OAR Box 1413 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

44) 11-1-44 

Docket Number: 

A-94-52 

Printed 7/9/2008 3:11:22 PM Sheet 44 of 114 

p.1 
P.2 

Atlac and Dion" Corrosion Resin 

Selection and 

Design Guide 

A 94 52 

1 

Jo'.f^r fc°crorz( pe^X-")c 

I0/2V? '7 

EPA A\!H COCKt ! 

I 

1 

REICHHOLD 
P.3 

fr 

To order Atlac® and Dion® resins as well as Atprime® 2, contact your local authorized 

Reichhold distributor or call Reichhold Customer Service at 1-800-874-1807. 

Ordering 

Atlac® and Dion 

Resins 

Chemical attack can alter the structural performance of composites and must be 

considered in the selection of an appropriate resin. Reichhold provides direct technical assistance for specific applications and for conditions that may not be covered in 

the guide, and will provide test coupons prepared according to ASTM C-581 for inplant testing. For assistance, call the Reichhold Corrosion Hotline at 1-800-752-

0060. When calling, please have the following information ready for discussion: 

1. Precise composition of the chemical environment 

2. Chemical concentration(s) 

3. Operating temperature (including any potential temperature fluctuations, 

upsets, or cycling conditions) 

4. Trace materials 

5. Potential need for flame-retardant material 

6. Type and size of equipment 

7. Fabrication process 

Corrosion 

Hotline Service 

The following are general guidelines intended to assist customers in determining 

whether Reichhold resins are suitable for their applications. Our products are intended for sale to sophisticated industrial and commercial customers. We require 

customers to inspect and test our products before use and satisfy themselves as to 

/r- content and suitability for their specific end-use applications. These general guide-

| ^ lines are not intended to be a substitute for customer testing. 

Reichhold warrants that its products will meet its standard written specifications. 

Nothing contained in these guidelines shall constitute any other warranty, express 

or implied, including any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, nor is any protection from any law or patent to be inferred. All patent rights are 

reserved. The exclusive remedy for all proven claims is limited to replacement of our 

materials and in no event shall Reichhold be liable for any incidental or consequential damages. 

Warranty 

Material safety data sheets are available for ail of the products listed in this brochure. Please request the appropriate data sheets before handling, storing or using 

any product. 

Material Safety 

Data Sheets 

-z-
P.4 

^ 

Contents 

Resin Descriptions 6 

Introduction 4 

A Guide to Corrosion Control 4 

Using the Atlac® and Dion® Corrosion Guide 4 

Corrosion Resistant Chemistries 5 

Markets... 5 

Applications 5 

Bisphenol Epoxy Vinyl Ester Resins 6 

Urethane-Modified Vinyl Ester Resins 6 

Novolac Vinyl Ester Resins 7 

Ultra-High Crosslink Density Vinyl Ester Resins 7 

Elastomer-Modified Vinyl Ester Resins 7 

Bisphenol Fumarate Polyester Resins 8 

Isophthalic and Terephthalic Polyester Resins 8 

Atprime® 2 9 

Specifying Composite Performance. 10 

< 

Factors Affectinq Resin Performance 10 

Shelf Life Policy 10 

Elevated Temperatures 10 

Surfacing Veil 11 

Chopped Strand Mat 12 

Woven Roving 12 

Continuous Filament Roving 12 

Resin Curing Systems 12 

Post-curing Composite Products 13 

Secondary Bonding 13 

Resin Topcoating 13 

Dual Laminate Systems 13 

Pultruded Profile 14 

Maintenance and Inspection 14 

( 

3 
Selected Application Recommendations 15 

Abrasive Materials 15 

Bleaching Solutions .'. 15 

Sodium Hypochlorite 16 

Chlorine Dioxide 16 

Ozone 16 

Concentrated Acids 16 

Sulf uric Acid.. 16 

Hydrochloric Acid 16 

Nitric and Chromic Acids 17 

Hydrofluoric Acid 17 

Acetic Acid 17 

Perchloric Acid 17 

Deionized Water/Distilled Water 17 

Sodium Hydroxide 17 

Flame Retardant Ducts and Scrubbers 18 

Flue Gas Desulfurization 18 

Static Electricity 18 

Radioactive Materials 18 

Solvents 19 

Gasoline, Gasohol and Underground Storage Tanks ..19 

Plating Solutions 19 

Potable Water 19 

FDA Compliance 19 

USDA Applications 20 

Industry Standards 20 

User Guides 20 

P.5 

Contents 

(continued) 

Chemical Resistance Chart 

1 
Introduction 

P.6 

( 

A Guide to 

Corrosion Control 

The 1996 edition of the Atlac® and Dion® Corrosion Resin Selection and Design 

Guide has been updated to include new resin information and additional reference 

material for those involved in specifying, purchasing, or manufacturing polymer-matrix 

composite equipment intended for service in corrosive environments. 

Atlac® and Dion® are two of the most established and best-recognized product lines 

in the corrosion-resistant resin market. Developed and refined since the inception of 

commercial corrosion-resistant composite manufacture, these products became part 

of the Reichhold family of resins in 1989 with the acquisition of the Koppers 

Corporation's resin division. Reichhold Chemicals is a dedicated thermosetting polymer company which offers a complete line of corrosion-resistant resin products, and 

is actively developing new resins to serve the changing needs of industry. 

Using the 

Atlac® and Dion® 

Corrosion Guide 

The corrosion performance of Atlac® and Dion® resins has been demonstrated over 

the past 40 years through the successful use of a variety of composite products in 

hundreds of different chemical environments. Practical experience has been supplemented by the systematic evaluation of composites exposed to a large number of 

corrosive environments under controlled laboratory conditions. This corrosion guide 

is subject to change without notice in an effort to provide the most up-to-date data. 

Changes may affect suggested temperature or concentration limitations. 

Laboratory evaluation of corrosion resistance is performed according to ASTM C581, using standard laminate test coupons that are subjected to a double-sided, 

fully immersed exposure to temperature-controlled corrosive media. Coupons are 

retrieved at intervals of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, then tested for retained flexural 

strength and modulus, hardness, changes in weight, and swelling/shrinkage relative 

to an unexposed control. This data and a visual evaluation of the laminate's appearance and surface condition are used to establish the suitability of resins in specific 

environments at the suggested maximum temperatures. 

All of the listed maximum service temperatures assume that laminates and corrosion barriers are fully cured and fabricated to industry quality standards. In many 

service conditions, occasional temperature excursions above the listed maximums 

may be acceptable, depending on the nature of the corrosive environment. When 

designing for exposures to hot, relatively non-aggressive vapors, such as in ducting, 

hoods, or stack linings, temperature extremes above those suggested may be feasible; however, extensive testing is strongly urged whenever suggested temperatures are exceeded. Factors such as laminate thickness, thermal conductivity, structural design performance and the effects of condensation must be taken into account when designing composite products for extreme temperature performance. 

J 
P.7 

The diverse corrosive properties of industrial chemicals require that a number of 

resin chemistries be employed to optimize the performance of composite materials. 

Basic resin types include isophthalic, terephthalic, flame-retardant, vinyl ester and 

bisphenol fumarate resins. Each has unique advantages and disadvantages, and 

consequently it is important to weigh the pros and cons of each resin type when 

creating resin specifications. Reichhold Chemicals can supply all of the corrosionresistant resin types in common usage and will assist you in evaluating your specific 

requirements. 

Corrosion-Resistant 

Resin Chemistries 

Atlac® and Dion® vinyl ester and corrosion-resistant polyester resins serve the needs 

of a wide range of chemical process industries. 

• Pulp and paper 

° Chloralkali 

.• Power generation 

• Waste treatment 

• Petroleum 

• Ore process 

Markets 

Plating 

• Electronics 

• Water service 

• Agriculture 

• Pharmaceutical 

° Food process 

Atlac® and Dion® resins have over 40 years of field service in the most severe of 

corrosive environments. 

• Chemical storage tanks 

• Underground fuel storage tanks 

° Pickling and plating tanks 

• Chemical piping systems 

• Large diameter sewer pipes 

• Fume ducts and scrubbers 

• Chimney stacks and stack liners 

• Fans, blowers, and hoods 

• Chlorine cell covers, collectors 

• Pulp washer drums, upflow tubes 

• Secondary containment systems 

• Wall and roofing systems 

° Grating and structural profile 

• Cooling tower elements 

• Floor coatings and mortars 

• Gasoline containment 

Applications 

(o 
r 

Resin 

Descriptions 

P.8 

Bisphenol Epoxy 

Vinyl Ester Resins 

Bisphenol epoxy vinyl ester resins offer excellent structural properties and very good 

resistance to many common corrosive environments. These resins are styrenated, 

bisphenol-extended epoxy polymers incorporating reactive methacrylate end groups. 

The inherent resilience of bisphenol epoxy vinyl ester resins provides enhanced 

impact resistance as well as improved stress fatigue properties in systems subjected to thermal or mechanical cycling. Non-promoted (NP) bisphenol epoxy vinyl 

ester resins typically have a minimum six-month shelf life; pre-promoted versions 

have a minimum three-month shelf life. 

Dion® 91OONP (31347-00) is a non-promoted, bisphenol epoxy vinyl ester resin used 

in filament-wound tanks and pipes for a wide range of acidic, caustic and aqueous 

chemicals. Pre-promoted Dion® 9100 (31348-00) is also available. Dion® 9102NP 

(31365-00) is a low viscosity, reduced molecular weight version of Dion® 91 OONP 

with similar corrosion performance and storage stability. 

Dion® 9300NP (31353-00) is a non-promoted, flame-retardant resin with corrosion 

resistance similar to Dion® 9100. It is used extensively for ducting systems 

designed for highly corrosive gases and condensates at elevated temperatures. A 

pre-promoted version, Dion® 9300 (31354-00), is also available. 

Urethane-Modified 

Vinyl Ester Resins 

Atlac® 580-05A (31730-00) is a urethane-modified vinyl ester resin with several distinguishing features. Urethane modification creates a vinyl ester resin that does not 

foam when catalyzed with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), provides excellent 

glass-wetting characteristics and is compatible with standard grades of fumed silica. 

These benefits make it easier for fabricators to produce high-quality, void-free laminates. Atlac® 580-05A is preaccelerated with dimethylaniiine. A non-accelerated 

version, Atlac® 580-05 (31729-00), is also available. Both versions feature a minimum six-month shelf stability. 

Resin 

Physical 

Properties 

Dion® 9100 (31347-00) 

Dion® 9300 (31353-00) 

Atlac® 580 (31730-00) 

Dion® 9420 (31358-00) 

Dion® 9480 (31362-00) 

Laminates at Temperatures 

Tensile Strength, psi 

77T 

19200 

26600 

19500 

18700 

23900 

150° 

22100 

29100 

19500 

18400 

25000 

200° 

22700 

30100 

19500 

20400 

27700 

250° 

14600 

21200 

13000 

22300 

26700 

300' 

9900 

13700 

9000 

19900 

20900 

Tensile Modulus 

77'F 

1.70 

2.16 

2.25 

2.13 

150* 

1.70 

1.94 

1.66 

2.23 

200' 

1.39 

1.82 

1.57 

2.00 

x 10s psi 

250* 

0.80 

1.62 

1.29 

1.61 

300* 

0.80 

1.18 

1.04 

1.47 

1 
P.9 

Novolac vinyl ester resins are synthesized using a multifunctional epoxy novolac 

prepolymer instead of standard epoxy. This results in a vinyl ester resin with a 

higher crosslink density than bisphenol vinyl esters, and provides greater temperature and solvent resistance. Dion® 9480NP (31362-00), is a non-promoted epoxy 

novolac vinyl ester resin that contains 40% styrene monomer. If provides good 

resistance to many organic chemicals and has excellent resistance to thermal degradation while retaining relatively good resilience and handling properties due to its 

intermediate styrene content. The highly reactive nature of Dion® 9480 restricts its 

shelf life to a minimum of three months. 

Novolac 

Vinyl Ester Resins 

Dion® 9420 (31358-00) is a unique, highly-reactive vinyl ester resin that contains a 

difunctional monomer for the greatest possible degree of crosslinking. Ultra-high 

crosslink density results in a clear cast heat deflection temperature greater than 

320'F and exceptional resistance to organic solvents. This relatively rigid resin also 

provides excellent resistance to a broad range of acidic, caustic, and otherwise aggressive media. Like Dion® 9480, Dion® 9420 has a minimum 3-month shelf stability. 

Ultra-High 

Crosslink Density 

Vinyl Ester Resins 

Inclusion of high-performance elastomers in a vinyl ester polymer backbone allows 

corrosion-grade resins to attain exceptional toughness. Two versions, Dion® 9084NP 

(31367-00) and Dion® 9085 (31368-00), are available. Dion®9084NP provides 10% 

tensile elongation while Dion® 9085 has 20% elongation. These resins are ideal for 

applications that require the ultimate in toughness, combined with good corrosion 

resistance, such as environments that are both corrosive and abrasive. They can 

also be used as primers to enhance bonding of composites to dissimilar substrates, 

such as concrete and metals. Elastomer-modified Dion® resins have a minimum 

three-month shelf life. 

Elastomer-Modified 

Vinyl Ester Resins 

Laminates at Temperatures 

Flexural Strength, psi 

77T 

32800 

31700 

26300 

28600 

30000 

150° 

33100 

30600 

25600 

21600 

31800 

200° 

25700 

30500 

23100 

24700 

33500 

250° 

3000 

5100 

19200 

22600 

26000 

300° 

2800 

7400 

12500 

7900 

Flexural Modulus, x 10s psi 

ITF 

1.17 

1.53 

1.01 

1.16 

1.50 

150° 

1.12 

1.35 

0.87 

1.10 

1.38 

200' 

0.83 

1.22 

0.74 

1.02 

1.25 

250° 

0.37 

0.23 

0.58 

0.82 

0.92 

300° 

0.19 

0.32 

0.54 

0.46 

Castings 

Tensile Strength 

psi 

11600 

10900 

13100 

7400 

9000 

le Modulus 

KlO-psi ngation @ Jreak % 

rai Strength 

psi 

C/3 

c 

4.6 

5.1 

4.6 

5.0 

o -*• ; e 

CD ! S 

CC 

5.2 

4.0 

4.2 

1.8 

3.0 

23000 

21900 

22600 

16100 

20500 

-a- l a ••• 

•as TM*s 

tz *z CO CO 

X 

CD 

tr. 

5.0 

I 

35 

5.2 40 

4.9 

5.0 

5.1 

38 

iQ 

I 

220 

230 

244 

45 >320 

38 260 

3 
P.10 

Bisphenol Fumarate 

Polyester Resins 

Bisphenol fumarate polyester resins were the first premium thermosetting polymers 

used to produce corrosion-resistant composites. They have an extensive history of 

successful use in challenging environments since their introduction in the 1950s. 

Literally thousands of tanks, scrubbers, chlorine cell covers, and bleach towers made 

from bisphenol fumarate resins are in service today throughout the world. Bisphenol 

fumarate polyesters are typically rigid, high crosslink density resins that have very 

high glass transition temperatures. These attributes facilitate excellent physical property retention at temperatures of 300T or higher. Bisphenol fumarate resins also 

offer outstanding resistance to caustic and oxidizing environments. Articles produced 

using these resins are usually fabricated by hand lay-up or spray-up utilizing mat or 

chopped roving. All of the bisphenol fumarate resins listed below have a minimum 

six-month shelf life. 

Dion® 6694 (31734-00) is a unique, chemically modified bisphenol fumarate resin, 

typically available pre-promoted with cobalt and dimethylaniiine. This premium resin 

has been used with great success in chlorine environments, most notably in the pulp 

and paper industry for chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite containment, and in 

caustic/chlorine manufacture where it is used to produce chlorine cell covers. It also 

provides excellent resistance to highly acidic and extremely caustic environments. 

Atlac® 382-05A (31724-00) is a rigid bisphenol fumarate resin with a long and distinguished history of successful use. It provides excellent resistance to a wide variety 

of chemical environments and has a somewhat lower exotherm than Dion® 6694. 

Atlac® 401 OA is a resilient version developed specifically for filament-wound applications. Atlac® 711-05AS (31736-00) is a brominated, flame-retardant version of 

Atlac® 382-05. All three are preaccelerated with dimethylaniiine. Versions without 

accelerator are also available. 

Atlac® 382-05 and Atlac® 4010A comply with FDA Title 21 CFR 177.2420 and can be 

used for food contact applications when properly formulated and cured. Please note 

that it is the responsibility of the manufacturer of composite products to ensure that 

all relevant FDA requirements are fulfilled. 

Isophthalic and 

Terephthalic 

Polyester Resins 

Resin 

Physical 

Properties 

y?*y*&eiFr.t\y•;••_*.«; p 

High molecular weight isophthalic and terephthalic polyester resins offer excellent 

structural properties and are resistant to dilute chemicals at moderate temperatures. 

Resins with the highest corrosion performance are rigid, while resilient versions offer good resistance to mild chemicals at near-ambient temperatures. The isophthalic 

and terephthalic resins listed below typically perform very well in acidic conditions 

and salt solutions. They are not recommended for use in alkaline or oxidizing environments. Isophthalic and terephthalic resins have a minimum 3-month shelf stability. 

Dion® 6694 (31734-00) 'J*Jam® 

Atlatf»'382-05 (31724-00) • I p f 

Atlac® 711-05AS (31736 00) j | 

Atlac® 4010 (31727-00) ; ; :||1 ; 

Atlac® 490 (33423-00) 

Dion® 6631 (33434-00) 

Laminates at Temperatures 

Tensile Strength, psi 

77T 

22000 

llppo: 

20700 

;2i50cT 

14300 

19900 

150' 

IS0: 

Mlbo 

22900" 

210M 

16200 

22500 

200' 

24800 

2l|00 

26500" 

19000 

16600 

25000 

250° 

27700 

20000 

23800 

16000 

15300 

17000 

17100 

11700 

13200 

Tensile Modulus, x 10s psi 

200' 250" 

^•82 

J\.Q0 

0.58 

0.87 

300* 

_•

 :'V .&''V''\; 

0.47 

0.87 c 

1 
P.11 

Dion® 6334 (33433-05) is a resilient, non-promoted, non-thixotropic isophthalic resin. 

It is typically used in relatively non-aggressive, ambient temperature applications 

such as seawater piping. 

Dion® 6631T (33434-00) is a rigid, thixotropic, pre-promoted isophthalic resin suitable for chopper spray-up and filament-winding. A version that complies with 

SCAQMD Rule 1162 is also available (33434-20). 

Atlac® 400ACT (33425-00) is a thixotropic, pre-promoted terephthalic resin developed for hand lay-up, chopper spray-up and filament-winding applications. It has 

superior temperature and corrosion resistance as well as greater resilience than 

rigid isophthalic resins. 

Atlac® 490ACT (33423-03) is a thixotropic, prepromoted terephthalic resin formulated for higher temperature corrosion service and for applications requiring improved 

resistance to organic chemicals and solvents. High-crosslink density Atlac® 490 has 

demonstrated exceptional resistance to many organic solvents at ambient and 

moderately elevated temperatures, and has gained approvals under the UL 1316 

standard. In some low-temperature solvent applications, Atlac® 490 can offer corrosion resistance comparable to novolac vinyl ester resins at a significantly reduced 

cost. Atlac® 490 can also be used in applications that require a substantially higher 

heat distortion temperature than standard isophthalic resins provide. 

Dion® 6634, Dion® 6331, and Atlac® 400 comply with FDA Title 21 CFR 177.2420 

and can be used for food contact applications when properly formulated and cured. 

Please note that it is the responsibility of the manufacturer of composite products to 

ensure that all relevant FDA requirements are fulfilled. 

Isophthalic and 

Terephthalic 

Polyester Resins 

(continued) 

Atprime® 2 is a two-component, moisture-activated primer that provides enhanced 

bonding of composite materials to a variety of substrates. It is methylene chloridefree, and features better shelf stability compared to its predecessor, Atprime® 100. 

The unique chemistry of Atprime® 2 permits formation of a chemical bond with nonair inhibited FRP, concrete, steel, many thermoplastics and aged, chemical-exposed 

FRP substrates. Adhesion to the latter substrate makes Atprime® 2 especially useful 

for repairing existing FRP structures. The non-peroxide curing mechanism of Atprime® 

2 is relatively unaffected by changes in temperature or by the heat-sink effect of 

metallic substrates. 

Atprime® 2 

Laminates at Temperatures 

Flexural Strength, psi 

ITF 150' 

28700^ 30400 

25500 27000 

24500 133500 

30800 [26400 

23600 ! 25800 

31000 28600 

200° 

30700 

250' 300' 

29600] 20900 

23500 17500

 ! "* ' 

- I 31500 ' 141001 4500 

21200 | 9000 j 3700 

25500 ! 22600! 17100 

24000 14700! 4300 

i 

Flexural Modulus, x 10s psi 

77T 

1.50 

1.21 

1.37 

1.00 

1.08 

1.38 

150' 

1.39 

1.10 

1.36 

0.85 

0.99 

1.20 

200" 

1.25 

1.00 

1.16 

0.68 

0.85 

0.85 

250° 

1.08 

0.88 

0.66 

0.35 

0.60 

0.50 

300' 

0.87 

' '' 

0.36 

0.21 

0.41 

0.305 

Castings 

Tensile Strength 

psi 

Tensile Modulus 

xlo-psi 

Elongation @ 

Break % 

Flexural Strength 

psi 

Rexural Modulus 

xlO-psi 

Barcol 

Hardness 

HDTT 

8200 .3.4 .2.4 14600 4.9 38 270 

10000 4.3 :2.5 :17000 4.3 38 270 

10800 :5.7 j 3.0 ; 21800 4.7 38 250 

9900 4.2 4.0 ; 17000 4.6 32 205 

8700 4.8 2.1 16700 5.2 40 260 

9300 5.9 2.4 16600 5.2 40 225 

10 
P.12 

Specifying 

Composite 

Performance 

The design and manufacture of composite equipment for corrosion service is a highly 

customized process. In order to produce a product that successfully meets the unique 

. needs of each customer, it is essential for fabricators and material suppliers to understand the applications for which composite equipment is intended. One of the 

most common causes of equipment failure is exposure of equipment to service conditions that are more severe than anticipated. This issue has been addressed by the 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in their RTP-1 specification for 

corrosion-grade composite tanks. RTP-1 includes a section called the User's Basic 

Requirement Specifications (UBRS). The UBRS is a standardized 8-page document which is provided to tank manufacturers before vessels are constructed. It 

identifies, among other factors, the function and configuration of the tank, internal 

and external operating conditions, mechanical loads on the vessel, installation requirements and applicable state and federal codes at the installation site. Reichhold 

strongly recommends that the information required by the UBRS is provided to composite equipment fabricators before any equipment is manufactured. 

Factors 

Affecting Resin 

Performance 

Shelf Life Policy Most polyester resins have a minimum three-month shelf life from the date of shipment from Reichhold. Some corrosion resins have a longer shelf life, notably 

unpromoted bisphenol epoxy vinyl ester resins, unpromoted and accelerated 

bisphenol fumarate resins, and Dion® 6694 modified bisphenol fumarate resin. See 

the individual resin descriptions for specific information for each resin. Shelf stability 

minimums apply to resins stored in their original, unopened containers at temperatures not exceeding 75°F, away from sunlight and other sources of heat or extreme 

cold. Resins that have exceeded their shelf life should be tested before use. 

Elevated Temperatures Composites manufactured with vinyl ester or bisphenol fumarate resins have been 

used extensively in applications requiring long-term structural integrity at elevated 

temperatures. Good physical properties are generally retained at temperatures up 

to 200°F The selection of resin becomes crucial beyond 200°F because excessive 

temperatures will cause resins to soften and lose physical strength. Rigid resins 

such as ultra-high crosslink density vinyl ester resin, bisphenol fumarate polyesters, 

epoxy novolac vinyl ester resins, and high-crosslink density terephthalic resins typically provide the best high-temperature physical properties. Appropriate Atlac® and 

Dion® resin systems may be considered for use in relatively non-aggressive gas phase 

environments at temperatures of 350°F or higher in suitably designed structures. 

When designing composite equipment for high temperature service, it is important 

to consider how heat will be distributed throughout the unit. Polymer composites 

have a low thermal conductivity (approximately 1.0 Btu/hr/fP/°F/in), which provides 

and insulating effect. This may allow equipment having high cross-sectional thickness to sustain very high operating temperatures at the surface since the structural 

portion of the laminate maintains a lower temperature. 

II 
P.13 

A well-constructed corrosion barrier utilizing surface veil is required for any polymer 

composite intended for corrosion service. Veils based on C-glass and on synthetic 

polyester fiber are available. C-glass veils are widely used because they readily 

conform to complex shapes, are easy to wet out with resin and provide excellent 

overall corrosion resistance. Synthetic veils are harder to set in place and wet out, 

but can provide a thicker, more resin-rich corrosion barrier. 

The bulking effect of synthetic veil allows the outer corrosion barrier to have a very 

high resin content, which has both benefits and drawbacks. Resin richness can extend resistance to chemical and abrasive attack, but also yields a corrosion barrier 

that is more prone to cracking in stressed areas. This can be an issue in corrosion 

barriers where multiple plies of veil are used, and in areas where veil layers overlap. 

Should the resin-rich veil portion of a corrosion barrier crack, the barrier is breached 

and all of the benefits of using multiple veils are lost. Furthermore, multiple plies of 

synthetic veil can be more difficult to apply and often lead to an increase in the 

number of air bubbles trapped in the corrosion barrier. Many composite specifications, including ASME RTP-1, impose a maximum allowable amount of air bubble 

entrapment in the corrosion barrier. Attempts to repair air bubbles are time-consuming and can reduce the corrosion resistance of the composite. 

Where a two-ply corrosion barrier is desired, C-glass veil can be used for one or 

both plies. This provides a degree of reinforcement to the corrosion barrier, reduces 

resin drainage, and creates a corrosion barrier that is less prone to interlaminar 

shear cracking. Fabricators utilizing two plies of synthetic veil should carefully follow 

the veil manufacturer's instructions and also take special caution to ensure that no 

excessively resin-rich areas are formed. 

Laminate 

Construction 

Composite products designed for corrosion resistance typically utilize a structural 

laminate and a corrosion barrier. This type of construction is necessary since the 

overall properties of a composite are derived from the widely differing properties of 

the constituent materials. Glass fibers contribute strength but have little or no corrosion resistance in many environments. Resins provide corrosion resistance and channel stress into the glass fibers but have little strength when unreinforced. Consequently a resin-rich corrosion barrier is used to protect a glass-rich structural laminate. 

In accordance with general industry practice, corrosion barriers are typically 90-110 

mils thick and consist of a surfacing veil saturated to a 90% resin content, followed 

by the equivalent of a minimum of two plies of 1.5-oz to 2-oz/ft2 chopped strand mat 

impregnated with about 70% resin. The structural portion of the laminate can be built 

with chopped strand mat, chopped roving, chopped strand mat alternating with 

woven roving, or by filament-winding. An additional ply of mat is sometimes used as 

a bonding layer between a filament-wound structural over-wrap and the corrosion 

barrier. Filament-wound structures have a glass content of approximately 70% and 

provide high strength combined with light weight. 

Because resin provides corrosion resistance, a resin-rich topcoat is often used as 

an exterior finish coat, particularly where occasional contact with aggressive chemicals might occur. Topcoats may incorporate UV stabilizer or pigments to minimize 

weathering effects, or for tanks designed to contain light sensitive products. A topcoat is especially useful for filament-wound structures due to their high glass content. 

Surfacing Veil 

I 2-
P.M 

Chopped 

Strand Mat 

Chopped strand mat is widely used in the fabrication of corrosion-resistant structures to obtain consistent resin/glass lamination ratios. Many types of glass mat are 

available, and the importance of proper mat selection should not be overlooked. 

Mats are available with a variety of sizings and binders, and even the glass itself can 

vary between manufacturers. These differences manifest themselves in the ease of 

laminate wetout, corrosion resistance, physical properties, and the tendency of the 

laminate to jackstraw. Manufacturers of glass mat can provide assistance in selecting the most suitable mat for specific and end-use applications. 

Woven Roving Woven continuous fiberglass roving at 24 oz/yd2

 may be used to improve the structural performance of FRP laminates. If more than one ply of woven roving is used, it 

should be laminated with alternating layers of glass mat separating each ply; otherwise, separation under stress can occur. Due to the wicking action of continuous 

glass filaments, woven roving should not be used in any surface layer directly in 

contact with the chemical environment. 

Continuous 

Filament Roving 

Continuous roving may be used for chopper-gun lamination and in filament winding. 

Filament winding is widely employed for cylindrical products used in the chemical 

equipment market and is the predominant manufacturing process for chemical storage tanks and reactor vessels. Glass contents of up to 70% can be achieved using 

filament winding, which provides uniform, high-strength structural laminates. Because the capillary action of continuous rovings can carry chemical penetration deep 

into the composite structure, a well constructed, intact corrosion barrier is essential 

for filament-wound structures. Topcoats are often used for filament-wound products 

intended for outdoor exposure to protect the glass fibers from UV attack. 

Resin Curing Systems One of the most important factors governing the corrosion resistance of composites is the degree of cure that the resin attains. For general service, it is 

recommended that the laminate reach a minimum of 90% of the clear cast Barcol 

hardness value listed by the resin manufacturer. For highly aggressive conditions, it 

may be necessary to use extraordinary measures to attain the highest degree of 

cure possible. One effective way to do this is to post-cure the laminate shortly after 

it has gelled and completed its exotherm. 

Some laboratory studies have indicated that the combination of benzoyl peroxide 

(BPO) and dimethylaniiine (DMA) may provide a more complete cure before postcuring than the standard cobalt/DMA/MEKP system. While many composite components have been made to very high quality standards using the BPO/DMA system, it 

has not always performed as well as expected under shop fabrication conditions. In 

some instances, resins have demonstrated a permanent undercure for reasons that 

are not fully understood. One theory is that undercure is related to initiator dispersion. Typically BPO is used in paste form, which is prepared by grinding solid BPO 

particles in an inert carrier. Dispersion and dissolution of BPO paste is clearly a 

more challenging procedure than blending in low-viscosity MEKP liquid. Another 

advantage of MEKP systems is a more positive response to post-curing. 

Vinyl ester resin promoted with cobalt/DMA tends to foam when MEKP catalyst is 

added. This increases the difficulty of eliminating entrapped gases from the laminate. Foaming can be eliminated in a number of ways. BPO/DMA eliminates foaming, as does the use of an MEKP/cumene hydroperoxide blend such as TrigonoxTM 

239A with cobalt/DMA promotion. Using a resin that does not foam, such as Atlac® 

580 urethane-modified vinyl ester resin or a bisphenol fumarate resin, is another 

alternative. i 

13 
P.15 

High-quality composite products can be fabricated using either of the promoter/initiator combinations described above. For end-users, it is suggested that the preferences of the fabricator involved be taken into account when specifying promoter/ 

initiator systems. 

Resin Curing Systems 

(continued) 

The performance of composite products in some environments can be enhanced by 

post-curing the finished component. Post-curing a composite provides two benefits. 

Driving the curing reaction to completion maximizes the crosslink density of the resin 

system and eliminates unreacted crosslinking sites in the resin. This improves both 

corrosion resistance and physical properties. Thorough, even post-curing for an extended period of time also can relieve stresses formed in the laminate during the 

initial cure, thus reducing the likelihood of warping during normal thermal cycling. 

For maximum effectiveness, post-curing should be performed as soon as possible 

after the composite has gelled and its exotherm has subsided. Under ideal conditions, composites should be post-cured for four hours at around 160°F, followed by 

two hours at a temperature of 15°F below the heat deflection temperature of the 

clear cast resin used in the composite. Where ideal post-curing conditions are not 

practical (which is often the case, particularly for large components), the highest 

available post-cure temperature should be used, and the post-curing time should be 

extended. 

One of the most common locations of composite failure is at a secondary bond. To 

develop a successful secondary bond, the composite substrate must either have a 

tacky, air-inhibited surface or it must be specially prepared. 

Composites with a fully-cured surface may be prepared for secondary bonding by 

grinding the laminate down to exposed glass prior to applying a new laminate. Secondary bond strength can be greatly enhanced by using the Atprime® 2 primer system. Atprime® 2 is specially designed to provide a direct, chemical bond between 

fully-cured composites and secondary laminates. Atprime® 2 can also improve the 

bond of FRP composites to concrete, metals, and some thermoplastics. 

Post-Curing 

Composite Products 

Secondary Bonding 

Topcoats are often used to protect the exterior of composite products from weathering and from the effects of occasional exposure to corrosive agents. A topcoat may 

be prepared by modifying the resin used to manufacture the product with thixotrope, 

a UV absorber and a small amount of wax. Blending 3% fumed silica, 0.05% Cyasorb® 

UV-9 or Tinuven® P along with 5% of a 10% wax solution (in styrene) to a resin is a 

typical approach to topcoat formulation. Another practical alternative may be to use 

Dion® 6720LS (32700-00) Topcoat Resin. This product is specially formulated for 

ideal curing and thixotropic properties in topcoat applications and contains appropriate levels of wax and UV absorbers. 

Resin Topcoating 

When vinyl ester or bisphenol fumarate corrosion barriers are unsuitable for a particular environment, it may still be possible to design equipment that takes advantage 

of the benefits of composite materials by employing a thermoplastic corrosion barrier. This technology involves creating the desired structure by shaping the thermoplastic, then rigidizing it with a composite outer skin. Thermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and a wide variety of highperformance fluoropolymers are commonly used. Dual laminates typically are considerably more expensive than all-thermoset composite products, but can provide 

cost-effective performance in conditions where composites are otherwise inappropriate. 

Dual Laminate Systems 
P.16 

Pultruded Profile Information contained in this guide can be used for all equipment conforming to 

accepted practices of corrosion equipment manufacture. For molded or pultruded 

products using high filler and glass reinforcement levels, or for any equipment that 

does not employ a resin-rich corrosion barrier, it is not possible to provide generalized predictions of composite behavior in aggressively corrosive environments. 

Please call the Corrosion Hotline (1-800-752-0060) for specific recommendations. 

Maintenance 

and Inspection 

The service life that can reasonably be expected of corrosion-grade composite equipment will vary depending upon a number of factors including fabrication details, 

material selection and the nature of the environment to which the equipment is actually exposed. For example, a tank that may be expected to provide service for 15 

years or more in a non-aggressive environment may be deemed to have provided 

an excellent service life after less than 10 years of exposure to a more aggressive 

media. Other factors, such as process upsets, unanticipated changes in the chemical composition of equipment contents and unforeseen temperature fluctuations, 

may also reduce the service life of composite products. These are some of the reasons why a program of regularly scheduled inspection and maintenance of corrosion-grade composite equipment is vital. A secondary benefit is the reduction of 

downtime and minimization of repair expenses. 

Beyond issues of cost and equipment service life, the human, environmental and 

financial implications of catastrophic equipment failure cannot be understated. A 

regular program of maintenance and inspection is a key element in the responsible 

care of chemical processes. 

£ 

\5 
P.17 

Selected 

Application 

Recommendations 

Composite pipe and ducting can offer significantly better air and fluid flow compared 

to conventional materials because of their smooth internal surfaces. For products 

designed to carry abrasive slurries and coarse particulates, the effects of abrasion 

should be considered during the product design process. Resistance to abrasion 

can be enhanced by using synthetic veil or, for extreme cases by using silicon carbide or ceramic beads as fillers in the surface layer. Resilient liners based on elastomer-modified vinyl ester resin are also effective in some cases. 

Abrasive Materials 

Bleach solutions are highly electrophilic and tend to attack composites by reacting 

with sources of electrons. One of the most readily available electron sources in a 

cured resin is residual unsaturation resulting from an incomplete cure. Consequently, 

the resistance of composites to bleach environments can be greatly enhanced by 

ensuring that the highest possible degree of resin cure is obtained. To be assured of 

a high degree of cure, post-curing/is suggested. Since air-inhibited surfaces are 

particularly susceptible to attack by bleaches, a paraffinated resin topcoat is recommended for exterior surfaces that may come into incidental contact with bleach. 

BPO/DMA curing systems are sometimes advocated for composite products intended 

for bleach service. While some studies have indicated that BPO provides a slight 

appearance advantage over MEKP/Co/DMA systems in sodium hypo-chlorite environments, a large number of composite products based on MEKP 

curing have been, and continue to be, successfully used in equipment designed for 

hypochlorite and other types of bleach. The key to obtaining good resistance to 

bleaches is to have a well-cured laminate; the means employed to generate a high 

degree of cure are of secondary importance. 

Bleaching Solutions 

V*, 

Sodium hypochlorite can be an unstable substance that decomposes to form nascent chlorine compounds. These decomposition products aggressively attack composites through surface oxidation. Decomposition of sodium hypochlorite can be 

caused by excessive temperature, low pH, and/or UV radiation. For optimum stability, sodium hypochlorite solutions should be maintained at no greater than 125T 

and a pH of 10.5 or higher. Higher temperatures and/or lower pH will cause gradual 

sodium hypochlorite decomposition and subsequent attack on the surface of FRP 

equipment. Atlac® and Dion® resins can be used for sodium hypochlorite solutions at 

temperatures greater than 125T and can withstand lower solution pHs, but reduced 

service life should be expected. 

Overchlorinating sodium hydroxide during the manufacture of sodium hypochlorite 

will produce a solution that is very aggressive toward composites. When 

overchlorination occurs, temperature and pH are difficult to control. This can drastically reduce the service life of composite hypochlorite generators and may result in 

equipment failure. Reichhold stresses the importance of properly controlling 

the reaction conditions used in manufacturing this bleach. 

Exposure to ultraviolet light will also decompose sodium hypochlorite. Fortunately, 

this is relatively easy to prevent. Composite equipment intended for outdoor service 

should contain a UV-absorbing additive and a light-colored pigment in the final 

paraffinated exterior topcoat to shield the hypochlorite solution from exposure. 

Thixotropic agents based on silica should never be used in the construction of composite equipment or in paraffinated resin topcoats intended for contact with sodium 

hypochlorite due to the reactive nature of hypochlorite. Attack is very severe when 

these agents are used. 

Sodium Hypochlorite 

/t 
Chlorine Dioxide (CIO,) 

Ozone 

Chlorine dioxide has been used for many years for bleaching wood pulp and disinfecting water. New pulp plant designs may expand the role of chlorine dioxide to 

reduce pollution and water consumption. Composites made with high-performance 

corrosion resins have been used with great success for upflow tubes, downstream 

piping, and storage tanks designed for chlorine dioxide service. 

Chlorine dioxide in a mixture with 6-12% brown stock can be serviced at up to 160'F 

by composites fabricated with high-performance resins. Under these conditions, the 

resin surface may slowly oxidize. The presence of surface oxidation is indicated by 

the formation of a soft, yellowish surface layer known as chlorine butter. In some 

cases, chlorine butter will form a protective layer, which shields the underlying resin 

from attack. However, chlorine butter is prone to erosion, which is aggravated by 

abrasion from the pulp stock. Composite equipment can withstand attack by chlorine dioxide solutions at temperatures greater than 160'F, but a reduced service life 

can be expected. 

Extensive in-plant evaluation at a major pulp mill of many of the corrosion-resistant 

polymer types currently available has demonstrated that Dion® 6694 modified 

bisphenol fumarate resin is highly resistant to chlorine dioxide attack. This resin has 

a long and successful history of performance in high temperature, extreme pH and/ 

or chlorine environments. Dion® 6694 test coupons maintained a smooth, glossy 

surface after one year of in-plant exposure to chlorine dioxide at both 128'F and 

140T. For resistance to attack by chlorine dioxide solutions, Dion® 6694 is the resin 

of choice. 

Ozone is used commercially to treat water containing sewage or chemical waste. It 

is also used in the bleaching and selective delignification of pulp. Ozone is regarded 

as an environmentally friendly, non-halogen bleaching agent, and its use is expected 

to increase. 

The oxidation potential of ozone is second only to fluorine, making it one of the most 

powerful oxidizing agents known. Even at concentrations of 5 ppm in water, ozone 

is highly active and can attack the surface of composites, leading to gradual degradation. While experience with active ozone levels at 5 ppm indicates that a reasonable service life can be expected, at higher concentrations (10-30 ppm), serious 

surface oxidation and erosion may occur rapidly, requiring frequent inspection and 

eventual relining. 

Concentrated Acids 

Sulfuric acid (H SO.) 

Hydrochloric acid (HCI) 

Containment of acids is one of the most popular applications of corrosion-grade 

composites. Almost all acids can be successfully handled in dilute forms, often using 

low-cost isophthalic resins. Concentrated mineral acids, however, are in many cases 

extremely aggressive toward composites. 

Concentrated sulfuric acid (76-98%) is a powerful reducing agent that will spontaneously react with organic polymers, dehydrating the crosslinked resin to a 

carbonaceous char and causing system failure. Sulfuric acid diluted below 75% 

concentration loses this dehydrating effect and can be handled at elevated temperatures (see temperature suggestions) with little or no degradation. In this regard, the 

effects of sulfuric acid on composites are the opposite of what occurs with metals. 

Exposure to hydrochloric acid may gradually cause composites to turn green, though 

this does not necessarily indicate a problem. Wicking and blistering involving the 

glass fiber reinforcement is also sometimes observed. While elevated temperature 

and concentration greatly increase the aggressiveness of HCI, tanks made from 

premium corrosion resins have provided service lifetimes of 20 years or more with 

concentrated HCI (37%) at ambient temperature. Muriatic and other diluted hydrochloric acids can be handled up to 200'F with no blistering or wicking and are far 

less aggressive than HCI in concentrated form. 

i 

ll 
P.19 

€ 

Low grades of HCI are often produced via a byproduct recovery process, and may 

contain chlorinated hydrocarbons. These high-density solvents can accumulate at 

the bottom of a tank and induce swelling of the composite. Purity of the HCI is, 

therefore, one of the many factors that must be considered when specifying composite products. 

Concentrated nitric and chromic acids are strong oxidizing agents that will gradually 

attack the composite surface, forming a yellow crust that eventually develops 

microcracks and leads to laminate deterioration. Diluted nitric and chromic acids 

(5%) can be handled at moderate temperatures (see temperature suggestions). These 

acids are most commonly encountered in metal plating and pickling operations, where 

composites often outperform competitive materials such as rubber-lined steel. 

Concentrated hydrofluoric acid can attack both the polymer and the glass fiber reinforcement in resin laminates, leading to wicking and surface blistering of the composite. Diluted HF continues to be aggressive even at concentrations as low as 5%. 

Synthetic veil is often used in the corrosion barrier for HF environments. 

Glacial acetic acid causes rapid composite deterioration due to blister formation in 

the corrosion barrier. This is usually accompanied by softening and swelling of the 

structure, leading to loss of structural performance. Acetic acid becomes less aggressive when diluted to 75% concentration, and at lower concentrations it can be 

handled by a variety of resin systems. 

While perchloric acid can be an aggressive chemical, the main issue from a composite point of view is safety. Dry perchloric acid is ignitable and presents a fire 

hazard. When a tank used for perchloric acid storage is emptied and allowed to dry 

out, residual acid absorbed into the surface of the tank laminate may remain. Subsequent exposure to an ignition source, such as a spark or heat from a grinding 

wheel, may result in spontaneous combustion. 

Hydrochloric acid (HCI) 

(continued) 

Nitric and Chromic acids 

(HN03H2Cr04) 

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) 

Acetic acid (glacial) 

Perchloric acid 

Purified water can be a very aggressive environment, depending on the purity requirements of the water. It can cause blistering and wicking in the corrosion liner at 

temperatures over 150'F. Purified water can also extract material from the resin 

and/or glass reinforcement, thereby compromising its purity. The storage of highpurity deionized water requires post-cured equipment to provide optimum corrosion 

resistance and prevent hydrophilic attack on the resin. The use of a high-temperature co-initiator such as 0.5% tertiary butyl perbenzoate (TBPB) is suggested to help 

optimize curing. 

Resin used to hold high-purity deionized water must not contain thixotropes which 

can be leached into the deionized water. Synthetic surfacing veil is also suggested 

to avoid extraction of contaminants from glass veil. Atlac® 4010A and Atlac® 400 

have been used extensively to produce a variety of equipment designed for deionized water service. Both of these resins will provide excellent results when adequately 

catalyzed and post-cured. 

Deionized and 

Distilled Water 

Alkaline solutions can attack both resin and glass fibers, leading to pronounced 

surface blistering and wicking. Dilute sodium hydroxide often is more aggressive 

than concentrated solutions, which can be contained by composites at much higher 

temperatures (see temperature suggestions). Bisphenol fumarate resins such as 

Dion® 6694 are particularly effective in hot alkaline environments. Synthetic veils are 

sometimes specified for caustic environments. While caustic solutions attack C-glass 

veils, they also attack synthetic veils; the only advantage synthetic veils provide is a 

somewhat higher resin content in the corrosion barrier. 

Sodium Hydroxide 

n 
P.20 

Flame Retardant 

Duct and Scrubbers 

Flame-retardant variations of both polyester and vinyl ester resins are available for 

applications requiring protection against fire, such as duct and scrubber systems. 

These resins employ brominated intermediates reacted into the backbone of the 

polymer. High-performance corrosion-resistant and flame-retardant polymers are 

typically based on brominated bisphenol A. This produces flame-retardant vinyl ester and bisphenol fumarate polymers that have corrosion and thermal properties 

similar to their non-brominated analogues. Flame retardance is usually defined according to the ASTM E-84 flame spread test. A flame spread of 25 or less is defined 

as Class 1 and is the maximum allowable in interior applications, however, it is important for fabricators to ensure that any other federal, state and local code requirements are met. For duct systems, Factory Mutual Standard 4922 and ICBO Report 

-4055 define flammability standards. 

All Atlac® and Dion® flame retardant resins will meet the ASTM E-84 Class 1 flame 

spread requirement of 25 when blended with the appropriate amount of antimony 

trioxide. Antimony trioxide provides no flame retardance on its own, but has a synergistic flame-retardant effect when used in conjunction with brominated resins. It is 

typically incorporated into resin at a 1.5-5.0% level. Please consult the Product Bulletin for a specific resin to obtain its antimony trioxide requirement. Antimony trioxide 

typically is not included in the corrosion liner for duct systems handling concentrated 

wet acidic gases in order to maximize corrosion resistance. It is used in the structural over-wrap to provide good overall flame retardance. To maximize flame 

retardance in less aggressive vapor-phase environments, antimony trioxide may be 

included in the liner resin. 

Flue Gas Desulfurization Composites have been used extensively in ducts, scrubbers, and chimney liners 

exposed to sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. Flame-retardant resins such as Atlac® 

711-05AS or Dion® 9300 are often used in these applications to reduce the probability of fire. Resins with high-temperature properties are usually selected to accommodate uncontrolled temperature excursions that can occur if there is a loss of 

quenching water. Properly designed composite structures can withstand brief temperature excursions of up to 350'F without serious impairment of the structural properties and may operate at up to 220" F on a continuous basis. 

For more information, consult the comprehensive application guide, "Atlac® and Dion® 

Corrosion Resins for Power Generation Applications," which provides extensive details on the handling of S02 fumes. 

Static Electricity Resin/glass composites are non-conductive materials, and high static electric charges 

can develop in ducting and piping. Static build-up can be reduced by using conductive graphite fillers, graphite veils or continuous carbon filaments in the surface layer. 

Use of copper should be avoided because it can inhibit the resin cure. 

Radioactive Materials Polymer-matrix composites in general have a very low neutron cross-section capture efficiency and, therefore, are very well-suited to the containment of radioactive 

materials, even at relatively high levels of radioactivity. Testing of uncured Atlac® 382 

by Atlas Chemical Laboratories demonstrated that this resin is highly resistant to 

molecular weight changes at dosages up to 15 million rads. Extrapolations based on 

this study estimate that Atlac® 382 may be able to withstand 50 to 100 million rads. 

For reference, the lethal radiation dose is about 400 rads. Given the hazardous 

nature of radioactive materials, testing is recommended before actual use in highradiation environments. 

( 

II 
P.21 

Organic solvents can exert a variety of corrosive effects on composites. Small polar 

molecules, such as methanol and ethanol, for example, may permeate the corrosion 

liner, causing some swelling and blistering. Chlorinated solvents, chlorinated aromatics, lower aldehydes and ketones are especially aggressive and can cause swelling and spalling of the corrosion liner surface. Corrosive environments containing 

low levels of solvents may still exert significant effects depending on the solvent 

involved and the properties of any other materials present. Best results in solvent 

environments are obtained by using resins with high crosslink density, such as Dion® 

9420, Dion® 9480, Dion® 6694, and Atlac® 490. 

Solvents 

For over 30 years composite aboveground and underground storage tanks have 

successfully been used for gasoline fuel service. However, the composition of petroleum fuels has been changing in response to a demand for cleaner-burning fuels. 

Elimination of tetra-ethyl lead caused an increase in the proportion of aromatics in 

the gasoline pool. Use of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) was mandated in November 1992 to reduce winter carbon monoxide emissions in those metropolitan 

districts with poor air quality. The proportions of MTBE and other oxygenated additives such as ethanol, methanol, and tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), may increase in the future due to the demand for progressively cleaner-burning fuels. 

The use of oxygenates and increased levels of aromatics have required resins that 

provide improved corrosion performance over isophthalic resins, which were once 

used exclusively. Of the numerous polyester and vinyl ester resins evaluated under 

conditions specified by UL 1316, Atlac® 490 high-crosslink density terephthalic resins offers a cost-effective solution. For more information, consult the comprehensive 

application guide, "Atlac®and Dion®Corrosion Resins forthe Containment of Petroleum Fuels." 

Gasoline, Gasohol 

and Underground 

Storage Tanks 

The electrodeposition of metals from plating solutions is often performed in composite and polymer concrete vessels. Some plating environments, such as those used 

for chrome plating, are especially aggressive due to their strong oxidation potential 

and the presence of fluoride ions, which can lead to rapid surface microcracking and 

erosion. Other plating chemicals can be handled easily at temperatures up to 200*F. 

For plating solutions containing fluoride ions, it is suggested that synthetic veil be 

used in the corrosion barrier. Since plating quality can be influenced by solution 

contamination, it is important to use well-Cured, premium corrosion-resistant resins 

to reduce the possibility of contaminants leaching from the composite. While corrosion-grade composites typically provide excellent resistance to acidic environments 

such as those used in metal plating, special consideration should be given to solutions containing oxidizing acids such as nitric and chromic. 

Plating Solutions 

Products used to carry or store potable water must meet provisions set forward by 

the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) in Standard 14 and/or Standard 61 which 

specify limits on the quantity and type of extractable organics in containment vessels. NSF Standard 61 further requires that a risk assessment be performed by the 

NSF on organics that are extracted from composites. Please note that it is the responsibility of the manufacturer of composite products to ensure that these and any 

other applicable standards are met. 

Potable Water 

Atlac® 382-05A, Atlac® 4010A, Atlac® 400ACT, Dion® 6631T, and Dion® 6334 resins 

comply with FDA Title 21, CFR 177.2420. These resins can be used for food contact 

applications when properly formulated and cured. Please note that it is the responsibility of the manufacturer of composite products to ensure that FDA 

requirements are fulfilled. 

FDA Compliance 

2.0 
P.22 

USDA Applications USDA approvals must be petitioned directly from the USDA by the fabricator of a 

composite component. Typically, any product which complies with FDA Title 21, 

CFR 177.2420 will be easily approved by the USDA as well. 

Additional 

Reference 

Sources 

Industry Standards ASTM standards cover the composition, performance requirements, construction 

practices, workmanship, design, and methods of testing FRP structures for use in 

various chemical environments. ASME have recently introduced RTP-1 as the industry recognized standard of quality. 

D-2105 Specification for Longitudinal Tensile Properties of Reinforced Thermosetting 

Plastic Pipe and Tube 

D-2143 Standard Specification for Cyclic Pressure Strength of Reinforced, Thermosetting 

Plastic Pipe 

D-2310 Classification System for Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe 

D-2517 Standard Specification for Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic Gas Pressure Pipe 

and Fittings 

D-2924 Standard Specification for External Pressure Resistance of Plastic Pipe 

D-2925 Standard Specification for Beam Deflection of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin 

Pipe Under Full Bore Flow, Measuring 

D-2922 Standard Specification for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Reinforced 

Thermosetting Resin Pipe and Fittings 

D-2996 Standard Specification for Filament-Wound Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic Pipe 

D-2997 Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic Pipe 

D-3262 Standard Specification for Reinforced Plastic Mortar Sewer Pipe 

D-3299 Standard Specification for Filament-Wound Glass Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset 

Resin Chemical Resistant Tanks 

D-3982 Standard Specification for Custom Contact Molded Glass-Fiber Reinforced 

Thermosetting Resin Hoods 

D-4021 Standard Specification for Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks 

D-4097 Standard Specification for Contact Molded Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoset 

Resins Chemical Resistant Tanks 

D-5364 Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Chimney 

Liners 

User Guides The Corrosion-Resistant Structures Committee of the Composites Institute of the 

Society of the Plastics Industry publishes users' guides that are intended to supply 

basic FRP equipment information in a useful format for prospective purchasers of 

FRP equipment. You can call the Society of Plastics Industry at 212-351-5405 for 

more details. Guides are available covering: 

Purchasing RP Tanks 

Fans and Blowers 

Historical Reprint of NBS PS15-69, Product Standard 

Piping Systems 

Structural Assemblies 

Vendor Qualification and Inspection of Reinforced Plastic Equipment 

Purchasing Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels 

Purchasing Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Panels 

Fiberglass Pipe Handbook 

i 

M 
P.23 

User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Acetaldehyde 

Acetic Acid 

Acetic Acid, Glacial 

Acetic Anhydride 

Acetone 

Acetonitriie 

Acetophenone 

Acetyl Chloride 

Acrylic Acid 

Acrylic Latex 

Acrylonitrile 

Acrylonitrile Latex 

Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid 

Alkyl Benzene C10-C12 

Ally! Alcohol 

Ally) Chloride 

Alpha Methyl Styrene 

Alpha Olefin Sulfates 

Alum 

Aluminum Chloride 

Aluminum Chlorohydrate 

Aluminum Citrate 

Aluminum Fluoride 

Aluminum Hydroxide 

Aluminum Nitrate 

Aluminum Potassium Sulfate 

Aluminum Sulfate 

z^ 
User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Amino Acids 

Ammonia, Liquified 

Ammonia, Aqueous 

Ammonia (Dry Gas) 

Ammonium Acetate 

Ammonium Benzoate 

Ammonium Bicarbonate 

Ammonium Bisulfite (Black Liquor) 

Ammonium Bromate 

Ammonium Bromide 

Ammonium Carbonate 

Ammonium Chloride 

Ammonium Citrate 

Ammonium Fluoride 

Ammonium Hydroxide 

(Aqueous Ammonia) 

Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate 

Ammonium Ligno Sulfonate 

Ammonium Nitrate 

Ammonium Persulfate 

Ammonium Phosphate 

(Mono or Di Basic) 

Ammonium Sulfate 

Ammonium Sulfide (Bisulfide) 

Ammonium Sulfite 

Ammonium Thiocyanate 

Ammonium Thiosulfate 

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-«y«i_:r.,.»_.tj*w.i«»«_ftj.j.«*. ~. J 

120 

120 

J2Q0 JC 200 

180 

"2iqT 

210 

120^ 

150 

110 

100 

180 

J210 

200 

Si°. 

150 

^210 

110 

100 

220 

180 

210 

210 

120 

210 

110 

100 

180 

210 

210 

120 

150 

100 

200 

180 

170 

t: 150 

100 

120 

180 

;220" 

210 

210 

220 

110 

150 

220 

150 

150 

_» _A^^t^J*^'J_I»i____i(,it-!)i__J__ 

200 

180" f180 

150 140 

TM*it".*v ^t»r«*'*sj •*••*!*• »^;a_r?** a y 1 .'.*-

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100 

120 

180 

100 

120 

160 

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,VNR v4i« 

,J*.-_, _ .__..iaJ..i.-;i: 

NR 

NR 

NR 

"yi2i(T:,ti2ob. 

i.^tf*^--*iv',vii*'.-1Ui.'V:„t*....J.;., 

180 

210 

150 

3id 

110 

110 

180 

"l8(T 

200 

110 

150 

56o 

110 

110 

NR 

NR 

NR 

VNR ;^NR 

NR NR 

.••*.;t,!"''."*''vij,<-r"T . *'• 

140 ;140 

140 

140 

170 

80 

140 

80 

NR 

140 

170 

NR 

140 

80 

NR 

-Z3 
P.25 

Suggested Temperature Limit, F 

c 

User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Amyl Acetate 

Amyl Alcohol (Vapor) 

Amyl Alcohol 

Amyl Chloride 

Aniline 

Aniline Hydrochloride 

Aniline Sulfate 

Aqua Regia (3:1 HCI-HNO3) 

Arsenic Acid 

Arsenious Acid 

Barium Acetate 

Barium Bromide 

Barium Carbonate 

Barium Chloride 

Barium Cyanide 

Barium Hydroxide 

Barium Sulfate 

Barium Sulfide 

Beer 

Beet Sugar Liquor 

Benzaldehyde 

Benzene 

Benzene, HCI (wet) 

Benzene Sulfonic Acid 

Benzene (Vapor) 

Benzoic Acid 

Benzoquinones 

Benzyl Alcohol 

Benzyl Chloride 

Black Liquor (pulp mill) 

^A 
User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Bleach Solutions 

Calcium Hypochlorite 

Chlorine Dioxide 

Chlorine Water 

Chlorite 

Hydrosulfite 

Sodium Hypochlorite 

Borax 

Boric Acid 

Brake Fluid 

Brine, Salt 

Bromine 

Bromine Water 

Brown Stock (pulp mill) 

Bunker C Fuel Oil 

Butanol 

Butanol, Tertiary 

Butyl Acetate 

Butyl Acrylate 

Butyl Amine 

Butyl Benzoate 

Butyl Benzyl Phthalate 

Butyl Carbitol 

Butyl Cellosolve 

Butylene Glycol 

Butylene Oxide 

Butyraldehyde 

Butyric Acid 

Cadmium Chloride 

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F 

o 

3 

CO 

o 

o 

co 

o 

ro 

CO 

co 

o 

o 

01 

o 

o> 

00 

o 

o 

3 

CO 

oo 

o 

O 

5 

3 

co 

to 

o 

'45° ^39 . ^180 4- ^ 

160 160 160 

VSJT iS-c^T" ss-jotr* 

^80 >,2d0

 :^80.32lV": 

100 110 

•"-* . i- » 5S____'_. , 

125 125 

100 

• >.«vi jpfwr- air? 5*"*- ^K j 

-I 8 0 £?*& §• 

125 125 

210 210 210 210 

'r**8£"_s" •-* •"^'sf^ -9 P?SKS"" l " 

Pill 

210 210 210 210 

u-^si^xiii^i^^Mi^iiAiM 

180 180_ 

"^80^18 0 

V;£"^_£U* _>*__*2&Iil_o-_--.-*l_«£ _. 

180 

210 210 220 210 

:120 >>120 

0-.!.Vi».7__'_-»._^ -,--, 

^20^2^ 

*__ AfT-f 

NR 

NR 

•L-C-"— * _F**-"V *T•>. — ••• -

JNR-^NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

v*.S^VJi_^£i£^&&.C_*'-..>).«j_.-

100 

•|^oolll;b1)' 

160 180 

80 NR 

80 

NF-TV-" 

100 

100 100 

«

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3 

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0 > 

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•*•• 

s 

oo 

ro 

o 

Ol 

0) 

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•Ct 

o 

~ - ~ --r.1. a 'W'-*t'"!,72JSf'T-7;* 

210 *;, 200

 ! •*>»•! fv 

w.ie.., _tf«_y»-t!SU5u_,.-»:-

160 160 

210 >200 ^'200 2 

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110 110 

* J^3^**v**C"^_SsS*, *~T 

„190 i^190 'Mf e 

A. i.^__^_Jia_u_l>_83u< » 

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125 125 125 

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^21Oi:^21jQ0iJ2OO .:? 

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.'.'«.•.._. ^^i_£«__?;'_7__«_*4-_!7Sap_i»»a__at: 

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180 180 180 

180 :i}1,180 $yso 

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210 

80 

180 

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$;;210" 

110 

;

190 

180 

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NR 

210 

110 

180 

180 

180 

110 

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NR 

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100 

200 

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NR 

210 

110 

190 

vM210;

''^t'96 "•• 

100 

.«i20.jSljOO 

.'ifctlv_&:."-: w:st _»*•;' * » A". »rl« rt fi u^i^ * fa.-*;, 

to o 

*. 

CO 

o 

D 

5" 

3 

o> 

2 

to 

o 

o 

o 

NR NR 

NR NR 

NR NR 

^J*W-*?J*?TaB-_»*^W-SS5 

^T175 '-.#70 

._i^sau3_t ;

ivUil'ui*4M:JiX 

170 170 

175 170 

^NR Iwm ':• 

80 

.Wir W J NR 

^(_^-Si.1_j-rv*tfltrjj--*-.**.v;»^ 

175 140 

,*_73-jr»c,rnr'*''^ar!!"1"'~' 

JOO^'.v-NR ; 

kr_AtftJin_»h_ti^«-LET,. ,(i-Ji-rt-.tl-_«<-

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NR NR 

180 

NR 

180 

NR 

*.X • *- -,«jy*_"** i*.*_* *-»!i**i* Sti* f*=J-5l j*at*» •}*- a 

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110 

190 

110 

190 

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175 150 

.NR'^^NR" 

NR NR 

i|b^^j3q_ 

NR NR 

150 150 

1, 6 
P.27 

rt£j 

Suggested Temperature Limit, F 

o 

3 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

ro 

co 

u 

o 

o 

8 

Ol 

co 

o 

o 

3 

CO 

oo 

o 

180 180 180 180 

A r^>-^"^""("""S* ^ <•"»""^""^f** ^ 

?200.„^200; w .200,^f_ ^ 

180 200 180 200 

210 210 220 210 

OT80 7fel80? =V180 Wl02 ; 

M*_2"4_S.rit.-^ *TM *---*- - - ^ - ^ •-•»* 

180 200 180 

jjglO ,^2ip 3210 ,V21 QU 

210 210 220 210 

^180 £-.180 *4180 1%^ > 

a-* iMf.«»-*_«a<*h—__. j . -j . . 

180 180 180 

;.l§0.il80^^80_ k i ^ t l 

200 210 

NR^NRI&tN R J 

100 100 150 150 

150 180 180 

"•7*5*1.""* *v-•*"*"» _r j»-- *3»«Y"T*''* naps-— a* *lrvw5-,1,»-w«-t-',«v"a; 

;

:

150 tCF-160 ^l 150 .-,-S" ^ 

* __. ^ __.-._ * — aa.*,- _v« i^.i* . _. „ji_AK a <__a_3ffl*s£. 

180 180 180 

•a -MT - jr- t >y^iCT^^_*7|*_!-*-*3^<7j_^g^y«pfftw<___.'^t' 

'180* £1801 ^ 180 <^18<fs 

•*.•.,«• i n/Tti'm i i'i i i •[ jAiytViJtaitfi.Lir »-fai*>*J^r__f__iUirt*-*rT^i rt 

NR NR NR NR 

210 210 210 210 

55--;— >^y-p^**r«x'^sj-i^w'^*i^-3*^i--jjw 

" " V "140 "t "V- r 5*'« . 

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User Guide 

210 210 200 

s^^s^s»"ri*?,^_fy*5««»5 

*£*50 "«140 ~

 w t40 ,^^__a_*"3_i3*i-__ai&,

3K. 

Chemical Environment 

Calcium Bisulfite 

Calcium Bromide 

Calcium Carbonate 

Calcium Chlorate 

Calcium Chloride 

Calcium Hydroxide 

Calcium Hypochlorite 

Calcium Nitrate 

Calcium Sulfate 

Calcium Sulfite 

Cane Sugar Liquor/Sweet Water 

Capric Acid 

Caprylic Acid (Octanoic Acid) 

Carbon Disulfide 

Carbon Tetrachloride 

Carbowax 

Carbowax Polyethylene Glycols 

Carboxyethyl Cellulose 

Carboxymethyl Cellulose 

Cashew Nut Oil 

Castor Oil 

Chlorinated Pulp 

Chlorination Washer Hoods/Ducts 

Chlorinated Waxes 

Chlorine (liquid) 

Chlorine Dioxide 

Chlorine Gas (wet or dry) 

Chlorine Water 

Chloroacetic Acid 

t(* 
P.28 

User Guide Suggested Temperature Limit, °F 

_ 

o 

Ol 

oo 

o 

o 

3 

co 

•r** 

oo 

o 

o 

3 

CO 

•TrIO 

O 

Chemical Environment 

Chloroacetic Acid (continued) 

Chlorobenzene 

Chloroform 

Chloropyridine 

Chlorosulfonic Acid 

Chlorotoluene 

Chrome Plating Solution 

Chromic Acid 

Chromium Sulfate 

Chromous Sulfate 

Citric Acid 

Cobalt Chloride 

Cobalt Citrate 

Cobalt Naphthenate 

Cobalt Nitrate 

Cobalt Octoate 

Coconut Oil 

Copper Acetate 

Copper Chloride 

Copper Cyanide 

Copper Fluoride 

Copper Nitrate 

Copper Sulfate 

Corn Oil 

Corn Starch 

Corn Sugar 

Cottonseed Oil 

Cresylic Acids 

o 

3 

co 

o 

p 

co 

o 

jo 

co 

co 

o 

o 

^KS* ytwr- -.v~ *~"^-j-*_r->**-TV— 

v

 NR > NR v NR \ NR 

" _! -A **> _ ^ . 

4_r-__» J i -._-*Jui 

NR 

110 

NR 

NR 

"t..! _ _i . 

80 

NR NR NR 

•err- - TJ«S<,"»*» •> ^M^wvtx. SB&Zf^s? 

I aL+ •_••__ 73-r.. •__•__ •sfit&'kiB *> sg&jyi N | r ^J. * _,»i_i___t_^fc___. _sJ

i___i___;_Ai.fai5 .__$£____.jS 

NR NR NR 

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l*a ) , . - . •>&•{>..-. '..'"f^"' 

sav 

110 110 110 110 

NR * NR n &~NR *£ ? *jf 

.£&*•.„ ^:—^L , •_.-*! _-.--._J "" 

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3 

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110 

DJ 

O 

CO 

oo 

ro 

o 

cn 

> 

110 

0> 

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o 

110 

NR NR NR 

"Pi*jB-*"tT3«["-

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210 210 

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180 180 

;J50 J 150 

120 180 

150 150 

180 200 

210 *' 210 

la-*. - "^r f _n- . 

210 210 

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210 

-4,150 -180 

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220 210 

TT180 \ " * 

180 

1- 150. • ' 

^150 

190 

220 

?210" 

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,2"[0 ^1 0 

210 210 

'200 JSJ200 

210 210 

"210 J210 

210 210 

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210 

220 

200 

210 

210 

210 

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210 

210 

210 

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i80j|f|r60 "^40; . 

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220 200 

220^^180 

220 210 

:''220"p2lb 

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210 

22CM210 

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200 

240 

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210 

21cT 

200 

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220 

3206 

210 

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200 

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200 

80 

140 

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170 170 

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175 170 

SQBE 

175 

.';175^|J|J' 

175 

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P.29 

Suggested Temperature Limit, 

€ 

User Guide 

"TM3-rs~*->-*5sg. 

INR i>;NR .„ 

.-i—--•—.-ifim. jj-ll*« <"-jL*-__i»_tju,^__HAj__»_l,vJS5"j A 

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£ NR ^JNR .^NR I-I^ l 

NR NR NR 

*180 ""180 '200' .200 

k. *_» <_-4X-i^l»fc--._t____-. ^W^eftth. _* <•____!<.«'' 1_ _<J*-1 

110 110 120 

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NR / NR 

NR NR 

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1

 ^NR " NR > NR 

- _«J___fc._C - • 

NR NR 

/ N R 

NR NR 

I!NR1^NR""'!CNR 

Chemical Environment 

Crude Oil, Sour or Sweet 

Cyclohexane 

Cyclohexanone 

Decanol 

Dechlorinated Brine Storage 

Deionized Water 

Demineralized Water 

Detergents, Organic 

Detergents, Sulfonated 

Diallylphthalate 

Diammonium Phosphate 

Dibromophenol 

Dibromopropanol 

Dibutyl Ether 

Dibutylphthalate 

Dibutyl Sebacate 

Dichlorobenzene 

Dichloroethane 

Dichloroethylene 

Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) 

Dichloropropane 

Dichloropropene 

Dichloropropionic Acid 

Diesel Fuel 

Diethanolamine 

Diethyl Amine 

Diethyl Ether (Ethyl Ether) 

Diethyl Formamide 

Diethyl Ketone 

Diethyl Maleate 

13 
User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Di 2-Ethyl Hexyl Phosphate 

Diethylenetriamine (DETA) 

Diethylene Glycol 

Diisobutyl Ketone 

Diisobutyl Phthalate 

Diisobutylene 

Diisopropanolamine 

Dimethyl Formamide 

Dimethyl Phthalate 

Dioctyl Phthalate 

Dioxane 

Diphenyl Ether 

Dipiperazine Sulfate Solution 

Dipropylene Glycol 

Distilled Water 

Divinyl Benzene 

Embalming Fluid 

Epichlorohydrin 

Epoxidized Soybean Oil 

Esters of Fatty Acids 

Ethanolamine 

Ethyl Acetate 

Ethyl Acrylate 

Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) 

Ethyl Benzene 

Ethyl Benzene/Benzene Blends 

Ethyl Bromide 

Ethyl Chloride 

in 

nAL___L 

1 Suggested Temperature Limit, F 

1 ° > 

• ° 57 

• ° 

• -t CO 

9 o o 

N -° 

• ° 

M jo 

9 <o 

9 ° 

B ° 1

|-"N 20 R "SNR0 " 

1 200 200 

1 NR NR 

1 120 150 

I JNR. I^NR 

I 110 110 

99J w «,r~ -^ 

1 tNR , NR 

B *J- rrJ — 

1 150 150 

1 jiBO'V T80 

1 NR NR 

1 j-"80~ "l20 

H I <*• ~±s ^ 

I 100 

1 200", "200" 

I 200 200 

1 .NR

 N R 

m 110 110 

B.:1NR NR 

1 150 200 

1 48O -VI80 

1 NR NR 

1 TslR NR 

1 NR NR 

9 '120 "'j4 0 

M 100 100 

B'ISOSBO" 

W_U •• -.-^-lwW^<^;-^->«'*iu_r-^*iVC"'.'*::. 

1 NR NR 

1 NR NR 

i ;; NFT^P^R 

0 0 

0' 5* 

3 3 

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0 0 

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200 200 

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150 

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180 . 180 

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210 

120 

110 

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150 

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80 

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150 "' ^150^5 

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100 100 100 

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21 o" &' 180^160 " 

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140 "120 ^120 

100 100 

220 - 210 -m-OO r 

210 210 200 

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Suggested Temperature Limit, °F User Guide 

o 

3 

co 

o 

_o 

co 

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JO 

co 

co 

o 

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NR 

8 

Ol 

oo 

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g 

o 

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NR 

NR 

CNR 

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200:: 

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100 

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100 100 

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180 

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Chemical Environment 

Ethyl Ether (Diethyl Ether) 

Ethylene Chloride 

Ethylene Chloroformate 

Ethylene Chlorohydrin 

Ethylene Diamine 

Ethylene Dibromide 

Ethylene Dichloride 

Ethylene Glycol 

Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 

Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acic 

Ethylene Oxide 

Eucalyptus Oil 

Fatty Acids 

Ferric Acetate 

Ferric Chloride 

Ferric Nitrate 

Ferric Sulfate 

Ferrous Chloride 

Ferrous Nitrate 

Ferrous Sulfate 

Fertilizer, 8,8,8 

Fertilizer, URAN 

Fluoboric Acid 

Fluoride Salts & HCI 

Fluosilicic Acid 

Fly Ash Slurry 

Formaldehyde 

30 
P.32 

User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Formic Acid 

Freon 11 

Fuel Oil 

Furfural 

Furfural 

Gallic Acid 

Gasoline, Regular Leaded 

Gasoline, Regular Unleaded 

Gasoline, Alcohol Containing 

Gluconic Acid 

Glucose 

Glutaric Acid 

Glycerine 

Glycolic Acid (Hydroxyacetic Acid) 

Glyoxal 

Green Liquor (pulp mill) 

Heptane 

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 

Hexamethylenetetramine 

Hexane 

Hydraulic Fluid 

Hydrazine 

Hydrobromic Acid 

Hydrochloric Acid 

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F 

TTf 

o 

3 

O 

o 

o 

JO 

CO 

co 

o 

o 

180 

Voo 

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o 

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00 

o 

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150 180 150 

110 'iVoV ,100 

110 

-.*_?/._. ._ ^—j * _•. . 

100 

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100 

100 

150 150 150 

>J— ^r"—vsEr**^**1* 

110 ,,^110 ^1,10 * 

110 110 

soon .-W i n fMP-onn&.t 

110 

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i|__ID __k_Etli -sa-fl^iaa-iarwa+aaa « 1 _(<__>__&_! 

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110 

100 

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120 

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88 

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Bob 

ifoo. 

IS 

!*48~ 

180 

.210 

120 

210 

180 

1/0 

80 

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180 

200 

150 

150 

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180 

150 

210 

210 

160 

160 180 180 

,_ > * jrt ---x £ —- ^v- T -^r^"JC 

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210 

120 120 

210 Ji210j4l210 

140 

110 

200 

200 

110 

110 

140 

150 

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200 

160 

200 

200 

150 

200 

100 

JI00 

180 

210 

110 

150 

180 

NR 

180 

150 

210 

210 

160 

200 

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100 

200 

210 

150 

180 

200 

200 

210 

210 

160 

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180 

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210 

170 

210 

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150 

110 

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180 

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110 80 

180 150 ' W^'N R 

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210 

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200 

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140 ^ \ * * 

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140 140 

31 
P.33 

Suggested Temperature Limit, F 

o 

3 

co 

o 

o 

co 

o 

ro 

CO 

CO 

o 

o 

tlac cn 

oo 

o 

V 

User Guide 

120 J 110 120 .120 

•4 y.^_.wa.>.W-l ' _J» /V ai -_ . _- —fi 

100 120 120 

200^-200 ." 200 ,*' 

200 200 210 210 

^iq^f^ia^o^fj 

180 180 180 180 

>180~7 180~ 180 

Chemical Environment 

Hydrochloric Acid (continued) 

Hydrochloric Acid & Organics 

Hydrocyanic Acid 

Hydrofluoric Acid 

Hydrofluosilicic Acid 

Hydrogen Bromide, gas 

Hydrogen Chloride, dry gas 

Hydrogen Fluoride, gas 

Hydrogen Peroxide (storage) 

Hydrogen Sulfide, gas 

Hydroiodic Acid 

Hypophosphorus Acid 

Iodine, Solid 

Isoamyl Alcohol 

Isobutyl Alcohol 

Isodecanol 

Isononyl Alcohol 

Isooctyl Adipate 

Isooctyl Alcohol 

Isopropyl Alcohol 

Isopropyl Amine 

Isopropyl Myristate 

Isopropyl Palmitate 

Itaconic Acid 

Jet Fuel 

Jojoba Oil 

3 ^ 
User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Kerosene 

Lactic Acid 

Latex 

Laurie Acid 

Lauryl Alcohol 

Lauryl Mercaptan 

Lead Acetate 

Lead Chloride 

Lead Nitrate 

Levulinic Acid 

Lime Slurry 

Linseed Oil 

Lithium Bromide 

Lithium Carbonate 

Lithium Chloride 

Lithium Sulfate 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 

Magnesium Bisulfite 

Magnesium Carbonate 

Magnesium Chloride 

Magnesium Hydroxide 

Magnesium Nitrate 

Magnesium Sulfate 

Maleic Acid 

Maleic Anhydride 

Manganese Chloride 

Manganese Sulfate 

Mercuric Chloride 

Mercurous Chloride 

Mercury 

Suggested Temperature Limit, F 

IU 1 

g 

o' 

3 

co 

o 

p 

co 

o 

JO 

CO 

co 

o 

o 

180 

0) 

o 

cn 

co 

o 

o 

3 

co 

oo 

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o 

3 

CO 

•u 

ro 

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180 180 180 

^H?*p210 210 210 

;'"-U^ii^^i^^-W^-^h..'*^--:- 'i.k^.Kf.t.a-a^xa-.^^i. ..-;. --.jy./.-

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*210~~' 200 

150 

210 

150 160 180 

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150 150 150 

210 3210 M200 

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180 180 160 

220 210 

^210 ^210;f|200. _ 

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210 200 

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220 200 $j£00 * 

210 

210 

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200 

200 

win 

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«_~*.e3@ 

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180 170 

175 130 130 

210 ;.^200'•i;^'1'40..Mt40.

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210 200 

210 5^200 

210 200 

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210 200 

210 ^6 6 

210 200 

210 " -200 

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175 150 

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170 170 

175 '^"^7(7 

jy 
P.35 

User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Methyl Alcohol (Methanol) 

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 

Methyl Methacrylate 

Methyl Styrene 

Methylene Chloride 

Milk and Milk Products 

Mineral Oils 

Molasses and Invert Molasses 

Molybdenum Disulfide 

Molybdic Acid 

Monochloroacetic Acid 

Monochlorobenzene 

Monoethanolamine 

Monomethylhydrazine 

Morpholine 

Motor Oil 

Mustard 

Myristic Acid 

Naphtha, Aliphatic 

Naphtha, Aromatic 

Naphthalene 

Nickel Chloride 

Nickel Nitrate 

Nickel Sulfate 

Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) 

Nitric Acid 

34 
User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Nitric Acid (continued) 

Nitrobenzene 

Nitrogen Tetroxide 

OctanoicAcid (CaprylicAcid) 

Octylamine, Tertiary 

Oil, Sweet or Sour Crude 

Oleic Acid 

Oleum (Fuming Sulfuric Acid) 

Olive Oil 

Orange Oil (limonene) 

Organic Detergents, pH<i2 

Oxalic Acid 

Ozone (_j 4 ppm in water phase) 

Palm Oil 

Palmitic Acid 

Pentasodium Tripoly Phosphate 

Perchloroethylene 

Perchloric Acid 

Phenol (Carbolic Acid) 

Phenol Formaldehyde Resin 

Phosphoric Acid 

Phosphoric Acid Vapor & Condensate 

Phosphorous Trichloride 

Phthalic Acid 

Phthalic Anhydride 

Picric Acid (Alcoholic) 

Pine Oil 

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F 

o 

5' 

o 

p 

CO 

o 

ro 

co 

co 

o 

o 

NR 

o> o 

cn 

oo 

o 

o 

3 

oo 

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o 

3 

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ro 

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220 

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180 

«£>._/-_ __ 

210 

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210 210 

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210 

210* 

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200 

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210 200 

210 

210 

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150 

100 

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100 

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210 

210 

210 

120 

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180 

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200 

"200 

110 

150 

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120 

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200 

NR 

210 

210 

110 

NR 

NR~ 

210TM 

220 

NR 

210 

g 

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3 

O) 

CD 

CO 

0) 

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CO 

00 

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220 210 200 

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220 200 200 

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110 , ;i1J0 M1 0 

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120 

210 

210 

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210 

210 

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150 

150 

110 110 

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110 

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200 

180 

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175 170 

140 120 

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170 170 

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80 NR 

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3^ 
P.37 

e 

u 

User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Pine Oil Disinfectant 

Piperazine Monohydrochloride 

Plating Solutions, Cadmium Cyanide 

Plating Solutions, Chrome 

Plating Solutions, Gold 

Plating Solutions, Lead 

Plating Solutions, Nickel 

Plating Solutions, Platinum 

Plating Solutions, Silver 

Plating Solutions, Tin Fiuoborate 

Plating Solutions, Zinc Fiuoborate 

Polyphosphoric Acid (115%) 

Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesive 

Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion 

Polyvinyl Alcohol 

Potassium Aluminum Sulfas 

Potassium Amyl Xanthate 

Potassium Bicarbonate 

Potassium Bromide 

Potassium Carbonate 

Potassium Chloride 

Potassium Dichromate 

Potassium Ferricyanide 

Potassium Ferrocyanide 

Potassium Hydroxide 

Potassium Iodide 

Potassium Nitrate 

36 
P.38 

User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Potassium Permanganate 

Potassium Persulfate 

Potassium Pyrophosphate 

Potassium Sulfate 

Propionic Acid 

Propionic Acid 

Propylene Glycol 

i-Propyl Palmitate 

Pyridine 

Quaternary Ammonium Salts 

Rayon Spin Bath 

Salicylic Acid 

Sea Water 

Sebacic Acid 

Selenious Acid 

Silicic Acid (hydrated silica) 

Silver Cyanide 

Silver Nitrate 

Sodium Acetate 

Sodium Alkyl Aryl Sulfonates 

Sodium Aluminate 

Sodium Benzoate 

Sodium Bicarbonate 

Sodium Bifluoride 

Sodium Bisulfate 

Sodium Bisulfite 

Sodium Borate 

Sodium Bromate 

Sodium Bromide 

Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) 

Suggested Temperature Limit, F 

co 

*210 

S210 

NR 

180 

o 

3 

210 

o 

5' 

3 

co 

ro 

o 

210 

210 ., 

.210 . 

200 

d80 J 

210 

210 

210 

210 

210 

210 

210 

180 

120 

210 

210 

210 

210 

180 

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210 ^210 _ 200 

210 1^210 . 200._ 

150 150 150 

220 Ia2ld .-2 200 

:.180 

220 

''.210,' 

f 150 

.140 

150 

210 

210 

220 

210 

220 

220 

210 

J50_ 

180 

210 

220 

220 

220 

110 

210 

180 

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210 200 nJiJ^-wfm 

i£210 .M200J 

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175 170 

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180 180 

_.-__-i "jf** w*s-i_,-rjii_ii_v. J\>.Stti.i'JiJ£. t'f-^aaA 

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150. _ 150. 

J J 80 7.v180 

180 180 

210 

210 

210 

110 

210 

180 

200 

200 

200 

.110 

200 

180 

140_,s$fa&&. 

170 

140 

140 

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140 

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100 100 

.175 ,..170. 

,170 .1170 

170 170 

170 .170 

80 NR 

39 
P.39 

User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) 

Sodium Chlorate 

Sodium Chloride 

Sodium Chlorite 

Sodium Chromate 

Sodium Cyanide 

Sodium Dichromate 

Sodium Diphosphate 

Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate 

Sodium Ethyl Xanthate 

Sodium Ferricyanide 

Sodium Ferrocyanide 

Sodium Fluoride 

Sodium Fluorosilicate 

Sodium Hexametaphosphate 

Sodium Hydrosulfide 

Sodium Hydroxide 

Sodium Hypochlorite 

Sodium Hyposulfite 

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 

Sodium Monophosphate 

Sodium Nitrate 

Sodium Nitrite 

Sodium Oxalate 

3? 
Use

r Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Sodium Persulfate 

Sodium Polyacrylate 

Sodium Silicate, pH<i2 

Sodium Silicate, pH>.2 

Sodium Sulfate 

Sodium Sulfide 

Sodium Sulfite 

Sodium Tetraborate 

Sodium Thiocyanate 

Sodium Thiosulfate 

Sodium Triphosphate 

Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 

Sorbitol 

Soybean Oil 

Soy Sauce 

Spearmint Oil 

Stannic Chloride 

Stannous Chloride 

Stearic Acid 

Styrene 

Styrene Acrylic Emulsion 

Styrene Butadiene Latex 

Succinonitrile, Aqueous 

Sucrose 

Sulfamic Acid 

31 
P.41 

€ 

,•" 

User Guide * 

Chemical Environment 

Sulfur Dichloride 

Sulfur, Molten 

Sulfuric Acid 

Sulfuric Acid/Ferrous Sulfate 

Sulfuric Acid/Phosphoric Acid 

Sulfuryl Chloride 

Superphosphoric Acid (105% H

3PO. 

Tall Oil 

Tannic Acid 

Tartaric Acid 

Tetrachloroethane 

Tetrachloroethylene 

Tetrachloropentane 

Tetrachloropyridine 

Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate 

Tetrasodium Ethylenediamine Tetracetic Acid Sa 

Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate 

Textone 

Thioglycolic Acid 

Thionyl Chloride 

Tobias Acid (2-Naphthylamine Sulfonic Acic 

Toluene 

Toluene Diisocyanate (TDi) 

Ho 
User Guide 

Chemical Environment 

Toluene Sulfonic Acid 

Transformer Oils 

Tributyl Phosphate 

Trichloroacetaldehyde 

Trichloroacetic Acid 

Trichloroethane 

Trichloroethylene 

Trichloromonofluoromethane 

Trichlorophenol 

Tridecylbenzene 

Tridecylbenzene Sulfonate 

Triethanolamine 

Triethanolamine Lauryl Sulfate 

Triethylamine 

Triethylene Glycol 

Trimethylamine Chlorobromide 

Trimethylamine Hydrochloride 

Triphenyl Phosphite 

Tripropylene Glycol 

Trisodium Phosphate 

Turpentine 

Uranium Extraction 

Urea 

Vegetable Oils 

Vinegar 

Vinyl Acetate 

Vinyl Toluene 

Water, Deionized 

Water, Distilled 

Water, Sea 

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F 

o 

3 

co 

o 

o 

o 

JO 

co 

03 

o 

o 

0) 

o 

CJI 

0 0 

o 

o 

3 

co 

A 

00 

O 

O 

3 

CO 

ro 

o 

210 200 

,210 , 210 

*NR 

210 

lf'I^SP§ii__£i^'ir_?*

: 

140 

NR 

200 

NR 

|Mf 'o n

 ^tioo 

NR 

'C80 

l-_*flr_rf 

NR NR 

l

J3WM 200 

-X__£_a_5Bi_a__Bi_A_ _ -a210 200 

j -T!-yT--*-C * •"*'*' 

^y.j' x , 150 

110 

**&,* *U25 

210 210 

\ 210 

120 

210 

NR 

* 8 0 

NR 

\120 

•_*!-!C. - _ 

. JL1_.

2° 

JNR_ 

130 

180 

,NR 

130 

180 

.*?

 Nf! 

fm 

m 

175 

150 

210 

JPvS 

80 

210 

210 

180 

175 

150 

180 

150 

200 

200 

NR 

NR 

200 

200 

210 

175 

150 

210 

210 

NR 

80 

210 

210 

210 

~.W-«**JS 

yeo * 

NR 

100 

-w 

210 210 

>' 

.*'' 

o 

6' 

3 

o> 

CD 

CO 

0> 

o 

co 

oo 

ro 

o 

ui 

> 

Ui 

_ 

o> 

o 

o 

o 

130 

190 

150 

150 

210 

210 

210 

210 

210 

220 210 200 

**"**• "CTC-J - '-*v**?_.-ft".?*"*' *•*• 

210 210 C200 

140 140 140 

NR ^NR MN R 

220 210 200 

:NR1NR MNR 

1 .\...*^vi!i^_i^£j_i«._fc-.:^ NR NR NR 

100 V 100 5~!80 

NR NR NR 

\§^21 0 V200 

rf__Ui_ti_^ » !•*_•_._. ... 

210 210 200 

^ ^"-—S5T. -*J\< - I- V r^Va—a-a"-*. 

->-150 \.150 

110 

180 

NR ' NR 

130 130 

100 . 

175 

150 

170 

220 

210 

NR 

210 

210 

210 

180 

175 

150 

180 

150 

200 

210 

NR 

NR 

210 

210 

210 

110 

125 

180 

*t 

NR 

Aa 

130 

180 

175 

180 

120 

8 

CO 

o 

o 

3 

o> 

05 

CO 

01 

o 

o 

o 

..rn-'v'-..<<_i>~?-v!'3*i*;_* 

.175 '!&&:M 

VNR #N R * 

il.J.&f.__•__-',- . _S_'5'.^J>_l_r _\.t_f?___; 

80 80 

J 

NR NR 

^*> JTW _S 

,Ars_.i_j:.si»a_.t: «s 

NR 

" ' •** -J. ' ^ - ^ 

140 

T120 yTioi 

80 

80 

r ve_,__ 

80 NR 

NR 

N

NR 

200 

NR 

NR 

200 

200 

200 

150 

NR 

175 

175 

175 

140 

r80 

80 

120 

NR 

120 

5t70 

150 

NR 

NR 

170 

160 

170 

m 
P.43 

t 

Dion 9100,9102,9300 

-» fr 

v 180 

irC *> _ 

}

 NJL 

210 

ri210 

52l"o 

210 

^210 

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F Dion 9420 Dion 9480 Atlac 580 

180 180 .180 

« NR -5,100 7 100 r 

•c_.J_J___.^3.51_ii_/_.»^. _SJiv__.___.__ __£. 

200 210 210 

•^200^ / 210 $210 ', 

160 

,,-77__-'.^ 15«- . - T^* * * ', 

;-,200 \r-210 :^;2io 

200 210 210 

200 J 210 210 

Dion 6694 

-""-a*, i— 

NR 

210 

210 

180 

220 

220 

220 

Atlac 382, 711-05AS 

110 

200 

110 

~NR 

210 

"" 210 

180 

210 

210 

210 

Atlac 4010 

110 

180 

110 

NR 

200 

w > . r 

180 

"200". 

200 

Dion 6631, Atlac 400 

Atlac 490 

80 

MME: 

80 80 

" WTNRTH 

<u ^.^._£S_£_t_rf»__t'a&-i3fc 

170 

170^7p*"W 

^—^«F«7*--vrM|!*«^."' 

170 -^170. ^ 

175 170 

"/ 'l7Xp~f 

User Guide ' 

Chemical Environment 

I Whiskey 

White Liquor (pulp mill) 

Wine 

Xylene 

Zinc Chlorate 

Zinc Chloride 

Zinc Cyanide 

Zinc Nitrate 

Zinc Sulfate 

Zinc Sulfite 

(C 

lf-2-