1

The Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, Judge, United States Court of

International Trade, sitting by designation.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 99-4243

___________

Earl Long, *

*

Appellant, *

*

v. * Appeal from the United States

* District Court for the District of

Area Manager, Bureau of Reclamation; * South Dakota.

United States Department of the *

Interior; United States of America; *

Secretary of the South Dakota *

Department of Game, Fish, and Parks; *

and State of South Dakota, *

*

Appellees. *

___________

Submitted: November 13, 2000

Filed: January 4, 2001

___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD and JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judges, and

GOLDBERG,1

 Judge.

___________
2The Honorable Richard H. Battey, United States District Judge for the District

of South Dakota.

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MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

Earl Long owns property near the Angostura Reservoir, which is located south

of Hot Springs, South Dakota. The land used to create the reservoir and an adjoining

park was condemned by the federal government in 1949 and subsequently leased to the

state of South Dakota. The reservoir and park are just west and south of Mr. Long's

property (see map attached to this opinion). 

Mr. Long sued under 28 U.S.C. § 2409a(a) to quiet title to a right of access to

his property through the southern half of the park. Mr. Long also claimed that the

defendants, various state and federal officials and entities, were estopped from denying

him the access that he sought. The district court2 granted summary judgment to the

defendants, holding that the statute of limitations under the Quiet Title Act, see

28 U.S.C. § 2409a, see also 28 U.S.C. § 1346(f), barred the action and that estoppel

was not available against the defendants. We affirm.

I.

Mr. Long first contends that he is entitled to gain access to his property through

the southern half of the park because this means of access was not taken during the

1949 condemnation. Until 1949, access to the property from the south could be gained

by using Lithia Road, a county road running north and south along the eastern edge of

the property. Lithia Road also intersected County Road 1B near the northeast corner

of the property, thus allowing access to the property from the north and east.

Following the 1949 condemnation, part of Lithia Road became submerged

beneath the reservoir, curtailing the southern access to Mr. Long's property. The

remainder of Lithia Road remained a public road and was frequently used to reach the
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park from County Road 1B. Lithia Road was also used to travel between the northern

and southern halves of the park, a use made possible by Lander's Easement (granted

to the state in 1956), which allowed access from Lithia Road to the northern half of the

park.

In 1973, at the state's request and with Mr. Long's consent, Fall River County

vacated all of Lithia Road. As part of that action, the county created a dead end and

turnaround at the west end of County Road 1B (point A on the map), thus eliminating

access to Lithia Road, as well as to Mr. Long's property, from County Road 1B. Park

users continued to use Lithia Road to travel between the northern and southern halves

of the park.

After 1973, Mr. Long contends, the only way for him to gain access to his

property was from the south. He would use the park road in the southern half of the

park and then head north to his property on Lithia Road or, later, on the realigned road

created to the east of Lithia Road. Lithia Road itself was blocked at the park boundary

by a locked gate (point B on the map) following the creation of the realigned road,

leaving the realigned road as Mr. Long's sole means of southern access to his property.

In 1988, however, the state placed a fence across the realigned road at the park

boundary (point C on the map). According to Mr. Long, this action left his property

landlocked.

The defendants contend that Mr. Long can still gain access to his property from

the north either by a road directly north of his property or by a public easement near the

turnaround on County Road 1B (point A), and from the south by using the locked gate

(to which he would be given a key) on Lithia Road (point B). Mr. Long denies the

usefulness of any of these routes. In view of our resolution of this case, however, we

believe that it is unnecessary to determine which of these contentions is correct.
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II.

Mr. Long maintains that his right to use Lithia Road to gain access to his

property from the southern half of the park was never taken during the 1949

condemnation, and he now seeks to quiet title to that right. Before we may reach the

merits of his claim, however, we must determine whether the applicable limitations

period has expired, as the defendants argue. The Quiet Title Act provides for a twelveyear limitations period, running from the time that the plaintiff or his predecessor-ininterest "knew or should have known" of the government's claim to the property. See

28 U.S.C. § 2409a(g). In determining when the limitations period began to run, we

look to when Mr. Long or his predecessors should have had "a reasonable awareness

that the government claims some interest adverse to [their own]," State of North

Dakota v. Block, 789 F.2d 1308, 1312-14 (8th Cir. 1986). 

The defendants contend that the limitations period expired in 1961, twelve years

after the property was condemned, while Mr. Long contends that it did not begin to run

until 1988, when the state completely prevented him from gaining access to his

property. We believe that both the condemnation action itself and the facts surrounding

it should have given Mr. Long's predecessor-in-interest, a party to the condemnation

proceedings, a reasonable awareness in 1949 of the government's claim.

The federal government condemned the land used to create the Angostura

Reservoir pursuant to a declaration of taking. See 40 U.S.C. 258a. Under that statute,

once the declaration of taking is filed and money for compensation is deposited in the

appropriate court, the title to the condemned property immediately vests in the

government. Furthermore, unless the declaration of taking states otherwise, and here

it did not, the taking is considered to be in fee simple absolute. See id. As a result,

once the government completed the procedural steps required, it owned the condemned

property at issue here in fee simple absolute.
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The condemnation, as one in fee simple absolute, resulted in the termination of

the Lithia Road easement. "Ordinarily an unqualified taking in fee by eminent domain

takes all interests ... the accurate view would seem to be that such an exercise of

eminent domain founds a new title and extinguishes all previous rights," A. W. Duckett

and Company, Inc. v. United States, 266 U.S. 149, 151 (1924). No qualifications were

placed upon the taking in this case, and thus the condemnation proceeding took all

previous rights and interests, including the right to use Lithia Road. See Holdridge v.

United States, 282 F.2d 302, 307 (8th Cir. 1960). The condemnation created a new

title with the federal government holding an absolute fee interest in the property free

of nonpossessory encumbrances.

Mr. Long's reliance on Patterson v. Buffalo National River, 76 F.3d 221 (8th

Cir. 1996), is misplaced. In that case, see id. at 224, we faced the question of whether

a landowner who deeded property to the government retained a right to cross the

deeded property on the only road to the landowner's remaining property. In that

situation, we determined that the deed did not place the landowner on notice of the

government's claim of a right to block access to his property, and thus that the statute

of limitations under the Quiet Title Act did not begin to run until the government

restricted use of the road. Id. The special circumstances of Patterson, however, are

not present here, because the declaration of taking clearly stated that the taking was in

fee simple absolute. 

Mr. Long also maintains that the federal government did not validly condemn the

county's interest in Lithia Road because the county was not joined in the condemnation

proceeding as the holder of that interest. Even if the county received improper notice

of the condemnation proceeding, however, that fact would not affect the government's

absolute ownership of the condemned land. In United States v. Herring, 750 F.2d 669,

671-72 (8th Cir. 1984), we determined that "[a]fter providing for the taking and then

for compensation, it appears clear that the [Declaration of] Taking Act vests title in the

government prior to any requirement to notify the owner of his right to compensation."
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Because the government immediately receives title, a landowner who is improperly

notified of a condemnation proceeding under the Declaration of Taking Act, see

40 U.S.C. § 258a through § 258e-1, retains only the right to receive just compensation,

and has no right to challenge the condemnation itself. See Herring, 750 F.2d at 674.

As the present declaration of taking appears to have been properly filed, title to all

interests in the relevant land vested in the government immediately, regardless of the

notice given to the county. The county's right in Lithia Road was therefore lost as soon

as the declaration of taking was filed.

Mr. Long correctly notes that a taking that on its face is in fee simple absolute

may leave a residual interest untaken when that interest is "clearly inferable,"

Holdridge, 282 F.2d at 307. He asserts that either the government's failure to assert

dominion over the road immediately or the continued use of Lithia Road created such

an interest and prevented him and his predecessors from discovering the government's

claim until 1988. We do not believe, however, that the government needed to do more

to make its interest in the property clear. The condemned property, including Lithia

Road, was to be included within a park, and, indeed, some of the road was to be

flooded. In these circumstances, the defendants' intent to exercise complete control

over the road seems more than apparent. 

Mr. Long directs our attention to Burdess v. United States, 553 F. Supp. 646

(E.D. Ark. 1982), and United States v. Watson, 80 F. Supp. 649 (E.D. Va. 1948). Both

of these cases involved situations in which a condemnation left other property

completely landlocked except for a road passing over the condemned property, and the

courts concluded that the government could not have intended to leave the landowners

completely landlocked. Even if we were to conclude that these cases were correctly

decided, the principle for which they stand is of no avail to Mr. Long. Because he

could gain access to his property from the north via County Road 1B, his property was

not left landlocked by the condemnation. It is not, therefore, "clearly inferable,"
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Holdridge, 282 F.2d at 307, that the government intended that public right to use Lithia

Road within the park would survive the condemnation.

 

Nor does the continued public use of Lithia Road after the condemnation indicate

a clearly inferable public right to use Lithia Road within the park. The portion of Lithia

Road transversing Mr. Long's property remained a public road until at least 1973, and

the public use of a public road to gain access to the park is entirely unremarkable and

creates no inference whatever that the portion of the road within the park was open for

public use. 

Mr. Long's assertion that Lander's Easement indicated a continuing right to use

Lithia Road within the park is equally untenable, as that easement was simply used to

travel between the northern and southern halves of the park. That easement is entirely

consistent with the government's right to limit the use of Lithia Road within the park,

and thus no right to use any road within the park may be clearly inferred from the

existence of Lander's Easement. We therefore cannot find that it is "clearly inferable,"

id., that any public right to use Lithia Road within the park survived the 1949

condemnation. Because Mr. Long's predecessor-in-interest was a party to the

condemnation, and was aware that the land in question was to be taken in fee simple

absolute with no residual interests remaining, we hold that the condemnation placed

Mr. Long's predecessor-in-interest on reasonable notice in 1949 of the government's

claim.

The circumstances surrounding the condemnation also support the conclusion

that Mr. Long's predecessor-in-interest should have known of the government's claim

in 1949. It was readily apparent at that time that the future use of Lithia Road would

be curtailed, as a portion of the road was soon to be flooded by the reservoir and

included within the park. Had the park road not later been built, the condemnation

would have resulted in a complete lack of southern access to Mr. Long's property.

While Mr. Long's use of Lithia Road to gain access to his property was not actually
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denied until 1988, the government's right to deny access was reasonably clear to his

predecessor-in-interest in 1949. Because that awareness arose in 1949, the limitations

period began to run at that time. Since Mr. Long did not file the current action until

1997, we hold that it is time-barred.

III.

Even if we were to find that Mr. Long's quiet title action is not barred by the

statute of limitations, moreover, it would fail because he does not claim a property

interest to which title may be quieted. What Mr. Long seeks in this case is an

undifferentiated right to use what was once a public road. 

Under the Quiet Title Act, see 28 U.S.C. § 2409a(d), a plaintiff is required to

state "the nature of the right ... or interest" that is asserted in the property. We agree

with the Tenth Circuit that the right of an individual to use a public road is not a right

or interest in property for purposes of the Quiet Title Act. See Kinscherff v. United

States, 586 F.2d 159, 160 (10th Cir. 1978) (per curiam). The proper plaintiff to

challenge the condemnation of a public road is the governmental entity that owns the

easement. Id. at 160-61. Mr. Long thus fails to state a claim for which relief may be

granted under the Quiet Title Act. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). We therefore hold that

the district court correctly granted summary judgment to the defendants on Mr. Long's

quiet title action.

IV.

Mr. Long also contends that even if his quiet title action fails, the defendants are

estopped from denying him access to his property. Mr. Long's primary basis for this

claim is a promise that he alleges state officials made to him in 1973, a time when state

park officials wanted to close Lithia Road in order to prevent unauthorized access to

either half of the park. To gain his acquiescence to the closing plan, which would have

eliminated access to his property from the north, Mr. Long claims that the state officials

assured him that he would always have access to his property from the south, i.e.,
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through the park. In 1988, however, in response to litigation with a third party seeking

to use the park roads to gain access to a proposed housing development, see Wolff v.

Secretary of South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks Department, 544 N.W.2d 531 (S.D.

1996), the park placed a locked gate at the Lithia Road entrance to the park, which

prevented Mr. Long's access as well. 

Mr. Long maintains that the 1973 promise by the state officials now estops the

defendants from blocking his access to his property. The district court granted

summary judgment on this issue, holding, we believe correctly, that state officials could

not alter the property rights of the federal government. We agree with the district court

that promises made by state officials cannot estop the federal government from

asserting its fee simple title in the property. Estoppel cannot lie against the federal

government without a showing of affirmative misconduct on its part, see Conforti v.

United States, 74 F.3d 838, 841 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 807 (1996), and

Mr. Long points to no federal conduct that led him to believe that he would have

continued access to his property. He instead maintains that the state acted as the

federal government's agent in operating Angostura and that the acts of the state officials

should therefore be imputed to the federal government.

Far from creating an agency relationship, however, the memorandum of

understanding that sets forth the agreement between the state and the federal

government for Angostura's operation specifically disclaims the state's ability to incur

any obligation on behalf of the federal government. The memorandum simply gives the

state a leasehold on Angostura, and while the state is of course free to grant licenses

to use its leasehold, no authority is given for the state to grant a permanent right of

access over the federal government's fee. Because the state had no authority to alter

federal property interests, any pledge that it made to Mr. Long cannot bind the federal

government. We hold therefore that the federal government is not estopped from

denying Mr. Long access over its fee after the termination of the leasehold. 
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V.

While the state of South Dakota may not deprive the federal government of its

property interests, the state is of course free to alter its own rights in its leasehold

interest in Angostura. The question of whether the state may be estopped from denying

Mr. Long a license to access his property while the park is in the state's possession was

left unanswered by the district court. Because the eleventh amendment prevents us

from asserting subject-matter jurisdiction over the estoppel claims against the state

defendants, however, those claims must fail. While the district court did not address

the issue of eleventh amendment immunity, a question of subject-matter jurisdiction

may be raised sua sponte at any time. See Fromm v. Commission of Veterans Affairs,

220 F.3d 887, 890 (8th Cir. 2000).

The Supreme Court has interpreted the eleventh amendment to mean that

"federal jurisdiction over suits against unconsenting States 'was not contemplated by

the Constitution when establishing the judicial power of the United States,' " Seminole

Tribe v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 54 (1996), quoting Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 15

(1890). A state can of course waive its eleventh amendment immunity, see Entergy,

Arkansas, Inc. v. Nebraska, 210 F.3d 887, 896 (8th Cir. 2000), and Mr. Long

maintains that S.D. Codified Laws Ann. § 21-32-8, § 21-36-24, which allow the state

to be sued in South Dakota state court as a party to property disputes, constitute such

a waiver. These statutes are, however, insufficient to constitute a waiver of eleventh

amendment immunity because a state does not submit to federal jurisdiction merely by

consenting to suit in its own courts. See Smith v. Reeves, 178 U.S. 436, 441 (1900);

see also Entergy, 210 F.3d at 897. Since the state of South Dakota has not consented

to this lawsuit, the eleventh amendment prevents us from asserting jurisdiction over a

claim against the state.

Along with the state itself, however, Mr. Long has also sued the Secretary of the

South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, and under Ex parte Young, 209

U.S. 123, 155-56, 159, 167 (1908), injunctive relief is generally available against state
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officials for continuing violations of federal law. See Entergy, 210 F.3d at 897.

Mr. Long's only claimed violation of federal law seems to be that the state, by

preventing him from gaining access to his property, has rendered that property

worthless in violation of his fourteenth amendment right not to have his property taken

without just compensation. 

It is true that under certain circumstances a state action that denies a landowner

all use of his property may constitute an informal taking that requires just compensation

to be paid. See First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County,

California, 482 U.S. 304, 321-22 (1987). Even if we were to find that a taking

occurred in Mr. Long's case, however, we could not grant an injunction against the

state official. "Equitable relief is not available to enjoin an alleged taking of private

property ... when a suit for compensation can be brought against the sovereign

subsequent to the taking," Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co., 467 U.S. 986, 1016 (1984).

Since Mr. Long may bring a common-law action for damages against the state for

depriving him of his right of access, see Hurley v. South Dakota, 143 N.W.2d 722, 729

(S.D. 1966), equitable relief in our court is unavailable to him.

VI.

Finally, even if we were to hold that Mr. Long's estoppel claim could proceed

against the state or its officials, the claim would fail on its merits. Like most courts, the

South Dakota Supreme Court has taken a dim view of the possibility of an estoppel

operating against a government, allowing it only in "extreme cases," Even v. City of

Parker, 597 N.W.2d 670, 674 (S.D. 1999). We have previously recognized that South

Dakota case law indicates that "for equitable estoppel to apply to a public entity, that

entity or its employees must have engaged in fraud," Bell v. Fowler, 99 F.3d 262, 267

(8th Cir. 1996); see also Erickson v. County of Brookings, 541 N.W.2d 734, 737 (S.D.

1996) (per curiam), and Smith v. Neville, 539 N.W.2d 679, 682 (S.D. 1995). A

fraudulent statement is one that is known to be untrue when it is made or one that is
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made with reckless disregard for its truth. See Paint Brush Corp. v. Neu, 599 N.W.2d

384, 391 (S.D. 1999).

Mr. Long asserts that the park officials concealed their eventual intent to block

access to his land when they promised him perpetual access to it through the southern

half of the park. This assertion, however, is completely unsupported by the record. By

all accounts, the state fulfilled any promise that it made to allow access to Mr. Long's

property for fifteen years after Mr. Long alleges that the promise was made. The state

even cooperated with Mr. Long in realigning the road into the southern half of the park

at the same time that he now contends that the state was planning to block off the road

entirely. It was only in light of the Wolff litigation, which threatened to change the use

of the park roads completely by opening them up as access roads to a housing

development, that the state backed away from its promise.

 

Mr. Long presents no evidence tending to show that the state made a promise

that it did not fully and reasonably intend to keep, and therefore he cannot show any

fraud. Without evidence of fraud, this case simply does not rise to the level of

egregiousness that is required to make out an estoppel against the state. We therefore

hold that the district court correctly granted summary judgment to the defendants on

this issue.

VII.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court. 
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A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.