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# Water Availability

## Climate Science Spotlight

### The United States faces growing challenges to its water supply, and we need to know where there is not enough water, where we have more than we need, and the quality of the water. 

Using the nation’s premier water data collection network, USGS regularly assesses current water availability and develops novel methods for monitoring and predicting how changing hydrological conditions will impact communities and ecosystems. The USGS provides the data and information necessary for sound decision-making in a changing climate.

                  -              Overview           

# Quickly jump to how USGS is delivering climate science:

Snow to Flow

#### Snow to Flow

Regional Assessments

#### Regional Assessments

decision support

#### decision support

drought

#### drought

Delivering Climate Science

# From Snow to Flow: What Changing Snowmelt Means for Water in the Western U.S.

A majority of the water in the western U.S. comes from the snowpack of the high-elevation mountains. In the winter, the mountains store water as snow. With spring and summer temperatures, the snow melts and flows downstream, through the landscape to water users. Streamflow and water availability for the rest of the year depends on the snowpack and snowmelt conditions. In fact, approximately 75% of the water in Colorado River Basin streams come from the mountain snowpacks of the Upper Colorado River Basin.

View Media Details

Because winter snowpack is so important for the water that landscapes and people depend on, scientists at USGS have been measuring it for decades. Today, as part of the Next Generation Water Observing System (NGWOS) program, **USGS scientists are using new technologies to measure snowpack and streamflow in Colorado.** This work is called the “Snow to Flow” project.

The Snow to Flow project collects data on mountain snowpack conditions using a range of techniques so that scientists can improve predictions of streamflow for the following spring and summer. New snowpack data can improve water-availability estimates for downstream water users.

Learn More

Delivering Climate Science

# Regional Water Availability Assessment in the Delaware River Basin

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The Delaware River Basin supplies fresh drinking water to over 15 million people and supports agriculture, recreation, and endangered species habitats. Water releases from reservoirs in the upper Delaware River Basin can affect both **water quantity and quality** in downstream systems. When and how water is released affects downstream conditions like the potential for drought, river temperature, and the location of the salt front, which is where freshwater from the Delaware River mixes with salty water from the Delaware Bay.

USGS scientists are conducting a focused assessment of water availability in the Delaware River Basin. They are evaluating water quantity and quality in both surface and groundwater, determining whether there is enough water for human and ecosystem needs, and understanding how human and natural influences affect the amount of available water. USGS water availability assessments address important water resource questions in ways that support local stakeholders and improve the USGS’s national water availability assessment capacity.

Learn More

Delivering Climate Science

# Decision Support Tools for Managing Water in the Red River Basin

The Red River Basin is a vital source of water in the South-Central U.S., supporting ecosystems, drinking water, agriculture, tourism and recreation, and cultural ceremonies. Stretching from the High Plains of New Mexico eastward to the Mississippi River, the Red River Basin encompasses parts of five states – New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Further, 74% of the jurisdictional boundaries of the Chickasaw and Choctaw Tribes are located within the basin.

Water resources in the basin have been stressed in recent years due to a multi-year drought and increasing demands for consumptive use by metropolitan areas in Oklahoma and Texas.

The USGS supports research to understand how climate change is impacting water resources in the Red River Basin and develops tools to inform water management in the area.

Learn More

Delivering Climate Science

# Engaging with Tribes to Support Drought Planning, Mitigation, and Recovery

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www.usgs.gov/sbsc/ramps

The USGS is a leader in providing science that informs policymakers, land managers, and organizations on how droughts affect human and natural communities. Our science integrates a wide range of expertise, monitoring, research, and modeling capabilities to produce useful and actionable information. USGS scientists also engage with local communities to provide science to support drought planning, mitigation, and recovery.

The USGS is bringing together scientists to develop and strengthen relationships with Indigenous communities and Tribal governments. During the coming year, this interdisciplinary team will conduct multiple drought science open houses (September-November 2023) and listening sessions (January/February 2024) in locations across the West.

Learn More

Climate Science Capabilities

# USGS Delivering Climate Science

To policymakers, resource managers, and the public to help guide better decisions for building sustainable resource stewardship across America’s public lands and beyond.

Explore Climate Science

Reducing Risk from Extreme Events with fire icon and hurricane satellite image in background

Impacts on Ecosystems with fish icon and landscape in background

Coal burning stacks with CO2 icon with cloud and "Carbon Emissions and Sequestration"

Water Availability with water droplet icon and image of drought (cracked ground) in the background

Energy and Minerals for the Future with mineral commodity icons with wind turbine field during sunset

Remote Sensing with satellite icon with Landsat image in background

Powerhouse of Paleo with globe icon and glacier image in background

stakeholders gathered with hand-shaking icon with "Climate Science in Action"

                  - Overview  Quickly jump to how USGS is delivering climate science:Snow to FlowSnow to FlowRegional AssessmentsRegional Assessmentsdecision supportdecision supportdroughtdroughtDelivering Climate ScienceFrom Snow to Flow: What Changing Snowmelt Means for Water in the Western U.S.
A majority of the water in the western U.S. comes from the snowpack of the high-elevation mountains. In the winter, the mountains store water as snow. With spring and summer temperatures, the snow melts and flows downstream, through the landscape to water users. Streamflow and water availability for the rest of the year depends on the snowpack and snowmelt conditions. In fact, approximately 75% of the water in Colorado River Basin streams come from the mountain snowpacks of the Upper Colorado River Basin.
        Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Because winter snowpack is so important for the water that landscapes and people depend on, scientists at USGS have been measuring it for decades. Today, as part of the Next Generation Water Observing System (NGWOS) program, **USGS scientists are using new technologies to measure snowpack and streamflow in Colorado.** This work is called the “Snow to Flow” project.

The Snow to Flow project collects data on mountain snowpack conditions using a range of techniques so that scientists can improve predictions of streamflow for the following spring and summer. New snowpack data can improve water-availability estimates for downstream water users.
Learn MoreDelivering Climate ScienceRegional Water Availability Assessment in the Delaware River Basin        Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsWater data visualization depicting water science and management in the Delaware River Basin.
The Delaware River Basin supplies fresh drinking water to over 15 million people and supports agriculture, recreation, and endangered species habitats. Water releases from reservoirs in the upper Delaware River Basin can affect both **water quantity and quality** in downstream systems. When and how water is released affects downstream conditions like the potential for drought, river temperature, and the location of the salt front, which is where freshwater from the Delaware River mixes with salty water from the Delaware Bay.

USGS scientists are conducting a focused assessment of water availability in the Delaware River Basin. They are evaluating water quantity and quality in both surface and groundwater, determining whether there is enough water for human and ecosystem needs, and understanding how human and natural influences affect the amount of available water. USGS water availability assessments address important water resource questions in ways that support local stakeholders and improve the USGS’s national water availability assessment capacity.
Learn MoreDelivering Climate ScienceDecision Support Tools for Managing Water in the Red River Basin
The Red River Basin is a vital source of water in the South-Central U.S., supporting ecosystems, drinking water, agriculture, tourism and recreation, and cultural ceremonies. Stretching from the High Plains of New Mexico eastward to the Mississippi River, the Red River Basin encompasses parts of five states – New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Further, 74% of the jurisdictional boundaries of the Chickasaw and Choctaw Tribes are located within the basin.

Water resources in the basin have been stressed in recent years due to a multi-year drought and increasing demands for consumptive use by metropolitan areas in Oklahoma and Texas.

The USGS supports research to understand how climate change is impacting water resources in the Red River Basin and develops tools to inform water management in the area.
Learn MoreDelivering Climate ScienceEngaging with Tribes to Support Drought Planning, Mitigation, and Recovery        Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsUSGS Restoration Assessment and Monitoring Program for the Southwest (RAMPS) is helping to build capacity in ecosystem restoration on the Navajo Nation with a series of projects in collaboration with Navajo Nation Department of Natural Hertiage, Dine Native Plant Program, and the Native-led non-profit Tolani Lake Enterprises. For more information visit: www.usgs.gov/sbsc/ramps
The USGS is a leader in providing science that informs policymakers, land managers, and organizations on how droughts affect human and natural communities. Our science integrates a wide range of expertise, monitoring, research, and modeling capabilities to produce useful and actionable information. USGS scientists also engage with local communities to provide science to support drought planning, mitigation, and recovery.

The USGS is bringing together scientists to develop and strengthen relationships with Indigenous communities and Tribal governments. During the coming year, this interdisciplinary team will conduct multiple drought science open houses (September-November 2023) and listening sessions (January/February 2024) in locations across the West.
Learn MoreClimate Science CapabilitiesUSGS Delivering Climate Science
To policymakers, resource managers, and the public to help guide better decisions for building sustainable resource stewardship across America’s public lands and beyond.
Explore Climate ScienceReducing Risk from Extreme Events with fire icon and hurricane satellite image in backgroundImpacts on Ecosystems with fish icon and landscape in backgroundCoal burning stacks with CO2 icon with cloud and "Carbon Emissions and Sequestration"Water Availability with water droplet icon and image of drought (cracked ground) in the backgroundEnergy and Minerals for the Future with mineral commodity icons with wind turbine field during sunsetRemote Sensing with satellite icon with Landsat image in backgroundPowerhouse of Paleo with globe icon and glacier image in backgroundstakeholders gathered with hand-shaking icon with "Climate Science in Action"