### 5 -i CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 5 -1

5.2 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW .................................................................................... 5 -1

5.3 REPRESENTATIVE EQUIPMENT CLASSES ............................................................. 5 -2

5.3.1 Baseline Lamps and Representative Lamp Types ............................................... 5 -4

5.4 HIGHER-EFFICACY REPLACEMENTS ..................................................................... 5 -5

5.5 CANDIDATE STANDARD LEVELS............................................................................ 5 -7

5.5.1 Candidate Standard Level for the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ........................................................................ 5 -9

5.5.2 Candidate Standard Levels for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ...................................................................... 5 -10

5.5.3 Candidate Standard Levels for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ...................................................................... 5 -11

5.5.4 Candidate Standard Levels for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ................................................................ 5 -12

5.5.5 Candidate Standard Levels Summary ................................................................ 5 -13

5.6 HID SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................. 5 -15

5.6.1 Ballasts ............................................................................................................... 5 -15

5.6.2 Fixtures .............................................................................................................. 5 -18

5.7 DETAILED DISCUSSION OF REPRESENTATIVE LAMP TYPES ........................ 5 -18

5.7.1 70 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type ................................. 5 -18

5.7.1.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -18

5.7.1.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -19

5.7.1.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -21

5.7.2 100 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type ............................... 5 -22

5.7.2.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -22

5.7.2.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -22

5.7.2.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -24

5.7.3 250 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type ............................... 5 -25

5.7.3.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -25

5.7.3.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -25

5.7.3.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -27

5.7.4 400 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type ............................... 5 -28

5.7.4.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -28

5.7.4.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -28

5.7.4.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -30

5.7.5 1000 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type ............................. 5 -31

5.7.5.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -31

5.7.5.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -31

5.7.5.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -33

5.7.6 100 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type ........................................... 5 -34

5.7.6.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -34

### 5

- ii 5.7.6.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -34

5.7.6.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -36

5.7.7 175 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type ........................................... 5 -37

5.7.7.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -37

5.7.7.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -37

5.7.7.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -39

5.7.8 250 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type ........................................... 5 -40

5.7.8.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -40

5.7.8.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -40

5.7.8.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -42

5.7.9 400 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type ........................................... 5 -43

5.7.9.1 Baseline Models .................................................................................. 5 -43

5.7.9.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes............ 5 -43

5.7.9.3 Engineering Summary ......................................................................... 5 -45

5.7.10 400 W Metal Halide Representative Lamp Type .............................................. 5 -46

5.7.10.1 Baseline Models ................................................................................ 5 -46

5.7.10.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes.......... 5 -46

5.7.10.3 Engineering Summary ....................................................................... 5 -48

5.7.11 1000 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type ......................................... 5 -49

5.7.11.1 Baseline Models ................................................................................ 5 -49

5.7.11.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes.......... 5 -49

5.7.11.3 Engineering Summary ....................................................................... 5 -51

5. 7.12 1000 W Metal Halide Representative Lamp Type ............................................ 5 -52

5.7.12.1 Baseline Models ................................................................................ 5 -52

5.7.12.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes.......... 5 -52

5.7.12.3 Engineering Summary ....................................................................... 5 -54

5.7.13 2000 W Metal Halide Representative Lamp Type ............................................ 5 -55

5.7.13.1 Baseline Models ................................................................................ 5 -55

5.7.13.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes.......... 5 -55

5.7.13.3 Engineering Summary ....................................................................... 5 -57

5.7.14 Summary of Representative Lamp Type Candidate Standard Levels ............... 5 -58

5.8 SCALING TO EQUIPMENT CLASSES NOT ANALYZED ...................................... 5 -60

5.8.1 Bulb Finish ......................................................................................................... 5 -61

5.8.2 Luminaire Characteristic .................................................................................... 5 -61

5.8.3 CCT Range......................................................................................................... 5 -62

5.8.4 Scaling Summary ............................................................................................... 5 -62

5.9 SUMMARY OF ALL CANDIDATE STANDARD LEVEL EQUATIONS ............... 5 -63

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 5 -65

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 5.5.1 Candidate Standard Level for ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ......................................................................................................... 5 -10 Figure 5.5.2 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ......................................................................................................... 5 -11

### 5

- iii

Figure 5.5.3 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ......................................................................................................... 5 -12 Figure 5.5.4 Candidate Standard Level for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class .............................................................................................. 5-13 Figure 5.5.5 Candidate Standard Level for ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K Representative Equipment

Class ........................................................................................................................................... 5 -14 Figure 5.5.6 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K Representative Equipment

Classes........................................................................................................................................ 5 -15 Figure 5.7.1 Candidate Standard Level for the 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ............ 5 -20 Figure 5.7.2 Candidate Standard Level for the 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .......... 5 -23 Figure 5.7.3 Candidate Standard Level for the 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .......... 5 -26 Figure 5.7.4 Candidate Standard Level for the 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .......... 5 -29 Figure 5.7.5 Candidate Standard Level for the 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ........ 5 -32 Figure 5.7.6 Candidate Standard Levels for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type ......... 5 -35 Figure 5.7.7 Candidate Standard Levels for the 175 W MV Representative Lamp Type ......... 5 -38 Figure 5.7.8 Candidate Standard Levels for the 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type ......... 5 -41 Figure 5.7.9 Candidate Standard Levels for the 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type ......... 5 -44 Figure 5.7.10 Candidate Standard Levels for the 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type ....... 5 -47 Figure 5.7.11 Candidate Standard Levels for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type ..... 5 -50 Figure 5.7.12 Candidate Standard Levels for the 1000 W MH Representative Lamp Type ..... 5 -53 Figure 5.7.13 Candidate Standard Level for the 2000 W MH Representative Lamp Type ...... 5 -56 Figure 5.7.14 ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K Representative Equipment Class .................................... 5 -58 Figure 5.7.15 >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W Representative Equipment Class .. 5 -59 Figure 5.7.16 >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W Representative Equipment Class .. 5

- 59 Figure 5.7.17 >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W Representative Equipment Class 5-

60

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.3.1 Representative and Scaled Equipment Classes for HID Lamps ............................... 5-3 Table 5.3.2 Baseline Lamps ......................................................................................................... 5 -5 Table 5.5.1 Candidate Standard Level for ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W Equipment Class .......................................................................................................................... 5-9 Table 5.5.2 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ......................................................................................................... 5 -11 Table 5.5.3 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ......................................................................................................... 5 -12 Table 5.5.4 Candidate Standard Level for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class ......................................................................................................... 5 -12 Table 5.5.5 Representative Equipment Class Candidate Standard Levels ................................ 5-13 Table 5.6.1 Representative Ballast Types .................................................................................. 5 -16

Table 5.6.2 HID Ballast Efficiencies ......................................................................................... 5-17 Table 5.7.1 Baseline Lamp for the 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .............................. 5-19 Table 5.7.2 Summary of the CSL for the 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .................... 5 -19 Table 5.7.3 Lamp Designs for the 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ............................... 5-21

### 5

- iv

Table 5.7.4 Engineering Summary for 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ........................ 5-21 Table 5.7.5 Baseline Lamp for the 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ............................ 5-22 Table 5.7.6 Summary of the CSL for the 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .................. 5 -23 Table 5.7.7 Lamp Designs for the 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ............................. 5-24 Table 5.7.8 Engineering Summary for 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ...................... 5 -24 Table 5.7.9 Baseline Lamp for the 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ............................ 5-25 Table 5.7.10 Summary of the CSL for the 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ................ 5 -25 Table 5.7.11 Lamp Designs for the 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ........................... 5-27 Table 5.7.12 Engineering Summary for 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .................... 5 -27 Table 5.7.13 Baseline Lamp for the 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-28 Table 5.7.14 Summary of the CSL for the 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ................ 5 -28 Table 5.7.15 Lamp Designs for the 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ........................... 5-30 Table 5.7.16 Engineering Summary for 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .................... 5 -30 Table 5.7.17 Baseline Lamp for the 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ........................ 5-31 Table 5.7.18 Summary of the CSL for the 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .............. 5 -31 Table 5.7.19 Lamp Designs for the 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type ......................... 5-33 Table 5.7.20 Engineering Summary for 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type .................. 5 -33 Table 5.7.21 Baseline Lamps for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-34 Table 5.7.22 Summary of the CSLs for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type ................ 5 -35 Table 5.7.23 Lamp Designs for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type ............................ 5-36 Table 5.7.24 Engineering Summary for 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type ..................... 5 -36 Table 5.7.25 Baseline Lamps for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-37 Table 5.7.26 Summary of the CSLs for the 175 W MV Representative Lamp Type ................ 5 -38 Table 5.7.27 Lamp Designs for the 175 W MV Representative Lamp Type ............................ 5-39 Table 5.7.28 Engineering Summary for 175 W MV Representative Lamp Type ..................... 5 -39 Table 5.7.29 Baseline Lamps for the 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-40 Table 5.7.30 Summary of the CSLs for the 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type ................ 5 -41 Table 5.7.31 Lamp Designs for the 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type ............................ 5-42 Table 5.7.32 Engineering Summary for 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type ..................... 5 -42 Table 5.7.33 Baseline Lamps for the 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-43 Table 5.7.34 Summary of the CSLs for the 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type ................ 5 -44 Table 5.7.35 Lamp Designs for the 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type ............................ 5-45 Table 5.7.36 Engineering Summary for 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type ..................... 5 -45 Table 5.7.37 Baseline Lamps for the 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-46 Table 5.7.38 Summary of the CSLs for the 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type ................ 5 -47 Table 5.7.39 Lamp Designs for the 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type ............................ 5-48 Table 5.7.40 Engineering Summary for 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type ..................... 5 -48 Table 5.7.41 Baseline Lamps for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type ........................ 5-49 Table 5.7.42 Summary of the CSLs for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type .............. 5 -50 Table 5.7.43 Lamp Designs for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-51 Table 5.7.44 Engineering Summary for 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type ................... 5 -51 Table 5.7.45 Baseline Lamps for the 1000 W MH Representative Lamp Type ........................ 5-52 Table 5.7.46 Summary of the CSLs for the 1000 W MH Representative Lamp Type .............. 5 -52 Table 5.7.47 Lamp Designs for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-54 Table 5.7.48 Engineering Summary for 1000 W MH Representative Lamp Type ................... 5 -54 Table 5.7.49 Baseline Lamp for the 2000 W MH Representative Lamp Type ......................... 5-55

### 5 -v

Table 5.7.50 Summary of the CSL for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type ............... 5 -55 Table 5.7.51 Lamp Designs for the 2000 W MV Representative Lamp Type .......................... 5-57 Table 5.7.52 Engineering Summary for 2000 W MH Representative Lamp Type ................... 5 -57 Table 5.8.1 Scaling Factors ........................................................................................................ 5 -62 Table 5.9.1 Equations for All CSLs ........................................................................................... 5-64

### 5 -1 CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) performed an engineering analysis to study representative lamps and lamp-and-ballast systems used as substitutes for baseline lamps, to

se lect candidate standard levels (CSLs), and to determine lamp-and-ballast system power ratings. DOE selects representative equipment classes to analyze. It then selects lamps that represent the

ba seline efficacy as well as more efficacious substitutes for those baseline lamps. DOE uses

these more efficacious lamps to develop CSLs. While DOE establishes CSLs based on lamp

de signs for the engineering analysis, it also develops lamp-and-ballast systems for use in the lifecycle cost (LCC) analysis and national impact analysis (NIA ) because lamps and ballasts operate together in practice.

In energy conservation rulemakings for other equipment, DOE often develops costefficiency relationships in the engineering analysis. However, for this high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp rulemaking, DOE derives efficacy level and lamp-and-ballast system power for each

re presentative system in the engineering analysis and end-user prices in the equipment price determination. By combining the results of the engineering analysis and the equipment price determination, DOE derives typical inputs for use in the LCC and NIA. See chapter 6 and appendix 6A of the interim technical support document (TSD) for discussion of DOE’s methodology for determining equipment prices.

5.2 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW

To the extent possible, DOE bases the engineering analysis on commercially available lamps that incorporate the design options identified in the technology assessment and screening analysis (chapters 3 and 4). However, where needed, DOE supplements these lamps with

a dditional model lamps that use design options identified in the screening analysis (chapter 4 of the interim TSD). DOE took the following four steps in the engineering analysis:

1. Select Representative Equipment Classes: DOE first reviews covered lamps and the associated equipment classes. When multiple equipment classes are needed, DOE selects

c ertain classes as “representative” and concentrates its analytical effort on these classes. DOE selects representative equipment classes primarily because of their high market volumes. For those equipment classes that are not analyzed, DOE extrapolates the CSLs from representative equipment classes to other equipment classes.

2. Select Baseline Lamp s: For each equipment class, DOE selects a baseline lamp as a reference point against which to measure changes resulting from energy conservation standards. Typically, a baseline lamp is the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given

e quipment class. For this interim analysis, DOE uses performance data presented in manufacturer catalogs to determine lamp efficacy. DOE also considers other lamp characteristics in choosing the most appropriate baseline for each equipment class. These characteristics include the lamp’s starting method, wattage, and technology ( i.e.

, highpressure sodium [HPS], metal halide [MH], or mercury vapor [ MV ]). For some of the representative lamp types, DOE selects multiple baseline models to ensure consideration of

### 5 -2

different high-volume lamps and their associated customer economics. For example, MV lamps are the least efficacious lamp option for some equipment classes; however, MV lamps represent a very small portion of the market because many customers have already transitioned to MH technology. For this reason, DOE selects both an MV and an MH lamp as baselines for certain equipment classes.

3. Identify More Efficacious Substitutes: DOE selects higher-efficacy lamps as replacements for each of the baseline lamps. DOE only considers design options that meet the criteria outlined in the screening analysis (chapter 4 of the interim TSD). Although DOE generally selects commercially available lamps as substitutes, DOE also developed model lamps for the ≥1900 Kelvin (K) and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, clear, enclosed equipment class es . See

section 5.4 for more detail.

Because customers are typically unable or unwilling to change fixture spacing within their facilities and spaces, DOE is analyzing more efficacious, reduced-wattage substitutes that maintain mean lumens within 10 percent of the baseline when possible. Mean lumens are a measure of light output midway through the rated life of a lamp, and a 10 percent change is a

c ommon parameter used by lighting designers to specify acceptable substitute products on the basis of light output.

4. Determine Candidate Standard Levels

. After identifying more efficacious substitutes for each baseline lamp, DOE develops CSLs. DOE bases its analysis on three factors: (1) the

de sign options associated with the specific lamps studied; (2) the ability of lamps across wattages to comply with the standard level of a given equipment class; a 

### and (3) the maximum technologically feasible efficacy level.

The sections that follow discuss how DOE applies this methodology to each equipment class to create the engineering analysis.

5.3 REPRESENTATIVE EQUIPMENT CLASSES

As discussed in the market and technology assessment (chapter 3 of the interim TSD), DOE created equipment classes based on correlated color temperature ( CCT ), wattage, bulb finish, and luminaire characteristic. Of these equipment classes, DOE chose to analyze four as representative. For CCT, DOE considered the ≥1900 K to ≤2800 K and >2800 K to ≤4500 K

ra nges to be representative. The ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K range includes all HPS lamps, a significant market segment (about one-third of HID lamp shipments in 2008). 1 

### Based on lamp catalogs and manufacturer interviews, DOE found that MH and MV lamps are available in both the >2800 K to ≤4500 K and >4500 K and <7000 K ranges, but the former of the two ranges includes the more commonly shipped MH and MV lamps. For bulb finish, DOE determined that clear lamps were more commonly shipped than coated lamps. b 

### Finally, for luminaire

a CSLs span multiple lamps of different wattages. In selecting CSLs, DOE considered whether these multiple lamps

can meet the standard levels.

b Clear lamps are more commonly shipped within these two representative CCT ranges for both HPS and MH lamps. The MV lamps that are in the >2800 K and ≤4500 K equipment classes are all coated. Because these equipment classes are made up predominantly of MH lamps and there is only one option for MV lamps in these classes, DOE

### 5 -3

characteristic, DOE determined that enclosed-rated MH lamps are more commonly shipped than

ope n -rated MH lamps. c 

### Table 5.3. 1 lists the representative equipment classes and those classes not analyzed directly (scaled equipment classes).

Table 5.3. 1 Representative and Scaled Equipment Classes for HID Lamps

CCT Range Wattage Bulb

Finish* Luminaire

Characteristic** Representative or Scal ed Equipment Class

 1900 K and  2800

K  50 W and

 1000 W Clear Enclosed Representative Equipment Class

Open Scaled

Coated Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

 2800 K and  4500

K  50 W and

 400 W Clear Enclosed Representative Equipment Class

Open S caled

Coated Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

 400 W and

 1000 W Clear Enclosed Representative Equipment Class

Open Scaled

Coated Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

 1000 W and

 2000 W Clear Enclosed Representative Equipment Class

Open Scaled

Coated Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

 4500 K and  7000

K  50 W and

 400 W Clear Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

Coated Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

 400 W and

 1000 W Clear Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

Coated Enclosed Scaled

Open S caled

 1000 W and

 2000 W Clear Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

Coated Enclosed Scaled

Open Scaled

* MV lamps regardless of bulb finish are placed in the clear equipment classes for their respective CCT and wattage. ** MV and HPS lamps are placed in the enclosed equipment classes for their respective wattage and CCT.

will refer to these classes as being “clear,” although all the MV lamps within them will be coated. Chapter 3 of the interim TSD describes the equipment class categorization of MV lamps.

c While HPS and MV lamps do not have open vs. enclosed luminaire characteristic, DOE determined in chapter 3 of the interim TSD that HPS and MV lamps would be placed in the enclosed equipment classes for their respective CCT and wattage.

### 5 -4

5.3.1 Baseline Lamps and Representative Lamp Types

Once DOE identified the representative equipment classes for analysis, it selected baseline lamps to analyze in each class. Because no Federal energy conservation standards exist for HID lamps, the baseline lamps represent the most common, least efficacious lamps sold within the equipment class. For each baseline lamp, DOE selected more efficacious replacement lamps to measure potential energy-saving improvements. DOE refers to the baseline lamp and its more efficacious replacements collectively herein as a “representative lamp type.” The representative lamp type is named by its baseline unit. For example, the 400 W MV representative lamp type refers to the 400 W MV baseline lamp and its more efficacious replacements.

In certain cases in which two lamp technologies ( e.g., MV and MH) are included in the same representative lamp type, DOE selected multiple baseline lamps to ensure consideration of

diff erent consumer economics. For example, MV lamps are the least efficacious lamp option for some equipment classes; however, MV lamps represent a small portion of the market because many customers have already transitioned to MH technology. For this reason, DOE selects both a MV lamp and a MH lamp as baselines for certain representative lamp types in the >2800 K and ≤4500 K equipment classes.

For the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, clear, enclosed equipment class (hereafter referred to as the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment class), DOE chose

five baselines. After examining catalog data and interviewing manufacturers, DOE decided to analyze HPS lamps with wattages of 70, 100, 250, 400, and 1000 W as baselines. While a small

number of ceramic metal halide (CMH) lamps exist in this CCT range, HPS lamps are the most popular technology by a wide margin and thus were the lamps chosen as baseline lamps for this representative equipment class. DOE chose to analyze baseline HPS lamps at 70, 100, 250, and

400 W after learning from manufacturers that these were wattages at which HPS lamps are most commonly sold. DOE also chose to analyze a 1000 W HPS baseline in order to characterize the high wattage end of the equipment class. These five baselines are summarized below in Ta ble

5.3

. 2

.

For the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W, clear, enclosed equipment class (hereafter referred to as the >2800 K a nd ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤4 00 W representative equipment class), DOE chose to analyze nine baseline lamps, spanning five different representative lamp types. After examining catalog data and interviewing manufacturers, DOE concluded that only MV and MH technologies are available in this equipment class. Because MV lamps are consistently the least efficacious lamps in this CCT range, DOE selected the most common MV lamps as baselines. When a MH lamp c ould serve as a higher-efficacy replacement lamp for a MV baseline lamp, DOE analyzed both the MV lamp and the least-efficacious MH lamp as baselines. Lastly, some MH lamps were chosen as baselines even when they did not offer the same lumen package as a MV baseline lamp. Including these MH baseline lamps ensured DOE accurately characterized the HID lamp market because these MH baseline lamps represented hig h shipment volumes. DOE decided to analyze MV lamps with wattages of 100, 175, 250, and

400 W and MH lamps with wattages of 70, 100, 175, 250, and 400 W as baselines. These nine

baselines are summarized below in Table 5.3

. 2

.

### 5 -5

For the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤ 1000 W, clear, enclosed equipment class (hereafter referred to as the >2800 K a nd ≤4500 K, >400 W a nd ≤ 1000 W representative equipment class), DOE analyzed two baselines. Based on catalog availability and manufacturer

fe edback, DOE found the most common, least efficient lamp in this equipment class to be a 1000

W MV lamp and thus chose to analyze a 1000 W MV baseline. DOE also selected a 1000 W MH

ba seline lamp to analyze. This baseline was included because 1000 W MH lamps represent high shipment volumes based on catalog availability and manufacturer input. These two baseline lamps for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤ 1000 W representative equipment class are

shown be low in Table 5.3.2

.

For the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W, clear, enclosed equipment class (hereafter referred to as the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W a nd ≤2000 W representative equipment class), DOE analyzed only one baseline. In order to characterize the highest wattage of the equipment class, DOE chose a 2000 W probe-start MH lamp as the baseline, as shown

be low in Table 5.3

. 2

. MV lamps are not present in this equipment class because this rulemaking

is onl y considering standards for MV lamps that are ≥ 50 W and ≤ 1000 W.

Table 5.3. 2 Baseline Lamps

CCT Range Wattage Bulb

Fin ish * Luminaire

Characteristic ** Representative

Lamp Type Baseline Lamp

Type Baseline

Wattage

 1900 K and

 2800 K ≥ 50 W and

 1000 W Clear Enclosed 70 W HPS HPS 70

100 W HPS HPS 100

250 W HPS HPS 250

400 W HPS HPS 400

1000 W HPS HPS 1000

>2800 K and

 4500 K ≥ 50 W and

 400 W Clear Enclosed 100 W MV MV 100

MH 70

175 W MV MV 175

MH 100

250 W MV MV 250

MH 175

400 W MV MV 400

MH 250

400 W MH MH 400

> 400 W and

 1000 W Clear Enclosed 1000 W MV MV 1 000

1000 W MH MH 1000

> 1000 W and

 2000 W Clear Enclosed 2000 W MH MH 2000

* MV lamps regardless of bulb finish are placed in the clear equipment classes for their respective CCT and wattage. ** MV and HPS lamps are placed in the enclosed equipment classes for their respective wattage and CCT.



### 5.4 HIGHER-EFFICACY REPLACEMENTS

After choosing a baseline lamp for each representative lamp type, DOE searched for commercially available HID lamps that would serve as more efficacious substitutes on the basis

### 5 -6

of initial efficacy. When identifying lamps that could replace baselines, DOE considered a number of criteria. Most importantly, more efficacious substitutes were selected to save energy

and , when possible, have mean lumens within 10 percent of the mean lumens of the baseline lamp. DO E also sought to keep other characteristics as similar as possible, such as initial lumen output, operating orientation, rated life, color rendering index (CRI), bulb shape, and base type.

DOE did not identify any commercially available lamps in the ≥1900 K and ≤ 2800 K representative equipment class that had technologies to improve the efficacy above the baseline level. DOE considered four options for modeling higher-efficacy replacements.

F irst, DOE examined the possibility o f usin g low CCT (2800 K) CMH lamps as

re placements for the HPS lamps. DOE found a small number of these CMH lamps advertised for

use in a pplications in which HPS lamps are typically used. DOE identified commercially available replacements for two of the five HPS baselines (70 W and 100 W). The low CCT and hig h efficacy of these CMH lamps make them a suitable alternative for HPS lamps. The CMH lamps, howe ver, are made by a single manufacturer and incorporate proprietary technology.

Because DOE was unable to confirm that similar 2800 K CMH lamps could be manufactured without proprietary technology, DOE did not analyze higher-efficacy replacements based on this

de sign option.

A second approach DOE considered was adapting HPS lamps that are currently offered

i n Europe. DOE found that the maximum efficacies of European HPS lamps below 450 W are typically higher than those of American HPS lamps. d 

### However, this trend in efficacy between European and American HPS lamps did not hold true for wattages greater than 450 W. DOE identified several design differences between European and American lamps. When comparing lamps of the same wattage, European lamps tend to operate at higher voltages. This may be due to the different supply voltages offered on the two continents and results in lamps being designed

with di fferent electrical characteristics. This difference also prevents their use in American

a pplications that are optimized to different voltages. If modified for the American electrical system, European lamps may decrease in efficacy. In the absence of a consistent trend, DOE could not conclusively determine that European lamps achieved higher levels of efficacy than American lamps. Therefore, DOE did not use European lamps to develop a replacement option for the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment class.

A third method DOE considered was using non-cycling HPS lamps to replace standard

HPS lamps. Standard HPS lamps exhibit end-of-life cycling, which occurs at the end of the lamp’s operating life as the voltage of the lamp increases beyond the ballast’s capability to sustain the arc. When this happens, the lamp extinguishes, cools down, and turns on again. The

c ycling pattern will repeat until the lamp is replaced, though customers often find it difficult to

i dentify and find a lamp that has reached this cycling point when it is in a large group of lamps. If the lamp is not replaced within a reasonable period of time, the ballast is also at risk of failing permanently. To combat this issue, manufacturers introduced non-cycling HPS lamps that

pr event cycling by changing the contents of the arc tube, the electrode ’s emissive coating material, and the arc tube wall temperature. Instead of cycling, these lamps will either change

d This may be in part due to the presence of European efficacy standards for HPS lamps with wattages less than or equal to 605 W.

### 5 -7

noticeably in color (from yellow light to a cooler white light)

, 

### indicating to the customer that it is

ti me to replace the lamp, or simply not light at all. While non-cycling HPS lamps tend to be more efficacious at low wattages, DOE compared efficacies for cycling and non-cycling lamps acros s all available wattages to determine if an overall trend in efficacy difference was present. DOE determined that non-cycling lamps are not consistently more efficacious than cycling lamps, and therefore did not analyze non-cycling lamps as more efficacious replacements for the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment class.

Finally, DOE learned through manufacturer interviews that the efficacy of HPS may be improved by changing the arc tube material. Through its own research, DOE found academic

pa pers that indicated potential increases in efficacy through the use of sapphire, or single crystal aluminum oxide, instead of the industry standard ceramic, or polycrystalline alumina (PCA)

material. 2 

### Sapphire has superior light transmission characteristics that would allow for a

mo de rate improvement in efficacy. Based on independent research and feedback from both HID

manuf acturers and glass manufacturers, DOE estimates that light output increases by five percent when changing from ceramic to sapphire arc tubes. This moderate improvement in light output,

howe ver, comes with some difficulties. In addition to the significant increase in cost required to

manuf acture, sapphire introduces unique design difficulties because of its tendency to expand differently along each of its three axes. When sapphire is formed into an arc tube, this asymmetry in material expansion may result in rupture of the arc tube. Although this technology is not currently commercially available, several manufacturers have previously produced an HPS lamp with a sapphire arc tube, the first appearing in the late 1970s. As such, DOE determined th at

sa pphire arc tubes provide the best approach to increasing the efficacy of standard HPS lamps.

To calculate the wattage and efficacy of the equal-lumen, reduced-wattage, modeled CSL 1 lamp, DOE first plotted five modeled lamps of equal wattage to all five baseline lamps (70, 100, 250, 400, and 1000 W), but with a five percent increase in efficacy. Then, DOE fit a power regression curve to the five more efficacious lamps. Using this power regression curve, DOE determined the percent reduction in wattage necessary to create an equal-lumen, reduced-wattage lamp relative to the baseline. For example, the 70 W baseline lamp in th e ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment class has 6300 initial lumens. Using the five percent increase in

e fficacy, DOE modeled a 67 W HPS lamp with a sapphire arc tube that also has 6300 initial

lumens. All of the modeled CSL 1 lamps in the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment

class were assumed to have the same lamp characteristics ( i.e., CCT, initial lumens, mean lumens, operating orientation, bulb finish, luminaire characteristic, and rated life) as the corresponding baseline lamp.

As discussed in Chapter 4 of the interim TSD, DOE is still considering whether sapphire arc tube HPS lamps pass the four screening criteria to become a design option in the engineering analysis. However, for the interim TSD, DOE presents results for the potential CSL 1 based on sapphire arc tube technology.

5.5 CANDIDATE STANDARD LEVELS

In its analysis of available data, DOE found that initial lamp efficacy tends to increase with increased wattage. DOE considered two options to capture this trend when establishing CSLs: (1) a constant-value approach, in which the same standard is established for all lamps

### 5 -8

within an equipment class, and (2) an equation-based approach, in which a relationship between lamp input power and initial lamp efficacy is determined for each equipment class. To consider a constant-value approach, in which all lamp wattages within an equipment class are required to meet a single standard, DOE would have to create several additional equipment classes to accommodate the range of wattages encompassed by a representative lamp type. For example, in the >2800 K to ≤4500 K CCT range, DOE could create an equipment class for lamps with wattages between 100 W and 250 W that would encompass the 250 W MV baseline and the more efficacious, lower-wattage probe-start, pulse-start, and CMH replacements (the 250 W MV representative lamp type). However, when analyzing potential equipment class divisions based on wattage, DOE noticed that the wattage of the highest-efficacy replacements for certain baselines overlapped with a neighboring equipment class. For example, the 100 W CMH replacement for the 250 W MV baseline lamp in the above equipment class has the same wattage as: (1) a 100 W pulse-start MH replacement for a 175 W MV baseline lamp and (2) a 100 W MV baseline lamp. Furthermore, a constant-value approach could encourage a market shift to the higher-wattage end of any equipment class, as those lamps are naturally able to achieve higher efficacy than lower wattage lamps. For these reasons, DOE decided to pursue an equation-based approach in this rulemaking.

When developing CSL equations, DOE modeled each equation to represent a particular

de sign option. To represent a particular design option, DOE designed the CSL equation to just allow the representative units of a particular design option (the results of th e representative unit selection process are discussed in section 5.7 ). For example, DOE developed a CSL equation for each more efficacious replacement for a MV baseline, such as a probe-start MH , puls e-start MH

, and CMH lamp. After analyzing available products, DOE noticed that the same design options were not available across all lamp wattages. For example, CMH lamps were only available

between 50 and 400 W. e 

### Similarly, pulse-start quartz MH lamps are not available above 1000 W. Because more efficacious lamp design options are only available at certain lamp wattages, and DOE had already established that lamp wattage offers unique utility, DOE established separate equipment classes based on lamp wattage. DOE established separate equipment classes for lamps

in the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, and >4500 K and <7000 K CCT ranges with wattages ≥50 W and

≤400 W , >400 W and ≤1000 W, and >1000 W and ≤2000 W. Because lamps in the ≥1900 K and

≤2800 K CCT range are almost all HPS lamps, DOE found no need to separate this CCT range

b y wattage range.

DOE analyzed each equipment class to determine the appropriate CSLs. To develop equations, DOE used power function regression curves to best fit the representative units in each equipment class, according to an equation of the form:

Initial lamp efficacy (lm/W) = Coefficient * (Lamp input power [W]) ^ Exponent

Using the available data, DOE calculated the coefficient and exponent for each CSL equation. For the equipment classes described above, in which fewer technologies were available to improve efficacy, DOE utilized either linear or constant equation forms instead of the power

func tion equation form.

e An 830 W and an 860 W CMH lamp are available from one manufacturer using proprietary technology.

### 5 -9

5.5.1 Candidate Standard Level for the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

F or the ≥ 1900 K and ≤ 2800 K, ≥5 0 W and ≤ 1000 W, clear, enclosed equipment class, DOE identified one potential CSL above the baseline, represented by HPS lamps with a sapphire arc tube, described in section 5.4 , which will only be included in the engineering analysis for

late r stages of this rulemaking if DOE positively concludes that this technology option meets the screening criteria, per the discussion in chapter 4 of this interim TSD. By plotting initial lamp efficacy as a function of input power for lamps in this equipment class, DOE determined that the data is best modeled by a power function with an exponent less than one (a concave power function). This relationship is characterized by a positive slope that decreases with increased

va lues of input power. The CSL for the ≥ 1900 K and ≤ 2800 K, ≥ 50 W and ≤ 1000 W, clear, enclosed equipment class is depicted below in Ta ble 5.5. 1 and Figure 5.5

. 1

.

Table 5.5. 1 Candidate Standard Level for ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W Equipment Class

Candidate Standard Level Design Option Equation

CSL 1 Modeled HPS lm/W = 54.0 * W 0.13

### 5 -10

Figure 5.5. 1 Candidate Standard Level for ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

5.5.2 Candidate Standard Levels for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W

, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

In the >2800 K to ≤4500 K CCT range, which contains the majority of MV and MH lamps, DOE observed that the same lamp technologies were not available at all available lamp wattages. Therefore, DOE separated equipment classes by wattage as discussed in chapter 3 of the interim TSD. For all products in these equipment classes, DOE sought to maintain continuity

of the CSL equations across all covered wattages. Ensuring continuity between equipment classes prevents lamps of slightly different input power being subject to very different standards.

In a case where a higher wattage lamp is subject to a less stringent standard, the market could be encouraged to shift to increased wattage, negating potential energy savings.

F or lamps with wattages ≥50 W a nd ≤400 W, DOE identified three CSLs above the baseline, which represent commercially available probe-start MH, pulse-start MH, and CMH lamps. As was done for the ≥ 1900 K a nd ≤ 2800 K, ≥ 50 W and ≤ 1000 W, clear, enclosed equipment class, DOE plotted initial lamp efficacy as a function of lamp input power for lamp s in this equipment class and determined that the data was best modeled by a power function with an exponent less than one (a concave power function). CSLs 1 and 2, which represent MH lamps

with t he traditional quartz arc tube, both have an exponent value of 0.10. This differs from CSL 3, which has a value of 0.13 and represents MH lamps with ceramic arc tubes. The higher exponent results in a steeper slope throughout the wattage range. The CSLs for lamps ≥50 W a nd ≤400 W are depicted in Table 5.5. 2 and Figure 5.5. 2 belo w. 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

0 200 400 600 800 1000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

### 5 -11

Table 5.5. 2 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W

, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

Candidate Standard Level Design Option Equation

CSL 1 Probe MH lm/W = 45.5 * W 0.10

CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 50.7 * W 0.10

CSL 3 CMH lm/W = 48.7 * W 0.13



### Figure 5.5. 2 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W

, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

5.5.3 Candidate Standard Levels for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W

, Clear, Enclosed Eq uipment Class

For lamps with wattages >400 W and ≤1000 W, DOE analyzed two representative lamp types. In this equipment class, a linear trend of the following form proved to be the best fit for

the available data: lm/W = coefficient * (lamp input power) + constant

The coefficient of CSL 2 was determined by fitting a line, anchored to the CSL 2

e ndpoint of the ≥50 W a nd ≤400 W range, such that the CSL 2 pulse-start representative lamps exceeded this standard level. Because DOE observed that quartz MH lamps follow the same relationship between 50 W and 400 W, the slope of the CSL 1 equation was assumed to be equal to that of CSL 2 for lamps >400 W and ≤1000 W. The constants for the CSLs in this wattage

ra nge were determined by extending a line with this slope through the endpoints of the curves in
the ≥ 50 W and ≤400 W range to maintain continuity throughout the entire covered wattage 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W)

CSL 1

CSL 2

CSL 3

### 5 -12

range. The CSLs for lamps >400 W and ≤1000 W are depicted in Table 5.5. 3 and Figure 5.5

. 3

below.

T able 5.5. 3 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W

, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

Candidate Standa rd Level Design Option Equation

CSL 1 Probe

- start MH lm/W = 0.021 * W + 74.3

CSL 2 Pulse

- start MH lm/W = 0.021 * W + 83.8



### Figure 5.5. 3 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W

, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

5.5.4 Candidate Standard Levels for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W

, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

For lamps with wattages >1000 W and ≤2000 W, DOE analyzed only one representative lamp. The CSL 1 equation represents probe-start technology and is a constant efficacy requirement of 95.3 lm/W, determined by connecting a horizontal line (slope of zero) through the

1000 W endpoint of CSL 1 in the >400 W and ≤1000 W range. The CSL for lamps >1000 W and

≤ 2000 W is depicted in Table 5.5. 4 and Figure 5.5 .4 below.

Table 5.5. 4 Candidate Standard Level for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W

, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

Candidate Standard Level Design Option Equation

CSL 1 Probe MH lm/W = 95.3 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

CSL 2

### 5 -13

Figure 5.5. 4 Candidate Standard Level for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W

, Clear, Enclosed Equipment Class

5.5.5 Candidate Standard Levels Summary

A summary of the candidate standard level descriptions and equations for all analyzed equipment classes is presented in Table 5.5

. 5

, Figure 5.5. 5 , and Figure 5.5 .6

.

Table 5.5. 5 Representative Equipment Class Candidate Standard Levels

CCT Range Wattage Range CSL Design Option Equation

≥1900 K and ≤2800 K ≥50 W and ≤1000 W CSL 1 * Modeled HPS lm/W = 54.0 * W 0.13

>2800 K and ≤4500 K ≥50 W and ≤400 W CSL 1 Probe MH lm/W = 45.5 * W 0.10

CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 50.7 * W 0.10

CSL 3 CMH lm/W = 48.7 * W 0.13

>400 W and ≤1000 W CSL 1 Probe MH lm/W = 0.021 * W + 74.3

CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 0.021 * W + 83.8

>1000 W and ≤2000 W CSL 1 Probe MH lm/W = 95.3 *This CSL 1 will be considered in the engineering analysis only if DOE concludes that sapphire arc tubes meet all four screening criteria. 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

### 5 -14

Figure 5.5. 5 Candidate Standard Level for ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K Representative

E quipment Class f

f For this equipment class, CSL 1 will be considered in the engineering analysis only if DOE positively concludes that sapphire arc tubes meet all four screening criteria. 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

0 200 400 600 800 1000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

### 5 -15

Figure 5.5. 6 Candidate Standard Levels for >2800 K and ≤4500 K Representative Equipment Classes

5.6 HID SYSTEMS

In this rulemaking, DOE is only considering standards for HID lamps. However, HID lamps are just one component of an HID lighting system. HID lamps require carefully specified ballasts in order to regulate the current and power supplied to the lamp. These lamp-and-ballast

s ystems are then housed in an HID lamp fixture g 

### in order to protect the components, enable it to be mounted in the desired location, and direct the light to the target area. When considerin g changes to HID lamps, DOE recognizes the importance of also analyzing the impact on both the

ballast and the fixture.

5.6.1 Ballasts

Because HID lamps require a ballast to operate, DOE pairs each representative HID lamp with a representative ballast to develop representative lamp-and-ballast systems. Through catalog

re view and manufacturer interviews, DOE learned that a new ballast is generally required when an HID lamp is replaced with a more efficacious substitute. This is often because the more

e fficacious substitute lamp has a lower wattage. DOE has found that the performance characteristics of a ballast—most importantly ballast efficiency—change with wattage.

The refore, in order to properly identify an energy conservation standard’s impact on system performance, the correct ballast needs to be paired with each representative lamp. For this rulemaking, DOE assumes that any change in lamp wattage necessitates a change in ballast.

g Here, DOE uses the term “fixture” to refer to the enclosure that houses the lamp and ballast. 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

0 500 1000 1500 2000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

CSL 2

CSL 3

### 5 -16

In addition to a change in wattage, more efficacious lamps often utilize different technology. For example, when moving from a MV lamp to a MH lamp , the change in technology necessitates a change in ballast. A ballast for a MV lamp is designed and operated differently than a ballast for a MH lamp, and those differences affect the performance

c haracteristics of the ballast, including the ballast efficiency. For this rulemaking, DOE assumesthat changing from one lamp technology to another (e.g., MV to MH, probe-start MH to pulsestart MH, quartz MH to CMH) necessitates a change in ballast.

DOE analyzed HID ballast catalogs and received manufacturer input to determine the

ba llast type that is most commonly used with each representative lamp type. In the HID market, ballasts can be classified as either magnetic or electronic. Magnetic ballasts are larger, more robust to high temperature and voltage transients, and less expensive than electronic ballasts.

Elec tronic ballasts have recently become more popular due to their high efficiencies, but they

sti ll have lower market share than magnetic ballasts. When DOE analyzed the HPS ballasts on

the ma rket, the available products were almost entirely magnetic. Similarly, for MV lamps, DOE

found that magnetic MV ballasts comprised the vast majority of the market. For these reasons,

DO E paired magnetic ballasts with the HPS and MV representative lamps. When determining

whic h ty p e of ballast to use for the representative MH lamps, DOE analyzed the probe-start MH, pulse -start MH, and CMH lamps separately. DOE determined that magnetic ballasts are more commonly used by probe-start and pulse-start MH lamps than electronic ballasts. In surveying the current market for CMH lamps, however, DOE found that electronic ballasts are typically paired with CMH lamps. Therefore, DOE used an electronic MH ballast with all representative

C MH lamps and a magnetic MH ballast with all representative probe-start and pulse-start MH lamps. Table 5.6

. 1 below summarizes the representative ballast types used with each representative lamp type.

Table 5.6. 1 Representative Ballast Types

Lamp Technology Lamp Starting Method Lamp Arc Tube Material Ballast Type

HPS N/A N/A HPS magnetic

MV N/A N/A MV magnetic

MH Probe Quartz MH magnetic

MH Pulse Quartz MH magn etic

MH Pulse Ceramic MH electronic



### For each representative ballast type and wattage combination, DOE calculated representative ballast efficiencies. For pulse-start magnetic MH ballasts subject to energy

c onservation standards, DOE chose the efficiency of a ballast that just meets the current

standa rds. The current standards, which apply only to MH ballasts installed in new fixtures, effectively eliminate probe-start ballasts by setting a minimum efficiency that cannot be met by commercially available probe-start ballasts. However, probe-start MH ballasts can still be bought as replacement ballasts, so DOE calculated the ballast efficiency of probe-start magnetic MH

ba llasts subject to energy conservation standards using efficiency data found in manufacturer catalogs. DOE assigned an efficiency for probe-start magnetic MH ballasts at each wattage based on the average efficiency found in manufacturer catalogs for all probe-start magnetic MH ballasts at that wattage. For all the remaining ballast types ( i.e.

, magnetic MH ballasts that are not subject to current standards, HPS magnetic ballasts, MV magnetic ballasts, and MH

### 5 -17

electronic ballasts), DOE also used the ballast efficiency data found in manufacturer catalogs, averaging the efficiencies of all ballasts available at each ballast type and wattage combination. For the higher-efficacy HPS lamps modeled with sapphire arc tubes at CSL 1, DOE assumed the

ba llast efficiencies were the same as those of the baseline system. DOE did this because for each of the HPS sapphire arc tube models, the change in lamp wattage is relatively small and thus

DO E assumed the change in ballast efficiency to be negligible. Table 5.6

. 2 below lists all of the ballast type and wattage combinations, and the ballast efficiency used for each combination.

Once DOE determined the efficiency of each representative ballast type, DOE used the

ba llast efficiency and lamp wattage to calculate the overall system power. The total power required, in watts, was calculated by dividing the lamp wattage by the ballast efficiency. By using this total system energy figure, instead of only the wattage of the lamp, DOE ensures that it

will consider CSLs that increase lamp efficacy while also decreasing system power. These overall system power calculations are summarized below in Table 5.6

. 2

.

Table 5.6. 2 HID Ballast Efficiencies

Ballast Type Lamp Wattage

W Ballast Efficiency

% Lamp

- and

- Ballast System Power

W

HPS Magnetic 70 76.9 91

100 78 .1 128

250 84 .3 297

400 86 .4 463

1000 9 1.8 1089

MV Magnetic 100 83 .3 120

175 85 .4 205

250 87 .4 286

400 89 .1 449

1000 92 .4 1083

MH Magnetic 70 72 .0 97

100 7 6.9 130

150 81 .0 185

175 88 .0 199

200 88

. 0 227

250 88 .0 284

320 88 .0 364

400 88 .0 455

750 9 0.7 827

875 90 .2 970

1000 9 1.8 1089

1500 9 1.9 1632

2000 95 .0 2105

MH

Electronic 50 89 .3 56

70 89.7 78

100 90 .1 111

150 90 .4 166

250 92 .5 270

### 5 -18

5.6.2 Fixtures

As described previously, when replacing an HID lamp with a more efficacious substitute,

a change in ballast is often required. After seeking input from both HID lamp and HID fixture manufacturers, DOE determined that these changes to the lamp-and-ballast system also

ne cessitate a change in HID lamp fixture. This fixture replacement is needed for several reasons.

R eplacement lamp-and-ballast systems will likely be a different size, and will likely not fit into the existing fixture. Additionally, HID lamp manufacturers and HID lamp fixture manufacturers advised that the cost to retrofit an existing fixture with a new system is generally too large for a customer to find this method worthwhile. Changing lamp-and-ballast systems will also result in

non -optimal optics with the existing fixture, because fixtures are designed to optimize the light

output for a specific lamp-and-ballast system. Lastly, retrofitting an old fixture with a new lampand -ballast system creates safety concerns and will result in the decertifying of the fixture’s UL rating. h 

### For this rulemaking, DOE assumes that changes in the lamp-and-ballast system

ne cessitate a change in fixture. DOE models fixture replacements as impacting the price of a lamp -and-ballast system to the customer, but not impacting the performance.

See Appendix 6A of the interim TSD for more information on the pricing of HID

fixtures.

5.7 DETAILED DISCUSSION OF REPRESENTATIVE LAMP TYPES

The following sections discuss the criteria used and the lamp models selected for each of the 13 representative lamp types used in the engineering analysis.

5.7.1 70 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type

The ≥ 1900 K and ≤ 2800 K representative equipment class contains five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 70 W HPS representative lamp type for this

e quipment class.

5.7.1.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamps as reference points from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2 , a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 70 W HPS lamp as

a baseline based on its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e.

, CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating

h UL, or Underwriters Laboratories, is an organization that independently certifies a wide variety of product safety, including luminaires. When HID fixture manufacturers submit products for safety certification, the UL certification is only valid using the lamp-and-ballast system that was sold and tested with the fixture. Any modifications to the fixture, such as replacing the lamp and/or ballast will void the UL certification.

### 5 -19

orientation ). i 

### Among all 70 W HPS lamps within the representative equipment class that had the

most common characteristics, DOE selected one of the least efficacious lamps as the baseline.

Table 5.7. 1 lists the characteristics of the 70 W HPS baseline lamp.

Table 5.7. 1 Baseline Lamp for the 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Ba seline HPS 70 2100 6300 90.0 5850 83.6 Universal



### 5.7.1.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each CSL DOE considered for the 70 W HPS representative lamp type. As discussed in section 5.4

, DOE did not identify any commercially available lamps with an increased efficacy in the ≥1900 K and

≤ 2800 K representative equipment class, and instead modeled a mor e efficacious lamp based on

a sapphire arc tube. A CSL based on such modeled lamps will only be considered in the

e ngineering analysis for future stages of the rulemaking if DOE positively determines that this technology option meets all four screening criteria as discussed in chapter 4 of the interim TSD.

I f so, this modeled HPS lamp will represent the maximum improvement in efficacy that is

tec hnologically feasible, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o)).

Table 5.7. 2 Summary of the CSL for the 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

CSL 1 Modeled HPS lm/W = 54.0 * W 0.13



### Figure 5.7

. 1 illustrates CSL 1 on a plot with th e re presentative units for the 70 W HPS

re presentative lamp type. The squares represent the representative unit selected by DOE for a

ba seline lamp and a modeled sapphire replacement.

i DOE attempted, wherever possible, to choose both baseline and representative units that were universal operating orientation, meaning the lamp can operate functionally when mounted in any direction. Lamps that can only operate in one position (vertical, horizontal, base up, etc.) can be optimized for that position, and thus increase their efficacy, whereas manufacturers typically find there to be an efficacy penalty associated with ensuring a lamp can operate in any position. Because the ability to operate in any position is useful for customers, DOE wanted to take care not to select any representative units that would eliminate universal-orientation lamps and only allow for a single orientation lamps.

j Throughout this chapter, W is defined as the rated wattage of the HID lamp.

### 5 -20

Figure 5.7. 1 Candidate Standard Level for the 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100

50 60 70 80 90 100Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

Baseline Representative Unit

CSL 1 Representative Unit

### 5 -21

Table 5.7. 3 Lamp Designs for the 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline HPS 70 2100 6300 90.0 5850 83.6 Universal

CSL 1 Modeled HPS 67 2100 6300 93.9 5850 87.2 Universal



### 5.7.1.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for the baseline and each lamp replacement option for the 70 W HPS representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 4 Engineering Summary for 70 W HPS Representative Lamp Type fCSLLamp TypeArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-BallastSystem PowerW

Baseline HPS Ceramic 70 2100 6300 90.0 5850

-- 83.6 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 7 6.9 91

CSL 1 Modeled

HPS Sapphire 67 2100 6300 93.9 5850 0.0 87.2 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 7 6.9 87

### 5 -22

As discussed in section 5.4 , DOE notes that the increased efficacy lamp was modeled to have the same initial and mean lumen output as the baseline lamp. The increased efficacy is obtained by the modeled sapphire arc tube lamps requiring fewer watts to achieve the same light

output.

5.7.2 100 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type

The ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment class contains five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 100 W HPS representative lamp type for this

e quipment class.

5.7.2.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamp s as reference points from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2 , a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 100 W HPS lamp as a baseline based on its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e.

, CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). Among all 100 W HPS lamps within the representative equipment class that had the

most common characteristics, DOE selected one of the least efficacious lamps as the baseline.

Ta ble 5.7. 5 lists the characteristics of the 100 W HPS baseline lamp.

Table 5.7. 5 Baseline Lamp for the 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline HPS 10 0 2000 9500 9 5 .0 8550 85.5 Universal



### 5.7.2.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each CSL DOE considered for the 100 W HPS representative lamp type. As discussed in section 5.5 , DOE did not identify any commercially available lamps with an increased efficacy in the ≥1900 K and

≤ 2800 K representative equipment class, and instead developed a modeled more efficacious lamp

ba sed on a sapphire arc tube. A CSL based on such modeled lamps will only be considered in the

e ngineering analysis for future stages of the rulemaking if DOE positively determines that this technology option meets all four screening criteria as discussed in chapter 4 of the interim TSD. If so, this modeled HPS lamp will represent the maximum improvement in efficacy that is

tec hnologically feasible, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o)).

### 5 -23

Table 5.7. 6 Summary of the CSL for the 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

CSL 1 Modeled HPS lm/W = 54.0 * W 0.13



### Figure 5.7

. 2 ill ustrates CSL 1 on a plot with the representative units for the 100 W HPS representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative unit selected by DOE for a baseline lamp and a modeled sapphire replacement.

Figure 5.7. 2 Candidate Standard Level for the 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 103 105

80 85 90 95 100 105 110Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

Baseline Representative Unit

CSL 1 Representative Unit

### 5 -24

Table 5.7. 7 Lamp Designs for the 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline HPS 100 2000 9500 95.0 8550 85.5 Universal

CSL 1 Modeled HPS 96 2000 9500 99.2 8550 89.2 Universal



### 5.7.2.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for the baseline and each lamp replacement option in the 100

W HPS representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 8 Engineering Summary for 100 W HPS Representative Lamp Type fCSLLamp TypeArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-Ballast SystemPower UseW

Baseline HPS Ceramic 100 2000 9500 95.0 8550

-- 85.5 Universal Clear HPS

magne tic 78 .1 128

CSL 1 Modeled

HPS Sapphire 96 2000 9500 99.2 8550 0.0 89.2 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 78 .1 123



### As discussed in section 5.4 , DOE notes that the increased efficacy lamp was modeled to have the same initial and mean lumen output as the baseline lamp. The increased efficacy is obtained by the modeled sapphire arc tube lamps requiring fewer watts to achieve the same light output.

### 5 -25

5.7.3 250 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type

The ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment class contains five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 250 W HPS representative lamp type for this equipment class.

5.7.3.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamp s as reference points from which DOE measured changes

re sult ing from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 250 W HPS lamp

as a baseline based on its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical characteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e.

, CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Among all 250 W HPS lamps within the representative equipment class that had the

most common characteristics, DOE selected one of the least efficacious lamps as the baseline.

Ta ble 5.7. 9 lists the characteristics of the 250 W HPS baseline lamp.

Ta ble 5.7. 9 Baseline Lamp for the 25 0 W HPS Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline HPS 25 0 2100 27,000 108.0 24,300 97.2 Universal



### 5.7.3.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each CSL DOE considered for the 250 W HPS representative lamp type. As discussed in section 5.4

, DOE did not identify any commercially available lamps with an increased efficacy in the ≥1900 K and

≤ 2800 K representative equipment class, and instead developed a modeled more efficacious lamp

ba sed on a sapphire arc tube. A CSL based on such modeled lamps will only be considered in the

e ngineering analysis for future stages of the rulemakin g if DOE positively determines that this technology option meets all four screening criteria as discussed in chapter 4 of the interim TSD. If so, this modeled HPS lamp will represent the maximum improvement in efficacy that is

tec hnologically feasible, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o)).

Table 5.7. 10 Summary of the CS L for the 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requir ement j

CSL 1 Modeled HPS lm/W = 54.0 * W 0.13

### 5 -26

Figure 5.7

. 3 illustrates CSL 1 on a plot of the representative units for the 250 W HPS

re presentative lamp type. The squares represent the representative unit selected by DOE for a baseline lamp and a modeled sapphire replacement.

Figure 5.7. 3 Candidate Standard Level for the 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120

230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

Baseline Representative Unit

CSL 1 Representative Unit

### 5 -27

Table 5.7. 11 Lamp Designs for the 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficac y lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline HPS 250 2100 27

, 000 108.0 24

, 300 97.2 Universal

CSL 1 Modeled HPS 240 2100 27

, 000 112.7 24

, 300 101.4 Universal



### 5.7.3.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for the baseline and each lamp replacement option in the 250 W HPS representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 12 Engineering Summary for 250 W HPS Representative Lamp Type fCSLLamp TypeArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-Ballast SystemPowerW

Baseline HPS Ceramic 250 2100 27

, 000 10 8.0 24

, 300

-- 97.2 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 84 .3 297

CSL 1 Modeled

HPS Sapphire 240 2100 27

, 000 112.7 24

, 300 0.0 101.4 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 84 .3 284



### As discussed in section 5.4 , DOE notes that the increased efficacy lamp was modeled to have the same initial and mean lumen output as the baseline lamp. The increased efficacy is obtained by the modeled sapphire arc tube lamps requiring fewer watts to achieve the same light output.

### 5 -28

5.7.4 400 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type

The ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment class contains five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 400 W HPS representative lamp type for this equipment class.

5.7.4.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamp s as reference points from which DOE measured changes

re sulting from potential amended energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy

level with the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected 400 W HPS lamps as a baseline based on its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e., CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Among all 400 W HPS lamps within the representative equipment class that had the

most common characteristics, DOE selected one of the least efficacious lamps as the baseline.

Ta ble 5.7. 13 li sts the characteristics of the 400 W HPS baseline lamp.

Table 5.7. 13 Baseline Lamp for the 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Me an

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline HPS 400 2000 47,000 117.5 39,950 99.9 Universal



### 5.7.4.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each CSL DOE considered for the 400 W HPS representative lamp type. As discussed in section 5.4

, DOE did not identify any commercially available lamps with an increased efficacy in the ≥1900 K and

≤ 2800 K representative equipment class, and instead developed a modeled more efficacious lamp

ba sed on a sapphire arc tube. A CSL based on such modeled lamps will only be considered in the

e ngineering analysis for future stages of the rulemaking if DOE positively determines that this technology option meets all four screening criteria as discussed in chapter 4 of the interim TSD. If so, this modeled HPS lamp will represent the maximum improvement in efficacy that is

tec hnologically feasible, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o)).

Tabl e 5.7

. 14 Summary of the CSL for the 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

CSL 1 Modeled HPS lm/W = 54.0 * W 0.13

### 5 -29

Figure 5.7

. 4 illustrates CSL 1 on a plot of the representative units for the 400 W HPS

re presentative lamp type. The squares represent the representative unit selected by DOE for a baseline lamp and a modeled sapphire replacement.

Figure 5.7. 4 Candidate Standard Level for the 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

370 380 390 400 410 420Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

Baseline Representative Unit

CSL 1 Representative Unit

### 5 -30

Table 5.7. 15 Lamp Designs for the 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline HPS 400 2000 47,000 11 7.5 39

, 950 99.9 Universal

CSL 1 Modeled HPS 383 2000 47,000 122.6 39

, 950 104.3 Universal



### 5.7.4.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for the baseline and each lamp replacement option in the 400 W HPS representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 16 Engineering Summary for 400 W HPS Representative Lamp Type fCSLLamp TypeArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-Ballast SystemPowerW

Baseline HPS Ceramic 400 2000 47

, 000 117.5 39

, 950

-- 99.9 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 86 .4 463

CSL 1 Modeled

HPS Sapphire 383 2000 47

, 000 122.6 39

, 950 0.0 104.3 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 86 .4 444



### As discussed in section 5.4 , DOE notes that the increased efficacy lamp was modeled to have the same initial and mean lumen output as the baseline lamp. The increased efficacy is obtained by the modeled sapphire arc tube lamps requiring fewer watts to achieve the same light output.

### 5 -31

5.7.5 1000 W High-Pressure Sodium Representative Lamp Type

The ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K representative equipment class contains five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 1000 W HPS representative lamp type for this

e quipment class.

5.7.5.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamp s as reference points from which DOE measured changes

re sulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 1000 W HPS lamp

a s a baseline based on its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e.

, CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Among all 1000 W HPS lamps within the representative equipment class that had

the most common characteristics, DOE selected one of the least efficacious lamps as the

ba seline. Table 5.7

. 17 lists the characteristics of the 1000 W HPS baseline lamp.

Table 5.7. 17 Baseline Lamp for the 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orie ntation

Baseline HPS 100 0 2100 130,000 13 0.0 117,000 117.0 Universal



### 5.7.5.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each CSL DOE considered for the 1000 W HPS representative lamp type. As discussed in section 5.4 , DOE did not identify commercially available lamps with an increased efficacy in the ≥1900 K and

≤ 2800 K representative equipment class, and instead developed a modeled more efficacious lamp

ba sed on a sapphire arc tube. A CSL based on such modeled lamps will only be considered in the

e ngineering analysis for future stages of the rulemaking if DOE positively determines that this

tec hnology option meets all four screening criteria as discussed in chapter 4 of the interim TSD. If so, this modeled HPS lamp will represent the maximum improvement in efficacy that is

tec hnologically feasible, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o)).

Table 5.7. 18 Summary of the CSL for the 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requi rement j

CSL 1 Modeled HPS lm/W = 54.0 * W 0.13

### 5 -32

Figure 5.7

. 5 illustrates CSL 1 on a plot of the representative units for the 1000 W HPS representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative unit selected by DOE for a baseline lamp and a modeled sapphire replacement.

Figure 5.7. 5 Candidate Standard Level for the 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138

950 960 970 980 990 1000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

### 5 -33

Table 5.7. 19 Lamp Designs for the 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type f

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Eff icacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline HPS 1000 2100 130,000 130.0 117

, 000 117.0 Universal

CSL 1 Modeled HPS 958 2100 130,000 135.7 117

, 000 122.1 Universal



### 5.7.5.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for the baseline and each lamp replacement option in the 1000 W HPS representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 20 Engineering Summary for 1000 W HPS Representative Lamp Type fCSLLamp TypeArcTubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-Ballast SystemPowerW

Baseline HPS Ceramic 1000 2 100 27

, 000 130.0 117

, 000

-- 117.0 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 9 1.8 1089

CSL 1 Modeled

HPS Sapphire 958 2100 27

, 000 135.7 117

, 000 0.0 1 22.1 Universal Clear HPS magnetic 9 1.8 1043



### As discussed in section 5.4 , DOE notes that the increased efficacy lamp was modeled to have the same initial and mean lumen output as the baseline lamp. The increased efficacy is obtained by the modeled sapphire arc tube lamps requiring fewer watts to achieve the same light output.

### 5 -34

5.7.6 100 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type

The >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W representative equipment class contains five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 100 W MV representative lamp

t ype for this equipment class.

5.7.6.1 Baseline Models

DO E selected baseline lamps as reference points from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2 , a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 100 W MV lamp as a baseline lamp because of its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e., CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Among all 100 W MV lamps within the representative equipment class that had the

most common characteristics, DOE selected the least efficacious 100 W MV lamp as the

baseline. Table 5.7

. 21 describes the characteristics of the 100 W MV baseline lamp.

DOE also considered a MH baseline with similar characteristics, including mean lumen output, for the 100 W MV representative lamp type. This second baseline lamp was selected to

a ccount for the different high-volume lamps within the representative lamp type and their associated customer economics. Even though MV lamps are the least efficacious lamps in this equipment class, a large portion of the market has already transitioned from MV technology to MH technology. As described in section 5.3.1 , the least-efficacious MH lamp with similar characteristics to the 100 W MV baseline was a 70 W pulse-start MH lamp, since there are no probe-start MH lamps at these low wattages.

Table 5.7. 21 Baseline Lamp s for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mea n

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 100 3900 4000 40.0 2800 28.0 Universal

Baseline

MH /CSL 2 Pulse MH 70 4000 5500 78.6 3000 42.9 Universal



### 5.7.6.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

As outl ined in chapter 4 of the interim TSD, DOE identified several design options to improve the efficacy of MV and MH lamps. At the MV level, the only option DOE identified was a switch to a more efficacious technology, such as MH. At the MH level, the means to improve efficacy included switching from probe-start technology to pulse-start technology and

### 5 -35

from quartz arc tubes to ceramic arc tubes. k 

### These design options are the basis upon which DOE developed CSLs. Finally, DOE determined the maximum improvement in efficacy that wa s

tec hnologically feasible for HID lamps, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o))

Table 5.7. 22 Summary of the CSL s for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

CSL 1 N/A* lm/W = 45.5 * W 0.10

Baseline MH/CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 50.7 * W 0.10

CSL 3 CMH lm/W = 48.7 * W 0.13

*While no probe

- start MH lamps were found in this representative lamp type, the CSL 1 equation still applies at these lower wattages.



### Figure 5.7

. 6 illustrates the three CSLs on a plot with the representative units for the 100

W MV representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative units selected by DOE for each of the technologies in this representative lamp type, while the lines correspond to the

three CSLs.

Figure 5.7. 6 Candidate Standard Levels for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type

k DOE notes that within this representative lamp type, no probe-start MH lamps were found. As such, none of the representative lamps are probe-start MH, but the CSL 1 equation that correlates to a switch from MV to probe-start MH still applies at these wattages. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage

CSL 1

CSL 2

CSL 3

MV Baseline Representative Unit

Baseline MH/CSL 2 Representative Unit

CSL 3 Representative Unit

### 5 -36

Table 5.7. 23 Lamp Designs for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 100 3900 4000 40.0 280 0 28.0 Universal

CSL 1 N/A

Baseline

MH/CSL 2 Pulse MH 70 4000 5500 78.6 3000 42.9 Universal

CSL 3 CMH 50 3000 4100 82.0 2750 55.0 Universal



### 5.7.6.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for each lamp replacement option in the 100 W MV representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 24 Engineering Summary for 100 W MV Representative Lamp TypeCSLLamp TypeStarting MethodArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-BallastSystemPowerW

Baseline MV N/A N/A 100 3900 4000 40.0 2800

-- 28.0 Universal Coated MV

magne tic 83 .3 120

CSL 1 N/A

Baseline

MH/CSL 2 MH Pulse Quartz 70 4000 5500 78.6 3000 +7.1 42.9 Universal Clear MH magnetic 72 .0 97

CSL 3 MH Pulse Ceramic 50 3000 4100 82.0 2750

- 1.8 55.0 Universal Clear MH

electronic 89 .3 56

### 5 -37

5.7.7 175 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type

The >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W representative equipment class contains five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 175 W MV representative lamp

t ype for this equipment class.

5.7.7.1 Baseline Models

DO E selected baseline lamp s as reference points from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2 , a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 175 W MV lamp as a baseline lamp because of its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical characteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e., CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Among all 175 W MV lamps within the representative equipment class that had the most common characteristics, DOE selected the least efficacious 175 W MV lamp as the

ba seline. Table 5.7

. 25 describes the characteristics of the 175 W MV baseline lamp.

DOE also considered a MH baseline with similar characteristics, including mean lumen output, for the 175 W MV representative lamp type. This second baseline lamp was selected to

a ccount for the different high-volume lamps within the representative lamp type and their associated customer economics. Even though MV lamps are the least efficacious lamps in this equipment class, a large portion of the market has already switched from MV technology to MH technology. As described in section 5.3.1 , the least efficacious MH lamp with similar characteristics to the 175 W MV baseline was a 100 W pulse-start MH lamp, since there are no probe-start MH lamps at these low wattages.

Table 5.7. 25 Baseline Lamp s for the 100 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 175 3900 7800 44.6 6630 37.9 Universal

Baseline

MH /CSL 2 Pulse MH 100 4000 8100 81.0 5800 58.0 Universal



### 5.7.7.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

As outl ined in chapter 4 of the interim TSD, DOE identified several design options to improve the efficacy of MV and MH lamps. At the MV level, the only option DOE identified was a switch to a more efficacious technology, such as MH. At the MH level, means to improve efficacy included switching from probe-start technology to pulse-start technology and from

### 5 -38

quartz arc tubes to ceramic arc tubes. l 

### These design options are the basis upon which DOE developed CSLs. Finally, DOE determined the maximum improvement in efficacy that wa s

tec hnologically feasible for HID lamps, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o))

Table 5.7. 26 Summary of the CSL s for the 175 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requi rement j

CSL 1 N/A* lm/W = 45.5 * W 0.10

Baseline MH/ CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 50.7 * W 0.10

CSL 3 CMH lm/W = 48.7 * W 0.13

*While no probe

- start MH lamps were found in this representative lamp type, the CSL

1 equation still applies at these lower wattages.



### Figure 5.7

. 7 illustrates the three CSLs on a plot with the representative units for the 175

W MV representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative units selected by DOE for each of the technologies in this representative lamp type, while the lines correspond to the

three CSLs.

Figure 5.7. 7 Candidate Standard Levels for the 175 W MV Representative Lamp Type

l DOE notes that within this representative lamp type, no probe-start MH lamps were found. As such, none of the representative lamps are probe-start MH, but the CSL 1 equation that correlates to a switch from MV to probe-start MH still applies at these wattages. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160 175 190Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage

CSL 1

CSL 2

CSL 3

Baseline MV Representative Unit

Baseline MH/CSL 2 Representative Unit

CSL 3 Representative Unit

### 5 -39

Table 5.7. 27 Lamp Designs for the 175 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 175 3900 7800 44.6 6630 37.9 Universal

CSL 1 N/A

Baseline

MH/CSL 2 Pulse

- start MH 100 4000 8100 81.0 5800 58.0 Universal

CSL 3 CMH 70 3000 7200 102.9 5980 85.4 Universal



### 5.7.7.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for each lamp replacement option in the 175 W MV

re presentative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 28 Engineering Summary for 175 W MV Representative Lamp TypeCSLLamp TypeStarting MethodArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-Ballast SystemPowerW

Baseline MV N/A N/A 175 3900 7800 44.6 6630

-- 37.9 Universal Coated MV magnetic 85 .4 205

CSL 1 N/A

Baseline

MH/CSL 2 MH Pulse Quartz 100 4000 8100 81.0 5800

- 12.5 58.0 Universal Clear M H magnetic 7 6.9 130

CSL 3 MH Pulse Ceramic 70 3000 7200 102.9 5980

- 9.8 85.4 Universal Clear M H

electronic 89.7 78

### 5 -40

5.7.8 250 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type

The >2800 K and ≤4500 K; ≥50 W and ≤400 W representative equipment class contains

five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 250 W MV representative lamp

t ype for this equipment class.

5.7.8.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamps as reference points from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To

de termine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 250 W MV lamp as a baseline lamp because of its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e., CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating

or ientation). i 

### Among all 250 W MV lamps within the representative equipment class that had the

most common characteristics, DOE selected the least efficacious 250 W MV lamp as the

ba seline. Table 5.7

. 29 describes the characteristics of the 250 W MV baseline lamp.

DOE also considered a MH baseline with similar characteristics, including mean lumen output, for the 250 W MV representative lamp type. This second baseline lamp was selected to

a ccount for the different high-volume lamps within the representative lamp type and their associated customer economics. Even though MV lamps are the least efficacious lamps in this equipment class, a large portion of the market has already switched from MV technology to MH technology. As described in section 5.3.1 , the least efficacious MH lamp with similar characteristics to the 250 W MV baseline was a 175 W probe-start MH lamp.

T able 5.7. 29 Baseline Lamp s for the 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 250 4000 12,500 50.0 10 ,000 40.0 Universal

Baseline

MH /CSL 1 Probe MH 175 4000 13,500 77.1 9100 52.0 Universal



### 5.7.8.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

As outl ined in chapter 4 of the interim TSD, DOE identified several design options to

im prove the efficacy of MV and MH lamps. At the MV level, the only option DOE identified was a switch to a more efficacious technology, such as MH. At the MH level, means to improve efficacy included switching from probe-start technology to pulse-start technology and from quartz arc tubes to ceramic arc tubes. These design options are the basis upon which DOE developed CSLs. Finally, DOE determined the maximum improvement in efficacy that wa s

### 5 -41

technologically feasible for HID lamps, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o))

Table 5.7. 30 Summary of the CSL s for the 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

Baseline MH/ CSL 1 Pro be MH lm/W = 45.5 * W 0.10

CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 50.7 * W 0.10

CSL 3 CMH lm/W = 48.7 * W 0.13



### Figure 5.7

. 8 illustrates the three CSLs on a plot with the representative units for the 250

W MV representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative units selected by DOE for each of the four technologies in this representative lamp type, while the lines correspond to

the three CSLs.

Figure 5.7. 8 Candidate Standard Levels for the 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage

CSL 1

CSL 2

CSL 3

MV Baseline Representative Unit

Baseline MH/CSL 1 Representative Unit

CSL 2 Representative Unit

CSL 3 Representative Unit

### 5 -42

Table 5.7. 31 Lamp Designs for the 250 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/ W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 250 4000 12,500 50.0 10

, 000 40.0 Universal

Baseline MH/CSL 1 Probe MH 175 4000 13,500 77.1 9100 52.0 Universal

CSL 2 Pulse MH 150 3400 13,300 88.7 10

, 000 66.7 Universal

CSL 3 CMH 100 3000 9500 95.0 7600 76.0 Universa l



### 5.7.8.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for each lamp replacement option in the 250 W MV representative lamp type. At CSL 3, a lamp was not commercially available that maintained mean lumens within 10 percent. While

DO E sought to maintain higher efficacy substitutes within 10 percent, it also sought to analyze commercially available lamps.

T able 5.7. 32 Engineering Summary for 250 W MV Representative Lamp TypeCSLLamp TypeStarting MethodArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-BallastSystemPowerW

Baseline MV N/A N/A 250 4000 12

, 500 50.0 10

, 000

-- 40.0 Universal Coated MV magnetic 87 .4 286

Baseline

MH/CSL 1 MH Probe Quartz 175 4000 13

, 500 77.1 9100

- 9.0 52.0 Universal Clear MH magnetic 88 .0 199

CSL 2 MH Pulse Quartz 150 3400 13

, 300 88.7 10

, 000 0.0 66.7 Universal Clear MH magnetic 81 .0 185

CSL 3 MH Pulse Ceramic 100 3000 9500 95.0 7600

- 24.0 76.0 Universal Clear MH

electronic 90 .1 111

### 5 -43

5.7.9 400 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type

The >2800 K and ≤4500 K; ≥50 W and ≤400 W representative equipment class contains

five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 400 W MV representative lamp

t ype for this equipment class.

5.7.9.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamp s as reference points from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 400 W MV lamp as a baseline lamp because of its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics these types of lamps ( i.e., CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating

orientation ). i 

### Among all 400 W MV lamps within the representative equipment class that had these common characteristics, DOE selected the least efficacious 400 W MV lamp as a baseline.

Ta ble 5.7. 33 describes the characteristics of the 400 W MV baseline lamp.

DOE also considered a MH baseline with similar characteristics, including mean lumen output, for the 400 W MV representative lamp type. This second baseline lamp was selected to

a ccount for the different high-volume lamps within the representative lamp type and their

as sociated customer economics. Even though MV lamps are the least efficacious lamps in this equipment class, a large portion of the market has already switched from MV technology to MH

tec hnology. As described in section 5.3.1 , the least efficacious MH lamp with similar characteristics to the 400 W MV baseline was a 250 W probe-start MH lamp.

T able 5.7. 33 Baseline Lamp s for the 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 400 4000 22,000 55.0 16,200 40.5 Universal

Baseline

MH /CSL 1 Probe MH 250 4200 22,000 88.0 15,000 60.0 Universal



### 5.7.9.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

As outlined in chapter 4 of the interim TSD, DOE identified several design options to

im prove the efficacy of MV and MH lamps. At the MV level, the only option DOE identified was a switch to a more efficacious technology, such as MH. At the MH level, means to improve

e fficacy included switching from probe-start technology to pulse-start technology and from quartz arc tubes to ceramic arc tubes. These design options are the basis upon which DOE developed CSLs. Finally, DOE determined the maximum improvement in efficacy that wa s

### 5 -44

technologically feasible for HID lamps, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o))

Table 5.7. 34 Summary of the CSL s for the 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

Baseline MH/ CSL 1 Probe MH lm/W = 45.5 * W 0.10

CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 50.7 * W 0.10

CSL 3 CMH lm/W = 48.7 * W 0.13



### Figure 5.7

. 9 illustrates the three CSLs on a plot with the representative units for the 400

W MV representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative units selected by DOE for each of the four technologies in this representative lamp type, while the lines correspond to

the thr ee CSLs.

Figure 5.7. 9 Candidate Standard Levels for the 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage

CSL 1

CSL 2

CSL 3

MV Baseline Representative Unit

Baseline MH/CSL 1 Representative Unit

CSL 2 Representative Unit

CSL 3 Representative Unit

### 5 -45

Table 5.7. 35 Lamp Designs for the 400 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 400 4000 22,000 55.0 16

, 200 40.5 Universal

Baseline MH/CSL 1 Probe MH 250 4200 22,0 00 88.0 15

, 000 60.0 Universal

CSL 2 Pulse MH 200 4000 19,000 95.0 16

, 340 81.7 Horizontal

CSL 3 CMH 150 3000 15,000 100.0 12

, 450 83.0 Universal



### 5.7.9.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for each lamp replacement option in the 400 W MV representative lamp type. At CSL 3, a lamp was not commercially available that maintained mean lumens within 10 percent. While

DO E sought to maintain higher efficacy substitutes within 10 percent, it also sought to analyze commercially available lamps.

Table 5.7. 36 Engineering Summary for 400 W MV Representative Lamp TypeCSLLamp TypeStarting MethodArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-Ballast SystemPowerW

Baseline MV N/A N/A 400 4000 22000 55.0 16

, 200

-- 40.5 Universal Coated MV magnetic 89 .1 449

Baseline

MH/CSL 1 MH Probe Quartz 250 4200 22000 88.0 15

, 000

- 7.4 60.0 Universal Clear MH magnetic 88 .0 284

CSL 2 MH Pulse Quartz 200 4000 19000 95.0 16

, 340 +0.9 81.7 Horizontal Clear MH magnetic 88 .0 227

CSL 3 MH Pulse Ceramic 150 3000 15000 100.0 12

, 450

- 23.1 83.0 Univ ersal Clear MH

electronic 90 .4 166

### 5 -46

5.7.10 400 W Metal Halide Representative Lamp Type

The >2800 K and ≤4500 K; ≥50 W and ≤400 W representative equipment class contains

five representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 400 W MH representative lamp

t ype for this equipment class.

5.7.10.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamp s as reference point s from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline lamp. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 400 W MH lamp as a baseline lamp because of its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical characteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e.

, CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Unlike the other four representative lamp types in this equipment class, DOE only included one baseline lamp. A 400 W MH baseline lamp did not match any of the lumen packages of a MV baseline, but because of its high shipment volume, a 400 W MH baseline was analyzed. Among all 400 W MH lamps within the representative equipment class

that ha d the most common characteristics, DOE selected the least efficacious 400 W MH lamp as

the ba seline. Table 5.7

. 37 describes the characteristics of the 400 W MH baseline lamp.

Table 5.7. 37 Baseline Lamp s for the 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline /

CSL 1 Probe

MH 400 4000 36,000 90.0 22,100 55.3 Universal



### 5.7.10.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

As outl ined in chapter 4 of the interim TSD, DOE identified several design options to

im prove the efficacy of probe-start MH lamps. These design options are the basis upon which

DO E developed CSLs and included switching from probe-start technology to pulse-start

tec hnology and from quartz arc tubes to ceramic arc tubes. Finally, DOE determined the maximum improvement in efficacy that is technologically feasible for HID lamps, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295 (o))

### 5 -47

Table 5.7. 38 Summary of the CSL s for the 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

Baseline/ CSL 1 Probe MH lm/W = 45.5 * W 0.10

CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 50.7 * W 0.10

CSL 3 CMH lm/W = 48.7 * W 0.13



### Figure 5.7

. 10 illustrates the three CSLs on a plot with the representative units for the 400

W MH representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative units selected by DOE for each of the three technologies in this representative lamp type, while the lines correspond to

the three CSLs.

Figure 5.7. 10 Candidate Standard Levels for the 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage

CSL 1

CSL 2

CSL 3

Baseline/CSL 1 Representative Unit

CSL 2 Representative Unit

CSL 3 Representative Unit

### 5 -48

Table 5.7. 39 Lamp Designs for the 400 W MH Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline N/A

Baseline/CSL 1 Probe MH 400 4000 36,000 90.0 22

, 100 55.3 Universal

CSL 2 Pu lse MH 320 4300 30,000 93.8 21

, 000 65.6 Universal

CSL 3 CMH 250 3000 25,000 100.0 20

, 000 80.0 Universal



### 5.7.10.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for each lamp replacement option in the 400 W MH representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 40 Engineering Summary for 400 W MH Representative Lamp TypeCSLLamp TypeStarting MethodArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-Ballast SystemPowerW

Baseline N/A

Baseline/CSL 1 MH Probe Quartz 400 4000 36

, 000 90.0 22

, 100

-- 55.3 Universal Clear MH magnetic 88 .0 455

CSL 2 MH Pulse Quartz 320 4300 30

, 000 93.8 21

, 000

- 5.0 65.6 Universal Clear MH magnetic 88 .0 364

CSL 3 MH Pulse Ceramic 250 3000 25

, 000 100.0 20

, 000

- 9.5 80.0 Universal Clear MH

electronic 92 .5 270

### 5 -49

5.7.11 1000 W Mercury Vapor Representative Lamp Type

The >2800 K and ≤4500 K; >400 W and ≤1000 W representative equipment class contains two representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 1000 W MV

re presentative lamp type for this equipment class.

5.7.11.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamp s as reference points from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 1000 W MV lamp as a baseline lamp because of its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e., CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Among all 1000 W MV lamps within the representative equipment class that had

the most common characteristics, DOE selected the least efficacious 1000 W MV lamp as the

ba seline. Table 5.7

. 41 describes the characteristics of the 1000 W MV baseline lamp.

Table 5.7. 41 Baseline Lamps for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Effi cacy lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 1000 3600 59000 59.0 54,000 54.0 Universal



### 5.7.11.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

As outlined in chapter 4 of the interim TSD, DOE identified several design options to

im prove the efficacy of MV and MH lamps. At the MV level, the only option DOE identified was a switch to a more efficacious technology, such as MH. At the MH level, the only means to improve efficacy was to switch from probe-start technology to pulse-start technology. m 

### These design options are the basis upon which DOE developed CSLs. Finally, DOE determined the

max imum improvement in efficacy that wa s technologically feasible for HID lamps, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295 (o))

m While DOE did not find a probe-start MH lamp that fit into this representative lamp type, the CSL 1 equation still applies to any potential lamps, probe-start MH or other, in this equipment class.

### 5 -50

Table 5.7. 42 Summary of the CSL s for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

CSL 1 N/A* lm/W = 0.021 * W + 74.3

CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 0.021 * W + 83.8

*D OE did not find any probe

- start MH lamps to fit this representative lamp type, but the CSL 1 equation that relates to probe

- start MH lamps still applies to the equipment class.



### Figure 5.7

. 11 illustrates the three CSLs on a plot with the representative units for the

1000 W MV representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative units selected by DOE for each of the two technologies in this representative lamp type, while the lines correspond

to the two CSLs.

F igure 5.7. 11 Candidate Standard Levels for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050Iniitial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage (W) CSL 1

CSL 2

Baseline Representative Unit

CSL 2 Representative Unit

### 5 -51

Table 5.7. 43 Lamp Designs for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Ty pe

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline MV 1000 3600 59,000 59.0 54

, 000 54.0 Universal

CSL 1 N/A

CSL 2 Pulse MH 750 4000 75,000 100.0 55

, 000 73.3 Base Up



### 5.7.11.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for each lamp replacement option in the 1000 W MV representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 44 Engineering Summary for 1000 W MV Representative Lamp TypeCSLLamp TypeStarting MethodArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-Ballast SystemPowerW

Baseline MV N/A N/A 1000 3600 59,000 59.0 54,000

-- 54.0 Universal Coated MV magnetic 92 .4 1083

CSL 1 N/A

CSL 2 MH Pulse Quartz 750 4000 75,000 100.0 55,000 +1.9 73.3 Base Up Clear MH magnetic 9 0.7 827

### 5 -52

5.7.12 1000 W Metal Halide Representative Lamp Type

The >2800 K and ≤4500 K; >400 W and ≤1000 W representative equipment class

contains two representative lamp types. In this section, DOE analyzes the 1000 W MH

re presentative lamp type for this equipment class.

5.7.12.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamps as reference points from which DOE measured changes resulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To

de termine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 1000 W MH lamp as a baseline lamp because of its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e.

, CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Among all 1000 W MH lamps within the representative equipment class that had

the most common characteristics, DOE selected the least efficacious 1000 W MH lamp as the

b aseline. Table 5.7

. 45 describes the characteristics of the 1000 W MH baseline lamp.

T able 5.7. 45 Baseline Lamps for the 1000 W MH Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline Probe MH 1000 4200 105,000 105.0 84,000 84.0 Universal



### 5.7.12.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

As outl ined in chapter 4 of the interim TSD, DOE identified several design options to

im prove the efficacy of MH lamps. The only means to improve efficacy for this representative lamp t ype was to switch from probe-start technology to pulse-start technology. These design options are the basis upon which DOE developed CSLs. Finally, DOE determined the maximum improvement in efficacy that wa s technologically feasible for HID lamps, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6295 (o))

Table 5.7. 46 Summary of the CSL s for the 1000 W MH Representative Lamp Type

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

Baseline/ CSL 1 Probe MH N/A

CSL 2 Pulse MH lm/W = 0.021 * W + 83.8



### Figure 5.7

. 12 illustrates the three CSLs on a plot of the 1000 W MH representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative units selected by DOE for each of the two technologies in this representative lamp type, while the lines correspond to the two CSLs.

### 5 -53

Figure 5.7. 12 Candidate Standard Levels for the 1000 W MH Representative Lamp Type 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050Iniitial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage (W) CSL 1

CSL 2

Baseline/CSL 1 Representative Unit

CSL 2 Representative Unit

### 5 -54

Table 5.7. 47 Lamp Designs for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline N/A

Baseline/CSL 1 Probe MH 1000 4200 105,000 105.0 84

, 000 84.0 Universal

CSL 2 Pulse MH 875 4000 96,000 109.7 82

, 500 94.3 Universal



### 5.7.12.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for each lamp replacement option in the 1000 W MH representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 48 Engineering Summary for 1000 W MH Representative Lamp TypeCSLLamp TypeStarting MethodArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-BallastSystemPowerW

Baseline N/A

Baseline/

CSL 1 MH Probe Quartz 1000 4200 105

, 000 105.0 84

, 000

-- 84.0 Universal Clear MH magnetic 9 1.8 1089

CSL 2 MH Pulse Quartz 875 4000 96

, 000 109. 7 82

, 500

- 1.8 9 4.3 Universal Clear MH magnetic 90 .2 970

### 5 -55

5.7.13 2000 W Metal Halide Representative Lamp Type

The >2800 K and ≤4500 K; >1000 W and ≤2000 W representative equipment class contains one representative lamp type. In this section, DOE analyzes the 2000 W MH

re presentative lamp type.

5.7.13.1 Baseline Models

DOE selected baseline lamp s as reference points from which DOE measured changes

re sulting from potential energy conservation standards. As discussed in section 5.2, a baseline lamp is typically the most common, least efficacious lamp sold in a given equipment class. To determine energy savings and changes in price, DOE compared each higher efficacy level with

the baseline unit.

DOE considered a number of criteria when selecting which commercially available lamp would serve as a baseline. First, as discussed in section 5.3.1 , DOE selected a 2000 W MH lamp as a baseline lamp because of its relatively high shipment volume. Then, DOE identified typical

c haracteristics for these types of lamps ( i.e.

, CRI, rated life, bulb shape, base type, and operating orientation). i 

### Among all 2000 W MH lamps within the representative equipment class that had

the most common characteristics, DOE selected the least efficacious 2000 W MH lamp as the

ba seline. Table 5.7

. 49 describes the characteristics of the 2000 W MH baseline lamp.

Table 5.7. 49 Baseline Lamp for the 2000 W MH Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp

Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficacy

lm/W Operating

Orient ation

Baseline Probe MH 2000 4000 170,000 85.0 153,000 76.5 Universal



### 5.7.13.2 Candidate Standard Levels and More Efficacious Substitutes

DOE identified more efficacious probe-start MH lamps as potential replacements for the 2000 W MH baseline. These more efficacious probe-start MH lamps are the basis upon which

DOE developed CSLs. DOE also determined that these more efficacious probe-start MH lamps

are the maximum improvement in efficacy that is technologically feasible, as required by section 325(o) of EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6295(o))

This equipment class does not contain MV lamps because this rulemaking is only considering standards for MV lamps up to 1000 W. Additionally, DOE found no commercially

a vailable pulse-start MH or CMH lamps in this equipment class. As such, CSL 1 corresponds to

a more efficacious probe-start MH lamp compared to the baseline probe-start MH lamp model

.

Table 5.7. 50 Summary of the CSL for the 1000 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Design Option Initial Efficacy Requirement j

CSL 1 Probe MH lm/W = 95.3

### 5 -56

Figure 5.7

. 13 illustrates the CSL on a plot with the representative units for the 2000 W MH representative lamp type. The squares represent the representative units selected by DOE for each of the two technologies in this representative lamp type, while the line corresponds to the

C SL.

Figure 5.7. 13 Candidate Standard Level for the 2000 W MH Representative Lamp Type 80 85 90 95 100 105

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage (W)

CSL 1

Baseline Representative Unit

CSL 1 Representative Unit

### 5 -57

Table 5.7. 51 Lamp Designs for the 2000 W MV Representative Lamp Type

CSL Lamp Type Wattage

W CCT

K Initial

Lumens Initial

Efficacy

lm/W Mean

Lumens Mean

Efficac y lm/W Operating

Orientation

Baseline Probe MH 2000 4000 170,000 85.0 153

, 000 76.5 Horizontal

CSL 1 Probe MH 1500 3700 155,000 103.3 140

, 000 93.3 Universal



### 5.7.13.3 Engineering Summary

The following table summarizes the engineering characteristics for each lamp replacement option in the 2000 W MH representative lamp type.

Table 5.7. 52 Engineering Summary for 2000 W MH Representative Lamp TypeCSLLamp TypeStarting MethodArc TubeWattageWCCTKInitial LumensInitial Efficacylm/WMean LumensChange inMeanLumensFromBaseline%Mean Efficacylm/WOperating OrientationBulb FinishBallast TypeBallast Efficiency%Lamp-and-BallastSystemPowerW

Baseline MH Probe Quartz 2000 4000 170

, 000 85.0 153

, 000

-- 76.5 Ho rizontal Clear MH magnetic 95 .0 2105

CSL 1 MH Probe Quartz 1500 3700 155

, 000 103.3 140

, 000

- 8.5 93.3 Universal Clear MH magnetic 9 1.9 1632

### 5 -58

5.7.14 Summary of Representative Lamp Type Candidate Standard Levels

The figures below depict the CSL equations for each representative equipment class on a plot of the representative lamp models selected.

Figure 5.7. 14 ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K Representative Equipment Class 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

0 200 400 600 800 1000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Wattage (W) CSL 1

Baseline Representative Units

CSL 1 Representative Units

### 5 -59

Figure 5.7. 15 >2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W Representative Equipment Class

Figure 5.7. 16 >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W Representative Equipment

Class 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage CSL 1

CSL 2

CSL 3 Baseline Representative Units CSL 1 Representative Units CSL 2 Representative Units CSL 3 Representative Units

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000Iniitial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage (W) CSL 1

CSL 2

Baseline Representative Units

CSL 1 Representative Units

CSL 2 Representative Units

### 5 -60

Figure 5.7. 17 >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >1000 W and ≤2000 W Representative Equipment

Class

5.8 SCALING TO EQUIPMENT CLASSES NOT ANALYZED

DO E identified and selected certain equipment classes as “representative” equipment classes on which to concentrate its analytical effort. DOE chose these representative equipment classes primarily due to their high market volumes. To scale CSLs to equipment classes not directly analyzed, DOE focused its analytical efforts on data reported by manufacturers in their publically-available HID lamp catalogs for lamps.

To develop relationships between clear and coated bulb finish, enclosed-rated and open

rated luminaire characteristic, and >2800 K to ≤4500 K and >4500 K to <7000 K CCT, DOE identified pairs of lamps in which the only difference between the lamps was the parameter

unde r consideration for scaling. For example, to identify the scaling factor between clear lamps and coated lamps, DOE identified pairs of lamps within two equipment classes that were manufactured by the same manufacturer, within the same family, and differed only by bulb finish. DOE calculated the average percentage change in initial efficacy for each of these pairs.

The se averages are used to directly calculate the scaling factors. Additionally, based on data

a nalysis and manufacturer interviews, DOE concluded that each of these scaling characteristics are independent and do not influen ce each other. Thus, in order to obtain the efficacy requirement for an equipment class with coated, open-rated lamps, the equation for comparable clear, enclosed-rated lamps would be simply multiplied by both the bulb finish and luminaire characteristic scaling factors. 80 85 90 95 100 105

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000Initial Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Wattage (W)

CSL 1

Baseline Representative Unit

CSL 1 Representative Unit

### 5 -61

5.8.1 Bulb Finish

As discussed in chapter 3 of the interim TSD, manufacturers offer HID lamps in either clear or coated bulb finishes. The coating on a lamp blocks a portion of the light produced by the arc tube from leaving the lamp. Thus, coated lamps have lower efficacy than their clear counterparts. By comparing pairs of coated and clear lamps, all other features remaining approximately the same, DOE concluded that coating on MH and HPS lamps reduced overall lamp e fficacy. For MV lamps, DOE determined that coated lamps were more efficacious than their clear counterparts because MV lamps generate a large amount of ultraviolet (UV) light and the coating on MV lamps converts the UV light into visible light, thereby increasing the efficacy of the lamp. n



### The scaling factors determined for the bulb finish for the two different CCT ranges differed significantly enough to warrant separate scaling factors for those equipment classes. For both of these bulb finish scaling factors, DOE found no correlation between wattage and efficacy difference and thus kept one constant scaling factor for those characteristics. As explained in chapter 3 of the interim TSD, DOE classified MV lamps into the clear equipment classes regardless of actual bulb finish, and thus MV lamps were not used to determine bulb finish scaling factors. DOE found that in the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W representative equipment class, coated lamps were on average 7.9 percent less efficacious than clear lamps. Thus, the equations for the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, clear equipment classes were multiplied by a scaling factor of 0.921 to obtain the equations for the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, coated equipment classes. o 

### DOE found that in the

three >2800 K and ≤4500 K representative equipment classes, coated MH lamps were on

a verage 5.4 percent less efficacious than clear MH lamps. Th erefore, the equations for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K clear equipment classes were multiplied by a scaling factor of 0.946 to obtain the equations for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K coated equipment classes. These scaling factors are

summ arized in Table 5.8 .1

.

5.8.2 Luminaire Characteristic

As discussed in chapter 3 of the interim TSD, DOE found that MH lamps can be offered as either open-rated or enclosed-rated. One of the requirements for a MH lamp to be labeled as

open -rated is having a glass shroud that surrounds the arc tube to protect the environment and any occupants around the lamp in the event of arc tube rupture. After analyzing data and interviewing manufacturers, DOE concluded that this glass shroud on MH lamps reduces overall lamp efficacy by reducing light transmittance.

n Clear and coated finishes are offered for MV lamps. However, the coated MV lamps are only offered in the >2800 K and ≤4500 K classes, and clear MV lamps are only offered in the >4500 K and <7000 K classes. DOE chose to include MV lamps in the clear equipment classes, regardless of the actual bulb finish. See chapter 3 of the interim

TSD for further details.

o In the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K; ≥50 W and ≤1000 W; coated; enclosed equipment class, DOE found only one CMH lamp, with the rest being HPS lamps. The scaling factor calculated with HPS lamp data ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K will be used to calculate the efficacy requirement in the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K; ≥50 W and ≤1000 W; coated; enclosed equipment class. In the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K; ≥50 W and ≤1000 W; open equipment classes, the only lamps available are MH because DOE defined all HPS lamps as enclosed-rated. For that reason, the scaling factors calculated with MH lamp data >2800 K and ≤4500 K will be used to calculate the efficacy requirement in the ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K; ≥50 W and ≤1000 W; open equipment classes.

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Similar to the bulb finish scaling factor, DOE found no correlation between lamp wattage or efficacy and scaling factor. DOE found that in the >2800 K and ≤45 00 K CCT representative equipment classes, open-rated lamps were on average 4.5 percent less efficacious than clear lamps. Therefore, the equations for >2800 K and ≤4500 K, enclosed-rated equipment classes

we re multiplied by a scaling factor of 0.955 to obtain the equations for the >2800 K and ≤4500

K , open-rated equipment classes. This scaling factor is shown in Ta ble 5.8 .1

.

5.8.3 CCT Range

As discussed in chapter 3 of the interim TSD, within the three CCT ranges DOE used to separate equipment classes, MH and MV lamps are found within the  2800 K and  4500 K, and

 4500 K and  7000 K ranges p



### . However, DOE found that the >2800 K to ≤4500 K CCT lamps are much more common, having over ten times as many listings in manufacturer catalogs

c ompared to the lamps in the >4500 K and <7000 K range. Thus

, the  2800 K and  4500 K range was regarded as representative, and DOE focused its analytical efforts on these lamps,

c hoosing to scale to the >4500 K and <7000 K range.

DOE identified the pairs of lamps from the same manufacturer and lamp families that only differed by these CCT ranges. DOE found the data exhibited some variation across lamp

wa ttage but the overall trend was inconclusive; therefore, DOE again calculated an average

sc aling factor to be applied at all wattages when going from the lower CCT range to the higher CCT range. DOE found that on average the lamps in the >2800 K and ≤4500 K CCT range were 12.0 pe rcent more efficacious than lamps in the >4500 K and <7000 K CCT range. Thus, the equations for the >2800 K and ≤4500 K equipment classes were multiplied by a scaling factor of 0.880 to obtain the equations for the >4500 K and <7000 K equipment classes. This scaling

factor is shown in Table 5.8.1

.

5.8.4 Scaling Summary

In analyzing commercially available lamps, DOE found each scaling factor (bulb finish, luminaire characteristic, and CCT range) to be independent. Therefore, to scale from a representative equipment class to a scaled equipment class, DOE applied each scaling factor that corresponded to the differences between the two classes. Ta ble 5.8

. 1 summarizes all the scaling

factors calculated.

Table 5.8. 1 Scaling Factors

Representative Equipment Class Scaling Factor *

Bulb Finish Luminaire

Characteristic CCT

Range ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K, ≥50 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed 0.921 N/A N/A
>2800 K and ≤4500 K, ≥50 W and ≤400 W, Clear, Enclosed 0.946 0.955 0.880 >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >400 W and ≤1000 W, Clear, Enclosed 0.946 0.955 0.880 >2800 K and ≤4500 K, >100 0 W and ≤ 20 00 W, Clear, Enclosed 0.946 0.955 0.880 **In order to calculate the efficacy requirement for a scaled eq uipment class, the representative equipment class

p DOE found less than 10 CMH lamps at 2800 K and thus in the lowest CCT range, however these lamps only make up less than one percent of all MH lamps.

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equation is multiplied by each scaling factor of the characteristics of the equipment class that differ from the representative class.



### 5.9 SUMMARY OF ALL CANDIDATE STANDARD LEVEL EQUATIONS

Table 5.9

. 1 shows the equations for all equipment classes, both representative and scaled, after using the scaling factors discussed in the previous section.

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Table 5.9. 1 Equations for All CSLs

CCT R ange Wattage Bulb Finish * Luminaire

Characteristic ** CSL 1 Equation CSL 2 Equation CSL 3 Equation

      and

≤         W and

≤     W Clear Enclosed lm/W = 54.0 * W 0.13 N/A N/A
Open lm/W = 51.6 * W 0.13 N/A N/A

Coated Enclosed lm/W = 49.7 * W 0.13 N/ A N/A

Open lm/W = 48.8 * W 0.13 N/A N/A

      and

≤         W

and ≤   

W Clear Enclosed lm/W = 45.5 * W 0.10 lm/W = 50.7 * W 0.10 lm/W = 48.7 * W 0.13

Open lm/W = 43.5 * W 0.10 lm/W = 48.4 * W 0.10 lm/W = 46.5 * W 0.13

Coated Enclosed lm/W = 43.0 * W 0.10 lm/W = 48.0 * W 0.10 lm/W = 46.1 * W 0.13

Open lm/W = 41.1 * W 0.10 lm/W = 45.8 * W 0.10 lm/W = 4 4.0 * W 0.13

    W

and ≤    

W Clear Enclosed lm/W = 0.021 * W + 74.3 lm/W = 0.021 * W + 83.8 N/A
Open lm/W = 0.020 * W + 71.0 lm/W = 0.020 * W + 80.0 N/A

Coated Enclosed lm/W = 0.020 * W + 70.3 lm/W = 0.020 * W + 7 9.3 N/A

Open lm/W = 0.019 * W + 67.1 lm/W = 0.019 * W + 75.7 N/A

     W

and ≤    

W Clear Enclosed lm/W = 95.3 N/A N/A
Open lm/W = 91.0 N/A N/A

Coated Enclosed lm/W = 90. 2 N/A N/A

Open lm/W = 86.1 N/A N/A

      and

         W and

≤    W Clear Enclosed lm/W = 40.0 * W 0.10 lm/W = 44.6 * W 0.10 lm/W = 42.9 * W 0.13

Open lm/W = 38.2 * W 0.10 lm/W = 42.6 * W 0.10 lm/W = 40.9 * W 0.13

Coated Enclosed lm/W = 37.9 * W 0 .10 lm/W = 42.2 * W 0.10 lm/W = 40.5 * W 0.13

Open lm/W = 36.2 * W 0.10 lm/W = 40.3 * W 0.10 lm/W = 38.7 * W 0.13

    W

and ≤    

W Clear Enclosed lm/W = 0.018 * W + 65.4 lm/W = 0.018 * W + 73.7 N/A
Open lm/W = 0.018 * W + 62.4 lm/W = 0.018 * W + 70. 4 N/A

Coated Enclosed lm/W = 0.017 * W + 61.9 lm/W = 0.017 * W + 69.8 N/A

Open lm/W = 0.017 * W + 59.1 lm/W = 0.017 * W + 66.6 N/A

     W

and ≤    

W Clear Enclosed lm/W = 83.9 N/A N/A
Open lm/W = 80.1 N/A N/A

Coated Enclosed lm/W = 79.3 N /A N/A

Open lm/W = 75.8 N/A N/A

* MV lamps regardless of bulb finish are placed in the clear equipment classes for their respective CCT and wattage. ** MV and HPS lamps are placed in the enclosed equipment classes for their respective wattage and CCT.

### 5 -65 REFERENCES

1 

### U.S. Census Bureau. Manufacturing, Mining, and Construction Statistics

. Current Industrial Reports, Electric Lighting Fixtures, MA335L. 2001. (Last accessed February 15, 2013).

< www.census.gov/mcd/>

2 

### Zollweg, R.J. Metal Bonding and Interactions in High Temperature Systems: with emphasis on

alkali metals. 1982. American Chemical Society