Appendix H.5

MDNR Air Pollution Control Program, Missouri Statewide Estimates

for the 2002 National Emissions Inventory (NEI): Area Sources

Division of Environmental Quality

Air Pollution Control Program

DRAFT

Revised January 8, 2007

Prepared by:

Adel Alsharafi

Jill Wade

Mollie Freebairn

Carlton Flowers

ii

Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 5

1.1 PURPOSE OF STUDY ........................................................................................................................................5

1.2 SOURCES OF EMISSIONS..................................................................................................................................5

1.3 AREA SOURCE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES...............................................................................................6

1.4 ALLOCATING MISSOURI EMPLOYEES TO THE COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS................................6

1.5 RULE EFFECTIVENESS.....................................................................................................................................7

1.6 DOUBLE COUNTING OF EMISSIONS.................................................................................................................7

1.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE ....................................................................................................................................7

1.8 FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL REGULATIONS .................................................................................................8

2.0 EMISSIONS ESTIMATES .................................................................................................. 8

2.1 ASPHALT PAVING ...........................................................................................................................................8

2.1.1 Source Description and Emission Controls............................................................................................8

2.1.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................10

2.1.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................11

2.1.4 References............................................................................................................................................11

2.2 DRY CLEANING ............................................................................................................................................12

2.2.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................12

2.2.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................12

2.2.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................13

2.2.4 References............................................................................................................................................13

2.3 ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING...........................................................................................................13

2.3.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................13

2.3.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................13

2.3.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................14

2.3.4 References............................................................................................................................................15

2.4 AUTO BODY REFINISHING ............................................................................................................................15

2.4.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................15

2.4.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................15

2.4.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................16

2.4.4 References............................................................................................................................................16

2.5 COMMERCIAL/CONSUMER SOLVENT USE.....................................................................................................16

2.5.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................16

2.5.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................17

2.5.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................18

2.5.4 References............................................................................................................................................18

2.6 BAKERIES .....................................................................................................................................................18

2.6.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................18

2.6.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................18

2.6.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................19

2.6.4 References............................................................................................................................................19

2.7 GRAPHIC ARTS .............................................................................................................................................19

2.7.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................19

2.7.2 Emissions Estimation Methodology ....................................................................................................20

2.7.3 References............................................................................................................................................21

2.8 SOLVENT CLEANING.....................................................................................................................................22

2.8.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................22

2.8.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................22

2.8.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................23

2.8.4 References............................................................................................................................................23

2.9 LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK REMOVAL..................................................................................23

2.9.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................23
iii

2.9.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................23

2.9.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................24

2.9.4 References............................................................................................................................................24

2.10 INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING...................................................................................................................24

2.10.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................24

2.10.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................25

2.10.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................26

2.10.4 References............................................................................................................................................26

2.11 VEHICLE FIRES .............................................................................................................................................26

2.11.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................26

2.11.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................26

2.11.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................27

2.11.4 References............................................................................................................................................27

2.12 OPEN BURNING - STRUCTURE FIRES.............................................................................................................28

2.12.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................28

2.12.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................28

2.12.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................29

2.12.4 References............................................................................................................................................29

2.13 PESTICIDE APPLICATION...............................................................................................................................29

2.13.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................29

2.13.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................30

2.13.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................32

2.13.4 References............................................................................................................................................32

2.14 OPEN BURNING- RESIDENTIAL SOLID WASTE..............................................................................................33

2.14.1 Source Description And Emission Control..........................................................................................33

2.14.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................33

2.14.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................34

2.14.4 References............................................................................................................................................35

2.15 OPEN BURNING-FOREST/WILD FIRES...........................................................................................................35

2.15.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................35

2.15.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................35

2.15.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................36

2.15.4 References............................................................................................................................................36

2.16 GAS DISTRIBUTION.......................................................................................................................................37

2.16.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................37

2.16.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................38

2.16.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................41

2.16.4 References............................................................................................................................................41

2.17 LANDFILLS ...................................................................................................................................................41

2.17.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................41

2.17.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................42

2.17.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................44

2.17.4 References............................................................................................................................................44

2.18 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) COMBUSTION.......................................................................................44

2.18.1 Fuel Description...................................................................................................................................44

2.18.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................45

2.18.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................50

2.18.4 References............................................................................................................................................50

2.19 NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION .......................................................................................................................50

2.19.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................50

2.19.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................51

2.19.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................55

2.19.4 References............................................................................................................................................56

2.20 DISTILLATE FUEL OIL AND KEROSENE COMBUSTION...................................................................................56

2.20.1 Source Description and Emission Controls..........................................................................................56

2.20.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................57
iv

2.20.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................61

2.20.4 References............................................................................................................................................61

2.21 COAL COMBUSTION ...........................................................................................................................61

2.21.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................61

2.21.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................62

2.21.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................66

2.21.4 References............................................................................................................................................66

2.22 WOOD COMBUSTION – RESIDENTIAL ...........................................................................................................67

2.22.1 Source Description and Emission Controls..........................................................................................67

2.22.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................68

2.22.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................70

2.22.4 References............................................................................................................................................71

2.23 TRAFFIC MARKINGS .....................................................................................................................................72

2.23.1 Source Description and Emissions Control .........................................................................................72

2.23.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................72

2.23.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................73

2.23.4 References............................................................................................................................................73

2.24 COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS ..................................................................................................................74

2.24.1 Source Description and Emission Control ...........................................................................................74

2.24.2 Emission Estimation Methodology......................................................................................................74

2.24.3 Results..................................................................................................................................................76

2.24.4 References............................................................................................................................................76
5

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of Study

The objective of this report is to document the 2002 Area Source Inventory for the National

Emissions Inventory due to EPA every three years. Included are emissions from numerous

source categories in each county in the state of Missouri.

1.2 Sources of Emissions

For this inventory, emissions from area sources are estimated collectively for those sources and

activities that are too small or too numerous to be handled individually in the point source

inventory. Area sources of all criteria pollutant emissions and PM2.5 to be included in this

inventory are shown in the following table:

Source Categories SCCs PM10 PM2.5 CO VOC NOX SOX

Asphalt Paving 2461021000

2461022000

X

Dry Cleaning 2420010999 X

Architectural Surface

Coating

2401001000 X

Autobody Refinishing 2401005000 X

Consumer/Commercial

Solvent Use

2460000000 X

Bakeries 2302050000 X

Graphic Arts 2425000000 X

Solvent Cleaning 2415000000 X

Leaking USTs 2660000000 X

Industrial Surface Coating 2401020000 X

Vehicle Fires 2810050000 X X X X

Structure Fires 2810030000 X X X X

Pesticides 2461850000

2461870999

X

Open Burning 2610030000

2610020000

X X X X

Wildfires 2810001000 X X X X

Gasoline Marketing 2501060050

2501060100

2501060201

X

Landfills 2620030000 X

Commercial/Marine Vessels 2505020000 X X X

Coal Combustion 2104002000 X X X X X X
6

Source Categories SCCs PM10 PM2.5 CO VOC NOX SOX

2103002000

2102002000

Natural Gas Combustion 2104006000

2103006000

2102006000

X X X X X X

LPG Combustion 2104007000

2103007000

2102007000

X X X X X X

Fuel Oil Combustion 2104004000

2103004000

2102004000

X X X X X X

Residential Wood Burning 2104008000 X X X X X X

1.3 Area Source Estimation Methodologies

Several methodologies were available for estimating the area source activity and emissions: (1)

apportioning national or state activity totals to local inventory area; (2) using per capita emission

factors; (3) using emissions-per-employee factors; (4) surveying local activity levels; and (5)

treating area sources as point sources. Following the methodologies outlined in the Emission

Inventory Improvement Program’s (EIIP) guidance, appropriate data were collected for each

source.

1.4 Allocating Missouri Employees to the Commercial and Industrial Sectors

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is in the process of replacing the

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). Commercial/Institutional sources which were

previously designated to be SIC categories 50 through 99, are now designated as NAICS

categories 11, and 42-92, as shown in the table below. Industrial sector employment is

aggregated for those Missouri employees found working in the NAICS categories 21-33 by the

U.S. Census Bureau at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29000.html.

Missouri Department of Economic Development / Economic Research and Information Center

employment data for 2002 is at http://www.ded.mo.gov/cgi-bin/meric/es202.pl.

SIC / NAICS Commercial/Institutional & Industrial

Categories:

SIC to NAICS Correspondence: NAICS 11, 42-92 NAICS

21-33

SIC NAICS Category Commercial/Instituti

onal

Industria

l

01-09 11 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, & Hunting X

10-14 21 Mining X

49 22 Utilities X

15-17 23 Construction X
7

20-39 31-33 Manufacturing X

50-51 42 Wholesale Trade X

52-59 44-45 Retail Trade X

41-47 48-49 Transportation and Warehousing X

48 51 Information X

60-64 52 Finance and Insurance X

65-67 53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing X

73,87 54 Professional, Scientific and Technical

Services

X

67 55 Management of Companies and

Enterprises

X

87,78 56 Administrative and Support and Waste

Management and Remediation Services

X

82 61 Educational Services X

80 62 Health Care and Social Assistance X

79 71 Arts, Entertainment and Recreation X

70 72 Accommodation and Food Services X

75 81 Other Services (except Public

Administration)

X

91-97 92 Public Administration X

1.5 Rule Effectiveness

A rule effectiveness (RE) factor was applied to base year emissions for counties where

regulations were in place. RE is a measure of the ability of a regulatory program to achieve all

emissions reductions that could be achieved by full compliance with the applicable regulations at

all sources at all times. It reflects the assumption that regulations are not 100% effective.

1.6 Double Counting of Emissions

A major concern in the development of an area source inventory is the possibility of double

counting emissions. Because some area source methodologies estimate emissions from all

sources within a category, emissions already listed in the point source inventory may also be

included in the area source inventory. In developing the Missouri area source inventory, possible

double counting of emissions was avoided by subtracting emissions appearing in the Missouri

state point source inventory from the area source totals for that category (e.g., large dry cleaning

facilities, large graphic arts facilities, etc.).

1.7 Quality Assurance

To ensure that this emissions inventory if of high quality, certain quality assurance (QA)

procedures were implemented at various points in the inventory process. The following quality

assurance techniques were used:

• Each algorithm used to calculate emissions was reviewed to ensure its appropriateness and

adherence to EIIP guidance.
8

• Each spreadsheet was reviewed to ensure the proper data, emission factors and algorithms

were used.

• Peer review was an essential part of the QA

• All emissions estimates were checked for reasonableness.

• All emissions estimation methods, data collected and emissions calculations were reviewed

again during the reporting stage.

• The final data was run through the EPA quality assurance software to identify any errors that

occurred as the data was put into NIF format before submission.

The emissions estimates were compared to emissions calculated in 1999 for any large increases

or decreases. If there were significant differences in the three-year period the data was subjected

to further investigation to ensure accuracy.

1.8 Federal, State and Local Regulations

Federal, State of Missouri and St. Louis area air pollution regulations were reviewed for

application to specific area source categories. As shown in the following sections, these

regulations have contributed a lot to emission reductions. Categories addressed by these

regulations include:

• Commercial and Consumer Products Solvent

• Auto Body Refinishing

• Underground Storage Tanks

• Vehicle Fueling

• Tank Truck Unloading

• Solvent Metal Cleaning

• Dry Cleaning

• Cutback Asphalt Paving

• Open Burning

• Bakery Ovens

• Traffic Coatings

2.0 EMISSIONS ESTIMATES

2.1 Asphalt Paving

2.1.1 Source Description and Emission Controls

Asphalt paving is used to pave, seal, and repair surfaces such as roads, parking lots, drives,

walkways, and airport runways. Asphalt concrete used in paving is a mixture of asphalt cement,

which is a binder, and an aggregate. Asphalt cement is the semi-solid residual material left from

petroleum refining after the lighter and more volatile fractions have been distilled out. Hot-mix

asphalt is a mixture of heated asphalt cement and aggregate. Asphalt cutbacks are asphalt

cements thinned with petroleum distillates (diluents). Asphalt emulsions are mixtures of asphalt

cement with water and emulsifiers. Aggregates used in asphalt cements are typically rock gravel

or recycled asphalt pavement, but can also be byproducts from metal ore refining processes.
9

Aggregate may constitute up to 95 percent by weight of the total mixture. Mixture

characteristics for asphalt concrete are determined by the amount and grade of asphalt cement

used, the addition of solvent- or soap-based liquefying agents, and the relative amount and types

of aggregate used.

Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is being used more frequently, partly as a move to reduce

solid waste. One source estimates that 90 percent of asphalt processed is RAP. To reuse the

asphalt, the RAP is typically pulverized; sorted; mixed with recycling agents such as lime or

calcium chloride, or additional aggregate; then applied. The five methods of recycling are: cold

planing, hot recycling, hot in-place recycling, cold in-place recycling, and full depth reclamation.

All except hot recycling occur at the location where paving is to be done, although material

removed during cold planing may be processed at an asphalt plant.

Asphalt concrete is grouped into three general categories: hot-mix, cutback, and emulsified.

Each is discussed below.

Hot-Mix Asphalt:

Hot-mix asphalt is the most commonly used paving asphalt for surfaces of 2 to 6 inches thick.

Hot-mix asphalt is prepared at a hot-mix asphalt plant by heating asphalt cement before adding

the aggregate. To maintain a liquid mixture, these plants must be near to the paving site. In

some cases, mobile facilities are used.

Cutback Asphalt:

Cutback asphalt is used in tack and seal operations, in priming roadbeds for hot-mix application,

and for paving operations for pavements up to several inches thick. In preparing cutback asphalt,

asphalt cement is blended or “cut back” with a diluent, typically from 25 to 45 percent by

volume of petroleum distillates, depending on the desired viscosity. Cutback asphalt is prepared

at an asphalt plant. There are three types of cutback asphalt cement:

• Rapid Cure (RC) which uses gasoline or naphthas as diluents;

• Medium Cure (MC) which uses kerosene as a diluent; and

• Slow Cure (SC) which uses low volatility fuel solvents as diluents.

Emulsified Asphalt:

Emulsified asphalt is used in most of the same applications as cutback asphalt but is a lower

emitting, energy saving, and safer alternative to the cutback asphalt. Instead of blending asphalt

cement with petroleum distillates, emulsified asphalt uses a blend of asphalt cement, water and

an emulsifying agent, such as soap. Such blends typically contain one-third water, two-thirds

asphalt cement and minor amounts of an emulsifier. Some emulsified asphalt may contain up to

12 percent organic solvents by volume. Emulsification is done at an asphalt plant. Emulsified

asphalt cures by two methods: water evaporation and, in the case of cationic and anionic

emulsions, ionic bonding.
10

2.1.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

The Missouri Department of Transportation (MODOT) keeps records of amount cutback and

emulsified asphalt used in 10 Districts. Since MODOT does not keep records for each county,

population figures were used to estimate how much asphalt was used for each county.

Emission Factors

Missouri Department provided all Safety Material Data Sheets (MSDSs) for all types of asphalt

used in 2002. Alternative Method 1 of EIIP volume III, Asphalt Paving, was used to come up

with emission factors for cutback asphalt. Due to lack of data available for emulsified asphalt an

emission factor of 9.2 lb VOC/barrel asphalt used (9.2 lb VOC/350 lb asphalt) was used to

calculate VOC emissions from the use of emulsified asphalt in paving activities which was

obtained from EIIP volume III.

Assumptions

It was assumed that 5% of asphalt paving was conducted by agencies other than the state’s

Department of Transportation. After some search on asphalt application practices, it was

determined that cutback asphalt is typically applied during November through March.

Moreover, emulsified asphalt is typically applied only in warm weather. This corresponds to the

months of May through September. Since there is a rule that bans applying cutback asphalt

during ozone season in St. Louis Area, it was assumed that there is 80% compliance with this

rule.

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

Cutback Asphalt:

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = amount of cutback asphalt (gallons) X population of county /

population of district X volume % of diluent X density of diluent X weight % of diluent

evaporated / (2000 lb/ton)

Population of Cole County: 71894

Population of Central District: 461578

Types of Asphalt Used in Central District : MC-250 & MC-30

Amount of MC-250 & MC-30 Used in Central District: 64659 gallons

Volume Percent of Diluent: 19%

MC Diluent Density: 6.6755 lb/gallon
11

Weight Percent Diluent Evaporated: 70%

Activity Days Per Week: 5

Weeks Per Year Used (November to March): 39

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = 64659 gallons X 71894 / 461578 X 0.19 X 6.6755 lb/gallon *.7 /

2000lb/ton = 4.47 tons/year

Emulsified Asphalt:

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = amount of emulsified asphalt (gallons) X density of asphalt

(lb/gallon) X Emission Factor (lb/lb) / 2000

Population of Cole County: 71894

Population of Central District: 461578

Amount of Emulsified Asphalt Used in Central District: 7,001,817 lb

VOC Emission Factor = 9.2 lb VOC/350 lb emulsified asphalt

Activity Days Per Week: 7

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = 7001817 X 71894/461578 X 9.2 lb/350 lb / 2000 lb/ton = 14.33

tons/year

2.1.3 Results

The total VOC emissions from asphalt paving for the State of Missouri is 1270.4 tons/year.

2.1.4 References

• Asphalt Paving, Volume III: Chapter 17, Final Report, Area Sources Committee EIIP,

October 1998.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

• Customer Service Center, Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, MO.

• East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, St. Louis City, MO.
12

2.2 Dry Cleaning

2.2.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Dry cleaning is considered a solvent evaporation emission source of VOC. It involves the

cleaning of fabrics with non-aqueous organic solvent. The industry is divided into three sectors:

coin-operated facilities; commercial operations; and industrial cleaners. Volatile organic

solvents that are used as cleaning solvents are emitted during the dry cleaning process. The

petroleum solvents most commonly used in dry cleaning are Stoddard solvent (mineral spirit)

and 140-F. The synthetic solvents that are used in dry cleaning, PERC, TCA, and CFC-113, are

not considered photochemically reactive and should not be included as a source of VOC

emissions; PERC and TCA, however, are hazardous air pollutants that should be included in an

air toxic inventory. TCA and CFC-113 are ozone-depleting substances, and CFC-113 may be

listed in some state regulation as a toxic air pollutant. It is estimated that 82% of all dry cleaning

facilities use PERC, 15% use petroleum solvents, 3% use CFC-113, and less than 1% use TCA.

However, based on study of national solvent use, 57% of al dry cleaning solvents are petroleum

solvents, 39% of the solvents are PERC, and 3 and 1% are TCA and CFC-113, respectively, with

a minor amount of unspecified solvents. Small dry cleaning facilities, such as coin-operated sites

use PERC exclusively, and larger facilities, such as commercial facilities use petroleum solvents,

resulting in this disparity.

2.2.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

The number of employees in dry cleaning facilities with SIC 7216 was used to estimate VOC

emissions. The number of employees was obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Census.1

Emission Factors

The Emission factor (1800 lb/employee/year) was obtained from EIIP, Dry Cleaning. This

emission factor excludes emissions of PERC, TCA, and CFC 113.

Assumptions

It was assumed that coin-operated dry cleaners use PERC exclusively and 15 percent of the

remaining dry cleaners use petroleum solvents. According to EIIP volume III2, there is no

seasonal adjustment factor for dry cleaning. In addition, the activity days per week are 5 days.

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = [(# of employees) X (percent of facilities using petroleum

solvents) X (emission factor) / (2000 lb/ton)

Emission Factor: 1800 lb VOC/employee/yr
13

Number of Employees with SIC 7216 in Cole County: 59

Percent of Facilities with SIC 7216 that use Petroleum Solvents: 15%

Activity Days Per Week: 5

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = 59 employees X 0.15 X (1800 lb/employee/yr) / (2000 lb/ton) =

7.97 tons/year

2.2.3 Results

Total VOC emissions from dry cleaners for the State of Missouri is 582.26 tons/year.

2.2.4 References

• U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

• Dry Cleaning, Volume III: Chapter 5, Final Report, Area Sources Committee EIIP, May

1996

2.3 Architectural Surface Coating

2.3.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Architectural surface coating is considered a solvent evaporation emission of volatile organic

compounds (VOC) and is categorized as non-industrial surface coating. Architectural surface

coatings, trade paints, are used primarily by homeowners and painting contractors to coat the

interior and exterior of houses and buildings and the surfaces of other structures such as

pavements, curbs and signs. Volatile organic compounds that are used as solvents in the

coatings are emitted during the application of the coating and as the coating dries. The amount

of coating used and the VOC content of the coating are the factors that primarily determine

emissions from architectural surface coating operations. Secondary sources of VOC emissions

are from the solvents used to clean the architectural coating application equipment and VOC

released as reaction byproducts while the coating dries and hardens. The resins used in a

particular coating determine VOC emitted from this chemical reaction. Since the use of organic

solvents in architectural surface coatings is the primary source of emissions, control techniques

for this source category involve either product substitution or product reformulation.

2.3.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

The Activity level is based on population and estimated gallons of paint (solvent and water

based) used nation wide.1
14

Emission Factors

Emission factors for solvent based and water based paints are 3.87 lb/gallon and 0.74 lb/gallon

respectively. All emission factors were obtained from EIIP volume III.2

Assumptions

A per capita emission factor was used to calculate emissions from this source category. This per

capita usage factor is calculated by dividing the total usage of surface coating materials by the

United States population. Activity was also assumed to be uniform 365 days per year.

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

Using the alternative method from the EIIP Volume III, Chapter33, the estimated ozone season

daily VOC emissions from Cole County can be illustrated as follows:

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = population of county X [(per capita water based factor X water

based emission factor) + (population of county X per capita solvent based factor X solvent based

emission factor)] / (2000 lbs/ton)

US Population: 288,368,698

Total Paint-water based (gallons): 589,527,000

Total Paint-solvent based (gallons): 119,914,000

Per Capita-water based factor = 589527000 / 288368698 = 2.044 gallons/person

Per Capita-water based factor = 119914000 / 288368698 = 0.416 gallons/person

Paint-water based Emission Factor: 0.74 lb/gallon

Paint-solvent based Emission factor: 3.87 lb/gallon

Population of Cole County, 2002: 71,894

Activity Days per Week: 7

VOC Emissions (ton/year) = 71894 persons X (2.044 gal/person/yr X 0.74 lb/gal + 0.416

gal/person/yr X 3.87 lb/gal) / (2000 lbs/ton) = 112.23 tons/year

2.3.3 Results

Total VOC emissions from architectural surface coating for the State of Missouri is 8855.2

tons/year.
15

2.3.4 References

• U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce, Washington D.C.

• Architectural Surface Coating, Volume III: Chapter 5, Final Report, Area Sources

Committee EIIP, August 1996.

2.4 Auto Body Refinishing

2.4.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Auto body refinishing operations consist of four steps: (1) vehicle preparation, (2) primer

application, (3) topcoat application, and (4) spray equipment cleaning. VOC emissions from

automobile refinishing are influenced by several factors. Emissions from surface preparation

and coating applications are a function of VOC content of the product used. Emissions are also a

function of the transfer efficiency of the spray equipment. Transfer efficiency is the percent of

paint solids that actually adheres to the surface being painted. Equipment with lower transfer

efficiency would require more material to be sprayed, thus, increasing VOC emissions.

Emissions from cleaning operations are dependent on the type of cleanup and housekeeping

practices used. There are six main approaches for reducing VOC emissions from auto-body

refinishing shops: use of lower-VOC coatings, use of enclosed cleaning devices, increased

transfer efficiency, use of lower-VOC primers, use of solvent recovery system, and use of add-on

controls for their spray booths such as thermal incineration, catalytic incineration, and carbon

absorption. Other housekeeping activities can also be used to reduce emissions from auto body

refinishing operations. These activities include tight fitting containers, reducing spills, mixing

paint to need, providing training, maintaining rigid control of inventory, etc.

2.4.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity level

The estimated national VOC emissions from auto body refinishing was apportioned to inventory

area using employment data with 7532 SIC obtained from Department of Commerce. Data for

2002 was not available therefore data from 1999 was used for purposes of calculation an

emission factor only.

Emission Factors

The emission factor is the number of employees in the inventory area divided by the number of

employees nationwide with 7532 SIC.

Assumptions

It was assumed that the National VOC emissions from auto body refinishing are directly

proportional to employment. It was assumed that the national EPA regulation promulgated on
16

September 11, 1998 to control VOC emissions from the use of Automobile refinishing coatings

would reduce emission by 37%.

Sample Calculation

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = [(# employees in inventory area) / (# employees nation wide) X

(national VOC emissions from auto body refinishing) X percent reduction from regulation] /

(2000 lb/ton)

Estimated National VOC emissions: 79429.39 tons

Number of Employees Nationwide: 205172

Number of Employees in Cole County: 60

Activity Days Per Week: 5

Percent Emissions Reduction from Regulation: 37%

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = National VOC Emissions / Number of Employees Nationwide X

Number of Employees in Cole County = 79429.39 / 205172 X 60 = 23.23 tons/year.

2.4.3 Results

The total VOC emissions from auto-body refinishing in the State of Missouri for 2002 is 1827.0

tons.

2.4.4 References

• Auto Body Refinishing, Volume III: Chapter 13, External Draft, Area Sources Committee

EIIP, January 1997.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

2.5 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use

2.5.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Solvents contained in consumer and commercial products are primarily released during product

use. Commercial and consumer products included in this category are:

• Household products

• Toiletries

• Aerosol products

• Rubbing compounds
17

• Windshield washing fluids

• Polishes and waxes

• Non-industrial adhesive

• Space deodorants

• Moth control

• Laundry detergents and treatment

Organic compounds in these products may act either as the carrier for the active product

ingredients or as the active ingredients themselves. The organic compounds may be released to

the atmosphere through immediate evaporation of an aerosol spray, evaporation after application

or direct release in the gaseous phase.

Potential control strategies for VOC emissions from consumer and commercial products include

a change in the application method, product substitution, product reformulation, and directions

for use, storage, and disposal.

2.5.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

Emissions from consumer and commercial products were estimated using a single per capita

emission factor from EIIP volume III, Chapter 5 and population data obtained from the United

States Bureau of Census.

Emission Factor

The per capita emission factor for commercial and consumer solvent use is 6.06 lbs./capita/yr.

The emission factor was adjusted from 7.84 to 6.06 to avoid double counting with pesticide

applications.

Assumption

VOC emissions are proportional to population. It was assumed that the EPA consumer and

commercial products regulation finalized on March, 1996 would reduce emissions by 20%.

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = population X emission factor X Percent Reduction from

Regulation

VOC Emission Factor: 6.06 lb/person/yr

Population of Cole County: 71,894

Percent Reduction of Emission from EPA Regulation: 20%
18

Activity Days Per Week: 7

Percent Emissions Reduction from Regulation: 20%

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = 71894 persons X 6.06 lb/person/y) X (1 – 0.20) / (2000 lb/ton) =

174.271 tons/year.

2.5.3 Results

The total VOC Emissions from Consumer/Commercial Solvent Use for the State of Missouri is

13750.3 tons/year.

2.5.4 References

• Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use, Volume III: Chapter 5, Final Report, Area Sources

Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

• U.S. Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

• East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, St. Louis City, MO.

2.6 Bakeries

2.6.1 Source Description and Emission Control

The major pollutants emitted from bread baking are VOC emissions, chiefly the ethanol

produced as a byproduct of the leavening process. Commercial bread bakeries use four basic

dough processes: sponge and dough, straight dough, liquid ferment methods, and no-time dough.

Bread in its simplest form requires four ingredients: flour, water, yeast, and salt. The primary

emission source at a bakery is the oven. Because the ethanol produced by yeast metabolism is

generally liquid at temperature below 77 o C or 170 o

 F, it is not emitted in appreciable amounts

until the dough is exposed to high temperature in the oven. Bakery products that are not

leavened with yeast do not produce ethanol and should not be considered for the VOC inventory.

2.6.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

VOC emissions from bakeries in Missouri counties were estimated using an employment based

emission factor. This emission factor encompasses emissions from liquid ferment, sponge and

dough methods. The total amount of VOC emitted by each county was calculated by multiplying

the emission factor with the number of employees. The employees for each county were based

on the NAICS numbers 3188 obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.
19

Emission Factor

The emission factor of 220 tons VOC per employee-year was derived by Radian Corporation in

the 1980’s.

Assumption

It was assumed that bakery production does not vary from season to season and that the activity

days per week are 6 days.

Sample Calculation (Boone County)

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = (# employees - # point source employees) X (emission factor) /

2000 lbs/ton.

Bakeries Employment in Boone County: 59 employees

Bakeries Point Source Employment in Boone County: 0

Emission Factor: 220 lb/employee/yr

Activity Days Per Week: 6

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = (59 – 0) employees X (220 lb/employee/yr) / (2000 lb/ton) = 6.49

tons/year.

2.6.3 Results

The total VOC emissions from bakeries for the State of Missouri is 499.18 tons/year.

2.6.4 References

• Baked Goods at Commercial/Retail Bakeries, Volume III: Area Source Method Abstracts,

Area Sources Committee EIIP, July1999.

• U.S. Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

2.7 Graphic Arts

2.7.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Graphic arts is considered a solvent evaporation source of VOC emissions and includes the

printing of news letters, books, magazines, fabric, wall covering and other materials. Graphic arts
20

operations are performed on printing presses that are made up of one or more “units”. Each unit

can print only one color. The substrate in graphic arts operations is either continuous and called

a “web,” or individual pieces of substrate called “sheets.” The pattern that is printed on the

substrate is called the “image.” Five basic processes are used in the printing industry, including

flexography, letterpress, lithography, rotogravure, and screen process printing. Considerable

emissions originate from minor graphic arts applications, including in-house services in

nonprinting industries. The predominant emissions from graphic arts printing are VOC

contained in the printing inks, fountain solutions and cleaning solutions. Emissions from

proofing presses, cleaning operations, ink storage tanks, and ink mixing operations are relatively

minor compared to the emissions during the printing process, but they do contribute to overall

emissions.

Afterburners, both thermal and catalytic, can be used to control VOC emissions from the heatset

web offset lithography, rotogravure printing, and flexography. Refrigeration of the dampening

solution is a process change that can achieve approximately 40 percent reduction of the VOC

emissions. The use of lower- VOC-containing cleaning solutions can reduce VOC and

hazardous air pollutants (HAP) emissions from cleaning operations in all types of printing.

Storing cleaning rags in closed containers can control some of the fugitive emissions from

cleaning.

2.7.2 Emissions Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

Ink sales nationwide were used to estimate emission from this source category. Ink sales in

pounds were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Census web site. The procedure to estimate

emissions from this source category is outlined in EIIP, volume III, Graphic Arts. Given the

time limitation and available resources, the first alternative method was used.

Emission Factors

The following emission factors were obtained from EIIP, volume III, Graphic Arts.

Component Emission Factors

Printing Type % Printing Pound VOC Emitted per Pound of Ink Used

Type Ink Fountain Solution Cleaning Solution

Rotogravure

Flexography

Offset Lithography

Letter Press

Screen

22

16

35

8

19

0.70

0.60

0.38

0.24

0.12

NA

NA

2.75

NA

NA

0.03

0.04

1.23

0.07

Assumptions

Number of employees was assumed to be proportional to ink sales.
21

Sample Calculation

OSD VOC (lb) = (# employees in county – county point source # employees) / total area source

# employees X (Total area source ink usage) X ((% rotogravure ink solvent X rotogravure

emission factor) + ((% flexography ink solvent X flexography emission factor) + ...) / (activity

days per week) X (1 yr / 52 week) X (seasonal activity factor) / 0.25

Total Ink Sales in US: 1642500000 lb

Printing Employment in US: 1501714

Printing Employment in State: 43952

Total Ink Sales in State: 48072509.15 lb

Point Source Ink Usage: 45122344.60 lb

Total Area Source Ink Usage: 2950164.54lb

Total Area Source Printing Employment: 21585

Franklin County Printing Employment: 999

Franklin County Point Source Printing Employment: 231

Activity Days Per Week: 5

Seasonal Activity Factor: 0.25

OSD VOC = (999 – 231) / 21585 X 2950164.54 lb X ((0.22 X 0.73) + (0.16 X 0.64) + (0.35 X

4.36) + (0.08 X 0.31) + (0.19 X 0.12)) / (5 days / week) X (1 yr / 52 week) X 0.25 / 0.25 =

741.48 lb/day

2.7.3 References

• Graphic Arts, Volume III: Chapter 7, Final Report, Area Sources Committee EIIP,

November 1996.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

• U.S. Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
22

2.8 Solvent Cleaning

2.8.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Degreasing operations are considered solvent evaporation emission sources of VOC and employ

non-aqueous solvents to remove grease, fats, oil, wax or soil from the surface of metal, glass or

plastic articles which are to be electroplated, painted, repaired, inspected, assembled or

machined. Degreasing is not associated with any particular industry, but is used in a variety of

industries. There are three types of degreasers: small cold cleaners; open top vapor degreasers;

and conveyorized degreasers. Open top vapor degreasers and conveyorized degreasers are

usually large enough to be considered as point sources of emissions; therefore, only cold cleaners

were evaluated for this area source report.

Design features that control solvent emissions from batch cold cleaning machines include

increased freeboard ration, covers, internal drainage rack, and visible fill line.

2.8.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

EIIP Volume III, Chapter 6 discusses several methods that can be used to estimate emissions.

Given the available data and time limits, the emission factor alternative method was used.

Emission Factor

A per employee emission factor, 87 lb/employee, for total solvent cleaning was used to estimate

VOC emissions from solvent cleaning operations.

Sample Calculation

VOC Emissions ton/year = (population of county / population of State X # of Employees in

State) X (emission factor)

Population of Cole County: 71894

Population of State of Missouri: 5,672,579

# of Employees in State for Solvent Cleaning: 268,228

Emission Factor: 87 lb/employee/yr

VOC Emissions ton/year = (71894 / 5672579 X 268228) employees X (87 lb/employees/yr) /

(2000 lb/ton) = 147.88 tons/year.
23

2.8.3 Results

The total VOC emissions from solvent cleaning in the State of Missouri is 11667.92 tons/year.

2.8.4 References

• Solvent Cleaning Use, Volume III: Chapter 6, Final Report, Area Sources Committee EIIP,

September 1997.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

• United States Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

2.9 Leaking Underground Storage Tank Removal

2.9.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Leaking underground storage tanks are typically not considered a quantifiable source of

emissions until excavation and remediation efforts begin. The majority of air emissions from

leaking UST site remediations occur during initial site action, which is typically tank removal.

During tank removal, the leaking tank and the surrounding soil are removed and the soil is either

treated on-site or transported off site for treatment or disposal in a landfill. Emissions from the

soil occur as the tank is being removed and when soil is deposited on the ground before

treatment/disposal occurs. The magnitude of VOC emissions during remediation events depends

on several factors, most of all which are specific to each site. For this reason, determining

emissions for this activity is difficult. Factors influencing VOC emissions from soils include

type, concentration, and distribution of contaminants in the soil, the porosity and moisture

content of the soil, temperature, wind, shape, and surface area of the soil piles, the type of soil

handling equipment used and the duration of the operation.

2.9.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

The number of leaking storage tanks removed in each county in 2002 was obtained from the

Missouri Hazardous Waste Program Tanks Section.

Emission Factors

Alternative Method 1 of EIIP, Leaking Underground Storage Tanks was used to determine VOC

emissions. An emission factor of 28 lb/day of remediation event was used in calculations.
24

Sample Calculation

VOC Emissions in tons/year = # of leaking USTs removed X 28 lb/day X # of days per removal /

(2000 lb/ton)

Emission Factor: 28 lb/day

# of leaking USTs removed in Cole County: 3

Average # of days to remove tanks: 1

VOC Emissions tons/year = (3 tanks removed) X (28 lb/day/tank removed) X (1 day to remove)

= .042 tons/year

2.9.3 Results

The total VOC emissions from the removal leaking underground storage tanks in the State of

Missouri is 9.53 tons/year.

2.9.4 References

• U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

• Leaking Underground Storage Tanks, Volume III: Final Report, Area Sources Committee

EIIP, December 2000

• State of Missouri Hazardous Waste Management Program- Tanks Section records for 2002.

2.10 Industrial Surface Coating

2.10.1 Source Description and Emission Control

“Surface coating operations involve applying a thin layer of coating (e.g., paint, lacquer, enamel,

varnish, etc.) to an object for decorative or protective purposes. The surface coating products

include either a water-based or solvent-based liquid carrier that generally evaporates in the

drying or curing process.

The use of surface coatings by manufacturing industries and other sectors of the economy is

pervasive. Applications include: (1) coatings that are applied during the manufacture of a wide

variety of products by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) including furniture, cans,

automobiles, other transportation equipment, machinery, appliances, metal coils, flat wood, wire,

and other miscellaneous products, (2) architectural coatings, and (3) special purpose coatings

used for applications such as maintenance operations at industrial and other facilities, auto

refinishing, traffic paints, marine finishes, and aerosol sprays. For area source purposes, the

small industrial surface coating category includes OEM applications, some marine coatings, and

maintenance coatings. This category does not include architectural surface coatings, traffic

markings, automobile refinishing, or aerosols.
25

The main approaches for reducing VOC emissions from small industrial surface coating

operations are (1) use of lower-VOC coatings, (2) use of enclosed cleaning devices, and (3)

increased transfer efficiency. Other housekeeping activities can also be used to reduce emissions

from small industrial surface coating operations. These activities include using tight-fitting

containers, reducing spills, mixing paint to need, providing operator training, maintaining rigid

control of inventory, using proper cleanup methods, etc.

2.10.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

Alternative Method 1 of EIIP volume III, Industrial Surface Coating, was used to estimate VOC

emissions. This method is based on the national default per employee emission factors presented

in Table 8.5-1 of EIIP volume III, Industrial Surface Coating.

Emission Factors

The following table represents emission factors based on SIC:

Category SIC Code

Per Employee VOC

Emission Factor

(lb/yr)

Furniture and Fixtures 25 944

Metal Containers 341 6,029

Automobiles (new) 3711 794

Machinery and

Equipment 35 77

Appliances 363 463

Other Transportation

Equipment

37, except 3711 and

373 35

Sheet, Strip, and Coil 3479 2,877

Factory Finished Wood 2426-9, 243-245, 2493,

2499 131

Electrical Insulation 3357, 3612 290

Other Product Coatings NAa NA

High-Performance

Maintenance Coatings NA NA

Marine Coatings 373 308

Other Special Purpose

Coatings NA NA

aNA = not available, use per capita emission factors from Table 8.5-2

Assumptions

All industrial surface coatings are accounted for in the point source inventory.
26

2.10.3 Results

Since all emissions of VOC from industrial surface coating are accounted for in the point source

inventory the amount of emissions for industrial surface coating in the area source inventory for

the State of Missouri is zero.

2.10.4 References

• Industrial Surface Coating, Volume III: Chapter 15, Final Report, Area Sources Committee

EIIP, September 1997.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

2.11 Vehicle Fires

2.11.1 Source Description and Emission Control

This emissions source category covers emissions from accidental vehicle fires. Vehicles

included are any commercial or private mode of transportation that are authorized for use on

public roads. Non-roadway fires such as rail, water, and air transportation are not included. The

pollutants emitted that are emitted from vehicle fires that are included in this inventory are PM,

CO, and Nox.

2.11.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

Emissions from vehicle fires were calculated using the method suggested in the EIIP guidance

document for vehicle fires. First the number of vehicle fires for each county was determined by

apportioning national data locally using vehicle miles traveled. An emission factor was then used

to determine the amount of pollutants emitted.

Emission Factors

Structural Fire Pollutants Emission Factor (lbs./ton Material)

PM 100

CO 125

NOx 4

Assumptions

It was assumed that each vehicle has 500 pounds of components that can burn in a fire and that

fires occur 7 days a week, 52 weeks a year.
27

Sample Calculation – Cole County

PM emissions (tons/year) = # of vehicle fires in US X (MO VMT/US VMT) X % of state VMT

in Cole County/100 X 500 lb/fire / 2000 lb/ton X emission factor

Number of Vehicle Fires in US: 421440

National VMT: 2,799,258 million

Missouri VMT : 67,632 million

% State VMT in Cole County: 0.907%

PM Emission Factor: 100 lb/ton

Activity Days Per Week: 7

PM Emissions (tons/year) = 421440 Vehicle Fires in US X (67,632 million/2,799,258 million)

X 0.907/100 X 500 lb/fire / 2000 lb/ton X 100 lb/ton / 2000 lb/ton = 1.15 tons PM

2.11.3 Results

The emissions from structural fires for the State of Missouri are as follows:

Table 1: Emissions from Structural Fires tons/year

PM 127.28

CO 159.2

NOX 5.09

2.11.4 References

• Vehicle Fires, Area Source Method Abstracts, Final Report, Area Sources Committee EIIP,

May 2000.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996

• United States Federal Highway Administration web-site.
28

2.12 Open Burning - Structure Fires

2.12.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Structural fires or building fires are considered a combustion source of VOC, NOx, CO, and PM

emissions. Like forest wildfires, they can produce large amounts of emissions over a short

period of time.

2.12.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

Emissions from structural fires were calculated using the second alternative method in

Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Precursors of Ozone: Volume I

where an emission factor is applied to an estimate of the number of fires per county and a fuel

loading factor (1.15 tons/fire). The number of fires per county was estimated by assuming that

an average of 2.3 fires occur per 1,000 people.

Emission Factors

Structural Fire Pollutants Emission Factor (lbs./ton Material)

VOC 11

CO 60

NOx 1.4

PM10 10.8

Assumptions

The number of fires per county was estimated by assuming that 2.3 fires occur per 1,000 people.

Sample Calculation – Cole County

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = population X # fires per 1000 people X emission factor X fuel

loading factor / 2000 lb/ton

Population of Franklin County: 71894

Number of Fires: 0.0023 fire/person/yr

VOC Emission Factor: 11 lb/ton

Fuel Loading Factor: 1.15 tons/fire

Activity Days Per Week: 7
29

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = 71849 persons X 0.0023 fire/person/yr X 11 lb/ton X 1.15 tons/fire

/ 2000lb/ton= 1.046 ton/year

2.12.3 Results

The emissions from structural fires for the State of Missouri are as follows:

Table1: Emissions from Structural Fires tons/year

VOC 82.5

CO 450.1

NOX 10.5

PM10 81.0

2.12.4 References

• Structure Fires, Volume III: Chapter 18, Final Report, Area Sources Committee EIIP, July

1999.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996

• U.S. Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

2.13 Pesticide Application

2.13.1 Source Description and Emission Control

 

Pesticides are considered an evaporated source of VOC emission and are defined as any

substance used to kill or retard the growth of insects, rodents, fungi, weeds or microorganism.

Pesticides can be broken down into three chemical categories: synthetics, non-synthetics

(petroleum products), and inorganic. Formulations of pesticides are made through the

combination of the pest-killing material referred to as the active ingredient, and various solvents,

which act as carriers for the pest-killing material, referred to as the inert ingredient. Both types of

ingredients contain volatile organic compounds (VOC) that can potentially be emitted to the air

either during application or as result of evaporation. The VOC emission rate is influenced by the

formulation (solid or solution) and method of application. Pesticide application can be broken

down into two users categories: Agricultural and non-agricultural, which includes municipal,

commercial, and consumer.
30

2.13.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

Non-agricultural Pesticides:

Due to difficulties in obtaining accurate information related to non-agricultural pesticides, this

category was not separated into municipal, commercial, and consumer subcategories. Emissions

were estimated using alternative method 1 given in EIIP, volume III, chapter 9. The method is

based on population.

Agricultural Pesticides:

The preferred method was used to estimate emissions form agricultural pesticide. The method is

based on pesticide applied, the formulation of the pesticide, and the total acres to which the

pesticide was applied. The acreage devoted to crops (alfalfa, corn, cotton, pasture, rice,

sorghum, soybeans, tobacco, and wheat) for all counties in 2002 was determined from the state

Department of Agricultural (State Crop Statistics, 2002). Pesticide usage data was obtained from

the National Center for Food and Agriculture Policy (NCFAP) via the Internet. The data

included the pesticide used for each crop, the number of acres treated, and the amount of active

ingredient in each pesticide for 1992. Percent active ingredients and VOC contents ware obtained

from Chemical & Pharmaceutical Press, Inc. via the Internet.

Emission Factors

Non-agricultural Pesticides:

The emission factor for non-agricultural pesticides is 1.78 pound per person. This emission

factor encompasses emissions from municipal, commercial, and consumer pesticide use and was

taken from Table 5.4-1 of Chapter 5 (Consumer Solvent Use) of EIIP volume III.

Agricultural Pesticides:

Emission factors are functions of application method and vapor pressure of pesticide active

ingredients. Emission factors and typical vapor pressures for some of the active ingredients are

given in tables 9.4-4 and 9.4-2 of EIIP, volume III, Pesticide – Agricultural and Non-agricultural,

respectively.

Assumptions

It was assumed that the same kinds of pesticides used in 1992 were also used in 2002. It was

also assumed that the difference in the amount of pesticide used in 2002 from 1992 is

proportional to the difference in acres of crops harvested between 1992 and 2002. Missing

active ingredients and VOC contents for some the pesticides were assumed to be 50% each.
31

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = non-agricultural VOC Emissions + agricultural VOC Emissions

Non-agricultural Pesticides:

Population of Cole County: 71894 persons

Emission Factor: 1.78 lb/person/yr

Activity Days Per Week: 6 days

VOC Emissions (ton/year) = population X emission factor = 71894 X 1.78 / 2000 = 63.99

tons/year

Agricultural Pesticides:

Total Pesticides Applied for Sorghum in Missouri

Pesticide Acres treated Pounds of active ingredient

2,4-D 43200 27648

ALACHLOR 122400 210528

ATRAZINE 619200 780192

BROMOXYNIL 7200 2376

GLYPHOSATE 14400 10224

METHOLACHLOR 237600 358776

PROPACHLOR 79200 250272

CARBARYL 36000 36000

CARBOFURAN 28800 24192

CHLORPYRIFOS 14400 10224

DIAZINON 14400 7200

MALATHION 21600 21600

METHOMYL 7200 3600

PHORATE 7200 8064

TERBUFOS 7200 5760

 Total 1 260 000 Acres 1 756 656 lbs. AI.

Vapor Pressure of 2,4-D: 8.0 X 10-6

Application Method: Soil Incorporation

Emission Factor: 5.4 lb/ton

Percent Active Ingredient (%A.I.): 47.9
32

Percent Inert Ingredient: 52.1

Pesticide Applied: 27648 lb /0.479 X 1.13 = 16450 lb

Inert Ingredient VOC Content: 21%

Activity Days Per Week: 6 days

VOC Emissions ton/year = Sum[pesticide applied (lb) X [fraction active ingredient X emission

factor/2000 + fraction inert ingredient X fraction VOC in formulation]/2000

VOC Emissions from 2,4-D (tons/year) = 16540 lb/year X [0.479 X 5.4 lb/ton / 2000 + 0.521 X

0.21] / = .9 tons/year

VOC Emissions (lb/ozone season day) from 2,4-D = .9 tons/year X (.233/.25) / (6*52) = 7.732

lb/osd

Total VOC Emissions (tons/year) from all pesticide applied to Sorghum = 102.7 tons/year

Total VOC Emissions (tons/year) from all pesticide applied to Sorghum in Cole County = Total

VOC Emissions X Total Harvested Sorghum Acres in Franklin County / Total Harvested

Sorghum Acres in Missouri

Total Harvested Sorghum Acres in Cole County: 180

Total Harvested Sorghum Acres in Missouri: 153985

VOC Emissions for Cole County for all pesticide applied to Sorghum ton/year = 102.7 ton/year

X 180/153985 = .12 tons/year

Total VOC Emissions from all pesticide applied to all crops in Cole County = 10.11 ton/day.

Total VOC Emissions from Agricultural and Non-agricultural pesticide applied in Cole County =

10.11 tons/year + 63.99 ton/year = 74.1 lb/day.

2.13.3 Results

The total VOC emissions from pesticide application for the State of Missouri is 10997.4

ton/year.

2.13.4 References

• Pesticides- Agricultural & Nonagricultural, Volume III: Chapter 9, Final Report, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, December 1997.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.
33

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

• United States Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

• East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, St. Louis City, MO.

2.14 Open Burning- Residential Solid Waste

2.14.1 Source Description And Emission Control

Open burning is considered a combustion source of VOC, NOx and CO emissions. Open

burning may be done in open drums or baskets, yards or dumps. The most effective control

technique of open burning emissions is to ban open burning and require management of these

wastes by other methods.

2.14.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

Residential Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Burning

Emission estimates for residential MSW burning were developed by first estimating the amount

of waste generated for each county in the United States. The amount of waste generated was

estimated using a national average per capita waste generation factor, which is 3.31

lbs/person/day (.6 tons/person/year). To better reflect the actual amount of household residential

waste subject to being burned, non-combustibles (glass and metals) and yard waste generation

were subtracted out. This factor was then applied to the portion of the county’s total population

that is considered rural based on 1990 Census data on rural and urban population, since open

burning is generally not practiced in urban areas.

For rural populations, it is estimated that 25 to 32 percent of the municipal waste generated is

burned. A median value of 28 percent was assumed for the nation, and this correction factor was

applied to the total amount of waste generated.

Controls (or burning bans) were accounted for by assuming that no burning takes place in

counties where the urban population exceeds 80 percent of the total population (i.e., urban plus

rural). Zero open burning emissions were attributed to these counties.

Residential Yard Waste Burning

A national per capita waste generation average daily value of 0.117 tons yard waste/person/year

was used as the basis for yard waste open burning emissions. It was assumed that 28 percent of

the total yard waste generated is burned and that burning occurs primarily in rural areas.
34

Controls (or burning bans) were accounted for by assuming that no burning takes place in

counties where the urban population exceeds 80 percent of the total population (i.e., urban plus

rural). Zero open burning emissions were attributed to these counties.

Emission Factors

Emissions factors for VOC, NOx, CO, and PM10 were obtained from AP- 42 (Table 2.5-1).

VOC NOx CO PM10

MSW 30 6 85 38

Yard Waste 28 4 140 38

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

Waste Generation Factor (MSW) = .604 tons/person/year

Waste Generation Factor (Yard Waste) = .117 tons/person/year

Population = 71,894

% Rural = 31%

% Waste Generated that is Burned (MSW and Yard Waste) = 28%

MSW Burning PM10 Emissions (tons/year) = Population X % Rural X Waste Generation Factor

X % Waste that is Burned X PM10 Emission Factor / 2000

MSW Burning PM10 Emissions (tons/year) = (71894) X (.31) X (.604) X (.28) X (38) / 2000 =

71.26 tons/year

Yard Waste Burning PM10 Emissions (tons/year) = Population X Yard Waste Generation Factor

X % Rural X % of Waste that is Burned X PM10 EF /2000

Yard Waste Burning PM10 Emissions (tons/year) = (71894) X (.31) X (.117) X (.28) X (38) /

2000= 13.87 tons/year

2.14.3 Results

Total emissions from open burning of municipal solid waste and yard waste for the State of

Missouri are as follows:

VOC (ton/yr) Nox (ton/yr) CO (ton/yr) PM10 (ton/yr)

MSW 4120.34 6824.07 11674.29 5219.09

Yard Waste 748.65 106.95 3743.27 1016.03
35

2.14.4 References

• Open Burning, Volume III: Chapter 16, Revised Final, Area Sources Committee EIIP,

January 2001.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

• Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Precursors of Ozone: Volume I,

Draft Report, EPA-450/4-91-016, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1991.

• Documentation for the Draft 1999 National Emissions Inventory For Criteria Air Pollutants,

Area Sources, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., NC, September 2001.

2.15 Open Burning-Forest/Wild Fires

2.15.1 Source Description and Emission Control

A wildfire is a large-scale natural combustion process that consumes various ages, sizes, and

types of flora growing outdoors in a geographical area. Consequently, wildfires are potential

sources of large amounts of air pollutants that should be considered when trying to relate

emissions to air quality.

The size and intensity, even the occurrence, of a wildfire depend directly on such variables as

meteorological conditions, the species of vegetation involved and their moisture content, and the

weight of consumable fuel per acre (available fuel loading). Once a fire begins, the dry

combustible material is consumed first. If the energy release is large and of sufficient duration,

the drying of green, live material occurs, with subsequent burning of this material as well. Under

proper environmental and fuel conditions, this process may initiate a chain reaction that results in

a widespread conflagration.

The complete combustion of wildland fuels (forests, grasslands, wetlands) require a heat flux

(temperature gradient), adequate oxygen supply, and sufficient burning time. The size and

quantity of wildland fuels, meteorological conditions, and topographic features interact to

modify the burning behavior as the fire spreads, and the wildfire will attain different degrees of

combustion efficiency during its lifetime.

This area source inventory will describe the procedures and applied approach for estimating

emissions from this area source of forest fires.

2.15.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

An alternative method was used rather than the two methods provided in the Wildfires and

prescribed Burning, EIIP volume III. County emissions from wildfires were calculated based on
36

an annual report, submitted to the Missouri Department of Conservation, from each county

reporting the number of acreage burned.

Emission Factors

The following table lists emission factors from the EPA AP-42

Pollutant Emission

Factor (Lbs./ton)

Fuel Loading Factor

(tons/acre)

VOC 16 11

NOx 4 11

CO 140 11

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = # acres burned X fuel loading factor X Emission Factor / 2000.

Acres Burned in Cole County: 35 acres

VOC Emission Factor: 16 lb/ton

Fuel Loading Factor: 11 tons/acre

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = 35 acres X 11 ton/acre X 16 lb/ton / 2000 lb/ton = 3.1 ton/year.

2.15.3 Results

The emissions from forest fires for the State of Missouri are as follows:

VOC 4389.4 tons/year

CO 38407.6 tons/year

NOX 1097.4 tons/year

2.15.4 References

• “Assessment of Biomass Burning in the United States”, Bill Leenhouts, U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, 1998.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air

Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.
37

2.16 Gas Distribution

2.16.1 Source Description and Emission Control

This area source category estimates the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions resulting

from the storage and transfer operations at gasoline dispensing facilities. Emissions from storage

and transfer operations include the working losses and breathing losses from underground tanks,

vapors displaced through vehicle refueling and spillage.

The area sources of evaporative VOC emissions from the distribution of gasoline that are

covered in this category include the following:

• Truck in transit:

Evaporation of gasoline vapor from loaded tank trucks during transportation of

gasoline from the bulk plant/terminal to the service station or other dispensing outlet,

and from empty tank trucks returning from service stations to bulk plant/terminals.

• Stage I:

Displacement of gasoline vapors from the storage tanks during the transfer of

gasoline from tank trucks to storage tanks at the service station.

• Stage II:

Displacement of gasoline vapors from vehicle gasoline tanks during vehicle refueling.

Spillage of gasoline during either delivery activity above may also include. This loss

includes prefill and postfill nozzle drip and spitback and overflow from the filler pipe

of the vehicle’s fuel tank during filling.

• Storage tank working losses:

Evaporation of gasoline vapors from the storage tank and from the lines going to the

pumps during transfer of gasoline.

VOC emissions from this area source category are influenced by several factors. Fuel volatility

measured as Reid vapor pressure (RVP) affects the evaporation rate of gasoline. The technology

for loading tank trucks and tanks (splash loading, submerged loading, vapor balance, etc.) affects

the release of displacement emissions. Tank characteristics (color and design) affect working

losses from aboveground storage tanks.

Emissions from underground tank filling operations at service stations (stage I emissions) can be

reduced by the use of a vapor balance system, which consists of a hose that returns gasoline

vapors displaced from the underground tanks during filling back to the tank truck, as well as

measures to ensure tightness of the truck. The control efficiency of the balance system can range

from 93 to 100 percent.
38

Emissions from vehicle refueling (stage II emissions) also can be reduced by a vapor balance

system. During refueling, the vapors displaced from the vehicle fuel tanks are returned to the

underground tanks through the use of a special nozzle. Stage 1 controls have been implemented

in attainment (Only in Kansas City) and five nonattainment areas. Stage II controls are required

in five St. Louis ozone nonattainment areas.

2.16.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

Since volume of gasoline distribution at the county level and information such as sales tax data,

gasoline sales data from fuel distributors and retailers are not available, vehicles miles travel

(VMT) provided by the Missouri Department of Transportation is the only available information

can be used to determine gasoline consumption. It should be noted that the disadvantage of

using VMT is that it is a measure of vehicle activity in the area, not a measure of the fuel

dispensed in the inventory area. VMT produced by vehicles simply passing through the area that

did not refuel in the inventory region would tend to overstate the vehicle refueling activity level.

The VMT used for this inventory was taken from The Missouri Department of Transportation.

This 2002 VMT count only takes into account state routes. In order to account for the off-system

routes, an additional 30% was added to the state route VMT in order to produce an estimated

total VMT for both state routes and off-system routes.

For the St. Louis Non-Attainment area, a much more reliable VMT was used. The East-West

Gateway Coordinating Council sponsored a VMT study for the model year 2004. This study was

completed by the East-West Gateway Council

of Governments travel demand model, which is currently maintained within CUBE VOYAGER

modeling software. The method used is much more accurate and in-depth than the method used

by MoDOT in estimating VMT. Therefore, it was used in-place of the MoDOT-generated VMT

for the following counties:

• St. Louis City

• St. Louis County

• St. Charles County

• Jefferson County

• Franklin County

.
39

Emission Factors

• Gasoline truck in transit, fuel delivery to outlets and storage tank Breathing Emission Factors

Emission Source lb/1000 gal.

Throughput

Empty Tank Trucksb

Full Tank Trucksc

0.005

0.005

Filling Underground Tank (Stage I)

 Submerged Filling

 Splash Filling

 Balanced Submerged Filling

Underground Tank Breathing

7.3

11.5

0.3

1.0

Source : AP-42 Tables 5.2-5, 5.2-7

b & c , Midpoint to typical range provided in AP-42

• Vehicle refueling emission factors

The MOBILE 6 model was used to generate refueling emission factors for gasoline and dieselfueled vehicles, and emission factors for tailpipe emissions and refueling activities.

The emissions estimation methodologies for this area source category have the following

relationship:

Emission = Emission Factor x Activity Level

Where Activity level is total gasoline consumption. The Federal Highway Administration

(FHWA) annually publishes Highway Statistics, which contains gasoline consumption data for

each state.

Another approach can be used is to use information on annual emissions and fuel consumption

for an “Average Passenger Car and Light Truck” published by the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory. Since MOBILE 6 is

available, this approach was not considered in this study.

Assumptions

The report “1996 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel Classified by District, County and System”

provided by the Missouri Department of Highway Transportation and the “1995 Relationships –

Population, Drivers, Vehicles, Fuel, and Travel “ was used to derive the gasoline consumption

distributed at each county of study in Missouri.

The effective emission reduction for Stage I and II vapor recovery systems is 95% control

efficiency.
40

The average miles-per-gallon fuel efficiency of the gasoline-powered motor fleet. This value,

16.73 miles per gallon, taken from the 1995 Relationships table 5.1. Published by the Missouri

Department of Highway and Transportation.

Using EIIP Volume III- Chapter 11 “Gasoline Marketing (Stage I and Stage II)” as a guide to

estimate evaporative VOC emissions from the distribution of gasoline that are covered in this

chapter.

Gasoline consumption is proportional to gasoline station sales.

There are approximately 1050 gasoline station outlets in five nonattainment areas that

implement either Stage I and Stage II; and about 250 gasoline station outlets in Platte, Clay, and

Jackson counties that implement Stage I.

Sample Calculation (St. Louis County)

To estimate ozone emissions from gasoline marketing in St. Louis County, the total gasoline

distributed (TGD) in this inventory region is

TGD = Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) X Average Miles per gallon (EF)

 = 47,955,115 miles X 16.73 gallons per mile

 = 802,958,274.53 gallons.

a. Emissions from Gasoline Trucks in transit assuming that gasoline consumption is

proportional to gasoline station sales.

TTE = TGD X LEF X GTA)/ (TGD X UEF X GTA)

Where:

TTE = Total gasoline emissions from tank trucks in transit (tons per year)

LEF = Loaded tank truck in-transit emission factor from Table 11.3.1 (0.055 lb/1000 gal)

UEF = Unloaded tank truck in-transit emission factor from Table 11.3.1 (0.005 lb/1000

gal)

GTA = 1.25, a national default rate as gasoline transportation adjustment factor.

TTE = ((802,958,274.53 X 0.055 X 1.25) + (802,958,274.53 X 0.005 X 1.25))/ (2000 X

1000)

 = 30.11 tpy

b. Emissions from Fuel Delivery to Outlets

FDO = (TGD X FDOE)/ (2000 X 1000)

Where:
41

FDO = Emissions from Fuel Delivery to Outlets in tons per year (tpy)

FDOE = Uncontrolled gasoline emission factor (27 lbs/1000 gals) X Stage 1 control (90

%) which is 27 lbs/1000 gals X 0.1 = 0.3 lbs/1000 gals

FDO = (802,958,274.53 X 0.3) / (2000 X 1000) = 120.44 tpy

c. Emissions from Storage Tank Breathing

STB = (TGD X STBE)/ (2000 X 1000)

Where:

STB = Emissions from Storage Tank Breathing in ton per year (tpy)

STBE = 1.0lb/1000 gallons taken from Table 11.3-1, EIIP Volume III

STB = (802,958,274.53 X 1.0)/ (2000 X 1000)

 = 401.48 tpy

2.16.3 Results

The emissions from Gasoline Distribution for the state of Missouri are as follows:

2.16.4 References

• AP-42 Tables 5.2-5, 5.2-7 b & c , Midpoint to typical range provided in AP-42

• EIIP Volume III- Chapter 11 “Gasoline Marketing (Stage I and Stage II)”

• “2002 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel Classified by District, County and System”

• Missouri Department of Highway Transportation

• “1995 Relationships – Population, Drivers, Vehicles, Fuel, and Travel”

2.17 Landfills

2.17.1 Source Description and Emission Control

This section covers the estimation of non-point source landfill emission sources. These are

generally old, unpermitted landfills and closed landfills not reporting yearly emissions as point

sources. A municipal solid waste landfill (MSW) unit is a discrete area of land or an excavation

that receives household waste and other types of wastes such as commercial solid waste,

nonhazardous sludge, and industrial solid waste. This emission estimation method presented

below is not suitable for treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs) or open dumps.

Landfills are significant sources of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In addition to

CH4 and CO2 a small amount of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs) are produced.

NMOCs include reactive volatile organic compound (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants

(HAPs). Unlike other area sources that may be small sources individually but numerous within

the inventory area, only a few landfills may be found within a county area. However, each

landfill may emit significant amounts of pollutants. Landfills differ from sources typically
42

categorized as point or major sources in that pollutants are emitted over the area of the landfill,

not at a specific point. For those reasons, landfills have been treated as area sources in the past.

Recently, air-operating permits have been required for landfills, so that inventory prepares have

begun to address them as point sources.

Landfill emissions are collected through either active or passive collection systems. The

combustion or purification of the landfill gas can accomplish disposal or treatment of the

collected gases.

As mentioned above, this area source category covers emissions from non-point source landfills.

Since the method of estimating emissions utilized by this method is based on the average

amount of refuse generated per capita, the known gaseous emissions generated by waste

disposed of in permitted sanitary landfills must be removed from the totals. This was done by

subtracting the reported point source VOC totals for each county from the total estimated by the

population method. In certain counties, large regional waste facilities generate VOC emissions

which are greater than the area source total. This results in a net negative VOC emissions value

for those particular counties. However, negative values cannot be reported on the NIF tables.

Only a “zero” value can be reported. To solve this, the negative emissions value was applied to

bordering counties in order to balance out the known point-source VOC emissions without

creating a negative number for the county in which the point source landfill resides.

2.17.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

The emissions from municipal landfills were calculated by using the population-based waste

generation factor. Although landfills can generate emissions for many years, the greatest

emissions were assumed to be emitted from waste 25 years old.

Emission Factors

The per capita waste generation factor is from the U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and

Emergency Response annual publication, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the

United States: 1995 Update. The projection data was obtained from the United States Census

Bureau.

Assumptions

• Population figures for the inventory year and 24 previous years for a total of 25 years of

population data were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau 2000 Census.

• The waste generation factor of 0.69 tons/person/year was multiplied by the population of

each year.

• 0.9072 to get megagrams multiplied tons.

• The average annual wastes were calculated and the values were used in the following

equation:
43

QCH4 = Lo R (e-kc – e-kt)

Where:

QCH4 = Methane generation rate at time t, m3/yr;

Lo = Methane generation potential, m3 CH4/Mg refuse;

R = Average annual refuse acceptance rate during active life, Mg/yr;

E = Base log, unitless;

k = Methane generation rate constant, yr-1;

c = time since landfill closure, years (c=0 for active landfills); and

t = Time since the initial refuse placement, years.

According to EIIP volume III there is a 0.25 seasonal activity factor.

Sample Calculations (Franklin County)

Using the per capita waste generation factor from the U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and

Emergency Response annual publication, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the

United States: 1995 Update and the population data obtained from the United States Census

Bureau.

The estimated emissions from the Franklin County inventory area can be illustrated, as follows:

Waste Generation Factor: 0.69 tons/person/yr

Franklin’s Average Annual Refuse Acceptance Rate during Active Life: 46730 Mg/yr.

Assuming that c = 0, and t = 6

Methane generation rate at time t, m3

/yr:

QCH4 = 125*46730*(1 – e-0.04*6) = 1246373

Non-methanogenic organic compound emission rate (QNMOC), m3/yr

QNMOC = 2*QCH4*CNMOC/(1*106

)

Where;

CNMOC = Total NMOC concentration in landfill gas, ppmv as hexane = 1170

QNMOC = 2*1246373*1170/(1*106) = 2917 m3/yr
44

The mass emission per year of total NMOCs, kg/yr

MNMOC = QNMOC*1050.2/(273+T)

Where;

T = Temperature of landfill gas (oC)

MNMOC = 2917*1050.2/(273+25) = 22648 kg/yr

Franklin’s Uncontrolled NMOC emission Reported as HAPs – HNMOC: 1150 lbs./day

VOC Emission Factor = [MNMOC - HNMOC]/R = [22648 – 1150]/ 46730 = 0.46

VOC Emissions = R * 0.46/365 = 46730 * 0.46/ 365 = 59 lbs./day

VOC Actual Emissions = VOC Emissions Area Source – VOC Emission Point Source

VOC Actual Emissions = 59 – 20 = 39 lbs./day

2.17.3 Results

The total VOC emissions from area source landfills in the state of Missouri is 455.38 tons/year.

2.17.4 References

• Missouri Solid Waste Diversion and Recycling

• Status Report For Calendar Year – 2001

• The U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response annual publication,

Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1995 Update. EPA 530-R95-001 PB96-152 160. March

• Landfills, Volume III: Chapter 15, Final Report, Area Sources Committee EIIP, September

1997

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, 2002

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995

• United States Bureau of Census

2.18 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Combustion

2.18.1 Fuel Description

This source category covers air emissions from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) combustion in the

residential, commercial/institutional, and small industrial sectors for space heating, water
45

heating, or cooking. This category includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters and other heating

units that are not inventoried as point sources. Residential and commercial sectors comprise

housing units; wholesale and retail businesses; health institutions; social and educational

institutions; and federal, state and local government institutions (e.g., military installations,

prisons, office buildings).

LPG consists of propane, propylene, butane, and butylenes; the products used for domestic

heating are composed primarily of propane. The largest market for LPG is the

domestic/commercial market. There are three grades of LPG available as heating fuels:

commercial-grade propane, engine fuel-grade propane, and commercial-grade butane. The

second largest use of LPG is by the chemical industry, where it is used as a petrochemical

feedstock, and the agriculture industry. Propane is also used as an engine fuel as an alternative

to gasoline and as a standby fuel for facilities that have interruptible LPG service contracts.

2.18.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

The combustion processes that use LPG are very similar to those that use natural gas. LPG is

considered a “clean” fuel because it does not produce visible emissions. The criteria pollutants

emitted, VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, and PM, are produced in small amounts.

Activity

Residential Sources:

The 2000 Census Bureau data contains information on the primary fuel combusted by houses by

county. Census 2000 – American Fact Finder - Summary File 3, Table H40. House Heating

Fuel provides data on the number of occupied housing units in each county using the following

categories of fuels: Utility gas (assumed to be natural gas), bottled, tank, or LP gas, electricity,

fuel oil, kerosene, etc., coal or coke, wood, solar energy, other fuel, or no fuel used.

The LPG burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using U.S. Census data on

households that use LPG as a primary fuel. The Department of Energy (DOE) Energy

Information Administration (EIA) provides state-level fuel consumption for residential,

commercial, and industrial sectors. The equation is:

County LPG use = Statewide LPG use X County LPG burning households

 State LPG burning households

Commercial/Institutional Sources:

2002 employment data was obtained from the Missouri Economic Research and Information

Center (MERIC). Commercial/Institutional and Industrial sector employment was aggregated

for Missouri employees working in the NAICS categories as outlined in Section 1.3.1.

The LPG burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using 2002 MERIC

employment data in NAICS categories 11, and 42-92. The equation is:
46

County LPG Use = Statewide LPG use X NAICS 11, 42-92 employees by county

 NAICS 11, 42-92 employees by state

Industrial sources:

The LPG burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using 2002 MERIC

employment data in NAICS categories 21-33. The equation is:

County LPG use = Statewide LPG use X NAICS 21-33 employees by county

 NAICS 21-33 employees by state

LPG Emission Factors

Emission factors for combustion of LPG in commercial boilers are presented in Table 1.5-1 of

Section 1.5 of AP-42 (EPA, 1998a). Because no emission factors were located for the

combustion of LPG for residential consumption, emission factors for commercial boilers are

used for residential emissions.

Table 2.18-1. LPG Combustion Emission Factors

Point SCC: n/a 10301002 10201002

Area SCC: 2104007000 2103007000 2102007000

Pollutant Residential Commercial Industrial

EF (lb/1000

Gallons)

EF (lb/1000

Gallons)

EF (lb/1000

Gallons)

VOC 0.5 0.5 0.5

NOX 14 14 19

CO 1.9 1.9 3.2

SO2 0.016 0.016 0.016

PM10 & 2.5 PRI 7.6 7.6 7.6

PM10 & 2.5

(Filterable)

1.9 1.9 1.9

PM10 & 2.5

(Condensable)

5.7 5.7 5.7

The emission factor for SO2 requires knowledge of the sulfur content of the LPG. The sulfur

content of LPG is very low. EPA’s SO2 emissions estimate is derived from the sulfur content of

the propane fuel. With 90% of LPG comprised of propane, the EPA’s propane emissions factor

is a reasonable value for LPG emissions rates. The obtained estimates range from approximately

0.0185% sulfur by weight to 0.060125% sulfur by weight. The statistical average or arithmetic

mean of these four estimates is 0.0333% sulfur by weight. The wide range of emissions factors

for SO2 makes it difficult to determine a representative estimate for the emissions factor and the

very small net effect of any energy-efficiency standard argue against making a significant
47

research effort. Therefore, the AP-42 emission factor used in the example of 0.016 lb of

SO2/1000 gallon will be used.

Temporal Adjustments for Ozone

For the 8-hour ozone NAAQS emission inventory, EPA guidance calls for CO, NOx, and VOC

emissions to be reported as actual annual and actual summer weekday. Summer weekday

emissions are defined as an average day’s emissions for a typical summer day during the ozone

season, typically defined as the months of June, July, and August. Fossil fuel consumption drops

substantially during the summer months when the need for space heating is virtually zero. A

seasonal activity factor is therefore needed to reflect the proportion of fuel consumption that

takes place in June-August relative to annual consumption and emissions.

The best way to determine the seasonal activity factor is to obtain activity data that are specific

for the location and season of interest. The most specific activity data available is Missouri

monthly natural gas consumption data for 2002 for the residential, commercial, and industrial

sectors obtained from the EIA. This same activity data was used to derive a residential,

commercial/institutional, and industrial seasonal activity factor (SAF) for all the area source

fossil fuel combustion calculations, which should have very close to the same proportion of fuel

consumed in June-August. Monthly natural gas consumption data for 2002 for the residential,

commercial, and industrial sectors were obtained from the EIA table, Natural Gas Production &

Use by Missouri.

Residential:

Average ozone summer day (OSD) emission estimates were calculated using the equation:

Ave. emissions Annual LPG use in June-August

per = __emissions__X__ LPG use in 2002_ _

summer day (Operating days/season = 92)

(LPG used in June-August)/(LPG used in 2002) is the Seasonal Activity Factor SAF=0.0655.

The number of activity days per week for residential activities are 7.

Commercial/Institutional:

Average ozone summer day (OSD) emission estimates were calculated using the equation:

Ave. emissions Annual LPG use in June-August

per = __emissions__X__ LPG use in 2002_ _

summer day (Operating days/season = 79)

(LPG used in June-August)/(LPG used in 2002) is the Seasonal Activity Factor SAF=0.0950.
48

The number activity days per week for commercial/industrial activities are considered to be 6,

although this would not hold true for hospitals, nursing homes, and most stores would be 7,

while most schools would be 5.

Industrial:

Average ozone summer day (OSD) emission estimates were calculated using the equation:

Ave. emissions Annual LPG use in June-August

per = __emissions__X__ LPG use in 2002_ _

summer day (Operating days/season = 79)

(LPG used in June-August)/(LPG used in 2002) is the Seasonal Activity Factor SAF=0.2010.

The number of activity days per week for industrial activities are considered to be an average of

about 6.

Sample Calculations (Cole County)

Residential LPG:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of LPG used in Missouri per yr) X ((# houses using LPG in

county) / (# houses using LPG in Missouri)) X (VOC emission factor(lb/1000 Gallons)) / (2000

lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X SAF / (Operating days/season)

Amount of LPG Used in Missouri: 251,412 1000 Gallons

Number of Houses Using LPG in Missouri: 293,603

Number of Houses Using LPG in Cole County: 2,977

VOC Emission Factor: 0.5 lb/1000 Gallons

Residential Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF): = 0.0655

Operating days/season: 92

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 251,412 1000 Gallons/year X 2,977 houses / 293,603 houses X 0.5

lb/1000 Gallons / 2000 lb/ton = 0.64 tons /year

OSD VOC (lb/day) = 0.64 tons /year X 2000 lb/ton X 0.0655 / 92 = 0.91 lb/day
49

Commercial/Institutional LPG:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of LPG used in Missouri per yr) X (# employees using LPG

in county) / (# employees using LPG in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor(lb/1000 Gallons)) /

(2000 lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X SAF / Operating days/season

Amount of LPG Used in Missouri: 44,318 1000 Gallons

Number of Comm./Inst. Employees in Missouri: 2,063,988

Number of Comm./Inst. Employees in Cole County: 46,695

VOC Emission Factor: 0.5 lb/1000 Gallons

Activity Days Per Week: 6

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 79

Commercial/Industrial Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF): 0.0950

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 44,318 1000 Gallons X (46,695 / 2,063,988) X (0.5 lb/1000 Gallons)

/ (2000 lb/ton) = 0.25 tons/year

OSD VOC (lb/day) = 0.25 tons/year X 2000 lb/ton X 0.0950 / 79 = 0.60 lb/day

Industrial LPG:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of LPG used in Missouri per yr) X (# employees using LPG

in county) / (# employees using LPG in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor (lb/1000 Gallons)) /

(2000 lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X SAF / Operating days/season

Amount of LPG Used in Missouri: 151,152 1000 Gallons

Number of Employees in Industrial Sector in Missouri: 462,567

Number of Employees in Industrial Sector in Cole County: 5,621

VOC Emission Factor: 0.5 lb/1000 Gallons

Industrial Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF) = 0.2010

Activity Days Per Week: 6
50

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 79

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 151,152 1000 Gallons X (5,621 / 462,567) X (0.5 lb/1000 Gallons) /

(2000 lb/ton) = 0.46 tons/year

OSD VOC (lb/day) = 0.46 tons/year X 2000 lb/ton X 0.2010 / 79 = 2.34 lb/day

2.18.3 Results

The emissions from LPG Combustion for the State of Missouri are as follows:

2002 Emissions from LPG Combustion in Missouri (Tons/Year)

VOC NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5

Residential 62.8530 1,759.884 238.8414 2.0113 955.3656 955.3656

Commercial 11.08 310.23 42.10 0.35 168.41 168.41

Industrial 37.7879 1,435.94 241.84 1.21 574.38 574.38

2.18.4 References

Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/total/pdf/use_mo.pdf

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_use_multistate.html#use_technotes

LPG Sulfur content discussed in

http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/pdfs/K-2.pdf

The U.S Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

Residential Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Combustion, Volume III: Area Source Method Abstracts, Area Sources Committee EIIP, July

1999.

Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources.

AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning

and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, St. Louis City, MO.

2.19 Natural Gas Combustion

2.19.1 Source Description and Emission Control
51

Natural gas is one of the major combustion fuels used throughout the country. It is used to

generate industrial and utility electrical power, produce industrial process steam, for residential

and commercial space heating, water heating, and cooking. Natural gas consists of a high

percentage of methane (generally above 85 percent) and varying amounts of ethane, propane,

butane, and inerts (typically nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium). Air pollutants emitted from

natural gas-fired combustion (e.g., boilers, furnaces, etc.) include carbon monoxide (CO2),

nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate

matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Residential and commercial sectors comprise housing units;

wholesale and retail businesses; health institutions; social and educational institutions; and

federal, state and local government institutions (e.g., military installations, prisons, office

buildings). In addition, the commercial/institutional sector includes agriculture, forestry, and

fishing.

2.19.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity

The Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides state-level

fuel consumption for residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. The Natural Gas

Production & Use by Missouri table summarizes both monthly and annual natural gas

consumption. EIA does not collect the information necessary to separate natural gas

combustion into residential and commercial/institutional consumption, but disaggregates the data

based on assumptions and statistical methods applicable to the national level that may not be

correct for the inventory area.

Residential Sources:

The 2000 Census Bureau data contains information on the primary fuel combusted by houses by

county. Census 2000 – American Fact Finder - Summary File 3, Table H40. House Heating

Fuel provides data on the number of occupied housing units in each county using the following

categories of fuels: Utility gas (assumed to be natural gas), bottled, tank, or LP gas, electricity,

fuel oil, kerosene, etc., coal or coke, wood, solar energy, other fuel, or no fuel used.

The natural gas burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using U.S. Census

data on households that use natural gas as a primary fuel. The equation is:

County Natural Gas use = Statewide N. Gas use X County N. Gas burning households

 State N. Gas burning households

Commercial/Institutional Sources:

2002 employment data was obtained from the Missouri Economic Research and Information

Center (MERIC). Commercial/Institutional and Industrial sector employment was aggregated

for Missouri employees working in the NAICS categories as outlined in Section 1.3.1.
52

The natural gas burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using 2002 MERIC

employment data in NAICS categories 11, and 42-92. The equation is:

County Natural Gas Use = Statewide Nat. Gas use X NAICS 11, 42-92 employees by county

 NAICS 11, 42-92 employees by state

Industrial sources:

The natural gas burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using 2002 MERIC

employment data in NAICS categories 21-33. The equation is:

County Natural Gas use = Statewide N. Gas use X NAICS 21-33 employees by county

 NAICS 21-33 employees by state

Emission Factors

Natural gas combustion emission factors for VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, and PM are shown in Table

2.15-1. These were obtained from AP-42/FIRE where provided. Those emission factors not in

AP-42 were determined in discussions with Pechan Associates, who is verifying and

consolidating all the CenRAP states 2002 NEI submittals.

Table 2.19-1. Natural Gas Combustion Emission Factors

Point SCC: n/a 10300603 10200602

Area SCC: 2104006000 2103006000 2102006000

Pollutant Residential Commercial Industrial

EF

(lb/MMCF)

EF

(lb/MMCF)

EF (lb/MMCF)

CO 40 84 84

NOX 94 100 100

SO2 0.6 0.6 0.6

VOC 5.5 5.5 5.5

PM10 & 2.5 PRI (Total) 7.6 7.6 7.6

PM10 & 2.5 (Filterable) 1.9 1.9 1.9

PM10 & 2.5 (Condensable) 5.7 5.7 5.7

The SO2 emission factor assumes that the sulfur content of natural gas is 2,000 grains/106ft3.

The filterable PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors are identical as all PM (from natural gas

combustion) are assumed to be less than 1.0 micrometers in diameter.

Temporal Adjustments for Ozone

For the 8-hour ozone NAAQS emission inventory, EPA guidance calls for CO, NOx, and VOC

emissions to be reported as actual annual and actual summer weekday. Summer weekday

emissions are defined as an average day’s emissions for a typical summer day during the ozone

season, typically defined as the months of June, July, and August. Fossil fuel consumption drops
53

substantially during the summer months when the need for space heating is virtually zero. A

seasonal activity factor is therefore needed to reflect the proportion of fuel consumption that

takes place in June-August relative to annual consumption and emissions.

The best way to determine the seasonal activity factor is to obtain activity data that are specific

for the location and season of interest. The most specific activity data available is Missouri

monthly natural gas consumption data for 2002 for the residential, commercial, and industrial

sectors obtained from the EIA. This same activity data was used to derive a residential,

commercial/institutional, and industrial seasonal activity factor (SAF) for all the area source

fossil fuel combustion calculations, which should have very close to the same proportion of fuel

consumed in June-August. Monthly natural gas consumption data for 2002 for the residential,

commercial, and industrial sectors were obtained from the EIA table, Natural Gas Production &

Use by Missouri.

Residential:

Average ozone summer day (OSD) emission estimates were calculated using the equation:

Ave. emissions Annual Gas use in June-August

per = __emissions__X__ Gas use in 2002_ _

summer day (Operating days/season = 92)

(Gas used in June-August)/(Gas used in 2002) is the Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF)=0.0655.

The number of activity days per week for residential activities are 7.

Commercial/Institutional:

Average ozone summer day (OSD) emission estimates were calculated using the equation:

Ave. emissions Annual Gas use in June-August

per = __emissions__X__ Gas use in 2002_ _

summer day (Operating days/season = 79)

(Gas used in June-August)/(Gas used in 2002) is the Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF)=0.0950.

The number activity days per week for commercial/industrial activities are considered to be 6,

although this would not hold true for hospitals, nursing homes, and most stores would be 7,

while most schools would be 5.

Industrial:

Average ozone summer day (OSD) emission estimates were calculated using the equation:

Ave. emissions Annual Gas use in June-August

per = __emissions__X__ Gas use in 2002_ _
54

summer day (Operating days/season = 79)

(Gas used in June-August)/(Gas used in 2002) is the Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF)=0.2010.

The number of activity days per week for industrial activities are considered to be an average of

about 6.

Sample Calculations (Cole County)

Residential Natural Gas:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of N. Gas used in Missouri per yr) X ((# houses using N.

Gas in county) / (# houses using N. Gas in Missouri)) X (VOC emission factor) / 2000 lb/ton

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X SAF / (Operating days/season)

Amount of N. Gas Used in Missouri: 115,721 MMCF

Amount of N. Gas Used in Missouri in June-Aug.: 7,576 MMCF

Residential Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF): 7,576 / 115,721 = 0.0655

Number of Houses Using N. Gas in Missouri: 1,261,397

Number of Houses Using N. Gas in Cole County: 11,822

VOC Emission Factor: 5.5 lb/MMCF

Operating days/season: 92

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 115,721 MMCF/year X 11,822 houses / 1,261,397 houses X 5.5

lb/MMCF / 2000 lb/ton = 2.98 tons /year

OSD VOC (lb/day) = 2.98 tons /year X 2000 lb/ton X 0.0655 / 92 = 4.25 lb/day

Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of N. Gas used in Missouri per yr) X (# employees using N.

Gas in county) / (# employees using N. Gas in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor(lb/MMCF)) /

(2000 lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X SAF / Operating days/season

Amount of N. Gas Used in Missouri: 64,703 MMCF

Number of Comm./Inst. Employees Using N. Gas in Missouri: 2,063,988
55

Number of Comm./Inst. Employees Using N. Gas in Cole County: 46,695

VOC Emission Factor: 5.5 lb/MMCF

Activity Days Per Week: 6

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 79

Commercial/Industrial Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF): 0.0950

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 64,703 MMCF X (46,695 / 2,063,988) X (5.5 lb/MMCF) / (2000

lb/ton) = 4.03 tons/year

OSD VOC = 64,703 MMCF X (46,695 / 2,063,988) X (5.5 lb/MMCF) X 0.0950 / 79

 = 9.68 lb/day

Industrial Natural Gas:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of N. Gas used in Missouri per yr) X (# employees using N.

Gas in county) / (# employees using N. Gas in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor (lb/MMCF)) /

(2000 lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X SAF / Operating days/season

Amount of N. Gas Used in Missouri: 65,903 MMCF

Number of Employees in Industrial Sector in Missouri: 462,567

Number of Employees in Industrial Sector in Cole County: 5,621

VOC Emission Factor: 5.5 lb/MMCF

Industrial Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF) = 0.2010

Activity Days Per Week: 6

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 79

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 65,903 MMCF X (5,621 / 462,567) X (5.5 lb/MMCF) / (2000 lb/ton)

= 2.20 tons/year

OSD VOC (lb/day) = 2.20 tons/year X 2000 lb/ton X 0.2010 / 79 = 11.21 lb/day

2.19.3 Results
56

The emissions from Natural Gas Combustion for the State of Missouri are as follows:

2002 Emissions from Natural Gas Combustion in Missouri (Tons/Year)

VOC NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5

Residential 318.23 5438.89 2314.42 34.72 439.74 439.74

Commercial 177.93 3235.15 2717.53 19.41 245.87 245.87

Industrial 181.23 3295.15 2,767.93 19.77 250.43 250.43

2.19.4 References

1999 National Emission Inventory (NEI) version 3.0 Draft National Criteria Inventory for

Residential Fossil Fuel Combustion, Area Source Method Abstracts, Area Sources Committee

EIIP, April 2003. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html.

Residential and Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Combustion, Volume III: Area Source Method Abstracts, Area Sources Committee EIIP, July

1999. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/ng.pdf.

Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

Natural Gas Production & Use by Missouri table:

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/ngsales/ngsales_mo.html

The U.S Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. U.S Bureau of Census

American Factfinder site for residential fuel statistics:

http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang=en. Go to Data Sets; select Census

2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data and within this selection click on List all tables;

scroll all the way to Table H40. House Heating Fuel. Follow the arrows, select Counties; All

Counties; MA; at the top of the table is a button to Print/ Download into Excel.

EIIP Document Series – Volume III Area Sources - Chapter 1. Introduction to Area Source

Emission Inventory Development, August 1996.

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html

Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources.

AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning

and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

2.20 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene Combustion

2.20.1 Source Description and Emission Controls

This emission source covers air emissions from the combustion of distillate fuel oils and

kerosene by the residential, commercial/institutional and industrial sectors for space heating,

water heating or process heating. This source category includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters,

and other heating units that are not inventoried as point sources. Residential and commercial
57

fuel oil and kerosene combustion sectors include housing units; wholesale and retail businesses;

health institutions; social and educational institutions; and federal, state and local government

institutions (e.g., military installations, prisons, office buildings).

Two major categories of fuel oil are burned by combustion sources: distillate oils and residual

oils. These oils are further distinguished by grade numbers, with Nos. 1 and 2 being distillate

oils; Nos. 5 and 6 being residual oils; and No. 4 being either distillate oil or a mixture of distillate

and residual oils. No. 6 fuel oil is sometimes referred to as Bunker C. Distillate oils are more

volatile and less viscous than residual oils. They have negligible nitrogen and ash contents and

usually contain less than 0.3 percent sulfur (by weight). Distillate oils are used mainly in

domestic and small commercial applications, and include kerosene and diesel fuels. Being more

viscous and less volatile than distillate oils, the heavier residual oils (Nos. 5 and 6) may need to

be heated for ease of handling and to facilitate proper atomization. Because residual oils are

produced from the residue remaining after the lighter fractions (gasoline, kerosene, and distillate

oils) have been removed from the crude oil, they contain significant quantities of ash, nitrogen,

and sulfur. Residual oils are used mainly in utility, industrial, and large commercial applications.

2.20.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity

The area source method given in EIIP volume III was used to estimate emissions from

residential, commercial/institutional, and industrial distillate fuel oil and kerosene combustion.

This method relies on the number of households burning distillate fuel oil and kerosene per

county, and county employment figures in the commercial/institutional and industrial sectors.

The quantity of distillate fuel oil and kerosene used by the residential, commercial, and industrial

sectors in Missouri was obtained from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) at the U.S.

Department of Energy.

Residential Sources:

The sum of distillate fuel oil and kerosene burned at the state level is apportioned to the county

level using U.S. Census data on households that use fuel oil or kerosene as a primary fuel. The

equation is:

County Fuel Oil use = Statewide Fuel Oil use X County Fuel Oil burning households

 State Fuel Oil burning households

Commercial/Institutional Sources:

The fuel oil burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using 2002 MERIC

employment data in NAICS categories 11, and 42-92 as outlined in Section 1.3.1. The equation

is:

County Fuel Oil Use = Statewide Fuel Oil use X NAICS 11, 42-92 employees by county

 NAICS 11, 42-92 employees by state
58

Industrial Sources:

The fuel oil and kerosene burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using 2002

MERIC employment data in NAICS categories 21-33. The equation is:

County Fuel Oil use = Statewide Fuel Oil use X NAICS 21-33 employees by county

 NAICS 21-33 employees by state

Emission Factors

Fuel oil and kerosene combustion emission factors for VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, and PM are shown

in Table 2.18-1. These were obtained from AP-42/FIRE where provided. Those emission

factors not in AP-42 were determined in discussions with Pechan Associates, who is verifying

and consolidating all the CenRAP states 2002 NEI submittals.

Table 2.20-1. Fuel Oil / Kerosene Combustion Emission Factors

Point SCC: 10300501/02/03 10200501/02/03

Area SCC: 2104004000 2103004000 2102004000

Pollutant Residential EF

(lb/1000

Gallons)

Commercial EF

(lb/1000Gallons)

Industrial EF

(lb/1000

Gallons)

VOC 0.713 0.34 0.2

NOX 18 20 20

CO 5 5 5

SO2 0.426 0.426 0.426

PM10 PRI (Total) 2.38 2.38 2.3

PM2.5 PRI (Total) 2.13 2.13 1.55

PM10 (Filterable) 1.08 1.08 1

PM2.5 (Filterable) 0.83 0.83 0.25

PM10 & 2.5

(Condensable)

1.3 1.3 1.3

The emission factor for SO2 is 142S where S = sulfur content, said to be less than 0.3% for

distillate oils, is assumed to be 0.3% to be conservative.

It was assumed that kerosene emission factors are similar to distillate oil emission factors.

Temporal Adjustments for Ozone

For the 8-hour ozone NAAQS emission inventory, EPA guidance calls for CO, NOx, and VOC

emissions to be reported as actual annual and actual summer weekday. Summer weekday

emissions are defined as an average day’s emissions for a typical summer day during the ozone

season, typically defined as the months of June, July, and August. Fossil fuel consumption drops
59

substantially during the summer months when the need for space heating is virtually zero. A

seasonal activity factor is therefore needed to reflect the proportion of fuel consumption that

takes place in June-August relative to annual consumption and emissions.

The best way to determine the seasonal activity factor is to obtain activity data that are specific

for the location and season of interest. The most specific activity data available is Missouri

monthly natural gas consumption data for 2002 for the residential, commercial, and industrial

sectors obtained from the EIA and described in the Natural Gas Combustion Section 2.17.3

Temporal Adjustments. This same activity data was used to derive a residential,

commercial/institutional, and industrial seasonal activity factor (SAF) for all the area source

fossil fuel combustion calculations, which should have very close to the same proportion of fuel

consumed in June-August,

Sample Calculations (Cole County)

Residential Fuel Oil and Kerosene:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of fuel oil used in Missouri per yr) X (# houses using fuel oil

in county) / (# houses using fuel oil in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor) / (2000 lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X Seasonal Activity Factor /

Active Days per Season

Amount of Fuel Oil Used in Missouri: 15,708 tons

Number of Houses Using Fuel Oil in Missouri: 13,893

Number of Houses Using Fuel Oil in Cole County: 40

VOC Emission Factor: 0.713 lb/ton

Activity Days Per Week: 7

Residential Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF) = 0.0655

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 92

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 15,708 1000 Gallons X (40 houses/ 13,893 houses) X (0.713 lb/1000

Gallons) / 2000 lb/ton = 0.016 tons/year

OSD VOC (lb/day) = 0.016 X 2000 lb/ton X 0.0655 / 92 days = 0.023 lb/day

Commercial / Institutional Fuel Oil and Kerosene:
60

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of Fuel Oil used in Missouri per yr) X (# Comm./Inst.

employees in county) / (# Comm./Inst. employees using Fuel Oil in Missouri) X (VOC emission

factor(lb/1000 Gallons)) / (2000 lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X SAF / Operating days/season

Amount of Fuel Oil Used in Missouri: 44,368 1000 Gallons

Number of Comm./Inst. Employees in Missouri: 2,063,988

Number of Comm./Inst. Employees in Cole County: 46,695

VOC Emission Factor: 0.34 lb/1000 Gallons

Activity Days Per Week: 6

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 79

Commercial/Industrial Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF): 0.0950

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 44,368 1000 Gallons X (46,695 / 2,063,988) X (0.34 lb/1000

Gallons) / (2000 lb/ton) = 0.17 tons/year

OSD VOC (lb/day) = 0.17 tons/year X 2000 lb/ton X 0.0950 / 79 = 0.41 lb/day

Industrial Fuel Oil and Kerosene:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of Fuel Oil used in Missouri per yr) X (# Industrial

employees Cole County) / (# Industrial employees in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor

(lb/1000 Gallons)) / (2000 lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb/day) = Annual VOC (tons/year) X 2000 lb/ton X SAF / Operating days/season

Amount of Fuel Oil Used in Missouri: 145,476 1000 Gallons

Number of Employees in Industrial Sector in Missouri: 462,567

Number of Employees in Industrial Sector in Cole County: 5,621

VOC Emission Factor: 0.2 lb/1000 Gallons

Industrial Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF) = 0.2010

Activity Days Per Week: 6

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 79
61

Annual VOC (tons/year) = 145,476 1000 Gallons X (5,621 / 462,567) X (0.2 lb/1000 Gallons) /

(2000 lb/ton) = 0.177 tons/year

OSD VOC (lb/day) = 0.177 tons/year X 2000 lb/ton X 0.2010 / 79 = 0.90 lb/day

2.20.3 Results

The emissions from Fuel Oil and Kerosene Combustion for the State of Missouri are as follows:

2002 Emissions from Fuel Oil and Kerosene Combustion in Missouri (Tons/Year)

VOC NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5

Residential 5.5999 141.3720 39.2700 3.3458 18.6925 16.7290

Commercial 7.5425 443.6777 110.9194 9.4503 52.7976 47.2517

Industrial 14.5476 1,454.7625 363.6906 30.9864 167.2977 112.7441

Note how high the SO2 emissions are, based on the average sulfur content of 4% in Missouri

coal. However, much of the coal burned in Missouri is from other states such as Wyoming,

which is low sulfur coal. The average sulfur content of coal burned in Missouri should therefore

be determined with greater accuracy and these emissions revised. Revised emissions should be

sent to the EPA in the next round of revisions.

2.20.4 References

Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. EIA

Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 2002

http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/fuel_oil_and_kerosene_sales/c

urrent/pdf/foksall.pdf

Residential Commercial/Institutional Fuel Oil Combustion, Volume III: Area Source Method

Abstracts, Area Sources Committee EIIP, April 1999.

Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources.

AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning

and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

2.21 COAL COMBUSTION

2.21.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Coal is a complex combination of organic matter and inorganic mineral matter formed over eons

from successive layers of fallen vegetation. Bituminous coals are by far the largest group and

are characterized as having lower fixed carbon and higher volatile matter. This source category
62

covers air emissions from coal combustion in the residential and commercial sectors for space

heating or water heating. This category includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters, and other

heating units that are not inventoried as point sources. Residential and commercial coal

combustion sectors comprise housing units; wholesale and retail businesses; health institutions;

social and educational institutions; and federal, state, and local government institutions. Major

emissions from coal combustion are volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx),

carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5).

2.21.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity

The area source method given in EIIP volume III was used to estimate emissions from

residential, commercial/institutional, and industrial coal combustion. This method relies on the

number of households burning coal per county, and county employment figures in the

commercial/institutional and industrial sectors. The quantity of coal used by the residential,

commercial, and industrial sectors in Missouri was obtained from the Energy Information

Administration (EIA) at the U.S. Department of Energy.

Residential Sources:

The coal burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using U.S. Census data on

households that use coal as a primary fuel. The equation is:

County coal use = Statewide coal use X County coal-burning households

 State coal-burning households

Commercial/Institutional Sources:

The coal burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using 2002 MERIC

employment data in NAICS categories 11, and 42-92 as outlined in Section 1.3.1. The equation

is:

County coal Use = Statewide coal use X NAICS 11, 42-92 employees by county

 NAICS 11, 42-92 employees by state

Industrial Sources:

The coal burned at the state level is apportioned to the county level using 2002 MERIC

employment data in NAICS categories 21-33. The equation is:

County coal use = Statewide coal use X NAICS 21-33 employees by county

 NAICS 21-33 employees by state

Emission Factors
63

Coal combustion emission factors for VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, and PM are shown in Table 2.15-1.

These were obtained from AP-42/FIRE where provided. Those emission factors not in AP-42

were determined in discussions with Pechan Associates, who is verifying and consolidating all

the CenRAP states 2002 NEI submittals.

Table 2.21-1. Coal Combustion Emission Factors

Point SCC: 10300214 10300208 10200202

Area SCC: 2104002000 2103002000 2102002000

Pollutant Residential EF

(lb/ton)

Commercial

EF (lb/ton)

Industrial EF

(lb/ton)

VOC (TNMOC) 10 1.3 0.06

NOX 9.1 9.5 22

CO 275 11 0.5

SO2 124 124 152

PM10 PRI (Total) 7.24 7.24 20.22

PM2.5 PRI (Total) 4.84 4.84 6.62

PM10 (Filterable) 6.2 6.2 18.4

PM2.5 (Filterable) 3.8 3.8 4.8

PM10 & 2.5

(Condensible)

1.04 1.04 1.82

AP-42’s emission factor for sulfur is 31 S (S= Sulfur content) = 124 lb/ton (residential and

commercial/institutional); and 38 S (S= Sulfur content) = 152 lb/ton (industrial). SO2 Sulfur

content in Missouri averages about 4%.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/st_coal_pdf/0576q.pdf

8% Ash content is assumed based upon AP-42 and January 2000 Mercury Speciation Stack

Sampling Test Report: Meramec Unit 4 that was conducted for the EPA's Information

Collection Request (ICR) to characterize mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in the

United States.

Temporal Adjustments for Ozone

For the 8-hour ozone NAAQS emission inventory, EPA guidance calls for CO, NOx, and VOC

emissions to be reported as actual annual and actual summer weekday. Summer weekday

emissions are defined as an average day’s emissions for a typical summer day during the ozone

season, typically defined as the months of June, July, and August. Fossil fuel consumption drops

substantially during the summer months when the need for space heating is virtually zero. A

seasonal activity factor is therefore needed to reflect the proportion of fuel consumption that

takes place in June-August relative to annual consumption and emissions.

The best way to determine the seasonal activity factor is to obtain activity data that are specific

for the location and season of interest. The most specific activity data available is Missouri

monthly natural gas consumption data for 2002 for the residential, commercial, and industrial
64

sectors obtained from the EIA and described in the Natural Gas Combustion Section 2.17.3

Temporal Adjustments. This same activity data was used to derive a residential,

commercial/institutional, and industrial seasonal activity factor (SAF) for all the area source

fossil fuel combustion calculations, which should have very close to the same proportion of fuel

consumed in June-August.

Sample Calculations – Cole County

Residential Coal:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of coal used in Missouri per yr) X ((# houses using coal in

county) / (# houses using coal in Missouri)) X (VOC emission factor(lb/ton)) / (2000 lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb) = (amount of coal used in Missouri per yr) X (# houses using coal in county) / (#

houses using coal in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor) X Seasonal Activity Factor / Active

Days per Season

Amount of Coal Used in Missouri: 19,000 tons

Number of Houses Using Coal in Missouri: 170

Number of Houses Using Coal in Cole County: 0

VOC Emission Factor: 10 lb/ton

Activity Days Per Week: 7

Residential Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF) = 0.0655

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 92

Annual VOC = 19,000 tons X (0 houses/ 170 houses) X (10 lb/ton) / (2000 lb/ton)

 = 0 tons/year

OSD VOC = 19,000 tons X (0 houses/ 170 houses) X (10 lb/ton) X 0.0655 (proportion of fuel

consumed in June-August) / 92 days = 0 lb/day

Commercial / Institutional Coal:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of coal used in Missouri per yr) X (# employees using coal

in county) / (# employees using coal in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor(lb/ton)) / (2000

lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb) = (amount of coal used in Missouri per yr) X (# employees using coal in county)

/ (# employees using coal in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor) X (seasonal activity factor) /

(active days during June – August)
65

Amount of Coal Used in Missouri: 147,794.07

Number of Employees in Commercial/Institutional Sector in Missouri: 2,063,988

Number of Employees in Commercial/Institutional Sector in Cole County: 46,695

VOC Emission Factor: 1.3 lb/ton

Commercial/Institutional Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF) = 0.0950

Activity Days Per Week: 6

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 79

Annual VOC = 147,794.07 tons X (46,695 / 2,063,988) X (1.3 lb/ton) / (2000 lb/ton)

 = 2.17 tons/year

OSD VOC = Annual VOC X 2000 lb/ton X (0.0950 (proportion of fuel consumed in June-

 August)) / 79 days = 5.23 lb/day

Industrial Coal:

Annual VOC (tons/year) = (amount of coal used in Missouri per yr) X (# employees using coal

in county) / (# employees using coal in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor(lb/ton)) / (2000

lb/ton)

OSD VOC (lb) = (amount of coal used in Missouri per yr) X (# employees using coal in county)

/ (# employees using coal in Missouri) X (VOC emission factor) X (seasonal activity factor) /

(active days during June – August)

Amount of Coal Used in Missouri: 429,959 tons

Number of Employees in Industrial Sector in Missouri: 462,567

Number of Employees in Industrial Sector in Cole County: 5,621

VOC Emission Factor: 0.06 lb/ton

Industrial Seasonal Activity Factor (SAF) = 0.2010

Activity Days Per Week: 6

Active Days During Ozone Season (June-August): 79

Annual VOC = 429,959 tons X (5,621 / 462,567) X (0.06 lb/ton) / 2000 lb/ton
66

 = 0.16 tons/year

OSD VOC = 429,959 tons X (5,621 / 462,567) X (0.06 lb/ton) / X (0.2010) / 79

 = 0.80 lb/day

2.21.3 Results

The emissions from Coal Combustion for the State of Missouri are as follows:

2002 Emissions from Coal Combustion in Missouri (Tons/Year)

VOC NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5

Residential 95.00 86.45 2,612.5 1,178.0 68.78 45.98

Commercial 96.07 702.02 812.87 9,163.2 535.01 357.66

Industrial 12.90 4,729.55 107.49 32,676.87 4,346.88 1,423.16

Note how high the SO2 emissions are, based on the average sulfur content of 4% in Missouri

coal. However, much of the coal burned in Missouri is from other states such as Wyoming,

which is low sulfur coal. The average sulfur content of coal burned in Missouri should therefore

be determined with greater accuracy and these emissions revised. Revised emissions should be

sent to the EPA in the next round of revisions.

2.21.4 References

Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

EIA 2002 Coal Consumption: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/acr/acr.pdf

The U.S Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

P:\APCP\Tech Support\Users\Mollie Freebairn\NEI\2002 NEI Residential Energy Consumption

in Missouri.xls

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Residential Commercial/Institutional Coal Combustion, Volume III: Area Source Method

Abstracts, Area Sources Committee EIIP, April 1999.

Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources.

AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning

and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.

East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, St. Louis City, MO.
67

The 2002 NEI Area Source Fuel Combustion spreadsheets containing the final revised emission

factors and other parameters agreed to with Pechan are located on the APCP P:/Drive at 2002

NEI Area Source Fuel Combustion_RevPMData.xls

Emission factor revisions were discussed at length in e-mail correspondence between Mollie

Freebairn, APCP and Randy Strait, Pechan Associates, on 9/13, 9/14, 9/16, 9/17, and 9/18/2004

and are on file at the APCP.

EIA State Coal Profile: Missouri http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/st_coal_pdf/0576q.pdf

2.22 Wood Combustion – Residential

In the 1999 NEI for Missouri, Residential Wood Burning was the second highest area source

category for criteria pollutant emissions overall, primarily CO, VOC, and PM10 and PM2.5,

second only to unpaved road fugitive dust emissions. Its ranking was similar in other states.

These findings have led to a number of studies and surveys around the United States to improve

and update activity data and emission factors for residential wood burning. While it was not

possible to conduct a statewide survey here in Missouri to determine residential wood burning

usage patterns, there is good information available from the Energy Information Administration,

2000 U.S. Census, and other studies referenced below, that was carefully reviewed and

incorporated into the somewhat complex method described below.

2.22.1 Source Description and Emission Controls

This area source category of residential wood combustion is defined as wood burning that takes

place primarily in woodstoves and fireplaces. Residential wood burning takes place either as a

necessary source of heat or for aesthetics. Fireplaces can be divided into 2 broad categories: (1)

masonry (generally brick and/or stone, assembled on site, and integral to a structure) and (2)

factory-built (usually metal, installed on site as a package with appropriate ductwork).

Woodstoves are commonly used in residences as space heaters. They are used both as the

primary source of residential heat and to supplement conventional heating systems. There are

seven different residential wood combustion source categories:

y FIREPLACES

x 2104008001 Without Inserts

x 2104008002 With Inserts; Non-EPA Certified

x 2104008003 With Inserts; Non-Catalytic, EPA Certified

x 2104008004 With Inserts; Catalytic, EPA Certified

y WOODSTOVES

x 2104008010 Non-EPA Certified

x 2104008030 Catalytic, EPA Certified

x 2104008050 Non-Catalytic, EPA Certified

Pollutants emitted from residential wood combustion include particulate mater (PM), volatile

organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hazardous air

pollutants (HAP). Controls for this category may use new technology woodstoves,
68

improvements in wood burning performance, use of “no burn” periods, public awareness and

educational programs, replacement or installation of gas-burning equipment in fireplaces, and

total banning of burning.

2.22.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity

The Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports Residential Wood Consumption in

Missouri for 1960 to 2000. According to the EIA, in 1987 a total of 907,000 cords was burned in

Missouri. The U.S. Forest Service study reports that in 1987, a total of 924,154 cords of wood

were produced in Missouri. These figures agree well, since somewhat more wood should have

been produced than was consumed.

The EIA estimate for 2000 residential wood consumption in Missouri is 484,000 cords, the latest

year for which figures are available. To project an estimate for 2002 residential wood

consumption, the EIA data for natural gas consumption in Missouri’s residential sector for 2000,

2001, and 2002 are employed. Residential wood consumption was projected by assuming that it

was proportional to that of natural gas in Missouri:

Year Residential Natural Gas (Million Cu. Ft.) Residential Fuelwood (Cords)

2000 115,353 484,000

2001 116,188 487,504

2002 115,721 485,544

Census 2000 provides a table of number of occupied housing units and house heating fuels for

each county in Missouri for 2000. Across Missouri overall about 4% of households used wood,

in some counties the average was as high as 34%.

Separate wood consumption estimates for fireplaces with inserts, fireplaces without inserts, nonEPA certified woodstoves, catalytic & noncatalytic EPA-certified woodstoves are made to

account for different usage patterns (climate zones; urban vs. rural), and different emission

factors, which were obtained from US Census, EIA, and EPA. Primary Wood-Burning Heating

Equipment from American Housing Survey for the United States in 2001 is as follows:

Stoves...............................1,131,000 84.4%

Fireplaces with inserts...............145,000 10.8

Fireplaces without inserts............64,000 4.8

Total.................................1,340,000 100.0

These proportions were applied to the total number of households burning wood as their main

house heating fuel to obtain the number of stoves and fireplaces in each Missouri county.

Similar proportions are given in the EIA 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Table

HC3-1b. Space Heating by Climate Zone, Percent of U.S. Households, where for Missouri’s

climate zone, heating stoves comprise 78% of main wood-burning heating equipment and 22% is

classified as “other”.
69

92% of the woodstoves are non-EPA certified, 5.7% are EPA certified non-catalytic, and 2.3

percent are EPA-certified catalytic according to Documentation for Version 2 of the 1999 NEI

for Criteria Pollutants- Area Sources. These figures were used to allocate primary heating with

wood to fireplaces and stoves.

The average number of cords burned per main wood-burning unit per year is:

485,544 cords / 77,666 units = 6.25 cords/unit/year

Consulting with people who have used wood as a primary source of fuel, 4 to 6 cords is in fact

about what it takes to heat a home for the winter, more for a larger home.

10.1% of all households burn wood as a secondary source of fuel (from Missouri’s climate zone

in the EIA 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey cited above.) These households range

from those who burn a substantial quantity of wood to those who use it for aesthetic purposes.

10% will be assumed to be the households that burn purely for aesthetic purposes, until more

guidance becomes available. The amount burned for aesthetics is estimated over and above that

obtained from the EIA, as described in Documentation for Version 2 of the 1999 NEI for Criteria

Pollutants- Area Sources, cited above: “We have the total cords of wood consumed by the

residential section for 1997 from the EIA. This figure does not include consumption for

aesthetics....” The average number of cords burned in fireplaces for aesthetic purposes is 0.069

cords/unit/year.

The U.S. Forest Service’s 1987 study found that oak and hickory were the principal fuelwood

species in Missouri, accounting for 60% and 9% of the total harvested, respectively. Both oak

and hickory hardwoods have a density conversion factor of 39.9. One cord of wood is equal to

about 79 cubic feet of solid wood.

Emission Factors

Residential wood combustion emission factors are given in DOCUMENTATION FOR THE

FINAL 1999 NATIONAL EMISSIONS INVENTORY (VERSION 3.0) FOR CRITERIA AIR

POLLUTANTS AND AMMONIA AREA SOURCES, Appendix B.

Assumptions
70

It was assumed that there was not significant industrial and commercial wood combustion. The

calculations were based strictly on residential consumption data. Temporal adjustments for the

ozone season were not made although they perhaps should be since VOC emissions are so high.

This would entail a revision to our 2002 NEI submittal to the EPA.

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

SCC - 2104008010 Woodstoves: General - Annual VOC (tons/year) = (number of households in

Cole Country heating with wood) X (% of households using woodstoves) X (% of wood stoves

that are non-EPA certified) X (average number of cords/household/year) X (volume of a cord of

wood) X (density of a cord of wood) / (2000 lb wood/ton) X (VOC emission factor) / (2000 lb

emissions/ton)

Number of Houses Burning Wood in Cole County: 335

% of Households Burning Wood that have Woodstoves: 84%

% of Woodstoves that are non-EPA Certified: 92%

Average number of cords/household/year: 6.25

Volume of a cord of wood: 79 cu. ft./cord

Density of a cord of wood: 39.9 lb/cu.ft

VOC Emission Factor: 53 lb/ton

Woodstoves: General - Annual VOC (tons/year) =

335 households X 0.844 X 0.92 X 6.25 cords/household/year X 79 cu. ft./cord X 39.9 lb/cu.ft /

2000 lb/ton X 53 lb VOC/ton / 2000 lb/ton = 68 tons VOC/year

2.22.3 Results

The emissions from Residential Wood Combustion for the State of Missouri are as follows:

2002 Emissions from Residential Wood Combustion in Missouri (Tons/Year)

VOC NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5

2104008001 Fireplaces 6,938 79 3,884 12 715 715

2104008002 Fireplaces: Inserts;

non-EPA certified

2,190 116 9,537 17 1,264 1,264

2104008010 Woodstoves: General 15,746 832 68,570 119 9,091 9,091

2104008030 Catalytic Woodstoves:

General

111 15 775 3 152 152
71

2104008050 Non-catalytic

Woodstoves: General

221 0 2,592 7 361 361

2002 EMISSIONS - TOTAL ALL

POLLUTANTS – 123,347 TONS

25,206 1,042 85,358 158 11,583 11,583

1999 EMISSIONS – TOTAL ALL

POLLUTANTS – 206,454 TONS

93,211 1,058 102,817 137 9,231 9,231

2.22.4 References

• EIIP Document Series – Volume III Area Sources - Chapter 1. Introduction to Area Source

Emission Inventory Development, August 1996.

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html

• Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP), Document Series - Volume III, Area

Sources, Chapter 2 - Residential Wood Combustion, April 2001.

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html.

• Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/res/use_res_mo.html, also in our spreadsheets at

..\Excell\EIA Residential Energy Consumption in Missouri.xls. Natural gas consumption:

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/ngsales/ngsales_mo.html.

• EIA 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Table HC3-1b. Space Heating by

Climate Zone, Percent of U.S. Households, 2001 – Preliminary Data

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/detail_tables.html

• USDA Forest Service Residential Fuelwood Production and Sources from Roundwood in

Missouri, 1987. http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/rb/rb_nc132.pdf.)

• The U.S Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. U.S Bureau of

Census American Factfinder site for residential fuel statistics is at

http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/BasicFactsServlet, also see

http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang=en. Go to Data Sets; select Census

2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data and within this selection click on List all tables;

scroll all the way to Table H40. House Heating Fuel. Follow the arrows, select Counties; All

Counties; MA; Print/ Download into Excel.

• American Housing Survey for the United States in 2001 Table 2-21 Housing Costs by

Selected Characteristics – Occupied Units - Consistent with the 1990 Census.

• Four Winters’ Worth of Residential Fuelwood Use 1979-80 1981-82 1984-85 1987-88,

Missouri Department of Conservation, 1988.

• USDA Forest Service Residential Fuelwood Production and Sources from Roundwood in

Missouri, 1987. http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/rb/rb_nc132.pdf

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.
72

2.23 Traffic Markings

2.23.1 Source Description and Emissions Control

Traffic marking operation consists of marking of highway center, edge stripes, and directional

markings and painting on other paved and unpaved surfaces, such as markings in parking lots.

Materials used for traffic markings include solvent-based paints, water-bared paints,

thermoplastics, preformed tapes, field-reacted materials, and permanent markers. Solvent-based

formulations of alkyd resins or chlorinated rubber resins are the most commonly used traffic

paints. This inventory report focuses on applications of traffic paints that emit a significant

quantity of volatile organic compounds (VOC).

VOC emissions result from the evaporation of organic solvents during and shortly after the

application of the marking paint. Three types emit VOC in appreciable amount are: (a) Nonaerosol traffic paint, (b) Aerosol marking paint, and (c) Performed tapes applied to adhesive

primer. VOC emissions can also result from cleaning the striping equipment. Because the use of

organic solvents in traffic marking is the primary source of emissions, control techniques for this

source category involve either product substitution or product reformulation. Alternative

formulations include low-solvent-content coatings, water-based coatings, and plastic-based

coatings.

2.23.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

The Missouri Department of Transportation (MODOT) keeps records of amount of paint used

for traffic coatings in 10 Districts. Since MODOT does not keep records of paint for each

county, population figures were used to estimate how much paint was used for each county.

Emission Factor

Based on MODOT information the VOC emission factors for the paint used in 2002 are as

follows:

TYPE of Paint VOC Content (lb/gallon)

White Waterborne .81

Yellow Waterborne .81

White Acrylic Copolymer 1.11

Yellow Acrylic Copolymer 1.05

White Epoxy 0

Yellow Epoxy 0

Assumptions
73

According to a national-level survey of traffic coating end users, it was assumed that 5% of

traffic coatings in Missouri was done by agencies other than the Department of Transportation.

Sample Calculation (Cole County)

VOC Emissions (tons/year) = (Population Cole County/Population of District 5) X(VOC

emissions for District 5) / 2000 lb/ton

VOC Emissions for District 5 (lb)= Amount of Paint Used (gallons) X VOC Content of Paint

(lb/gal) X 1.05 (to account for 5% paint used by other agencies)

 Population of Cole County: 71894

Population of District 5: 461578

# Gallons of White Waterborne Paint Used in District 5: 37931 gal.

# Gallons of Yellow Waterborne Paint Used in District 5: 69653 gal.

# Gallons of White Acrylic Copolymer Paint Used in District 5: 102 gal.

# Gallons of Yellow Acrylic Copolymer Paint Used in District 5: 106 gal.

# Gallons of White Epoxy Paint Used in District 5: 0 gal.

# Gallons of Yellow Epoxy Paint Used in District 5: 0 gal.

Activity Days Per Week: 5

VOC Emissions (ton/year) = (71894/461578) X [(37931 X .81) + (69653 X .81) + (102 X 1.11)

+ (106 X 1.05) + (0 X 0) + (0 X 0)] X 1.05 / 2000 (lb/ton) = 7.144 ton/year

2.23.3 Results

Total VOC emissions from traffic marking for the State of Missouri is 465.7 tons/year.

2.23.4 References

• Traffic Markings, Volume III: Chapter 14, Final Report, Area Sources Committee EIIP,

May1997.

• Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development, Volume III: Chapter 1, Area

Sources Committee EIIP, August 1996.

• Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area

Sources. AP-42 (Fifth Edition), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.
74

• United States Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

• Customer Service Center, Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, MO.

2.24 Commercial Marine Vessels

2.24.1 Source Description and Emission Control

Emissions from commercial marine vessels were calculated based on the tonnage of cargo

moved by ships along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers through the port of Fort Benton

(Kansas City area) and the port of Metropolitan St. Louis in Missouri. This tonnage was taken

from the “Waterborne Commerce of the United States - Part 2, Waterways & Harbors, Gulf

Coast, Mississippi River System and Antilles” pages 17 & 38 (1).

2.24.2 Emission Estimation Methodology

Activity Level

The most recent figures for tonnage totals are from the year 2001. For the purposes of this report

it was assumed that the tonnage for inventory year 2002 would be the same.

The equations used in the calculations were taken from Commercial Marine Emissions Inventory

for EPA Category 2 and 3 Compression Ignition Marine Engines in the United States Continental

and Inland Waterways (2). The equations are summarized below.

First, annual cargo movement in ton-miles was calculated by multiplying the number of tons

shipped in 2001 along the Mississippi River and Missouri River through ports of Fort Benton

and St. Louis City, Missouri, by the length of the portion of the Mississippi River and Missouri

Rivers running through each individual county.

C = L x T

Where:

C = Annual cargo movement (ton-miles)

L = Length of Mississippi & Missouri rivers through each county (miles)

T = Total amount of cargo shipped through each county (short tons)

Emissions per ton-mile were calculated by dividing the product of the deadweight tonnage, cargo

capacity factor, and average vehicle speed. Deadweight tonnage is a measurement of the total

contents of a ship, including cargo, fuel, crew, passengers, food, and water aside from boiler

water. The cargo capacity factor is applied as a correction because ships do not typically operate

fully loaded with cargo.

ETM = Ed ÷ (DWT x CCF x V x 24)
75

Where:

ETM = Emissions per ton-mile (lbs/ton-mile)

Ed = Emissions per day per ship from Method A (lbs/day/ship)

DWT = Average dead weight tonnage per ship (tons/ship)

CCF = Cargo capacity factor

V = Average speed of vessel across duty cycle adjusted for max. BHP (miles/hour)

24 = Hours per day to convert ship speed to ship miles per day

Emissions per year were calculated by multiplying the results from the previous equations.

EY = ETM x C

Where:

EY = Emissions per year (lb/year)

ETM = Emissions per ton-mile (lbs/ton-mile)

C = Annual cargo movement (ton-miles)

The total tonnage of cargo shipped along the Mississippi River through the port of St. Louis City,

Missouri, in 2001 was 34,432,000 tons. The total tonnage of cargo shipped along the Missouri

River through the port of Fort Benton was 9,295,000 tons. As previously mentioned, it was

assumed that the tonnages for the year 2002 would be the same. This data was obtained from the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center (1).

Emission Factors

From reference 1, the following values were obtained:

Emission Factors

Avg NOx emissions per day per ship on inland rivers: 641.92 lbs per day-cargo-ship

Avg VOC , 21.70 lbs per day-cargo-ship

Cargo capacity of ships on inland rivers: 0.6

Avg deadweight tonnage per ship: 15,454 short tons

Avg speed of vessels on inland rivers: 8.18 mph

Assumptions

Emissions were apportioned to the county level based on the percent of the Mississippi River and

Missouri River flowing adjacent to/through each county. It was assumed that 50% of emissions

from Mississippi River would be accounted for in Illinois’ inventory and the other 50% of

emissions would go to Missouri’s inventory (the same holds true for Platte County, whereas 50%

of emissions are assumed to be accounted for in Kansas). Using the USGS National Map

Viewer, the length of the Missouri & Mississippi Rivers running through the entire state was

measured and recorded along with the individual lengths within each county. Maps of each

county river length are attached to this report.
76

There is no reference that asserts the seasonal or temporal variation for this activity. Therefore, it

was assumed that activity does not vary throughout the year and occurs seven days per week.

Sample Calculation (Jefferson County)

2002 NOx Emissions from Commercial Marine Vessels in Jefferson County

Cargo movement in 2002 = (Length of river through Jefferson County) x (Total tons shipped

through Port of St. Louis in 2001)

= (21.32 miles) x (34,432,000 tons)

= 734,090,240 ton-miles

Emissions per ton-mile = (Emissions/day-ship)/[(Avg. deadweight tonnage) x (cargo capacity

factor) x (Avg. speed)]

= (641.92 lbs/NOx/day-ship) / [(15,454 tons/ship) x (0.6) x (8.18 miles/hr) x (24 hrs/1 day)]

= 3.53 x 10 -4 lbs NOx/ton-mile

2002 annual emissions for both sides of the Mississippi River running through Jefferson County

= (Ton-miles per year) x (Emissions per ton-mile)

= (734,090,240 ton-miles) x (3.53 x 10 -4 lbs/ton-mile) x (1 ton/2,000 lbs)

= 129.43 tons NOx/yr

2002 Jefferson Co. emissions = (total Mississippi River emissions) x (Percent of emissions

occurring on Missouri side)

= 129.43 tons NOx/yr) x 0.50

= 64.72 tons NOx/yr

2.24.3 Results

The emissions for the State of Missouri from Commercial Marine Vessels are 74.6 ton/year

VOC, 1979.2 tons/year NOx, and 184.48 tons/year PM10.

2.24.4 References

• “Tonnage for Selected U.S. Ports in 1999” table from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center, “Waterborne Commerce of the United States - Part

2, Waterways & Harbors, Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System and Antilles”.

(http://www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/ndc/portsname.htm)

• “Commercial Marine Emissions Inventory for EPA Category 2 and 3 Compression Ignition

Marine Engines in the United States Continental and Inland Waterways,” US EPA, EPA

420-R-98-020, August 1998.

(http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/fr/r98020.pdf)

• USGS National Map Viewer (http://nmviewogc.cr.usgs.gov/viewer.htm)
77

 

1. “Tonnage for Selected U.S. Ports in 1999” table from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center, “Waterborne Commerce of the United

States - Part 2, Waterways & Harbors, Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System and

Antilles”. (http://www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/ndc/portsname.htm)

2. “Commercial Marine Emissions Inventory for EPA Category 2 and 3 Compression

Ignition Marine Engines in the United States Continental and Inland Waterways,” US

EPA, EPA 420-R-98-020, August 1998.

(http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/fr/r98020.pdf)

3. USGS National Map Viewer (http://nmviewogc.cr.usgs.gov/viewer.htm)