### Date :

Subject: 

## UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON
, D.C. 20460

March 24

, 20 1 6 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION



### Ethalfluralin. Occupational and Residential Exposu r e Assessment for Registration Review.

P C Co de: 113101 

### Deci s ion No.:...5135'76 Petition No.: NA DP Barcode: 0432018 

### Regi st ration No.: NA Re g ulator y Act i on : Registration Revi e w Ri s k Assess ment Type: Occupational / Residential Expo s ur e A ss e ss m e nt TX R No.: NA Case No.: 2260 

### CAS No.: 5523-68-6
40 

### CFR: § 180.416 

### MRID No.: NA



## From:

Through :



## To: Mon i ca Hawkins

, Ph.D.

, M.P.H.

, Env ironm ental Health Scientist 

# }fLz

# ~ Risk Assessment Branch VI Health Effects Division (7509P)

I



### Donna S

. Davis

, Branch Chief

# ~~ Shalu Sh e l at
, Industrial Hy gienist 

## f\J. /./\

,., . . _' 

# .!_ £),....
Risk Assessment Branch VI**1\:7)"1 ~** **Q~\** 

### Health Effects Division (7509P)

and

Jennifer R

. Tyler

, ExpoSAC Reviewer 

# < /)ft, / fc''- '-' Ve<--

# r/**~';J;l{(~~** Ivan Nieves

, ExpoSAC Reviewer

# ayu**~x. le_;**  ( d£/? ?:>: (!/.

,tQ / 

# 7uL

Exposure Science Adv i sory Comm i ttee (ExpoSAC) 

## I HED

Julie Van Alstine

, M .P.H.

, E n vi r onmental Hea l th Scientist/Risk Assesso r Risk Assessment Branch VI Health Effects Division (7509P)

and

Kelly Ballard

, Chemical Review Manager Tom Moria rt y, Team Leader Ne il Anderson, Branch Chief Risk Management and Implementation Branch l

Page 1 

### of .30

### Pesticid e R e

- E valuation Divi s ion (7508P)



## Introdu ct ion

A s part o f R eg i s tration R e vi e w , the P es ti c id e R e

- e valuati o n Divi s i o n (PRO ) o f OPP ha s

r e qu es t e d th a t th e H ea lth E ff ec t s Di v i s i o n ( H E D ) condu c t a n occ upation a l a nd r es idential

ex p os ur e assess ment
, as n ee d e d

, t o es tim a t e th e ri s k t o hum a n h ea lth t h a t w ill r es ult from th e

curr e ntl y r eg i ste r e d u ses of et haltluralin.

It i s H E D p o li cy to u se th e b es t ava il a bl e d a t a t o a ssess ex p os ur e

. S e v eral so ur ces of g en e ri c data w e r e u se d in thi s a ssess ment as s u r r oga t e data in th e ab se nce of chemic a l

- s pecific data

, includin g : P es ticid e H a ndl ers Ex p os ur e D a t a ba se V e r s i o n 

## I. 

## I ( PHED 

## 1.1 ) a nd th e Agricultur a l
H a ndl e r Ex p os ur e T as k Fo r ce ( AHET F) da t abase

. Som e of th ese data are pr o pri e t a r y , and

s ubj ec t to th e da t a pro t ec ti o n pro v i sions of th e Fe d e ral In sec ti c id e, F un g i c i de

, a nd R o d e nti c i de Ac t ( FIFRA ).



## Note: T hi s memorandum wa s revi e w e d b y th e E x po s ur e S ci e nc e Advi s ory Co nm1itt ee (E x po SAC) o n 

## November 19

, 2015

.

Pa ge 2 

### of 

## 3 0

## Page 3 of 30 Table of Contents

1.0 Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 4 2.0 Risk Assessment Conclusions and Recommendations

................................ ............................. 6 2.1 Summary of Risk Estimates

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 6 2.2 Label Recommendations from Occupational/Residential Assessment

................................ . 6 3.0 Hazard Characterization

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 6 4.0 Use Profile

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 9 5.0 Residential Exposure and Risk Estimates

................................ ................................ ............... 11 6.0 Non

- Occupational Spray Drift Exposure and Risk Estimates

................................ ................ 11 7.0 Non

- Occupational Bystander Post

- Application Inhalation Exposure and Risk Estimates

..... 12 8.0 Occupational Exposure and Risk Estimates

................................ ................................ ........... 13 8.1 Occupational Handler Exposure/Risk Estimates

................................ ................................ 13 8.2 Occupational Post

- application Exposure/Risk Estimates

................................ ................... 21 8.2.1 Occupational Post

- application Inhalation Exposure/Risk Estimates

........................... 21 Appendix A. Summary of Oc cupational Non

- cancer Algorithms

................................ ............... 23 Appendix B. Summary of Occupational Cancer Algorithms

................................ ...................... 24 Appendix C. Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates

................................ . 25

## Page 4 of 30

1.0 Executive Summary

HED has conducted an occupational and residential exposure assessment for Registration Review of the active ingredient (ai), ethalfluralin. Ethalfluralin is a preemergence herbicide used to control a variety of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds on agricultural sites.

Use/Exposure Profile

Ethalfluralin has multiple end

- use products that are registered for use on various agricultural crops. Ethalfluralin is marketed as a n emulsifiable concentrate and a granule . For m ost use sites, baseline attire (i.e., long

- sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes and socks ) and chemical

- resistant gloves, chemical

- resistant footwear plus socks, protective eyewear, chemical

- resistant headgear for overhead exposure, and chemical

- resistant apro n when cleaning equipment, mixing, or loading are required.

Base d on the registered uses of ethalfluralin , it has been determined that the potential exposure scenarios that will need to be assessed include short

- and intermediate

- term occupational handle r exposures

. Occupational post

- application dermal exposure was not quantitatively assessed since there is no dermal hazard for ethalfluralin.

Hazard Concerns

A dermal point of departure (POD) was not chosen for ethalfluralin because systemic toxicity was not seen in a 28

- day dermal toxicity study in rats up to the limit dose (1,000 mg/kg/day), no evidence of increased susceptibility was observed, and a low dermal absorption value was reported; therefore, quantification of derm al risks is not required. For inhalation exposure, a two

generation reproduction study in rats was selected to derive the inhal ation route POD because a subchronic inhalation study w as not available for ethalfluralin

. A POD of 20 mg/kg/day (No Observed Ad verse Effect Level) (NOAEL) based on increased liver weights (absolute and relative) in the F0

- g eneration parents and F1 adults at 61 mg/kg/day ((Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level) (LOAEL)) was selected for the short

- and intermediate term inhalation PO D.

The level of concern (LOC) for non

- cancer inhalation and incidental oral risk assessment is a margin of exposure (MOE) of 100 (i.e. , an MOE < 100 is of concern). Ethalfluralin is considered “likely to be carcinogenic to humans” and an assessment of potential cancer risk was conducted using a linear low

- dose approach. A Q 1 

## * of 8.9 x 10

- 2 

## (mg/kg/day)

- 1 

## was used to estimate cancer r isk following ethalfluralin exposure. Cancer der mal doses were adjusted for dermal absorption because the Q 1 

## * is based on an oral study (dermal a bsorption factor = 2.7 %).

Residential Exposure and Risk

There are no residential uses for ethalfluralin. Therefore, residential handler and post

- application exposure and risk were not assessed.

## Page 5 of 30

Non

- occupational Exposure and Risk

A quantitative spray drift assessment was conducted. Risk estimates from aerial and groundboom applications are not of concern from the field edge for all scena rios considered.

Occupational Exposure and Risk

There were no non

- cancer inhalation risk estima tes of concern with baseline attire (i.e., long

sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes and socks) ; all non

- cancer short

- and intermediate

- term handler inhalation risk estimates resulted in MOEs ranging from 460 to 160 ,000. All dermal and inhalation cancer risk estimates ranged from 6 x10

- 7 

## to 1 x10

- 5 

## at baseline attire plus the personal protective equipment ( PPE ) required on the label (gloves) for private handlers (assumed exposed for 10 days per year). All dermal and inhalation cancer risk estimates ranged from 2 x10

- 6 

## to 2 x10

- 4 

## for commercial handlers ( assu med exposed 30 days per year) at baseline attire plus the PPE required on the label (gloves). Note: A dditional PPE requirements (i.e., chemical

- resistant footwear plus socks, protective eyewear, chemical

- resistant headgear for overhead exposure, and chemical

- resistant apron) are listed on the label but are not re flected in the assessment

.
There is potent ial for short

- and intermediate

- term occupational exposure during post

- application activities , howev er, no short

- or intermediate

- term dermal POD selected for ethalfluralin

, therefore a non

- cancer dermal post

- application assessment was not performed

. An o ccupation al post

- application cancer assessment was not performed since the use directions does not indicate that ethalfluralin is applied directly to foliage. The use directions indicate that the product is to be applied to seeded crop prior to its emerge nce, or apply as a banded spray between rows after crop emergence or transplanting.

Based on the Agency's current practices, a quantitative non

- cancer occupational post

- application inhalation exposure assessment was not performed for ethalfluralin at this time. If new policies or procedures are put into place, the Agency may revisit the need for a quantitative occupational post

- application inhalation exposure assessment for ethalfluralin. Although a quantitative occupational post

- application inhalat ion exposure assessment was not performed, an occupational handler inhalation exposure assessment was performed. Handler exposure resulting from the application of pesticides outdoors is likely to result in higher exposure than post

application exposure. Therefore, it is expected that these handler inhalation exposure estimates would be protective of most occupational post

- application inhalation exposure scenarios.

Restricted Entry Interval (REI)

Ethalfluralin has low acute toxicity by the oral, derm al, and inhalation routes of exposure (Toxicity Categories IV, IV and III, respectively). It is moderately irritating to the eye (Toxicity Category II) and produces moderate to severe skin irritation (category II). It is a dermal sensitizer. Therefore, t he Worker Protection Standard (WPS) REI of 24 hours on the registered label s is adequate to protect agricultural workers from post

- appli cation exposures to ethalfluralin

.

## Page 6 of 30

Human Studies Review

This risk assessment relies in part on data from studies in which adult human subjects were intentionally exposed to a pesticide or other chemical. These data, which include studies from PHED 1.1

, the AHETF database, and the ARTF database, are (1) subject to ethics review pursuant to 40 CFR 26, (2) have received that review, and (3) are compliant with applicable ethics requirements. For certain studies, the ethics review may have included review by the Human Studies Review Board. Descriptions of data sou rces, as well as guidance on their use, can be found at the Agency website 1



## .

2.0 Risk Assessment Conclusions and Recommendations

2.1 Summary of Risk Estimates

Occupational Handler Exposures and Risk Estimates

There were no non

- cancer inhalation risk estimates of concern at baseline attire (i.e., long

sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes and socks) ; all non

- cancer inhalation short

- and intermediate

term handler risk estimates resulted in MOEs ranging from 460 to 160 ,000. All dermal and inhalation cance r r isk estimates ranged from 6 x10

- 7 

## to 1 x10

- 5 

## at baseline attire plus the PPE required on the label (gloves) for private handlers (assumed exposed for 10 days per year). All dermal and inhalation cance r risk estimates ranged from 2 x10

- 6 

## to 2 x10

- 4 

## for commercial handlers (assumed exposed 30 days per year) at baseline attire plus the PPE required on the label (gloves).

Note: A ddit ional PPE requirements (i.e., chemical

- resistant footwear plus socks, protective eyewear, chemical

- resistant headgear for overhead exposure, and chemical

- resistant apron) listed on the registered label s are not reflected in the assessment

.

2.2 Label Re commendations from Occupational/Residential Assessment

None.

3 .0 Hazard Characterization

Acute Toxicity

Ethalfluralin has low acute toxicity by the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure (Toxicity Categories IV, IV and III, respectively). It is moderately irritating to the eye (Toxicity Category II) and produces moderate to severe skin irritation ( category II). It is a dermal sensitizer. Table 3.1 presents a summary of the acute toxic ity information for ethalfluralin

.

1 

### http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/handler

- exposure

- data.html and http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/post

- app

- exposure

- data.html

## Page 7 of 30

Toxicological PODs Used for Risk Assessment

Incidental Oral Endpoint : The two

- generatio n reproduction study in rats (M R I D 42300301) was selected for this endpoint. The NOAEL is 20 mg/kg/day and the LOAEL is 61 mg/kg/day based on increased liver weights (absolute and relative) in the F0

- generation parents and F1

- generation adults. This effect was also observed in th e 90

- day rat study at similar doses. The UF is 100 (10X for inter

- species extrapolations, 10X for intra

- species variations, and a 1X FQPA SF).

Dermal Endpoints: A 21

- day dermal toxicity study in rabbits indicates no systemic toxicity at the limit dose of 1

, 000 mg/kg/day. No toxicity endpoints for short

- term or intermediate

- term dermal exposure were selected, and there is no short

- term or intermediate

- term dermal risk associated with the proposed or existing uses. Additionally, the dermal study is protect ive of the effects seen in the developmental rabbit study (absorptions, resorptions, skeletal variations) since the dermal equivalent dose (using the low DAF of 2.7%) for the oral study is well above the limit dose.

Inhalation Endpoints: No inhalation toxicity study is available for ethalfluralin. The need for a subchronic inhalation study for ethalfluralin was discussed by the Hazard and Science Policy Council ( HASPOC) (K. Rury, TXR # 0056533). The HASPOC concluded that based on a weight

- of

- evidence approach, considering all the available hazard and exposure information for ethalfluralin, a subchronic inhalation study is not needed at this time. Thus, the short

- term and intermediate

- term inhalation endpoint for worker exposures is derived from the tw o

- generation reproduction study in rats (M R I D 42300301). The NOAEL is 20 mg/kg/day and the LOAEL is 61 mg/kg/day based on increased liver weights (absolute and relative) in the F0

- generation parents and F1 adults. The UF is 100 (10X for inter

- species extr apolations and a 10X for intra

species variations). An assumption of 100% inhalation absorption is used for route

- to

- route extrapolation. The selected study is appropriate for the durations of exposure and is protective of the developing fetus of potential ly pregnant female workers.

Cancer : Ethalfluralin has been classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group C) by the Carcinogenicity Peer Review Committee (CPRC; R. Landolt and E. Rinde, 9/14/1994 ). The decision was based on positive genotoxicity assays (two positive Salmonella assays and a Table 3.1 Acute Toxicity Profile for Ethalfluralin Guideline No. Study Type MRID No. Results Toxicity Category

870.1100 Acute oral toxicity rats 00135189 LD50 >5000 mg/kg/ IV

870.1200 Acute dermal toxicity

rabbit 00135189 LD50 >5000 mg/kg/ IV

870.1300 Acute inhalation toxicity

rats 00135189 LC50> 0.94 mg/L III

870.2400 Acute eye irritation rabbits 00135189 Moderate II 870.2500 Acute dermal irritation

rabbits 41613909 Moderate to severe II

870.2600 Dermal sensitization

guinea pigs 00094788 Sensitizer

--

## Page 8 of 30

positive assay for chromosomal aberrations) and findings from a 2

- year chronic carcinogenicity study in rats (showing an increased incidence of mammary gland f ibroadenomas and combined adenomas/fibroadenomas in female rats). The CPRC recommended using the Q 1 * 

## approach for risk assessment. The Q 1 * 

## is 8.9 x 10

- 2 

## (mg/kg/day)

- 1



## .
A summary of the toxicological doses and end points for use in this occupational and residential risk assessment are provided in Table 3.2.

Point of Departure (POD) = A data point or an estimated point that is derived from observed dose

- response data and used to mark the beginning of extrapolation to determine risk associated with lower environmentally relevant human exposures. NOAEL = no ob served adverse effect level. LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect level. UF = uncertainty factor. UF A 

### = extrapolation from animal to human (interspecies). UF H 

### = potential variation in sensitivity among members of the human population (intraspecies)

. LOC = level of concern. IA = inhalation absorption factor. 

## Table 3.2 Summary of Toxicological Doses and Endpoints for Ethalfluralin for Use in Occupational and Non

- Occupational Human Health Risk Assessments
Exposure/ Scenario Point of

Departure Uncertainty

Factors Level of Concern for

Risk Assessment Study and Toxicological Effects Dermal, Short

- term (1 to 30 days) and Intermediate

- term (1

- 6 months) Dermal risks are not of concern because no systemic effects were observed up to the limit

dose (1000 mg/kg) in a dermal study.

Inhalation, Short

- term (1 to 30 days) and Intermediate

- term (1

- 6 months) (oral)

NOAEL = 20 mg/kg/day UF H 

### =10X

UF A 

### =10X IA = 100% LOC = 100 Rat Two

- generation Reproduction Toxicity Study M R I D: 42300301 LOAEL = 61 mg/kg/day based on increased liver weights (absolute and relative) in F0

- generation and F1

- generation adults.

Incidental Oral Short

- Term (1

- 30 days) and Intermediate

- term (1

- 6 months) NOAEL = 20

mg/kg/day UF A 

### = 10x

UF H 

### =10x FQPA SF= 1 X LOC = 100 Rat Two

- generation Reproduction Toxicity Study M R I D: 42300301 LOAEL = 61 mg/kg/day based on increased liver weights (absolute and relative) in F0

- generation and F1

- generation adults.

Cancer (oral, dermal, inhalation) Ethalfluralin has been classified as a possible human

carcinogen (Group C) based on increased mammary gland fibro

- adenomas & combined adenomas/fibro

adenomas in female rats. Q* = 8.9 x 10

- 2 

### (mg/kg/day)

- 1



### . [For the dermal route, a dermal absorption factor of 2.7% was used for assessing cancer aggregate risk] R at, 2

- year chronic/carcinogenicity study M R I D: 00094776, 92062013

## Page 9 of 30

Absorption

A dermal absorption factor of 2.7% was used for the cancer assessment. Since no inhalation absorption data are available, toxicity by the inhalation route is considered to be equiv alent to the estimated toxicity by the oral route of exposure.

Body Weight

The standard body weight for the general population (80 kg) was used for the non

- cancer occupational handler assessment since the endpoints selected were not developmental and/or fetal effects. Since the inhalation PODs for cancer are based on developmental and/or fetal effects, the body we ight appropriate for inhalation cancer assessments is 69 kg

. A body weight of 11 kg was used to assess exposure to children (1 to < 2 years old) from spray drift.

4 .0 Use Profile

Table 4.1 provides a summary of the highest application rate of the registered uses for ethalfluralin

.
Table 3.3. Summary of Directions for Use of Ethalfluralin.
Type of Application Registered

Formulations Max.

Applic. Rate REI Use Directions and Limitations

Dry Beans, Sunflower

Aerial, Ground, Chemigation Emulsifiable

Concentrate 1.7 lb

ai/A

24 hours Apply Sonalan HFP through properly equipped

chemigation systems to dry beans (does not include soybean) and sunflower. Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation system to other labeled crops, unless otherwise specified by a Dow AgroSciences product bulletin or supplemental label. Dry Bulk Fertilizer 1 

### 17 lb ai/ton Dry Peas

Aerial, Ground Emulsifiable

Concentrate 0.75 lb

ai/A 24 hours Do not apply this product through any type of

irrigation system to other labeled crops, unless otherwise specified by a Dow AgroSciences product

bulletin or supplemental label. Canola

Aerial, Ground Emulsifiable

Concentrate 0.94 lb

ai/A 24 hours Do not apply this product through any type of

irrigation system to other labeled crops, unless otherwise specified by a Dow AgroSciences product

bulletin or supplemental label. Safflower, Peanuts

Aerial, Ground Emulsifiable

Concentrate 1.13 lb

ai/A 24 hours Do not apply this product through any type of

irrigation system to other labeled crops, unless otherwise specified by a Dow AgroSciences product

bulletin or supplemental label. Potatoes

Aerial, Ground Emulsifiable

Concentrate 1.01 lb

ai/A 24 hours Do not apply this product through any type of

irrigation system to other labeled crops, unless otherwise specified by a Dow AgroSciences product

bulletin or supplemental label. Soybean

## Page 10 of 30

Table 3.3. Summary of Directions for Use of Ethalfluralin.
Type of Application Registered

Formulations Max.

Applic. Rate REI Use Directions and Limitations

Aerial, Ground

Emulsifiable

Concentrate 1.3 lb

ai/A 24 hours. Apply Sonalan HFP through properly equipped

chemigation systems to dry beans (does not include soybean) and sunflower. Do not app ly this product through any type of irrigation system to other labeled crops, unless otherwise specified by a Dow AgroSciences product bulletin or supplemental label. Dry Bulk Fertilizer 1 

### 13 lb ai/ton

Cucumbers, Pumpkins, Summer Squash, Winter Squash, Watermelons

Aerial, Ground Emulsifiable

Concentrate 1.7 lb

ai/A 24 hours Do not apply to any area not specified on the label.

Alfalfa

Ground, Chemigation Emulsifiable

Concentrate 1.69 lb

ai/A 24 hours SLN (OR

- 940037; NV

- 950001; ID950020; MT

010002; WY

- 030005; WA

- 940018). Do not make more than one application per crop



## . Do not apply the product to soils that are wet, cloddy, or subject to prolonged periods of flooding. Do not apply to seedling alfalfa (up to 6 true leaf stage).
Clover

Ground Emulsi fiable

Concentrate 1.5 lb

ai/A 24 hours SLN (WY

- 030005). Do not apply the product to soils

that are wet, cloddy, or subject to prolonged periods of flooding. Do not apply to seedling clover (up to 6

true leaf stage). Dill

Ground Emulsifiable

Concentrate 1.125

lb ai/A 24 hours 34704

- 610 SLN (OR

- 120002; WA

- 090013) Do not

graze or forage crop grown in treated soil or cut for hay or silage. Do not apply CURBIT® to soils which are wet, cloddy, or subject to prolonged periods of flooding because poo r weed control or crop injury may result. Do not apply to any area not specified on the label. Do not incorporate CURBIT prior to planting as crop loss will occur. Do not use CURBIT under or over row covers, hot caps, plastic mulches, or other plant

cover s as severe crop injury will occur. Do not make broadcast application to transplants. Do not plant in a furrow. Do not spray over plastic mulch Sunflower, Dry Beans

Aerial, Ground Granule 1.7 lb ai/A 24 hours Apply only in areas and to crops specified on this label. Dry Peas
Aerial, Ground Granule 0.75 lb ai/A 24 hours. Apply only in areas and to crops specified on this label. Canola

Aerial, Ground Granule 0.95 lb ai/A 24 hours. Apply only in areas and to crops specified on this label. Safflower, Peanuts
Aerial, Ground Granule 1.15 lb ai/A 24 hours. Apply only in areas and to crops specified on this label. Soybeans

Aerial, Ground Granule 1.3 lb ai/A 24 hours. Apply only in areas and to crops specified on this label.

## Page 11 of 30

1. To calculate the dry bulk fertilizer rate: Application Rate (lb ai/A) × (1 A/200 lb fertilizer) × (2000 lb fertilizer/1 to n fertilizer) = lb ai/ton fertilizer.



## 5 .0 Residential Exposure and Risk Estimates

There are no residential uses proposed for ethalfluralin. Therefore, residential handler and post

application exposure/risk were not assessed.

6.0 Non

- Occupational Spray Drift Exposure and Risk Estimates

Off

- target movement of pesticides can occur via many types of pathways and it is governed by a variety of factors. Sprays that are released and do not deposit in the application area end up off

target and can lead to exposures to those it may directly contact. They can also deposit on surfaces where c ontact with residues can eventually lead to exposures (e.g

. , children playing on lawns where residues have deposited next to treated fields). The potential risk estimates from these residues can be calculated using drift modeling coupled with methods empl oyed for residential risk assessments for turf products.

The approach to be used for quantitatively incorporating spray drift into risk assessment include assessing exposures for children (1 to 2 years old) and adults who have contact with turf where

re sidues are assumed to have deposited via spray drift thus resulting in an exposure scenario. Aside from the predicted residues available for transfer, the routes of exposure and assessment methodology is analogous to how exposures to turf products are con sidered in risk assessment.

In order to evaluate the drift potential and associated risks, an approach based on drift modeling coupled with techniques used to evaluate residential uses of pesticides was utilized. Essentially, a residential turf assessm ent based on exposure to deposited residues has been completed to address drift from the agricultural applications of flurprimidol . In the spray drift scenario, the deposited residue value was determined based on the amount of spray drift that may occur a t varying distances from the edge of the treated field using the AgDrift ® 

## (v2.1.1) model. Exposures were considered for 50 feet wide lawns where the nearest side of the property was directly adjoining the treated field (at field edge) and at varied distances up to 300 feet downwind of a treated field. Once the deposited residue values were det ermined, the remainder of the spray drift assessment was based on the algorithms and input values specified in the recently revised (2012) Standard Operating Procedures For Residential Risk Assessment (SOPs)

.
A screening approach was developed for sit uations where specific label guidance for application parameters is not available. 2 

## AgDrift ® 

## is appropriate for use only when applications are made by aircraft, airblast sprayers, and groundboom sprayers. When AgDrift ® 

## was developed, a series of screenin g values (i.e., the Tier 1 option) were incorporated into the model and represent each equipment type and use under varied conditions. The screening options specifically recommended in this methodology were selected because they are plausible and
represen t a reasonable upper bound level of drift for common application methods in agriculture. In all cases, each scenario is to be evaluated unless it is not plausible based on the anticipated use

2 http://www.agdrift.c om/

## Page 12 of 30

pattern (e.g., herbicides are not typically applied to tree can opies) or specific label prohibitions (e.g., aerial applications are not allowed ). The section below provides the screening level drift related risk estimates. These drift estimates represent plausible options based on the available pesticide labels.

R isk Estimates From Lawn Deposition Adjacent to Applications

The spray drift risk estimates are based on an estimated deposited residue concentration as a result of the screening level agricultural application scenarios. Ethalfluralin is used to control a variety of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds on various agricultural sites. The spray drift assessment was conducted using the highest registered application rate of 1 .7 l b ai/A for use on sunflower and dry beans cucumbers, pumpkins, summer squash, winter squash, and watermelons

. The recommended drift scenario screening level options are listed below:

 Groundboom applications are based on the AgDrift option for high boom height and using very fine to fine spray type using the 90 th 

## percentile results.

 Aerial applications are based on the use of AgDrift ® 

## Tier 1 aerial option for a fine

- to

medium spray type and a series of other parameters, which will be described in more detail below (e.g., wind vector assumed to be 10 mph in a down wind direction for entire application/drift event).

There are no short

- or intermediate

- term dermal PODs. Only incidental oral risk estimates were evaluated. The total applicable LOC is 100, so MOEs <100 would be of concern. Children ( 1 to <2 years old ) incidental oral risk estimate s from exposure to ethalfluralin related to spray drift result in no risks of concern at the field edge for gr oundboom applications (Table 6 .1).

Table 6 .1. Children (1 to < 2 years old) Incidental Oral Risk Estimates (MOEs ) Related to Spra y Drift Exposure for Ethalfluralin

. 1



### Crop/Rate Group Spray Type/ Nozzle

Configuration Application Rate (lb ai/A) Estimated

or Adjusted TTR t 

### (ug/cm2) At Edge

HtM MOE

Sunflower, Dry Beans

, Cucumbers, Pumpkins, Summer Squash, Winter Squash, Watermelons

Aerial Fine to Medium 1.7 0.188955 3,000

Groundboom High Boom Very fine to Fine 4,1 00

1 

### The spray drift assessment was conducted using the highest re gistered application rate of 1.7 lb ai/A for use on sunflower, dry beans

, cucumbers, pumpkins, summer squash, winter squash, and watermelons . Therefore, the highest application rate is protective of all registered ethalfluralin uses.



## 7.0 Non

- Occupational Bystander Post

- Application Inhalation Exposure and Risk Estimates

Volatilization of pesticides may be a source of post

- application inhalation exposure to individuals nearby pesticide applications. The agency sought expert advice and input on issues related to volatilization of pesticides from its Federal Insecticide, Fu ngicide, and Rodenticide Act Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) in December 2009, and received the SAP’s final report on

## Page 13 of 30

March 2, 2010 (http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/SAP/meetings/2009/120109meeting.html). The agency has evaluated the SAP report and has develope d a Volatilization Screening Tool and a subsequent Volatilization Screening Analysis (http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EPA

- HQ

- OPP

- 2014

- 0219). During Registration Review, the agency will utilize this analysis to determine if data (i.e., flux studies, route

- specific inhalation toxicological studies) or further analysis is required for ethalfluralin

.

8 .0 Occupational Exposure and Risk Estimates

8 .1 Occupational Handler Exposure/Risk Estimates

HED uses the term handlers to describe those indi viduals who are involved in the pesticide application process. HED believes that there are distinct job functions or tasks related to applications and exposures can vary depending on the specifics of each task. Job requirements (amount of chemical used i n each application), the kinds of equipment used, the target being treated, and the level of protection used by a handler can cause exposure levels to differ in a manner specific to each application event.

Based on the anticipated use patterns and curre nt labeling, types of equipment and techniques that can potentially be used, occupational handler exposure is expected from the proposed uses. The quantitative exposure/risk assessment developed for occupational handlers is based on the following scenario s:

 Mixing/Loading granules for aerial application,

 Mixing/Loading granules for tractor application,

 Mixing/Loading liquids for commercial treatment with impregnated fertilizers,

 Mixing/Loading liquids for on

- farm treatment with impregnated fertilizers,

 M ixing/Loading liquids for aerial application,

 Mixing/Loading liquids for chemigation and groundboom application;

 Applying sprays for aerial application,

 Applying sprays for groundboom application,

 Applying ethalfluralin in commercial impregnated dry bulk fertilizers,

 Applying ethalfluralin in on

- farm impregnated dry bulk fertilizers,

 Applying granules for aerial application,

 Applying granules for tractor application

 Flagging for aerial application for liquids

, and

 Flagging for aerial application for granules

.
Occupational Handler Exposure Data and Assumptions

A series of assumptions and exposure factors served as the basis for completing the occupational handler risk assessments. Each assumption and factor is detailed below on an individual basis.

Application Rate : Refer to the currently registered use patterns at the maximum application rates in Table 4.1.

## Page 14 of 30

Unit Exposures: It is the policy of HED to use the best available data to assess handler exposure. Sources of generic handler data, used as surrogate data in the absence of chemical

- specific data, include PHED 1.1, the AHETF database, the Outdoor Residential Exposure Task Force (ORETF) database, or other registrant

- submitted occupational exposure studies. Some of these data are proprietary (e.g., AHETF data), and subject to the data protection provisions of FIFRA. The standard values recommended for use in predicting handler exposure that are used in this assessment, known as “unit exposures”, are outlined in the “Occupational Pesticide Ha ndler Unit Exposure Surrogate Reference Table 3 

## ”, which, along with additional information on HED policy on use of surrogate data, including descriptions of the various sources, can be found at the Agency website 4



## .
For the dry bulk fertilizer scenarios, H ED assumed a closed mixing/loading scenario for commercial impregnation of dry bulk fertilizer, and an open mixing/loading scenario for grower

owned equipment impregnation of dry bulk fertilizer. For all applications of dry bulk fertilizer, HED assumed th e use of an open

- cab spreader.

Area Treated or Amount Handled : The area treated or amount handled is based on HED ExpoSAC Policy No. 9.1. Refer to Table 8 .1.1 for these assumptions for each scenario.

Since the exposure and risk will be less for the typical field crops (cucumber, pumpkins, summer squash, winter squash, and watermelons ) than the high acreage field crops (sunflower and dry beans ) the high acreage field crop assessment covers the potential exposure and risk from treating the typical field crops with ethalfluralin

. Table 8.1.1. provides the worst

- case scenarios for the registered uses for ethalfluralin.

HED does not have data regarding the mixing/loading or the application of ethalflural in

impregnated dry bulk fertilizer. The mixing/loading processing rate for commercial impregnation of dry bulk fertilizer has been estimated to be 960 tons of fertilizer processed per 8 hour day based on information supplied by a registrant concerning the chemical alachlor (as referenced in its reregistration eligibility document (RED) document 5 

## ). Mixing/loading for on

farm impregnation of dry bulk fertilizer was then assessed using an estimate of 160 acres/day. Application of dry bulk fertilizer was ass essed assuming application to up to 320 acres/day for commercial equipment and 160 acres/day for grower

- owned equipment.

Exposure Duration: HED classifies exposures from 1 to 30 days as short

- term and exposures 30 days to six months as intermediate

- term. Exposure duration is determined by many things, including the exposed population, the use site, the pest pressure triggering the use of the pesticide, and the cultural practices surrounding that use site. For most agricultural uses, it is reasonable to believe that occupational handlers will not apply the same chemical every day for more than a one

- month time frame; however, there may be a large agribusiness and/or commercial applicators who may apply a product over a period of weeks (e .g., completing multiple applications for multiple clients within a region).

3 

### Available: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/handler

- exposure

- table.pdf

4 

### Available: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/handler

- exposure

- data.html

5 

### http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0063.pdf

## Page 15 of 30

For ethalfluralin, based on the currently registered uses, short

- and intermediate

- term exposure is expected for occupational non

- cancer and cancer handlers. The short

- and intermediate

- term endpoints and PODs are the same for the inhalation route of exposure and, therefore, only short

term handler exposures were estimated and are considered protective for intermediate

- term exposure and risk. Long

- term exposures are not expe cted.

Mitigation/Personal Protective Equipment: Estimates of dermal and inhalation exposure were calculated for various levels of PPE. Results are presented for “baseline,” defined as a single layer of clothing consisting of a long sleeved shirt, long p ants, shoes plus socks, no protective gloves, and no respirator, as well as baseline with various levels of PPE as necessary (e.g., gloves, respirator, etc). For most use sites, baseline attire (i.e., long

- sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes and socks) and c hemical

- resistant gloves, chemical

- resistant footwear plus socks, protective eyewear, chemical

- resistant headgear for overhead exposure, and chemical

- resistant apron when cleaning equipment, mixing, or loading are required.

Days per Year of Exposure: To a ssess cancer risk, it is assumed that private growers would be exposed 10 days per year and commercial applicators would be exposed 30 days per year. The term “private grower” means that the grower or one of the workers would apply the pesticides to land owned or operated by the grower. Commercial applicators means the applicators are completing multiple applications for multiple clients.

Years per Lifetime of Exposure: It is assumed that handlers would be exposed for 35 years out of a 78 year lifespan.

Lifetime Expectancy: Life expectancy values are from the Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition Table 18

- 1 (U.S. EPA, 2011). The table shows that the overall life expectancy is 78 years based on life expectancy data from 2007. In 2007, the average life expectancy for males was 75 years and 80 years for females. Based on the available data, the recommended value for use in cancer risk assessments is 78 years.

Occupational Handler Non

- Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimate Equations

The algorithms used to e stimate non

- cancer exposure and dose for occupational handlers can be found in Appendix A

.
Summary of Occupational Handler Non

- Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates

There are no inhalation risk estimates of concern at baseline attire (no personal protective equipment; PPE); all non

- cancer short

- and intermediate

- term handler risk estimates (inhalation only) resulted in MOE s ranging from 460 to 160 ,000

. Table 8 .1.1. p rovides the worst

- case scenarios for the reg istered uses for ethalfluralin. Therefore, all other application rates/inputs would result in risk estimates below those currently presented in Table 8.1.1.

The Agency matches quantitative occupational exposure assessment with appropriate characterization of exposure potential. While HED presents qua ntitative risk estimates for human

## Page 16 of 30

flaggers where appropriate, agricultural aviation has changed dramatically over the past two decades. According the 2012 National Agricultural Aviation Association (NAAA) survey of their membership, the use of GPS for swa th guidance in agricultural aviation has grown steadily from the mid 1990’s. Over the same time period, the use of human flaggers for aerial pesticide applications has decreased steadily from ~15% in the late 1990’s to only 1% in the most recent (2012) NAA A survey. The Agency will continue to monitor all available information sources to best assess and characterize the exposure potential for human flaggers in agricultural aerial applications.

HED has no data to assess exposures to pilots using open cockpit s. The only data available is for exposure to pilots in enclosed cockpits. Therefore, risks to pilots are assessed using the engineering control (enclosed cockpits) and baseline attire (long

- sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, and socks); per the Agency’s W orker Protection Standard stipulations for engineering controls, pilots are not required to wear protective gloves for the duration of the application. With this level of protection, there are no risk estimates of concern for applicators.

Table 8 .1.1. Occupational Handler Non

- Cancer Short

- and Intermediate

- Term Handler Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin.

Exposure Scenario Crop or Target 1 Baseline Inhalation Unit Exposure 2 μg/lb ai (unless otherwise indicated) Maximum

Application Rate 3 Area

Treated or Amount Handled Daily 4 Baseline Inhalation

Dose 5 mg/kg/day MOE 6

LOC = 100

Mixer/Loader
M/L Granules for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 1.7 1.7 lb ai/A 1,200

acres 0. 0434 4 6 0

M/L Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 1.7 lb ai/A 200 acres 0.00723 2, 8 00
M/L Liquids for Commercial Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.083 (EC) 17 lb ai/ton 960 tons 0.0169 1, 2 00

M/L Liquids for On

- Farm Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.219 1.7 lb ai/A 160 acres 0.000745 27,000

M/L Liquids for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops

0.219 1.7 lb ai/A 1,200

acres 0.00559 3, 6 00
M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Sunflower, Dry Beans 350 acres 0.00163 1 2 ,000
M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 200 acres 0.000931 21 ,000

Applicator Applying Sprays for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0049

(EC) 1.7 lb ai/A 1,200

acres 0.000125 1 6 0

, 000
Applying Sprays for Groundboom

Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.34

1.7 lb ai/A 200 acres 0.00145 1 4 ,000
Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- Commercial Treatment Sunflower, Dry Beans 1.2 320 acres 0.00816 2, 5 00
Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- On

- Farm Treatment Sunflower, Dry Beans 160 acres 0.00408 4, 9 00
Applying Granules for Aerial Application (Engineering Controls) High

- Acreage Field Crops 1.3

(EC) 1.7 lb ai/A 1,200

acres 0.0331 60 0

## Page 17 of 30

Table 8 .1.1. Occupational Handler Non

- Cancer Short

- and Intermediate

- Term Handler Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin.

Exposure Scenario Crop or Target 1 Baseline Inhalation Unit Exposure 2 μg/lb ai (unless otherwise indicated) Maximum

Application Rate 3 Area

Treated or Amount Handled Daily 4 Baseline Inhalation

Dose 5 mg/kg/day MOE 6

LOC = 100

Applying Granules for Tractor

Drawn Spreader Application Sunflower, Dry Beans 1.2 1.7 lb ai/A 200 acres 0.0051 3, 9 00

Flagger Flagger for Aerial Application for

Liquids High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.35 1.7 lb ai/A 350 acres 0.0026 7

, 7 00
Flagger for Aerial Application for

Granules 0.15 0.00112 1 8

, 000

1 “High Acreage Fie ld Crops” include Sunflower and Dry Beans



## . Note: All other single application rates would result in risk estimates below those currently presented in Table 8.1.1. 2 “Based on the “Occupational Pesticide Handler Unit Exposure Surrogate Reference Table” (September 2015) ; Level of mitigation = Baseline except for aerial applicator which includes engineering controls. 3 Based on the registered label s (See Table 4.1). 4 Exposure Science Advisory Council Policy #9.1. 5 Inhalation Dose = Inhalation Unit Exposure (μg/lb ai) × Conversion Factor (0.001 mg/μg) × Application Rate (lb ai/acre or gal) × Area Treated

or Amount Handl ed Daily (A or gal/day) ÷ BW ( 80 kg). 6 Short

- and Intermediate

- term Inhalation MOE = Inhalation NO A EL (20 mg/kg/day) ÷ Inhalation Dose (mg/kg/day).



## Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Equations

Although a non

- cancer dermal risk assessment was not performed due to the lack of an adverse effect in the non

- cancer dermal study, a dermal cancer exposure and risk assessment was performed because dermal exposure does contribute to the overall cancer ris k for ethalfluralin.

Cancer risk estimates were calculated using a linear low

- dose extrapolation approach in which a Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) is first calculated and then compared with a Q 1 

## * that has been calculated for ethalfluralin based o n dose response data in the appropriate toxicology study (Q 1 

## * = 0.089 (mg /kg/day)

- 1 

## ). Absorbed average daily dose (ADD) levels were used as the basis for calculating the LADD values. Dermal and inhalation ADD values were first added together to obtain co mbined ADD values. LADD values were then calculated and compared to the Q 1 

## * to obtain cancer risk estimates. The algorithms used to estimate the LADD and cancer risk for occupational handlers can be found in Appendix B

.
Summary of Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates

All dermal and inhalation cancer risk estimates ranged from 6 x10

- 7 

## to 1 x10

- 5 

## at baseline attire plus the PPE required on the label (gloves) and with enginee ring controls for private handlers (assumed exposed for 10 days per year) and 2 x10

- 6 

## to 2 x10

- 4 

## at baseline attire plus the PPE required on the label (gloves) and with engineering controls for commercial handlers (assumed exposed for 30 days per year)

. S ee Table 8.1.2 below

. Occupational handler cancer exposure and risk estimates with varying mitigation measure including a PF5 respirator, PF10 respirator, and with engineering controls are shown in Appendix C (Tables C.1., C.2., and C.3.)

. Note: Addit ional PPE requirements (i. e., chemical

- resistant footwear plus socks, protective eyewear,

## Page 18 of 30

chemical

- resistant headgear for overhead exposure, and chemical

- resistant apron) are listed on the label that is not reflect ed in the assessment

.

## Page 19 of 30

Table 8.1.2 . Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin with Label

- Required PPE.

Exposure Scenario Crop/Target 1 Private Handler Commercial Handler LADD (mg/kg/day)

Total LADD 4 Cancer Risk Estimate 5 LADD (mg/kg/day)

Total LADD 4 Cancer Risk Estimate 5 Dermal 2 Inhalation 3

(No R

unless otherwise

indicated ) Dermal 2 Inhalation 3

( No R

unless otherwise

indicated )

M/L Granules for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000679 0.000618 0.000686 6E

- 05 0.000204 0.00186 0.00206 2E

- 04

M/L Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000113 0.000103 0.000114 1E

- 05 0.0000339 0.000309 0.000343 3E

- 05

M/L Liquids for Commercial Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers (E C ) Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.000674 0.000241 (EC) 0.000915 8E

- 05 0.00202 0.000723 (EC) 0.00274 2E

- 04

M/L Liquids for On

- Farm Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.0000491 0.0000106 0.0000596 5E

- 06 0.000147 0.0000319 0.000179 2E

- 05

M/L Liquids for Aerial Application Typical Field Crops 0.000108 0.0000231 0.000132 1E

- 05 0.000323 0.0000693 0.000395 4E

- 05
M/L Liquids for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.000369 0.0000797 0.000449 4E

- 05 0.00111 0.000239 0.00135 1E

- 04
M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Typical Field Crops 0.000108 0.0000231 0.000132 1E

- 05 0.000323 0.0000693 0.000395 4E

- 05

M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.000108 0.0000231 0.000132 1E

- 05 0.000323 0.0000693 0.000395 4E

- 05

M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application Typical Field Crops 0.0000246 0.00000531 0.0000299 3E

- 06 0.0000738 0.0000159 0.0000896 8E

- 06

M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000616 0.0000133 0.0000749 7E

- 06 0.000185 0.0000398 0.000225 2E

- 05

Applicator Applying Sprays for Aerial Application (E ngineering Controls ) Typical Field Crops 0.00000596 0.00000052 (EC) 0.00000648 6E

- 07 0.0000179 0.00000156 (EC) 0.0000194 2E

- 06

Applying Sprays for Aerial Application (Engineering Controls) High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000204 0.00000178 (EC) 0.0000223 2E

- 06 0.0000612 0.00000535 (EC) 0.0000668 6E

- 06

## Page 20 of 30

Table 8.1.2 . Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin with Label

- Required PPE.

Exposure Scenario Crop/Target 1 Private Handler Commercial Handler LADD (mg/kg/day)

Total LADD 4 Cancer Risk Estimate 5 LADD (mg/kg/day)

Total LADD 4 Cancer Risk Estimate 5 Dermal 2 Inhalation 3

(No R

unless otherwise

indicated ) Dermal 2 Inhalation 3

( No R

unless otherwise

indicated ) Applying Sprays for Groundboom Application Typical Field Crops 0.0000105 0.00000824 0.0000188 2E

- 06 0.0000316 0.0000247 0.0000564 5E

- 06

Applying Sprays for Groundboom Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000263 0.0000207 0.000047 4E

- 06 0.0000789 0.000062 0.000141 1E

- 05

Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- Commercial Treatment Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.0000188 0.000116 0.000135 1E

- 05 0.0000564 0.000349 0.000406 4E

- 05

Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- On

Farm Treatment Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.00000943 0.000058 0.0000675 6E

- 06 0.0000283 0.000174 0.000202 2E

- 05

Applying Granules for Aerial Application (EC) High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000167 0.000472 (EC) 0.000489 4E

- 05 0.0000502 0.00142 (EC) 0.00147 1E

- 04

Applying Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.0000118 0.0000727 0.0000845 8E

- 06 0.0000354 0.000218 0.000253 2E

- 05

Flagger for Aerial Application for Liquids Typical Field Crops 0.0000343 0.000037 0.0000713 6E

- 06 0.000103 0.000111 0.000214 2E

- 05

Flagger for Aerial Application for Liquids High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000343 0.000037 0.0000713 6E

- 06 0.000103 0.000111 0.000214 2E

- 05

Flagger for Aerial Application for Granules High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.00000779 0.0000159 0.0000236 2E

- 06 0.0000234 0.0000476 0.0000708 6E

- 06

1 “High Acreage Field Crops” include Sunflower and Dry Beans. “Typical Field Crops” include Cucumbers, Pumpkins, Summer Squash, Winter Squash, and Watermelons. 2 Dermal LADD (mg/kg/day) = Dermal dose (mg/kg/day) × [Days per year of exposure (days/yr) ÷ 365 days/year] × [Years per lifeti me of exposure (yrs) ÷ Lifetim e expectancy (yrs)]. 3 Inhalation LADD (mg/kg/day) = Inhalation Dose (mg/kg/day) × [Days per year of exposure (days/yr) / 365 days/year] × [Years pe r lifetime of exposure (yrs) ÷ Lifetime expectancy (yrs)]. Engineering Controls = EC 4 Total LADD (mg/kg/day) = Dermal LADD (mg/kg/day) + Inhalation LADD (mg/kg/day). 5 Cancer risk estimates = Total LADD × Q 1 * , where Q 1 * = 0.089 (mg/kg/day)

-

## Page 21 of 30

8

. 2 Occupational Post

- application Exposure/ Risk Estimates

Occupational post

- application dermal exposure was not assessed for ethalfluralin because there is no identified systemic dermal hazard. An occupational post

- application cancer assessment was not performed since the use directions does not indicate that et halfluralin is applied directly to foliage. The use directions indicate that the product is to be applied to seeded crop prior to its emergence, or apply as a banded spray between rows after crop emergence or transplanting.

Based on the Agency 's cur rent practices, a quantitative occupational post

- application inhalation exposure assessment was not performed for ethalfluralin a t this time . However, an inhalation exposure assessment was performed for occupational handlers and this assessment resulted i n risk estimates that did not exceed HED’s level of concern at baseline inhalation PPE. Since h andler exposure resulting from application of pesticides outdoors is likely to result in higher exposure than post

- application exposure ; these handler inhalatio n exposure estimates would be protective of most occupational post

- application inhalation exposure scenarios.

Dislodgeable Foliar Residue (DFR): In accordance with the updated Part 158 data requirements (2007), one or more DFR studies are required when a pesticide has residential or occupational uses that could result in post

- application dermal exposure. Since there is no hazard via the dermal route of exposure, a non

- cancer dermal post

- application risk assessment was not performed for ethalfluralin. T herefore, DFR studies are not needed for ethalfluralin at this time. If the PODs change, the need for DFR studies may be reevaluated in the future to refine the post

application assessment.

8

. 2 .1 Occupational Post

- application Inhalation Exposure/Risk Est imates

There are multiple potential sources of post

- application inhalation exposure to individuals performing post

- application activities in previously treated fields. These potential sources include volatilization of pesticides and resuspension of dusts and/or particulates that contain pesticides. The agency sought expert advice and input on issues related to volatilization of pesticides from its Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) in December 2009, and rec eived the SAP’s final report on March 2, 2010 ( http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/SAP/meetings/2009/120109meeting.html ). The agency has evaluated the SAP report and has developed a Volatilization Screening Tool and a subsequent Volatilization Screening Analysis ( http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EPA

- HQ

OPP

- 2014

- 0219 ). During Registration Review, the agency will utilize this analysis to determine if data (i.e., flux stu dies, route

- specific inhalation toxicological studies) or further analysis is required for ethalfluralin

.
In addition, the Agency is continuing to evaluate the available post

- application inhalation exposure data generated by the Agricultural Reentry Task Force. Given these two efforts, the Agency will continue to identify the need for and, subsequently, the way to incorporate occupational post

- application inhalation exposure into the agency's risk assessments.

## Page 22 of 30

Restricted Entry Interval

Ethalfluralin is classified as Toxicity Category IV via the dermal route and Toxicity Category II for skin irritation potential. It is a skin sensitizer. Under 40 CFR 156.208 (c) (2), ai’s classified as Acute II for acute dermal, eye irritation and prima ry skin irritation are assigned a 24

- hour REI. Therefore, the [156 subpart K] Worker Protect ion Statement interim REI of 24 hours is adequate to protect agricultural workers from post

- application exposures to ethalfluralin. HED w ould recommend a REI of 2 4 hours . This is the REI listed on the currently registered labels, and is considered protective of post

- application exposure.

## Page 23 of 30

Appendix A. Summary of Occupational Non

- cancer Algorithms

Occupational Non

- cancer Handler Algorithms

Potential daily exposures for occupational handlers are calculated using the following formulas:

E=UE * AR * A * 0.001 mg/ug

where:

E = e xposure (mg ai/day), UE = u nit e xposure (μ g ai/ lb ai), AR = m aximum application rate according to proposed label (lb ai A or lb ai /gal ), and A = a rea treated or amount handled (e.g., A/day, gal/day)

.
The daily doses are calculated using the following formula:

ADD= E * AF
BW

where:

ADD = average daily dose a bsorbed in a given scenario (mg ai/ kg / day), E = e xposure (mg ai/day), AF = absorption fa ctor (dermal and/or inhalation), and BW = body weight (kg)

.
Margin of Exposure: Non

- cancer risk estimates for each application handler scenario are calculated using a Margin of Exposure (MOE), which is a ratio of the toxicological end point to the daily dose of concern. The daily dermal and inhalation dose received by occupational handlers a re compared to the appropriate POD ( i.e.

, NOAEL) to assess the risk to occupational handlers for each exposure route. All MOE values a re calculate d using the following formula:

MOE= POD
ADD

where:

MOE = m argin of e xposure: value used by HED to represent risk estimates (unitless), POD = p oint of d eparture (mg/kg/day)

, and ADD = average daily dose absorbed in a given scenario (mg ai/kg/day)

.

## Page 24 of 30

Appendix B. Summary of Occupational Cancer Algorithms

After the development of the ADD values, the next step required to calculate carcinogenic risk estimates is to amortize these values over the anticipated lifetime, which results in the LADD. LADD val ues a re calculated using the following equation:

LADD = ADD * Days per Year of Exposure

365 Days per Year * Years per Lifetime of Exposure Lifetime Expectancy

where:

LADD = absorbed dose over a lifetime (mg ai /kg/day), ADD = average daily dose absorbed in a given scenario (mg ai/kg/day)

, Days per Year of Exposure = annual frequency of an application by an individual (days/year), Years per Lifetime of Exposure = amount of a lifetime that an individual would be expected to use pesticides (years), and Lifetime Expectancy = average life expectancy of an individual (years).

C ancer risk estimate calculations a re completed by comparing the LADD values calculated above to the Q 1 

## * for the chemical . Cancer risk estimate s a re calculated using the following equation:

Total Cancer Risk Estimate = ( Dermal LADD + Inhalation LADD ) * Q 1 

## *

w here:



## Cancer Risk Estimate = probability of incidence of cancer cases over a lifetime (unitless), Dermal LADD = absorbed dose from dermal exposure over a lifetime (mg ai /kg/day)

, Inhalation LADD = absorbed dose from inhalation exposure over a lifetime (mg ai /kg/day)

, and Q 1 

## * = quantitative dose response factor used for linear, low

- dose response cancer risk estimate calculations ( mg/kg/day)

- 1



## .

## Page 25 of 30

Appendix C. Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates

Occupational handler cancer exposure and risk estimates with varying mitigation measure s including a PF5 respirator, PF10 respirator, and with engineering controls are shown in Tables C.1., C.2., and C.3. below.

Note: Addit ional PPE requirements (i.e., chemical

- resistant footwear plus socks, protective eyewear, chemical

- resistant headgear for overhead exposure, and chemical

- resistant apron) are listed on the label that is not re flected in the assessment

.

Table C.1. Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin with Additional PPE ( PF5 Respirator , Double Layer Gloves)

.

Exposure Scenario Crop or

Target Private Handler Commercial Handler

LADD (mg/kg/day) Total LADD 3 (SL/G + PF5R) Total

LADD 3 (DL/G +PF5R) Cancer Risk

Estimate 4 (SL/G +PF5R) Cancer Risk

Estimate (DL/G+PF5 R) LADD (mg/kg/day)

Total LADD 3 (SL/G+PF5R) Total

LADD3 (DL/G+PF 5R) Cancer

Risk Estimate 4 (SL/G+PF 5R) Cancer

Risk Estimate 4 (DL/G+PF 5R) Dermal (SL/G) 1 Dermal

(DL/G) Inhalation 2

(PF5R) Dermal (SL/G) 1 Dermal

(DL/G) 1 Inhalation

(PF5R) 2

M/L Granules for Aerial Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000679 0.0000334 0.000124 0.000192 0.000157 2E

- 05 1E

- 05 0.000204 0.0001 0.000372 0.000575 0.000472 5E

- 05 4E

- 05

M/L Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000113 0.00000558 0.0000207 0.000032 0.0000262 3E

- 06 2E

- 06 0.0000339 0.0000167 0.000062 0.0000959 0.0000786 9E

- 06 7E

- 06

M/L Liquids for Commercial Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower,

Dry Beans ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

M/L Liquids for On

- Farm Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.0000491 0.0000381 0.00000211 0.0000511 0.0000402 5E

- 06 4E

- 06 0.000147 0.000114 0.00000634 0.000153 0.000121 1E

- 05 1E

- 05

M/L Liquids for Aerial Application Typical Field

Crops 0.000108 0.0000832 0.00000465 0.000112 0.0000879 1E

- 05 8E

- 06 0.000323 0.00025 0.0000139 0.000337 0.000264 3E

- 05 2E

- 05

M/L Liquids for Aerial Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.000369 0.000285 0.000016 0.000385 0.000301 3E

- 05 3E

- 05 0.00111 0.000856 0.0000479 0.00115 0.000904 1E

- 04 8E

- 05

M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Typical Field

Crops 0.000108 0.0000832 0.00000465 0.000112 0.0000879 1E

- 05 8E

- 06 0.000323 0.00025 0.0000139 0.000337 0.000264 3E

- 05 2E

- 05

M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.000108 0.0000832 0.00000465 0.000112 0.0000879 1E

- 05 8E

- 06 0.000323 0.00025 0.0000139 0.000337 0.000264 3E

- 05 2E

- 05

M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application Typical Field

Crops 0.0000246 0.0000191 0.00000106 0.0000257 0.0000202 2E

- 06 2E

- 06 0.0000738 0.0000572 0.00000319 0.0000771 0.0000605 7E

- 06 5E

- 06

## Page 26 of 30 Table C.1. Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin with Additional PPE ( PF5 Respirator , Double Layer Gloves)

.

Exposure Scenario Crop or

Target Private Handler Commercial Handler

LADD (mg/kg/day) Total LADD 3 (SL/G + PF5R) Total

LADD 3 (DL/G +PF5R) Cancer Risk

Estimate 4 (SL/G +PF5R) Cancer Risk

Estimate (DL/G+PF5 R) LADD (mg/kg/day)

Total LADD 3 (SL/G+PF5R) Total

LADD3 (DL/G+PF 5R) Cancer

Risk Estimate 4 (SL/G+PF 5R) Cancer

Risk Estimate 4 (DL/G+PF 5R) Dermal (SL/G) 1 Dermal

(DL/G) Inhalation 2

(PF5R) Dermal (SL/G) 1 Dermal

(DL/G) 1 Inhalation

(PF5R) 2

M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000616 0.0000476 0.00000266 0.0000643 0.0000503 6E

- 06 4E

- 06 0.000185 0.000143 0.00000797 0.000193 0.000151 2E

- 05 1E

- 05

Applicator Applying Sprays for Aerial Application Typical Field

Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Applying Sprays for Aerial Application High

Acreage Field Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Applying Sprays for Groundboom Application Typical Field

Crops 0.0000105 0.00000822 0.00000165 0.0000122 0.00000987 1E

- 06 9E

- 07 0.0000316 0.0000247 0.00000494 0.0000365 0.0000296 3E

- 06 3E

- 06

Applying Sprays for Groundboom Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000263 0.0000205 0.00000412 0.0000305 0.0000247 3E

- 06 2E

- 06 0.0000789 0.0000616 0.0000124 0.0000915 0.0000741 8E

- 06 7E

- 06

Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- Commercial Treatment Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.0000188 0.000011 0.0000234 0.0000422 0.0000343 4E

- 06 3E

- 06 0.0000564 0.0000329 0.0000701 0.000127 0.000103 1E

- 05 9E

- 06

Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- On

Farm Treatment Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.00000943 0.00000548 0.0000116 0.000021 0.0000171 2E

- 06 2E

- 06 0.0000283 0.0000164 0.0000349 0.0000631 0.0000513 6E

- 06 5E

- 06

Applying Granules for Aerial Application High

Acreage Field Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Applying Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.0000118 0.00000688 0.0000145 0.0000263 0.0000214 2E

- 06 2E

- 06 0.0000354 0.0000207 0.0000435 0.0000789 0.0000642 7E

- 06 6E

- 06

Flagger for Aerial Application for Liquids Typical Field

Crops 0.0000343 0.0000304 0.00000743 0.0000417 0.0000377 4E

- 06 3E

- 06 0.000103 0.0000911 0.0000223 0.000125 0.000113 1E

- 05 1E

- 05

Flagger for Aerial Application for Liquids High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000343 0.0000304 0.00000743 0.0000417 0.0000377 4E

- 06 3E

- 06 0.000103 0.0000911 0.0000223 0.000125 0.000113 1E

- 05 1E

- 05

Flagger for Aerial Application for Granules High

Acreage Field Crops 0.00000779 0.00000455 0.00000318 0.000011 0.00000773 1E

- 06 7E

- 07 0.0000234 0.0000136 0.00000955 0.0000329 0.0000232 3E

- 06 2E

- 06

1 “High Acreage Field Crops” include Sunflower and Dry Beans. “Typical Field Crops” include Cucumbers, Pumpkins, Summer Squash, Winter Squash, and Watermelons. ND = No Data; See Table 8.1.2. and C.3.for aerial applicator scenarios which includes engineer ing controls.

## Page 27 of 30

2 Dermal LADD (mg/kg/day) = Dermal dose (mg/kg/day) × [Days per year of exposure (days/yr) ÷ 365 days/year] × [Years per lifeti me of exposure (yrs) ÷ Lifetime expectancy (yrs)]. 3 Inhalation LADD (mg/kg/day) = Inhalation Dose (mg/kg/day) × [Days per year of exposure (days/yr) / 365 days/year] × [Years per lifetime of exposure (yrs) ÷ Lifetime expectancy (yrs)]. 4 Total LADD (mg/kg/day) = Dermal LADD (mg/kg/day) + Inhalation LADD (mg/kg/day). 5 Cancer risk estimates = Total LADD × Q 1 * , where Q 1 * = 0.089 (mg/kg/day)

- 1

Table C.2. Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin with Additional PPE ( PF10 Respirator , Double Layer Gloves)

.

Exposure Scenario Crop or

Target Private Handler Commercial Handler

LADD (mg/kg/day) Total LADD 3 (SL/G + PF10R) Total

LADD 3 (DL/G +PF10R) Cancer Risk

Estimate 4 (SL/G +PF10R) Cancer Risk

Estimate (DL/G+ PF10R) LADD (mg/kg/day) Total LADD 3 (SL/G+PF10 R) Total LADD 3

(DL/G+ PF10R) Cancer Risk

Estimate 4 (SL/G+PF10 R) Cancer

Risk Estimate 4 (DL/G+ PF10R) Dermal (SL/G) 1 Dermal

(DL/G) Inhalation 2

(PF10R) Dermal (SL/G) 1 Dermal

(DL/G) 1 Inhalation

(PF10R) 2

M/L Granules for Aerial Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000679 0.0000334 0.0000618 0.00013 0.0000953 1E

- 05 8E

- 06 0.000204 0.0001 0.000186 0.000391 0.000286 3E

- 05 3E

- 05

M/L Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000113 0.00000558 0.0000103 0.0000216 0.0000159 2E

- 06 1E

- 06 0.0000339 0.0000167 0.0000309 0.0000649 0.0000476 6E

- 06 4E

- 06

M/L Liquids for Commercial Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower,

Dry Beans ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

M/L Liquids for On

- Farm Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.0000491 0.0000381 0.00000106 0.0000502 0.0000392 4E

- 06 3E

- 06 0.000147 0.000114 0.00000319 0.00015 0.000118 1E

- 05 1E

- 05

M/L Liquids for Aerial Application Typical Field

Crops 0.000108 0.0000832 0.00000231 0.00011 0.0000856 1E

- 05 8E

- 06 0.000323 0.00025 0.00000693 0.00033 0.000257 3E

- 05 2E

- 05

M/L Liquids for Aerial Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.000369 0.000285 0.00000797 0.000376 0.000293 3E

- 05 3E

- 05 0.00111 0.000856 0.0000239 0.00113 0.000878 1E

- 04 8E

- 05

M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Typical Field

Crops 0.000108 0.0000832 0.00000231 0.00011 0.0000856 1E

- 05 8E

- 06 0.000323 0.00025 0.00000693 0.00033 0.000257 3E

- 05 2E

- 05

M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.000108 0.0000832 0.00000231 0.00011 0.0000856 1E

- 05 8E

- 06 0.000323 0.00025 0.00000693 0.00033 0.000257 3E

- 05 2E

- 05

M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application Typical Field

Crops 0.0000246 0.0000191 0.000000531 0.0000251 0.0000195 2E

- 06 2E

- 06 0.0000738 0.0000572 0.00000159 0.0000752 0.0000586 7E

- 06 5E

- 06

M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000616 0.0000476 0.00000133 0.0000629 0.0000489 6E

- 06 4E

- 06 0.000185 0.000143 0.00000398 0.000189 0.000147 2E

- 05 1E

- 05

Applicator Applying Sprays for Aerial Application Typical Field

Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

## Page 28 of 30

Table C.2. Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin with Additional PPE ( PF10 Respirator , Double Layer Gloves)

.

Exposure Scenario Crop or

Target Private Handler Commercial Handler

LADD (mg/kg/day) Total LADD 3 (SL/G + PF10R) Total

LADD 3 (DL/G +PF10R) Cancer Risk

Estimate 4 (SL/G +PF10R) Cancer Risk

Estimate (DL/G+ PF10R) LADD (mg/kg/day) Total LADD 3 (SL/G+PF10 R) Total LADD 3

(DL/G+ PF10R) Cancer Risk

Estimate 4 (SL/G+PF10 R) Cancer

Risk Estimate 4 (DL/G+ PF10R) Dermal (SL/G) 1 Dermal

(DL/G) Inhalation 2

(PF10R) Dermal (SL/G) 1 Dermal

(DL/G) 1 Inhalation

(PF10R) 2

Applying Sprays for Aerial Application High

Acreage Field Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Applying Sprays for Groundboom Application Typical Field

Crops 0.0000105 0.00000822 0.000000824 0.0000114 0.00000905 1E

- 06 8E

- 07 0.0000316 0.0000247 0.00000247 0.0000341 0.0000271 3E

- 06 2E

- 06

Applying Sprays for Groundboom Application High

Acreage Crops 0.0000263 0.0000205 0.00000207 0.0000284 0.0000226 3E

- 06 2E

- 06 0.0000789 0.0000616 0.0000062 0.0000852 0.0000679 8E

- 06 6E

- 06

Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- Commercial Treatment Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.0000188 0.000011 0.0000116 0.0000305 0.0000226 3E

- 06 2E

- 06 0.0000564 0.0000329 0.0000349 0.0000915 0.0000679 8E

- 06 6E

- 06

Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- On

Farm Treatment Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.00000943 0.00000548 0.0000058 0.0000152 0.0000113 1E

- 06 1E

- 06 0.0000283 0.0000164 0.0000174 0.0000457 0.0000339 4E

- 06 3E

- 06

Applying Granules for Aerial Application High

Acreage Field Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Applying Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application Sunflower,

Dry Beans 0.0000118 0.00000688 0.00000727 0.0000191 0.0000141 2E

- 06 1E

- 06 0.0000354 0.0000207 0.0000218 0.0000572 0.0000424 5E

- 06 4E

- 06

Flagger for Aerial Application for Liquids Typical Field

Crops 0.0000343 0.0000304 0.0000037 0.000038 0.0000341 3E

- 06 3E

- 06 0.000103 0.0000911 0.0000111 0.000114 0.000102 1E

- 05 9E

- 06

Flagger for Aerial Application for Liquids High

Acreage Field Crops 0.0000343 0.0000304 0.0000037 0.000038 0.0000341 3E

- 06 3E

- 06 0.000103 0.0000911 0.0000111 0.000114 0.000102 1E

- 05 9E

- 06

Flagger for Aerial Application for Granules High

Acreage Field Crops 0.00000779 0.00000455 0.00000159 0.00000938 0.00000613 8E

- 07 5E

- 07 0.0000234 0.0000136 0.00000476 0.0000281 0.0000184 3E

- 06 2E

- 06

1 “High Acreage Field Crops” include Sunflower and Dry Beans. “Typical Field Crops” include Cucumbers, Pumpkins, Summer Squash, Winter Squash, and Watermelons. ND = No Data; See Table 8.1.2. and C.3.for aerial applicator scenarios which includes engineering controls. 2 Dermal LADD (mg/kg/day) = Dermal dose (mg/kg/day) × [Days per year of exposure (days/yr) ÷ 365 days/year] × [Years per lifeti me of exposure (yrs) ÷ Lifetime expectancy (yrs)]. 3 Inhalation LADD (mg/kg/day) = Inhalation Dose (mg/kg/ day) × [Days per year of exposure (days/yr) / 365 days/year] × [Years per lifetime of exposure (yrs) ÷ Lifetime expectancy (y rs)]. 4 Total LADD (mg/kg/day) = Dermal LADD (mg/kg/day) + Inhalation LADD (mg/kg/day). 5 Cancer risk estimates = Total LADD × Q 1 *

, where Q 1 * = 0.089 (mg/kg/day)

- 1

## Page 29 of 30

Table C .3. Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin with Engineering Controls.

Exposure Scenario Crop or Target Private Handler Commercial Handler LADD (mg/kg/day)
Total LADD 3 Cancer Risk Estimate 4 LADD (mg/kg/day)
Total LADD 3 Cancer Risk Estimate 4 Dermal 1 Inhalation 2
(No R) Dermal 1 Inhalation 2
(No R)

M/L Granules for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000842 0.0000301 0.000114 1E

- 05 0.000253 0.0000904 0.000343 3E

- 05

M/L Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.000014 0.00000503 0.0000191 2E

- 06 0.000042 0.0000151 0.0000572 5E

- 06

M/L Liquids for Commercial Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.000674 0.000241 0.000915 8E

- 05 0.00202 0.000723 0.00274 2E

- 04

M/L Liquids for On

- Farm Treatment with Impregnated Fertilizers Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.0000113 0.00000403 0.0000152 1E

- 06 0.0000338 0.0000121 0.0000457 4E

- 06

M/L Liquids for Aerial Application Typical Field Crops 0.0000246 0.0000088 0.0000334 3E

- 06 0.0000738 0.0000264 0.0001 9E

- 06
M/L Liquids for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000842 0.0000301 0.000114 1E

- 05 0.000253 0.0000904 0.000343 3E

- 05
M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Typical Field Crops 0.0000246 0.0000088 0.0000334 3E

- 06 0.0000738 0.0000264 0.0001 9E

- 06
M /L Liquids for Chemigation Application Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.0000246 0.0000088 0.0000334 3E

- 06 0.0000738 0.0000264 0.0001 9E

- 06
M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application Typical Field Crops 0.00000563 0.00000202 0.00000765 7E

- 07 0.0000169 0.00000605 0.0000229 2E

- 06
M /L Liquids for Groundboom Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.000014 0.00000503 0.0000191 2E

- 06 0.000042 0.0000151 0.0000572 5E

- 06
Applicator Applying Sprays for Aerial Application Typical Field Crops 0.00000596 0.00000052 0.00000648 6E

- 07 0.0000179 0.00000156 0.0000194 2E

- 06
Applying Sprays for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000204 0.00000178 0.0000223 2E

- 06 0.0000612 0.00000535 0.0000668 6E

- 06
Applying Sprays for Groundboom Application Typical Field Crops 0.00000334 0.00000104 0.00000439 4E

- 07 0.00001 0.00000313 0.0000132 1E

- 06
Applying Sprays for Groundboom Application High

- Acreage Crops 0.00000832 0.00000261 0.0000109 1E

- 06 0.000025 0.00000782 0.0000328 3E

- 06
Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- Commercial Treatment Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.00000784 0.0000214 0.0000293 3E

- 06 0.0000235 0.0000642 0.0000878 8E

- 06

Applying Impregnated Dry Bulk Fertilizer

- On

Farm Treatment Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.00000392 0.0000107 0.0000146 1E

- 06 0.0000118 0.000032 0.0000439 4E

- 06

Applying Granules for Aerial Application High

- Acreage Field Crops 0.0000167 0.000472 0.000489 4E

- 05 0.0000502 0.00142 0.00147 1E

- 04

## Page 30 of 30

Table C .3. Occupational Handler Cancer Exposure and Risk Estimates for Ethalfluralin with Engineering Controls.

Exposure Scenario Crop or Target Private Handler Commercial Handler LADD (mg/kg/day)
Total LADD 3 Cancer Risk Estimate 4 LADD (mg/kg/day)
Total LADD 3 Cancer Risk Estimate 4 Dermal 1 Inhalation 2
(No R) Dermal 1 Inhalation 2
(No R) Applying Granules for Tractor

- Drawn Spreader Application Sunflower, Dry Beans 0.00000327 0.0000133 0.0000166 1E

- 06 0.00000981 0.0000398 0.0000498 4E

- 06

Flagger for Aerial Application for Liquids Typical Field Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Flagger for Aerial Application for Liquids High

- Acreage Field Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Flagger for Aerial Application for Granules High

- Acreage Field Crops ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
1 “High Acreage Field Crops” include Sunflower and Dry Beans. “Typical Field Crops” include Cucumbers, Pumpkins, Summer Squash, Winter Squash, and Watermelons. ND = No Data 2 Dermal LADD (mg/kg/day) = Dermal dose (mg/kg/day) × [Days per year of exposure (days/yr) ÷ 365 days/year] × [Years per lifetime of exposure (yrs) ÷ Lifetime expectancy (yrs)]. 3 Inhalation LADD (mg/kg/day) = Inhalation Dose (mg/kg/day) × [Days per year of exposure (days/yr) / 365 days/year] × [Years pe r lifetime of exposure (yrs) ÷ L ifetime expectancy (yrs)]. 4 Total LADD (mg/kg/day) = Dermal LADD (mg/kg/day) + Inhalation LADD (mg/kg/day). 5 Cancer risk estimates = Total LADD × Q 1 * , where Q 1 * = 0.089 (mg/kg/day)

- 1