# Patent

## Title
Executing native-code applications in a browser

## Abstract

Techniques for leveraging legacy code to deploy native-code desktop applications over a network (e.g., the Web) are described herein. These techniques include executing an application written in native code within a memory region that hardware of a computing device enforces. For instance, page-protection hardware (e.g., a memory management unit) or segmentation hardware may protect this region of memory in which the application executes. The techniques may also provide a narrow system call interface out of this memory region by dynamically enforcing system calls made by the application. Furthermore, these techniques may enable a browser of the computing device to function as an operating system for the native-code application. These techniques thus allow for execution of native-code applications on a browser of a computing device and, hence, over the Web in a resource-efficient manner and without sacrificing security of the computing device.

## Background
BACKGROUND
Developers have spent decades developing an abundance of desktop applications for execution on local machines of users. These applications include word processors, drawing applications, games and countless others. Since the development of many of these applications, however, users have begun to desire applications that are made available over a network (e.g., the Internet) rather than simply on a local machine of the user.
Because of this desire, developers have now begun the task of providing the functionality of previously-written desktop applications over the Web. Unfortunately, developers wrote many or all of these desktop applications in a type-unsafe language, such as C or C++. Based in large part on security concerns, the code of these applications typically cannot execute safely within a browser and, hence, has by and large not been made available for consumption over the Web. Instead, some developers have simply begun re-writing desktop applications (or applications similar to the previously-written desktop applications) in a type-safe language that a browser may utilize.
While re-writing applications for deployment over the Web may make sense in some circumstances, this strategy requires enormous monetary and time resources and fails to leverage the work that developers have already completed over the past several decades.
SUMMARY
Techniques for leveraging legacy code to deploy native-code desktop applications over a network (e.g., the Web) are described herein. These techniques include executing an application written in native code within a memory region that hardware of a computing device enforces. For instance, page-protection hardware (e.g., a memory management unit) or segmentation hardware may protect this region of memory in which the application executes. The techniques may also provide a narrow system call interface out of this memory region by dynamically enforcing system calls made by the application. Furthermore, these techniques may enable a browser of the computing device to function as an operating system for the native-code application. These techniques thus allow for execution of native-code applications on a browser of a computing device and, hence, over the Web in a resource-efficient manner and without sacrificing security of the computing device.
This summary is provided to introduce concepts relating to user interfaces. These techniques are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended for use in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to reference like features and components.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing architecture including multiple content providers that host native-code applications and a client computing device that a user operates. Within this architecture, the user may execute a native-code application on a browser of the client computing device in a secure and efficient manner.
FIGS. 2-3 comprise a flow diagram illustrating an example process for enabling secure and efficient deployment of native-code applications over a network, such as the Web, utilizing the computing device architecture of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the client computing device of FIG. 1 in more detail. As illustrated, this computing device includes a hardware isolation boundary in which the native-code application executes. This device also includes a narrow interface for the application to call to request system services. FIG. 4 further illustrates that the browser of the computing device may provide these system services and, hence, may function as an operating system for the application.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of an example process for deploying native-code desktop applications over a network with use of the techniques described herein.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The disclosure describes techniques for enabling users to safely and efficiently execute applications written in potentially unsafe and potentially un-trusted code on browsers of client computing devices. For instance, a user may send a request to execute a particular native-code application over a network, such as the Web, to a server that hosts the application. In response to the request, the server may serve native code of the application to the computing device of the user. The computing device may then assign a portion of memory to the received native code. In some instances, hardware of the computing device enforces reads and writes made by the application from this portion of the memory. For instance, page-protection hardware (e.g., a memory management unit), segmentation hardware, or another type of hardware may enforce the portion of memory that the computing device assigns to the native-code application.
After assigning the portion of memory to the native code, this code may safely execute within this portion of memory. Because the computing device comes equipped with the hardware that enforces this memory region, the native code may execute without placing an additional burden on the computing device. That is, the hardware enforcing the memory performs this function in parallel to the executing of the application and, hence, does not place a significant speed penalty on the execution of the application.
In addition, the techniques described herein provide a secure interface that allows the native-code application to make calls for system services. To do this in a secure manner, the techniques prevent the application (and its un-trusted code) from making calls through the standard system call (sys call) interface. Additionally, the techniques only allow the application to call a much narrower interface. This narrow interface dynamically enforces the system calls and, for calls that the interface deems permissible, passes the system calls on to a browser of the computing device on which the application runs. As such, this interface prevents the application from calling an underlying operating system (OS) of the computing device and, in lieu of the OS, enables the browser to function as the OS for the native-code application.
By bounding this native-code application into a region of memory protected by hardware of the computing device, the described techniques ensure that this application does not gain access to memory outside of this region (e.g., to the kernel of the computing device). Additionally and as noted above, because the computing device already includes the hardware enforcing this memory and because this hardware already performs this function, the described techniques efficiently enforce the memory protection without placing a speed penalty on the application.
Furthermore, by providing a narrow interface that only passes certain predefined specified commands outside of the memory region, the native code is unable to issue potentially malicious instructions to the operating system. Next, by routing system calls made by the application to the browser, the techniques enable the browser to provide existing services to the application and, hence, enable the browse to function as the operating system for the native code application with little or no modification to the browser. As a result, the techniques facilitate the running of native-code applications in an exceedingly efficient manner that is as secure as other functions performed by the browser. Finally and as discussed below, the techniques necessitate only slight modifications to the native-code applications for the applications to execute as explained above.
The discussion begins with a section entitled “Example Computing Architecture,” which describes one non-limiting environment that may implement the described techniques. This section also pictorially illustrates a process of deploying a native-code application for execution within a browser of a computing device. Next, a section entitled “Example Computing Device” and its numerous sub-sections illustrate and describe additional components that may be used to implement the described techniques in some implementations. A third and final section, entitled “Example Process”, describes an example process for deploying native-code applications over a network, such as the Web.
This brief introduction, including section titles and corresponding summaries, is provided for the reader's convenience and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims, nor the proceeding sections.
Example Computing Architecture
FIG. 1 illustrates an example computer architecture 100 that may implement the described techniques for leveraging legacy code to deploy native-code desktop applications over a network (e.g., the Web). The architecture 100 includes a user 102 operating a computing device 104 to access one or more content providers 106(1), 106(2), . . . , 106(N) over a network 108. As illustrated, each of the content providers 106(1)-(N) includes a respective database 110(1), 110(2), . . . , 110(N) that stores or otherwise has access to a respective set of one or more applications 112(1), 112(2), . . . , 112(N) that are written in native code. This native code may comprise, for instance, code of a type-safe language and/or a type-unsafe language (e.g., C, C++, etc).
Here, the user 102 operating the computing device 104 accesses a content provider (e.g., the content provider 106(1)) over the network 108 to access an application (e.g., the application 112(1)) written in native code. This application may comprise a word processing application, a drawing application, a game, or any other type of application. The network 108 is representative of any one or combination of multiple different types of networks, interconnected with each other and functioning as a single large network (e.g., the Internet or an intranet). The network 108 may include wire-based networks (e.g., cable) and wireless networks (e.g., cellular, satellite, etc.). The network 108 may use any number of protocols and configurations to enable the computing device 104 to access other devices and resources.
The computing device 104 of the user 102, meanwhile, may comprise a personal computer, a laptop computer, a thin client, a mobile telephone, a portable music player or any other sort of suitable computing device. As illustrated, the computing device 104 here comprises a personal computer that includes hardware 114 and memory 116, which resides upon hardware 114. The hardware 114 may include some or all hardware traditionally found in a computing device, such as one or more processors 118 as well as hardware configured to enforce memory isolation boundaries and configured to enforce requests for reads and writes from applications executing within the boundaries. This hardware may comprise page-protection hardware (e.g., a memory management unit), segmentation hardware (i.e., segment registers) or any other hardware configured to enforce memory isolation boundaries and requested reads and writes.
As illustrated, the memory 116 of the computing device 104 includes a hardware-isolation boundary 120, enforced by a component of the hardware 114. The memory also includes an operating system 122 as well as a browser 124 that enables the user 102 to access the content provider 106(1) over the network 108.
In response to sending a request (e.g., via the browser 124) to the content provider 106(1) to execute the native-code application 112(1), the content provider 106(1) provides a portion or all of the application to the device 104 of the user 102. As illustrated, the device 104 then assigns a portion of memory 126—bounded by the hardware-isolation boundary 120—to the native-code application 112(1). Because the boundary 120 contains the application 112(1), the application is unable to access memory outside of the assigned portion of memory 126. As such, the application is unable to perform malicious acts outside of this area and, hence is unable to seriously harm the device 104 of the user 102.
Furthermore, because the hardware 114 of the device enforces this memory region in which the application executes, and because this hardware 114 already performs this type of task, the cost of this security is extremely low.
In addition to containing the native-code application 112(1) within the assigned portion of memory 126, the computing device 104 also provides a narrow interface 128 between the portion of memory 126 and the browser 124. This narrow interface 128 functions to block all but a few system calls made by the application 112(1). Furthermore, when the application makes a proper system call, the interface (and additional components described with reference to FIG. 2) route these calls to the browser 124. As such, the browser 124 is able to provide the requested services and is able to function as an operating system for the native-code application 112(1).
As the reader appreciates, the narrow interface 128 thus provides security to the computing device 104 by disallowing calls to any place other than the browser 124. As such, the native-code application 112(1) is unable to access trusted areas of the device 104 and is unable to seriously harm the computing device 104. In fact, because the described techniques enable the native-code application 112(1) to execute with use of existing services provided by the browser 124, in some instances these techniques require that no additional functionality be added to the browser 124. Also for this reason, the techniques provide security that is no less secure than operations typically performed by the browser 124 (e.g., accessing a website, running Flash objects, etc.).
Taken together, the architecture 100 of FIG. 1 enables a user 102 to access a native-code application 112 over the network 108 and execute the application on a local device 104 of the user 102. These techniques contain the application in a hardware-enforced region of memory 126 and provide a narrow interface 128 that only allows the application 112(1) to run within a browser 124 of the device 104. As such, these techniques enable content providers 106(1)-(N) to deploy applications that have been years and decades in the making over the web in a secure manner and, as discussed below, with only slight modifications to the deployed applications.
Having described one of many architectures that may employ the described techniques, FIGS. 2-3 illustrate an example process 200 for deploying native-code applications.
The process 200 includes a computing device 104 of the user 102 sending a request for a native-code application 112(1) to a content provider 106(1) over a network 108 at an operation 202. At an operation 204, the content provider 160(1) sends native code of the application 112(1) to the computing device 104 in response to receiving the request. Next, at an operation 206, the computing device 104 assigns a portion of memory 126 that is enforced by hardware 114 to the native-code application 112(1). The computing device 104 then loads and executes the native-code application 112(1) in the assigned portion of memory 126 at an operation 208.
FIG. 3 continues the illustration of the process 200. At an operation 210 the computing device 104 provides a narrow interface 128 to the native-code application 112(1). This narrow interface dynamically enforces system calls made by the application. When the application 112(1) makes a proper call to the interface 128, the interface routes the call to a monitor (described in detail below), which in turn routes the call to a browser 124 of the device 104 at an operation 212. By receiving these calls and providing existing browser services to the application, the browser is able to function as an operating system for the application 112(1).
With this process 200 in mind, the following section describes in more detail an example computing device to implement the described techniques.
Example Computing Device
FIG. 4 shows additional details of an implementation of the computing device 104 configured to implement the described techniques. The computing device 104 may be representative of any number of devices, including, for example, a personal computer, a portable computer, a communication device, an entertainment device, and so forth. As illustrated, the device 104 again includes the hardware 114 and the memory 116. Here, the hardware 114 includes page-protection hardware 402, such as a memory management unit of the computing device 104. The memory 116, meanwhile, includes computer-readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as Random Access Memory (RAM) and/or non-volatile memory, such as Read Only Memory (ROM) or flash RAM. The memory 116 also stores an operating system 122 and may store one or more application programs that are accessible by and executable on the processor 118. The memory 116 may further store various forms of content.
The memory 116 also includes the native-code application 112(1) (acquired by the user 102 over the network 108). As illustrated, the page-protection hardware 402 functions to create a hardware-enforced isolation boundary 404 around the region of memory 126 in which the application 112(1) resides. As such, the application is allowed to operate within this region of memory 126 but not outside this region. In addition, the application 112(1) may make certain system calls outside of this region 126 via a narrow interface 128 and, optionally, through a platform abstraction layer (PAL) 406. As described in detail below, the PAL 406 may translate calls made from the application in a manner appropriate for the type of operating system 122 on the device 104. That is, the PAL 406 may translate these calls in a certain way for a Windows® operating system and in another way for a Linux® operating system, for example.
Furthermore, once these calls pass through the interface 128, a monitor 408 routes these calls to the browser 124. As such, the monitor 408 and the browser 124 together provide services to the application 112(1) and, hence, act as an operating system for the application. In some instances, the browser 124 comprises the monitor 408 as well as the traditional functionality of the browser. In combination, the browser 124 and the monitor 408 may simply provide only existing traditional services to the application. For instance, the browser may provide memory management (e.g., allocation and de-allocation) memory input/output (10), storage 10, object caching, user input, and other services to the native-code application 112(1).
In other instances, however, the browser 124 may be modified to include additional functionality and, hence, to provide additional or different services to the native-code application 112(1). For instance, the browser may expose a video display block image transfer (BLIT) interface to the application. This interface may form a portion of the narrow interface 128. By configuring the browser to expose this video blitting interface, the application may execute a block image transfer to the browser 124 each time the application wishes to display an image within the browser 124. While this interface requires the adding of functionality to the browser 124, enabling the application to “BLIT” image representations creates a secure and easy way for applications of any kind to display desired images in the browser 124. Similarly, in some instances the browser may be modified to include an audio channel interface that is exposed to the native-code application. Again, such an interface may form a portion of the illustrated narrow interface 128 and may allow an array of different applications to safely and easily send desired audio for output of the audio via the browser 124.
FIG. 4 also illustrates that one or more libraries 410 (standard or otherwise) may be included in the portion of memory 126 assigned to the application and, as such, may be accessible by the application 112(1). This region may also include a loader 412 and a boot block 414 to load and initialize the application, as discussed in detail below.
In some instances, the techniques described with reference to FIGS. 1-4 may be implemented via a plug-in to the browser 124, although other implementations may use other technologies. In each instance, however, the techniques strive to meet the following four design goals: security, operating system (OS) independence, performance and legacy support.
Addressing security first, the particular form of security required for web applications comprises protecting the client computing device 104 against malicious code. Part of what makes web applications attractive is that they are supposed to run safely without requiring explicit trust assumptions from the user 102. This stands in contrast to installed desktop applications, which have nearly unfettered access to the client computing device 104, so users make trust assumptions whenever they install a desktop program from a compact disc (CD) or via the Internet. Web applications are considered safe because they execute within a sandbox that sharply restricts the reach of the program.
Next, the techniques strive for OS-independence. Unlike desktop applications, web applications are not tied to a particular operating system, because they do not make direct use of OS services. Instead, web applications invoke services provided by the browser or by a browser plug-in, which is responsible for exporting the same interface and semantics across OS implementations. Ideally, web applications are also independent of the particular browser in which they run.
In addition, the techniques described herein strive to enable high performance of the application 112(1) running on the computing device 104. Simple web applications, such as web pages with dynamic menus, may not require much performance from their execution environments. However, the performance demands may be significant for feature-rich applications that provide functionality comparable to desktop applications, such as animated 3D rendering.
Finally, the techniques strive to enable legacy support for native-code applications, such as the native code application 112(1) shown in the device 104 of FIG. 4. Again, leveraging existing applications is highly preferable to developing complex, feature-rich applications, which requires an enormous effort and an enormous cost.
To accomplish the four goals, the described techniques including the following four main concepts, described above and now described in detail below: (1) executing a native-code application 112(1) behind a hardware-enforced memory region 126 and providing a narrow interface 128 from the region (i.e., a “picoprocess”); (2) providing a platform abstraction layer (PAL) 406 to provide an OS-independent Application Binary Interface (ABI) 416; (3) providing hooks to existing browser mechanisms to provide applications with system services (e.g., network communication, user interface, local storage, etc.) that respect browser security policies, and (4) lightweight modifications to existing tool chains and code bases of the native-code applications for retargeting legacy code to the environment of FIG. 4.
The Picoprocess
The first technique is the picoprocess, which can be thought of as a stripped-down virtual machine without emulated physical devices, MMU, or CPU kernel mode. Alternatively, a picoprocess can be thought of as a highly restricted OS process that is prevented from making kernel calls. In either view, a picoprocess is a single hardware-memory-isolated address space with strictly user-mode CPU execution and a very narrow interface to the world outside the picoprocess, as illustrated in FIG. 4.
A browser plug-in that includes the monitor 408 may create the picoprocesses. Like a virtual machine monitor (in the VM analogy) or an OS kernel (in the OS process analogy), the monitor 408 is part of the browser's trusted code base, (“TCB”), so keeping the monitor small is important. The picoprocess communicates by making calls to the monitor 408.
Because the monitor 408 uses OS services to create and manage picoprocesses, it is necessarily OS-specific. Moreover, to ease the implementation burden and help keep the monitor 408 simple, the described techniques do not generally enforce a standard narrow interface. The specific set of calls, as well as the call invocation mechanism, may vary depending on the underlying OS platform. The discussion below describes some differences regarding Linux® and Windows® implementations. In terms of functionality, the provided calls provide means for memory allocation and de-allocation, raw communication with the browser, raw communication with the origin server, access to uniform resource location (URL) query parameters, and picoprocess exit.
The simplicity of the narrow interface makes it very easy to implement on commodity operating systems, which assists OS-independence. This simplicity also aids security, since it is much easier to reason about the security aspects of a narrow interface with simple semantics than a wide interface with complex semantics. Because a picoprocess executes native code, it typically provides good performance. However, it is not necessarily clear that this architecture supports legacy code that was written with the expectation of running in an OS process with access to rich OS services. The discussion addresses this point below.
Platform Abstraction Layer
As mentioned in the previous sub-section, the narrow interface may vary slightly across OS platforms. For OS-independence, the techniques define a consistent Application Binary Interface (ABI) 416 irrespective of the underlying OS. By necessity, the ABI 416 varies across architectures, so the x86 ABI is different from the PowerPC ABI.
The ABI 416 is exported by an OS-specific Platform Abstraction Layer (PAL) 406, which translates the OS-independent ABI 416 into the OS-specific calls of the monitor 408. The PAL 406 is included with the OS-specific implementation, while everything above the ABI 416 is native code that a content provider (e.g., a server) delivers. The PAL 406 runs inside the picoprocess, so its code is not trusted. The narrow interface 128 provides security, while the PAL 406 merely provides ABI consistency across different host operating systems, such as the operating system 122 of the computing device 104 of the user 102.
In some instances, all calls from the native-code application 112(1) are non-blocking except for poll, which can optionally yield until I/O is ready. This provides sufficient functionality for user-level threading. For illustration purposes only, the following discussion presents one example of the ABI 416. For memory allocation and de-allocation, the ABI 416 includes the following two calls:















void *xabi_alloc(



  void *start, long len);










Map len zero-filled bytes of picoprocess memory, starting at start if specified. Return the address.
int xabi_free(void*start);
Free the memory region beginning at start, which must be an address returned from xabi alloc. Re-turn 0 for success or −1 for error.
As described below, the picoprocess appears to the browser 124 as a web server and communication is typically over HTTP. When the browser 124 opens a connection to the picoprocess, this connection can be received by the following call:
int xabi_accept 0;
Return a channel identifier, analogous to a Unix® file descriptor or a Windows® handle, connected to an in-coming connection from the browser 124. Return −1 if no incoming connection is ready.
The picoprocess can also initiate connection to the server that provided the picoprocess application. To initiate a connection to the home server, the picoprocess uses the following call:















int xabi_open_url(



  const char * method,



  const char *url);










Return a channel identifier connected to the given URL, according to the specified method, which may be “get”, “put”, or “connect”. Fetch and cache the URL according to the Same Origin Policy (SOP) rules for the domain that provided the picoprocess.
The operations that can be performed on an open channel are read, write, poll, and close:















int xabi_read(



  int chnl, char *buf, int len);



int xabi_write(



  int chnl, char *buf, int len);










Transfer data on an open channel. Return the number of bytes transferred, 0 if the channel is not ready, or −1 if the channel is closed or failed.















typedef struct {



  int channel;



  short events; /* requested */



  short revents; /* returned */



} xabi_poll_fd;



int xabi_poll(



  xabi_poll_fd *pfds, int npfds, bool block);










Indicate the ready status of a set of channels by updating events. If block is true, do not return until at least one requested event is ready, thereby allowing the picoprocess to yield the processor. Return the number of events ready; do not return 0 if block is true.
int xabi close(int chnl);
Close an open channel. Return 0 for success or −1 for error.
During picoprocess boot, the loader 412 needs to know the URL from which to fetch the application image. The techniques could require a custom loader for each application, with the URL baked into the loader's image. Conversely, the techniques may include a general loader that reads the application URL from the query parameters of the URL that launched the picoprocess. The following call, which is normally used only by the loader 412, provides access to these parameters. Note that there is no corresponding call via the interface 128, as the parameters are written into the PAL 406 during picoprocess initialization.
const char**xabi_args( );
Return a pointer to a NULL-terminated list of pointers to arguments specified at instantiation.
Lastly, the ABI 416 provides a call to exit the picoprocess when it is finished:
void xabi exit( );
Although the PAL 406 runs inside the picoprocess, it is not part of the native-code application 112(1). More specifically, it is not delivered with the OS-independent application code. Instead, the appropriate OS-specific PAL 406 remains resident on the client computing device 104, along with the monitor 408 and the browser 124, whose implementations are also OS-specific. When a native-code application is delivered to the device 104, the application and the PAL 406 are loaded into the picoprocess and linked via a simple dynamic-linking mechanism: The ABI 416 de-fines a table of function pointers and the calling convention for the functions. For x86 architectures, this calling convention is cdec 1; for the PowerPC, it is the one standard calling convention; and, for other architectures, other calling conventions may be defined.
In some instances, the techniques create a simple shim library (included in the libraries 410 of FIG. 4) to which an application may statically link. This library may export a set of symbols (xabi read, xabi openurl, etc.) that obey the function linkage convention of the developer's tool chain. The shim converts each of these calls to the corresponding ABI call in the PAL 406. This shim thus provides a standard Application Programming Interface (API) to native-code applications that have been modified to function in this environment.
Services Via Browser Mechanisms
In order for the browser 124 to function as an operating system for the native-code application 112(1), a key principle is that the browser contains sufficient functionality to support the system services needed by web applications. In fact, the browser 124 not only has sufficient functionality, but employing the browser as an operating system also improves security. That is, because the techniques reuses the existing security policy—and much of the mechanism—in the browser, the described techniques do not introduce any new security vulnerabilities in some instances.
The monitor 408 has the job of providing the services indicated by the narrow interface 128. These services include memory allocation/de-allocation, access to URL query parameters, and picoprocess exit, among others. The monitor 408 also provides a communication path to the browser 124, via which the picoprocess appears as a web server to the browser 124. This communication path enables the native-code application 112(1) to use read and write calls to serve HTTP to the browser 124. From the perspective of the browser 124, these HTTP responses appear to come from the remote server that supplied the native-code application 112(1). This approach is secure, since the native-code application 112(1) is unable to do anything that the remote server could not have done by serving content directly over the Internet to the browser 124 in some instances.
Using the picoprocess-to-browser communication path, the native-code application 112(1) can employ JavaScript code in the browser 124 to perform functions on its behalf, such as user interface operations, DOM manipulation, and access to browser cookies. In some applications, the native-code application 112(1) may provide an HTML page to the browser 124, with the page containing JavaScript stubs which translate messages from the picoprocess into JavaScript function invocations.
It would be possible but awkward to use JavaScript for network communication. To pass through JavaScript, an application or library binary from a remote server would have to be uuencoded, encapsulated in JSON, transferred via HTTP, de-encapsulated, and decoded. To simplify this process, the described techniques provide the ABI call “xabi openurl” to allow direct communication between a picoprocess and its origin server. Both Linux® and Windows® monitors 408 provide corresponding calls that implement the primitives efficiently.
Lightweight Code Modification
In some instances, the techniques require a rather small effort to port a native-code application 112(1), library 410, or tool chain to the minimalist ABI 416. This is surprising because this legacy code was written to run atop an operating system 122, while the described techniques essentially eliminate the OS 122 from the perspective of the application and still enable the legacy code to perform its main function.
Although the particular modifications required are application-dependent, in some instances these modifications follow a design pattern that covers five common aspects: disabling irrelevant dependencies, restricting application interface usage, applying failure-oblivious computing techniques, internally emulating syscall functionality, and (only when necessary) providing real syscall functionality via new calls tailored to the narrow interface 128.
The first step in some instances is to use compiler flags to disable dependencies on irrelevant components. Not all libraries and code components are necessary for use within the web-application framework, and removing them reduces the download size of the web application and also reduces the total amount of code that needs to be ported.
The second step in some instances is to restrict the interfaces that the native-code application 112(1) uses. For instance, an application might handle I/O either via named files or via stdin/stdout, and the latter may require less support from the system. Depending on the application, restricting the interface is done in various ways, such as by setting command-line arguments or environment variables.
The third step in some instances is to identify which of the remaining system calls of the native-code application 112(1) can be handled trivially. For example, the techniques can often return error codes indicating failure, in a manner similar to failure-oblivious computing.
The fourth step in some instances is to emulate syscall functionality within the syscall interpose layer. For instance, some applications read library files from a file system at runtime. Here, the library files may be packaged as a tar ball, and a subset of file-system calls using libtar to access the libraries may be emulated. The tar ball may be read-only, which may be all that these applications require. For other ported applications, the techniques could also provide read/write access to temporary files by creating a RAM disk in the interpose layer. Code in the interpose layer looks at the file path to determine whether to direct calls to the tar ball, to the RAM disk, or to somewhere else, such as a file downloaded from the origin server.
The fifth and final step in some instances is to provide real backing functionality for the remaining system calls via the ABI 416. For some applications, most of the remaining syscalls are for user input and display output, which may be routed to UI in the browser 124.
In some instances, the first three steps are application-specific, but for the final two steps, much of the syscall support developed for one application may be readily reusable for other applications. For any given application, once the needed modifications are understood, the changes may become mechanical. Thus, in some instances the task of maintaining both a desktop version of a native-code application 112(1) and a version for implementation with the techniques described herein is fairly straightforward for a developer, using a configure flag to specify the build target. Additionally, it is noted that this is already a common practice for a variety of applications that compile against Linux® and BSD and Win32 syscall interfaces.
OS-Specific Implementations
The following sub-sections describes the example implementations of the described techniques on Linux® and Windows®, as well as a proxy-based browser integration, with reference to FIG. 4. Although they have some significant differences, the two described implementations share a great deal common structure. The main aspect in which they differ is in the kernel support for picoprocess isolation and communication, which will be discussed after first describing the common aspects.
Monitor, Boot Block and Platform Abstraction Layer (PAL)
The monitor 408 is a user-mode process that creates, isolates, and manages each picoprocess, and that provides the functionality of calls to the narrow interface 128 from the native-code application 112(1). A picoprocess is realized as a user-level OS process, thus leveraging the hardware memory isolation that the OS already enforces on its processes. Before creating a new picoprocess, the monitor 408 first allocates a region of shared memory, which will serve as a communication conduit between the picoprocess and the monitor 408. Then, the picoprocess is created as a child process of the Monitor process.
This child process begins by executing an OS-specific boot block 414, which performs three steps. First, it maps the shared memory region into the address space of the child process, thereby completing the communication conduit. Second, it makes an OS-specific kernel call that permanently revokes the ability of the child process to make subsequent kernel calls, thereby completing the isolation. Third, it passes execution to the OS-specific PAL 406, which in turn loads and passes execution to the native-code application 112(1).
Note that the boot block 414 is part of the TCB, even though it executes inside the child process. The child process does not truly become a picoprocess until after the boot block 414 has executed. At that point, the child process has no means to de-isolate itself, since this would require a kernel call but the picoprocess is prevented from making kernel calls.
After transferring control to the application 112(1), the PAL 406 has the job of implementing the ABI 416 by making appropriate calls to the monitor 408. To make a call, the PAL 406 writes the call identifier and arguments into the shared memory region, then traps to the kernel. In an OS-specific manner (described below) the kernel notifies the monitor 408 of the call. The monitor 408 then reads the shared memory, performs the indicated operation, writes the result to the shared memory, and returns control to the picoprocess.
Although the monitor 408 has different implementations on different operating systems, it handles most calls in more-or-less the same way irrespective of the OS 122. The alloc and free calls are exceptions to this rule, so their different implementations are described in the following two sections. For accept, the monitor 408 maintains a queue of connection requests from the browser 124, and each call dequeues the next request. The openurl call makes an HTTP connection to a remote resource; the returned channel identifier corresponds to either a socket handle or a file handle, depending on whether the requested data is cached. The I/O calls read, write, poll, and close are implemented by reading, writing, polling, and closing OS file descriptors on sockets and files. The exit call simply terminates the child process.
Linux® Kernel Support
The Linux® implementation described below involves no custom kernel code. Instead, it makes use of the ptrace facility of the Linux® kernel, which enables a process to observe and control the execution of another process.
As described above, the boot block 414 makes a kernel call to revoke the ability of the child process to make subsequent kernel calls. In this implementation, this is done by calling ptrace (TRACEME), which causes the kernel to intercept the entry and exit of every subsequent syscall, transferring control to the Monitor parent process. On entry to a syscall, the monitor 408 normally replaces whatever system call the child process requested with a harmless system call (e.g., getpid) before releasing control to the kernel. This prevents the child process from passing a syscall to the OS 122.
Syscalls are also legitimately used by the PAL 406 to signal an appropriate call to the narrow interface 128. Thus, when ptrace notifies the monitor 408 of an entry to a syscall, the monitor 408 checks whether the shared memory contains a legitimate call identifier and arguments. If it does, the monitor 408 performs the operation and returns the result, as described above. If the call is a memory-management operation (alloc or free), it has to be handled specially, because Linux® does not provide a mechanism for a process to allocate memory on behalf of another process. So, in this case, the monitor 408 does not overwrite the syscall with getpid. Instead, it overwrites the syscall with mmap and a set of appropriate arguments. Since the return from the syscall is also intercepted by ptrace, the monitor 408 has an opportunity to write a return value for the alloc call into the shared memory, based on the return value from the mmap syscall.
Use of an existing kernel facility (ptrace) enables the described Linux® implementation to be deployed without kernel-module installation or root privilege. However, it may entail a slight performance hit, because every call may require three syscalls from the monitor 408: one to swap out the syscall with getpid or mmap, a second to enter the kernel, and a third to resume the picoprocess. More importantly, if the monitor 408 fails and exits without proper signal handling, the child process may continue to run without having its syscalls intercepted. This failure condition could turn the picoprocess back into a regular OS process, which would violate security. These performance and security problems, however, may be mitigated by using a custom kernel module instead of ptrace.
Windows® Kernel Support
In the described Windows® implementation, when the boot block 414 of the child process makes a kernel call to establish an interposition on all subsequent syscalls, it makes this call to a custom kernel module. Because every Windows® thread has its own pointer to a table of system call handlers, this custom kernel module is able to isolate a picoprocess by replacing the handler table for the thread of that process. The replacement table converts every user-mode syscall into an inter-process call (IPC) to the user-space monitor 408. For a syscall originating from kernel mode (e.g., for paging), the custom kernel module passes the call through to the original handler, preserving the dispatcher's stack frame for the callee's inspection.
When the monitor 408 receives an IPC, it reads the call identifier and arguments from the shared memory and performs the operation. Unlike the Linux® case, no special handling is required for memory-management operations, because Windows® NtMapViewOfSection allows the monitor 408 to map memory on behalf of its child process.
Although the custom kernel module has to be ported to each version of Windows® on which it runs, the changes are minimal, involving two constant scalars and a constant array: (1) the offset in the kernel thread block for the pointer to the syscall handler table, (2) the count of system calls, and (3) for each system call, the total parameter byte count. This information is readily available from the kernel de-bugger in the Windows® Driver Kit.
As an alternative to implementation of the customer kernel module described above would be to patch every entry in the standard system-call table. However, this may transparently change the behavior of every process in the system in some instances. Furthermore, even if the interposed handlers were to properly fall through to the original handlers, they would still add overhead to every system call.
Loaders
The Linux® toolchain emits standard statically-linked Elf binaries. These binaries are loaded by a small loader. This loader reads the target binary, parses it to learn where to map its program regions, and looks up two symbols: a global symbol where the binary's copy of the custom library discussed above expects to find a pointer to the dispatch table of the PAL 406, and the address of the start symbol. Then, the loader maps the program, writes the dispatch table location into the pointer, and jumps to start.
The Windows® toolchain, meanwhile, emits statically-linked .EXE binaries in the native PE-COFF format of Windows®. This loader performs the corresponding tasks to map and launch PE executables.
Browser Integration
Recall that the native-code application 112(1) appears to the browser 124 as part of the origin server that just happens to handle HTTP requests very quickly; this ensures that the picoprocess is governed by the Same-Origin Policy just as is the origin server. In one implementation, the techniques are integrated into the browser 124 via an HTTP proxy. This approach is expedient, and one implementation serves all makes of browser 124. The proxy passes most HTTP requests transparently to the specified host. However, if the URL's path component begins with a specified entry, the proxy interposes on the request to direct the request to an existing picoprocess or to create a new one. The proxy is integrated with the monitor process, and allows each picoprocess to contact its origin server via xaxopenurl. This contact employs the same mechanism that fetches ordinary URLs, and thus obeys the SOP.
By implementing the described techniques, for example, as a plug-in to the browser 124, the techniques enable developers to adapt legacy code for use in rich web applications, while maintaining security, performance, and OS-independence. This security stems from the use of the picoprocess minimalist isolation boundary and browser-based services. Furthermore, this results in a TCB that is orders of magnitude smaller than alternative approaches to the same problem.
The OS-independence, meanwhile, stems from the use of picoprocesses and its platform abstraction layer (PAL) 406. Furthermore and as discussed above, applications compiled on any toolchain may run on any OS host. Next, the performance of the native-code application 112(1) derives from native code execution in picoprocesses. In many instances, the compute performance of these applications in the browser 124 is comparable to native execution. Finally, the legacy support comes from lightweight code modification. Over decades of software development in type-unsafe languages, vast amounts of design, implementation, and testing effort have gone into producing powerful legacy applications. By enabling developers to leverage this prior effort to deploy and execute into web applications, the techniques described above may change the landscape of web applications.
Example Process
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 500 for executing applications written in native codes over a network and through use of a browser as an operating system for the applications. The process 500 is illustrated as a collection of blocks in a logical flow graph, which represents a sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. In the context of software, the blocks represent computer instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recited operations. Note that the order in which the process is described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described process blocks can be combined in any order to implement the process, or an alternate process. Additionally, individual blocks may be deleted from the process without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein.
Process 500 includes an operation 502, which represents a client computing device sending a request, from a browser of the device, to execute a native-code application. For instance, the device 104 of FIG. 1 may send a request to execute the native-code application 112(1) that the content provider 106(1) stores. Next, an operation 504 represents that the device receives native code of the application for execution. At an operation 506, the device assigns a portion of memory (that hardware of the device enforces) to the received native code.
After assigning the memory, the native-code application is able to securely execute on the client computing device within this assigned memory at an operation 508. Furthermore, as the application makes calls for system services from this assigned portion of memory, the device dynamically enforces these interface calls at an operation 510. By doing so, the device prevents the application from accessing the operating system of the device as well as other portions of the memory, thus restricting the application's ability to damage the client computing device. Finally, these calls are routed to a browser of the computing device. As such, the browser is able to function as an operating system for the native-code application at an operation 512.
CONCLUSION
Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the claims.

## Claims

1. A method comprising:
sending a request to execute an application comprising native code from a computing device;
responsive at least in part to the sending of the request, receiving the native code of the application at the computing device;
assigning, by a monitor process, a portion of memory of the computing device to the application comprising the native code, the portion of the memory being enforced by hardware of the computing device;
making an operating system (OS)-specific kernel call that revokes an ability of the application to communicate kernel calls to an OS by causing an OS kernel to transfer control of intercepting kernel calls to the monitor process;
executing the native code of the application within the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware;
within the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware, translating OS-independent calls from the executing application to OS-specific calls based on a table of function pointers and calling conventions for corresponding functions; and
monitoring, by the monitor process, calls made by the application for system services outside of the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware to determine whether the respective calls are permissible.

2. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the hardware of the computing device comprises page-protection hardware of the computing device.

3. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the sending of the request comprises sending a request over a network to a server that stores the application comprising the native code.

4. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the native code comprises binary code in an instruction set of a processor of the computing device.

5. A method as recited in claim 2, wherein the page-protection hardware of the computing device comprises a memory management unit of the computing device.

6. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the hardware of the computing device comprises segmentation hardware of the computing device.

7. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising executing a block image transfer (BLIT) of a representation of an image from the portion of the memory to a browser of the computing device through an interface provided by the browser.

8. One or more computer-readable storage hardware devices storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed on one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform acts comprising:
sending a request to execute an application comprising native code from a computing device;
responsive at least in part to the sending of the request, receiving the native code of the application at the computing device;
assigning, by a monitor process, a portion of memory of the computing device to the application comprising the native code, the portion of the memory being enforced by hardware of the computing device;
making an operating system (OS)-specific kernel call that revokes an ability of the application to communicate kernel calls to an OS by causing an OS kernel to transfer control of intercepting kernel calls to the monitor process;
executing the native code of the application within the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware;
within the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware, translating OS-independent calls from the executing application to OS-specific calls based on a table of function pointers and calling conventions for corresponding functions; and
monitoring, by the monitor process, calls made by the application for system services outside of the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware to determine whether the respective calls are permissible.

9. One or more computer-readable storage hardware devices as recited in claim 8, wherein the hardware of the computing device comprises page-protection hardware of the computing device.

10. One or more computer-readable storage hardware devices as recited in claim 8, wherein the sending of the request comprises sending a request over a network to a server that stores the application comprising the native code.

11. One or more computer-readable storage hardware devices as recited in claim 8, wherein the native code comprises binary code in an instruction set of a processor of the computing device.

12. A system comprising:
one or more processors; and
one or more computer-readable hardware devices storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed on one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform acts comprising:
sending a request to execute an application comprising native code from a computing device;
responsive at least in part to the sending of the request, receiving the native code of the application at the computing device;
assigning, by a monitor process, a portion of memory of the computing device to the application comprising the native code, the portion of the memory being enforced by hardware of the computing device;
making an operating system (OS)-specific kernel call that revokes an ability of the application to make kernel calls to an OS by causing an OS kernel to transfer control of intercepting kernel calls to the monitor process;
executing the native code of the application within the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware;
within the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware, translating OS-independent calls from the executing application to OS-specific calls based on a table of function pointers and calling conventions for corresponding functions; and
monitoring, by the monitor process, calls made by the application for system services outside of the portion of the memory being enforced by the hardware to determine whether the respective calls are permissible.

13. A system as recited in claim 12, wherein the hardware of the computing device comprises page-protection hardware of the computing device.

14. A system as recited in claim 12, wherein the sending of the request comprises sending a request over a network to a server that stores the application comprising the native code.

15. A system as recited in claim 12, wherein the native code comprises binary code in an instruction set of a processor of the computing device.

16. A system as recited in claim 12, the acts further comprising:
enabling a browser of the computing device to function as an operating system for the application comprising the native code, wherein the enabling of the browser of the computing device to function as an operating system comprises enabling the browser to provide network input/output (I/O) to the native code of the application.

17. A system as recited in claim 12, the acts further comprising:
enabling a browser of the computing device to function as an operating system for the application comprising the native code, wherein the enabling of the browser of the computing device to function as an operating system comprises enabling the browser to provide storage input/output (I/O) to the native code of the application.

18. A system as recited in claim 12, the acts further comprising:
enabling a browser of the computing device to function as an operating system for the application comprising the native code, wherein the enabling of the browser of the computing device to function as an operating system comprises enabling the browser to provide object caching to the native code of the application.

19. A system as recited in claim 12, the acts further comprising:
enabling a browser of the computing device to function as an operating system for the application comprising the native code; and
transferring a piece of audio from the portion of the memory to the browser through an interface provided by the browser.