# Patent

## Title
System and method for controlling markets during a stop loss trigger

## Abstract

A system mitigates the effects of a market spike caused by the triggering and the election of a conditional order in an automated matching system. The system includes evaluation logic, delay logic, pricing logic and timing logic. The evaluation logic monitors conditional orders submitted to a trading engine and is configured to compare a price of an order to a first predefined price range. The delay logic delays matching of the orders submitted to the trading engine when the price of the orders lie outside of the first predefined price range. The pricing logic derives an opening price to be used by the trading engine. The timing logic measures a time interval used to delay a matching of the orders until the opening price is within a predefined price range up to a maximum delay time set by a control center. A method of mitigating the effect of a market spike caused by the triggering and the election of a conditional order includes monitoring conditional orders submitted to the trading engine. The method compares the price of a conditional order to a first predefined price range and delays the matching of orders submitted to the trading engine when the price of the conditional order lies outside of the first predetermined price range. The method derives an opening price to be used by the trading engine; and measures a time interval used to delay the matching of the orders until the opening price is within a predefined price range up to a maximum delay time set by a control center.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional under 37 C.F.R. §1.53(b) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/713,126, filed Nov. 14, 2003, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/490,145, filed Jul. 25, 2003.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to authenticated delivery instruments and more particularly to a system and method that enables traders to settle trades using an electronic proxy for delivery.
BACKGROUND
The speed in which trades are executed through electronic trading systems provide many benefits. Electronic trading systems can facilitate a large number of market transactions. The greater the number of market transactions, the greater a market's liquidity. In liquid markets, prices are driven by competition; prices reflect a consensus of an investment's value; and trading systems provide a free and open dissemination of information.
While speed and efficiency in electronic markets can enhance trader wealth, these qualities can also increase the adverse affect of a trade that triggers an election of buy or sell stop orders. In a futures market that has few resting orders but many stop orders, an order executed at a limit price can cause a cascading execution of buy or sell stop orders. The triggering and election of these stop orders can seem almost instantaneous lowering the value of a market in just a few seconds.
The problem may occur when one or more trades bring many stop orders into the market. A fast execution of these stop orders may prevent opposite side orders from entering the market, preventing buyers from competing against other buyers and sellers from competing against other sellers. An onset of stop orders may enter the market in the following sequence:
1. A stop order, triggered by a trade, enters the market at a limit price.
2. The limit price trades almost immediately.
3. A second stop order to buy, triggered by the last trade, enters the market at a higher limit price (or a lower limit price if the order is a stop order to sell).
4. This new limit price trades almost immediately.
5. A third stop order to buy, triggered by the last trade, enters the market at a higher limit price (or a lower limit price if the order is a stop order to sell) and so forth. The order processing sequence occurs quickly; so quickly that traders are not be able to prevent the buy or sell stop orders from trading away from the current market prices by entering opposite side orders.
The entire process may be illustrated through a hypothetical E-Mini S&P 500 futures market (“ESM3”). In Table 1, an order entered on the bid side of the market for a quantity of 1 at a price of 873.75, trades. As the order trades, multiple stop orders enter the market, which in tum trade and bringing other stop orders into the market. In the ESM3 market,







TABLE 1







ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 6
Stop (88075)
5
88475
87375
10
TON 1


TON 7
Stop (87875)
5
88475
87475
5
TON 2


TON 8
Stop (87825)
5
88325
87675
5
TON 3


TON 9
Stop (87675)
5
88475
87900
1
TON 4


TON 10
Stop (87525)
5
88475
88075
1
TON 5


TON 11
Stop (87375)
10
87900


TON 12
Stop (87375)
10
87675


Incoming

1
873.75









    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming (1-lot) trades with Trade Order Number (TON) 1 (1-lot) at 873.75;
        TON 12-Stop (87375), TON 11-Stop (87375) are triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 12 (9-lot) trades with TON 1 (9-lot) at 873.75;
        Trade 3 TON 12 (1-lot) trades with TON 2 (1-lot) at 874.75;
        Trade 4 TON 11 (4-lot) trades with TON 2 (4-lot) at 874.75;
        Trade 5 TON 11 (5-lot) trades with TON 3 (5-lot) at 876.75;
        TON 10-Stop (87525), TON 9-Stop (87675) are triggered by Trade 5;
        Trade 6 TON 11 (1-lot) trades with TON 4 (1-lot) at 879.00;
        TON 8-Stop (87825) and TON 7-Stop (87875) are triggered by Trade 6.
        Trade 7 TON 10 (1-lot) trades with TON 5 (1-lot) at 880.75; and
        TON 6-Stop (88075) is triggered by Trade 7.
    
    


After the cascading triggers of stop orders trade, the final resting price of the market drops to 884.75.







TABLE 2







ESM3












QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
















19
88475





5
88325










To mitigate the harmful effects of a cascading trigger of stop orders, some Exchanges have adopted policies and procedures that, in the appropriate case, permit the cancellation or busting of selected trades. However, the cancellation or busting of trades does not occur simultaneously and is not in the best interest of market participants. An Exchange must first identify the problem and then decide on a solution.
In the hypothetical E-Mini S&P 500 futures market, first the Exchange must determine what caused the market movement. Once that problem is discovered, the Exchange would then have to decide if the market movement lies outside of a “no-bust range.” In a “no-bust range,” trades executed within a price range may not be subject to cancellation, even if executed in error. Trades executed at prices outside of the Exchange's “no-bust range” are considered as quite possibly being beyond normal market forces. Considering the high interdependence of many markets, disruptions may occur in other related markets such as the Nasdaq-100 Index or a larger S&P 500 futures contract that are highly correlated to the hypothetical E-Mini S&P 500.
While such decisions are considered, traders are exposed to serious market risk until a decision is made and until they are notified of the decision. Furthermore, traders will not know if their gains or loses will be reversed. Traders that were short before the cascade of stop order triggers occurred and bought at the bottom of the market may not realize expected gains. Similarly, traders that went long after the market dip could lose their expected gains. Because gains and loses may disappear the instant an Exchange announces that trades will be busted, some traders will not spend unrealized money on new trades. Other traders may be forced out of the market until the decision to bust trades is reached to avoid an unexpected margin call.
The present invention is directed to a system and method that overcome some of these potential drawbacks in the prior art.
SUMMARY
The present invention is defined by the following claims. This description summarizes some aspects of the present embodiments and should not be used to limit the claims.
A system mitigates the effects of a market spike caused by the triggering and the election of a conditional order in an automated matching system. The system comprises evaluation logic, delay logic, pricing logic and timing logic. The evaluation logic monitors orders submitted to a trading engine. The evaluation logic is configured to compare an execution price of an order to a predefined price range. The delay logic delays the matching of orders submitted to the trading engine when the execution price of an order lies outside of the pre-determined price range. The pricing logic derives an opening price to be used by the trading engine. The timing logic measures a time interval used to delay a matching of the orders until the opening price is within a predefined price range or an interval of time lapses.
A method of mitigating the effect of a market spike caused by the triggering and the election of an order comprises monitoring orders submitted to the trading engine. The method compares an execution price of a conditional order to a predefined price range and delays the matching of orders submitted to the trading engine when an execution price of the order lies outside of the pre-determined price range. The method derives an opening price to be used by the trading engine; and measures the time interval that delays the matching of the orders until the opening price is within a second predefined price range or a time interval lapses. The method may be repeated to ensure that the opening price reflects a current market movement.
An alternative embodiment includes a matching engine. When a matched order changes a last traded price level, a matching engine checks a stop order book to determine if any new stop orders can be introduced into the market. When a difference between an original price and a currently traded price caused by a stop execution reaches a predefined threshold, the matching engine sends a command to reserve, or temporarily suspend matching, for a predefined period of time. Thus allowing opposite side orders to enter the system in response to this event.
During this suspension of trading, an indicative opening price (IOP) is calculated and stops, resting orders and newly arriving orders resolve into a single price opening. In this embodiment, the single price opening may use pre-opening and circuit breaker logic used in Exchanges. The nature of this opening is such that stop orders, once synthetically introduced during a reserved or pre-opening state, are filled in a limit price priority sequence instead of in the trigger price sequence used in some continuous trading systems. This effectively breaks a stop order ladder and allows the market to trade at more appropriate price levels.
An alternative method checks the value of a single price opening and compares the price to the last traded price to verify that the price is within the previously specified threshold. If it is not within the threshold, another timing window will lapse and the method check is repeated at a second predefined threshold, such as twice a defined threshold, etc. After a predefined or programmed number of iterations of timing windows lapses or a manual intervention occurs, the product opens and the matching engine matches orders regardless of a price movement.
Further aspects and advantages of the invention are described below in conjunction with the present embodiments.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is system diagram encompassing a present embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a trade evaluation system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an alternative trade evaluation system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a present embodiment.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT EMBODIMENTS
The present system and method mitigates or prevents market spikes due to the triggering, election and trading of conditional orders. The present embodiments include a trading engine that performs a verification of a tradable conditional order that is triggered, to ensure that a traded price will not violate a predefined trade threshold or existing Exchange matching rules. If a potential trade price lies outside of the trade threshold, the instrument is placed in a reserved state allowing orders to be entered, modified, and/or cancelled.
While an instrument may not trade when it is reserved; an indicative opening price of that instrument may be derived and disseminated to the market. The indicative opening price may reflect the price the instrument would be trading at if the market were open. Placing an instrument in a reserved state allows market participants to enter additional orders that adjust the indicative opening price to a level that reflects buyers competing with other buyers and sellers vying against other sellers. The present embodiments may suspend trading until the market is adjusted within a threshold range, or when a period of time lapses. The period of time may vary in length in relation to the time of day, the product traded, market volatility and/or any other relevant market condition or combination of market conditions. Similarly, the threshold range may vary by the product and/or the time of day.
FIG. 1 is a system diagram encompassing a present embodiment. The figure illustrates a hub-and-spoke system, wherein each resource, application, or order flows through a single entity (e.g., the hub 114) before being received by servers 110-112. In this embodiment, the hub 114 and the servers 102-112 may be integrated into a single server or comprise a server cluster made up of a group of independent computers that work together as a single system but present the appearance of a single server to one or more clients.
In FIG. 1, the clients are illustrated as interfaces 120-126, and one or more networks such as a wide area network (“WAN”), a local area network (“LAN”), a ring network, a token ring network, a bus network, 128 and 130, etc. Other peripheral devices may be coupled to hub 114, such as a printer, a speaker, and/or any other device.
Preferably, the hub 114 comprises a management server. The management server receives, converts, and transfers data in a form compatible with protocols used by servers 110-112, a communication link 116, the interfaces 120-126, and/or the networks 128 and 130. The interfaces may include an application programming interface (an “API”) 124, a data interface 122, a market data interface 120, and/or other interfaces 126, for example. Preferably, the market data interface 120 provides quote vendors with access to selected output disseminated from the hub 114.
In FIG. 1, the hub 114 provides routing control to a trade matching system, such as an automated trading engine shown as servers 110 and 112. When orders are matched automatically by a matching algorithm or system within one or both of the servers 110 and/or 112, preferably the details of the trade and information of interest to the market are disseminated to quote vendors and trade participants that include the buyers and the sellers.
Preferably, the trade evaluation system 118, shown as servers 102-108 in FIG. 1 interfaces the hub 114. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the trade evaluation system 118 may include an order book manager 202, an order processor 204, a spike control processor 206, a reserve market processor 208, and an open market processor 210. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the trade evaluation system 118 may include evaluation logic 306, delay logic 308, pricing logic 310, and timing logic 312. Preferably, the evaluation logic 306 and order processor 204 calculate a price threshold or price that extends above and below a selected or a theoretical price. Such a threshold or interval may be fixed within a number of ticks above and below a last traded price. The threshold or interval may vary by product, instrument, contract, or other relevant market considerations.
When the present system and method is used in a futures Exchange, the price threshold or range may comprise a no-bust range that defines a price interval within which transactions that fall within that interval are not subject to cancellation by the Exchange. Preferably, trades that fall within the no-bust range do not have a significant adverse effect on the market, and therefore, the trade stands even in error. In these embodiments, the trades that fall within the no-bust range cannot be cancelled by agreement. In other embodiments, trades that fall within the no-bust range may be cancelled by an agreement between market participants.
Preferably, the market data interfaces 120, the data interfaces 122, the networks 128 and 130, the APIs 124 and the other interfaces 126 provide market participants, quote vendors, and others with real and/or delayed time access to trade data. The trade data can include investment prices such as futures contract prices, settlement prices, bids, offers, and other Exchange related or derived information. In some embodiments, inter-process communication methods, such as a Dynamic Data Exchange (“DDE”) and/or an Object Linking and Embedding (“OLE”) are used to exchange data and commands between two or more servers or applications that run simultaneously.
As shown in FIG. 2, the trade evaluation system 118 includes an order book manager 202, an order processor 204, a spike control processor 206, a reserve market processor 208, and an open market processor 210. Preferably, orders flow into the order processor 204 and are maintained by the order book manager 202. The order book manager 202 may maintain the Exchange's order books, manage communication with an automated trading engine, and allow an Exchange administrator to establish order filters (e.g., trading authorizations, instrument access, price bands, trading limits, etc.).
The order book manager 202 may also retain a predefined or a programmable parameter used by order process logic or the order processor 204. In this embodiment, instrument parameters are stored in a table of rows and columns. In another embodiment, the parameters are stored in a data structure comprising a list of entries that use a unique key to identify each entry. The data structure may include a set of related values such as a linked list that use a common indexing scheme. In these embodiments, an instrument is reserved when the instrument is stored in a data table or data structure.
Preferably, parameters are initialized on start up of an automated trading engine and are maintained for a predefined period of time such as a trading week. When a conditional order is triggered in a futures market, such as a stop order that enters the market at a limit or market price, the order processor 204 compares an execution price of the stop order to a predefined price threshold such as a no-bust range. Preferably, this comparison determines if the transaction may be completed. If an execution price lies outside of the predefined price threshold, the order processor 204 notifies the spike control processor 206.
Once notified, the spike control processor 206 reserves the instrument through a reserve market processor 208 and activates a verification timer. The verification timer may measure a time interval that varies in length in relation to a time of day, a product, a trader's location, market volatility, and/or any other relevant market conditions or combination of market conditions. At the end of an initial time period, the spike control processor 206 compares an indicative opening price to the predefined price threshold. If the indicative opening price is above/below the predefined threshold, the verification timer is reactivated for an additional iteration that may vary with one or more market conditions. In this embodiment, the indicative opening price is a changing price that may be based on an indicative trade, a better bid, or a better offer. Similarly, a predefined price threshold may comprise a dynamic price range that changes with each iteration.
The spike control processor 206 will reserve a market unless the indicative opening price lies within the predefined price threshold, a predetermined number of iterations or time periods lapse, or a manual intervention occurs. When one of those condition occurs, the spike control processor 206 notifies the open market processor 210 opening the market.
One variable utilized by the spike control processor 206 identifies the duration that an instrument may be held in reserve. A price verification time variable is invoked and a timer activated when the order processor 204 invokes the spike control processor 206. The price verification time variable comprises a programmable or a constant time value.
The spike control processor 248 also uses a price iteration variable. The price iteration variable comprises a programmable multiplier. Preferably, the product of the price iteration variable and price verification time variable calculates a maximum length of time an instrument may remain in a reserved state. If the price verification time variable is five seconds and the price iteration variable is eleven, the maximum time the market may be in a reserved state is fifty-five seconds. The time variables are initialized on start up and are maintained for a length of time, such as a trading week. If the variables are changed before the period lapses, such as in the middle of a trading week, the variables may be update in a real or a delayed time.
Another embodiment of the trade evaluation system 118 shown in FIG. 3 couples a trading engine 110 and 112. In this embodiment, the trade evaluation system includes evaluation logic 306, delay logic 308, pricing logic 310, and timing logic 312. Preferably, the evaluation logic 306 monitors orders submitted to an automated matching system or trading engine 110 and 112. The evaluation logic 306 may be programmed or configured to compare an execution price of a conditional order such as a stop order to a predefined price range. Preferably, the price ranges reflects a range of prices that extend above and below an actual or synthetic market price. The price range may differ by product, may be fixed within a number of ticks above and below an actual or synthetic market price, or may vary above and below an actual or synthetic market price. Additionally, a synthetic no bust range may also be used including the no bust ranges disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/405,025 entitled System and Method for Monitoring Trades of a No-Bust Range in an Electronic Trading System, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
While in some embodiments price comparisons can occur in delayed or batch time, preferably, the comparison occurs in real-time, which is within a narrow time period after a potential trade would occur. If the price of the trade is within the price range, the trade stands and an open continuous trading is maintained. If the price of the trade caused by the execution of conditional orders falls outside of the price range, the evaluation logic 306 places the product into a reserved state. Upon its reservation, delay logic 308 determines a maximum time the market may remain in a reserved state.
Pricing logic 310 derives an opening price at which a product would trade upon the opening of the market or an equilibrium price that falls substantially within the overlap of the pending bid and offer prices. Preferably, the pricing logic 310 calculates opening prices upon demand, in delayed-time, or in real-time as orders are received.
Preferably, the delay logic 308 delays the matching of orders submitted to the trading engine 110 and 112. The delay will reserve a product until an opening price lies within a price range, a period of time lapses, or an automated or a manual intervention occurs. Preferably price ranges, delay, and/or the measure of time are retained in an audit trail and/or memory coupled to or resident to the evaluation system 118. The tracking and/or storage of one or more of these values can preserve market integrity and allow an Exchange to review an event.
As shown in FIG. 4, one or more of the components that comprise the trade evaluation system of FIGS. 2 and/or 3 may couple a control center 402 and the trade matching system 110 and 112. Preferably, the trade matching system 110 and 112 uses one or more matching systems or methods, such as a “first in, first out” (“FIFO”), an allocation, a hybrid price/time priority, such as a Lead Market Maker (“LMM”), for example, or any other matching systems or methods to automatically match orders. Once the details of the orders are entered through a user interface 404, preferably, the trade matching system 110 and 112 executes the trade and transmits matched trade data (e.g., instrument type, the price, the quantity, the buyer, the seller, etc.) to the trade evaluation system 118 and the user interface 404. The trade matching system 110 and 112 also transmits matched trade data and quote data to the quote and data vendors 120 and 122. Preferably, the matched trade data and quote data describe recent market movements.
Through a control center 404, preferably an Exchange or a member of the Exchange oversees the reservation of products in the market. The control center 404 may manually or automatically override the trade evaluation system 118 or perform a state change on any product, instrument, parameter, or group. The control center may view, configure, and program the predetermined price thresholds and timing variables of FIG. 2 to any market condition or combination of market conditions just as it may view, configure, and program the logic of FIG. 3 to such market conditions.
To assure that market participants and the Exchange are aware of the status of the market or any changes to thresholds, variables, or logic, preferably, the evaluation system 118 may provide a notice to the user interfaces 120-126 (FIG. 1) and 404 (FIG. 4), the control center 404 (FIG. 4), and any communication system. In some instances, each of the embodiments may provide selected notices only to the control center 404, allowing the Exchange to notify the market of certain conditions if needed through a messaging system.
Because market participants may not be aware that a product or an instrument is reserved due to the large volume of messages sent over an electronic trading system or because the market participants are no longer trading, the present system and method also may encompass independent communication systems that are coupled to the trade evaluation system 118 to convey information, warnings, or alerts about an instrument in a reserved state. Such systems can include devices that send and/or receive messages via telecommunication or wireless links such as portable phones, personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and/or electronic mail devices, devices that send and/or receive images and can print them on a tangible media such as faxes, etc. Preferably, these systems make market participants aware of the state of the market in a narrow timeframe.
The present system and method mitigates or prevents market spikes caused by the triggering, election, and trading of conditional orders. An embodiment of the method may be translated into a computer readable medium, programming instructions (e.g., code), or information that can be stored and retrieved from a volatile or non-volatile memory.
Any Exchange, such as a futures Exchange that enforces a no-bust range or another price range may use the method shown in FIG. 5. The method may be encoded in a signal bearing medium, a computer readable medium such as a memory, programmed within a device such as one or more integrated circuits, or processed by a controller, a computer, a server, or a server cluster. If the methods are performed by code or software, the code or software may reside in a memory resident to or interfaced to the trade matching system 110 and 112 of FIG. 1 or 3, a communication interface, or any other type of non-volatile or volatile memory interfaced or resident to the trade evaluation system 118 of FIG. 2. The memory may include an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. A logical function may be implemented through digital circuitry, through source code, or through analog circuitry. The code or software may be embodied in any computer-readable or signal-bearing medium, for use by, or in connection with an instruction executable system, apparatus, or device. Such a system may include a computer-based system, a processor-containing system, or another system that may selectively fetch instructions from an instruction executable system, apparatus, or device that may also execute instructions.
A “computer-readable medium,” “machine-readable medium,” “propagated-signal” medium, and/or “signal-bearing medium” may comprise any means that contains, stores, communicates, propagates, or transports code or software for use by or in connection with an instruction executable system, apparatus, or device. The machine-readable
medium may selectively be, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. A non-exhaustive list of examples of a machine-readable medium would include: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable magnetic or optical disk, a volatile memory such as a Random Access Memory “RAM,” a Read-Only Memory “ROM,” an Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM or Flash memory), or an optical fiber (optical). A machine-readable medium may also include a tangible medium upon which code or software is printed, as the code or software may be translated into a high-level language that may be compiled through a scanner, and/or interpreted or otherwise processed. The processed medium may then be stored in a computer and/or machine memory.
As shown in FIG. 5, a stop order is triggered and enters the market at a limit price or at a market price at act 502. In this embodiment, a stop order, sometimes called a stop-loss order, or simply a stop, is an order to buy or sell at a limit price when the market reaches a specified price. A limit price is a specified price or a price that is more favorable to the trader. A limit order to buy will be executed at or below the specified price limit. A limit order to sell will be executed at or above the specified price limit.
At act 504, the method compares an execution price to a no-bust range that is calculated separately for each product or instrument. The no-bust range may comprise a synthetic price range or a last traded price plus or minus a no bust-range variable.
If the price of the trade lies within the no-bust range, the trade stands and open continuous trading is maintained at acts 506 and 508. The process will then be applied each time a stop order would create a trade. A price comparison is performed at each tradable price level of the market.
If the price of the trade falls outside of the no-bust range, preferably, the product is placed into a reserved state at acts 506 and 510. Upon its reservation, a timer that is coupled to or resident to a trading engine is activated. A counter will also be activated to track the number of times an indicative opening price verification process is performed.
In the illustrated embodiment, the counter is initialized to “1” at act 512. Preferably, the counter cannot exceed a value that is retained in a table or a data structure. If more than one comparison to an indicative opening price occurs, a varying price range (e.g., an expanded no-bust range) will be determined for verification of an indicative opening price. The varying price range may comprise a product of the no-bust range and a multiplier. Preferably, the multiplier increases incrementally or in multiples each time an indicative opening price verification occurs.
Once a predetermined length of time lapses, an indicative opening price and a price range are calculated and broadcast to the market through a data feed at acts 514 and 516. The indicative opening price represents a price at which a product would trade upon an opening of a market. An indicative opening price may comprise an equilibrium price that falls within an overlap of bid and offer prices.
A comparison of an indicative opening price to a calculated price range occurs at act 518. If the indicative opening price lies within the price range, the market opens, and trading begins at the indicative opening price or a market price. The process resumes when another stop order is triggered at act 502.
If the indicative opening price lies outside of the price range, process variables are incremented at acts 522 and 524, and the process continues until a predetermined number of iterations is reached at act 526. When a maximum number of iterations are reached, a product reopens at act 520 and the process resumes when another stop order is triggered at act 502.
If a maximum number of iterations is not reached, the process resumes when the time variable is read or programmed at act 528 and another indicative opening price is calculated. At act 514, the indicative opening price is a dynamic price that changes as orders are entered into the market and pending orders are modified, and/or cancelled. The present method continues until a predetermined number of iterations is reached or an external event occurs. An external event may include the closing of the market or a manual market intervention.
The above-described embodiments, scale well to large networks, to new products, or to the large volatility that occurs in the markets that trade popular contracts. The embodiments may facilitate any exchange between buyers and sellers, including markets that exchange equities, debt, investment indices, and other investments as well as any commodity or combination or series of commodity contracts, such as bundles that can comprise the purchase of one of a series of consecutive contracts.
When the trade evaluation system 118 is integrated or linked to a trading engine that matches spreads, all related spreads are automatically reserved when the spread lies outside of a predefined threshold. When reserved, all related spread instruments are reserved and any implied spreading becomes inactive. When the market is allowed to open, all spreads corresponding to an underlying leg open. In addition, if a contract is utilizing implied trading, the implied trading will be turned off until the Exchange's rules or other rules allow for a re-initiating of an implied trading.
As shown in FIG. 4, the trade evaluation system 118 may couple a control center 402. Through the control center an Exchange administrator may take an appropriate action on a spread and manually open corresponding spreads. Under these circumstances the implied spreading will remain inactive for a remainder of a trading session. An Exchange administrator may also set a group of differing contracts to a preopening,
take appropriate action on the spread, and reset an opening for the group of differing contracts. In one embodiment, implied spreading is automatically reactivated at the opening of a market if the states of the investment leg allow it.
The present embodiments described above provide Exchanges and users with a flexible approach and structure that mitigates or prevent sharp rises or declines in market prices due to the triggering, election, and trading of conditional orders. To further illustrate the present embodiments, exemplary markets are described and illustrated.
In a first example, a price verification time is programmed to five seconds and the initial no-bust range is six.










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 6
Stop (88075)
5
88475
87375
10
TON 1


TON 7
Stop (87875)
5
88475
87475
5
TON 2


TON 8
Stop (87825)
5
88325
87675
5
TON 3


TON 9
Stop (87675)
5
88475
87900
1
TON 4


TON 10
Stop (87525)
5
88475
88075
1
TON 5


TON 11
Stop (87375)
10
87900


TON 12
Stop (87375)
10
87675


Incoming

1
873.75









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs when an Incoming—Buy of 1 @ 873.75 enters the market:
Trade 1 Incoming (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 873.75;
TON 12-Stop (87375), TON 11-Stop (87375) are triggered by Trade 1;
Trade 2 TON 12 (9-lot) trades with TON 1 (9-lot) at 873.75;
Trade 3 TON 12 (1-lot) trades with TON 2 (1-lot) at 874.75;
Trade 4 TON 11 (4-lot) trades with TON 2 (4-lot) at 874.75;
Trade 5 TON 11 (5-lot) trades with TON 3 (5-lot) at 876.75;
TON 10-Stop (87525), TON 9-Stop (87675) are triggered by Trade 5;
Trade 6 TON 11 (1-lot) trades with TON 4 (1-lot) at 879.00; and
TON 8-Stop (87825) and TON 7-Stop (87875) are triggered by Trade 6.
The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 880.75 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 873.75, the market will not trade past a price of 879.75. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3












TON#
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON#
















TON 6
Stop(88075)
5
88475
88075
1
TON 5


TON 10

5
88475


TON 9

5
88475


TON 7

5
88475


TON 8

5
88325









After waiting a predetermined length of time, if the indicative opening price is greater than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second time iteration. In this example, the market will be allowed to open at or near the end of the five second delay and the following trade will take place using normal indicative opening price logic:
Trade 7 TON 10 (1-lot) trades with TON 5 (1-lot) at 880.75; and
TON 6-Stop (88075) is triggered by Trade 7.










ESM3












QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
















19
88475





5
88325










In a second example, an imbalance condition occurs during execution of a single conditional order. When a sell order enters the market for a quantity of 1 at 860.00, a cascade of stop orders are triggered. In this example, the minimum price that can be traded for this trading session is 854.00.










ESM3













TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY

TON
















TON 1
1
86000
85300
6
Stop (86000)
TON 6


TON 2
1
85900


TON 3
1
85800


TON 4
2
85400


TON 5
1
85300





86000
1

Incoming









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs when an Incoming—Sell of 1 @ 860.00 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 860.00;
        TON 6-Stop (86000) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 2 (1-lot) trades with TON 6 (1-lot) at 859.00;
        Trade 3 TON 3 (1-lot) trades with TON 6 (1-lot) at 858.00; and
        Trade 4 TON 4 (2-lot) trades with TON 6 (2-lot) at 854.00.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 853.00 would violate the no bust range. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 860.00, the market will not trade past a price of 854.00. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON#
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON#







TON 5
1
85300
85300
1
TON 6










After waiting the preset length of time, if the indicative opening price is greater
than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second time iteration. In this example, the market will be allowed to open at or near the end of the five second delay and the following trade will take place:

    
    
        Trade 5 TON 5 (1-lot) trades with TON 6 (1-lot) at 853.00.
    
    












ESM3




















QTY
BID
ASK
QTY










In a third example, an upper no bust range violation occurs. Like the other examples, the price verification time is programmed to about a five second interval and the initial no-bust range is about six.
In this example, a buy order enters the market for a quantity of at 873.75. The maximum price that can be traded for this trading iteration is 879.75.










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 12
Stop (87375)
10
87675
87375
10
TON 1


TON 11
Stop (87375)
10
87900
87475
5
TON 2


TON 10
Stop (87525)
5
88475
87675
5
TON 3


TON 9
Stop (87675)
5
88475
87900
1
TON 4


TON 8
Stop (87825)
5
88325
88075
1
TON 5


TON 7
Stop (87875)
5
88475


TON 6
Stop (88075)
5
88475


Incoming1

1
873.75









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Buy of 1@ 873.75 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 873.75;
        TON 12-Stop (87375), TON 1 1-Stop (87375) are triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 11 (9-lot) trades with TON 1 (9-lot) at 873.75;
        Trade 3 11 (1-lot) trades with TON 2 (1-lot) at 874.75;
        Trade 4 TON 12 (4-lot) trades with TON 2 (4-lot) at 874.75;
        Trade 5 TON 12 (5-lot) trades with TON 3 (5-lot) at 876.75;
        TON 10-Stop (87525). TON 9-Stop (87675) are triggered by Trade 5;
        Trade 6 TON 10 (1-lot) trades with TON 4 (1-lot) at 879.00; and
        TON 8-Stop (87825) and TON 7-Stop (87875) by Trade 6.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 880.75 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 873.75, the market will not trade past a price of 879.75. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 10

4
88475
88475
1
TON 5


TON 9

5
88475


TON 7

5
88475


TON 6
Stop (88075)
5
88475



Triggered in IOP


TON 8

5
88325


TON 12

1
87675









After waiting a predetermined length of time. if the indicative opening price is greater than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second time iteration. In this example, the market will be allowed to open at or near the end of the five second delay and the following trade will take place:

    
    
        Trade 7 TON 10 (1-lot) trades with TON 5 (1-lot) at 884.75; and
        TON 6-Stop (88075) is triggered by Trade 7.
    
    












ESM3












QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
















18
88475





5
88325



1
87675










In a fourth example, a lower no bust range violation occurs. Like the other examples, the price verification time is programmed to about a five second interval and the initial no-bust range is about six.
In this example, a sell order enters the market for a quantity of 1 at 860.75. The maximum price that can be traded for this trading iteration is 854.75.










ESM3













TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY

TON
















TON 1
10
86075
85975
10
Stop (86075)
TON 7


TON 2
5
86000
85900
5
Stop (86000)
TON 8


TON 3
5
85900
85875
5
Stop (85900)
TON 9


TON 4
5
85875
85500
5
Stop (85875)
TON 10


TON 5
1
85500
85450
5
Stop (85500)
TON 11


TON 6
10
85450





86075
1

Incoming1









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Sell of 1 @ 860.75 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 860.75;
        TON 7-Stop (86075) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 1 (9-lot) trades with TON 7 (9-lot) at 860.75;
        Trade 3 TON 2 (1-lot) trades with TON 7 (1-lot) at 860.00;
        TON 8-Stop (86000) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 2 (4-lot) trades with TON 8 (4-lot) at 860.00;
        Trade 5 TON 3 (1-lot) trades with TON 8 (1-lot) at 859.00;
        TON 9-Stop (85900) is triggered by Trade 5;
        Trade 6 TON 3 (4-lot) trades with TON 9 (4-lot) at 859.00;
        Trade 7 TON 4 (1-lot) trades with TON 9 (1-lot) at 858.75;
        TON 10-Stop (85875) is triggered by Trade 7;
        Trade 7 TON 4 (4-lot) trades with TON 10 (4-lot) at 858.75;
        Trade 8 TON 5 (1-lot) trades with TON 10 (1-lot) at 855.00; and
        TON 11-Stop (85500) is triggered by Trade 8.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 854.50 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 860.75, the market will not trade past a price of 854.75. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON







TON6
10
85450
85450
5
TON 11










After waiting a predetermined length of time, if the indicative opening price is greater than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second time iteration. In this example, the market will be allowed to open at or near the end of the five second delay and the following trade will take place:

    
    
        Trade 9 TON 6 (5-lot) trades with TON 11 (5-lot) at 854.50.
    
    












ESM3












QTY
BID
ASK
QTY







5
88450










In a fifth example, a manual intervention occurs. Like the other examples, the price verification time is programmed to about a five second interval.
In this example, a sell order enters the market for a quantity of 1 at 874.00. The minimum price that can be traded for this trading iteration is 868.00. The ESM3 market should be reserved when violating the no bust range at 868.00. However, due to a manual intervention, the five-second iteration variable is overridden. The instrument will re-open by a manually initiating of an opening command.










ESM3













TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY

TON
















TON 1
10
87400
87325
10
Stop (87400)
TON 7


TON 2
5
87350
87300
5
Stop (87350)
TON 8


TON 3
5
87300
87250
5
Stop (87300)
TON 9


TON 4
5
87250
86800
5
Stop (87250)
TON 10


TON 5
1
87250
86750
5
Stop (87250)
TON 11


TON 6
10
86750
86750
10
Stop (87250)
TON 12





87400
1

Incoming1









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Sell of 1 @ 874.00 enters the market.

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 874.00;
        TON 7-Stop (87400) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 1 (9-lot) trades with TON 7 (9-lot) at 874.00;
        Trade 3 TON 2 (1-lot) trades with TON 7 (1-lot) at 873.50;
        TON 8-Stop (873.50) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 2 (4-lot) trades with TON 8 (4-lot) at 873.50;
        Trade 5 TON 3 (1-lot) trades with TON 8 (1-lot) at 873.00;
        TON 9-Stop (87300) is triggered by Trade 5;
        Trade 6 TON 3 (4-lot) trades with TON 9 (4-lot) at 873.00;
        Trade 7 TON 4 (1-lot) trades with TON 9 (1-lot) at 872.50;
        TON 10-Stop (872.50), TON 11-Stop (872.50), and TON 12-Stop (872.50) are triggered by Trade 7;
        Trade 8 TON 4 (4-lot) trades with TON 10 (4-lot) at 872.50; and
        Trade 9 TON 5 (1-lot) trades with TON 10 (1-lot) at 872.50.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 867.50 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 874.00, the market will not trade past a price of 868.00. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON


















TON 6
10
86750
86750
5
TON 11






86750
10
TON 12










Due to a manual intervention, the instrument will not re-open until an Exchange administrator performs an alternate manual intervention to re-open the market.
In a sixth example, a price comparison to a multiple of the no-bust range occurs. When a sell order enters the market for a quantity of 1 at 865.75, a cascade of stop orders are triggered. The minimum price that may be traded for the first trading iteration is 859.75 (1×) and the minimum price that may be traded for the second iteration is 853.75 (2×). The ESM3 market will be reserved at 859.75 (one iteration) and 853.75 (two iterations).










ESM3













TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY

TON
















TON 1
10
86575
86550
10
Stop (86575)
TON 8


TON 2
5
86550
86450
5
Stop (86550)
TON 9


TON 3
5
86500
86200
5
Stop (87300)
TON 10


TON 4
5
86450
86250
5
Stop (87250)
TON 11


TON 5
1
86250
86150
5
Stop (87250)
TON 12


TON 6
10
86200
85300
10
Stop (87250)
TON 13


TON 7
5
85300





86575
1

Incoming1









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Sell of 1 @ 865.75 enters market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 865.75;
        TON 8-Stop (86575) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 1 (9-lot) trades with TON 8 (9-lot) at 865.75;
        Trade 3 TON 2 (1-lot) trades with TON 8 (1-lot) at 865.50;
        TON 9-Stop (86550) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 2 (4-lot) trades with TON 9 (4-lot) at 865.50;
        Trade 5 TON 3 (1-lot) trades with TON 9 (1-lot) at 865.00;
        TON 10 Stop (86500) is triggered by Trade 5;
        Trade 6 TON 3 (4-lot) trades with TON 10 (4-lot) at 865.00;
        Trade 7 TON 4 (1-lot) trades with TON 10 (1-lot) at 864.50;
        TON 11-Stop (86450) is triggered by Trade 7;
        Trade 8 TON 4 (4-lot) trades with TON 11 (4-lot) at 864.50;
        Trade 9 TON 5 (1-lot) trades with TON 11 (1-lot) at 862.50;
        TON 12-Stop (86250) is triggered by Trade 9;
        Trade 10 TON 6 (5-lot) trades with TON 12 (5-lot) at 862.00;
        TON 13-Stop (86200) is triggered by Trade 10; and
        Trade 11 TON 6 (5-lot) trades with TON 13 (5-lot) at 862.00.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 853.00 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 865.75, the market will not trade past a price of 859.75 (1×) and 853.75 (2×). The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON







TON 7
5
85300
85300
5
TON 13










After waiting a predetermined length of time, if the indicative opening price (853.00) is greater than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second time iteration. In this example, the market will repeat a second iteration in a reserve state. After the second iteration, the market will again validate the indicative opening price and the market will re-open because the indicative opening price (853.00) is within the new price range.

    
    
        Trade 12 TON 7 (5-lot) trades with TON 13 (5-lot) at 853.00.
    
    


In a seventh example, an instrument is scheduled to close before the expiration of the stop price validation variable. If the instrument is currently in a reserve state due to a no bust range violation, the instrument will proceed to a closed state. The following sequence illustrates this example:

    
    
        Price logic is violated due to the triggering of a stop order violating the no bust range.
        The market is placed in a reserved state for an initial iteration of a predetermined time.
        While the timer is measuring the timing interval, a group controller closes the instrument.
        The stop price validation parameter is reset due to an override by the group controller.
    
    


In an eighth example, an imbalance condition occurs during execution of a single conditional order. The minimum price that can be traded for this trading iteration is 854.00.










ESM3













TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY

TON
















TON 1
1
86000
85300
6
Stop (86000)
TON 6


TON 2
1
85900


TON 3
1
85800


TON 4
2
85400


TON 5
1
85300





86000
1

Incoming1









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming 1—Sell of 1 @ 860.00 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 860.00;
        TON 6-Stop (86000) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 2 (1-lot) trades with TON 6 (1-lot) at 859.00;
        Trade 3 TON 3 (1-lot) trades with TON 6 (1-lot) at 858.00; and
        Trade 4 TON 4 (2-lot) trades with TON 6 (2-lot) at 854.00.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 853.00 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 860.00, the market will not trade past a price of 854.00. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON







TON 5
1
85300
85300
2
TON 6










After waiting a predetermined length of time, if the indicative opening price is greater than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second time iteration. In this example, the market will be allowed to open at the end of the five second delay and the following trade will take place:

    
    
        Trade 5 TON 5 (1-lot) trades with TON 6 (2-lot) at 853.00.
    
    












ESM3












QTY
BID
ASK
QTY














853.00
1










In a ninth example, the market is in a reserved state. Additional orders are entered which alter the indicative opening price and allow the market to open. If the new limit orders were not entered, the market would have remained reserved due to violation of the no bust limit.










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 21
Stop (85400)
5
85525
85400
1
TON 1


TON 20
Stop (85525)
5
85625
85525
5
TON 2


TON 19
Stop (85625)
5
85775
85625
5
TON 3


TON 18
Stop (85775)
5
85950
85775
5
TON 4


TON 17
Stop (85950)
5
86025
85950
5
TON 5


TON 16
Stop (86025)
5
86350
86025
5
TON 7


TON 10
Stop (86550)
5
86600
86600
5
TON 6


TON 9
Stop (86550)
5
86650
86650
5
TON 8


Incoming1

1
854.00









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Buy of 1 @ 854.00 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 854.00;
        TON 21-Stop (85400) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 21 (5-lot) trades with TON 2 (5-lot) at 855.25;
        TON 20-Stop (85525) is triggered by Trade 2;
        Trade 3 TON 20 (5-lot) trades with TON 3 (5-lot) at 856.25;
        TON 19-Stop (85625) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 19 (5-lot) trades with TON 4 (5-lot) at 857.75;
        TON 18-Stop (85775) is triggered by Trade 4;
        Trade 5 TON 18 (5-lot) trades with TON 5 (5-lot) at 859.50; and
        TON 17-Stop (85950) is triggered by Trade 5.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 860.25 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 854.00, the market will not trade past a price of 860.00. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 17

5
86025
86025
5
TON 6


Incoming3

5
86650
86550
5
Incoming4


Incoming2

5
86650
86550
5
Incoming3


TON 10
Stop (86650)
5
86600
86600
5
TON 7


TON 9
Stop (86650)
5
86650
86650
5
TON 8









As shown, during the reserve state, new orders were received. Due to the incoming orders, the indicative opening price is now 866.00. After waiting a predetermined length of time, if the indicative opening price (866.00) is greater than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second iteration. In this example, the market will be allowed to reopen because the indicative opening price (866.00) is within the new range (866.00).

    
    
        TON 1 0-Stop (86650) and TON 9-Stop (86650) is triggered by the indicative opening price;
        Trade 6 TON 10 (5-lot) trades with Inc 4 (5-lot) at 866.00;
        Trade 7 TON 9 (5-lot) trades with Inc 5 (5-lot) at 866.00;
        Trade 8 Inc 3 (5-lot) trades with TON 7 (5-lot) at 866.00; and
        Trade 9 Inc 2 (5-lot) trades with TON 6 (5-lot) at 866.00.
    
    












ESM3












QTY
BID
ASK
QTY







5
86025
86650
5










In an tenth example, the market is reserved. The indicative opening price is a better bid that violates the no bust range and the market remains reserved.










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 11
Stop (85400)
5
85525
85400
1
TON 1


TON 10
Stop (85525)
5
85625
85525
5
TON 2


TON 9
Stop (85625)
5
85775
85625
5
TON 3


TON 8
Stop (85775)
5
85950
85775
5
TON 4


TON 7
Stop (85950)
5
86625
85950
5
TON 5






86625
5
TON 6


Incoming1

1
854.00









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Buy of 1 @ 854.00 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 854.00;
        TON 11-Stop (85400) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 11 (5-lot) trades with TON 2 (5-lot) at 855.25;
        TON 10-Stop (85525) is triggered by Trade 2;
        Trade 3 TON 10 (5-lot) trades with TON 3 (5-lot) at 856.25;
        TON 9-Stop (85625) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 9 (5-lot) trades with TON 4 (5-lot) at 857.75;
        TON 8-Stop (85775) is triggered by Trade 4;
        Trade 5 TON 8 (5-lot) trades with TON 5 (5-lot) at 859.50; and
        TON 7-Stop (85950) is triggered by Trade 5.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 866.25 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 854.00, the market will not trade past a price of 860.00. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON







TON 7
5
86625
86625
5
TON 6










During the reserved state, the remaining offer is cancelled (TON 6) and a new order is entered at a price of 867.00. The indicative opening price is currently an 867.OOB (better bid).










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON







TON 8
5
86700






TON 7
5
86625










After waiting a predetermined length of time, the indicative opening price (867.00B) is outside the no bust range of 866.00 (2×6.00) and the market will remain in reserved state for a second iteration. After the second iteration is exhausted, the indicative opening price lies within the no bust range and the market opens.
In an eleventh example, the market is reserved. Upon validation of an indicative opening price (an indicative opening price that is a better offer (A)), the market remains reserved because the indicative opening price violates the no bust range.










ESM3













TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY

TON
















TON 1
1
86525
86450
5
Stop (86525)
TON 7


TON 2
5
86450
86400
5
Stop (86450)
TON 8


TON 3
5
86400
86300
5
Stop (86400)
TON 9


TON 4
5
86300
85300
5
Stop (86300)
TON 10


TON 5
5
85300





86525
1

Incoming1









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Sell of 1 @ 865.25 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 865.25;
        TON 7-Stop (86525) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 2 (5-lot) trades with TON 7 (5-lot) at 864.50;
        TON 8-Stop (86450) is triggered by Trade 2;
        Trade 3 TON 3 (5-lot) trades with TON 8 (5-lot) at 864.00;
        TON 9-Stop (86400) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 4 (5-lot) trades with TON 9 (5-lot) at 863.00; and
        TON 10-Stop (86300) is triggered by Trade 4.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 853.00 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 865.25, the market will not trade past a price of 859.25. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON







TON 5
5
85300
85300
5
TON 10










During the reserved state, the remaining bid is cancelled (TON 5) and a better offer enters the market. —The indicative opening price is currently an 852.00A (better offer).










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON















85300
5
TON 10



85200
5
TON 11










After waiting a predetermined length of time, the indicative opening price (852.00) is outside the no bust range of 853.25 (2×6.00) and the market will remain in reserved state for a second iteration. After the second iteration is exhausted, the indicative opening price will lie inside the no bust range and the market opens.
In the twelfth example, the market is reserved. Upon validation of an indicative opening price, (an indicative opening price that is a better bid (B)) the market opens because the indicative opening price no longer violates the no bust range.










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 11
Stop (85400)
5
85525
85400
1
TON 1


TON 10
Stop (85525)
5
85625
85525
5
TON 2


TON 9
Stop (85625)
5
85775
85625
5
TON 3


TON 8
Stop (85775)
5
85950
85775
5
TON 4


TON 7
Stop (85950)
5
86025
85950
5
TON 5






86025
5
TON 6


Incoming1

1
854.00









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Buy of 1 @ 854.00 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 854.00;
        TON 11-Stop (85400) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 11 (5-lot) trades with TON 2 (5-lot) at 855.25;
        TON 10-Stop (85525) is triggered by Trade 2;
        Trade 3 TON 10 (5-lot) trades with TON 3 (5-lot) at 856.25;
        TON 9-Stop (85625) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 9 (5-lot) trades with TON 4 (5-lot) at 857.75;
        TON 8-Stop (85775) is triggered by Trade 4;
        Trade 5 TON 8 (5-lot) trades with TON 5 (5-lot) at 859.50; and
        TON 7-Stop (85950) is triggered by Trade 5.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 860.25 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 854.00, the market will not trade past a price of 860.00. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON







TON 7
5
86025
86025
5
TON 6










During the reserved state, the remaining offer is cancelled (TON 6). After waiting a preset length of time, the indicative opening price will be the bid price (860.25) which is no longer in violation of the no bust range (866.00) and the market opens.
In a thirteenth example, the market is reserved. Upon a validation of the indicative opening price (an indicative opening price that is a better offer (A) that no longer violates the no bust range) the market opens.










ESM3













TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY

TON
















TON 1
1
86525
86450
5
Stop (86525)
TON 7


TON 2
5
86450
86400
5
Stop (86450)
TON 8


TON 3
5
86400
86300
5
Stop (86400)
TON 9


TON 4
5
86300
85900
5
Stop (86300)
TON 10


TON 5
5
85900





86525
1

Incoming1









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Sell of 1 @ 865.25 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 865.25;
        TON 7-Stop (86525) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 2 (5-lot) trades with TON 7 (5-lot) at 864.SO;
        TON 8-Stop (86450) is triggered by Trade 2;
        Trade 3 TON 3 (5-lot) trades with TON 8 (5-lot) at 864.00;
        TON 9-Stop (86400) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 4 (5-lot) trades with TON 9 (5-lot) at 863.00; and
        TON 10-Stop (86300) is triggered by Trade 4.
    
    


The market is placed in a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 859.00 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 865.25, the market will not trade past a price of 859.25. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3














TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON







TON 5
5
85900
85900
5
TON 10










During the reserved state, the remaining bid is cancelled (TON 5). After waiting a preset length of time, the indicative opening price is the offer price (859.00) which is no longer in violation of the no bust range (853.25) and the market opens.
When a buy order enters the market for a quantity of 1 at 861.00, a cascade of stop orders is triggered in a fourteenth example.










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















TON 6
Stop (86100)
5
86250
86100
1
TON 1


TON 7
Stop (86250)
5
86350
86250
5
TON 2


TON 8
Stop (86350)
5
86450
86350
5
TON 3


TON 9
Stop (86450)
5
86850
86450
5
TON 4


TON 10
Stop (86450)
5
86875
86800
5
TON 5


TON 11
Stop (86450)
10
86900


Incoming1

1
86100









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Buy of 1 @ 873.75 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming 1, TON 12 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 86100;
        TON 6-Stop (86100) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 2 (5-lot) trades with TON 6 (5-lot) at 862.50;
        TON 7-Stop (86250) is triggered by Trade 2;
        Trade 3 TON 3 (5-lot) trades with TON 7 (5-lot) at 863.50;
        TON 8-Stop (86350) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 4 (5-lot) trades with TON 8 (5-lot) at 864.50; and
        TON 9-Stop (86450), TON 10 (86450) and TON 11 (86450) are triggered by Trade4.
    
    


The market is placed into a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 868.50 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 861.00, the market will not trade past a price of 867.00. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON
















INCOMING 2
indicative
10
86025
86875
12
TON 5



opening



price


TON 9

5
86850


TON 10

5
86875


TON 11

5
86900









During the first iteration, a second incoming order is entered which generates a bias on the bid side of the market. The indicative opening price generated after the second incoming order enters a 10-lot on the bid side and a 12-lot on the offer side at a price of 868.75. After waiting a predetermined length of time, if the indicative opening price is greater than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second time iteration. In this example, the market opens at the end of a five second delay because the indicative opening price (868.75) is not outside the no bust range (873.00). The following trades then take place:

    
    
        Trade 7 TON 10 (5-lot) trades with TON 5 (5-lot) at 868.75;
        Trade 8 TON 11 (5-lot) trades with TON 5 (5-lot) at 868.75; and
        Trade 9 Incoming2 (2-lot) trades with TON 5 (2-lot at 868.75).
    
    












ESM3












QTY
BID
ASK
QTY







8
868.75





5
868.50










When a sell order enters the market for a quantity of 1 at 861.00, a cascade of stop orders is triggered in a fifteenth example. The minimum price that can be traded in this trading iteration is 859.25.










ESM3













TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY

TON
















TON 1
1
865.25
864.50
5
Stop (865.25)
TON 6


TON 2
5
864.50
864.00
5
Stop (864.50)
TON 7


TON 3
5
864.00
863.00
5
Stop (864.00)
TON 8


TON 4
5
863.00
859.00
5
Stop (863.00)
TON 9


TON 5
5
859.00
858.50
5
Stop (863.00)
TON 10





858.00
5
Stop (863.00)
TON 11





Incoming1
1

TON 12









With the market in a continuous trading state, the following sequence occurs if Incoming1—Buy of 1 @ 873.75 enters the market:

    
    
        Trade 1 Incoming1, TON 12 (1-lot) trades with TON 1 (1-lot) at 865.25;
        TON 6 (865.25) is triggered by Trade 1;
        Trade 2 TON 2 (5-lot) trades with TON 6 (5-lot) at 864.50;
        TON 7 (864.50) 864.00 is triggered by Trade 2;
        Trade 3 TON 3 (5-lot) trades with TON 7 (5-lot) at 864.00;
        TON 8 (86350) is triggered by Trade 3;
        Trade 4 TON 4 (5-lot) trades with TON 8 (5-lot) at 863.00; and
        TON 9 (86300), TON 10 (86300) and TON 11 (86300) are triggered by Trade 4.
    
    


The market is placed into a reserved state because the trade that would occur at a price of 859.00 would violate the no bust range. The no bust range for ES is currently six. Since the stop iteration began with a trade price of 865.25, the market will not trade past a price of 859.25. The order book will display the following in a reserved state:










ESM3












TON
QTY
BID
ASK
QTY
TON















TON 5
12
859.00
859.00
5
TON 9





858.75
10
Incoming 2





858.50
5





858.00
5









During the first iteration a second incoming order entered generates a bias on the sell side of the market. The indicative opening price generated after the second incoming order enters a 12-lot on the bid side and 10-lot on the offer side with an indicative opening price of 858.75. After waiting a predetermined length of time, if the indicative opening price is greater than twice the no bust range (12.00 from the original last price), the market will remain in a reserved state for a second time iteration. In this example, the market will open at the end of a five second delay because the indicative opening price (858.75) is not outside the no bust range (853.25).

    
    
        Trade 7 TON 10 (5-lot) trades with TON 5 (5-lot) at 858.75;
        Trade 8 TON 11 (5-lot) trades with TON 5 (5-lot) at 858.75; and
        Trade 9 Incoming2 (2-lot) trades with TON 5 (2-lot) at 858.75.
    
    


While some embodiments of the invention have been described, it should be apparent that many more embodiments and implementations are possible and are within the scope of this invention. It is intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention.

## Claims

1. A stop-loss computer system that mitigates the effects of a market spike caused by the triggering and the election of a stop order, the stop-loss computer system comprising:
a processor and memory coupled therewith;
an evaluation logic stored on the memory and executable by the processor that monitors stop orders submitted to a trading engine in an automated matching system in real time, the evaluation logic being configured to automatically compare an execution price of a stop order to a first predefined price range;
a delay logic stored on the memory and executable by the processor that delays the matching of the stop orders submitted to the trading engine when the price of a transaction lies outside of the first predefined price range;
a pricing logic stored on the memory and executable by the processor that derives an opening price to be used by the trading engine; and
a timing logic stored on the memory and executable by the processor that measures a time interval used to delay a matching of the stop orders until the opening price is within a second predefined price range.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein the first predefined price range is based on a no-bust range.

3. The system of claim 1 wherein the first predefined price range comprises a varying price range that changes with the time of day.

4. The system of claim 1 wherein the first predefined price range comprises a varying price range that changes with a market volatility.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein the first predefined price range comprises a varying price range and the time interval comprises a varying time interval, the varying price range and the varying time interval being based on a time of day and a market volatility.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the second-predefined price range comprises a multiple of a no-bust range.

7. The system of claim 1 wherein the opening price comprises an equilibrium price that falls substantially between the prices of the pending bids and the prices of the pending offers.

8. The system of claim 1 wherein the opening price is derived to fall substantially within an overlap of pending bid and offer prices.

9. The system of claim 1 wherein the timing logic delays a matching of the orders until the opening price is within the second predefined price range or a period of time lapses.

10. The system of claim 1 wherein the timing logic delays a matching of the orders until the opening price is within the second predefined price range or a period of time lapses or a manual intervention occurs.

11. The system of claim 1 further comprising a matching system coupled to the evaluation logic.

12. The system of claim 11 wherein the matching system comprises one or more matching systems selected from the group comprising a first in, first out system, an allocation system, and a hybrid of a price and time priority.

13. The system of claim 1 further comprising a control center coupled to the evaluation logic.

14. The system of claim 1 further comprising a messaging system coupled to the evaluation logic.

15. The system of claim 1 further comprising a wireless messaging system coupled to the evaluation logic.

16. The system of claim 1 wherein the time interval varies with a time of day.

17. The system of claim 1 wherein the first predefined price range comprises a synthetic no bust range.

18. A computer implemented stop-loss method that mitigates the effects of a market spike caused by the triggering and the election of a stop order comprising:
monitoring, by a processor in real time, orders submitted to a trading engine in an automated matching system;
comparing, automatically by the processor, an execution price of a stop order to a first predefined price range;
delaying the matching of the orders submitted to the trading engine when the price of a transaction lies outside of the first predefined price range;
deriving, by the processor, an opening price to be used by the trading engine; and
measuring, by the processor, a time interval used to delay a matching of the orders until the opening price is within a second predefined price range.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein the opening price comprises an equilibrium price that falls substantially between the prices of the pending bids and the prices of the pending offers.

20. A stop-loss apparatus that mitigates the effects of a market spike caused by the triggering and the election of a stop order, the apparatus comprising:
a non-transitory computer readable medium operable to store data indicating orders submitted to a trading engine; and
a spike control processor coupled with the non-transitory computer readable medium, the spike control processor configured to monitor the orders submitted to the trading engine in real time and automatically compare an execution price of a stop order to a first predefined price range, delay the matching of the orders submitted to the trading engine when the price of a transaction lies outside of the first predefined price range, derive an equilibrium price that falls substantially between the prices of the pending bids and the prices of the pending offers submitted to the trading engine during a delay of the matching of orders, and measure a time interval used to delay a matching of the orders until the equilibrium price is within a second predefined price range.