Prepared for: 

City of Palmdale 

Class I Area Dispersion Modeling 

Protocol for the Proposed 

Palmdale Hybrid Power Project 

ENSR Corporation 

July 2008 

Document No.: 10855-002-040C1MP 
Prepared for: 

City of Palmdale 

Class I Area Dispersion Modeling 

Protocol for the Proposed 

Palmdale Hybrid Power Project 

_________________________________ 

Prepared By: Jeffrey A. Connors 

_________________________________ 

Reviewed By: Brian Stormwind 

ENSR Corporation 

July 2008 

Document No.: 10855-002-040C1MP 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol i July 2008 

Contents 

1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................1-1

1.1 Introduction and Project Description ...............................................................................................1-1

1.2 Modeling at Class I Areas................................................................................................................1-1

1.3 Protocol Organization ......................................................................................................................1-2

2.0 Proposed Project Emission and Source Parameters........................................................................2-1

3.0 CALPUFF Modeling................................................................................................................................3-1

3.1 Modeling Procedures.......................................................................................................................3-1

3.1.1 Selection of Dispersion Model ...........................................................................................3-1

3.1.2 Computational and Meteorological Grid ............................................................................3-1

3.1.3 CALMET Processing..........................................................................................................3-1

3.1.4 Receptors ...........................................................................................................................3-2

3.2 Assessing Air Quality Impacts at Class I Areas..............................................................................3-2

3.2.1 Background Air Quality Data..............................................................................................3-2

3.2.2 Class I PSD Increment Values...........................................................................................3-3

3.2.3 Regional Haze....................................................................................................................3-3

3.2.4 Acidic Deposition................................................................................................................3-4

3.2.5 PM2.5 Analysis...................................................................................................................3-5

4.0 VISCREEN Analysis ...............................................................................................................................4-1

5.0 References...............................................................................................................................................5-1

List of Attachments 

Attachment 1 Guidance from the NPS Regarding Speciation of PM10 Emissions

Attachment 2 Meteorological Stations
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol ii July 2008 

List of Tables 

Table 2-1 PreliminaryEmissions and Modeling Parameters (per Turbine) .............................................2-2

Table 3-1 Proposed Class I Area NO2 Significant Impact Level ..............................................................3-3

List of Figures 

Figure 1-1 Location of Proposed Project Site in Relation to Nearby PSD Class I Areas.........................1-3

Figure 3-1 Extent of Proposed Computational and Meteorological Grid for CALPUFF Modeling...........3-6

Figure 3-2 Terrain as Characterized throughout the Modeling Domain (looking NE) ..............................3-7

Figure 3-3 Landuse as Characterized throughout the Modeling Domain .................................................3-7

Figure 3-4 Location of 1st and 2nd Order NWS, Buoy, and AQMD Meteorological Stations 

Proposed for CALMET..............................................................................................................3-8

Figure 3-5 Location of CASTNET and EPA AQS Hourly Ozone Stations Proposed to be used as 

Input to CALPUFF.....................................................................................................................3-9
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 1-1 July 2008 

1.0 Introduction 

1.1 Introduction and Project Description 

The City of Palmdale, California, is proposing to build a hybrid combined-cycle / solar thermal power plant in 

the City of Palmdale to the northwest of the Air Force Plant 42 / Palmdale Regional Airport. The site will 

feature a 2 on 1 combined-cycle configuration with two GE 7FA gas turbines and one steam turbine 

producing a nominal electrical output of 570 megawatts (MW) along with a 250-acre solar thermal collection 

field, capable of producing 50 MW. The hybrid power plant will be owned by the City of Palmdale and the 

development managed by Inland Energy and will be known as the Palmdale Hybrid Power Project (PHPP or 

Project). The combustion turbine trains will include heat recovery steam generators and will be fueled with 

natural gas only. In addition to the combustion turbines, the facility will contain ancillary combustion 

equipment including a natural gas-fired auxiliary boiler, a natural gas-fired heat transfer fluid (HTF) heater, a 

diesel-fired emergency generator, and a diesel-fired fire water pump engine. The facility will also include a 

wet mechanical draft cooling tower. 

The proposed location of PHPP is designated federal non-attainment for ozone, and attainment or 

unclassified for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), respirable particulate matter (PM10), fine 

particulate matter (PM2.5), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The combined cycle units will result in emission 

increases of NO2, Total Particulate Matter (PM), PM10, PM2.5, and CO above the Prevention of Significant 

Deterioration (PSD) threshold limits, therefore classifying it as a major source with respect to New Source 

Review (NSR) and thus triggering Prevention Significant Deterioration (PSD) review for NO2, PM, PM10, 

PM2.5, and CO. Review of PM emissions under the PSD Program consists of a control technology 

evaluation only, and no modeling will be performed since there are no increments or standards for PM. 

Although PM2.5 PSD increments have yet to be established for Class I areas, PM2.5 modeled 

concentrations will be provided in the air permit application for informational purposes based on comments 

received from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IX on a similar nearby project. 

There are no PSD increments or visibility impacts from CO, and hence CO will not be modeled for Class I 

Areas. PHPP will not be a significant source of SO2, lead or other PSD pollutants such as sulfuric acid mist 

(H2SO4). 

All dispersion model input and output files will be provided to the pertinent agencies such as the California 

Energy Commission (CEC), Antelope Valley Air Quality Management District (AVAQMD) and EPA Region 

IX on a modeling archive CD provided with the air permit application and final modeling report. 

1.2 Modeling at Class I Areas 

PSD regulations require that facilities within 100 kilometers (km) of a PSD Class I area perform a modeling 

evaluation of the ambient air quality in terms of Class I PSD Increments and Air Quality Related Values 

(AQRVs). For PHPP, impacts will be addressed at the following Class I areas within 100 km: 

• San Gabriel Wilderness Area (WA) and 

• Cucamonga, WA. 

Figure 1-1 shows the location of PHPP relative to the nearest PSD Class I areas. San Gabriel, WA is 

located within 50 km of PHPP and Cucamonga, WA is located beyond 50 km. PSD increments and acid 

deposition will be addressed using CALPUFF for both areas, while visibility impacts will be addressed for 

San Gabriel, WA using a visible plume model (such as VISCREEN or PLUVUE II) as recommended by 

Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase II report (EPA Report EPA-454/R-98-019, 

1998; found at http://www.epa.gov/scram001) and CALPUFF will be used for regional haze impacts at 

Cucamonga, WA. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 1-2 July 2008 

Since the Project is not a significant source of SO2 or H2SO4 emissions and Class I PSD increments do not 

exist for CO, PM2.5, and H2SO4, increments will be assessed at the above mentioned Class I areas only for 

PM10 and NO2. Additionally, since PHPP is not a significant source for SO2 or H2SO4, a deposition analysis 

will only be preformed for nitrogen compounds which will consider primary emissions of NOX along with 

converted nitrate and nitric acid. However, gas turbine emissions of SO2, H2SO4, NOX, and PM10/PM2.5 

will all be included in the regional haze analysis for Cucamonga, WA. As described above, San Gabriel’s 

visibility impacts will be addressed using a visible plume model which typically considers emissions of NOX, 

PM10, and H2SO4. 

1.3 Protocol Organization 

This proposed modeling protocol is based on requirements outlined in the IWAQM Phase II report as well as 

the Federal Land Managers' Air Quality Related Values Workgroup Phase I Report that was published in 

December 2000 (found at http://www2.nature.nps.gov/ard/flagfree/index.htm). In addition, the modeling 

methods and procedures will adhere to applicable guidance provided in the CALPUFF Reviewer’s Guide 

(USFS and NPS, 2005) prepared for the United Station Forest Service and National Park Service. These 

guidance documents are provided for suggested modeling approaches by EPA and the Federal Land 

Managers (FLMs). 

This document has been prepared in order to summarize the applicant's understanding of the permitting 

requirements for Class I area impact assessment and to briefly describe the air quality dispersion modeling 

study to be conducted. Review and approval of the proposed modeling protocol by EPA Region IX and 

corresponding FLMs is requested in order to ensure that potential issues are addressed and to expedite 

agency review of the PSD permit application. 

The guidance in IWAQM Phase II suggests that CALPUFF (Scire, et al., 2000a, b) could be first used in a 

screening mode and then a refined mode if needed. ENSR is proceeding directly to the use of CALPUFF in 

a refined mode for three years (2001, 2002, and 2003). 

Section 2 of this protocol document discusses the emission parameters used for the modeling. Section 3 

outlines an approach for a refined CALPUFF analysis of the proposed expansion. Section 4 discusses the 

visibility modeling approach for Class I areas within 50 km (San Gabriel, WA) and Section 5 provides 

references. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 1-3 July 2008 

Figure 1-1 Location of Proposed Project Site in Relation to Nearby PSD Class I Areas 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 2-1 July 2008 

2.0 Proposed Project Emission and Source Parameters 

Class I area modeling will be conducted to evaluate PSD increment consumption of PM10 and NO2, as well 

as regional haze and nitrogen deposition at San Gabriel, WA (visible plume analysis will be conducted 

instead of a CALPUFF regional haze analysis) and Cucamonga, WA The proposed new combined-cycle 

turbines will burn natural gas as the only fuel source. The facility will operate throughout the year. 

For the assessments of modeled impacts on PM10 and NO2 increments, regional haze, and nitrogen 

deposition, the Project will be modeled with the emissions and stack parameters from the two main 

combustion turbine stacks alone as presented in Table 2-1. An “envelope” approach will be used in the 

modeling: there are multiple prospective emission cases representing ambient temperatures, relative 

humidity, and equipment that could be in use at a given time. The initial modeling will use the 100% load 

(with duct firing) worst case (highest) emissions for each pollutant along with the lowest stack temperature 

and exit velocity across all of the possible 100% load (with duct firing) temperatures and relative humidity 

cases. This approach should represent the most conservative case in terms of modeled impacts. 

As stated above, the modeling will be conducted with primary emissions from the combined-cycle turbine 

stacks alone. Ancillary equipment, such as the auxiliary boiler(s), heaters, firewater pump, and cooling 

towers will not be included in the Class I impacts analysis because these source’s impacts are highly 

localized to within a few kilometers of the plant boundary and the boiler and engines will only operate a 

minimal number of hours per year. 

For the regional haze modeling, the primary PM10 emissions from the main combustion turbine stacks will 

also be speciated according to the guidance provided by the NPS (see Attachment 1). In addition to 

speciating the primary PM10 emissions, CALPUFF regional haze modeling typically also considers primary 

SO4 emissions (derived from H2SO4). Primary emissions of SO4 are modeled because calculations of 

regional haze are sensitive to SO4, which combines with free atmospheric ammonia to form light-scattering 

ammonia sulfate fine particles. Additionally, since SO4 is modeled as a primary specie for regional haze 

analyses, the SO2 emissions will be reduced based on the percent of SO2 assumed to convert to SO3 that 

ultimately forms the primary SO4. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 2-2 July 2008 

Table 2-1 Preliminarya Emissions and Modeling Parameters (per Turbine) 

Pollutant Emissions Per Turbine (lbs/hr) 

SO2 1.2 

NOX 15.6 

H2SO4 0.46 

PM10/PM2.5 18.0 

Stack Parameters English Units Metric Units 

Stack gas exit temperature 174.5 Fahrenheit 387.87 Kelvin 

Stack gas exit velocity 58.15 ft/sec 17.72 m/sec 

Stack height 145 feet 44.2 meters 

Stack diameter 18.5 feet 5.64 meters 

Stack Location - UTM Zone 11 NAD-1927

398,678.60 -40.1457 

CT – North

3,833,524.40 

(meters) 

-29.2735 

LCCb 

(km) 

398,677.90 -40.1461 

CT – South 

3,833,484.10 

(meters) 

-29.3131 

LCCb 

(km) 

Base Elevation 2513.2 feet 766.0 Meters 

a. Emissions will be based on control technology evaluation 

b The LCC (Lambert Conformal Coordinate) System is based on a reference of 34.91N and 117.66W, 

0.0 and 0.0 false easting and northing, 30N and 60N two standard parallels, and a WGS-1984 spheroid. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-1 July 2008 

3.0 CALPUFF Modeling 

CALPUFF was promulgated by EPA on April 15, 2003 as a preferred dispersion model to assess long-range 

transport applications (transport distances exceeding 50 km). For PHPP, the distance to each of the PSD 

Class I areas are nearly equal to or exceed 50 km. At this distance, a non-steady-state modeling approach 

which considers spatial and time variations in meteorological conditions, such as CALPUFF, is appropriate. 

The modeling approach will closely follow the approved approach used for a similar recent PSD permitting 

effort. The meteorological and background chemical input data (ozone and ammonia) to CALMET and 

CALPUFF will be identical to the VV2 CALPUFF modeling with the exception that the model versions will be 

updated to reflect the most current EPA approved versions of CALMET and CALPUFF. 

3.1 Modeling Procedures 

3.1.1 Selection of Dispersion Model 

ENSR will run CALPUFF Version 5.8 (level 070623) in a refined mode to determine the effect that the 

Project’s emissions will have on PM10 and NO2 increments, regional haze, and nitrogen deposition. 

CALMET is the meteorological pre-processor for the CALPUFF modeling system which produces threedimensional wind fields that incorporate a variety of meteorological data observations along with affects on 

varying terrain and land use. Advanced meteorological data from a prognostic mesoscale meteorological 

data, such as the Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5), will be used to provide a superior estimate of 

the initial wind fields. This application will consider three years, 2001-2003, of prognostic 36-km (for 2001 

and 2003) and 12-km (for 2002) MM5 meteorological data. The 2001-2003 database was provided by 

Alpine Geophysics and are described by Olerud (2003) and McNally (2003, 2005). These databases are 

also consistent with the surrounding Regional Planning Organization (RPO’s) selections for Best Available 

Retrofit Technology (BART) modeling. 

3.1.2 Computational and Meteorological Grid 

The computational and meteorological grid systems will extend at least 50 km in all directions beyond the 

PHPP site along with any portions of a Class I area to be assessed. The additional buffer distance of 50 km 

will allow for the consideration of puff trajectory recirculations. This design allows for approximately a 540 

km (E/W) by 441 km (N/S) computational/meteorological grid (modeling domain) extent resulting in 180 

(NX) x 147 (NY) number of grid cells and a 3-km grid element size. The southwest corner of the grid is 

located at approximately 32.88° N latitude and 120.58° W longitude. Figure 3-1 shows the proposed 

modeling domain. ENSR may determine that finer grid resolution is needed in the vicinity of high terrain in 

specific cases. If a finer grid resolution is needed, then we will use a smaller grid spacing of approximately 

1 km and perhaps limit the extent of the modeling domain. 

Due to the size of the modeling domain used for this analysis, a Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) coordinate 

system is proposed. The LCC projection is used because it accounts for the curvature of the Earth’s 

surface. The LCC projection for this analysis is based on the WGS-84 datum and standard parallels of 30° 

N and 60° N, with an origin of 39.41° N and 117.66° W. 

3.1.3 CALMET Processing 

In accordance with the IWAQM Phase II guidance, CALMET Version 5.8 (level 070623), the CALPUFF 

meteorological pre-processor, will be used to simulate three years (2001, 2002, and 2003) of meteorological 

conditions. For the hourly wind field initialization, CALMET will use gridded prognostic mesoscale 

meteorological (MM5) data available for all years. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-2 July 2008 

For the prognostic MM5 data, 2001 and 2003 are available at a 36 km resolution and 2002 is available at a 

12 km resolution within the modeling domain. The years of MM5 data, 2001-2003, are being proposed 

because these years are consistent with those proposed as a part of the regional RPO BART assessments. 

These gridded meteorological data sets will initially be combined with 3-km grid resolution terrain and land 

use data to more accurately characterize the wind flow throughout the modeling domain. ENSR may 

determine that finer grid resolution is needed in the vicinity of high terrain in specific cases. The 3-km 

gridded terrain data will be derived from United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1:250,000 (3 arc second 

or 90-meter grid spacing) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) files and the TERREL pre-processor program. The 

gridded land use data will be derived from USGS 1:250,000 Composite Theme Grid (CTG) landuse files. 

Figures 3-2 and 3-3 show an approximate depiction of the terrain and land use, respectively, as 

characterized throughout the modeling domain. 

The Step 2 wind field will be produced using the input of all available National Weather Service (NWS) 

hourly surface and twice daily upper air balloon sounding data within and just outside the modeling domain. 

Hourly surface data from both first-order and second-order stations will also be considered in this analysis. 

Other sources of meteorological data such as CASTNET or Air Quality Management District (AQMD) data 

will be used to supplement areas lacking NWS or second-order data. 

There is a vast coverage and availability of hourly meteorological data from AQMD monitoring stations 

within the proposed modeling domain. Only AQMD stations with greater than 80% data capture, more than 

10 km away from a NWS stations, and deemed to have added benefit in defining the Step 2 CALMET wind 

field were included. A plot of the surface stations proposed for use in CALMET is shown in Figure 3-4. 

Hourly precipitation data from stations within and just outside of the modeling domain will be taken from a 

National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) data set for purposes of wet scavenging of the plume and wet 

deposition calculations. A list of all meteorological stations is provided in Attachment 2. 

3.1.4 Receptors 

Receptors from the National Park Service (NPS) database of Class I receptors will be used for this modeling 

analysis (found at: http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/maps/Receptors/index.htm ). 

3.2 Assessing Air Quality Impacts at Class I Areas 

3.2.1 Background Air Quality Data 

The CALPUFF refined modeling will be conducted with hourly background ozone data from the closest 

monitors (see Figure 3-5) and monthly average ammonia background values. In the absence of hourly 

ozone data for all 40 stations during a particular hour, the model default of 80 ppb will be used. The 

background ammonia concentration will initially be taken from the IWAQM Phase 2 guidance’s list of 

suggested values (see below). IWAQM guidance provides the following values for background ammonia 

concentrations: 

• Grasslands – 10 ppb 

• Forest – 0.5 ppb 

• Arid Lands @ 20° C – 1 ppb. 

Figure 3-3 indicates a predominance of forest cover within the Class I areas which would warrant the use of 

0.5 ppb as the ammonia background value. However, 1.0 ppb will be used as a conservative initial estimate. 

Note that the developer of the CALPUFF model, Joe Scire, has indicated that the chemical equilibrium 

between particle nitrates and gaseous nitric acid has a fast reaction time to local ammonia concentrations. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-3 July 2008 

Therefore, the ammonia concentration in the Class I areas themselves are relevant, not the concentrations 

in other areas. So, if needed, refinements to the IWAQM ammonia background concentration will be 

considered due to observed seasonal variations in the background ammonia levels. 

3.2.2 Class I PSD Increment Values 

CALPUFF and CALPOST will be used with CALMET meteorological data to assess maximum 

concentrations of PM10 and NO2 due to emissions from the proposed combustion turbine stacks at San 

Gabriel, WA and Cucamonga, WA. Initially, it will be conservatively assumed that 100 percent of the NOX

emissions are converted to NO2, but a national default conversion rate of 75 percent will be used to more 

accurately assess modeled NO2 impacts, if a more refined analysis is necessary. The modeled 

concentrations at all receptors within the Class I areas will be documented and compared to the proposed 

significant impact level (SIL) shown in Table 3-1. 

Table 3-1 Proposeda

 Class I Area NO2 Significant Impact Level 

Pollutant 24-hourb 

(μg/m3) 

Annualb 

(μg/m3) 

PM10 0.3 0.2 

NO2 n/a 0.1 

a. EPA proposed New Source Review reform, FR 7/23/96. 

b. Highest arithmetic mean concentration at any receptor. 

3.2.3 Regional Haze 

CALPUFF and CALPOST processing will be used for the regional haze analysis to compute the maximum 

24-hour average light extinction due to SO2, SO4, NOX, and PM10/PM2.5 emissions from the new turbine 

stacks at Cucamonga, WA. Since San Gabriel, WA is located within 50 km a visible plume analysis 

(discussed in Section 4.0) will be conducted instead of a CALPUFF regional haze analysis as 

recommended by IWAQM. 

The computation of incremental background light extinction due to PHPP’s emissions will use the option to 

calculate extinction from speciated particulate matter measurements, by applying the EPA-recommended 

hourly relative humidity adjustment factors to background and modeled sulfate and nitrate (MVISBK=2). 

The EPA-recommended hourly relative humidity adjustment factors will also be used and were published in 

September 2003 “Guidance for Tracking Progress Under the Regional Haze Rule” (EPA, 2003). FLAG 

guidance recommends that the hygroscopic particle growth curve be capped when the relative humidity 

exceeds 98 percent, although the FLMs are now allowing a cap of 95%. This cap is also consistent with 

monitoring guidance in support of the IMPROVE program that flags nephalometer measurements with 

relative humidities of at least 95% (and transmissometer measurements with relative humidities of at least 

90%) as correspond to hours with meteorological interferences. Therefore, for this analysis, ENSR 

proposes to cap the particle growth curve at 95 percent relative humidity. 

In order to determine a percent change in light extinction due to the project-related emission increase, a 

reference background light extinction must be quantified. To assess impacts from PHPP, ENSR initially 

proposes to use the background values specified in the FLAG guidance document of 0.6 and 4.5 Mm-1 for 

hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic particles, respectively. 

As noted in FLAG (2000), if a project-related change in extinction is less than 5 percent of the background 

extinction, then the project’s regional haze impact is determined to be insignificant and no further modeling 

is required to demonstrate no adverse impact. If the project-related change in extinction exceeds 5 percent, 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-4 July 2008 

then further analysis is warranted. For that purpose, we would consider an alternative analysis for additional 

information to be considered by the permitting authority and the FLMs, as noted below. The reviewers will 

then analyze the information being submitted and consider whether a conclusion of no adverse impact is 

reasonable. 

Additional model refinements/methods may also be considered, such as: 

(1) The use of a finer scale modeling grid, which may be especially appropriate where the interaction 

between the emitted puffs and the terrain surrounding the source or the Class I area may not be 

well characterized with the initial grid spacing. ENSR has found that a reduced the grid size, to as 

low as 500 meters for nearby Class I areas with intervening terrain, provides a better depiction of 

terrain and would naturally result in a superior wind field. 

(2) The use of more refined monthly average ammonia concentrations that tend to be lowest in the 

winter and highest in the summer. 

(3) An alternative regional haze analysis consistent with the BART method may also be considered. 

This approach has been presented in various venues by the FLMs as an alternative to the FLAG 

screening approach that is designed to assess visibility impacts at Class I areas. This BART 

approach uses Method 6 along with monthly average f(RH) values and reports the 98th percentile 

day (8th highest for each year, and 22nd highest over 3 years) to determine whether the proposed 

project has an impact over a 5 percent change in extinction at the 98th percentile value. A “Tier 1” 

approach uses the best 20 percent background extinction for comparison, while a “Tier 2” 

approach uses the annual average background extinction. The FLMs have suggested that if a 

source’s impacts are below a 5 percent change in extinction at the 98th percentile value for each 

year modeled, that they would likely not object to the PSD permit being issued. 

3.2.4 Acidic Deposition 

CALPUFF and CALPOST will be applied to obtain upper limit estimates of annual wet and dry deposition of 

nitrogen compounds (kg/ha/yr) associated with emissions from the new turbine stacks at San Gabriel, WA 

and Cucamonga, WA. Specifically, CALPUFF will be used to model both wet and dry deposition of NO3 and 

HNO3 as well as dry deposition of NOX to estimate the maximum annual wet and dry deposition of nitrogen 

(N) at the Class I areas. 

The deposition results will be documented for evaluation. However, it is noted that the United States 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service web site (http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/natarm/document.htm ) 

indicates that the minimum detectable level for measuring an increase in wet deposition of sulfates or 

nitrates is 0.5 kg/ha/yr. For conservatism, the Forest Service recommends a significance level of one tenth 

of this minimum detectable level, or 0.05 kg/ha/yr. The FLM has also recently developed a Deposition 

Analysis Threshold (DAT) of 0.005 kg/ha/yr in the west (FLAG, 2002 – Western US; DAT = 0.01 kg/ha/yr – 

Eastern US) to be used as a threshold for further analysis by the FLM, rather than as an adverse impact 

threshold (Porter, 2004). Since all Class I areas to be assessed in this analysis are west of the Mississippi 

River, the selected DAT for PHPP is 0.005 kg/ha/yr. 

It is important to note that the DAT value was established because the FLMs are concerned that, over 

time, cumulative deposition from emission sources may produce impacts upon Class I areas that are of 

concern. The FLMs need to have a reasonable assurance that cumulative deposition from all new sources 

does not exceed 50% of natural background. Natural background in eastern Class I areas is 0.5 kg/ha/yr. 

This value was multiplied by 0.5 to attain 50% of natural background and by 0.04 which is a safety factor 

to account for cumulative new source growth consisting of 25 identical facilities in the area of concern 

(0.5 x 0.5 x 0.04 = 0.01). Therefore the use of a 0.005 kg/ha/yr threshold of concern for a new PSD 

source is very conservative due to the assumption of cumulative growth and due to not considering a 

substantial reduction in deposition from reductions in SO2 emissions from the BART rule. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-5 July 2008 

3.2.5 PM2.5 Analysis 

Based on comments received for a similar project PSD permit application from EPA Region IX, PHPP will 

provide modeling results for total PM2.5 (primary plus secondary) at San Gabriel, WA and Cucamonga, WA. 

The CALPUFF modeled sulfate and nitrate concentrations will be used as a surrogate to estimate the 

amount of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, the secondary PM2.5. The secondary sulfate and 

nitrate concentrations will then be scaled by the ratio of their respective molecular weights to the molecular 

weights of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate using CALPUFF’s post-processing package, 

POSTUTIL. The respective scaling factors are 1.38 for sulfate and 1.29 for nitrate. In addition to combining 

the scaled sulfate and nitrate, the primary PM2.5 will be added to estimate the total contribution at each 

receptor due to the primary and secondary PM2.5. For conservatism, it will initially be assumed that the 

total primary PM10 concentrations will be used as a surrogate for the primary PM2.5 concentrations. 

The total PM2.5 concentrations will be documented for informational purposes only. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-6 July 2008 

Figure 3-1 Extent of Proposed Computational and Meteorological Grid for CALPUFF Modeling 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-7 July 2008 

PHPP Site 

Location

Figure 3-2 Terrain as Characterized throughout the Modeling Domain (looking NE) 

Figure 3-3 Landuse as Characterized throughout the Modeling Domain 

PHPP Site 

Location 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-8 July 2008 

Figure 3-4 Location of 1st and 2nd Order NWS, Buoy, and 

AQMD Meteorological Stations Proposed for CALMET 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 3-9 July 2008 

Figure 3-5 Location of CASTNET and EPA AQS Hourly Ozone Stations 

Proposed to be used as Input to CALPUFF 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 4-1 July 2008 

4.0 VISCREEN Analysis 

The PSD regulation requires an analysis of visibility impairment (i.e., plume blight) at Class I areas within 50 

km of a proposed PSD project. San Gabriel, WA is located within 50 km (see Figure 1-1), therefore in 

addition to regional haze assessed with CALPUFF, visible plume impacts will also be addressed for this 

Class I area. The plume visibility analysis will be conducted with the most current version of EPA’s 

screening model VISCREEN to determine if project emissions will impair visibility at the Cucamonga, WA. 

VISCREEN will be applied with the guidance provided in EPA's Workbook for Plume Visual Impact 

Screening and Analysis (Revised, 1992) (“Workbook”). As such the VISCREEN model will be applied to 

estimate two visual impact parameters, plume perceptibility (ΔE) and plume contrast (Cp). Screening-level 

guidance indicates that values above 2.0 for ΔE and +/- 0.05 for Cp are considered perceptible. The 

Workbook offers two levels of analysis. Level 1 screening analysis which is the most simplified and 

conservative approach employing default meteorological data with no site specific conditions, and Level 2 

analysis which takes into account representative meteorological data and site specific conditions such as 

complex terrain. Initially, a Level 1 analysis will be conducted and if necessary Level 2 will be conducted as 

a refinement. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol 5-1 July 2008 

5.0 References 

EPA, 2003. Federal Register Notice Dated April 15, 2003 

EPA, 2003. Guidance for Tracking Progress Under the Regional Haze Rule. EPA-454/B-03-004, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. 

EPA, 1992. Workbook for Plume Visual Impact Screening and Analysis (Revised). EPA-454/R-92-023. 

FLAG, 2002. Federal Land Manager’s Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG). 2001. Guidance on 

Nitrogen Deposition Analysis Thresholds. 

FLAG, 2000. Federal Land Manager’s Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I Report. 

U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM). 1998. Phase 2 Summary Report and 

Recommendations for Modeling Long Range Transport Impacts. EPA-454/R-98-019. 

McNally, D., 2003. Annual Application of MM5 for Calendar Year 2001. Prepared for: Pat Dolwick, EPA. 

Alpine Geophysics, LLC; 7341 Poppy Way, Arvada, CO. 

McNally, D., 2005. Annual Application of MM5 for Calendar Year 2003 at 36km Resolution. Prepared for: 

Pat Brewer, VISTAS. Alpine Geophysics, LLC; 7341 Poppy Way, Arvada, CO. 

Olerud, D., 2003. Evaluation Methodologies for Meteorological Modeling in Support of VISTAS (Visibility 

Improvement – State and Tribal Association) (DRAFT). Prepared for: Mike Abraczinskas, VISTAS 

Technical Analysis Workgroup. Baron Advanced Meteorological Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 12889, 

3021 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. 

Porter, E. (Fish & Wildlife Service) 2004. Personal communication with Robert Paine of ENSR. 

Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis, R.J. Yamartino, 2000: A User’s Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model 

(Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc. Concord, MA. 

Scire, J.S., F.R. Robe, M.E. Fernau, R.J. Yamartino, 2000. A User’s Guide for the CALMET Meteorological 

Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc. Concord, MA. 

USDA Forest Service and National Park Service, 2005. CALPUFF Reviewer’s Guide (DRAFT) 

prepared by Howard Gebhart. September 2005. 
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol July 2008 

Attachment 1 

Guidance from the NPS Regarding Speciation of PM10 Emissions 
Gas-fired Turbine Example

onsensus Approach where H2SO4 emissions are not provided by applicant

stimates are in BOLD.

Heat Input Filterable PM (25% Estimate) Condensible PM (75% Estimate) Total PM (Applicant) SO2 (Applicant)

(mmBtu/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (gr/100scf) (lb/hr)

1887 2.43 7.28 9.70 2.0 3.10

SO4 SO2 (Applicant-33%)

(lb/hr) (lb/hr)

1.55 2.07

Organic Carbon

(lb/hr)

5.73

onsensus Combined Cycle Turbine Example on Extinction Total

Relative

Extinction Emissions bext

Name Coef. f(RH)* Efficiency (lb/hr) 1/Mm

EC 10 10 2.43 24.25

M SOIL 1 1 0.00M SO4 3 2 6 1.55 9.30 * f(RH) will vary

SOA 4 4 5.73 22.90

56.45

rom AP-42

Heat Input Filterable PM (AP-42) Condensible PM (AP-42) Total PM (AP-42) SO2 (AP-42)

(mmBtu/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) %S (lb/hr)

1887 0.0019 3.59 0.0047 8.87 0.0066 12.45 0.94 0.004 6.42
PHPP Appendix G.5, Class I Area Dispersion Modeling Protocol July 2008 

Attachment 2 

Detailed Station Information Proposed as Input to CALMET and CALPUFF
Palmdale Hybrid Power Project:

NWS and AQMD Hourly Surface Stations Proposed for Input to CALMET

State Station Name Station ID Latitude Longitude Elevation

NWS Stations

AZ AVALON/CATALINA 722920 33.400 -118.410 481

AZ BAKERSFIELD MEADOWS 723840 35.430 -119.050 149

AZ BISHOP AIRPORT 724800 37.360 -118.350 1250

CA BLYTHE RIVERSIDE CO 747188 33.610 -114.710 118

CA BULLHEAD CITY 723788 35.160 -114.560 167

CA BURBANK-GLENDALE-PA 722880 34.200 -118.350 225

CA CAMARILLO (AWOS) 723926 34.210 -119.080 23

CA CAMP PENDLETON MCAS 722926 33.300 -117.350 22

CA CARLSBAD/PALOMAR 722927 33.130 -117.280 100

CA CHINA LAKE NAF 746120 35.680 -117.680 676

CA CHINO AIRPORT 722899 33.960 -117.630 198

CA DAGGETT BARSTOW-DAG 723815 34.850 -116.800 585

CA EDWARDS AFB 723810 34.900 -117.860 705

CA EL MONTE 747043 34.080 -118.030 90

CA EL MONTE EMSU 747040 34.080 -118.030 91

CA FRESNO YOSEMITE INT 723890 36.780 -119.710 101

CA FULLERTON MUNICIPAL 722976 33.860 -117.980 29

CA HANFORD MUNI ARPT 723898 36.310 -119.610 75

CA HAWTHORNE MUNICIPAL 722956 33.910 -118.330 19

CA IMPERIAL 747185 32.830 -115.580 17

CA LA VERNE/BRACKETT 722887 34.100 -117.780 308

CA LANCASTER GEN WM FO 723816 34.730 -118.210 712

CA LAS VEGAS MCCARRAN 723860 36.080 -115.150 648

CA LEMOORE REEVES NAS 747020 36.330 -119.950 73

CA LOMPOC (AWOS) 722895 34.660 -120.460 27

CA LONG BEACH DAUGHERT 722970 33.830 -118.160 7

CA LOS ALAMITOS 722975 33.780 -118.050 11

CA LOS ANGELES DOWNTOW 722874 34.050 -118.230 82

CA LOS ANGELES INTL AR 722950 33.930 -118.400 30

CA MADERA 745046 36.980 -120.110 77

CA MARCH AFB 722860 33.900 -117.250 462

CA MERCED/MACREADY FLD 724815 37.280 -120.510 47

CA MERCURY DESERT ROCK 723870 36.610 -116.030 1006

CA N LAS VEGAS 724846 36.210 -115.200 671

CA NEEDLES AIRPORT 723805 34.760 -114.610 278

CA NELLIS AFB 723865 36.250 -115.030 573

CA OCEANSIDE MUNICIPAL 722934 33.210 -117.350 9

CA OXNARD 723927 34.200 -119.200 11

CA PALM SPRINGS RGNL 722868 33.830 -116.500 141

CA PALM SPRINGS THERMA 747187 33.630 -116.160 34

CA PALMDALE AIRPORT 723820 34.630 -118.080 769

CA PASO ROBLES MUNICIP 723965 35.660 -120.630 243

CA POINT MUGU NF 723910 34.110 -119.110 3

CA PORTERVILLE (AWOS) 723895 36.030 -119.060 135

CA PT.PIEDRAS BLANCA 723900 35.660 -121.280 21

CA RAMONA 745056 33.030 -116.910 424

CA RIVERSIDE MUNICIPAL 722869 33.950 -117.450 249

CA SAN CLEMENTE IS NAA 722925 33.010 -118.580 52

CA SAN DIEGO MIRAMAR N 722930 32.860 -117.130 139
Palmdale Hybrid Power Project:

NWS and AQMD Hourly Surface Stations Proposed for Input to CALMET

State Station Name Station ID Latitude Longitude Elevation

CA SAN DIEGO/GILLESPIE 722907 32.830 -116.960 117

CA SAN DIEGO/MONTGOMER 722903 32.810 -117.130 129

CA SAN LUIS OBISPO 722897 35.230 -120.630 64

CA SAN NICHOLAS ISLAND 722910 33.250 -119.450 173

CA SANDBERG 723830 34.750 -118.710 1376

CA SANTA ANA JOHN WAYN 722977 33.680 -117.860 16

CA SANTA BARBARA MUNIC 723925 34.430 -119.850 2

CA SANTA MARIA PUBLIC 723940 34.910 -120.460 77

CA SANTA MONICA MUNI 722885 34.010 -118.450 53

CA TORRANCE MUNICIPAL 722955 33.800 -118.330 27

CA TWENTYNINE PALMS 690150 34.300 -116.160 626

CA VAN NUYS AIRPORT 722886 34.210 -118.480 234

CA VANDENBERG RANGE 723935 34.710 -120.560 100

NV VISALIA MUNI (AWOS) 723896 36.310 -119.400 89

NV WHITEMAN ARPT 745057 34.260 -118.410 306

NV YUMA INTL AIRPORT 722800 32.650 -114.600 62

NV YUMA MCAS 699604 32.650 -114.610 64

AQMD Stations

CA Barstow 060710001 34.894 -117.024 690

CA Maricopa-Stanislaus Street 060290008 35.051 -119.403 297

CA Santa Clarita 060376012 34.383 -118.528 397

CA Fresno-Sierra Skypark #2 060190242 36.842 -119.883 65

CA Parlier 060194001 36.598 -119.504 78

CA Olancha-Walker Creek Road 060270021 36.266 -117.992 1100

CA Dirty Sox 060270022 36.326 -117.955 1060

CA Flat Rock-Highway 190 060270024 36.422 -117.837 1133

CA Shell Cut-Highway 190 060270025 36.368 -117.898 1104

CA Keeler-Cerro Gordo Road 060271003 36.488 -117.871 1097

CA Corcoran-Patterson Avenue 060310004 36.102 -119.566 61

CA Azusa 060370002 34.136 -117.924 183

CA Lynwood 060371301 33.929 -118.211 27

CA Pasadena-S Wilson Avenue 060372005 34.132 -118.128 250

CA Madera-Pump Yard 060390004 36.867 -120.010 85

CA Mission Viejo-26081 Via Pera 060592022 33.630 -117.676 161

CA Banning Airport 060650012 33.921 -116.858 473

CA Perris 060656001 33.789 -117.228 439

CA Lake Elsinore-W Flint Street 060659001 33.676 -117.331 1440

CA Crestline 060710005 34.241 -117.276 1384

CA Phelan-Beekley Road & Phelan 060710012 34.425 -117.590 1250

CA Twentynine Palms-Adobe Road # 060710017 34.142 -116.055 607

CA Victorville-14306 Park Avenue 060710306 34.512 -117.325 913

CA Upland 060711004 34.103 -117.629 369

CA Trona-Athol and Telegraph 060711234 35.774 -117.372 545

CA Fontana-Arrow Highway 060712002 34.101 -117.492 381

CA Hesperia-Olive Street 060714001 34.416 -117.286 1006

CA Redlands-Dearborn 060714003 34.059 -117.148 481

CA San Bernardino-4th Street 060719004 34.107 -117.274 305

CA El Capitan Beach 060830008 34.462 -120.026 24

CA Paradise Road-Los Padres Nati 060831014 34.542 -119.791 547

CA Gaviota-GTC Site B 060831018 34.528 -120.196 305
Palmdale Hybrid Power Project:

NWS and AQMD Hourly Surface Stations Proposed for Input to CALMET

State Station Name Station ID Latitude Longitude Elevation

CA Carpinteria-Gobernador Road 060831021 34.403 -119.457 137

CA Las Flores Canyon #1 060831025 34.490 -120.046 189

CA Las Flores Canyon-Odor 060831037 34.464 -120.046 26

CA Santa Ynez-Airport Road 060833001 34.608 -120.073 210

CA Vandenberg Air Force Base-STS 060834003 34.596 -120.633 100

CA Thousand Oaks-Moorpark Road 061110007 34.210 -118.870 232

CA Simi Valley-Upper Air 061110008 34.291 -118.798 278

CA Piru-3301 Pacific Avenue 061110009 34.404 -118.810 190

CA Ojai-Ojai Avenue 061111004 34.417 -119.246 262

CA Simi Valley-Cochran Street 061112002 34.276 -118.684 310

CA Ventura-Emma Wood State Beach 061112003 34.281 -119.315 3

Note: Stations availability may vary slightly year to year.
Palmdale Hybrid Power Project:

Upper Air Stations Proposed for Input to CALMET

WBAN Name Latitude Longitude Time Zone

93214 VANDENBERG AFB 34.717 -120.567 8

03190 SAN DIEGO MIRAMAR WSCMO 32.833 -117.117 8

03160 MERCURY DESERT ROCK AP 36.621 -116.028 8
Palmdale Hybrid Power Project:

Hourly Precipitation Stations Proposed for Input to CALMET

State County ID Name Elevation Latitude Longitude

CA LOS ANGELES 14 ACTON ESCONDIDO FC261 2970.0 34.495 -118.271

CA SAN LUIS OBISPO 321 ARROYO GRANDE 11 ENE 900.0 35.184 -120.398

CA TULARE 422 BADGER 3060.0 36.629 -119.012

CA KERN 442 BAKERSFIELD AP 489.0 35.434 -119.054

CA RIVERSIDE 606 BEAUMONT 2613.0 33.929 -116.975

CA SAN BERNARDINO 742 BIG BEAR LAKE DAM 6815.0 34.241 -116.974

CA KERN 979 BORON 2455.0 35.004 -117.650

CA ORANGE 1057 BREA DAM 275.0 33.891 -117.926

CA LOS ANGELES 1194 BURBANK VALLEY PUMP PLA 655.0 34.187 -118.348

CA SANTA BARBARA 1253 CACHUMA LAKE 781.0 34.583 -119.981

CA SAN BERNARDINO 1272 CAJON WEST SUMMIT 4780.0 34.390 -117.593

CA SAN BERNARDINO 1369 CAMP ANGELUS 5770.0 34.149 -116.980

CA ORANGE 1518 CARBON CANYON GILMAN 1624.0 33.923 -117.778

CA SANTA BARBARA 1540 CARPINTERIA RESERVOIR 385.0 34.406 -119.485

CA LOS ANGELES 1682 CHATSWORTH RESERVOIR 910.0 34.225 -118.618

CA VENTURA 1754 CHUCHUPATE RANGER STN 5260.0 34.808 -119.011

CA FRESNO 1864 COALINGA 670.0 36.136 -120.361

CA KINGS 2012 CORCORAN IRRIG DIST 200.0 36.098 -119.582

CA SAN BERNARDINO 2164 CRESTLINE FIRE STATION 4560.0 34.243 -117.271

CA SAN BERNARDINO 2255 DAGGETT POWER PLANT 1970.0 34.861 -116.856

CA SAN BERNARDINO 2257 DAGGETT AP 1917.0 34.854 -116.786

CA RIVERSIDE 2805 ELSINORE 1285.0 33.669 -117.332

CA SAN BERNARDINO 2895 ETIWANDA 1390.0 34.132 -117.524

CA SANTA BARBARA 3048 FIGUEROA MOUNTAIN 3200.0 34.735 -120.007

CA VENTURA 3219 FRAZIER PARK 9 SW 5150.0 34.733 -119.104

CA ORANGE 3285 FULLERTON DAM 340.0 33.896 -117.888

CA SANTA BARBARA 3402 GIBRALTAR DAM 2 1550.0 34.523 -119.682

CA KERN 3465 GLENNVILLE FULTON R S 3500.0 35.725 -118.680

CA LOS ANGELES 3751 HANSEN DAM 1087.0 34.261 -118.385

CA RIVERSIDE 3855 HAYFIELD PUMPING PLANT 1370.0 33.704 -115.629

CA RIVERSIDE 4181 HURKEY CREEK PARK 4390.0 33.676 -116.679

CA RIVERSIDE 4211 IDYLLWILD FIRE DEPT 5380.0 33.757 -116.707

CA SAN BERNARDINO 4297 IRON MOUNTAIN 922.0 34.147 -115.122

CA ORANGE 4650 LAGUNA BEACH NO 2 210.0 33.557 -117.801

CA LOS ANGELES 4749 LANCASTER ATC 2338.0 34.741 -118.212

CA TULARE 5026 LODGEPOLE 6735.0 36.604 -118.733

CA INYO 5067 LONE PINE COTTONWOOD PH 3790.0 36.443 -118.043

CA LOS ANGELES 5085 LONG BEACH DAUGHERTY AP 31.0 33.812 -118.146

CA KERN 5100 LORAINE 5 NNE 4235.0 35.384 -118.412

CA LOS ANGELES 5114 LOS ANGELES INTL AP 97.0 33.938 -118.389

CA LOS ANGELES 5115 LOS ANGELES DOWNTOWN 230.0 34.051 -118.235

CA KERN 5151 LOST HILLS 288.0 35.617 -119.689

CA SAN BERNARDINO 5218 LYTLE CREEK R S 2730.0 34.238 -117.471

CA VENTURA 5417 MATILIJA DAM 1060.0 34.484 -119.306

CA SAN BERNARDINO 5632 MILL CREEK INTAKE 4945.0 34.091 -116.936

CA LOS ANGELES 5637 MILL CREEK SUMMIT R S 5020.0 34.393 -118.075

CA TULARE 5669 MILO 5 NE 3100.0 36.276 -118.768

CA KERN 5756 MOJAVE 2735.0 35.049 -118.162

CA SANTA BARBARA 6154 NEW CUYAMA FIRE STN 2160.0 34.946 -119.683

CA LOS ANGELES 6162 NEWHALL S FC32CE 1243.0 34.387 -118.534

CA SAN DIEGO 6319 OAK GROVE R S 2750.0 33.386 -116.792

CA SAN DIEGO 6379 OCEANSIDE PUMPING PLT 30.0 33.210 -117.354

CA ORANGE 6473 ORANGE COUNTY RESERVOIR 660.0 33.938 -117.885

CA VENTURA 6572 OXNARD WSFO 63.0 34.211 -119.139

CA VENTURA 6577 OZENA GUARD STATION 3590.0 34.683 -119.353

CA LOS ANGELES 6624 PALMDALE 2596.0 34.588 -118.094
Palmdale Hybrid Power Project:

Hourly Precipitation Stations Proposed for Input to CALMET

State County ID Name Elevation Latitude Longitude

CA SAN DIEGO 6657 PALOMAR MOUNTAIN OBSRVT 5550.0 33.378 -116.840

CA SAN LUIS OBISPO 6742 PASO ROBLES MUNI AP 810.0 35.670 -120.628

CA VENTURA 6910 PINE MOUNTAIN INN 4220.0 34.610 -119.367

CA VENTURA 6942 PIRU TELEMETERING 800.0 34.400 -118.705

CA RIVERSIDE 7123 PRADO DAM 560.0 33.890 -117.645

CA RIVERSIDE 7473 RIVERSIDE CITRUS EXP ST 986.0 33.967 -117.361

CA SAN BERNARDINO 7600 RUNNING SPRINGS 1 E 5965.0 34.207 -117.086

CA LOS ANGELES 7762 SAN FERNANDO PH 3 1250.0 34.313 -118.492

CA LOS ANGELES 7779 SAN GABRIEL DAM FC425B 1481.0 34.205 -117.861

CA RIVERSIDE 7813 SAN JACINTO RS 1560.0 33.787 -116.958

CA ORANGE 7837 SAN JUAN GUARD STN 730.0 33.592 -117.513

CA SANTA BARBARA 7859 SAN MARCOS PASS 2300.0 34.512 -119.823

CA SANTA BARBARA 7902 SANTA BARBARA 5.0 34.417 -119.684

CA LOS ANGELES 7926 SANTA FE DAM 425.0 34.112 -117.971

CA SANTA BARBARA 7946 SANTA MARIA PUBLIC AP 242.0 34.899 -120.449

CA SANTA BARBARA 7976 SANTA YNEZ 600.0 34.608 -120.069

CA ORANGE 7987 SANTIAGO DAM 855.0 33.787 -117.722

CA RIVERSIDE 7993 SANTIAGO PEAK 5638.0 33.711 -117.536

CA LOS ANGELES 8092 SEPULVEDA DAM 680.0 34.166 -118.473

CA LOS ANGELES 8230 SIGNAL HILL FC 415 100.0 33.797 -118.168

CA ORANGE 8243 SILVERADO RANGER STATIO 1095.0 33.743 -117.660

CA VENTURA 8261 SIMI SANITATION PLANT 660.0 34.284 -118.812

CA LOS ANGELES 8436 SPADRA LANTERMAN HOSP 676.0 34.042 -117.810

CA TULARE 8460 SPRINGVILLE R S 1050.0 36.142 -118.811

CA TULARE 8463 SPRINGVILLE TULE HD 4070.0 36.193 -118.657

CA SANTA BARBARA 8697 SURF 2 ENE 110.0 34.681 -120.536

CA KERN 8832 TEHACHAPI AIRPORT 3960.0 35.131 -118.433

CA RIVERSIDE 8844 TEMECULA 1020.0 33.497 -117.151

CA RIVERSIDE 8893 THERMAL FIRE STN 39 -115.0 33.636 -116.164

CA TULARE 8912 THREE RIVERS 6 SE 1935.0 36.368 -118.848

CA TULARE 8917 THREE RIVERS EDISON PH 1140.0 36.465 -118.862

CA ORANGE 8992 TRABUCO CANYON 970.0 33.658 -117.589

CA TULARE 9120 UHL R S 3725.0 35.886 -118.646

CA SAN BERNARDINO 9325 VICTORVILLE PUMP PLANT 2858.0 34.535 -117.306

CA LOS ANGELES 9666 WHITTIER NARROWS DAM 200.0 34.020 -118.084

NV CLARK 4436 LAS VEGAS AP 2127.0 36.079 -115.155

NV CLARK 7369 SEARCHLIGHT 3540.0 35.466 -114.922

Note: Stations availability may vary slightly year to year.
Palmdale Hybrid Power Project:

Buoy Stations Proposed for Input to CALMET

Name Station ID Latitude Longitude

PT. CONCEPTION 46063 34.27 -120.66

SANTA BARBARA W 46054 34.27 -120.45

SANTA BARBARA E 46053 34.24 -119.85

SANTA MONICA BASIN 46025 33.75 -119.08

TANNER BANKS 46047 32.43 -119.53
Palmdale Hybrid Power Project:

CASTNET and EPA AQS Hourly Ozone Stations Proposed for Input to CALPUFF

CASTNET Stations

State County Site ID Station Name Latitude Longitude

CA Inyo DEV412 Death Valley NM 36.509 -116.848

CA San Bernardino JOT403 Joshua Tree NM 34.071 -116.391

CA San Benito PIN414 Pinnacles NM 36.485 -121.156

CA Tulare SEK402 Sequoia NP - Lookout Pt 36.429 -118.763

EPA AQS Stations

State City Monitor ID Address Latitude Longitude

AZ Yuma 04-027-0005-44201-1 9500 South Ave 8e Az Western College 32.685 -114.492

AZ Yuma 04-027-0006-44201-1 9140 E. 28th Street 32.678 -114.476

CA Shaver Lake 06-019-0010-44201-1 North Perimeter Road 37.138 -119.267

CA Calexico 06-025-0006-44201-1 Calexico - East 32.678 -115.390

CA Westmorland 06-025-4003-44201-1 202 W First Street, Westmorland 33.033 -115.623

CA Niland 06-025-4004-44201-1 7711 English Road, Niland 33.214 -115.544

CA Death Valley National Monument 06-027-0101-44201-1 Death Valley Nm, Death Valley, Ca 36.509 -116.848

CA Edison 06-029-0007-44201-1 Johnson Farm, Edison, Ca. 93320 35.346 -118.851

CA Mojave 06-029-0011-44201-1 923 Poole Street, Mojave, Ca 93501 35.051 -118.146

CA Arvin 06-029-5001-44201-1 20401 Bear Mtn Blvd, Arvin, Ca., 93203 35.208 -118.784

CA Madera 06-039-0004-44201-1 Rd. 29 1/2 No. Of Ave 8 Madera County 36.867 -120.010

CA King City 06-053-0005-44201-1 750 Metz Road, King City, Ca 93930 36.228 -121.116

CA Indio 06-065-2002-44201-1 46-990 Jackson St., Indio 33.709 -116.215

CA Hollister 06-069-0002-44201-1 1979 Fairview Rd., Hollister 36.844 -121.361

CA Pinnacles National Monument 06-069-0003-44201-1 Ne Entrance, Pinnacles Nm 36.485 -121.156

CA Crestline (Census Name For Cre 06-071-0005-44201-1 Lake Gregory-Lake Dr, Crestline 34.243 -117.272

CA Phelan 06-071-0012-44201-1 Beekley & Phelan Rds, Phelan 34.426 -117.563

CA Trona 06-071-1234-44201-1 Corner Of Athol And Telescope 35.764 -117.396

CA Yucca Valley 06-071-9002-44201-1 Joshua Tree National Monument 34.071 -116.391

CA Alpine 06-073-1006-44201-1 2300 Victoria Dr., Alpine 32.833 -116.750

CA Otay Mesa 06-073-2007-44201-1 1100 Paseo International, Otay Mesa, Ca 32.584 -116.938

CA Nipomo 06-079-4002-44201-1 Nipomo Regional Park, Nipomo, Ca. 35.028 -120.387

CA Capitan 06-083-0008-44201-1 El Capitan St Prk, Hwy 101, Capitan 34.462 -120.024

CA Lompoc 06-083-1013-44201-1 Hs & P Facility-500 M Sw, Lompoc 34.726 -120.428

CA Los Padres National Forest 06-083-1014-44201-1 Paradise Rd-Los Padres Nf 34.541 -119.791

CA Gaviota 06-083-1018-44201-1 Gtc B-Hwy 101 Near Nojoqui Pass, Gaviota 34.528 -120.196

CA Carpinteria 06-083-1021-44201-1 Gobernador Rd, Carpinteria 34.403 -119.458

CA Capitan 06-083-1025-44201-1 Lfc #1-Las Flores Canyon, Capitan 34.490 -120.046

CA Channel Islands National Park 06-083-2012-44201-1 Santa Rosa Island -Becher'S Bay 34.016 -120.050

CA Santa Ynez 06-083-3001-44201-1 Airport Rd., Santa Ynez 34.603 -120.071

CA Vandenberg Air Force Base 06-083-4003-44201-1 Sts Power Plant, Vandenberg Afb 34.596 -120.630

CA Sequoia National Park 06-107-0006-44201-1 Lower Kaweah, Sequoia Np 36.567 -118.778

CA Mineral King 06-107-0008-44201-1 Lookout Point, Mineral King Road 36.429 -118.763

CA Sequoia National Park 06-107-0009-44201-1 Sequoia & Kings Canyon Np 36.489 -118.827

CA Oak View 06-111-0005-44201-1 5500 Casitas Pass Rd, Near Oak View 34.387 -119.416

CA Piru 06-111-0009-44201-1 3301 Pacific Avenue, Piru, Ca 93040 34.405 -118.810

CA El Rio 06-111-3001-44201-1 Rio Mesa School, El Rio 34.255 -119.143

NV North Las Vegas 32-003-0022-44201-1 Ne Of City-12101 Hwy 93/I15 36.391 -114.906

NV Mesquite 32-003-0023-44201-1 465 E. Old Mill Road, Mesquite, Nv 36.808 -114.061

NV Searchlight 32-003-0078-44201-1 103 Highway 95, Searchlight, Nv 35.465 -114.920

NV Jean 32-003-1019-44201-1 T25s R59e S10 35.780 -115.340

Note: Stations availability may vary slightly year to year.