## Water Re-Use: No Silver Bullets

 No single technology fits every situation  Variables include:

– Location

– Water discharge regulations • Surface discharge • Storage in above ground structure • In ground pits

– Quality of influent water

– Desired quality of effluent water

– Disposal costs

– Re-Use options

– Transportation 1

## Water Treatment Technologies  TSS/Selected TDS Removal

– Systems remove suspended solids and some dissolved solids depending on process used.

– Most are very mobile and can be re-located and set up in short amount of time.

– Does not remove salt from water.

– Most are capable of processing high volumes

– Limited waste streams of solids and liquids

– Examples are Electro-Coagulation, Nano -Filtration, Ultra-Filtration, or Clarifier 2

## Water Treatment Technologies  Reverse Osmosis

– Mobile treatment for salt removal from wastewater

– More economic than evaporative system

– Limited by TDS level of 50,000 ppm

– Quality pre-treatment necessary

– Recovery of “fresh-water” based on TDS of influent water

– Three Products Produced • Fresh-water • Concentrated brine • Solids 3

## Water Treatment Technologies  Thermal/Evaporative Technologies

– Typically less mobile for same output as reverse osmosis system

– More costly than a reverse osmosis system

– Highest efficiency of freshwater recovery from wastewater

– Efficiency based on influent TDS

– Many can use waste heat to lessen energy costs

– Three products generated • Fresh-water • Concentrated brine • Solids

– Examples • Evaporators • Mechanical Vapor Recompression • Crystallizers 4(Poor) Reclaimed Oilfield Waste Water Quality (High) No Treatment Course Filtration w/ Dilution Chemical Treatment &

Separation RO / FO / Evaporation (Low) Reclaimed Wastewater Treatment cost (High) ( (High) Down-hole Quality Risks (reuse) / Environmental Risks(discharge) (Low)) High Scale, High Bacteria, High Suspended Solids, High TDS Ultra-Low Scale, No Bacteria, No Suspended Solids Low TDS 

## Water Treatment Optimization

## Water Quality Specifications Analyte( Units( Limits( Total(Suspended(Solids( mg/L% 30( Total(Dissolved(Solids( mg/L% 50,000( Sulfate( mg/L% 1,000( Stron=um( mg/L% 100( Silica(Gel(Treated(HEM((TPH(as( HEM)( mg/L% ND(( Oil(&(Grease(HEM( mg/L% ND( Magnesium( mg/L% 100( Iron( mg/L% 25( Chloride( mg/L% 30,000( Carbonate(as(CaCO3( mg/L% ND( Calcium( mg/L% 1,000( Boron( mg/L% 10( Barium( mg/L% 100( 6 

## -Example

## How much Water can be Re-Used?  Factors to Consider:

– Influent water quality

– Effluent stream desired (Ex: fresh-water, clean brine, etc.)

– Purpose of re-use • Hydraulic fracturing

– Type of frac (Ex: slick-water, gel fracs etc.) • Drilling

– Volume of water available • Flow-back • Produced water

– Chemical costs associated with quality of water • Bio- cide • Scale inhibitor • Friction reducer 7

## Planning for Re-Use  Centralized vs. Mobile

– How much water do I have in one area?

– How long will the facility be in one place?  Transportation - Trucking vs. Piping

– Distance water will be moved

– Costs associated with each

– Quality & size of pipe needed  Available Space for Equipment

– Terrain

– Size of location  Re-usable Water Recovered

– Quality of water needed

– Will this water be blended with other water sources? 8

## Planning for Re-Use  Storage

– Frac tanks

– In-ground ponds

– Above ground containments 

###  Disposal Options

– Solids

– Concentrated brine

– Sludge 

###  Cost

– Processing

– Mobilization/De-Mobilization

– Site construction

– Maintenance 9

## Planning for Re-Use  Regulations/Restrictions in Area of Operation

– Can I surface discharge water?

– Are there disposal wells in operation?

– What are pond storage guidelines?

– Can the water be sold for other uses?  Land-Owners

– Acquiring land

– Additional activity expected  Commercial vs. Private

– Is the facility open to the public?

– Tracking incoming water tickets and reporting 10

## Why Recycle?  Less Impact on Surface/Groundwater Resources

– Fewer water wells and costs associated with operating/maintaining • Costs of new wells ranges from $30K-$225K/well • Rate of water wells decreases over time

– Savings of paying landowners/municipalities for accessing water  Self-Reliance of a Known Resource

– Water recovery from oil/gas wells

– Less disposal = fewer SWD’s  Less Time to Fill Ponds for Future Operations

– More wells can be drilled/completed in shorter time due to water availability  Influence Future Regulations/Permitting Procedures

 Positive Perception by the Public  It’s The Right Thing To Do 11

## Water Recycling Conclusions  Most of the technologies are already proven  Transportation and storage logistics are critical  Varying levels of water treatment impact cost  Texas operations have low cost water sourcing options and low cost produced water disposal options  Recycling is more of an economic challenge than a technical challenge  New technologies are being developed that should help to lower cost of recycling while providing a quality water to store, transport and use in future operations 

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## Water Treatment 

# QUESTIONS?

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