IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-0464

Filed September 21, 2022

JEREMY J. BOWMAN,

Petitioner-Appellant,

vs.

DENYEL L. DOUGHMAN, a/k/a DENYEL L. JONES,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, James S. 

Heckerman, Judge.

The father appeals the physical care determination of the district court. 

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.

Stephen Babe of Cordell Law, LLP, Des Moines, for appellant.

J. Joseph Narmi and Tricia Scheinost (until withdrawal), Council Bluffs, for 

appellee.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Greer and Schumacher, JJ.
2

GREER, Judge.

Primarily because of the mother’s, Denyel Jones, move to Arizona, the 

father, Jeremy Bowman, petitioned for joint legal custody and physical care of the

child1this never-married couple had together. After the district court granted 

physical care to Denyel, Jeremy appealed. In addition to his request we reverse 

course on the physical-care issue, Jeremy asks for an award of appellate attorney

fees. Denyel requests appellate attorney fees as well. After our de novo review 

of the evidence, we modify the district court’s physical-care determination to give 

it to Jeremy but decline to order appellate attorney fees to either party.

Factual Background.

When Denyel was pregnant with their child, the parents, who were living 

together, separated. While they dispute Jeremy’s involvement with the child in the 

early years, both testified Jeremy was involved again in 2010, when the then twoyear-old child was removed by the Iowa Department of Services (DHS) from 

Denyel because of her methamphetamine use. And, both agreed Jeremy spent 

even more time with the child after the child reached age six, such that in the two 

years before the custody trial, Jeremy and the child were together every weekend 

and the majority of the summer in 2021.

2

 

Then, in September 2021, Denyel moved to Arizona with her fiancé, who 

was previously her husband; his twelve-year-old son; her adult son; and the child 

1 Their twelve-year-old child was born in late 2009. Both parents have an adult 

child from other relationships—Denyel’s adult son lives with her, and Jeremy’s 

adult son lives in the same city as Jeremy.

2 Jeremy testified he had care the majority of the summer of 2020, but Denyel 

disputed that characterization. 
3

at subject here. The child was not yet enrolled in any Arizona school and, when 

the family arrived in Arizona, they lived twenty-five days in two hotel rooms while 

waiting for their real estate closing on their home. Denyel did not tell Jeremy about 

her planned move until August and did not include him in the decision over what 

school the child would attend. Even more concerning, Jeremy was not listed on 

the school contact records. To block the move, Jeremy applied for a temporary 

restraining order and for temporary legal custody and physical care as neither 

parent had ever sought a formal custodial order.3 The district court denied the 

injunction request, thus allowing the child to move, and awarded Denyel temporary 

physical care.

Even though there was no formal custodial order, the parents had worked 

together through the years to co-raise the child with little conflict. Yet the move to 

Arizona revealed seams that were straining. For example, as the pandemic hit 

and the child navigated online learning, it became apparent to Jeremy that the child 

fell behind in school such that it was impacting his overall performance. Likewise, 

Jeremy testified he noticed a decline in the hygiene and dental health of the child. 

As Jeremy described it, the child rarely showered and often did not brush his teeth 

until the child came to his home for the weekend. Without much protest to these 

facts, Denyel alluded to the child’s hygiene, testifying, “He—there’s times where

he absolutely refuses to do it at all. But—and I’m like I can’t force him—can’t strip 

3 An October 2010 order established Jeremy’s paternity along with the child and 

medical support he was obligated to pay. The parties never sought any formal 

custody, physical care, or visitation award until September 2021.
4

him of his clothes because I’ll get in trouble with that, throwing him in the shower, 

because he’s 12 years old.” 

Adding to Jeremy’s concern, in July, while he had care of the child, Denyel 

called Jeremy intoxicated, crying that she was going to jump off a bridge and the 

child would be better with Jeremy. Although she remembers none of the 

conversation, Jeremy was concerned enough that he called the police and Denyel 

was hospitalized. Part of her anger and distress that day involved a fight she 

described having with her fiancé. Denyel told Jeremy the fiancé called her 

“worthless” and “unfit.” Jeremy kept the child the remainder of the summer term. 

And at trial, Jeremy noted that child protective services handled several other 

matters at Denyel’s home. One resulted in a founded child abuse finding—

although unknown against whom—because keys were thrown and hit a child. 

Another incident, according to Jeremy, involved the fiancé chasing Denyel with a 

rifle, which Denyel testified is, for whatever reason, no longer in the home. Finally, 

Jeremy and Denyel discussed a problem with her fiancé’s child, where it was 

alleged that children “played inappropriately” with each other and that they could 

no longer share a room together. Denyel testified that the situation was handled 

so that no inappropriate touching had occurred “since [she] first found out about it. 

They’re not even in the same room any more unless they are supervised.” Yet, 

they did share a hotel room while the family waited days for access to the Arizona 

house. 

To address her strengths, Denyel testified she performed as the primary 

caretaker for all of the child’s twelve years and that they have a very close 

relationship. She believed that the child’s heart would be broken if he was taken 
5

away from her. She also pointed out that Jeremy did not attend every school 

conference and rarely attended the child’s individualized-education-program (IEP) 

sessions at the school. 

The parties proceeded to trial in January 2022.4 Without providing any 

analysis as to the reasons considered, the district court awarded the parties joint 

legal custody with physical care to Denyel.5 The order outlined Jeremy’s visitation 

schedule, which essentially gave him most of the child’s summer break from 

school6 and some other school breaks and holidays. The court ordered each party 

to pay the travel costs to retrieve the child but gave Jeremy a five percent deviation 

in the revised child-support obligation in consideration of those additional costs for 

transportation for the visits. Jeremy timely appealed. 

Physical-Care Determination. 

Because custody matters are tried in equity, our review of these 

proceedings is de novo.7Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. “[W]e examine the entire record 

and decide anew the issues properly presented.” In re Marriage of Rhinehart, 704 

N.W.2d 677, 680 (Iowa 2005). “Although we give weight to the factual findings of 

the district court, we are not bound by them.” In re Marriage of Mauer, 874 N.W.2d 

4 The record reflects that the district court had a telephonic in camera conference 

with the child, but there is no transcribed record of the discussion and no mention 

of it in the court’s decision except to note that the court relayed its conversation 

with the child to counsel.

5 The parties do not challenge the award of joint legal custody.

6 The parties agreed in mediation that the “parent who does not enjoy primary care 

of the child” would have this summer visitation arrangement.

7 When making physical-care determinations under Iowa Code chapter 600B 

(2021), which is used to reach paternity, custody, and physical-care determinations 

of children whose parents never married, we apply the factors set out in 

section 598.41(3), which governs custody and physical-care determinations in 

dissolution proceedings. Iowa Code § 600B.40(2). 
6

103, 106 (Iowa 2016); see also Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g). Because we do not 

have the benefit of the trial court’s analysis of witness behavior or creditability, we 

use our de novo review particularly here to consider the factors that are essential 

for successful child-rearing. 

But first, there is no question from our de novo review of the record that 

these parents both have a close, loving relationship with the child. Denyel has 

raised the child in her home for most of the child’s twelve years, except for when 

DHS was involved. For the last seven years, Jeremy has exercised visitation with 

the child almost every weekend and for extended time in the summers, including 

the full summer of 2021. Although he did not start out strong with his connection 

with the child, it seems clear that it is now there. In fact, Denyel has used this 

close relationship as a punishment by denying the child a visit with his father when 

he would not clean the bedroom or do homework. Not only does this discipline 

technique show the importance of the relationship with the father and son, but it 

works against Denyel’s duty to provide maximum contact between the father and 

son. See Bailey v. Rinard, No. 17-1055, 2017 WL 6026469, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. 

Nov. 22, 2017) (“[A] parent’s willingness to encourage contact with the 

noncustodial parent is a critical factor in determining custody.” (alteration in 

original) (citation omitted)). But the tension here boils up because of the 

residences of the parties—Jeremy lives in Iowa, where the child has lived since 

birth, and Denyel now lives in Arizona. So, we look to the record to glean their 

respective abilities to provide a stable home that will ensure the best environment 

for the child. 
7

When deciding who should have physical care, we do not resolve the issue 

“upon perceived fairness to the [parents], but primarily upon what is best for the

child.” In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 695 (Iowa 2007). “The objective 

of a physical care determination is to place the child[] in the environment most 

likely to bring [the child] to health, both physically and mentally, and to social 

maturity.” Id. “When determining who will have physical care of the child, we will 

consider ‘stability and continuity with an eye toward providing the [child] with the 

best environment possible for [the child’s] continued development and growth.’” 

Meller v. Hendrickson, No. 19-1096, 2020 WL 374565, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 

23, 2020) (alterations in original) (quoting Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 700). “[T]he 

factors of continuity, stability, and approximation are entitled to considerable 

weight.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 700).

As to the characteristics of the child, each parent testified about the positive

attributes of the child but also confirmed the struggles with educational focus and

concerns over hygiene. Jeremy detailed a number of activities and interests he

and the child shared, and he testified they do Sunday dinner with his mother most 

weekends. He and others testifying on his behalf addressed the close relationship

between Jeremy and the child. In this record, that detail was not available as to

the relationship and interests between Denyel and the child. When asked about

their relationship, Denyel only said “He’s my little buddy and I’m—he’s a mommy’s

boy. There’s times where I dig in or he says if you go down, I go down with you. 

No, you have too much to look forward to.” Those statements suggest a 

relationship not supportive of a twelve-year-old but one where the child is holding 

up the parent. 
8

But the educational concerns are the tipping point here. See In re Marriage

of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165, 166 (Iowa 1974) (noting that the capacity of a parent 

to meet the child’s educational needs is a factor to consider in best-interests 

determinations). On the one hand, Jeremy was not attending all conferences and 

IEP meetings at the child’s Iowa school and blamed the school staff, but the 

documentation from the schools does not show that Denyel has made the child’s 

education a priority. First, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the records from the 

school show she did not address and solve the inability of the child to stay 

connected with the school, despite the school’s continual requests to try and help 

her connect the child. By Jeremy’s and his girlfriend’s accounts, unrefuted by 

Denyel, the child was more than thirty assignments behind on his work. Yet, 

Denyel did not get him into an educational program in Arizona until October 20, 

2020. And, without input from Jeremy, she put the child in an Arizona program 

where as a sixth grader, he was expected to do work at an eighth or ninth grade 

level. Related to this school decision, Denyel was asked:

Q. He was behind in the fifth grade and remote learning? 

A. But he did do his school work because I made him do school work 

at home. He was playing catch-up. And when he went to his dad’s, 

he was doing school work with his dad and that helped him get 

caught up.

Q. So your son was struggling still though in Council Bluffs 

schools when he left? A. Yes.

Q. And your position is that it’s in [the child’s] best interests 

for a child who is struggling to be enrolled in an advanced curriculum 

at a high school level? A. Yes.

Not surprisingly, he was failing most of his classes at the school in Arizona. Finally, 

Denyel told Jeremy that the move to Arizona was only going to last for up to a year 
9

and not longer, thus if what she said is true, the child might be in yet another school 

in another year. 

There is also considerable family support in Iowa for the child. Before he 

left Iowa, the school noted that the child did better when a strong relationship with 

adults was present. In Arizona, those adults are only his mother, Denyel’s fiancé,

and his older brother; whereas in Iowa, he has his father, Jeremy’s long-term 

girlfriend, his older brother, and extended family of both parents. Jeremy indicated 

his significant other has a close relationship with the child and helps with the child’s 

development, having had experience as a fourth-grade teacher.

Finally, Jeremy detailed the stability he provides the child. Stability and 

continuity of caregiving are important considerations in a custody decision, thus, a 

history of successful caretaking by the parent “is a strong predictor that future care 

of the [child] will be of the same quality.” Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 697. At Jeremy’s 

house, the child has chores, is taught manners, works on homework; he is also 

required to brush his teeth, shower regularly, and wear clean clothing. Jeremy 

pushed for dental health care for the child that he argued Denyel ignored. In sum, 

considering the factors that support a custodial arrangement with the best interests 

of the child in mind, we find physical care shall be placed in Jeremy. “‘Physical 

care’ means the right and responsibility to maintain a home for the minor child and 

provide for the routine care of the child.” Iowa Code § 598.1(7). “The parent

awarded physical care maintains the primary residence and has the right to

determine the myriad of details associated with routine living, including such things

as what clothes the children wear, when they go to bed, with whom they associate

or date, etc.” Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 691. The ultimate objective of a physical-
10

care determination is to place the child in the environment most likely to bring him 

to healthy physical, mental, and social maturity. Id. at 695. We find that place to 

be Jeremy’s home. Jeremy has actively cared for the child over the last several 

years. The child’s developmental needs can be better met by Jeremy, and Jeremy 

is more likely to communicate about the child’s needs with Denyel. He also has 

supported her relationship with the child and not denied her time with the child as 

she has done with Jeremy’s parental time. Because Denyel will now operate under 

the visitation schedule established for Jeremy, Denyel will remain responsible for 

the transportation costs associated with retrieving the child for her visits. We 

remand to the district court to calculate the child-support obligation of Denyel, with 

the same deviation applied to Jeremy because of the transportation costs.

Appellate Attorney Fees.

Both parties request appellate attorney fees. “An award of appellate 

attorney fees is within the discretion of the appellate court.” Markey v. Carney, 

705 N.W.2d 13, 26 (Iowa 2005). When determining if appellate attorney fees 

should be awarded the court considers “the needs of the party making the request, 

the ability of the other party to pay, and whether the party making the request was

obligated to defend the trial court’s decision on appeal.” Id. (quoting In re Marriage

of Ask, 551 N.W.2d 643, 646 (Iowa 1996)). Citing her efforts to defend the district 

court’s decision, Denyel asserts she should be awarded fees under Iowa Code 

section 598.36.

8

 But because we reversed the district court ruling, we do not award 

8 While Denyel references the attorney fee language applicable to a dissolution of 

marriage proceeding and while the language is nearly identical, Iowa Code 

section 600B.26 actually applies here where the parties never married. 

Section 600B.6 reads: “In a proceeding to determine custody or visitation, or to 
11

Denyel her appellate attorney fees. And while Jeremy prevailed against Denyel, 

we find that with the transportation cost expense she now will cover, she does not 

have the means to pay fees despite Jeremy’s success on this appeal. See In re

Marriage of McDermott, 827 N.W.2d 671, 687 (Iowa 2013). So, we award no 

appellate attorney fees in this case.

Conclusion.

We modify the district court’s ruling to award Jeremy physical care of the 

child and give Denyel visitation as established by agreement of the parties and 

under the conditions provided in the ruling for Jeremy’s visitation. We order Denyel 

to pay all costs of transportation for her visitation. We remand for further 

proceedings to determine the child-support award. 

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED FOR FURTHER 

PROCEEDINGS. 

modify a paternity, custody, or visitation order under this chapter, the court may 

award the prevailing party reasonable attorney fees.”