United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 19-3688

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Lana L. Starkey

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

v.

Amber Enterprises, Inc., a Corporation, doing business as Amber Pharmacy

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant

Hy-Vee, Inc., a Corporation; Mike Agostino, Individually

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants

 ___________________________

No. 19-3757

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 Lana L. Starkey

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

v.

Amber Enterprises, Inc., a Corporation, doing business as Amber Pharmacy;

Hy-Vee, Inc., a Corporation; Mike Agostino, Individually

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees

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Appeals from United States District Court 

for the District of Nebraska - Omaha

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 Submitted: December 4, 2020

Filed: February 4, 2021

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Before BENTON, ERICKSON, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges. 

____________

ERICKSON, Circuit Judge. 

Lana L. Starkey claims her resignation from Amber Enterprises, Inc., doing

business as Amber Pharmacy, (“Amber Pharmacy”) was because of discrimination,

retaliation, demotion and a hostile work environment. She brought this employment

action asserting various federal and state claims against Amber Pharmacy, Hy-Vee,

Inc., and Mike Agostino, the President of Amber Pharmacy, (collectively,

“defendants”) in the District Court of Douglas County, Nebraska (“state court”). The

defendants removed the case to federal court and moved for summary judgment. The

district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on all but a

portion of Starkey’s Nebraska Fair Employment Practice Act (“NFEPA”) claim,

which it remanded to state court. We affirm the grant of summary judgment, but

vacate the part of the order related to the NFEPA claim, with directions that the

NFEPA claim be remanded to the state court in its entirety.

I. BACKGROUND

 Starkey was employed with Amber Pharmacy, a company in the specialty

pharmaceutical industry, from September 2001 until August 2015. Starkey’s position

changed in May 2014 from Director of Enrollment to Director of Financial Services. 

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The change in position coincided with the acquisition of Amber Pharmacy by HyVee, Inc., a supermarket chain. 

Following the acquisition, Amber Pharmacy’s accounting and financial

department was found to be “in complete disarray,” a situation exacerbated when

Amber Pharmacy implemented a new operating system in February 2015. Amber

Pharmacy had retained a third-party “implementation consultant” for the new

operating system, and, on March 30, 2015, the consultant reported that the biggest

obstacle to implementation of the new system was that the financial team was “under

staffed,” “potentially not the right skill level,” and lacked “management in the

financial area.” The consultant recommended restructuring the financial team. At

about the same time as the consultant’s report, Starkey reported to others at Amber

Pharmacy that Amber Pharmacy was being overpaid by Texas Medicaid; that

incorrect billing codes were being used for Texas Medicaid; and that some employees

were engaged in email practices that raised concerns about violating the Health

Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), 42 U.S.C.

§ 1320d–6. 

Amber Pharmacy considered various plans for restructuring the financial

department, ultimately deciding to eliminate Starkey’s position. According to Amber

Pharmacy, Agostino made this decision because the company needed to focus on

accounting expertise, which Starkey lacked, and because Starkey had struggled to

adapt to the new operating system. At meetings held on May 29, 2015, and

June 2, 2015, Starkey was informed that her position was being eliminated. Amber

Pharmacy offered Starkey a choice of two new positions, each of which were

demotions with a substantial reduction in pay. On June 4, 2015, Starkey reluctantly

accepted one of the positions but questioned whether her demotion was due to her

report of Medicaid and HIPAA issues. Effective August 13, 2015, Starkey, who was

then 51 years old, resigned. Starkey did not receive timely notice of her right to elect

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temporary continuation of health insurance coverage under the Consolidated

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (“COBRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1161 et seq.

The district court granted summary judgment on each of Starkey’s federal

claims, exercised supplemental jurisdiction over the state claims, and granted

summary judgment on all state claims, except for a portion of the NFEPA claim. On

the NFEPA claim, the court reached a split decision, denying summary judgment on

the portion of the claim that Starkey had been retaliated against for reporting

Medicaid discrepancies but granting summary judgment on the parts of the claim

based on Starkey reporting HIPAA issues and filing charges with the Nebraska Equal

Opportunity Commission (“NEOC”). Having reached these conclusions, the court,

citing 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3), declined to exercise further supplemental jurisdiction

over the NFEPA claim and remanded what remained to the state court.1

Amber Pharmacy appeals the district court’s partial denial of summary

judgment on the NFEPA claim. Starkey appeals the district court’s decision on all

the claims except for her claim brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., which she abandoned on appeal. 

II. DISCUSSION 

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, “viewing

the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to

[Starkey], the nonmoving party.” Main v. Ozark Health, Inc., 959 F.3d 319, 323 (8th

Cir. 2020) (quoting Kirkeberg v. Canadian Pac. Ry., 619 F.3d 898, 903 (8th

Cir. 2010)). We affirm where no genuine issue of material fact exists and the

1As to Starkey’s NFEPA claim, the court also found Hy-Vee and Agostino were

not proper parties and granted summary judgment in their favor on this claim.

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defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Eggers v. Wells Fargo Bank,

N.A., 899 F.3d 629, 632 (8th Cir. 2018) (citations omitted). 

A. Federal Claims

We first consider the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Starkey’s

claim of age discrimination in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment

Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. “To establish age discrimination, a

plaintiff must prove by the preponderance of the evidence that age was the but-for

cause of the employment decision.” Hilde v. City of Eveleth, 777 F.3d 998, 1003 (8th

Cir. 2015). Because Starkey does not allege direct evidence of age discrimination,

her claim is analyzed under the familiar burden-shifting test in McDonnell Douglas

Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). 

To establish a prima facie case, a plaintiff must show she “(1) was at least forty

years old, (2) suffered an adverse employment action, (3) was meeting [her]

employer’s legitimate expectations at the time of the adverse employment action, and

(4) was replaced by someone substantially younger.” Gibson v. Am. Greetings Corp.,

670 F.3d 844, 856 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Morgan v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc.,

486 F.3d 1034, 1039 (8th Cir. 2007)). If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case,

the burden shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason

for the adverse employment action. Id. If the employer proffers such a reason, the

burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the proffered “reason was mere pretext

for discrimination” and that “age was the ‘but-for’ cause of the challenged adverse

employment action.” Id. (quoting Haigh v. Gelita USA, Inc., 632 F.3d 464, 468 (8th

Cir. 2011)). 

Assuming Starkey established a prima facie case, the defendants articulated a

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for eliminating Starkey’s position and demoting

her: the need to restructure the financial department to put a stronger emphasis on

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accounting and more effectively implement the new operating system. See Aulick v.

Skybridge Ams., Inc., 860 F.3d 613, 621 (8th Cir. 2017) (finding an employer’s goal

to focus on other areas of expertise to improve its business was a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory justification for eliminating an employee’s position). Amber

Pharmacy asserted it needed to prioritize accounting in order to address issues arising

out of the new operating system. Starkey admitted that “[a]ccounting is not for

[her].” We will not second guess this business judgment, particularly when it was

based, in part, on a third-party consultant’s recommendations. This shifts the burden

to Starkey to establish the reasons given by Amber Pharmacy are pretextual and that

age was the real reason for her termination. 

 Starkey’s evidence of pretext consisted of identification of Amber Pharmacy

employees over the age of forty who were terminated as well as younger employees

who absorbed Starkey’s job duties following her demotion. In evaluating this

evidence, the district court found Starkey’s examples involving older employees did

not show pretext because (1) the record was insufficient to assess the circumstances

surrounding those employees’ terminations; (2) the few facts actually in the record

did not show that the other employees were similarly situated to Starkey; and

(3) discrimination against the other employees was irrelevant to Starkey’s claim. The

district court also found that Starkey failed to show the younger employees were

similarly situated. Having closely examined the record below, we agree that

Starkey’s evidence was insufficient and did not satisfy her burden of showing age was

a motivating factor in the defendants’ decision to restructure. 

Starkey raised an additional issue for the first time in her reply brief on appeal,

claiming the district court misconstrued her claim because her “situation is more akin

to a reduction in force or ‘restructure’ where the employer terminates the older

employee and does not replace her because the position no longer exists.” Thus,

Starkey argues, the termination of other older employees is relevant “statistical

evidence” of pretext. We do not entertain belated arguments raised for the first time

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on appeal in reply briefs. Norwest Bank of N.D., N.A. v. Doth, 159 F.3d 328, 334

(8th Cir. 1998). But even if we considered Starkey’s argument, her examples of other

coworkers are inadequate to support a discrimination claim in the context of a

reduction in force. See Grant v. City of Blytheville, 841 F.3d 767, 775 (8th

Cir. 2016) (finding statistical evidence insufficient when it inadequately analyzed the

treatment and circumstances of other employees); Chambers v. Metro. Prop. & Cas.

Ins. Co., 351 F.3d 848, 856 (8th Cir. 2003) (noting that “statistical evidence is

meaningless” absent an analysis of the workforce “before and after the reduction in

force”). The defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Starkey’s ADEA claim. 

Starkey’s remaining federal claim alleged a violation of COBRA and the

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et

seq. Starkey has pointed to no statutory authority requiring her employer to provide

her notice of COBRA benefits within thirty days of termination. She has not cited

any case in which a court has imposed penalties on an employer for failing to meet

its obligations to notify a plan administrator of a qualifying event. And perhaps most

significantly, Starkey has not pointed to any facts showing an interference with her

attainment of benefits or that she was prejudiced in any way by the lack of notice. 

Starkey admitted that she knew about her COBRA rights, that she would not have

elected COBRA coverage even if she had received notice, and that she enrolled in her

husband’s less expensive plan in which she had no out-of-pocket medical expenses

that year. The defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Starkey’s COBRA

and ERISA claim. 

B. State Claims 

A district court exercising original jurisdiction over federal claims also has

supplemental jurisdiction over state claims which “form part of the same case or

controversy” as the federal claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). In the “usual case” where

all federal claims are dismissed on a motion for summary judgment, “the balance of

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factors to be considered under the [supplemental] jurisdiction doctrine—judicial

economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—will point toward declining to exercise

jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill,

484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988). “We rarely overturn this ‘purely discretionary’ call.” 

McManemy v. Tierney, 970 F.3d 1034, 1040–41 (8th Cir. 2020) (quoting Crest

Constr. II, Inc. V. Doe, 660 F.3d 346, 359 (8th Cir. 2011)). Having had an

opportunity to review the parties’ additional briefs on the issue of whether the district

court abused its discretion in exercising supplemental jurisdiction over the state

claims, we find the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction was appropriate as to some

of Starkey’s claims. 

Starkey’s age discrimination claim brought under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1001

et seq. (“Nebraska ADEA”) is premised on the same grounds as her federal ADEA

claim. The district court acted well within its discretion in exercising jurisdiction

over the Nebraska ADEA claim because the Nebraska ADEA is so closely patterned

after the federal ADEA that Nebraska courts look to federal law when deciding

Nebraska ADEA claims. Oldfield v. Neb. Mach. Co., 894 N.W.2d 278, 292 (Neb.

2017). Given the similarities between the federal and state ADEA claim, it was

appropriate for the district court to exercise supplemental jurisdiction and grant

summary judgment on the Nebraska ADEA claim. 

Starkey also alleged the defendants subjected her to unbearable treatment by

demoting and then ostracizing her. It is well established under Nebraska law that, to

have a cognizable intentional infliction of emotional distress claim, Starkey must

allege sufficient facts to show both outrageous conduct and severe emotional distress,

which she failed to do. See Heitzman v. Thompson, 705 N.W.2d 426, 430–31 (Neb.

2005) (listing elements and explaining “petty oppressions” are inadequate). Starkey’s

claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was neither novel nor complex. 

Under the circumstances, the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction would not offend

principles of comity and fairness. See Thomas v. United Steelworkers Local 1938,

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743 F.3d 1134, 1141 (8th Cir. 2014) (finding a district court properly exercised

supplemental jurisdiction over a state claim involving “well-settled principles of state

law”). 

Starkey’s final state claim alleged a violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1101 et

seq. (“NFEPA”). She asserted the defendants retaliated against her for reporting

Medicaid and HIPAA issues and for engaging in NEOC activity. This claim turns

heavily on whether Starkey’s activity was “protected conduct” under the statute. 

McPherson v. City of Scottsbluff, 931 N.W.2d 451, 462 (Neb. 2019) (noting

protected conduct is an element of a NFEPA retaliation claim). It appears resolution

of this claim will require deciding whether the Nebraska courts would adopt a

“manager rule” in the context of a retaliation claim under NFEPA. See Andrew J.

Ruzicho et al., Employment Practices Manual § 6B:4 (Dec. 2020) (cleaned up) (An

emerging trend in the courts is application of a “manager rule,” which provides that

a management employee who, in the course of her normal job performance, disagrees

with or opposes the actions of an employer does not engage in protected activity.). 

When a claim raises novel issues of state law, we have determined that it is better to

let the state courts decide the matter. EEOC v. Con-Way Freight, Inc., 622 F.3d

933, 938 (8th Cir. 2010); Birchem v. Knights of Columbus, 116 F.3d 310, 314 (8th

Cir. 1997). 

Additionally, once the district court remanded at least part of this case to the

state court for its consideration, judicial economy and convenience no longer weighed

in favor of the federal courts reaching this issue. Because the question of whether the

“manager rule” applies under Nebraska law is one that powerfully implicates notions

of comity, this is one of those rare cases in which the district court should have

declined to exercise jurisdiction in order “to accommodate [Nebraska’s] strong

interest in interpreting its own [statute] and to guarantee a ‘surer-footed reading’ of

the statute.” Marianist Province of the United States v. City of Kirkwood, 944 F.3d

996, 1004–05 (8th Cir. 2019) (quoting United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383

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U.S. 715, 726 (1966)). We vacate the district court’s order on the NFEPA claim with

instructions to remand the claim in its entirety to state court so that Nebraska courts

may resolve the novel questions of state law.

III. CONCLUSION 

We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Starkey’s ADEA,

COBRA/ERISA, Nebraska ADEA, and intentional infliction of emotional distress

claims. We vacate the court’s order pertaining to Starkey’s NFEPA claim with

instructions to remand the claim in its entirety2 to state court. 

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2The NFEPA claim in its entirety includes the allegations against all the

defendants based on Starkey’s report of the Medicaid issues and HIPAA issues, her

participation in NEOC activity, and her constructive discharge claim.

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