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19-2255

United States v. Cameron

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST 

CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

24th day of September, two thousand twenty-one.

Present:

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

Chief Judge,

DENNY CHIN,

WILLIAM J. NARDINI,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. 19-2255

TODD A. CAMERON,

Defendant-Appellant.

_____________________________________

For Defendant-Appellant: HERBERT L. GREENMAN, Lipsitz Green Scime Cambria, 

LLP, Buffalo, New York.

For Appellee: MONICA J. RICHARDS, Assistant United States Attorney 

for James P. Kennedy, Jr., United States Attorney for 

the Western District of New York, Buffalo, New York.
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Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of New 

York (Arcara, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and the case is

REMANDED with the direction that the district court vacate Cameron’s sentence for the limited 

purpose of correcting the error noted herein and resentence him based upon a proper calculation 

of his criminal history category and Guidelines range.

Todd Cameron appeals from a July 18, 2019, judgment of the United States District Court 

for the Western District of New York (Arcara, J.) sentencing him to 36 months in prison on one 

count of subscribing to a false tax return, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1), and 51 months in 

prison on one count of harboring an illegal alien for financial gain, in violation of 8 U.S.C. 

§§ 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii) and 1324(a)(1)(B)(i), to run concurrently, and ordering restitution to the 

Internal Revenue Service. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and the 

procedural history of the case. On appeal, Cameron challenges his sentence on procedural and 

substantive grounds. He argues principally that the district court failed to group his offenses as 

required under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2. Cameron further argues — and the Government agrees — that 

the district court improperly calculated Cameron’s criminal history category under U.S.S.G. § 

4A1.2. Finally, he asserts that the district court, by failing to adequately consider mitigating 

circumstances, erred procedurally in assessing the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and 

substantively in imposing an unreasonable sentence. 

“We review a sentence for both procedural and substantive reasonableness.” United 

States v. Kent, 821 F.3d 362, 367 (2d Cir. 2016). A “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard”

applies. United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 287, 311 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. 
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Young, 811 F.3d 592, 598 (2d Cir. 2016)). A procedural error arises when the district court “fails 

to calculate the Guidelines range,” “makes a mistake in its Guidelines calculation,” or “fails 

adequately to explain its chosen sentence,” among other reasons. United States v. Cavera, 550 

F.3d 180, 190 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc). A substantive error arises “only in exceptional cases 

where the trial court’s decision ‘cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.’” 

Id. at 189 (quoting United States v. Rigas, 490 F.3d 208, 238 (2d Cir. 2007)). “The district court’s 

interpretation and application of the sentencing guidelines is a question of law, which we review 

de novo.” Kent, 821 F.3d at 368.

For the reasons stated herein, we affirm in part, rejecting Cameron’s claim that his offenses 

were not properly grouped and discerning no procedural error in the district court’s consideration 

of mitigating circumstances. We agree, however, that Cameron’s criminal history was 

improperly calculated and so remand with directions that Cameron’s sentence be vacated for the 

limited purpose of correcting this error and resentencing him based on the corrected criminal 

history calculation, with its attendant effect on Cameron’s Guidelines range.1 See United States 

v. Quintieri, 306 F.3d 1217, 1226 (2d Cir. 2002). We decline to reach Cameron’s claim of 

substantive error. See Cavera, 550 F.3d at 190 (noting that upon discerning a “significant 

1 At oral argument, the parties disagreed about the scope of the resentencing on remand, including, 

for example, whether the district court may consider events that occurred after the original 

sentence. Generally, “even when a remand is limited, an issue may be raised if it arises as a result 

of events that occur after the original sentence.” United States v. Quintieri, 306 F.3d 1217, 1230 

(2d Cir. 2002); see also United States v. Bryson, 229 F.3d 425, 426 (2d Cir. 2000) (per curiam) 

(holding that even when the remanding opinion ordered resentencing at a specific offense level, 

the district court could depart from this level if there were “intervening circumstances”). As the 

Supreme Court explained in Pepper v. United States, however, courts of appeal may “issu[e] 

limited remand orders, in appropriate cases, that may render evidence of postsentencing 

rehabilitation irrelevant in light of the narrow purposes of the remand proceeding.” 562 U.S. 476, 

505 n.17 (2011). We do not issue our remand order in this case with such a narrow purpose. 

Accordingly, Cameron may address intervening circumstances during his resentencing.
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procedural error,” the reviewing court may remand rather than “proceed[ing] to review the 

sentence for substantive reasonableness”). 

I. Base Offense Level Calculation

Under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, a sentencing court calculates a single, 

combined offense level for a multi-count indictment by, in appropriate cases, grouping certain

counts into “distinct Groups of Closely Related Counts.” U.S.S.G. § 3D1.1(a)(1). Counts shall

be grouped together when, among other scenarios, they “involve the same victim and two or more 

acts or transactions connected by a common criminal objective or constituting part of a common 

scheme or plan,” U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(b), or “[w]hen the offense level” for each separate count “is 

determined largely on the basis of the total amount of harm or loss . . . or some other measure of 

aggregate harm,” U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d). Cameron argues that the district court should have 

grouped his tax and immigration offenses in calculating his base offense level pursuant to these 

provisions. We disagree and conclude that his offenses do not fulfill the criteria for grouping.

First, his counts did not harm the “same victim,” or societal interest, as required pursuant 

to § 3D1.2(b). When an offense lacks an identifiable victim for the purposes of § 3D1.2(b), the 

“victim” is defined as the “societal interest that is harmed,” and a court may group counts that 

implicate “closely related” societal interests. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2 app. n.2. Here, the tax offense 

harmed societal interests in voluntary compliance with tax laws and the funding of government 

operations, whereas the immigration offense endangered Cameron’s noncitizen workers and 

implicated societal interests in controlling the borders and respecting the work authorization of 

noncitizens. See United States v. Kim, 896 F.2d 678, 687 (2d Cir. 1990) (holding that counts of 

possessing counterfeit money and smuggling undocumented aliens, even in the same episode, 

could not be grouped because the “interests protected by the immigration laws and the currency 
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laws are so distinct”); see also United States v. Odofin, 929 F.2d 56, 61 (2d Cir. 1991) (noting that 

interests served by narcotics and passport laws are distinct, rendering grouping impermissible). 

Nor could Cameron’s offenses be properly grouped pursuant to § 3D1.2(d). The offense 

level for each of Cameron’s separate offenses was not “determined largely on the basis of the total 

amount of harm” as required under § 3D1.2(d). Instead, the offense level for Cameron’s

immigration offense depended on both the nature of the crime and the number of noncitizens 

involved. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1. The offense level for his tax offense hinged on a different

metric: the total tax loss. See U.S.S.G. §§ 2T1.1; 2T4.1. Accordingly, the district court correctly 

declined to group the counts in calculating Cameron’s offense level and we reject Cameron’s claim 

to the contrary.

II. Criminal History Category Calculation

We turn next to the criminal history calculation. In calculating criminal history points, a 

sentencing court treats prior sentences as a single sentence where (1) there is no “intervening 

arrest” — that is, an arrest for the first offense before the commission of the second offense — and 

(2) either one of the following is true: “(A) the sentences resulted from offenses contained in the 

same charging instrument; or (B) the sentences were imposed on the same day.” U.S.S.G. § 

4A1.2(a)(2). Both Cameron and the Government concur that the district court improperly failed 

to treat two offenses he committed in 2004 as a single sentence. We agree. As indicated by the 

Presentencing Report (“PSR”), Cameron committed the first offense of issuing a bad check on 

July 19, 2004, was arrested for the offense on October 21, 2004, and was sentenced on June 23, 

2005. PSR ¶ 90. He committed the second offense of aggravated unlicensed operation of a 

motor vehicle on October 3, 2004, was arrested for the offense on October 3, 2004, and was 

sentenced on June 23, 2005. PSR ¶ 89. No intervening arrest separated the two offenses 
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because he committed the second offense before his arrest for the first offense, and the sentences 

for the offenses were imposed on the same day, satisfying the § 4A1.2(a)(2) requirements. Thus, 

the district court erred in failing to treat the two offenses as a single sentence in calculating 

Cameron’s criminal history points. This error is not harmless, as the recalculation reduces 

Cameron’s total criminal history points to nine and criminal history category to IV, which places 

him in a new sentencing range. U.S.S.G. Ch. 5, Pt. A. Accordingly, we remand with the 

direction that Cameron’s sentence be vacated for the limited purpose of correcting this error and 

resentencing him based on the appropriate calculation of his criminal history and Guidelines range. 

* * *

Cameron argues, finally, that the district court failed both procedurally and substantively 

in affording inadequate weight and attention to mitigating circumstances such as his family 

obligations, business, and recent sobriety, and contends that his charitable deeds “seemingly were 

not considered at all.” Appellant’s Br. at 35. He also asserts that the court “at the very least . . 

. should have considered the circumstances of [his] plea,” as the plea agreement stipulated a lower 

sentencing range. Appellant’s Br. at 39. We discern no procedural error in the district court’s 

consideration of the § 3553(a) factors. In light of the resentencing that we direct, however, we 

do not reach Cameron’s corollary claim that his sentence was substantively unreasonable. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part the judgment of the district court and REMAND the 

case with the direction that the district court vacate Cameron’s sentence for the limited purpose of 

correcting the error noted herein and resentence him based upon a proper calculation of his 

criminal history category and Guidelines range. 

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk