The Honorable Robert Leon Jordan, United States District Judge for the Eastern *

District of Tennessee, sitting by designation.

 Mhaidli filed a motion to stay agency judgment pending this appeal, which was 1

denied April 28, 2010. 

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 10a0360n.06

No. 09-3273

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MOHAMAD IBRAHIM MHAIDLI,

Petitioner,

v. 

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR.

Respondent. 

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM A

FINAL ORDER OF THE BOARD OF

IMMIGRATION APPEALS, AGENCY

No. A099 997 321

Before: KENNEDY and COLE, Circuit Judges; JORDAN, District Judge. *

LEON JORDAN, District Judge. Petitioner Mohamad Mhaidli, a native and citizen of

Lebanon, appeals a Board of Immigration Appeals (“Board” or “BIA”) decision denying a motion

to reopen his removal proceedings. An Immigration Judge (“IJ”) ordered Mhaidli removed in

absentia after he failed to appear at his removal hearing because he was mistaken about the date.

For the reasons that follow, we DENY Mhaidli’s petition for review. 1

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On March 29, 2007, Mhaidli was served with a Notice to Appear that charged him with being

removable as an alien present in the United States without inspection. The Notice to Appear

informed Mhaidli that he was required to appear at a hearing before an IJ at a date to be set. The
2

notice warned him that his failure to appear could mean removal in his absence. On June 7, 2007,

Mhaidli was served with notice of the date and time of his hearing, which was set for October 4,

2007. That hearing notice again warned Mhaidli that if he failed to appear he could be removed in

his absence. Mhaidli admits that he received the notice. He, however, failed to appear at his

hearing, and the IJ ordered him removed in absentia.

After becoming aware of the missed hearing date, Mhaidli obtained counsel and filed a

motion to reopen proceedings on October 11, 2007. He asserted in the motion that a series of

unfortunate and exceptional circumstances were the cause of his failure to attend. In support of the

motion, Mhaidli attached his affidavit, which states in pertinent part as follows:

1. I do not speak English and have been under a great deal of stress with

related health problems. 

2. I have given all my important papers to a very close friend, Mary Bazzi,

who is like a sister to me. She keeps all my important papers and I thought that she

would remind me of the date for the Master Hearing. I was under the mistaken

opinion that the Master Hearing was set for April of next year.

3. However, MaryBazzi forgot to remind me of the hearing date and I missed

it.

4. My brother is also involved in immigration proceedings and therefore had

retained an Attorney, who is also an acquaintance of Mary Bazzi, to handle those

immigration proceedings. I was short of funds to retain this Attorney when I spoke

to this attorney concerning this matter and about paying a retention fee. I was under

the belief that the Attorney had recorded the date of my Hearing and would contact

me before the Master hearing about the paying the retention fee and tell me the date.

5. Because I did not hearfrom either Mary Bazzi or the Attorney, who I relied

on, I missed the date. 

In a footnote to the affidavit, Mhaidli represented that “further substantiation” of the stress and health

problems would be presented to the court. Mhaidli did not, however, submit any additional

documentation regarding these problems.
3

The IJ denied the motion to reopen on November 23, 2007, noting that Mhaidli failed to

show exceptional circumstances beyond his control to excuse his failure to appear. The IJ noted that

Mhaidli did not dispute that he had received notice of the hearing but simply asserted that he was

“confused” about the date, which fails to meet the exceptional circumstances standard.

Mhaidli appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. While again conceding that he had received

notice of the hearing, Mhaidli argued to the Board that the “exceptional circumstances” standard for

granting a motion to reopen an in absentia order is unconstitutionally vague. He further argued that

the IJ should have given him a hearing on his motion to reopen. 

The BIA dismissed Mhaidli’s appeal on February 11, 2009. The Board noted that Mhaidli

conceded that he received notice of the hearing but that he contended he missed the hearing date

because he relied on another person to advise him. The Board also noted that there was no additional

evidence in the record to substantiate the stress and health problems that Mhaidli said caused or

contributed to his missing the hearing date. With regard to Mhaidli’s constitutional challenge, the

Board found that the law is well settled that the BIA lacksjurisdiction to rule on the constitutionality

of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). In addition, the BIA noted that Mhaidli had not

cited to pertinent legal authority to support his contention that the IJ is required to hold an

evidentiary hearing to reopen proceedings when the respondent has failed to appear for hearing due

to exceptional circumstances. Last, the Board found that the IJ correctly determined that Mhaidli

failed to establish exceptional circumstances for his failure to appear at the hearing on October 4,

2007. This petition for review followed. 
4

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“Where the BIA reviews the immigration judge’s decision and issues a separate opinion,

rather than summarily affirming the immigration judge’s decision, we review the BIA’s decision as

the final agency determination.” Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6 Cir. 2009). This court th

reviews the denial of a motion to reopen under an abuse of discretion standard. Bi Feng Liu v.

Holder, 560 F.3d 485, 489 (6 Cir. 2009). An abuse of discretion occurs when the denial of the th

motion to reopen “was made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established

policies, or rested on an impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination against a particular

race or group.” Allabani v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 668, 675 (6 Cir. 2005) (citing Balani v. INS, 669 th

F.2d 1157, 1161 (6 Cir. 1982)). This court reviews questions of law de novo. Khalili, 557 F.3d th

at 435. However, “substantial deference is given to the BIA’s interpretation of the INA and

accompanying regulations.” Id. (citations omitted). The BIA’s factual findings are reviewed under

the substantial evidence standard. Sanusi v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 341, 345 (6 Cir. 2007). th

DISCUSSION

An alien may be deported for failing to appear at a removal proceeding. See 8 U.S.C. §

1229a(b)(5)(A). “If an alien is provided proper written notice of a removal proceeding and still fails

to attend, the IJ must enter an in absentia order of removal if the agency establishes ‘by clear,

unequivocal, and convincing evidence that the written notice was so provided and that the alien is

removable [ ].’” Ablahad v. Gonzales, 217 F. App’x 470, 473 (6 Cir. 2007). An in absentia

th

removal order may be rescinded “upon a motion to reopen filed within 180 days after the date of the

order of removal if the alien demonstrates that the failure to appear was because of exceptional

circumstances.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(i). “Exceptional circumstances” are defined as those
 Acquaah’s attorney did not file the motion to reopen as he represented he would, and 2

after two and a half years, Acquaah was taken into custody. Another attorney was retained,

and both filed motions to reopen that were well outside the 180 days set out in 8 U.S.C. §

129a(b)(5)(C)(i). Acquaah asserted ineffective assistance of counsel and equitable tolling

arguments that this court did not need to reach because he had not made the requisite

showing that he missed the hearing because of exceptional circumstances. Acquaah, 589

F.3d. at 337.

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“circumstances (such as battery or extreme cruelty to the alien or any child or parent of the alien,

serious illness of the alien, or serious illness or death of the spouse, child or parent of the alien, but

not including less compelling circumstances) beyond the control of the alien.” 8 U.S.C. §

1229a(e)(1).

Mhaidli does not dispute that he received notice of the hearing, nor does he claim that he was

in custody or ill and therefore unable to attend. He contends that he was mistaken about the date of

the hearing because his friend Mary Bazzi neglected to inform him of the correct date. The issue in

this appeal is whether Mhaidli’s mistaken understanding about the date of his hearing demonstrates

exceptional circumstances.

This court recently addressed a similar circumstance in Acquaah v. Holder, 589 F.3d 332 (6

th

Cir. 2009). The petitioner, a native and citizen of Ghana, had received notice to appear at a

telephonic hearing but failed to appear. The IJ ordered him removed in absentia. Acquaah

acknowledged that he received proper notice that the hearing was set for July 5, but he mistakenly

believed it was to be held on July 7. He discovered he had missed the hearing when he appeared on

July 7. Two motions to reopen were filed, both of which were denied by the IJ. This court held, 2

“Acquaah’s mistake as to the correct date of his hearing had severe consequences, but it was a ‘less

compelling circumstance [ ]’ than that required for relief under 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(e)(1).” Id. at 337.
6

In his affidavit, Mhaidli references health and stress problems. These problems were never

substantiated nor is there any indication that they were such that he needed assistance in

remembering his hearing date or in appearing at the hearing. Mhaidli’s reliance on Mary Bazzi and

an unnamed attorney with whom he had no attorney-client relationship to remind him of the hearing

and their failure to do so do not constitute exceptional circumstances. His misunderstanding about

when his hearing was set is a “less compelling circumstance [ ]” than is required by the standard

established by 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(e)(1). Therefore, there was no abuse of discretion in denying the

motion to reopen the in absentia order. 

Mhaidli also argues that it was error for the IJ not to grant an evidentiary hearing on his

motion to reopen. The BIA held that Mhaidli had failed to provide any pertinent authority to support

his contention that an IJ is required to hold an evidentiary hearing when there is a failure to appear

at a hearing based on exceptional circumstances. 

An alien is entitled to a full and fair deportation hearing. See, e.g., Amadou v. INS, 226 F.3d

724, 727 (6 Cir. 2000). The denial of a motion to reopen, however, is a discretionary decision, and th

this court has held that such a decision does not implicate due process. Ramirez v. Gonzales, 247

F. App’x 782, 786 (6 Cir. 2007); see also Al Roumy v. Mukasey, 290 F. App’x 856, 861 (6 Cir. th th

2008) (“Al Roumy mistakes his due process right to a full and fair deportation hearing with the

process to which he is entitled at the motion to reopen stage. . . . Therefore, Al Roumy’s claim that

his due process rights were violated by the BIA’s failure to conduct a hearing is meritless.”). The

IJ was not required to conduct an evidentiary hearing on Mhaidli’s motion to reopen.

Petitioner also alleges that the “exceptional circumstances” doctrine is unconstitutionally

vague. “The essential purpose of the ‘void for vagueness’ doctrine is to warn individuals of the
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criminal consequences of their conduct.” Jordan v. De George, 341 U.S. 223, 230 (1951). “[I]n

view of the grave nature of deportation,” the doctrine has been applied beyond criminal laws to

immigration statutes. Id. at 231. However, petitioner was given clear warning about what behavior

he must engage in to avoid adverse immigration action: he was told to arrive at a specific place at

a specific time. The fact that the rules grant discretion to the IJ to excuse a violation does not make

the standard unconstitutionally vague. In fact, this court routinely uses the exceptional circumstance

standard when deciding whether to excuse a litigant’s failure to do something, such as, for example,

the failure to preserve an issue on appeal. E.g. United States v. Archibald, 589 F.3d 289, 296 (6th

Cir. 2009) (whether to consider an argument not raised below); United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d

445, 459 (6th Cir. 2006) (whether something is plain error).

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we DENY Mhaidli’s petition for review.