

Long dry process kiln

(SCC 3-05-006-06)

10h D 6.0j D 0.21k E 1,800

m

D 0

Preheater process kiln

(SCC 3-05-006-22)

0.55p D 4.8q D 0.98r D 1,800s C 0

Preheater/precalciner kiln

(SCC 3-05-006-23)

1.1u D 4.2v D 3.7

w

D 1,800x E 0

Preheater/precalciner kiln

with spray tower(SCC 3-05-006-23)

1.0z E ND ND ND 

a Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise noted. Factors are lb/ton of clinker produced, unless noted

SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data. b Mass balance on sulfur may yield a more representative emission factor for a specific facility than the SO2 emission 

in this table. c Mass balance on carbon may yield a more representative emission factor for a specific facility than the CO2 emissio

in this table. d References 20,25-26,32,34-36,41-44,60,64. e References 26,34-36,43,64. f Reference 64. g References 25-26,32,34-36,44,60,64. h References 11,19,39-40. j References 11,38-40,65. k References 39,65.

m References 11,21,23,65. n References 40,65. TOC as measured by Method 25A or equivalent. p References 47-50. q References 48-50. r Reference 49. s References 24,31,47-50,61. t Reference 49; total organic compounds as measured by Method 25A or equivalent.

11.6-18 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
Table 11.6-8 (cont.).

u References 28,30,33,37,53,56-59. v References 28,30,33,37,45, and 56 to 59.w References 28,30,37,56-58,63. x References 24,31,47-50,61. Based on test data for preheater kilns; should be considered an upper limit. y References 30,33,56,63; total organic compounds as measured using Method 25A or equivalent. z Reference 54.

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-19
Table 11.6-9 (Metric And English Units). SUMMARY OF NONCRITERIA POLLUTANT

EMISSION FACTORS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT KILNSa

(SCC 3-05-006-06, 3-05-007-06, 3-05-006-22, 3-05-006-23)

Pollutant

Name

Type Of

Control

Average Emission Factor EMISSION

FACTOR

kg/Mg lb/ton RATING References

Inorganic Pollutants

Silver (Ag) FF 3.1x10-7 6.1x10-7 D 63

Aluminum (Al) ESP 0.0065 0.013 E 65

Arsenic (As) ESP 6.5x10-6 1.3x10-5 E 65

Arsenic (As) FF 6.0x10-6 1.2x10-5 D 63

Barium (Ba) ESP 0.00018 0.00035 D 64

Barium (Ba) FF 0.00023 0.00046 D 63

Beryllium (Be) FF 3.3x10-7 6.6x10-7 D 63

Calcium (Ca) ESP 0.12 0.24 E 65

Cadmium (Cd) ESP 4.2x10-6 8.3x10-6 D 64

Cadmium (Cd) FF 1.1x10-6 2.2x10-6 D 63

Chloride (Cl) ESP 0.34 0.68 E 25,42-44

Chloride (Cl) FF 0.0011 0.0021 D 63

Chromium (Cr) ESP 3.9x10-6 7.7x10-6 E 64

Chromium (Cr) FF 7.0x10-5 0.00014 D 63

Copper (Cu) FF 0.0026 0.0053 E 62

Fluoride (F) ESP 0.00045 0.00090 E 43

Iron (Fe) ESP 0.0085 0.017 E 65

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) ESP 0.025 0.049 E 41,65

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) FF 0.073 0.14 D 59,63

Mercury (Hg) ESP 0.00011 0.00022 D 64

Mercury (Hg) FF 1.2x10-5 2.4x10-5 D 11,63

Potassium (K) ESP 0.0090 0.018 D 25,42-43

Manganese (Mn) ESP 0.00043 0.00086 E 65

Ammonia (NH3) FF 0.0051 0.010 E 59

Ammonium (NH4) ESP 0.054 0.11 D 25,42-44

Nitrate (NO3) ESP 0.0023 0.0046 E 43

Sodium (Na) ESP 0.020 0.038 D 25,42-44

Lead (Pb) ESP 0.00036 0.00071 D 64

Lead (Pb) FF 3.8x10-5 7.5x10-5 D 63

Sulfur trioxide (SO3) ESP 0.042 0.086 E 25

Sulfur trioxide (SO3) FF 0.0073 0.014 D 24,30,50

Sulfate (SO4) ESP 0.10 0.20 D 25,42-44

Sulfate (SO4) FF 0.0036 0.0072 D 30,33,52

11.6-20 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
Table 11.6-9 (cont.).

Pollutant

Name

Type Of

Control

Average Emission Factor EMISSION

FACTOR

kg/Mg lb/ton RATING References

Selenium (Se) ESP 7.5x10-5 0.00015 E 65

Selenium (Se) FF 0.00010 0.00020 E 62

Thallium (Th) FF 2.7x10-6 5.4x10-6 D 63

Titanium (Ti) ESP 0.00019 0.00037 E 65

Zinc (Zn) ESP 0.00027 0.00054 D 64

Zinc (Zn) FF 0.00017 0.00034 D 63

Organic Pollutants

CASRNb Name

35822-46-9 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDD FF 1.1x10-10 2.2x10-10 E 62

C3 benzenes ESP 1.3x10-6 2.6x10-6 E 65

C4 benzenes ESP 3.0x10-6 6.0x10-6 E 65

C6 benzenes ESP 4.6x10-7 9.2x10-7 E 65

208-96-8 acenaphthylene FF 5.9x10-5 0.00012 E 62

67-64-1 acetone ESP 0.00019 0.00037 D 64

100-52-7 benzaldehyde ESP 1.2x10-5 2.4x10-5 E 65

71-43-2 benzene ESP 0.0016 0.0031 D 64

71-43-2 benzene FF 0.0080 0.016 E 62

benzo(a)anthracene FF 2.1x10-8 4.3x10-8 E 62

50-32-8 benzo(a)pyrene FF 6.5x10-8 1.3x10-7 E 62

205-99-2 benzo(b)fluoranthene FF 2.8x10-7 5.6x10-7 E 62

191-24-2 benzo(g,h,i)perylene FF 3.9x10-8 7.8x10-8 E 62

207-08-9 benzo(k)fluoranthene FF 7.7x10-8 1.5x10-7 E 62

65-85-0 benzoic acid ESP 0.0018 0.0035 D 64

95-52-4 biphenyl ESP 3.1x10-6 6.1x10-6 E 65

117-81-7 bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate ESP 4.8x10-5 9.5x10-5 D 64

74-83-9 bromomethane ESP 2.2x10-5 4.3x10-5 E 64

75-15-0 carbon disulfide ESP 5.5x10-5 0.00011 D 64

108-90-7 chlorobenzene ESP 8.0x10-6 1.6x10-5 D 64

74-87-3 chloromethane ESP 0.00019 0.00038 E 64

218-01-9 chrysene FF 8.1x10-8 1.6x10-7 E 62

84-74-2 di-n-butylphthalate ESP 2.1x10-5 4.1x10-5 D 64

53-70-3 dibenz(a,h)anthracene FF 3.1x10-7 6.3x10-7 E 62

101-41-4 ethylbenzene ESP 9.5x10-6 1.9x10-5 D 64

206-44-0 fluoranthene FF 4.4x10-6 8.8x10-6 E 62

86-73-7 fluorene FF 9.4x10-6 1.9x10-5 E 62

50-00-0 formaldehyde FF 0.00023 0.00046 E 62

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-21
Table 11.6-9 (cont.).

Pollutant

Type Of

Control

Average Emission Factor EMISSION

FACTOR

CASRN RATING References b Name kg/Mg lb/ton

freon 113 ESP 2.5x10-5 5.0x10-5 E 65

193-39-5 indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene FF 4.3x10-8 8.7x10-8 E 62

78-93-3 methyl ethyl ketone ESP 1.5x10-5 3.0x10-5 E 64-65

75-09-2 methylene chloride ESP 0.00025 0.00049 E 65

methylnaphthalene ESP 2.1x10-6 4.2x10-6 E 65

91-20-3 naphthalene FF 0.00085 0.0017 E 62

91-20-3 naphthalene ESP 0.00011 0.00022 D 64

85-01-8 phenanthrene FF 0.00020 0.00039 E 62

108-95-2 phenol ESP 5.5x10-5 0.00011 D 64

129-00-0 pyrene FF 2.2x10-6 4.4x10-6 E 62

100-42-5 styrene ESP 7.5x10-7 1.5x10-6 E 65

108-88-3 toluene ESP 0.00010 0.00019 D 64

total HpCDD FF 2.0x10-10 3.9x10-10 E 62

3268-87-9 total OCDD FF 1.0x10-9 2.0x10-9 E 62

total PCDD FF 1.4x10-9 2.7x10-9 E 62

132-64-9 total PCDF FF 1.4x10-10 2.9x10-10 E 62

132-64-9 total TCDF FF 1.4x10-10 2.9x10-10 E 62

1330-20-7 xylenes ESP 6.5x10-5 0.00013 D 64

a Factors are kg/Mg and lb/ton of clinker produced. SCC = Source Classification Code.

ESP = electrostatic precipitator. FF = fabric filter. b Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number (organic compounds only).

References For Section 11.6

1. W. L. Greer, et al., "Portland Cement", Air Pollution Engineering Manual, A. J. Buonicore

and W. T. Davis (eds.), Von Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 1992.

2. U. S. And Canadian Portland Cement Industry Plant Information Summary, December 31,

1990, Portland Cement Association, Washington, DC, August 1991.

3. J. S. Kinsey, Lime And Cement Industry - Source Category Report, Volume II, EPA-600/7-87-

007, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, February 1987.

4. Written communication from Robert W. Crolius, Portland Cement Association, Washington,

DC, to Ron Myers, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

March 11, 1992.

5. Written communication from Walter Greer, Ash Grove Cement Company, Overland Park, KS,

to Ron Myers, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,

September 30, 1993.

11.6-22 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
6. Written communication from John Wheeler, Capitol Cement, San Antonio, TX, to Ron Myers,

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 21, 1993.

7. Written communication from F. L. Streitman, ESSROC Materials, Incorporated, Nazareth, PA,

to Ron Myers, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,

September 29, 1993.

8. Emissions From Wet Process Cement Kiln And Clinker Cooler At Maule Industries, Inc., ETB

Test No. 71-MM-01, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,

March 1972.

9. Emissions From Wet Process Cement Kiln And Clinker Cooler At Ideal Cement Company,

ETB Test No. 71-MM-03, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC, March 1972.

10. Emissions From Wet Process Cement Kiln And Finish Mill Systems At Ideal Cement Company,

ETB Test No. 71-MM-04, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC, March 1972.

11. Emissions From Dry Process Cement Kiln At Dragon Cement Company, ETB Test No.

71-MM-05, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1972.

12. Emissions From Wet Process Clinker Cooler And Finish Mill Systems At Ideal Cement

Company, ETB Test No. 71-MM-06, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, NC, March 1972.

13. Emissions From Wet Process Cement Kiln At Giant Portland Cement, ETB Test No.

71-MM-07, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1972.

14. Emissions From Wet Process Cement Kiln At Oregon Portland Cement, ETB Test No.

71-MM-15, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1972.

15. Emissions From Dry Process Raw Mill And Finish Mill Systems At Ideal Cement Company,

ETB Test No. 71-MM-02, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC, April 1972.

16. Part I, Air Pollution Emission Test: Arizona Portland Cement, EPA Project Report No.

74-STN-1, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1974.

17. Characterization Of Inhalable Particulate Matter Emissions From A Dry Process Cement

Plant, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3158, Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, February

1983.

18. Characterization Of Inhalable Particulate Matter Emissions From A Wet Process Cement

Plant, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3158, Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, August

1983.

19. Particulate Emission Testing At Lone Star Industries’ Nazareth Plant, Lone Star Industries,

Inc., Houston, TX, January 1978.

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-23
20. Particulate Emissions Testing At Lone Star Industries’ Greencastle Plant, Lone Star Industries,

Inc., Houston, TX, July 1977.

21. Gas Process Survey At Lone Star Cement, Inc.’s Roanoke No. 5 Kiln System, Lone Star

Cement, Inc., Cloverdale, VA, October 1979.

22. Test Report: Stack Analysis For Particulate Emissions: Clinker Coolers/Gravel Bed Filter,

Mease Engineering Associates, Port Matilda, PA, January 1993.

23. Source Emissions Survey Of Oklahoma Cement Company’s Kiln Number 3 Stack, Mullins

Environmental Testing Co., Inc., Addison, TX, March 1980.

24. Source Emissions Survey Of Lone Star Industries, Inc.: Kilns 1, 2, and 3, Mullins

Environmental Testing Co., Inc., Addison, TX, June 1980.

25. Source Emissions Survey Of Lone Star Industries, Inc., Mullins Environmental Testing Co.,

Inc., Addison, TX, November 1981.

26. Stack Emission Survey And Precipitator Efficiency Testing At Bonner Springs Plant, Lone Star

Industries, Inc., Houston, TX, November 1981.

27. NSPS Particulate Emission Compliance Test: No. 8 Kiln, Interpoll, Inc., Blaine, MN, March

1983.

28. Annual Compliance Test: Mojave Plant, Pape & Steiner Environmental Services, Bakersfield,

CA, May 1983.

29. Source Emissions Survey Of Lehigh Portland Cement Company, Mullins Environmental

Testing Co., Inc., Addison, TX, August 1983.

30. Annual Compliance Test: Mojave Plant, Pape & Steiner Environmental Services, Bakersfield,

CA, May 1984.

31. Particulate Compliance Test: Lehigh Portland Cement Company, CH2M Hill, Montgomery,

AL, October 1984.

32. Compliance Test Results: Particulate & Sulfur Oxide Emissions At Lehigh Portland Cement

Company, KVB, Inc., Irvine, CA, December 1984.

33. Annual Compliance Test: Mojave Plant, Pape & Steiner Environmental Services, Bakersfield,

CA, May 1985.

34. Stack Tests for Particulate, SO2, NOx And Visible Emissions At Lone Star Florida Holding,

Inc., South Florida Environmental Services, Inc., West Palm Beach, FL, August 1985.

35. Compliance Stack Test At Lone Star Florida/Pennsuco, Inc., South Florida Environmental

Services, Inc., West Palm Beach, FL, July 1981.

36. Preliminary Stack Test At Lone Star Florida/Pennsuco, Inc., South Florida Environmental

Services, Inc., West Palm Beach, FL, July 1981.

11.6-24 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95
37. Quarterly Testing For Lone Star Cement At Davensport, California, Pape & Steiner

Environmental Services, Bakersfield, CA, September 1985.

38. Written Communication from David S. Cahn, CalMat Co., El Monte, CA, to Frank Noonan,

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 2, 1987.

39. Technical Report On The Demonstration Of The Feasibility Of NOx Emissions Reduction At

Riverside Cement Company, Crestmore Plant (Parts I-V), Riverside Cement Company,

Riverside, CA, and Quantitative Applications, Stone Mountain, GA, January 1986.

40. Emission Study Of The Cement Kiln No. 20 Baghouse Collector At The Alpena Plant, Great

Lakes Division, Lafarge Corporation, Clayton Environmental Consultants, Inc., Novi, MI,

March 1989.

41. Baseline And Solvent Fuels Stack Emissions Test At Alpha Portland Cement Company In

Cementon, New York, Energy & Resource Recovery Corp., Albany, NY, January 1982.

42. Stationary Source Sampling Report Of Lone Star Industries, New Orleans, Louisiana, Entropy

Environmentalists, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1982.

43. Stationary Source Sampling Report Of Lone Star Industries, New Orleans, Louisiana, Entropy

Environmentalists, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1982.

44. Source Emissions Survey Of Kiln No. 1 At Lone Star Industries, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana,

Mullins Environmental Testing Company, Inc., Addison, TX, March 1984.

45. Written Communication from Richard Cooke, Ash Grove Cement West, Inc., Durkee, OR, to

Frank Noonan, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 13,

1987.

46. Source Emissions Survey Of Texas Cement Company Of Buda, Texas, Mullins Environmental

Testing Co., Inc., Addison, TX, September 1986.

47. Determination of Particulate and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions From The Kiln And Alkali

Baghouse Stacks At Southwestern Portland Cement Company, Pollution Control Science, Inc.,

Miamisburg, OH, June 1986.

48. Written Communication from Douglas MacIver, Southwestern Portland Cement Company,

Victorville, CA, to John Croom, Quantitative Applications, Inc., Stone Mountain, GA,

October 23, 1989.

49. Source Emissions Survey Of Southwestern Portland Cement Company, KOSMOS Cement

Division, MetCo Environmental, Dallas, TX, June 1989.

50. Written Communication from John Mummert, Southwestern Portland Cement Company,

Amarillo, TX, to Bill Stewart, Texas Air Control Board, Austin, TX, April 14, 1983.

51. Written Communication from Stephen Sheridan, Ash Grove Cement West, Inc., Portland, OR,

to John Croom, Quantitative Applications, Inc., Stone Mountain, GA, January 15, 1980.

1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-25
52. Written Communication from David Cahn, CalMat Co., Los Angeles, CA, to John Croom,

Quantitative Applications, Inc., Stone Mountain, GA, December 18, 1989.

53. Source Emissions Compliance Test Report On The Kiln Stack At Marquette Cement

Manufacturing Company, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, Performance Testing & Consultants, Inc.,

Kansas City, MO, February 1982.

54. Assessment Of Sulfur Levels At Lone Star Industries In Cape Girardeau, Missouri, KVB,

Elmsford, NY, January 1984.

55. Written Communication from Douglas MacIver, Southwestern Portland Cement Company,

Nephi, UT, to Brent Bradford, Utah Air Conservation Committee, Salt Lake City, UT, July 13,

1984.

56. Performance Guarantee Testing At Southwestern Portland Cement, Pape & Steiner

Environmental Services, Bakersfield, CA, February 1985.

57. Compliance Testing At Southwestern Portland Cement, Pape & Steiner Environmental

Services, Bakersfield, CA, April 1985.

58. Emission Tests On Quarry Plant No. 2 Kiln At Southwestern Portland Cement, Pape & Steiner

Environmental Services, Bakersfield, CA, March 1987.

59. Emission Tests On The No. 2 Kiln Baghouse At Southwestern Portland Cement, Pape &

Steiner Environmental Services, Bakersfield, CA, April 1987.

60. Compliance Stack Test Of Cooler No. 3 At Lone Star Florida, Inc., South Florida

Environmental Services, Inc., Belle Glade, FL, July 1980.

61. Stack Emissions Survey Of Lone Star Industries, Inc., Portland Cement Plant At Maryneal,

Texas, Ecology Audits, Inc., Dallas, TX, September 1979.

62. Emissions Testing Report Conducted At Kaiser Cement, Coupertino, California, For Kaiser

Cement, Walnut Creek, California, TMA Thermo Analytical, Inc., Richmond, CA, April 30,

1990.

63. Certification Of Compliance Stack Emission Test Program At Lone Star Industries, Inc., Cape

Girardeau, Missouri, April & June 1992, Air Pollution Characterization and Control, Ltd.,

Tolland, CT, January 1993.

64. Source Emissions Survey Of Essrock Materials, Inc., Eastern Division Cement Group, Kilns

Number 1 And 2 Stack, Frederick, Maryland, Volume I (Draft), Metco Environmental,

Addison, TX, November 1991.

65. M. Branscome, et al., Evaluation Of Waste Combustion In A Dry-process Cement Kiln At Lone

Star Industries, Oglesby, Illinois, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC,

December 1984.

11.6-26 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95