# Patent

## Title
Automation devices, systems, architectures, and methods for energy management and other applications

## Abstract

A building control and management system including an automation controller and a plurality of peripheral devices configured to perform building control-management system functions. The automation controller and peripheral devices communicate wirelessly and the peripheral devices can be enabled and disabled as wireless repeaters in a network formed by the automation controller and the peripheral devices. The automation controller can monitor the communication traffic levels in the wireless network and enable or disable peripheral devices as wireless repeaters to increase or decrease the communication traffic in the network.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Statement Regarding Federally-Sponsored Research and Development
Not Applicable.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed generally to automation systems and, more specifically, to automation systems to monitor and control conditions in and/or around buildings including multi-tenant, sub-divided structures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Automation of the work and leisure environment has been a concept that has been long pursued. Despite the continued pursuit, widespread automated control has been limited.
In non-residential buildings, whether it is for or non-profit, academic, governmental, social, etc., owners and tenants face challenges similar to those in the residential market. Non-residential energy consumers can employ highly sophisticated systems for controlling their heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (“HVAC”), as well as for access control and information technology. Otherwise, these consumers are also generally limited to the use of programmable thermostats and motion controlled lighting.
These unmanaged, distributed control systems provide little to no visibility into energy consumption patterns. The lack of visibility makes it difficult to modify or tailor consumption patterns to reduce the energy consumed or the cost of the energy being consumed. Furthermore, participation in utility based conservation programs, such as demand-response programs, is typically limited to those residential and non-residential facilities that can operate with periodic interruptions of their air conditioning systems.
Improved automation solutions are required that overcome the various limitations associated with prior art solutions to enable high quality, cost effective, and scalable automation solutions for buildings.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides, among other things, a building management and automation system that oversees the operation of at least two energy consuming systems and determines changes in operational settings of the systems based on one system at least in part on the operational settings of the at least one other system. In one exemplary embodiment, the automation system includes a thermostat management system for controlling HVAC units and a fan system for circulating air in one or more areas. In operation, environmental sensors will detect the temperature in an area. If the detected temperature in the area is beyond a setpoint for heating or cooling in the thermostat management system, the automation system will evaluate the temperature and settings for the fan system in the area. The automation system will determine whether the apparent temperature in the room can be changed to an acceptable level by varying the air flow of the fan system. The air flow of the fan system will be increased or decreased to vary the effective heat transfer coefficient experienced by people in the area, such that the actual temperature in the area can be increased and money saved. In operation, the thermostat management system can be configured to include temperature settings that are function of the airflow from the fan system. Other environmental conditions, such as humidity, etc., can also be factored into the temperature settings.
In another aspect of the present invention, a plug device is configured with a communicating power cord assembly including a power cord, plug head, and communication interface that includes a wireless transmitter and/or receiver that enables the plug device to be controlled via the power cord, rather than through the device itself or a separate device that is plugged into an outlet and into which the plug device is plugged. The communicating power cord of the present invention addresses major problems associated with automating plug devices, which typically center on the high cost of manufacturing a separate line of communicating plug devices and the end user having to buy separate communicating device to provide some level of control over the plug device. With a communicating power cord, plug device manufacturers do not have to redesign their devices, merely change out the electrical cord from a standard (non-communicating) cord to a communicating power cord. Various embodiments could include other capability, such as a second plug to plug into a second outlet that is typically available in most wall outlets or the inclusion of multiple plug outlets associated with the communicating power cord itself.
In various embodiments of the invention, the building control and management system includes an automation controller and a plurality of peripheral devices configured to perform various building control system functions. The automation controller and peripheral devices communicate wirelessly and the peripheral devices can be enabled and disabled as wireless repeaters in a network formed by the automation controller and the peripheral devices. The automation controller can monitor the communication traffic levels in the wireless network and enable or disable peripheral devices as wireless repeaters to increase or decrease the communication traffic in the network.
The present invention addresses limitations of the prior art as will become apparent from the specification and drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
The accompanying drawings are included for the purpose of exemplary illustration of various aspects of the present invention, and not for purposes of limiting the invention, wherein:
FIGS. 1-5b show embodiments of automation systems;
FIGS. 6a-7 show embodiments of automation controller;
FIGS. 8a-9b show embodiments of peripheral devices;
FIGS. 10a-b show embodiments of a system including at least one mobile peripheral device,
FIGS. 11-16 show embodiments of LPRCs
FIG. 17 shows cost estimating cases,
FIGS. 18a-c shows exemplary activity monitor embodiments,
FIGS. 19-22 show exemplary CTS embodiments, and,
FIG. 23 shows exemplary area/room control architectures.



It will be appreciated that the implementations, features, etc. described with respect to embodiments in specific figures may be implemented with respect to other embodiments in other figures, unless expressly stated, or otherwise not possible.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 depicts an automation system 10 embodiment of the present invention. The system 10 includes various components, such as an automation controller 12, a remote controller 14, and one or more peripheral devices 161-n. In this embodiment, the automation controller 12 has two way communications with the peripheral device 16 (as shown by the solid arrows). It also has at least one way communication with the remote controller 14, and, optionally two way communications with the remote controller 14 (as indicated by the dashed arrows). In addition, the remote controller 14 can have optional one or two way communications with one or more of the peripheral devices 161-n 
Communication between the automation controller 12 and the peripheral devices 16 can be wired and/or wireless depending upon the particular implementation. Wired communication can make use of the power lines, local area networks, or direct links between communication ports, such as USB, RS-232 and 485, etc. Wireless communications can employ one or more wireless technologies, such as Zigbee, Z-wave, Bluetooth, and/or other proprietary and/or open standard, e.g., IEEE 802.x, communication protocols transmitting signals in the infrared and/or radio frequency spectrum. As mentioned above, Zigbee and Z-wave are protocols that have been developed specifically for applications, such as automation, where some of the devices used in the system, such as those operating on battery power, may require low power, reliable, non-line of sight communication.
In embodiments such as FIG. 1, the automation controller 12 may serve as a peer or slave to the remote controller 14 depending upon the desired level of functionality and communication between the controllers. For example, when one way communication is provided from the remote controller 14, the automation controller 12 will act only as a slave performing an operation in response to a command/input from the remote controller 14. In embodiments providing for two way communication, the controllers may serve as peers or as a master and slave depending upon the configuration of the system 10. For example, if the only communication from the automation controller 12 to the remote controller 14 is to send information requested by remote controller 14, then the automation controller 12 will operate as a slave to the command/input sent by the user via the remote controller 14. Conversely, if the automation controller 12 can request/command certain actions be taken by the remote controller 14, such as report a status, then the controllers will most likely be operating in a peer relationship.
Embodiments based on FIG. 1 may include one or two way communication between the remote controller 14 and one or more of the peripheral devices 16. The remote to peripheral communication can provide primary, secondary, or alternate communications. For example, the remote controller 14 may be configured merely to serve as a repeater, and thus a peer to peripheral devices 16, for communications between the automation controller 12 and the peripheral devices 16. The remote controller 14 may send a command to the peripheral device 16 that is redundant of command sent by the automation controller 12.
Also, the remote controller 14 may send the only command to the peripheral device 16. In this instance, the automation controller 12 may be configured to receive this command from the remote controller 14 or the remote controller 14 may send a different command, such as a generic change of state command to the automation controller 12. Upon receipt of a command directed to a peripheral device by the remote controller 14, the automation controller 12 could 1) query the peripheral devices 16 immediately or at a predetermined time to determine its operational state or 2) await a communication from the peripheral devices 16 directly, and/or indirectly via the remote controller 14, indicating their state.
FIG. 2 shows embodiments of the system 10 including the automation controller 12, at least one remote controller 14, a first group of one or more peripheral devices 16a1-an and a second group of one or more peripheral devices 16r1-rn. In these embodiments, the automation controller 12 communicates directly with the remote controller 14 and the first group of one or more peripheral devices 16a1-an. However, it does not communicate directly, and perhaps not at all, with the second group of one or more peripheral devices 16r1-rn.
In FIG. 2 embodiments, communication and control of the second group of one or more peripheral devices 16r1-rn is performed via the remote controller 14. In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 will not associate or monitor some or the entire second group of peripheral devices 16r1-rn. In other embodiments, the automation controller 12 will monitor some or the entire second group of peripheral devices 16r1-rn, as the second group provides status information to the remote controller 14. In other embodiments, the automation controller 12 will indirectly control some or the entire second group of peripheral devices 16r1-rn, via commands sent to the remote controller 14. The automation controller 12 may also monitor the second group of peripheral devices 16r1-rn, via the remote controller 14, which can serve as a repeater or to provide additional information along with the monitoring information to the automation controller 12.
The architecture provided in FIG. 2 provides additional flexibility in tailoring the system 10 for a specific application. For example, the second group of peripheral devices 16r1-rn, may be implemented using a different communication scheme, which is only implemented on the remote controller 14. For example, in various embodiments, the remote controller 14 may be capable of communicating using both IR and RF frequencies, whereas the automation controller 12 may only be implemented using RF frequencies, or different protocols may be implemented on the remote controller 14 and the automation controller 12. In those instances where the communication protocol between the remote controller 14 and the second group of peripheral devices 16r1-rn, differs from the communication protocols implemented on the automation controller 12, then the remote controller 14 may serve to translate the information being provided from the second group of peripheral devices 16r1-rn to the automation controller 12.
FIG. 3 shows embodiments of the present invention, in which the remote controller 14 is used to control one or more peripheral devices 161-n without an automation controller 12 in the system 10. The remote controller 14 can be used to implement various functions on the peripheral devices 16 depending upon the functionality imparted to the remote controller 14. For example, the processing power, storage capability, user interface, input/output capability, etc. can be tailored to control various numbers of peripheral devices 16 and impart various levels of functionality to the system 10 in the absence of the automation controller 12.
In various embodiments, the remote controller 14 is configured to communicate directly with the peripheral devices 16 using a suitable protocol, such as Zigbee, Z-Wave, etc., in a first state to send and receive information regarding the function of the peripheral device 16. The remote controller 14 is further configured to operate in a second state in the presence of an associated automation controller 12, where the remote controller 14 communicates directly with the automation controller 12, instead of the peripheral devices 16. If the automation controller 12 becomes unavailable, either because it is removed from the system 10, either physically or via software, or is not working properly, the remote controller 14 will recognize that the automation controller 12 is no longer present, or more generally unassociated with the remote controller 14, and operate in the first state.
In practice, the system 10 may be in operation without an automation controller 12 using the remote controller 14 to control a plurality of peripheral devices 16. The remote controller 14 recognizes that there is not an associated automation controller 12, so it operates in the first state, directly communicating with and controlling the peripheral devices 16. When the end user of the system 10 introduces an automation controller 12 into system 10, the remote controller 14 recognizes that the automation controller 12 and operates in a second state communicating with the automation controller 12, instead of directly with the peripheral devices 16. As discussed with respect to FIG. 2, the system 10 can be configured so that the remote controller 14 continues to communicate directly with the second group of peripheral devices 16, while communicating via the automation controller 12 with the first group of peripheral devices 16.
The ability of the remote controller 14 to move between the first and second states can be manually and/or automatically implemented. A hardware switch or software defined key can be used to toggle manually between the first and second states.
In addition, it may be desirable to keep remote controllers 14 unassociated with automation controller 12 that are detected. For example, in an apartment complex or other space where multiple users are in close proximity, the automation controller 12, as well as other remote controllers 14 and peripheral devices 16 that are within the system 10 operating range may not belong to the end user. In addition, the end user may want to partition a structure to include separate system 10, which may or may not report to a single system for oversight and control.
The association of an automation controller 12 that is introduced into an existing system 10 being controlled by the remote controller 14, in the absence of an automation controller 12, can be performed in a number of ways. For example, the automation controller 12 can scan its coverage area and develop a list of peripheral devices 16 and remote controllers 14 that can be associated with the newly introduced automation controller 12. Also, the remote controller 14 can transfer system information to the automation controller 12, such as a listing of currently associated peripheral devices 16, current settings, and activity schedules.
In these embodiments, the automation controller 12 and the remote controller 14 will continue to operate in a peer relationship, even though the remote controller 14 may not be communicating directly with the peripheral devices 16. The peer to peer communication would be used by the automation controller 12 to update the remote controller 14 with the latest settings and other information for the peripheral devices 16 that the remote controller 14 would communicate with directly and control, if the automation controller 12 became unassociated with the system 10 during operation.
In various embodiments, where the remote controller 14 may or may not be configured to control the system 10 in the absence of the automation controller 12, peer to peer communication between the remote controller 14 and the automation controller 12 may be implemented to enable additional system functionality. For example, persistent storage may be included in the remote controller 14 and the automation controller 12 can be configured to send information concerning the setup and/or operation of the peripheral devices 16 and the automation controller 12 to the remote controller 14 as a data back-up, in the event that the automation controller 12 experiences an outage where data is lost. In addition, the automation controller 12 could be used to change the peripheral devices 16 that will be controlled by the remote controller 14, if the automation controller 12 becomes unassociated with the system 10.
In the some of the above embodiments and others, the remote controller 14 acts as an autonomous device, i.e., without a user inputting information. In these embodiments, it may be desirable to have the remote controller 14 operate in a sleep mode, e.g., with display lights off, etc., and/or include a manual control, such as a switch, to switch the remote controller 14 to a lower power operational state. The sleep/low power mode will extend the battery life. In some embodiments, a holder, or cradle, can be provided for the remote controller 14 that can be used to provide various levels of functionality. For example, the holder may include a power outlet to charge a rechargeable battery. It also may include a communication link for direct communication with the automation controller 12, other network devices, or an external network. The communication link could allow for the download of configuration files for controlling peripheral devices 16 and secondary devices (described below), software updates, etc.
FIG. 4 depicts embodiments of the remote controller 14, in which the remote controller 14 is used to communicate to the peripheral devices 16 via a first signal type, such as Zigbee, and to one or more secondary peripheral devices 18 via a second signal type, such as proprietary Infrared (IR) and/or RF signals. The embodiments enable the remote controller 14 also to serve as a traditional “universal remote” for typical secondary peripheral devices 18, such as audio and video analog and digital players and recorders (e.g., CD, DVD, VCR, cassette, etc.), televisions/monitors, computers and peripherals, such as MP3 players, blinds, fans, and lights.
FIG. 5a shows system 10 embodiments that include connectivity to various input, output, and monitoring devices (“input/output devices”) via an external network, such as the Internet, PSTN, etc. Access to the system 10 can be enabled from a variety of devices, such as computers, mobile and fixed phone lines, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc., as well as from third party service provider networks for system monitoring and control. For example, a computer can communicate directly with the automation controller 12 or via one or more networks including personal, local, metro, and wide area, public and private, intranet and internet networks. Access via the external network provides the end user with the capability to monitor and configure the system 10 remotely. For example, it may be desirable to change the temperature in the house before returning home, or to receive a text message letting you know that some event, such as a door opening, a smoke or CO detector sounding, tagged item/mobile device moving across a threshold, etc.
As shown in FIG. 5b, the automation controller 12 also can be deployed in client-server architecture, in which one or more computers, acting as clients, provide data entry and access to the controller 12. The client can also interact with storage devices supporting data storage for the system 10 either directly or via the automation controller 12. As previously described, the automation controller 12 functionality can be distributed among a number of automation controllers 12 with oversight from a master controller 12, which may further include client computers for data entry and access. Additional devices also can be employed to provide additional functionality or robustness to the system. For example, storage devices could be employed to off-load data collected by the automation controller 12. Access to the storage devices could be achieved via the automation controller 12 and/or directly by another computer, which can provide analysis capability off-line from the automation controller 12.
In various embodiments in which data is stored in a device external to the automation controller 12, it may be desirable to enable various software applications on the client computers to enable analysis and planning activities to be performed without burdening the automation controller 12. For example, client computers can run planning and analysis software tools that enable the user view detailed and consolidated usage information. Planning activities, such as evaluating the impact of varying operational hours or replacing various electrical systems can be investigated using historical data from the system 10.
FIGS. 6a and 6b depict various embodiments of the automation controller 12. In many system 10 embodiments, the automation controller 12 will provide system oversight, coordination, and control of the peripheral devices 16 and the remote controller 14. Access to the automation controller 12 can be provided internally by the controller and/or external to the controller. In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 may be fully autonomous with data entry and access capabilities provided directly on it. In other embodiments, data entry and access to the automation controller 12 may be completely external.
As shown in FIG. 6a, the automation controller 12 may include a keypad and/or a visual display to enter and view information. In various embodiments, a touch screen interface may be included to combine the data entry and viewing functionality. In other embodiments the data entry and viewing functionality will be provided outside of the automation controller 12 via a monitor and/or television screen with data entry via the remote controller 14 or support a display and keypad similar to a stand-alone computer.
The front of the automation controller 12 may also include an IR detector for those embodiments that support receiving IR signals. In those embodiments, the IR transmission capability of the remote controller 14 can be employed to control the automation controller 12, instead of using the RF transmission link. Also, the automation controller 12 can support the use of a more traditional remote that transmits only using IR signals.
FIG. 6b depicts an exemplary back view of the automation controller 12. It will generally include a variety of communication ports and transmitters and receivers for the various transmission protocols that are supported. For example, telephone, Ethernet, coax, and/or fiber connections can be provided. USB, RS-232 and 485 and other access ports and monitor connections. Transmitters and receivers for the various wireless transmission protocols are also included. For example, a Zigbee or Z-wave transmitter and receiver can support a first signal type (ST1) and one or more 802.x transmitters and receivers can support networking via a second signal type (ST2). In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 will also include an interface to support power line communications with peripheral devices 16 that communicate via power line protocols, such as X10.
In addition to the input/output and networking connections and associated hardware and software interfaces, the automation controller 12 will generally include one or more storage devices, as well as one or more processors, depending upon the particular capability being implemented on a particular automation controller 12 embodiment. In general, the automation controller 12 will provide most monitoring, coordination, control, and record keeping functions for the system 10. The desired system size and capabilities will drive the level of functionality in the embodied in the automation controller 12.
The automation controller 12 will typically connect to external power. The automation controller 12 may also include a battery back-up, in case of an external power failure, depending upon the level of reliability desired. While the automation controller 12 could be operated on battery power only, the functionality of the controller 12 generally warrants a continuously available (excepting failures) power source.
While varying levels of functionality can be embodied in the remote controller 14, in many embodiments, the full features and functionality of the system 10 are typically accessible and controllable via the automation controller 12. The automation controller 12 will generally provide menu-driven access to control the peripheral devices 16. The capability to check, change and schedule a change in status and/or settings for the peripheral devices 16 is generally provided. The automation controller 12 generally stores the system inventory and settings and may also be configured to store that information externally, such as in a computer or mass storage device, or at an off-site network operations center. The back-up of system information can be performed manually or automatically.
Discovery and association of automation controllers 12, remote controllers 14 and peripheral devices 16 with the automation controller 12 and/or remote controller 14 can be a manual, automatic, or semi-automatic process. In some embodiments, the automation controller 12 will scan its operational range to discover various system components including other automation controllers 12, remote controllers 14 and peripheral devices 16 with which it can be associated. The automation controller 12 can update its potential inventory list each time it detects a new components.
As part of the discovery process, the automation controller 12 can employ various discovery methods. For example, it can “ping” all the components in its transmission range to send discovery information to the automation controller 12 to ensure a timely and complete inventory is established. The automation controller 12 can also “listen” for signals from components in its reception range, which can be compared to its inventory lists derived from pinging or otherwise. The automation controller 12 can be configured to continue discovery via pinging, listening, or otherwise until a consistent inventory list is produced. Alternatively, it can provide an inventory list of components that can be confirmed via multiple discovery methods, which can be used to define its operational range. It can also identify components that were discovered using one method, but not confirmed via another method. For example, a component that the automation controller 12 discovers by listening, but it does not responds to the ping signal sent by the automation controller 12. In this example, the component may be within the reception range of the automation controller 12, but not the transmission range for one or more reasons, such as shielding, partial component failure, etc.
Association of the peripheral devices 16 and remote controllers 14 with the automation controller 12 can be performed automatically as part of the inventory process. However, it is often times more desirable, even though it is more work, to have the association process be separate from inventory to ensure that only desired associations are made.
The association procedure for components with the system 10 can involve interaction between the component and the controller as part of the procedure and/or the user can associate the component. The procedure may be limited to adding a component identifier/address to a system database or may be more involved, such as configuring the component to assume particular operational states and/or roles in the network following the association.
In some instances, it may be desirable to require interaction between the component and the controller to minimize the chances of an improper association. For example, the peripheral devices 16 and remote controllers 14 may have an associate button, switch, key, etc., that must be activated during association. Alternatively, each device may have an association code or device identifier, such as a MAC address, that is entered via the automation controller 12 and/or the remote controller 14 as part of the association process without requiring communication between the controller and the component. The component will then respond to any controller that uses the proper address.
In various embodiments, a remote controller 14 can be used to initiate and/or perform the association or commissioning process using line of sight communications, such IR, in lieu of or combination with non-line of sight communications, e.g., Zigbee. The use of line of sight communication significantly reduces the probability of a peripheral device or other component being associated with a wrong network in deployment scenarios where systems have overlapping operational ranges, such as in multi-tenant facilities, and does not require physical interaction with the components.
In an exemplary association process, the remote controller 14 is configured to provide a line of sight signal, i.e., an IR signal, to the peripheral device 16 placing it in an association mode, where it will become associated with the automation controller 12 and/or with the remote controller 14. In some instances, the peripheral device 16 will remain in an association state until an automation controller 12 and/or remote controller 14 detects its presence and completes the association process. The detection of the peripheral device 16 by the automation controller 12 can be initiated by the remote controller 14 and/or peripheral device 16. For example, the remote controller 14 can be configured to send an association signal to the automation controller 12, in addition to the peripheral device 16. In this example, it may be desirable for the remote controller 14 to send a code/key to the automation controller 12 and peripheral devices 16 that is used in the association process to prevent the inadvertent initiation of the association process with another automation controller 12 within the range. If the association process is not initiated on the automation controller 12 by the remote controller 14, it may be desirable for the remote controller 14 to provide a code/key to the peripheral device 16 for identification in the association process, when it is detected by the automation controller 12.
In embodiments without a remote controller 14, the automation controller 12 can be configured to associate only with peripheral devices 16 and/or other automation controllers 12 for which a physical address, such as a MAC address, or code/key has been entered into the automation controller 12. The automation controller 12 can also be configured to associate with new components when it is in an association mode as discussed above, as opposed to trying to associate automatically with any component it detects during operation.
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to associate a peripheral device with an automation controller 12, when the peripheral device is not present within the communication range of the automation controller 12. For example, it may be desirable to associate a peripheral device with multiple automation controllers 12 within one or different systems 10 that have non-overlapping ranges of operation. One such embodiment of non-overlapping ranges is described below with respect to geographically diverse systems that share peripheral devices 16. The association between peripheral devices 16 and automation controllers 12, whether present in the range or not, can be performed by either or both devices 16 and controllers, using identifiers and signaling prompts, as may be appropriate.
Peripheral devices 16 in the present invention are generally implemented in a function role communicating directly with remote controllers 14 and/or automation controllers 12 depending upon the system configuration and responding to their commands to perform a function, which may include one or more steps, process, and/or actions. Common peripheral devices 16 include electrical wall and device receptacles and jacks, on/off, contact, and dimmer switches, visual (e.g., motion), audio, material (smoke, humidity, CO, radiation, etc.), electromagnetic wave (RF, IR, UV, visible light, etc.), shock, and thermal sensors, thermostats, video equipment (e.g., cameras, monitors), audio equipment (e.g., microphones, speakers), blinds, fans, communication equipment used to provide services, such as plain old telephone service (POTS), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), video, audio, and data, etc.
The peripheral devices 16 can also be used to obtain data from other devices for evaluation, referred to herein as monitoring peripheral devices 16. For example, a sensor or other peripheral device 16 can configured to monitor signals output by a piece of equipment or other device and send the signals along with the notification of the signaling event. The signals can be error codes or other performance attributes in various forms, such as visual (flashing lights), audible (beeps), and/or electrical signals that are detected by the devices 16 and forwarded by the system 10 to the relevant parties, if desired. For example, light pattern changes on LEDs (flashing, color, etc.) on computer equipment could be converted to an error code for evaluation or the audible signal from a smoke detector could be evaluated to distinguish low battery alerts from actual smoke detection.
Data from monitoring peripheral devices 16 can be used as primary data or as data to corroborate data received from other peripheral devices 16 within the system 10. For example, when a smoke detector is embodied as a peripheral device 16 in the system 10, the system 10 can be configured such that the automation controller 12 receives a smoke detected alarm from the smoke detector peripheral device 16 and a corroborating alarm from an audible monitor peripheral device 16 that detected the smoke detector audible alarm.
The peripheral devices 16 can operate on external and/or battery power depending upon the requirements of a particular device and the accessibility of external power. For example, electrical receptacles may not be required to transmit and receive information frequently, so they could be operated on battery power. However, electrical receptacles are connected in an external power circuit, so those devices will generally be operated using external power, because it is available. Similarly, peripheral devices 16 that are communicating with the automation controller 12 via a powerline communication protocol will be configured generally to use external power as those devices will be connected by the external power lines. If the function of the peripheral devices 16 is something that should remain operational, even when there is an external power outage, then it may be desirable to provide battery power as the primary or secondary power source to the device.
The peripheral devices 16 can be controlled individually by the controllers or in groups to create “scenes” or to place a structure in a particular operational state, such as set the air and water temperatures, disabling/enabling the door alarms, turning on/off computer equipment and other electrical devices, and unlocking/locking the garage and other doors when a business opens/closes or a person leaves/returns to a residence.
In some embodiments, such as depicted in FIG. 7, it is desirable to include one or more peripheral devices 16 packaged along with or proximate to the automation controller 12. The close proximity of the peripheral devices 16 to the automation controller 12 allows for a direct wired connection in lieu of, or in addition to, the communication scheme used with other peripheral devices 16. As such, the close proximity peripheral devices 16 can provide a low cost means for controlling devices, which are in close proximity to the automation controller 12. For example, in many cases, the automation controller 12 will be placed in close proximity to audio, video, and computer equipment, as well as lighting, which can be controlled via the low cost proximate peripheral devices 16.
FIG. 8a shows peripheral device 16 embodiments, in which a plurality of peripheral devices 16 form a control group, which share a common communication interface (transmitters, receivers, etc.) to the controllers 12 and/or 14. The sharing of the communication interface, and in some instances, some or all of the processing capability, provides for lower cost peripheral devices 16. In various embodiments, each of the individual peripheral devices 161-n in the control group is identified as a separate peripheral device 16. Whereas, in other embodiments, the entire device 16 is identified as one peripheral device 16 with sub-devices 161-n. The identification of the peripheral devices 16 as individual devices or sub-devices is generally left to the skilled artisan. When using sub-device identification, instructions can be given to the device as a whole, which can be left to the device itself to implement. For example, peripheral device 16 can be instructed to turn off, which causes the peripheral device 16 to turn off sub-devices 161-n. In the individual device implementation, instructions to turn off are sent to each of the devices 161-n for action.
The FIG. 8a embodiment, which is shown as a plug strip, is purely for exemplary purposes, as the common interface/processing architecture can be implemented for any application in which the devices are in relatively close proximity or can communicate effectively. For example, track lighting, holiday decorations, etc. can be implemented using this structure.
As shown in FIG. 8b, the peripheral devices 16 also can be configured to communicate with other secondary devices 18 or systems. For example, the peripheral device 16 can include communication capability with a computer via USB, Ethernet, serial or parallel port or other connection, which can be wired or wireless. In these embodiments, the peripheral device 16 could send a system message to one or more secondary devices, such as a computer, that power was going to be interrupted and for the computer to perform a graceful shutdown. It could also send a signal that initiates the booting, or starting, up of the computer.
In various embodiments, the peripheral device 16 is embodied as a plug strip including a power cord for plugging into a power source, such as a standard electrical receptacle, and a plurality of electrical receptacles controlled at least in part by a common processor and using a common transmitter and receiver to communicate with the automation controller 12 via a first signal type, such as Zigbee, Zwave, PLC, 802.x, etc., and a computer via a secondary signal type, USB, etc., to send power up and power down signals to the computer. The common processor could be used to control all functions associated with the plurality of electrical receptacles or additional processors could be used with one or more of the receptacles.
The peripheral device 16 could further include an energy storage device, i.e., battery, which can be configured to retain sufficient energy to power 1) the peripheral device 16 to signal the computer or other secondary device 18 and 2) the computer or other device for a sufficient period to allow a graceful shutdown, in the event of a primary power failure to the computer or other secondary device 18. One of ordinary skill will appreciate that many computer and peripheral equipment types include APIs and other signaling protocols that enable the shutdown, restart, and turn-up of the equipment.
FIG. 8c-e shows embodiments of generic plug device 19 enabled as a peripheral device 16 through the use of a communicating power cord assembly 20c including a power cord 64, plug head 66, and communication interface 68. As shown in FIGS. 8c-e, the communication interface 68 can be a separate part of the assembly 20c or it can be integrated with the plug head 66 and/or cord 64. The generic plug device 19 could be most any type of plug device, such as plug strips, lights, space heaters, computer equipment and peripheral, other electronics, etc.
The communicating power cord assembly 20c eliminates the need for a separate peripheral device 16 to connect to the generic plug device 19 to provide control, as well as eliminates the cost of manufacturing two different plug devices 19, one that communicates and one that does not.
If on/off control is all that is desired for a particular generic device 19, such as a lamp, then it may be desirable to put the communication interface 68 in the plug head 66, such as in FIG. 8d, to turn power on and off at the plug head 66. The communication interface 68 can include a transmitter and/or receiver configured to communicate the system 10 and a relay with accompanying logic to turn the circuit on and off as required by the system 10.
In other embodiments where additional control of the generic device 19 is desired, one of ordinary skill may want to provide a separate communication interface device 68 in the power cord assembly, such as shown in FIG. 8d. In that manner, any additional wiring and other components required to implement the additional control can be maintained in close proximity to the generic device 19 to manage performance and the cost of additional wiring and components. In addition, if the power cord assembly 20c already includes another device, such as a transformer, it may be desired to package the communications interface along with the other device.
FIG. 9a shows other embodiments of peripheral devices 16 of the present invention. In these embodiments, one or more peripheral devices 16 are located outside of the operational range (shown as a dashed line) of the automation controller 12 and/or the remote controller 14, such as devices 162-n in FIG. 9a, referred to as “outside devices”. In these embodiment, the peripheral device 161 is configured to receive and transmit information to and from the outside devices 162-n.
The relationship between the outside devices and the automation controller 12 can be implemented in various fashions, such as individual devices or sub-devices as discussed with respect to FIG. 8a. The outside devices may or may not be visible from an automation controller 12 inventory perspective. In various embodiments, the outside devices are visible to the automation controller 12 and are mapped based on their nearest neighbors in a mesh network topology and the outside devices and at least one device within the range (“inside device”) are configured as repeaters, so that instructions from the automation controller 12 can reach the outside devices. In other embodiments, the outside devices are associated with the inside device and may be considered as attributes of the inside device. In this scenario, a controller, 12 or 14, sends a command to the inside device associated with the outside devices, which is then implemented on the outside devices at the appropriate time by the inside device.
The means in which the information is provided to and from the outside devices 16 may or may not be the same as the means in which the information was provided from the controllers, 12 or 14, to the peripheral device 161 in the range. For example, if the outside devices are electrically connected, then externally powered devices using power line communications between outside devices may be appropriate, while wireless communications may be used for communications between the controller 12 or 14 and the peripheral device 161. In other applications, outside devices may have diverse functions, such as outside lighting, contact switches on gates and mailboxes, and sensors, it may be more easily implemented using battery powered devices and the same wireless communications protocol as used in within the range of the automation controller 12. In still other embodiments, wireless communication can be provided by the automation controller 12 and the inside devices 16, whereas communication and power is provided to the outside devices via Ethernet.
FIG. 9b shows another embodiment of the present invention including a peripheral device 16t that is configured to translate a message from the protocol used by the automation controller 12 to the protocol used by one or more secondary devices 18, which may be inside, shown as (a) in FIG. 9b, or outside (b) the coverage range of the automation controller 12. The translation can be between wireless protocols and/or wireline protocols and implemented in a variety of ways, such as mapping the signal from one protocol to another or by embedding one protocol signal within the other protocol signal, similar to a digital wrapper. For example, the peripheral device 16t could translate a Zigbee protocol signal to an RS-485 signal to communicate with components in an HVAC system. The RS-485 link could be implemented as a full duplex, 4 wire solution or half-duplex 2 wire solution depending upon conditions, e.g., multiple radio interference conditions, and the amount and frequency of information being communicated through the link. In addition, two translator peripheral devices 16t could be used to set up a link (c) using a different protocol, while still communicating with other devices using the protocol of the automation controller 12. In this implementation, this translator devices 16t may be used to convert from wireless to wired protocols (in this example Zigbee and RS-485) to enable the signal to reach an area more easily accessed using a wired protocol, but where the signal may be sent wirelessly within the area. In this example, the translator device 16t may be operated in a mode where the Zigbee message is inserted untouched into an RS-485 stream, which is sent to a second translator device 16t, where it is received. The 485 stream is analyzed and a Zigbee message is recreated by the second translator device 16t and sent to the destination peripheral device 16.
In various embodiments, such as those shown in FIG. 4, the remote controller 14 could be used as a translator device to control one or more secondary devices 18. It will be appreciated that if a remote controller 14 is employed as a translator, it will have to be positioned properly to enable it to communicate with the secondary devices 18.
One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate further that the range of an automation controller 12 can also be extended via repeater peripheral devices 16, which are used to amplify, typically be receiving and retransmitting signals, without altering the signals. Range extenders are known in the art and commonly available in 802.11 architectures. Of course, the repeater functionality can be embedded in other peripheral devices 16 to eliminate the expense of deploying stand-alone repeater devices.
FIG. 10a shows embodiments of the system 10 including mobile peripheral devices 16m, which can be implemented to provide additional functionality to the system 10. Peripheral devices 16 that are fixed in space for a particular application can be referred to as stationary peripheral devices 16 to facilitate description. However, whether a peripheral device 16 is considered stationary or mobile may, in fact, depend upon the specific application and/or system configuration implemented by the user.
In the present invention, the mobile device 16m can be used for determining when a subject (person, pet, object, etc) leaves or enters a structure or zone. In these embodiments, a peripheral device 16 can be attached, via bracelet, anklet, collar, or otherwise, to the subject and its transmission can be used to determine when the subject has left the zone, passes through a reception area or proximate to another device, etc. Mobile peripheral devices 16m can be applied to home, office, or construction areas for theft protection and safety measures as well.
The system can be configured to geolocate the mobile peripheral devices 16m operating in an environment with two or more other peripheral devices 16m. For example, the received signal strength from various receivers can be used to locate the device by determining vectors for triangulation. This application allows a system to determine, not only when a subject has left a zone, but also, with some accuracy, where the transmitting device attached to the subject is located within the zone. This level of geo-location could be either constantly updated, or determined by querying the receivers in the zone. It will be appreciated that the system will determine the general location of the mobile device within the range of the system 10. The precision of the mobile device location will depend upon the desired amount and precision of the information received by the controller 12 from various stationary peripheral devices 16.
The frequency at which the system 10 tracks the mobile peripheral devices 16 can be configured by the user depending upon a desired implementation of the devices. For example, it may be desirable for the mobile peripheral devices 16 to transmit a signal, when it is prompted manually by remote controller 14 and/or automation controller 12. In these scenarios, the user may want only want to know the location when they are looking for the object, such as a remote controller 14, car keys, or even a pet. The automation controller 12 can be configured to request signals from the mobile peripheral devices 16m at different intervals depending upon the location of the mobile peripheral devices 16m within the system range.
In other instances, the user may want to know as soon as possible, or practical, that a child or disabled adult has left the range of the system 10. In these instances, the frequency and extent of the transmission must be balanced against the battery life of the device. In various embodiments, the mobile peripheral devices 16 will be driven by kinetic energy. An energy storage device, such as a rechargeable battery or capacitors can be provided to store excess kinetic energy. The kinetic energy driven device 16 has the benefit in that the energy to transmit signals is being generated by the motion of the object to which the mobile device 16m is attached, which is precisely when the energy is needed for transmission. When the object is at rest and no kinetic energy is being generated, the transmission frequency can be much less, because the object is stationary and its location is presumably known.
In still other embodiments, the mobile device 16m can lay dormant, i.e., not transmit a signal on its own, unless it is requested by an automation controller 12 or remote controller 14, or is activated/triggered by, or activates, another device in the system. For example, the mobile device 16m could include an electromagnetic wave (e.g., RF, IR, etc.) detector and/or emitter/tag. In the case of a detector, when the device comes within the range of an emitter, which can be located proximate the exit of buildings, premises, room, or otherwise, the mobile device 16m would be activated by the emitter signal from the emitter and begin transmitting signals to identify its location. If the mobile device 16′ includes an RF emitter, a RF detector located near a threshold of interest could be used to send a signal to the automation controller 12 that it has detected a mobile device emitter, at which time the automation controller 12 can ping the mobile device 16m to send a tracking, or location, signal and/or other information that can be used by the controller to track the mobile device 16m.
In various embodiments, such as those involving disabled adults and children, the mobile device 16m will be regularly polled by the automation controller 12 and will be activated by, or activate, another device that is used to monitor the movement of the individual near thresholds of interest, building exits, etc. In this manner, regular updates will be obtained when a person is within a known area and the frequency of updates can be accelerated and notifications made, when a person leaves an area. It will be appreciated that the mobile device 16m can perform a number of functions, such as measuring temperature, shock, pulse, etc. (i.e., health parameters) for individuals, in addition, to providing a tracking signal.
In application, when the automation controller 12 determines that an object being tracked with a mobile device 16m has left some predefined area, such as exiting a building, the automation controller 12 can be configured to communicate the information to the user by the available means, such as email, text message, phone call, audible signal, etc. or merely log the time that object left the predefined range. The automation controller 12 could take the same or a different action when the object wearing the mobile device reenters the predefined range. An example of the automation controller 12 merely logging information could be logging when objects that normally are expected to exit and reenter a range are being tracked, such as vehicles at a dealership or personnel at an office during normal business hours. Extending these same examples, the user may want to be notified when these objects enter and exit the premise during non-normal business hours.
Peripheral devices 16 can be deployed in data collection modes, if sufficient memory is provided for data storage during the collection interval, instead of transmitting the data as it is collected. The device 16 would then transmit the data collected over the interval to the controller or a display. For example, various sensors can be deployed that log data for periodic review and/or transmission, in lieu of regularly transmitting the data or waiting for a request by a controller.
A device 16 also may collect data on a fixed interval, but only transmit data when a threshold has been exceeded, such as high/low temperature, shock, gas concentration, humidity, etc., or upon request. Alternatively, the peripheral device 16 can perform some processing of the raw data and transmit only the processed data, while perhaps retaining the raw data for a period of time to allow for retrieval if necessary. For example, the peripheral devices 16 could process the raw data and transmit a moving average of the data and any extreme outliers to the data. In this manner, communication traffic in the system 10 is reduced.
As shown in FIG. 10b, devices 16 that are configured to collect data for later access also can be deployed in embodiments, in which two systems 10, or sub-systems of a larger system, are employed having non-overlapping ranges including geographically diverse configurations. For example, a device 16 that includes one or more sensors for detecting relevant conditions can be provided on the inside and/or outside of a shipping container. The data on the device 16 can be read before shipment by a system 10 at the point of origin and by a counterpart system 10 at the destination to determine the conditions to which the contents of the shipping container were exposed. It may also be possible to read the data en route. If the device 16 is provided within a sealed container, the data collected can be used to verify that a container was not exposed to conditions, temperature, humidity, shock, etc., that could damage the contents and the point in time and duration of the exposure to extreme conditions. The number of devices 16 deployed within a container and the sensors or other instruments included in or associated with the device 16 will generally depend upon the size of the container, (e.g., letter size package, cargo ship container) and the desire for redundant data collection, which may depend upon the value of the contents of the container. In practice, the carrier can be present and confirm the origin and destination data and the shipper/user can implement sufficient security, such that the device 16 is not reset or data compromised during shipment.
From a tracking perspective, the devices 16 used for shipping can be treated statically or as a mobile device 16m by the system 10. For example, the shipping devices can be detected before or after the device enters a facility to provide data on whether shipments should be rejected, inspected, and/or accepted from a carrier. In other embodiments, each of the geographically diverse systems 10 can be included in a broader overall system from a network management level, such that peripheral devices 16 in each of the local systems can be registered and status maintained in an overall database, such that when the peripheral device 16 re-enters the coverage area of one of the system 10, it can be detected and the data logged. The overall database could be enabled in various configurations by one of ordinary skill. For example, the overall database for the plurality of systems, or automation controllers 12, could be embodied in a multi-level automation controller architecture, in which a master controller provides at least some control over multiple automation controllers 12 or the overall database may be merely a shared database that is accessible by multiple systems.
In various embodiments, the system 10 includes a limited purpose remote controller (“LPRC”) 22, which can be a wall mounted, free-standing, or handheld device. The LPRC 22 can be embodied as a configurable on-off or dimmer switch that can be used to control one or more peripheral devices 16 directly and/or via the automation controller 12 or the remote controller 14. For example, the LPRC 22 can be configured to control one light or one electrical receptacle in a room similar to a traditional light switch. Alternatively, the LPRC 22 could be configured to control a group of lights and/or other peripheral devices 16. For example, the LPRC 22 could be mounted as a wall switch that could control all of the lights in a basement, turn on and off all of the components in an entertainment system, etc., even if those lights and components are on different wiring circuits.
FIGS. 11-16 depict various embodiments of the LPRC 22, which for exemplary purposes, is described in terms of on-off, toggle, or dimmer wall switch. Instead of opening and closing a circuit as in a traditional light switch, the LRPC 22 requests the controller to issue a command to a function device to perform a function, such as to turn on or off one or more switches and/or receptacles. In an embodiment, flipping the switch (FIG. 11) one direction cause one or more lights controlled by function devices to be turned on and flipping the switch in the other direction causes the same lights to turn off. For a button (FIG. 12), the on-off instructions alternate with each push. In other embodiments, the LPRC could be activated using access control or presence technology, such as RFID or by placing a card in slot or reader.
In this manner, a wall switch could be used to control any and/or all of the outlets/lights, etc. in a room, rooms, or building, not just those hardwired to a wall switch during construction. The switch can be viewed as a limited purpose remote control for interfacing with the controller and/or peripheral devices 16 via a limited interface.
Additional functionality can be provided on the LPRC 22. For example, multiple switches can be packaged similar to traditional circuit control switch, A/B type slide switches can be added to the traditional flip switches to allow the switch to toggle additional functions (FIGS. 3 and 4). The multi-function switches can employ common or separate processors, transmitters, or receivers depending upon the desired level of functionality (FIGS. 5 &6). The switch can be powered via battery or external power. The function of the switch can be programmed, most likely via the controller, to perform the desired function upon actuation of the LPRC.
In various embodiments, the LPRC 22 can be configured to send a generic automation instruction to an automation controller 12 or a remote controller 14. Upon receiving the generic instruction, the controller will execute a reconfigurable instruction set controlling a group of one or more peripheral devices 16. In some embodiments, the same instruction may be sent whenever the LPRC 22 is actuated. In these embodiments, the controller will receive the instruction from the LPRC 22 and execute an instruction sequence for controlling one or more peripheral devices 16 tied to the receipt of the LPRC 22 instruction. For example, the first signal received from the LPRC 22 might cause the automation controller 12 to turn on one or more lights. The next three signals received from the LPRC 22 in this example, might cause the might cause the automation controller 12 to turn the lights to 66%, 33% and 0% (off) power, respectively.
In other embodiments, the LPRC 22 will send the actual automation instructions, either directly or via a controller, that instruct the peripheral devices 16 to perform the automation function. In these embodiments, the automation controller 12, and perhaps the remote controller 14, can be used to program the LPRC 22 to send automation instructions for a group of one or more peripheral devices 16. In yet other embodiments, the LPRC 22 will send different generic instructions depending upon its actuation, such as flipping a switch up and down. The controller could be configured to execute different automation commands for each generic instruction received from the LPRC 22.
As described above, the system 12 can be deployed in a vast number of configurations to achieve the functionality and cost objective of the end user. The automated monitor and control aspects of the system 10 also enable it to provide higher level functions, such as security and energy management.
In various embodiments, the automation system will perform integrated energy management of part or all of a facility. For example, a user in a may establish a multi-level energy management structure. At a first level, the system administrator establishes administrator settings for day and time of day settings for the HVAC system, hot water heater, etc. Typically, this will involve setting a first temperature range for hours of operation and a second temperature range non-operational hours. Various settings for lighting in the facility may also be established.
A second level of control can be implemented by monitoring usage at the circuit level for an area, as well as for confirming the integrity of overall and individual usage data. Circuit monitoring also provide the user with data for planning peripheral device roll out, as well as for providing more granular operational hour control.
A third level of control may be implemented at the work space and common area level. For example, the temperature of a work space may be controlled depending upon whether or not a person is present at the facility or whether a meeting is scheduled or people are present in a work space, such as a conference room. Also, the hallways and other common areas may be controlled to a different temperature and/or lighting intensity. Circuit level control also can be used in some just in time power deployments, when the first and last person enters a work area and for spaces and/or jobs that are not suitable for control at the individual work space level.
The concept of controlling the temperature and lighting depending upon the presence of a person at the home or work place can be extended more generally to “just in time” energy management. In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 provides access control and/or monitoring or interacts with an access control/monitor system and part of a person's work space or a residence is not supplied electricity unless the person is present. Upon detection of a person entering a facility, the automation controller 12 would turn on the supply of power to a person's work space and adjust the temperature of the work space accordingly. In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 could begin powering up computer equipment and peripherals, so the equipment is ready to use when a person reaches their work space. When a person leaves a work space, the automation can direct the return of the work space to non-operational or out-of-the-work-space operational set points. An analogous procedure can be implemented for a residence.
At another level, the automation controller 12 can coordinate the different energy management activities within a facility and/or work space. For example, a work space environment will be defined at least in part by the temperature and lighting intensity. The automation controller 12 can be configured to balance the solar impact, i.e., light and heat provided by sunlight or natural light, within an area with the light and heating/cooling provided by the building systems to minimize the energy cost.
In this case, the automation controller 12 could control various peripheral devices 16, including lights, HVAC vents, window blinds, etc. in a coordinated manner to reduce energy consumption. For example, the temperature and light intensity within a work space/area is defined in the controller 12. During the course of the day, the blinds would be open to varying degrees. When it is night, the controller 12 can close all of the blinds for privacy and to increase its effectiveness as a thermal barrier. During the day time, but not during operational hours, the controller 12 can leave the blinds closed, if desired, or open the blinds an appropriate amount to balance the solar impact with the temperature and lighting demands of the space. During non-operational daylight hours or when the work space is unoccupied, the control of natural light does not have to consider glare from natural light when determining the amount of natural light to allow in the space or the direct impingement of sun light on a person in the space. Whereas, when a person is present in the work space, solar impact issues typically have to be considered.
The specific types and number of peripheral devices 16 used to coordinate the light and temperature control provided by the facility/building system with the solar impact, sun light and thermal energy, can be determined by the skill artisan. For example, one or more light controllers and temperature controllers for the building systems can be deployed in the area along with blind controllers, external and internal temperature and light sensors, motion detectors, etc. The automation controller 12 can be configured to maintain administrator settings for light intensity and temperature in the area by operating the blind controller to allow sun light and thermal energy to enter the area and adjusting the light and temperature controllers to control the amount of lighting and energy provided by the building systems accordingly. The operation of the devices 16 can be configured in various ways, but a default configuration may be to minimize lighting and HVAC costs for the area, while operating in conformance with the area settings.
The system 10 can include fans and thermostats as peripheral devices 16 in the same area, so the HVAC system and the fans can be operated in a coordinated manner. For example, the thermostats can be configured to include temperature settings that are a function of the airflow from the fan system. The air flow of the fan system is increased or decreased to vary the effective heat transfer coefficient experienced by people in the area, such that the comfort level of people in the area is maintained, even though the actual temperature in the area can be increased or decreased accordingly.
The comfort level experienced by people in an area will depend upon the rate of heat transfer Q from them according to the general heat transfer equation:

Q=h*DeltaT, 

where, h=heat transfer coefficient, and

delta T=(Temp(person)−Temp(area))

In the present invention, the temperature set point for cooling can be increased, if the fans are run at a higher rate, because the increased air flow from the fan produces an increased heat transfer coefficient that offsets the reduction in the temperature difference produced by the increased set point. Other environmental conditions, such as humidity, etc., can also be factored into the temperature settings.
The fans can be also used to de-stratify the air in the area to vary the thermal gradient that is present in a space and increase the temperature of the air exposed to people in the room. The use of destratification enables the system 10 to conserve additional energy in an area. During heating periods, while increasing the air flow of the fan might decrease comfort by increasing the heat transfer rate, the operation of the fan may destratify the air in the area producing an increase in the temperature proximate people in the area. The reduction of the delta T can offset the increased heat transfer coefficient to reduce the heat transfer rate and increase the overall comfort of people in the area.
Furthermore, it may be desirable or necessary to destratify the air in the area if the temperature in the upper level of an area reaches an unacceptable level. In those instances, it may be desirable to increase the air flow from the fan even though the temperature proximate people in the area will increase during a cooling period, because the increased air flow will increase the heat transfer coefficient to maintain the comfort level of people in the area.
The automation controller 12 also could interact with an area controller that could be coordinating the peripheral devices 16 within an area. For example, the area controller could include or be associated with various sensors, such as temperature, light intensity, and motion, in the area, which provide local information used to control the area environment. The area controller could be used merely to provide a single point of contact for a given area to the automation controller 12 or could be configured to control various actions of the peripheral devices 16 in the area. In various embodiments, the area controller can be used to turn power on and off to an area, which can be triggered manually, flipping a switch, inserting a card, etc. or upon detection of a person, via RFID or otherwise, or condition, similar to an LPRC as discussed above.
FIG. 23 show embodiments of the system 10 including an area controller (e.g., Autani Wireless Room Controller) controlling an AC contactor for providing power to a room. The area controller can receive input from a Hotel Card Switch, various sensors (Autani Motion Sensor), and door contact sensors. The area controller can also communicate with peripheral devices controlling a thermostat (e.g., Autani Wireless Thermostat) to control the temperature based on occupancy. The automation controller can be in the form of a Premise Energy Manager can communicate with the various area controllers and vary the operating state and set points for the different rooms. The Premise Energy Manager can also receive various inputs from premise wide systems, such as access control systems or manually from a front desk or other check-in stations, a mobile device, or other notification means that can be used to change the room from an unoccupied to an occupied state. In instances where the system 10 begins to transition an area or facility to a different state ahead of the actual occupancy event, it may be desirable to have at least one intermediate state, such as pre-occupied for arriving and pre-unoccupied for leaving. These intermediate states can be configured to place the area in a more energy efficient state until the occupancy event occurs. If the occupancy event does not occur, then the area would revert to its prior state. For example, a room may be transitioned to a pre-occupied state based on a schedule arrival time for a guest, a scheduled meeting in a room, input from a premise access control system, or notice from a mobile device. Conversely, the area may be transitioned to a pre-unoccupied state, when it is scheduled to be unoccupied or upon command, but revert to the occupied state if the area remains occupied for a predetermined period of time.
It will be appreciated that while the peripheral devices and area controllers within each room operate separately from the peripheral devices and area controllers in other rooms, all of the controllers and devices can be configured into a larger overall network, such that devices and controllers can serve as repeaters for signals being sent from other areas. It will be further appreciated that it may be desirable to architect the overall network into sub-networks to reduce the amount of traffic being repeated in a larger network, while still maintaining a device and controller density to enable reliable wireless sub-networks.
For example, it may be desirable to disable the repeater functionality on various peripheral devices 16 in the network, which will enable those devices to perform the assigned function in the system. The disabling of repeater functionality can be performed on a number of bases as decided by the skilled artisan. For example, if a particular device or device class is particularly consumed performing its system function, e.g., controlling a thermostat, dimming lights, processing sensor data, then repeater functionality can be disabled on those devices.
In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 will survey the architecture of the network and make determinations to disable repeater functionality on various peripheral devices 16 in the network. In various scenarios, if the automation controller 12 can communicate directly with all of the nodes in the network, the automation controller 12 can issue a command to some or all of the peripheral devices 16 to disable the repeater functionality. In those instances, the system 10 can convert itself from a mesh network to a spoke and hub network and variations thereof. During operation, the automation controller 12 can make network adjustments to accommodate changes in network performance, which may produce a different network topology. If the automation controller 12 is no longer communicating with a peripheral device 16, the automation controller 12 can issue a find command requesting the peripheral devices 16 to listen to network traffic for the non-communicating device and repeat if detected or to enable repeater functionality, as further discussed below.
In some embodiments, some peripheral devices 16 have repeating enabled, while other are disabled, as a means to limit the amount of traffic repeated on the network. Various algorithms can be employed to determine the repeat enable/disable pattern in the network.
The system 10 can be partitioned at the network level to manage the network traffic. In various embodiments, peripheral devices 16 that serve as dedicated network nodes are added in the system 10. The dedicated network node can perform a single function, such as serving as a repeater in the network, or a limited set of network functions. When a dedicated network node is introduced into the system 10 to serve as a repeater, then peripheral devices 16 proximate to the dedicated network node can have their repeater functionality disabled. The dedicated repeating network nodes can be used to partition the communication network of a deployed system 10 by providing an expressway into one or more subnetworks in the system 10. In some embodiments, the dedicated network nodes can be used to provide a fully partitioned communication network layer where traffic is only repeated by the network nodes and repeater functionality is disabled on the other peripheral devices 16 in the system 10. In other embodiments, the dedicated network nodes can be used to reduce the traffic volume in parts of the network. For example, network nodes may be added where the network is particularly dense and repeater functionality may unnecessarily increase the communication traffic volume in that portion of the network.
By introducing network nodes in the system 10 and disabling the repeater functionality in other peripheral devices 16 proximate to the network node, the skilled artisan can effectively depopulate a portion of the network and improve the performance of the network. This application of network nodes is counter to traditional deployment of dedicated network nodes, which is to increase the density of the network by adding repeater nodes to the system 10.
In various embodiments, the automation system 10 will include an automation controller 12 and a plurality of peripheral devices configured to perform a building control-management function. The automation controller and peripheral devices communicate wirelessly and the peripheral devices can be enabled and disabled as wireless repeaters in a network formed by the automation controller and the peripheral devices. One or more peripheral device can be enabled or disabled as a wireless repeater. As previously mentioned, the system 10 can also include peripheral devices that communicate with the automation controller via a wire. The automation controller can monitor the communication traffic levels in the wireless network and enable or disable peripheral devices as wireless repeaters to increase or decrease the communication traffic in the network.
In some instances, it may be desirable for the automation controller to disable temporarily a portion of the peripheral devices as wireless repeaters for various reasons. For example, a general command may be issued over a network that might result in a large traffic burst, if every peripheral device 16 is enabled as a wireless repeater. A silence command can be issued via the automation controller to disable at least a portion of the peripheral devices as wireless repeaters for a period of time. Conversely, a find command can be issued via the automation controller to enable peripheral device as wireless repeaters for at least a period of time when at least one other peripheral device is not wirelessly communicating with the automation controller. The find command can leave the peripheral devices 16 enabled or disabled it after the missing peripheral device is found or after a period of time.
In various embodiments, delayed on-demand commands can be issued via the automation controller to enable a plurality of peripheral devices to perform one or more functions with at least one time delay period from the issuance of the command by the automation controller. For example, a group of peripheral devices 16 are used to control lighting and are time synchronized with the automation controller can be issued a command to turn on 3 seconds from the time of this command. Delayed commands can be used with schedules, sensor-driven actions, e.g., occupancy, temperature, and on-demand/override commands. Delayed on-demand commands enable the system to manage the roll-out of the action being taken. For example, it may desirable to have all of the lights in an area change lighting levels at the same time. However, depending upon the type of network deployed, the activity in the devices, and communications traffic in the network, the command to change lighting levels may not reach all devices 16 within a small enough time frame for the light levels to change at the same time. The delayed on-demand time period can be set to make it much more likely that all of the devices have received the command to execute ahead of the time for the devices to execute the command.
In some instances, it is known that the issuance of a command in the system 10 will generate a flurry of communication traffic that is not desired. The delayed on-demand command can give the system time to issue another command, such as silence for a period of time, to prevent the traffic flurry from occurring. For example, it is desired that a first group of lights be turned on at the same time, followed by a second group of lights. The delayed on-demand commands can be used to stage the turn on of the two groups of lights, as well as manage the communication traffic flurry resulting from the commands.
The system 10 can be operated in various implementations. For example, in FIG. 23 a facility, such as a hotel, can have one or more automation controllers 12 per building providing management across all rooms. Control loops can enable premise detection via a combination of door state and motion detection. When door state changes, immediately or after a delay, the system will check occupancy inputs. Card key must be open/close circuit device. Switch output can be low-voltage input sourced from a peripheral device 16, such as an Autani Wireless Room Controller (ARC). Card key state can be over-ridden by a control function from the management system. Remote on/off from the automation controllers 12 or otherwise can be supported regardless of card state. A disconnect relay for the HVAC unit is optional, if full control of HVAC state can be provided via the wireless interface to the thermostat. Contact state can be used by the peripheral device as part of presence state determination. HVAC state will be controlled by a message from the automation controllers 12 using reported contact state from the peripheral devices 16. Occupied mode can activated via rules enforced by the automation controller control loops. When the Card is present AND presence is detected, Occupied will be enabled. An Occupied Opened Window can be activated when a contact is open so the HVAC system is not operated unnecessarily. Actions for HVAC on/off or setpoint adjustments, and delay are configurable via software running on the automation controllers 12. Unoccupied can be activated when the card is removed from the Card Switch or presence detection indicates empty room. Actions for HVAC off or setpoint adjustments, and delay are configurable via software running on the automation controllers 12. The AC contactor can be opened to turn off the power, when the card key removed from the Card Switch or no presence detected or both.
In various embodiments, the system 10 can include peripheral devices 16 that dim lights and stepwise vary other devices. For example, the peripheral device 16 can be configured to provide 0-10 V dimming of one or more lighting fixtures on a fixture or circuit basis. The peripheral device can include an input for a local override device, e.g. switch, an input for photocell, and an output for a lighting ballast or other analog device. The peripheral device 16 is configured to drive the ballast based on various settings including light levels from the photocell. The override device can provide a master setting for the ballast. Wireless or wired control commands can be issued to override the current setpoint, except when a local override adjustment is occurring simultaneously.
The override is adjusted to the ballast to a desired lighting level. Once adjustment stops, the photocell is sampled to determine a desired light level. This sampled lighting level is then stored as the setpoint target, which the peripheral device now attempts to maintain. The set point can be maintain by sampling the photocell over a predetermined rate and adjusting the ballast output accordingly. An adjustable guardband is implemented to introduce hysteresis thereby reducing constant hunting, which is superior from a user experience to a PID or like algorithm. Subsequent adjustment of the override (local or remote control) will cause the setpoint to change accordingly. The local override can ramp the output to coincide with the local override input to enhance the user experience. Remote control adjustments can cause a setpoint change that does not correspond to the input from local override device. In those cases, the peripheral device can optionally resynchronize to the local override input for user experience enhancement.
For energy management and other building control functions, the system 10 generally will be implemented by an administrator that configures the automation controller 12 and add peripheral devices 16 to the system. The administrator will generally establish various settings and rules (“administrator settings”) for the performance of functions relating to energy consumption for the peripheral devices 16 based on the day, time of day, the presence of at least one person within an area in the facility, environmental conditions outside the facility and solar impact within the area.
The administrator settings can include set points, limits, and ranges, and provide for user input consistent with the administrator settings. In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 can be configured to determine the financial impact of allowing user variations to the administrator settings. The information can be used to modify the administrator settings and suggest alternative user settings.
The system can be configured to adapt to the behavior of personnel with the facility, which can modify administrator settings or merely provide the data to the administrator for information or action. For example, the system can monitor the presence of personnel in the area, such as by motion or thermal detection or keyboard activity and adapt the set point times for transitioning from a person present in the area settings to not present in the area settings.
The present invention addresses problems with current presence detection methods for energy management, which tend to rely upon passive infra-red and/or ultrasonic techniques to determine if people are occupying an area. Both methods have limited effectiveness, because both do not detect people when movement is small, such as when a person is using a computer system, talking on the phone, reading, sleeping, etc.
In the present invention, electronic device activity monitors 24 are used to monitor activity indicative of a person being present in an area. In various embodiments, electronic devices 29, such as computers, phones, media players, etc., will be enabled as, or communicate with activity monitors 24 that will generate electronic device activity data used to determine the presence of people for various purposes including for changing energy consumption of various energy consuming devices in accordance with the occupancy of the area. In addition, other alternative presence detectors, such as pressure sensors deployed in seats, beds, etc. and thermal sensors, can be used to detect whether a person is present in an area.
As depicted in FIG. 18c, the activity monitor 24 can be deployed in any existing electronic device 29, peripheral device 16, and/or controller or as a stand-alone device (shown as a dashed box) anywhere along a communication link between devices to monitor activity. The activity monitor 24 can initiate a change of energy consumption in a monitored device 16/24 and/or provide activity data to a controller that will initiate the change. It will be appreciated that the activity monitor 24 can be implemented as an area controller, which can control various peripheral device 16 in the area based on various types of information.
In various electronic devices 29, such as computers, the activity monitor 24 can be embodied as a software application, an “app”, that runs on the device and monitors activity in various forms, such as an interaction with a device interface, e.g., keyboards, mice, game controllers, audio, visual and other input and/or output port, such as USB, Ethernet ports, etc. On PDAs, the software application can monitor movement of the device 29 in various ways, such as using a gyroscope function to determine whether a device 29 is in use.
The software application can be configured to transmit the activity data to the controller via available communication paths, such as an existing network connection (Ethernet, TCP, UDP, Wi-Fi, etc), over a dedicated or shared wire connected between the computer and a device, or over a wireless network link. It will be appreciated that in various embodiment while the system 10 may communicate with peripheral devices 16 using 802.15.4 protocols, the activity monitor app on the device may communicate with the system 10 using a communications protocol that is resident on the device 29/16, such as 802.11, etc.
For phone systems and various mobile and stationary devices with various states, presence information can be sent based on call establishment, off hook status, or other reportable states. Other devices can also be used to report presence by transmitting, either directed or broadcast, the user input information. For example, game controller interactions can be detected directly by the activity monitor 24. In these embodiments, the activity monitor 24 can monitor multiple electronic devices simultaneously, such as game controllers, cordless and mobile phones, wireless mice and keyboards, PDAs, etc.
Computers, phones, and other networked electronics also can have networked communications monitored in lieu of, or in addition to, running a software activity monitor application on the device. In various embodiments, the activity monitor is provided to monitor communications between devices in a network. The activity monitor can be in the signal path to varying extents or proximate in a manner to allow signal detection. The monitor can be a stand alone device or integrated with various components, such as monitors, cables, keyboards, mice, hubs, routers, servers, hand and head sets, plug strips, etc., as described above.
As shown in FIGS. 18a and 18b, the activity monitor 24 can be a separate stand-alone device, replace traditional communication line ports that are often wall-mounted, and/or included within another device. FIG. 18b shows embodiments where a plug strip 26 can be configured to include the activity monitor 24, in addition to its other functionality. For example, the plug strip 26, in addition to providing a plurality of electrical receptacles 28, can include ports to connect communication lines, such as Ethernet cables and telephone lines, to provide surge protection, etc. The activity monitor 24 can monitor data on the presence and/or amount of traffic passing through the communication lines and/or as well as detect activity from wireless devices as discussed above. The plug strip 26 can be configured to process the monitoring data and transmit it to the controllers and/or take action based on the data for those receptacles and other peripheral devices within its control. For example, the plug strip 26 can be configured to transition computers, phones, and other devices communicating with the strip to a reduced power state based on the activity monitoring data, and even act as an area controller. In this manner, the activity monitor 24 uses changes in the operational state or activity of a first device to determine operational settings for other devices.
In various embodiments, a server, router, or other device operating as, or communicating with, the automation controller 12 is networked to one or more computers and/or phones in an area being controlled to provide remote activity monitoring. The remote device will monitor activity on the computer and/or phone in the area and provide data to be used in making a presence determination. Remote activity monitoring using a server or otherwise may be particularly effective in virtualized network environments, where most activity on the computer or phone gets communicated to the server or other centralized platform.
Activity monitoring can be done in various manners, such as real-time, when the user interacts with the system, or based on a reporting interval. Activity data can be used alone or in combination with other monitoring data, e.g, motion, sound, thermal, pressure, etc., to determine presence. Activity detection can address much of the uncertainty with the traditional methods, thereby allowing the system to reduce further the energy consumption by shortening the wait period for transitioning from present to not present, because the traditional methods typically require an additional delay to account for the fact that people might be present, but not making sufficient movements or noise for the sensors to detect.
Activity monitors 24 can also be used to provide data on the usage of the devices, which may be useful for resource planning and performance analysis. The activity monitor 24 can collect various times of data and report it in various fashions back to the controller and/or to storage and computing devices. For example, the data could include key strokes, clicks, calls, transmissions, etc. during a reporting interval, as well as merely reporting whether there was activity or not during the period. In other instances, the data could be streamed, either real-time or otherwise.
In practice, the system 10 can include electronic device activity monitors 24 that are deployed in one or more areas and configured to monitor various activities that are appropriate for at least one assigned electronic device. In many instances, the monitor 24 can be configured to report electronic device activity to one or more controllers, which can be automation controllers 12, remote controllers 14, or area controllers. The reporting can include various frequencies and formats, such continuous and periodic reporting and raw and processed activity data. In some instances, the activity monitor 24 will be associated with a controller 12 and/or a peripheral device 16 that is configured to take action based on the activity data. Such actions can include changing the state of other peripheral devices 16 and secondary devices, in addition to itself, requesting status, generating data, etc.
From an energy consumption standpoint, the activity monitor 24 can be provided in an area in which it is desired to manage energy based on presence. The activity monitor 24 can be configured to monitor the activity of one or more electronic devices in the area and generate activity data based on electronic device activity in the area. That information can be acted upon locally by the activity monitor 24 and/or provided an automation, remote or area controller. The activity data is used to determine if a person is present in the area based on at least the activity data and the energy consumption of at least one peripheral device and/or associated energy consuming devices in the area can be changed based on the determination of the person's presence. It can be appreciated that the activity monitor 24 acting locally to change the energy consumption state of a monitored device would report the state change and perhaps the activity data to one or more controllers in the system 10.
In some instances, actions can be taken based solely on the electronic device activity data, whereas other applications the activity data will be used in conjunction with other data to determine presence or other information. For example, the device activity monitoring can be used in combination with a security system and activity monitoring data can be used to support intrusion detection. For example, when the automation controller 12 receives electronic device activity data, it can confirm that the person associated with that electronic device is actually present in the facility and act accordingly.
Further examples include monitoring sensors to determine when to turn an area to a not in use settings or updating a rules wait period parameter, when a device toggles off to on too quickly as a result of a rule action that turned it off. The transition set point times can be different for different energy consuming devices in the area. For example, various equipment lights and displays can be dimmed or turned off almost immediately when a person leaves the area, while it is often not desirable to turn off or hibernate a computer immediately when a person leaves the area. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) phones, which do not locally host messaging or other services, can be turned off when a person is not present in the area and/or facility. Also, displays can be turned off when not in use and turned on when the server forwards a call to the phone or the phone is prompted by the user.
Other devices that employ Power over Ethernet (“PoE”) can also be turned on and off via the system 10, as well as part or all of the local area network (“LAN”), when there are no users on the LAN. In various embodiments, the devices 16 can be configured to transmit a wake up, or start up, signal back to the LAN equipment, i.e., servers, switches, etc., to power up a portion of the LAN for use. In various embodiments, the devices 16 can be implemented to communicate with secondary devices, such as those embodied in and described relative to FIG. 8a&b, and with the LAN server. In these embodiments, the device 16 can communicate start up and/or shutdown signals to both the LAN equipment and the computer equipment. An example of these embodiments is a plug strip/surge protector that is connected via Ethernet cables to a computer and the LAN. In the case of a start-up, upon notification that a user of the computer is present in the facility or otherwise, the device 16 will send start-up signals to both the computer and the LAN. The device 16 will also enable the supply of power to the power receptacles in the plug strip allow the computer and other electrical devices to power up. Similarly, when there is to be a shut down, because the user is no longer present, there is a power interruption, or otherwise, the device 16 would send shut down signals to the computer and the LAN.
An alternative to controlling the power over Ethernet switch or hub device to disable power to PoE devices is to insert a controllable device, e.g., line switch, inline between the PoE devices and the hub to turn Ethernet power on and off. Control of the inline Ethernet device can be wirelessly or over the Ethernet wires running through it. This device can be incorporated into the patch panel, integrated into the Ethernet wall plug, a stand alone inline device, or incorporated into other devices within an office such as a power strip. The use of a separate Ethernet power control device allows the solution to be integrated with existing Ethernet infrastructure.
PoE devices receive power over the connected IT network, and also generally, but not required to, function as a part of the IT network. These devices are generally connected to a LAN switch providing both communications functions and power, or connected to a PoE injection module. Controlling the power to the device can be performed by controlling the power state of a port either on the LAN switch or power injection device. In this way, the device can be turned on and off to conserve energy, or for other reasons, by commanding the power source via a signal over the IT LAN, wirelessly, via a dedicated communications channel, or other appropriate channel. Coupling this ON/OFF ability with presence detection, or other sensor data, provides an energy management system with the capability to turn PoE devices off when not needed or providing benefit to the premise, IT network, or end use, thereby conserving wasted energy. As an example, a PoE phone can be turned on and off by a controlling energy management system when that system detects no one is in the workspace, optionally scheduling influenced, containing that phone and there is not benefit to powering that phone. The controlling energy management system, upon decision to turn on or off the phone, could send a signal to the PoE device providing phone power over the IT LAN, for example, to affect the desired energy consumption state.
The settings or rules can also take into account variations in the cost of energy during the day. For example, the operational range for the HVAC or hot water may be expanded or contracted or set points increased or decreased proximate times when energy rates are changed during the day. For example, it may be desirable to heat an area to the top of its allowable range and/or expanded expand the range to allow a higher temperature, when energy rates are about to increase, so more heating occurs at the lower rate. Conversely, it may be desirable to allow the area to cool to the lower end of its allowable operating range or to a lower set point as the time approaches where energy rates are decreasing.
In exemplary embodiments, the automation controller software can be implemented in two main components. A compiler component takes high level rules/administrator settings from a user and/or administrator, along with topology information from a database about the grouping and position of peripheral devices and produces one or more computer programs that will respond to stimuli from the peripheral devices, as well as timer/calendar/clock events and other programmable events. A server based component, which could be described as a Turing complete programming environment, connects to the communications stacks (IP, Zigbee, Power-line) in the controller. The programs from the compiler component are loaded dynamically into this environment, which receives stimuli from the peripheral devices and applies this input to the aforementioned programs. Various actions can be taken by the automation controller based on the evaluation of the stimuli. The actions are part of the computer language of the server component and are coded into the rule by the compiler. Actions that the server-based component might take are include to turn on/off a light, send an email, page a person, switch the mode of a thermostat, or to create and load a new rule that will wait for additional information and then decide whether or not to perform an action.
Various access control technologies, such as RFID, IR, etc. can be used to track the movement of personnel and assets within a facility, in addition to access to the facility. Access tracking within the facility can be used to trigger the transition from a person being present in an area to not present, and vice versa. For example, the access control system can detect when a person moves between the different parts of a facility, such as laboratory, manufacturing, administrative, etc., and transition the person's work area to present or not present state.
The extent of deployment of the system 10 will determine the level of detail of the information provided to the user and available for control of the information. In various embodiments, the system 10 will include at least one peripheral device 16, such as a current, power, and/or voltage monitor, for monitoring the overall energy consumed within a managed area as a function of time. The various peripheral devices 16 deployed within the managed area will provide more specific electrical usage data. In a typical scenario where the peripheral devices 16 are not monitoring all electrical consumption points, the system 10 can be configured to provide overall, circuit, monitored, and unmonitored usage statistics that will allow a user to determine the cost effectiveness of additional monitoring in the managed area.
The present invention also provides a mechanism to estimate energy consumption for devices in an energy management system where an electrical metering capability is lacking or not possible. The system can apply energy consumption rate to time-of-use data collected from controls and monitors. During normal operation, the time-of-use data are collected over varying intervals for various different peripheral devices in the energy efficiency system. Devices that draw a constant amount of energy while turned on have an assigned energy consumption rate in kilowatt hours. To estimate energy consumed for a given time interval (Start Time to End Time), complete and partial overlapping time-of-use intervals for a device (A being device turned on, B being turned off), such as those shown as Cases 1-6 in FIG. 17, are monitored. The respective estimated energy consumption rate for the given device is determined based on the total energy consumed and devices consuming energy during the various measurement intervals. The system can roll up these estimated amounts for groups of devices to provide energy consumption estimates under various configurations (e.g. physical or virtual zones). The system 10 further uses these estimation modules to extrapolate historical and forecasted cost of energy and carbon footprint information in managed premises, as well as to plan and evaluate replacement and/or upgrade options for energy consuming devices.
The system 10 can be configured in many different ways depending upon the extent of the deployment within a facility and the objectives. The system 10 can provide detailed reporting and analysis of energy usage and the operation of the various monitored equipment. The operational information can be used in combination with electricity rates from the utility to align the usage of electricity with the cost of electricity. For example, the controller 12 can implement rules to allow some activities only at night during hours of lower cost electricity. Also, the user can analyze the impact of replacing equipment with new equipment, installing solar or other power generation capabilities on site, or employing other sources of energy during various times of the day.
The system 10 can also be configured to participate in demand-response programs in cooperation with utilities and/or energy brokers, in which during times of peak demand, the operational set points of one or more energy consuming devices, typically the air conditioning unit, is varied to reduce power consumption during periods of high demand. Using the system 10 of the present invention, the demand-response program can be implemented at a more specific level to provide additional savings and improved comfort. For example, instead of the utility or energy broker cycling the air conditioning units for a facility, the automation controller 12 could increase the temperature set point for various parts of the building that are less sensitive to temperature change, turn down or off lighting, or have a local, non-utility power capability, such as batteries, solar, etc., which could pick up the load. The controller 12 can also delay certain processes from occurring until the demand-response condition has passed, or suspend operation of the automation system or certain functions of the automation controller.
In various embodiments, the actual energy consuming devices that are operated to consume less energy can be tailored to the amount of energy reduction being requested by demand-response client, i.e., utility or energy broker. For example, the automation controller 12 may determine that the requested energy consumption reduction requested by the client could be achieved by raising the temperature in various parts of the facility, such as rooms not currently occupied, by a few degrees and dimming the lighting in the hallways, rather than cycling the air conditioning for the entire facility.
In application, the administrator of the system can assign various peripheral devices 16 associated with energy consuming devices to be turned off or operated at lower power settings as a function of the requested power reduction. The administrator can also establish a hierarchy of devices and the associated energy reduction for each device, such that the system 10 starts at the top of the list and implements the reduced energy settings until the cumulative reduction of all the devices achieves the requested reduction.
In various applications, the administrator can establish target energy reduction amounts based on the demand-response system. For example, a demand-response system can be established by the client that provides for varying levels of incentives, e.g., rebates, credits, points, etc., corresponding to the extent of the energy reduction made by the user. These types of demand-response system enable the administrator of the system 10 to reduce energy consumption according to the established hierarchy in order to achieve a target incentive amount established by the client as a function of the energy reduction.
Alternatively, the demand-response system could take direct control of various devices. In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 could determine when a demand/response (DR) client external to the system is attempting to control at least one of the peripheral devices and allow control by the demand/response client during a demand/response event.
If the automation controller is not configurable to provide an interface between the DR system and the DR controlled devices or recognize the DR control and stand down, it may be desirable to provide a DR device for those systems. The DR device can be configured to prevent signals from the automation controller from being acted upon by devices being controlled by the DR system. For example, an id-based filter can be deployed proximate the automation controller and/or DR controlled devices to selectively prevent any signal being sent from the controller to DR controlled devices from reaching the DR controlled device, but allow other signals to pass. In other embodiments, the DR device can be used to block all automation signals being sent by the automation controller. An exemplary deployment of this type would be a filter blocking all PLC signals from reaching a DR controlled device that is plugged into a receptacle.
In various embodiments, the system 10 includes peripheral devices 16 in the form of controlled transfer switches (CTS) 30, such as those shown in FIGS. 19-22. The CTS 30 enables controllable backup power architectures that can be used with a central backup power plant (generator, battery, solar, etc) to provide power over existing or dedicated power lines to each premise, as well as premise-based back up power. A significant challenge with backup power architectures is managing both 1) load shedding in the event of utility power loss and 2) inrush current when utility power is restored.
The CTS enables the control of electricity distribution between main and sub-circuit groups, which contain one or more circuits and are typical segregated into main and sub-panels. During power events or at the users discretion, the system 10 can limit or turn off power to selected circuit groups. For example, if power is curtailed, such as during a brown out, the automation controller can direct the CTS to provide power to only those circuits that support critical activities. Furthermore, when the power event subsides, power can be restored to the non-critical circuit in a manner that does not stress the power source.
The CTS architecture of the present invention can include traditional/off-the-shelf transfer switches 32 to shed the load at each facility/premise to a select circuit or set of circuits, and controllable transfer switches 30 that will switch between main panels 34 and sub-panels 36 and/or between the main power source 38 to backup power source 40 in the event of “power event”, such as a utility power loss or reduction or rate change. When the power event has subsided sufficiently, or upon the desire of the user, or on a pre-provisioned basis, the controlled transfer switches 30 can revert back to its original configuration in an orderly fashion as defined by the user and/or power provider, e.g., utility.
FIG. 19 shows a CTS-enabled facility 42 embodiments, in which the CTS 30 is provided at the facility between a power provider device 44, such as a basic or smart meter, and the main distribution/breaker panel 34. Critical loads in the facility 42 can be connected to the power in a critical load sub-panel 36 using a transfer switch 32 or CTS 30 via the main panel 34 or otherwise.
FIG. 20 shows exemplary embodiments of the CTS 30. The CTS can be similar in design to the traditional transfer switch 32, but with the inclusion of a Switch/Reversion Control Module 44 that provides intelligence, i.e., a processor or the like, and communication capabilities that allow for remote and/or local operation of the switch. The intelligence and communication capabilities embodied in the CTS 30 can be varied depending upon desired implementation. Typically the CTS includes a first input for receiving electrical power, at least first and second outputs for outputting electrical power. The first input is connected to the first output in a first configuration and to the second output in a second configuration. The processor is configured to control the switching between the first and second configurations. A communications interface is provided to transmit and receive information pertaining the status of the switch to one or more controllers in the system 10, as is described further herein.
FIG. 21 shows exemplary embodiments of a utility network 50 with a centralized backup power source 40 and CTS-enabled facilities 421-i. A grid transfer switch 54 connects the main power transfer grid 38 and the backup power 40 to the distribution network 56 feeding the various CTS-enabled facilities 421-i. The grid transfer switch 54 can be integrated or communicate with a power manager 58 that communicates with the CTS 30 in the various CTS-enabled facilities 421-i.
In an exemplary operation of FIG. 21, the status of the grid transfer switch 54 is used to control the CTS 30 in the various facilities 42 in the network. For example, the power manager 58 provides notice either directly or via a NOC 60 to the CTSs 30 that it has switched to backup power and therefore the CTSs 30 should switch to provide power only those circuits connected to the sub-panel 36. When the grid transfer switch 54 reverts back to the main power source 38, the CTSs 30 can be gracefully reverted to the main panel 34. A desirable feature of the present invention is that the reversion of the CTS enabled facilities 42 can be performed in a graceful manner, so the inrush current due to reverting demand is managed within desired network performance parameters.
Communication between the power manager 58 and the CTS 30-enabled facilities 42 can take many forms depending upon the existing power provider communication infrastructure. For example, the power manager 58 can communicate its status to the NOC 60 that will in turn communicate with the various CTS enabled facilities 421-i via an Advanced Metering/Smart Meter Infrastructure (AMI/SMI), DR system, or otherwise.
At the CTS-enabled facilities 421-i, communication with the CTS 30 can occur in various manners in the present system 10. The automation controller 12 can initiate the reversion to the original configuration via a signal or through pre-provisioned instructions over the air utilizing a point to point, point to multi-point, or mesh network topology. In a wire deployment, dedicated control wires or signals over the power line can be sent to initiate the reversion in the desired manner.
CTS 30 embodiments can be used in various configurations to augment a wide variety of demand-response and smart meter applications. For example, the CTS 30 could be employed as part of demand-response program, where non-essential electrical demands could be turned off during a demand-response event using configurations such as those in FIG. 19. Following the D-R or main power loss event (“utility power event”), the CTS would gracefully revert to provide power to non-essential demands within the facility. The CTS 30 could interact directly with an advanced or smart meter 44 to initiate a graceful shutdown or resumption of non-essential energy consumption. In another configuration, the smart meter could communicate with the automation controller 12, which would make the determination of which energy demands would be curtailed during the D-R event or utility power event in general.
FIG. 22 shows a generalized embodiment of the CTS-enabled facility 42, in which multiple CTS 30 and/or traditional transfer switches 32 are used in combination with local backup power to provide a range of operational scenarios that can be enabled by the system 10. The use of an automation controller 12 to coordinate the response of the system 10 to utility power event scenarios provides substantial flexibility in how the energy consumption is managed in these scenarios. For example, in a D-R event, the automation controller 12 could initiate a graceful shutdown of energy consuming devices that will be turned off during the event. In addition, if the D-R or main power outage event is something that occurs with stages of severity (black and varying brown outs, etc.), then the automation controller 12 can determine the best way to restore power to the energy consuming devices that were shutdown during the event, as well as how to best decrease power further during the utility power event.
In various embodiments, the automation controller 12 can be converged with the advanced or smart meter or DR device, and/or their applications. While it is often desirable to maintain physical separation between the smart meter and the automation controller 12, there are scenarios where physical integration is beneficial with logical separation or integration at the application level. For example, in facilities with limited energy management other than being CTS-enabled per the present invention or where the use case for the CTS 30 are limited and well-defined, it may be desirable to integrate the functionality.
In many embodiments, physical separation is often desirable for multiple reasons. Firstly, the smart meter is often advantageously placed outside the facility, so that the utility can access the meter without requiring the presence of facility personnel. Also, placement of the smart meter outside the facility enables the utility to have more manageable communications interface, because of the well defined location of the smart meter. Whereas, placement of the smart meter inside the facility would greatly, and perhaps unacceptably, expand the operating specifications for the meter to include a vast number of usage scenarios. In addition, given the limited use case requirements for the smart meter interface to a utility, the smart meter can be ruggedized to withstand outside environmental conditions and damage and intrusion scenarios.
In addition, the use case for the automation controller 12 can be the converse of that for the smart meter in various embodiments. Aside from the use case difference, the automation controller 12 can further provide a gateway, or firewall, that enables the facility operator to control the end use of energy within their facility, whether it be industrial, commercial, residential, etc. The geographic diversity of the smart meter network creates risk profiles and content management issues that are distinction from the issues encountered within the facility. As such, there are substantial reasons for segregating the smart meter network from the energy management/automation system 10.
In the present invention, the system 10, generally via the automation controller 12, is configured to communicate with the advanced/smart meter, D-R, and/or NOC network (“utility network”) and optionally to provide the utility network with specific access to various peripheral devices 16 within the system 10. As discussed above, the automation controller 12 could be configured to allow communication of some extent between the utility network and the CTS 30. For example,

    
    
        the CTS 30 could receive a utility event notice requesting a change in energy consumption. The CTS 30 could act directly upon receiving the notice according to preprovisioned instructions.
        the CTS 30 could receive a utility event notice requesting a change in energy consumption. The CTS 30 could confirm with the automation controller 12 that it is to act upon the notice according to a preprovisioned instructions,
        the CTS 30 and the automation controller 12 could receive a utility event notice and the automation controller 12 could either send instructions to the CTS 30 on how to implement the notice, or to follow preprovisioned instructions,
    
    


As the utility power event changes, the system 10 can react in various manners depending upon the underlying demand for energy in the facility. For example,

    
    
        upon receiving a utility power event notice requesting a further decrease in energy consumption, automation controller 12 could actually maintain or increase the consumption for some uses, while decreasing the consumption for other uses. In one scenario, a first decrease notice might trigger a temperature set point increase for all air conditioning units in a facility, while a second notice requesting further reductions might result in the main air conditioning unit consuming more energy; while secondary units are shut down to achieve the target reduction.
        upon receiving a utility power event notice allowing an increase in energy consumption, automation controller 12 could actually maintain the reduced energy consumption level depending upon the prevailing circumstances in the facility. This scenario is particularly relevant, when D-R incentives are employed to reward/compensate users for voluntary reductions in energy consumption, as discussed above, or the consumer prefers not to consume energy for some use when the energy cost exceeds a threshold cost. In these instances, the automation controller 12 can be configured, presumably via software, to adjust the energy consumption based on balancing the incentive with the need for additional energy.
        upon receiving a utility power event notice allowing an increase in energy consumption, automation controller 12 and/or CTS 30 may re-energize various circuits depending upon the allowed energy increase. For example, if the allowed energy increase is not sufficient to support the load on a circuit, the additional energy will be directed to other circuits.
        upon receiving a utility power event notice requesting a decrease in energy consumption, automation controller 12 and/or CTS 30 could shift some circuits to a local back-up source, while maintaining consumption level on circuit connected to the utility network. Again, depending upon the incentive associated with the requested decrease, users of the system 10 may choose to off-load more or less energy demand to the local back-up power.
    
    


The system 10 can be configured with various scenarios that allow the power delivery in the facility to be varied depending upon the various price conditions and incentives available in the marketplace. The system 10 can balance whether it is more desirable for the user to turn off power to various circuits and merely adjust set points for devices (e.g., raise temperature set point on air conditioning) on those circuits to maximize cost savings, while maintaining specified operating conditions.
In various embodiments, the energy storage devices associated with peripheral devices 16 can be rechargeable batteries used to reduce the cost of operating devices by being configured to charge during times when the cost of power is low and discharge during times of higher cost power. In some instances, the rechargeable batteries could be configured to provide power to a facility electrical distribution network during a low power occurrence, a power outage, or other extraordinary or emergency demand event, or during a DR event.
Furthermore, the rechargeable batteries could be used to provide power back to the utility electrical grid during times of peak demand. In these instances, a user of the system could be lowering their cost of energy by charging the batteries during times of low cost power and selling their excess battery power back to the grid during times of high cost power and/or high demand. One of ordinary skill will appreciate that the rechargeable batteries as used in the present invention can include batteries associated with rechargeable vehicles, solar and wind energy systems, where the demand for power may not correspond with the availability of power or lower cost power.
In various embodiments, the system can include a rechargeable battery peripheral device used to provide power to hybrid and/or pluggable electric vehicles and other energy consuming devices. The rechargeable battery peripheral device can provide an on-demand lower cost power source that can be deployed at any day or time during the day, but charged as controlled by the automation controller. If the rechargeable battery peripheral device is used to charge another rechargeable battery, such as in an electric vehicle, it can be designed to support the direct current transfer of power to improve efficiency, as well as AC conversion to support facility, AC devices, and utility grid discharging scenarios. In some embodiments, the rechargeable battery in the electric powered vehicle can serve as an emergency power source for a facility.
These and other variations and modifications of the present invention are possible and contemplated, and it is intended that the foregoing specification and the following claims cover such modifications and variations.

## Claims

1. An automated building control system, comprising:
an automation controller; and,
a plurality of peripheral devices configured to perform a building control function, wherein,
the automation controller and peripheral devices communicate wirelessly and the peripheral devices can be enabled and disabled as wireless repeaters in a network formed by the automation controller and the peripheral devices,
at least one peripheral device is enabled as a wireless repeater to receive and retransmit signals from other peripheral devices and at least one peripheral device is disabled as a wireless repeater to not retransmit signals from other peripheral devices, wherein
the network is monitored to determine whether the automation controller can communicate with all of the peripheral devices; and,
a portion of the peripheral devices are disabled for a period of time by issuing a command via the automation controller and enabled as wireless repeaters selectively by the automation controller until the automation controller can communicate with all of the peripheral devices.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of peripheral devices includes at least one peripheral device that communicates with the automation controller via a wire.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the automation controller selectively enables and disables peripheral devices as wireless repeaters based on at least one of network performance and peripheral system utilization.

4. A method of configuring a wireless communication network for a building control system comprising:
providing an automation controller and peripheral devices that communicate wirelessly, wherein the peripheral devices can be enabled and disabled as wireless repeaters;
forming a wireless communication network including the automation controller and peripheral devices;
disabling a portion of the peripheral devices as wireless repeaters for a period of time by issuing a command via the automation controller;
monitoring communication traffic through the wireless communication network;
determining whether the automation controller can communicate with all of the peripheral devices; and,
enabling peripheral devices as wireless repeaters selectively until the automation controller can communicate with all of the peripheral devices.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said disabling includes disabling peripheral devices temporarily as wireless repeaters.

6. The method of claim 4, further comprising issuing a find command via the automation controller to enable at least one peripheral device as wireless repeaters for at least a period of time when at least one other peripheral device is not wirelessly communicating with the automation controller.

7. The method of claim 4, further comprising issuing a delayed on-demand command via the automation controller to enable a plurality of peripheral devices to perform a function at least one time delay from issuance of the on-demand command by the automation controller.

8. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
enabling peripheral devices as wireless repeaters;
monitoring communication traffic through the wireless communication network; and,
disabling peripheral devices as wireless repeaters to vary communication traffic in the wireless communication network.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein said enabling including enabling a portion of the peripheral devices as wireless repeaters for less than all of the peripheral devices in the wireless communication network.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein disabling peripheral devices as wireless repeaters to vary communication traffic in the wireless communication network is based on at least one of network performance and peripheral system utilization.

11. The method of claim 4, further comprising enabling peripheral devices as wireless repeaters to vary communication traffic further in the wireless communication network is based on at least one of network performance and peripheral system utilization.

12. A method of configuring a wireless communication network for a building control system comprising:
providing an automation controller and peripheral devices that communicate wirelessly, wherein the peripheral devices can be enabled and disabled as wireless repeaters;
including at least one peripheral device as a dedicated network node that serves as a wireless repeater;
forming a wireless communication network including the automation controller and peripheral devices;
disabling a portion of the peripheral devices as wireless repeaters for a period of time by issuing a command via the automation controller;
enabling only the network nodes as wireless repeaters;
monitoring wireless communication traffic between the automation controllers and the peripheral devices;
determining whether the automation controller can communicate with all of the peripheral devices; and,
enabling selectively peripheral devices that are not network nodes as wireless repeaters until the automation controller can communicate with all of the peripheral devices.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said disabling includes disabling peripheral devices temporarily as wireless repeaters.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
determining a desired heat transfer rate to maintain a comfort level;
varying a temperature set point of an HVAC system from a first set point to a second set point; and,
changing an air flow rate of a fan system to increase the heat transfer coefficient relative to people in an area to compensate for variation of the temperature set point.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein enabling selected peripheral devices that are not network nodes as wireless repeaters to vary the wireless communication traffic in the wireless communication network is based on at least one of network performance and peripheral system utilization.

16. The method of claim 12, further comprising disabling peripheral devices as wireless repeaters to vary communication traffic further in the wireless communication network is based on at least one of network performance and peripheral system utilization.