# Patent

## Title
Enhanced turndown process for a bitumen froth treatment operation

## Abstract

More particularly, the model was a dynamic simulation built in HYSYSTM v7.1. The component slate was simplified and selected to give a vapor and two liquid phases, and have the ability to measure an S/B ratio. All the unit operations were included and modeled as best fit within HYSYSTM. Pumps were all modelled as standard HYSYSTM centrifugal pumps with performance curves, settlers were modelled as vertical 3-phase vessels with internal weir enabled—the overflow side of the weir is used to simulate the overflow vessels on the settlers. All proposed controllers were included with generic tuning parameters, which control the system process variable (PV) to match a set point (SP). The control algorithm incorporated master PV controllers such as S/B ratio to relate froth and solvent flows and maintain relative material balance relationship between the process streams involved. In this specific simulation, the solvent flows were assigned a slave relationship relative to the bitumen flow; that is, the solvent controller SP was reset based on the bitumen froth flow and the master S/B ratio.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to the field of bitumen froth treatment operations and more particularly to enhanced processes with turndown functionality.
BACKGROUND
Bitumen froth treatment plants historically have been designed for a given froth feed flow despite the fact that the actual flow varies significantly in response to oil sand grade variation and upstream equipment availability. Variations in feed flow, composition and temperature can result in several challenges that affect recovery and unit reliability.
Conventional solutions to variable froth flow are to coordinate start up and shut down of froth treatment operations with upstream unit operations.
In addition to the significant coordination effort related to the displacement of oil sand to ore preparation sites as well as the logistics of supplying utilities for ore preparation, bitumen extraction and tailings disposal, there are significant time delays associated with obtaining stability for each unit operation. An upset in any one unit can directly impact the production chain.
Oil sand operations are characterized by oil sand grade variations. The grade variations of the oil sand ore often range between approximately 7 wt % and 15 wt % bitumen, which is typically blended in mine and preparation operations to a narrower range between approximately 10.5 wt % and 12 wt %. This blending is dependant on equipment availability.
For some previous naphthenic froth treatment operations, dilution centrifuges were provided in parallel, the on/off operation of which permitted a range of process turndown options to adjust to froth supply variations. However, in paraffinic froth treatment operations, the large separation vessels that are used are sensitive to feed variations and upsets can interrupt efficiency of the production chain.
There is a need for a technology that overcomes at least some of the disadvantages or inefficiencies of known techniques.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention responds to the above need by providing a process for enhanced turndown in a bitumen froth treatment operation.
The invention provides a process for operating a bitumen froth treatment operation in turndown mode, comprising:

    
    
        adding a solvent containing stream to bitumen froth to produce diluted bitumen froth;
        separating the diluted bitumen froth into a diluted bitumen component and a solvent diluted tailings component; and
        in response to a reduction in flow of the bitumen froth:
        recirculating a portion of the diluted bitumen component into the bitumen froth as a recirculated dilbit component; and
        returning a portion of the solvent diluted tailings component into the step of separating as a returned solvent diluted tailings component.
    
    


In one optional aspect, the step of separating is performed in a separation apparatus comprising:

    
    
        a first stage separation vessel receiving the diluted bitumen froth and producing the diluted bitumen component and a first stage underflow component; and
        a second stage separation vessel receiving the first stage underflow component and producing the solvent diluted tailings components and a second stage overflow component.
    
    


In another optional aspect, the first and second stage separation vessels are gravity settlers.
In another optional aspect, the process includes returning a portion of the first stage underflow component into the first stage separation vessel.
In another optional aspect, the process includes returning a portion of the second stage underflow component into the second stage separation vessel.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recirculating a portion of the first stage overflow component into the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recirculating a portion of the second stage overflow component into the first stage underflow.
In another optional aspect, the solvent containing stream added to the bitumen froth comprises at least a portion of the second stage overflow component.
In another optional aspect, the process includes heating the second stage overflow component prior to using as the solvent containing stream.
In another optional aspect, the process includes adding a second stage solvent containing stream to the first stage underflow component.
In another optional aspect, the second stage solvent containing stream consists essentially of solvent.
In another optional aspect, the process includes subjecting the first stage underflow component and the second stage solvent containing stream to mixing to produce a diluted first stage underflow for introduction into the second stage separation vessel.
In another optional aspect, the process includes subjecting the bitumen froth and the solvent containing stream to mixing to produce the diluted bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, the process includes pre-heating the bitumen froth to produce heated bitumen froth prior to adding the solvent containing stream thereto.
In another optional aspect, the pre-heating is performed by direct steam injection into the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recirculating a portion of the heated bitumen froth back into the bitumen froth upstream of the pre-heating.
In another optional aspect, the process includes tanking the heated bitumen froth prior to pumping the heated bitumen froth to the step adding of the solvent containing stream thereto.
In another optional aspect, the process includes regulating the flows of the recirculated dilbit component and the returned solvent diluted tailings component in response to the flow of the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, the step of separating is performed in a separation apparatus comprising:
a first stage separation vessel receiving the diluted bitumen froth and producing the diluted bitumen component and a first stage underflow component;
an addition line for adding make-up solvent to the first stage underflow component to produce a diluted first stage underflow component; and

    
    
        a second stage separation vessel receiving the diluted first stage underflow component and producing the solvent diluted tailings components and a second stage overflow component; and
        the process also includes:
        recirculating a portion of the first stage overflow component into the bitumen froth as a dilbit recirculation stream;
        returning a portion of the first stage underflow component into the first stage separation vessel as a first stage return stream;
        recirculating a portion of the second stage overflow component into the first stage underflow as a second stage recirculation stream; and
        returning a portion of the second stage underflow component into the second stage separation vessel as a second stage return stream.
    
    


In another optional aspect, sub-steps (a), (b), (c) and (d) are initiated sequentially.
In another optional aspect, in sub-step (a) the dilbit recirculation stream is provided with a flow corresponding to the reduction in the flow of the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, in sub-step (b) the first stage return stream is returned below an hydrocarbon-water interface within the first stage separation vessel.
In another optional aspect, in sub-step (b) the first stage return stream is returned to provide a velocity of the first stage underflow component sufficient to avoid solids settling and asphaltene mat formation.
In another optional aspect, in sub-step (c) the second stage recirculation stream is provided with a flow corresponding to the reduction in flow of the first stage underflow component due to the first stage return stream.
In another optional aspect, in sub-step (d) the second stage return stream is returned below an hydrocarbon-water interface within the second stage separation vessel.
In another optional aspect, in sub-step (d) the second stage return stream is returned to provide a velocity of the second stage underflow component sufficient to avoid solids settling and asphaltene mat formation.
In another optional aspect, sub-steps (a) and (c) are performed such that flows of the dilbit recirculation stream and the second stage recirculation stream are sufficient to avoid settling of solids in respective recirculation piping systems.
In another optional aspect, the process also includes sub-step (e) of recycling a portion of the bitumen froth back upstream.
In another optional aspect, step (e) is initiated in response to an additional reduction in the flow of the bitumen from below a given flow value.
In another optional aspect, the given flow value corresponds to a minimum pump requirement flow for pumping the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, the process also includes two parallel trains each comprising at least one of the separation apparatus.
In another optional aspect, the separation apparatus is sized and configured to allow full standby mode.
In another optional aspect, the bitumen froth treatment operation is a paraffinic froth treatment operation and the solvent is paraffinic solvent.
In another optional aspect, the bitumen froth treatment operation is a naphthenic froth treatment operation and the solvent is naphthenic solvent.
In another optional aspect, the process also includes following a control strategy comprising flow control of the bitumen froth, the diluted bitumen component, the first stage underflow component, the second stage overflow component and the solvent diluted tailings component and the make-up solvent to maintain material balance.
In another optional aspect, the control strategy comprises acquiring flow measurements of hydrocarbon-rich streams.
In another optional aspect, the control strategy comprises acquiring measurements of solvent, bitumen, water and/or mineral content in the solvent diluted froth or the diluted first stage underflow component.
In another optional aspect, the control strategy comprises solvent-to-bitumen ratio (S/B) control.
In another optional aspect, the S/B control comprises designating a master stream relative to a slave stream in terms of the S/B.
In another optional aspect, the S/B control comprises designating a master stream relative to a slave stream.
In another optional aspect, the control strategy comprises level control of bitumen froth in a froth tank, first stage separation vessel overflow, first stage separation vessel water-hydrocarbon interface, second stage separation vessel overflow and second stage separation vessel water-hydrocarbon interface.
In another optional aspect, the level control comprises adjusting pump speed, adjusting pump discharge valve or adjusting pump bypass recirculation valve or a combination thereof to maintain a stable level.
In another optional aspect, the process includes controlling the S/B ratio in the diluted froth stream.
In another optional aspect, the process also includes following a control strategy comprising flow control of the bitumen froth, the diluted bitumen component, the solvent diluted tailings component, and the solvent, to maintain material balance.
In another embodiment, the invention provides method for turndown of a froth separation vessel for treating a bitumen froth with addition of a paraffinic solvent to produce a solvent diluted bitumen froth with a solvent-to-bitumen ratio, the froth separation vessel separating the solvent diluted bitumen froth provided at a feed flow into a diluted bitumen component and a solvent diluted tailings underflow component, wherein in response to a reduction in flow of the bitumen froth, the method comprises:

    
    
        sustaining the feed flow to the froth separation vessel;
        maintaining the solvent-to-bitumen ratio in the diluted bitumen froth; and
        retaining water, minerals and asphaltenes in a lower section of the froth separation vessel while sustaining an outlet flow of the solvent diluted tailings underflow component from the froth separation vessel to provide sufficient velocities to avoid solids and asphaltene clogging.
    
    


In an optional aspect, step (i) comprises recirculating a portion of the diluted bitumen component back into the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, step (ii) comprises reducing the amount of the solvent added to the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, step (ii) comprises recirculating a portion of the diluted bitumen component back into the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, step (iii) comprises returning a portion of the solvent diluted tailings back into the froth separation vessel below a hydrocarbon-water interface.
In another optional aspect, the froth separation vessel comprises:

    
    
        a first stage separation vessel receiving the diluted bitumen froth and producing the diluted bitumen component and a first stage underflow component;
        an addition line for adding make-up solvent to the first stage underflow component to produce a diluted first stage underflow component; and
        a second stage separation vessel receiving the diluted first stage underflow component and producing the solvent diluted tailings components and a second stage overflow component; and
        the method includes:
        recirculating a portion of the first stage overflow component into the bitumen froth as a dilbit recirculation stream to sustain the feed flow to the first stage separation vessel;
        returning a portion of the first stage underflow component into the first stage separation vessel as a first stage return stream;
        recirculating a portion of the second stage overflow component into the first stage underflow as a second stage recirculation stream to sustain the feed flow to the second stage separation vessel; and
        returning a portion of the second stage underflow component into the second stage separation vessel as a second stage return stream.
    
    


In another optional aspect, the method includes sub-step (e) of recycling a portion of the bitumen froth back upstream.
In another optional aspect, step (e) is initiated in response to an additional reduction in the flow of the bitumen from below a given flow value.
In another optional aspect, the given flow value corresponds to a minimum pump requirement flow for pumping the bitumen froth.
In another optional aspect, the method includes two parallel trains each comprising at least one of the froth separation vessel.
In another optional aspect, the separation apparatus is sized and configured to allow full standby mode.
In another optional aspect, the method includes following a control strategy comprising flow control of the bitumen froth, the diluted bitumen component, the solvent diluted tailings component and the solvent, to maintain material balance.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a process for operating a bitumen froth treatment operation, comprising:

    
    
        adding a solvent containing stream to bitumen froth to produce diluted bitumen froth;
        separating the diluted bitumen froth into a diluted bitumen component and a solvent diluted tailings component; and
        using a portion of the diluted bitumen component as a viscosity modifying agent of the bitumen froth.
    
    


In one aspect, this process may be associated or have steps or features of the previously described method or process.
The invention also provides a use of diluted bitumen derived from a paraffinic froth treatment comprising adding a solvent containing stream to bitumen froth to produce diluted bitumen froth and separating the diluted bitumen froth into the diluted bitumen and a solvent diluted tailings component, as a viscosity modifying agent of the bitumen froth.
In one aspect, the diluted bitumen is at saturation with respect to asphaltenes. A portion of the diluted bitumen may be recycled into the bitumen froth upstream of mixing of the bitumen froth and the solvent containing stream. The diluted bitumen may preferably avoid increasing asphaltene precipitation from the bitumen froth. The diluted bitumen may reduce solvent-to-bitumen ratio in the diluted bitumen froth to promote solubility stability.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of a two stage froth separation unit, with recirculation lines in bold, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a process flow diagram of a pump and valve arrangement that may be used with embodiments of the present invention.
FIGS. 3a-3c are graphs of control loop response for several variables versus time as per an example HYSYSTM simulation.
FIGS. 4a to 4e, collectively referred to herein as FIG. 4, constitute a process flow diagram of an embodiment used in an example HYSYSTM simulation.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
According to embodiments of the present invention, a froth separation apparatus is able to turn down to a recirculation mode in response to variations in froth feed supply. The process allows the ability to respond to froth feed supply variation, to commission and shut down froth treatment processing equipment independent of froth supply and design smaller and more cost efficient froth treatment equipment such as separation vessels.
Referring to FIG. 1, a froth separation unit (FSU) 10 is illustrated. In standard operating mode, the FSU 10 receiving bitumen froth 12 from a primary separation vessel (not illustrated) which separates oil sand ore slurry into an overflow of bitumen froth, middlings and an underflow comprising coarse tailings. The oil sand ore slurry has a composition dependant on the slurry preparation operation as well as the geological body from which the ore was obtained. Thus, the oil sand ore slurry and, in turn, the bitumen froth may vary in composition and flow rate. These variations may occur gradually or as a step change, often reflecting the nature of the oil sand ore body. The variations may also derive from upstream unit operation upsets in oil sand mining and extraction operations. It should also be noted that the bitumen froth, rather than coming from an oil sands mining and extraction operation, may be derived from an in situ heavy hydrocarbon operation. In situ operations involve subterranean wells located in bitumen containing reservoirs and use heat, steam, hot water, solvent or various combinations thereof to mobilize the bitumen so that it can be withdrawn through a production well. One well known in situ operation is called steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). In situ bitumen containing streams may be subjected to bitumen froth treatment, preferably paraffinic froth treatment (PFT) to improve bitumen quality by reducing asphaltene content.
Referring still to FIG. 1, the bitumen froth 12 is supplied to the FSU 10 and preferably to a froth heater 14. The froth heater 14 may include one or more heaters in parallel and/or series to produce a heated bitumen froth 16. In one aspect, the heater 14 may be a direct steam injection heater and heating may be performed as described in Canadian patent application No. 2,735,311. The temperature of the heated bitumen froth 16 may be controlled via a heating controller 18 coupled to the heated bitumen froth and the heater 14.
The heated bitumen froth may be held in a froth tank 20 a bottom outlet 22 of which is coupled to a froth pump 24. The froth pump 24 supplies the heated froth 16 under pressure.
A solvent containing stream 26 is added to the heated bitumen froth 14. There may be a mixer 28 provided immediately downstream or as part of the addition point of the solvent containing stream 26. The mixer may include one or more mixers in parallel and/or series to help produce a diluted bitumen froth 30. The mixer may be designed, constructed, configured and operated as described in Canadian patent application No. 2,733,862. As will be described in greater detailed herein-below, the solvent containing stream is preferably an overflow stream from a downstream separation vessel, but it could also at least partially consist of fresh or make-up solvent.
Still referring to FIG. 1, the diluted bitumen froth is supplied as feed to a froth separation apparatus. Preferably, the froth separation apparatus comprises two counter-current froth separation vessels which may be gravity separation vessels. More particularly, the diluted bitumen froth 30 is fed to a first stage separation vessel 32 and is separated into an overflow stream of diluted bitumen 34 (also referred to herein as “dilbit” 34) and a first stage underflow 36 which is solvent diluted. The first stage underflow 36 is withdrawn and pumped by a first stage underflow pump 37. The dilbit 34 is provided to an overflow pump 39.
A second solvent containing stream 38, which may be referred to as make-up solvent, is then added to the first stage underflow 36. There is a second stage mixer 40 provided immediately downstream or as part of the addition point of the second solvent containing stream 38. Thus the second solvent 38 can be added immediately upstream or concurrent with the mixer. Preferably, the second solvent containing stream 38 consists essentially of solvent, which has been recovered in a solvent recovery unit and a tailings solvent recovery unit from the dilbit and the solvent diluted tailings respectively. The mixer facilitates production of a diluted first stage underflow 42.
The diluted first stage underflow 42 is then fed to a second stage separation vessel 44 which produces a second stage underflow which is solvent diluted tailings 46 which is pumped by a second stage underflow pump 47 and a second stage overflow 48 which his pumped by a second stage overflow pump 49. The second stage overflow 48 preferably contains sufficiently high content of solvent that it is used as the solvent containing stream 26 for addition into the heated bitumen froth 16. In one aspect, the second stage overflow 48 is heated in a second stage heater 50, also referred to as a “trim heater” receiving steam S and producing condensate C, prior to addition into the heated bitumen froth 16. The temperature of the bitumen froth feed 30 may be controlled via a heating controller 51 coupled to the second stage heater 50.
Still referring to FIG. 1, a recirculation system is provided in order to facilitate operating the froth treatment unit from a standard mode to a turndown mode. In a broad sense, the recirculation system preferably includes a recirculated dilbit component 52 and a returned solvent diluted tailings component 54, whether the separation apparatus includes one, two or more separation vessels. More particularly, the recirculation system preferably includes a first stage recirculated dilbit component 52 which is recirculated back into the heated bitumen froth 16, a returned first stage underflow component 56 which is returned into the first stage separation vessel 32, a recirculated second stage overflow component 58 which is recirculated back into the first stage underflow component 56 preferably downstream of the returned first stage underflow component 56, and a returned second stage underflow component of solvent diluted tailings 54 which is returner into the second stage separation vessel 44. The system may also include a recirculated bitumen froth component 60 which is recirculated back into the bitumen froth 12.
The recirculated bitumen froth component 60 may also be referred to as “froth recirc”, the recirculated dilbit component 52 may also be referred to as “1st stage O/F recirc”, the returned first stage underflow component 56 may also be referred to as “1st stage U/F recirc”, the recirculated second stage overflow component 58 may also be referred to as “2nd stage O/F recirc”, and the returned second stage underflow component 54 may also be referred to as “2nd stage underflow recirc”.
In standard operating mode of the froth treatment unit, the recirculation and return lines illustrated bold in FIG. 1 may be closed, though it should be understood that one or more of the lines may be partially open in order to keep fluid flow therethrough to reduce stagnation or fouling therein or for other process control purposes.
In one preferred aspect of the present invention, in the standard operating mode of the froth treatment unit, flow control either by direct flow measurement or inferred by calculation methods represents the primary control of key process variables (PV) which include the flow of bitumen froth 16, 1st stage O/F 34, 1st stage U/F 36, make-up solvent 38, 2nd stage O/F 48 and 2nd stage U/F 46, to maintain the process material balance. Preferably, the flow measurement selected by the control system reflects measurement reliability. For example, flow measurement of hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon-rich streams such as settler O/F is considered relatively reliable when compared to flow metering on streams such as froth or U/F. This measurement reliability combined with inline measurements of solvent, bitumen, water and mineral in diluted froth or diluted underflow streams can either allow inference or correction of erroneous froth or underflow measurements used by the control system. It is also noted that the relative volumes of the froth tank 20, the 1st stage O/F 22, and the 2nd stage O/F cause analytical measurements of bitumen, solvent, water and mineral to respond relatively slowly when compared to flow sensors which quickly sense step changes from a process turn down. The analytical measurements can be online or routine samples for off line analysis.
In addition to the key flow process variables, flow controls coupled with inline analytical measurements permit the derivation and control of key process ratios such as S/B. Designating one stream as the master stream, relative to another stream as a slave (SP) allows maintaining key process ratios to the master stream that will be illustrated in an example and permits stable turndown of operation to a froth feed interruption. By quickly adjusting flows to maintain key ratios, analytical measurement delays are mitigated and are not critical. In one preferred aspect, the flow is adjusted and the analytical measurements are used as confirmations or time averaged updates or the like.
Referring to FIG. 1, it should also be noted that all key process variables in the froth treatment process may be transferred by pumps except for make-up solvent 38 which may be supplied by valve control from the make-up solvent system. Pumps are selected for specific head-flow capacity characteristics at a specific pump speed reflecting the requirements of the process material balance which at steady state is reflected by the associated process pump maintaining consistent levels in froth tank 20, 1st stage separator O/F vessel, 1st stage separator interface 62, 2nd stage separator O/F vessel and the 2nd stage separator interface 64. Variations in the material balance are reflected in level variations in the vessels and by either adjusting pump speed or pump discharge valve or pump bypass recirculation valve changes the flow through a pump to maintain a stable level. In the event the flow through a pump is below a specific value, either minimum flow provisions are needed to protect the pump from over heating or the pump is shut down.
In addition, it should be noted as illustrated in FIG. 1, that the direct froth heaters 14 and the 2nd stage O/F heater 50 use steam to heat the process stream or fuel gas in fired heaters with stable turndown over the operating range. As both the froth heater 14 and to 2nd stage O/F heater 50 maintain the process temperature of the associated froth and 2nd stage O/F, the energy supply flow has a slave response to changes in froth or 2nd stage O/F flows. Temperature control of those streams may be set up according to achieve desired heating, mixing and separation performance.
In turndown operating mode of the froth treatment unit, the recirculation and return lines are opened as illustrated in FIG. 1. It should be noted that the recirculation and return lines may be opened according to a variety of methodologies depending on a number of operating parameters, such as operable S/B range, pressures, temperatures, flow rates, FSU setup (e.g. single or parallel trains), magnitude and rate of flow upset, type of flow upset (e.g. step change or impulse change), turndown rate, etc.
In one preferred aspect, the system is configured and process operated to respond to a step change in froth flow. In response to a step change, the recirculation system opens line 52, 56, 58 and 54 in a sequential order, as will be further understood from the description herein-below. In addition, the recirculation system is preferably managed and controlled in accordance with a desired S/B ratio for the given temperature and pressure conditions of the FSU and a consistent flow to each of the first and second stage mixers and separation vessels 32, 44. From a high-level operating standpoint, the process is operated so that a reduction of bitumen froth 12 flow results in a corresponding reduction in produced dilbit 61, produced solvent diluted tailings 63 and fresh solvent 38, while generally maintaining the flow of the streams that remain within the system. The process may include the following recirculation methodologies:
First, in response to a step change reduction in bitumen froth 12 flow, the dilbit recirculation 52 is initiated. The dilbit recirculation 52 may be provided, managed or controlled to essentially compensate for the difference in reduced froth flow to maintain the efficiency of the mixer 28 and separation in the first stage separation vessel 32. The froth pump 24 would continue to provide a flow of heated froth which is mixed with the 2nd stage O/F 26 and the dilbit recirculation 52 would maintain a generally constant flow of diluted bitumen froth 30 to the first stage separation vessel 32, and circulate a generally constant flow of high diluted bitumen 34 to the 1st stage O/F pump 39.
If froth 12 flow supplied to the FSU is reduced below the minimum froth pump requirement, an additional turndown strategy may be adopted. More particularly, the pump can continue to operate at its minimum flow requirement, but a portion of the pumped froth is recycled by opening the froth recirculation line 60. This will therefore reduce the amount of froth being provided to the mixer 28 and separation vessel 32 and, consequently, the dilbit recirculation 52 flow is preferably increased to compensate for this additional reduction is froth flow, again to maintain a consistent fluid flow through the mixer 28 to the separation vessel 32.
Increasing the dilbit recirculation 52 flow allows consistent first stage mixing and separation performance and also causes some changes within the first stage separation vessel 32. The amount of water and mineral in the incoming diluted froth stream 30 decreases and thus the hydrocarbon-water interface 62 within the settler 32 moves downward. The lower water/minerals phase is reduced and replaced by a larger upper hydrocarbon phase. It is desirable to keep the velocity of the water/minerals phase within the vessel 32 and its underflow outlet sufficiently high so as to avoid various settling and plugging issues. For instance, mineral solids can settle out of the phase if the velocities fall below a critical settling value. In addition, in the case of paraffinic froth treatment (PFT), in which asphaltenes are precipitated out with the water/mineral bottom phase, it is also desirable to keep the lower phase and underflow at a velocity sufficient to avoid formation and deposition of asphaltene mats which are difficult to break-up, clean and remove. Consequently, the first stage underflow recirculation 56 may be engaged in response to an underflow velocity set point and/or a hydrocarbon-water interface 62 level in the settler 32. The underflow recirculation may also be dependent on or controlled by the minimum flow requirement of the underflow pump 37. This 1st stage U/F recirculation maintains water/minerals and asphaltenes in the lower section of the settler 32 avoiding solids packing and plugging settler underflow outlets which risk occurring at low flow rates. The 1st stage U/F recirculation also facilitates maintaining the first underflow pump 37 above minimum flow rate and avoiding of settling in the settler 32 at low flows.
Initiating the first stage underflow recirculation 56, in turn, causes a reduction in the second stage feed flow. In response to the reduced first stage underflow flow provided to the second stage, the second stage overflow recirculation 58 may be engaged. Preferably and similarly to the first stage overflow recirculation 52, the second stage overflow recirculation 58 is provided to compensate for the reduction of first stage underflow 36 lost to its own recirculation 56.
The second stage overflow recirculation 58 contains a high concentration of solvent and thus the fresh solvent 38 flow may be decreased. It is also noted that a reduction in bitumen froth 12 leads to a corresponding reduction in solvent 38 demands.
By increasing the second stage overflow recirculation 58, the more solvent and bitumen is contained in the second stage feed stream 42 and, in turn, the relative proportions of hydrocarbon and water/minerals phases will change in the second stage separation vessel 44. A second stage hydrocarbon-water interface 64 separating the phase moves down as more hydrocarbons are present in the vessel 44. Similarly to the first stage, the second stage underflow recycle 54 is engaged to ensure that the lower water/minerals phase, which may also contain significant amounts of asphaltenes in certain embodiments, maintain a velocity to avoid clogging, plugging and asphaltene mat formation issues.
Once the transition to turndown mode is complete, the FSU may operate smoothly with constant stream flows until ready to transition back to standard operating mode.
In turndown mode, portions of the first and second stage overflow streams recirculate back as respective first and second stage feed supplies. This maintains stable feed flows to each of the froth separation vessels while facilitating unit turndown mode by replacing feed from upstream operation. The 1st and 2nd stage O/F recirculation further facilitates maintaining feed to respective FSVs at velocities at or above minimum velocities to avoid settling of solids in the respective pipe systems.
In turndown mode, portions of the first and second stage underflows are recycled back into the lower section of the respective first and second stage froth separation vessels (FSVs).
A control system 66 facilitates the recirculation controllers to automatically transition the unit operation and minimize operator intervention and associated risk of error.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the recirculation system of the froth separation unit process streams facilitates commissioning a froth treatment unit independent of upstream operations and allows unit turndown to match variations in bitumen supply.
More particularly, a portion of the 1st stage O/F is preferably recycled back into the bitumen froth upstream of the 1st stage mixer 28. At its temperature and pressure conditions, the 1st stage O/F is saturated with asphaltenes and thus the first stage recirculation 52 replaces froth with 1st stage O/F acting generally as a diluent. In other words, the dilbit contains its maximum concentration of asphaltenes and cannot receive additional asphaltenes when mixed with the heated froth 16 and first solvent containing stream 26. By way of example, in a paraffinic froth treatment process, the dilbit may contain about 1⁄3 bitumen with 10% of the bitumen being asphaltenes and about 2⁄3 of solvent. In a naphthenic process, the dilbit contains about 1⁄3 naphthenic solvent. In addition, with essentially a clean hydrocarbon stream, little valve erosion ensures reliable operation in this mode.
In paraffinic froth treatment (PFT), recycling 1st stage O/F at its saturation point with respect to asphaltenes for blending with froth prior to the mixer may be performed to act as a viscosity modifying agent chemical additive that does not increase asphaltene precipitation. As 1st stage O/F is saturated with asphaltenes, reducing the S/B ratio with froth promotes solubility stability while diluting bitumen viscosity.
In one aspect, the 1st stage U/F is recycled back to the bottom of the FSV below the hydrocarbon-water interface.
In another aspect, the 2nd stage O/F is recycled back into the 1st stage U/F stream upstream of the 2nd stage mixer. As 2nd stage O/F is partially saturated by asphaltenes, replacing 1st stage U/F with 2nd stage O/F effectively dilutes the stream. The low bitumen content of 1st stage U/F mitigates asphaltene precipitation in the mixer. It is also noted that the 2nd stage O/F may be recirculated into the 2nd stage solvent feed stream prior to addition to the 1st stage U/F stream or into a combination of solvent feed and 1st stage U/F.
In another preferred aspect, the 2nd stage U/F recirc is returned back to the bottom of the second stage FSV below the hydrocarbon-water interface.
In another preferred aspect, both O/F recirc streams and both U/F return streams operate near the operating pressure of the FSU system which minimizes differential pressure across flow control valves which reduces both power and erosion in the recirc operating mode. In addition, the froth and U/F low flow transition may occur when froth and U/F pumps are at or below minimum flow requirements for the pumps and the valves redirecting the recirculation stream may only operate in an on/off mode.
In another aspect, the froth pumps 24 pressurize froth from near atmospheric pressure to FSU process pressure. The 1st stage O/F recirc could “back off” the froth pumps, in the case of variable speed control pumps, until minimum flow provisions on the pump discharge occur at which time the minimum flow would divert froth back to the froth heater.
In transitioning to turndown mode, the process may employ a number of control strategies and operating schedules. In one embodiment, the transition to turndown mode includes, for instance in response to a bitumen froth supply reduction, increasing the 1st stage O/F recirc flow rate. Maintaining a constant froth feed supply to the mixer, the variable speed froth pump reduces the flow rate of froth supplied from the froth tank. The froth pump flow reduction continues until the pump reaches a minimum flow requirement, according to equipment specifications. In order to further increase the proportion of 1st stage O/F recirc provided as feed relative to untreated heated froth, the froth recirc valve may be switched to an open position thus allowing flow through the froth recirc line.
In one optional aspect, the supplied bitumen froth is deaerated prior to heating to produce the heated froth which is pumped and blended with 2nd stage O/F, which may be referred to as “a first solvent containing stream”. To maintain a constant feed to the 1st stage FSV with froth feed variations, 1st stage O/F is recycled to froth feed which by pressure balance or similar control causes froth pumps to turn down. For paraffinic froth treatment (PFT), as 1st stage O/F is at its saturation point with respect to asphaltenes, blending with froth prior to the mixer does not increase asphaltene precipitation, however due to the volumetric flow critical line velocities above critical setting velocities are maintained while froth flow reduces. In event the froth flow is less than the minimum flow required for stable pump operation, froth is diverted back to the froth heater and an interlock valve is closed to prevent solvent flowing to the froth tank and causing a safety or environmental issue due to solvent flashing in the froth tank.
1st stage U/F is pumped and blended with feed solvent. To maintain a constant feed to the 2nd stage FSV with 1st stage U/F variations resulting from froth feed variations, 2nd stage O/F is recycled to either the 1st stage U/F as shown in the figure which by pressure balance or similar control causes 1st stage U/F pumps to turn down. As 2nd stage O/F is partially saturated with asphaltenes and the bitumen content of 1st stage U/F is limited, blending with 1st stage U/F prior to the mixer does not notably increase asphaltene precipitation, however the volumetric flow maintains critical line velocities above critical setting velocities while 1st stage U/F flow reduces. The control scheme provides maintaining the 1st stage U/F flow the minimum flow required for stable pump operation by diverting 1st stage U/F back to the FSV via an interlock valve to prevent reverse flow of solvent to the FSV and leading to safety or environmental issues.
Activation of either the froth interlock valve or the 1st stage U/F interlock valve for minimum flow protection would cause other valves noted in FIG. 1 to close placing the FSU in a standby/recycle operational mode. This includes diverting the 2nd stage U/F to the 2nd stage FSV and closing an interlock valve to maintain levels in the 2nd stage FSV and prevent plugging the 2nd stage U/F outlet.
The recirculation of 1st or 2nd stage O/F back to the respective FSVs via feed systems ensures the O/F pumps operate above minimum flow rates for stable operation.
In a preferred aspect, a control scheme responds to a step change in froth flows and as a master control strategy reduces risk of operator error in timing the appropriate control response required in the current operating strategy.
In another optional aspect, the recirculation strategy for the FSU is coupled with recirculation controls in the solvent recovery unit (SRU) and tailings solvent recovery unit (TSRU) to maintain stable froth treatment plant operations over with ranges of froth feed rates and qualities.
It is also noted that the FSU can be put on standby mode with full internal recirculation and where the effective flows for the froth, produced dilbit, produced solvent diluted tailings and fresh solvent are brought to zero.
FIG. 2 identifies a scheme where an installed spare froth or U/F pump can aid transitioning to reduced flows. In this scheme, one U/F has valves that permit the pump to recirculate the stream back to storage or U/F back to the settler vessel. The control algorithm would permit the operating pump speed to control the flow to the next unit operation. When the flow falls to a preset value, the stand-by spare pump is started with valves sequenced to route back to the feed vessel and by setting the pump at a preset speed above greater of minimum pump flows or settling in the source outlet. If the froth or U/F flow transferred to the next process continues to decline the pump is stopped and isolated by the valves.
The following legend outlines the elements in FIG. 2:

    68 slurry from tank or settler
    69 first pump isolation valve
    70 slurry pump (1 of 2 installed units)
    71 recirculation isolation valve
    72 second pump isolation valve
    73 slurry pump (2 of 2 installed units)
    74 third pump isolation valve
    75 fourth pump isolation valve
    76 slurry to next step or stage of process
    77 slurry to tank or settler


It is noted that minimum flow requirement for a pump is specific to the given selected pump and results in certain limitations to the FSV turndown possibilities. To achieve the minimum desired turndown, careful selection of pumps is preferred. Alternately, where FSU multiple trains operate in parallel, each train for example including a system as illustrated in FIG. 1, the turndown strategy can be distributed across the trains: e.g. for two trains each allowing turndown from 100% froth feed to 50% froth feed, if further turndown is required, one train is placed in full internal recirc mode and the other ramps between 100% or 50%: effectively permitting a 100% to 25% turndown in froth feed. Where two or more trains are in parallel, the control strategy could turn a first train to a minimum (e.g. predetermined) production level before turning down second or third trains in a serial manner or, alternatively, could turn all trains down simultaneously prior to placing one or more of the trains in standby mode.
It is also noted that analogous control strategies may be used in connection with SRUs and/or TSRUs.
EXAMPLE
A HYSYSTM dynamic simulation model was built and run to test the froth separation unit control and recirculation system. The results of the model test were that the control system was able to handle and control a step change drop of about 50% in feed flow from the froth tank to the 1st stage settler. The recirculation loops were able to bring flows back to the minimum flows as specified in the model. The solvent to bitumen ratio (S/B) controller was able to bring the ratio back after the initial spike due to the drop in fresh feed flow.
More particularly, the model was a dynamic simulation built in HYSYSTM v7.1. The component slate was simplified and selected to give a vapour and two liquid phases, and have the ability to measure an S/B ratio. All the unit operations were included and modeled as best fit within HYSYSTM. Pumps were all modelled as standard HYSYSTM centrifugal pumps with performance curves, settlers were modelled as vertical 3-phase vessels with internal weir enabled—the overflow side of the weir is used to simulate the overflow vessels on the settlers. All proposed controllers were included with generic tuning parameters, which control the system process variable (PV) to match a set point (SP). The control algorithm incorporated master PV controllers such as S/B ratio to relate froth and solvent flows and maintain relative material balance relationship between the process streams involved. In this specific simulation, the solvent flows were assigned a slave relationship relative to the bitumen flow; that is, the solvent controller SP was reset based on the bitumen froth flow and the master S/B ratio.
With the recirculation loops incorporated into the dynamic HYSYSTM model, the simulation model was allowed to run 5 minutes to permit PVs to line out to the controller SP prior to introducing about a 50% step change in the froth feed flow. The simulation was then run for an additional 55 minutes and the added control system response as illustrated on FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c was observed.
Step change in froth flow illustrated in FIG. 3a resulted in reducing the settler solvent flow reflecting the S/B ratio master controller which to the tuning parameters selected cause the settler solvent flow SP to over shoot, then over correct, then stabilize in about 11 minutes from the froth flow step change. During this time the 1st stage O/F recirc increases the 1st stage settler feed flow and the 1st stage U/F reduces in response to the reduced froth flow rate. With the recycle controls, the 1st stage settler in terms of O/F and U/F streams is stable about 20 minutes after the froth flow step change.
As a result of the inventory in the 1st stage separation vessel, the step change in froth flow as illustrated in FIG. 3b results in a delayed response. Again, the solvent flows are adjusted to reflect the process requirements with the solvent flow control SP reset by slave relationship and stabilize to 2nd stage settler in terms of O/F and U/F streams about 60 minutes after the froth flow step change.
As illustrated in FIG. 3c with recycle the variation in S/B PV is limited to the time frame that the 1st stage settler is stabilizing despite the delayed response on the 2nd stage separation vessel.
The added control system was able to respond to the feed step change. The recirculation controllers worked as designed and were able to bring flows back to stable flows. The S/B controller had a spike in S/B ratio from 1.6 to 2.15, but was able to respond and bring the ratio back to 1.6. Tuning of the S/B master controller and slave flow controller resulted in a faster response in S/B ratio.
In terms of model limitations, it is noted that the model used a simplified component slate. Vessels (used for froth tank and settlers) assume perfect mixing in the phases. The process lags or dead time in the model reflect inventories within process vessels without allowing for the limited piping volumes and associated inventories in paraffinic froth treatment process. Hence, the control loop responses illustrated in FIGS. 3z, 3b, and 3c could be optimized.
The control methodology concepts may be adapted and structured to auto-control other potential process supply limitations such as solvent.
In reference to FIGS. 4a-4e, the following legend outlines process elements in the simulation:

    100 froth valve
    101 mixer
    102 heat exchanger
    103 froth tank feed temperature control
    104 froth tank
    105 froth tank level control
    106 froth tank overhead valve
    107 froth tank pump
    108 froth tank pump valve
    109 froth tank minimum flow control
    110 froth tank minimum flow control valve
    111 froth tee
    112 dummy feed flow
    113 dummy feed flow valve
    114 mixer
    115 valve
    116 first settler feed minimum flow control
    117 valve
    118 Sampler analyzer
    119 S/B ratio control (master)
    120 first stage settler
    121 valve
    122 first stage overflow pump
    123 valve
    124 first stage settler overflow level control
    125 first stage settler underflow level control
    126 first stage settler underflow pump
    127 valve
    128 first stage settler underflow flow control
    129 first stage settler underflow tee
    130 first stage settler overflow tee
    131 valve
    132 valve
    133 first stage settler underflow mixer
    134 valve
    135 second stage settler
    136 valve
    137 second stage underflow level control
    138 valve
    139 first stage settler solvent flow control (slave)
    140 valve
    141 valve
    142 first stage settler feed temperature control
    143 excess solvent to second settler control
    144 second stage overflow tee
    145 second stage overflow heat exchanger
    146 fresh solvent flow control (slave)
    147 second stage settler overflow level control (master)
    148 fresh solvent valve
    149 second stage settler overflow pump
    150 second stage settler overflow valve
    151 second stage settler underflow pump
    152 second stage settler underflow valve
    153 second stage settler underflow tee
    154 second stage settler underflow tee valve
    155 second stage settler underflow minimum flow control
    156 second stage settler underflow recycle valve


Finally, the present invention should not be limited to the particular examples, figures, aspects and embodiments described herein.

## Claims

1. A process for operating a bitumen froth treatment operation in turndown mode, comprising:
adding a solvent containing stream to bitumen froth to produce diluted bitumen froth;
separating the diluted bitumen froth into a diluted bitumen component and a solvent diluted tailings component; and
in response to a reduction in flow of the bitumen froth:
recirculating a portion of the diluted bitumen component into the bitumen froth as a recirculated dilbit component; and
returning a portion of the solvent diluted tailings component into the step of separating as a returned solvent diluted tailings component.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of separating is performed in a separation apparatus comprising:
a first stage separation vessel receiving the diluted bitumen froth and producing the diluted bitumen component and a first stage underflow component; and
a second stage separation vessel receiving the first stage underflow component and producing the solvent diluted tailings components and a second stage overflow component.

3. The process of claim 2, comprising returning a portion of the first stage underflow component into the first stage separation vessel.

4. The process of claim 2, comprising returning a portion of the second stage underflow component into the second stage separation vessel.

5. The process of claim 2, comprising recirculating a portion of the second stage overflow component into the bitumen froth and/or into the first stage underflow.

6. The process of claim 2, wherein the solvent containing stream added to the bitumen froth comprises at least a portion of the second stage overflow component.

7. The process of claim 6, comprising heating the second stage overflow component prior to using as the solvent containing stream.

8. The process of claim 2, comprising adding a second stage solvent containing stream to the first stage underflow component.

9. The process of claim 1, comprising pre-heating the bitumen froth to produce heated bitumen froth prior to adding the solvent containing stream thereto.

10. The process of claim 9, comprising recirculating a portion of the heated bitumen froth back into the bitumen froth upstream of the pre-heating.

11. The process of claim 1, comprising regulating the flows of the recirculated dilbit component and the returned solvent diluted tailings component in response to the reduction in flow of the bitumen froth.

12. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of separating is performed in a separation apparatus comprising:
a first stage separation vessel receiving the diluted bitumen froth and producing a first stage overflow component as the diluted bitumen component and a first stage underflow component;
an addition line for adding make-up solvent to the first stage underflow component to produce a diluted first stage underflow component; and
a second stage separation vessel receiving the diluted first stage underflow component and producing a second stage underflow component as the solvent diluted tailings components and a second stage overflow component; and
wherein the process comprises:
(a) recirculating a portion of the first stage overflow component into the bitumen froth as a dilbit recirculation stream;
(b) returning a portion of the first stage underflow component into the first stage separation vessel as a first stage return stream;
(c) recirculating a portion of the second stage overflow component into the first stage underflow as a second stage recirculation stream; and
(d) returning a portion of the second stage underflow component into the second stage separation vessel as a second stage return stream.

13. The process of claim 12, wherein sub-steps (a), (b), (c) and (d) are initiated sequentially.

14. The process of claim 12, wherein in sub-step (a) the dilbit recirculation stream is provided with a flow corresponding to the reduction in the flow of the bitumen froth.

15. The process of claim 12, wherein in sub-step (b) the first stage return stream is returned below an hydrocarbon-water interface within the first stage separation vessel and/or is returned to provide a velocity of the first stage underflow component sufficient to avoid solids settling and asphaltene mat formation.

16. The process of claim 12, wherein in sub-step (c) the second stage recirculation stream is provided with a flow corresponding to the reduction in flow of the first stage underflow component due to the first stage return stream.

17. The process of claim 12, wherein in sub-step (d) the second stage return stream is returned below an hydrocarbon-water interface within the second stage separation vessel and/or is returned to provide a velocity of the second stage underflow component sufficient to avoid solids settling and asphaltene mat formation.

18. The process of claim 12, wherein sub-steps (a) and (c) are performed such that flows of the dilbit recirculation stream and the second stage recirculation stream are sufficient to avoid settling of solids in respective recirculation piping systems.

19. The process of claim 12, comprising sub-step (e) of recycling a portion of the bitumen froth back upstream.

20. The process of claim 19, wherein step (e) is initiated in response to an additional reduction in the flow of the bitumen from below a given flow value.

21. The process of claim 20, wherein the given flow value corresponds to a minimum pump requirement flow for pumping the bitumen froth.

22. The process of claim 12, comprising two parallel trains each comprising at least one of the separation apparatus.

23. The process of claim 12, wherein the bitumen froth treatment operation is a paraffinic froth treatment operation and the solvent is paraffinic solvent.

24. The process of claim 12, wherein the bitumen froth treatment operation is a naphthenic froth treatment operation and the solvent is naphthenic solvent.

25. The process of claim 12, comprising following a control strategy comprising flow control of the bitumen froth, the diluted bitumen component, the first stage underflow component, the second stage overflow component and the solvent diluted tailings component and the make-up solvent to maintain material balance.

26. The process of claim 25, wherein the control strategy comprises acquiring flow measurements of hydrocarbon-rich streams.

27. The process of claim 25, wherein the control strategy comprises acquiring measurements of solvent, bitumen, water and/or mineral content in the solvent diluted froth or the diluted first stage underflow component.

28. The process of claim 25, wherein the control strategy comprises solvent-to-bitumen ratio (S/B) control.

29. The process of claim 28, wherein the S/B control comprises designating a master stream relative to a slave stream.

30. The process of claim 25, wherein the control strategy comprises level control of bitumen froth in a froth tank, first stage separation vessel overflow, first stage separation vessel water-hydrocarbon interface, second stage separation vessel overflow and second stage separation vessel water-hydrocarbon interface.

31. The process of claim 30, wherein the level control comprises adjusting pump speed, adjusting pump discharge valve or adjusting pump bypass recirculation valve or a combination thereof to maintain a stable level.

32. The process of claim 28, comprising controlling the S/B ratio in the diluted froth stream.

33. The process of claim 1, comprising following a control strategy comprising flow control of the bitumen froth, the diluted bitumen component, the solvent diluted tailings component, and the solvent, to maintain material balance.

34. A process for producing bitumen from a bitumen froth treatment operation in turndown mode, comprising:
adding a solvent containing stream to bitumen froth to produce diluted bitumen froth;
separating the diluted bitumen froth into a diluted bitumen component and a solvent diluted tailings component;
producing the bitumen from the diluted bitumen component; and
in response to a reduction in flow of the bitumen froth:
recirculating a portion of the diluted bitumen component into the bitumen froth as a recirculated dilbit component.

35. A process for producing bitumen from a bitumen froth treatment operation in turndown mode, comprising:
adding a solvent containing stream to bitumen froth to produce diluted bitumen froth;
separating the diluted bitumen froth into a diluted bitumen component and a solvent diluted tailings component;
producing the bitumen from the diluted bitumen component; and
in response to a reduction in flow of the bitumen froth:
returning a portion of the solvent diluted tailings component into the step of separating as a returned solvent diluted tailings component.